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the same family line as the NJ and NY Devores, but no one knows exactly where he fits.
This blog post is an attempt to put what we know about him in some sort of order — based on records, not stories — and to calculate if possible, where he’s likely to have been born.
Nicholas Devore serves in Daniel Morgan’s Rifles, and under Captain Swearingen sometime during the Revolutionary War from western Pennsylvania. I don’t have exact dates of his service, so sometime between 1776-1783. The first actual record I have for Nicholas Devore is a in 1782, Nottingham Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania.
I believe Nicholas is probably born in New York or New Jersey. Let’s see if the facts and timeline bear this out…
Some background information and speculation
- It’s important to note that Nicholas Devore’s migration path is extremely similar to that of Jacobus/James Devore from Sussex County, NJ.
- Daniel (of Hunterdon, NJ, died 1729), father of Jacobus/James, is supposed to have an older brother named Nicholas — but Daniel does not name a son Nicholas, which is common practice in this family. (And if Daniel and Nicholas have a brother named Frederick, why don’t either of them name a son Frederick??)
- It’s also important to question the date of Nicholas’ birth. When you look at the events he was supposed have been part of, and the first birth year of his known children, he’s either born in the 1730s or the 1750s. This could make all the difference in the world!
Naming patterns of that time
The Devore family often follows naming patterns of the time, naming children after their parents, grandparents, brothers and sisters. Sometimes they give children a middle name of a close friend or someone they admire.
We know that Nicholas Devore m. Sarah Decker and Rebecca Devore m. Jeremiah Washburn are brother and sister. (Some trees have Rebecca as Nicholas’ daughter, but he would have been 10 years old when she was born.) What names do Nicholas and Rebecca give their sons?
Nicholas has sons: David, Nicholas Jr, Abner, and Benjamin. Nicholas’ sons are born in PA, but Nicholas’ daughter, Nancy (m. Sherry), is born 1772 in NJ. David, Nicholas and Benjamin are common names in the Devore family.
Rebecca has sons: George, Joseph, Cornelius, Nicholas (all born in NJ, the youngest born in 1767). Jeremiah Washburn, her husband, is from Sussex County, NJ, and they probably married in Sussex, NJ. Jeremiah Washburn is in Sussex up to 1761, because he’s a witness for the will of John Adams/Addoms in Wantage, Sussex, NJ in 1761. DAR applications say George Washburn, son of Rebecca, is born in Sussex County, NJ. Joseph, Cornelius and Nicholas are common names in the Devore family. If the Washburn trees online are correct, these are not common names in the Washburn family.
Who names their sons “Nicholas?”
Just as we’d analyze what Nicholas and Rebecca name their sons, let’s see who names their sons “Nicholas.” Perhaps there’s a pattern there?
- Nicholas Devore m. Decker names a son Nicholas.
- David m. Mann, son of Nicholas m. Decker, names a son Nicholas F Devore.
- Jeremiah Devore m. Mann, son of Willem or Nicholas (trees differ, though his birth information is supposedly 1758 Walpack, Sussex, NJ — but that’s another blog post! If he’s born 1758 in Walpack to Nicholas, that puts Nicholas squarely in the Sussex, NJ Devore family.). Jeremiah names a son Nicholas in 1793. Note that Jeremiah is not mentioned in Nicholas’ 1828 will, and is likely a brother, not a son.
- I believe Daniel Devore m. Lydia Westfael, son of Cornelis, names a son Nicholas in 1763 (Nicholas of Upper Mount Bethel, PA)
- If Daniel names a son Nicholas, is that because he has a brother Nicholas? That would mean Nicholas Devore could be the son of Cornelis m. Lena Westfael. There is space in their tree for a child born 1732, and not all of their children have baptism records, only David (1739, Deerpark, Orange, NY), Lena and Benjamin (both in Walpack, Sussex, NJ, 1742, 1748)
- This would mean Nicholas goes with his UNCLE, Jacobus/James, to western PA. This isn’t the only time that uncles/nephews travel together in this family. Some of David’s sons go with their Uncle Willem to Bedford County, PA after the Revolutionary War.
- Rebecca Devore Washburn, sister of Nicholas m. Decker names a son Nicholas Washburn, and another son Cornelius Washurn.
Who Nicholas is NOT the son of
We have several wills from the older Devore men. Note, however, that just because a person is not named in a will, doesn’t mean there aren’t extra children. Sometimes fathers give land to their children in advance, and therefore they’re not included in the will because they already have received their inheritance.
- Daniel Devore has a will in 1729 Hunterdon, NJ and does not name Nicholas.
- Jacobus/James, son of Daniel, has a will in 1778 Washington County, PA and does not name Nicholas.
- Hendrick Devore, son of Daniel, has a will in 1766 Hunterdon, NJ and does not name Nicholas.
- Willem/William Devore, son of Daniel. He marries in 1740 at the age of 29, so after Nicholas is born.
- For all these men, it’s entirely possible they are the father of Nicholas, but it’s a slighter possibility. Keep an open mind!
Who could be the father of Nicholas?
This is purely speculation; we don’t know for sure. The only reference we have is a SAR application naming his parents Nicholas and Susanna Fleury Devore, but that couple has no records I could find. These two people might not even exist. If someone has found records for this couple, I’d love to see them.
Logically, because Nicholas is in the Sussex, NJ area in the early 1770s, he would be part of Daniel of Hunterdon’s family line, or part of the Devore/Devoe/DeFour family that goes from New York City to Long Island. Some possible fathers for Nicholas (of course, we still need to include the men with wills, in case Nicholas is not named because he already received his inheritance). If Nicholas is truly born 1732:
- Cornelius Devore, son of Daniel, has space between 1729-1742 for children
- John Devore of Chester, PA (I don’t know much about him, and he could be the son of Daniel of Hunterdon or Abraham of North Tarrytown, NY
- Daniel Devore, Jr (m. Kinne and Leed). Not much is known about him, but he’s in the area until at least 1750, and having children beginning around 1727.
- Jacobus/James Devore. His first known children are born 1739 when he is at least 30 years old. It’s entirely possible he has more children, and because he and Nicholas show up at the same time in Washington, PA, there’s a definite connection.
- Matheus/Mathias/Mathew Devore. He goes to Edgefield, SC sometime before 1787. His first known child is born 1750 when Matheus is 40 years old. He’s got lots of room for more children.
- David Devore. His first known child is born when David is 36 years old, so he’s got lots of space for more children.
- Willem Devore. I know, I just said earlier he can’t be the father of Nicholas because Willem doesn’t marry until 1740. But, what if Nicholas is not born in 1732 as the SAR application says, but is actually born much later? See my comments below about his birth year.
Nicholas Devore Timeline
Creating a timeline for an individual or family brings forward important information and ties patterns together. Here is one for Nicholas. IMPORTANT: the very first reference to him being born in France is in an 1890s DAR application, over 150 years since his birth. Before that, all references say his a family is originally from France, but does not say he was born there.
- 1770 – a Nicholas Devore is in a land record, indicating that he owned property adjacent to a Benjamin Decker in Newtown Township, Sussex, NJ. This could be Benjamin Decker, son of Abraham Decker and Elisabeth Cole from Ulster, NY. Benjamin Decker is baptized 1748 in Walpack, and marries Rachel Brink. She supposedly dies in Walpack, but I’d have to research this family to be sure it’s the same Benjamin. Their daughters are baptized in Walpack in 1767-1769, so it’s likely the same one. There’s another Benjamin Decker baptized in Walpack in 1749, son of Benjamin Decker and Magdalena Kortrecht (Kortright/Cortwright). No further information is available about this Benjamin.
- 1771 Bedford County created from Cumberland County, PA. Records of this time period would say Springhill Township, Bedford County (sometimes “Spring Hill” – two words); at the time, Springhill Township encompassed all the land in Greene and Washington counties and the land in Fayette County south of Redstone Creek
- 1772 – Nicholas Devore’s first child with an 1850 census, Nancy (m. Sherry), is born in NJ about 1772, per her 1850 census. (All earlier children die before 1850, and their children don’t have a 1880 census to say where their parents were born.) This means Nicholas is in NJ until, at least, 1772 and that Nicholas Devore and Sarah Decker are probably married in Sussex County, NJ.
- 1773 Westmoreland County from Bedford County; records of this time period would say Springhill, Westmoreland or Manallin (Menallen) Township, Westmoreland. Before this, people from the western side of the Allegheny mountains had to travel to Carlisle, Cumberland County to do legal work. (Bedford was created from Cumberland in 1771, but there was no town large enough in Bedford for legal work. So, some records might be in Cumberland County for far western PA records.)
- 1773 – Westmoreland County was divided into townships: Fairfield, Donegal, Huntington, Mount Pleasant, Hempfield, Pitt, Tyrone, Springhill, Manallin, Rostraver, and Armstrong.
- 1773 – James (Jacobus) Devoor (Devore) in Ross Straver (Rostraver) township, now Washington County, PA per 1773 tax assessment: This is the land that was just carved out of Bedford County to become Westmoreland County. This is the first instance of a Devore in western PA.
- 1774 – Nicholas’ second child with an 1850 census, David (m. Mann), is born in Washington, Pennsylvania per his 1850/1860 census and in Biographical Encyclopedia of Ohio. This would align exactly with time that Jacobus/James also goes from Sussex County NJ to western PA. (Note: In 1761, there were only 30 homes in what would become Pittsburgh, per the 1761 “house count” census — this drops to 20 log houses in 1770. So this area isn’t highly populated 10 years later, though there is migration to the area after the Treaty of Paris was signed. Settlers were asked to leave the area in 1766 and 1768. In 1769, officers who fought in the Indian wars were given land grants on the “waters of the west branch of the Susquehanna” — the first time settlers are allowed on the other side of the Susquehanna River. It would be an amazing coincidence that two Devore families from two different countries “happen” to arrive in Washington County, PA within a year of each other.)
- 1774 – Nicholas Devore doesn’t appear on the Pittsburgh payrolls for 1774 for Dunmore’s Ware, as far as I can tell. (Isaac Devore is on the payroll per page 125 of the Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine list of January 1783 Pittsburg Payroll recipients (Volume 2, 1919), a likely son of Jacobus/James.) Nicholas is not listed in Virginia Colonial Soldiers.
- 1776 – Rev War – Nicholas Devore is in Van Swearingen’s company, and in the Daniel Morgan’s Riflemen unit in the Continental Army. So is David Devore, son of Jacobus/James. Morgan’s Riflemen was a sharpshooter unit, and very exclusive. Morgan recruited 500. What’s the likelihood that two Devore men from different countries end up in the exact same exclusive unit, in the Frontier area of western PA, during the War?
- In the Pennsylvania Archives, Series 3, Volume 23, page 204 – Nicholas Devore is listed as having been in the Frontier Rangers from Washington County, PA, 1778-1783, along with Daniel (page 205), Moses Devore (page 222), David Devore (page 250). There is also an Abraham (page 293) and Nicholas Devore (page 293), but this is the Nicholas from Upper Mount Bethel in Northampton County, PA, on the eastern side of the state, not Nicholas from Washington County on the western side of PA. Part of this list is the Sandusky expedition pay rolls in the Militia Loan ledgers, so this is probably his service for the Crawford’s Defeat. See Reconstructing Crawford’s Army, page 24-25 (and page 19 about Devo/Devore spelling). When looking at these lists, keep scrolling up until you see which county the men are serving from, including Washington and Westmoreland on the western side of PA, and Northampton on the eastern side of PA.
- Morgan’s Rifles (Continental Army) – I see no dates on Fold3.com for this service, so it’s sometime 1776-1783. (aka Nicholas Devour, Devoir.) Actually, it’s 1777-1783, because 1777 was when Daniel Morgan was asked to form the unit. David Devore is also part of Morgan’s Riflemen per Fold3.com.
- 1781 – Washington County created from Westmoreland County.
- 1782 – Nicholas in Nottingham, Washington, PA. This is the same location as the Jacobus/James family.
- 1788 – Allegheny County created from Washington County.
- I’ll skip all Nicholas records in Mason and Bracken counties in KY, and Brown County, OH where he dies, and go to the history books which mention him.
- 1828 – Nicholas leaves a will in Brown County, OH – he names wife, Sarah. Children: Amey, Susanna, Elisabeth, Nancy, David, Nicholas, Abigail, Abner, Benjamin and Sally. He names executors: David Devore (son of Jacobus/James) and Jonas Mann (I don’t know who Jonas is, but Nicholas has a grandson named Jonas Mann, so probably from that family who intermarries with the Devore family often.) ***No Rebecca, John, Jeremiah, or Elijah named as children.
- 1870 – History of Washington County, Pennsylvania book – does not mention Nicholas, only Jacobus/James.
- 1876 – Biographical Encyclopedia of Ohio – mentions Nicholas as the grandfather of David, but does not mention where Nicholas was born. The book says David, son of Nicholas, was born in Washington County, PA. It says Nicholas was in the Rev War and active at Crawford’s (not Braddock’s) Defeat. Crawford’s expedition was 1782 to Sandusky, Ohio. Braddock’s Defeat was 1755, which is why we think Nicholas is so much older than he actually is. If he was in Braddock’s Defeat, he would be born around 1735 or earlier; if he was in Crawford’s Defeat, he was born around 1762 or earlier. And if he’s in the Rev War, he’s born 1756 or earlier.
- 1883 – History of Brown County, Ohio says, “The name Devore (Devara [sic]) is of French origin. The ancestors of the family who emigrated to America settled in Pennsylvania. Nicholas Devore, the great grandfather of our subject, was a soldier in the Rev War and served under Washington from the first. (Is that true? He was in Morgan’s Rifles. Did Morgan’s Rifles serve directly under Washington? He was commissioned by Washington to form the unit, but he served on several generals including General Howe and General Gates.) The book says his wife’s maiden name was Sarah Decker, whose family also rank in Rev fame; he moved to the West in 1787 (incorrect date?), and was among the pilgrims who entered Kenton Station, near Maysville, [Mason] KY.” The book does not say Nicholas was born in France. Another bio in this same book says Nicholas died at Blue Licks Fort which is in KY in 1813. Actually, he dies in Brown, Ohio. “Subsequently, he moved and settled at Blue Lick Fort among the Indians, where he died in 1813.” These are grandsons and great-grandsons telling the family story in this book.
- The Decker family is an old family from Ulster and Orange counties, New York and northern NJ. Decker people intermarry with Devore, DePue and Schoonmaker families, all of which move to Sussex, NJ. Did he meet and marry her there? There are some Decker men in western PA at the same time Nicholas Devore is there, in Fallowfield Township, Washington, PA, and their records say they live on Pigeon Creek. The James (Jacobus) Devore ferry is across the river from the mouth of the Pigeon Creek. These Decker men may or may not be related to Sarah Decker Devore. Also, Tobias Decker of Fallowfield is one of the witnesses to Jacobus/James Devore’s will, along with Nicholas and Daniel DePue, who are from the Ulster NY and Sussex NJ families. The History of Deckertown written in 1895 does not mention any Devore people.
- 1913 – History of Clermont and Brown Counties in Ohio – mentions Nicholas was in the Rev War from Washington County, PA and married Sarah Decker. Says, “Three brothers of Huguenot heroic blood came early to America, one settling in New Jersey, one in Virginia, and one in Pennsylvania. From the last ancestry [the ones who migrated to Pennsylvania] David DeVore, son of Nicholas and Sarah DeVore, was born in Washington County, Pennsylvania, February 10, 1774, and moved to Mason County, Kentucky.” (This means Nicholas is in PA by 1774, as we have seen above.)
- The book does not say Nicholas was the one born in France, only that the original immigrants were from France. But you can see how this would easily be misinterpreted. This is written in 1913, which is 181 years after Nicholas was born.
- I wonder which three brothers they’re thinking of? They don’t mention New York City, or Westchester, NY, or NJ — so they can’t be talking about the original immigrants Frederick, Nicholas and David (or Daniel, depending on which record/story you’re reading). Frederick goes to Westchester, NY; Nicholas ends up in Bergen County, NJ, and Daniel ends up in Hunterdon County, NJ. (If it’s David, not Daniel, then I’m stumped. Books says that David or Daniel is a cousin of Frederick and Nicholas, but then passenger manifests for Frederick and Nicholas arrival say their brother who came with them was David.) I think the Clermont/Brown book is talking about the sons of Jacobus or Daniel. I don’t think it’s Daniel’s line, because Mathues/Mathias/Mathew goes to South Carolina, not Virginia. But I believe Jacobus’ sons go to Hampshire Virginia (now West Virginia). There are other Devore Virginia records which need research.
- The Betty Mann Devore family genealogy book, page 163, says this: “Nicholas Devore, b 22 Feb 1732, France…his 3 GRANDSONS, Nicholas, David, and William, came to the American colonies from France. Nicholas came to Kentucky from Washington County, PA in 1787. I’m waiting for confirmation from another Devore researcher that this snippet indeed comes from the Betty Mann book. If yes, then it means Nicholas is the grandson of the 1732 Nicholas.
- There are 3 rev war SAR apps – none say that Nicholas was born in France.
- 1927 – SAR app. Charles Thomas Sansberry, says he’s a descendant of Nicholas Devore and Sarah Decker, but the “and Sarah Decker” is crossed off the front page (possibly because he couldn’t prove the marriage or her name). He is through Nicholas’ daughter, Sarah, who marries James Sansberry. The SAR application does indicate Nicholas’ parents are Nicholas De Vore and Ann Fleury — I wonder where he got that information from? Other than that, it’s the same story as Fred Hoskins has on his SAR application (below), except that in handwriting, someone has included the Upper Mount Bethel (UMB), Northampton, PA Militia record. That one is for the other Nicholas Devore, thereby confusing the two Nicholas. UMB Nicholas is in Northampton, PA in 1782 on the far east side of PA, while Washington Nicholas is fighting from Washington, PA, the far west side of PA in 1782.
- 1939 – SAR app. Fred Hoskins, through Nicholas’ daughter, Abigail, who marries John Mann.
- Hoskins does not give the names of Nicholas’ parents.
- He says Nicholas was at Braddock’s Defeat (1755), which would mean Nicholas was born in the 1730s. A history book says Nicholas was at Crawford’s Defeat (1782), not Braddock’s Defeat (1755).
- This SAR application Nicholas went from PA to NJ to marry Sarah Decker — is he implying that Nicholas went all the way from western PA to NJ, just to get married? Or that he was recruited in NJ for the French & Indian Wars in western PA and returned home to NJ and got married? It’s more likely Sarah Decker is the daughter or sister of one of the NJ Deckers who are also in western PA at the time (Abraham or Tobias). Or that Nicholas was born much later than the 1730s and married Sarah Decker in NJ before going to western PA. Hoskins says that Sarah Decker’s father was a soldier in the Revolutionary War but doesn’t give specifics. If Sarah Decker’s father was in the Revolutionary War, he would likely have been born before the 1750s, and Sarah could be born much later than 1732. Otherwise, her father would be born around 1711, making him in his mid-60s when he’s in the Revolutionary War.
- Hoskins does not say Nicholas is born in France, and does not give parents’ names.
- 1940 – SAR app – Caleb Elmore Dodsworth. Via Nicholas’ son, David who marries Alice Mann. This app includes information about Nicholas’ parents. It does not say Nicholas was born in France, but does say that “he came to this country very young.” The SAR application says Nicholas fought in the Indian Wars for 7 years, then in 1777 from Washington County, PA.
- DAR app – Unknown date for Annie L. Sansberry May. “Descendant of Nicholas De Vore”. App #69847. Says he was born in France. This is the first time this is claimed. Annie Sansberry is born 1862, dies 1952. She was married in 1892, so the application was filed sometime after her marriage, or 160 years after Nicholas’ birth. Also app #64591. This is a DAR app. Found under “Nicholas De Vore” with a space. But the DAR website is saying there is a problem with this DAR application, saying problems have been found with the lineage in at least one previously verified record, and that future applicants must prove the correct lineage.
- The DAR website applications list includes Nicholas and Sarah’s children’s lines: David, Sarah, Abigail, Rebecca, Nancy, but Rebecca’s application line is questioned: DAR wants proof of the dates for Rebecca’s line.
- Some of these DAR apps say he was born in France; they seem to copy each other. You would need to purchase one of these that say they have documentation to see what documentation is attached.
- Some say that Sarah Decker was born at “Deckerville NJ” (Deckertown, Sussex, NJ, now call “Town of Sussex”). If that’s true, she went with a Decker family member to western PA, which needs research.
- Some of the Rebecca apps don’t have dates for Rebecca or her children’s births
The Draper interviews
- In the 1800s, Lyman Draper interviewed older citizens about their remembrances growing up on the frontier.
- The Draper Manuscripts are housed at the University of Wisconsin. There have been some transcriptions and excerpts, but I don’t believe there are any images available online.
- 1863 interviews: Nicholas Devore, Peter Devore (box #19 of the Draper manuscripts archives)
- Letters of J. W. Biddle of Pittsburgh to Draper (1844-1861); also sketches of John Cuppy, David Williamson, the Crawfords, George Vallendingham, etc. (box #8)
- 1860 interviews, including John Cuppy (whose wife was a Hampshire Virginia (now WV) area Devore, possibly a granddaughter of Willem), Fletcher P. Cuppy (box #??)
- One person he interviewed was John Cuppy, whose wife was Elizabeth Devore, daughter of John Devore. John Cuppy was originally from Morris County, NJ (next to Sussex County, NJ) and moved to Hampshire, VA (WV) around 1762. John Cuppy said he hired John Devore to serve in his place around 1779 or 1780. This would be either Elizabeth’s father, who is also in Hampshire, VA around this time, or her brother. I don’t have a brother for Elizabeth named John. This family, along with some Devore families, moved to Hampshire, VA (now WV) in the 1760s which might be “the line that immigrated to VA” from the story in History of Clermont and Brown Counties in Ohio. If so, they could be from Willem, because Willem marries in Morris County, NJ in 1740 and might have known the Cuppy family at that time. John Cuppy’s parents marry in Morris County in 1754.
- Here is a transcript of the Cuppy interviews:
- John Cuppy m. Elizabeth Devore (Hampshire, VA line) tree here on Ancestry:
- In the 1860s, Draper interviewed John Cuppy, Nicholas Devore and/or Peter Devore, who said Nicholas Devore was born abt 1732, Draper Manuscript, S Series, Vol 19, 60: 126-8, f – 889, 198 pg 123. I have not seen these documents, I just found this reference online. Which Nicholas are they referring to?
- If Nicholas is born 1732, he would have been 19 when he married in 1751, 23 at Braddock’s Defeat, 44 when he entered the military for the Rev War. That’s do-able, but it means he marries in NJ, not PA. The first child which seems a reasonable fit for this couple is born in 1765 (Naomi/Amy) and I can’t trace her at all. The first child I can trace with an 1850 census is Nancy, who marries Sherry, and she’s not born until 1772 in NJ. If Nicholas and Sarah are married in 1751, where are the other children before 1765? (Their next child, David m. Mann, is born in PA per his 1850/1860 census.) This couple seems to be missing many children OR they’re married much later than we think.
- 1863 – Draper MS 17s pages 114 to 127: William and Phebe (Washburn) Grant were interviewed in Cass County, Indiana July 20,1863 by Lyman C. Draper. Phebe Washburn Grant is the granddaughter of Jeremiah and Rebecca Devore Washburn, so I’m assuming she know what she’s talking about when it comes to her grandparents. She says Jeremiah Washburn was a native of England–came to New Jersey when he was seven years of age–married Rebecca Devore while in New Jersey and moved to Red Stone Country [Redstone, Fayette, PA]–on Ten Mile Creek–thence to Mason County, KY. Phebe Washburn Grant says Nicholas Devore “was a brother of Jeremiah Washburn’s wife” (Rebecca Devore Washburn). Phebe Washburn Grant thinks Nicholas died at Brown Co., Ohio perhaps about 1825.
- She says that Nicholas had a brother Jeremiah Devore who lived on the North Fork of Licking, at Devore’s Ferry. This is not the Allegheny Devore’s Ferry, but the one on the Licking River. The Licking River is tributary of the Ohio River and runs past Mason and Bracken counties in Kentucky. There aren’t many Jeremiah Devore men. The earliest is Jeremiah m. Nancy Mann, born about 1758 in NJ. He’s in Bracken County, KY beginning in 1799, as is Nicholas (1790-1799). If Jeremiah is Nicholas’ brother (and not his son), then Nicholas is either the eldest and Jeremiah the youngest son, or Nicholas is born much later than we suspect.
Some additional thoughts
- Notes about Sarah Decker Devore’s age:
- If Benjamin, born 1784, is Nicholas’ final child, that means Sarah gives birth to Benjamin when she’s 52 years old…highly unlikely, just on the cusp of possible ages of older mothers.
- Sarah Devore (m. Sansberry) is born 1783 when her mother, Sarah Decker Devore, is 51.
- On the outside of possibilities, I would say Sarah could have kids up until she’s 45, so she’s much more likely to be born around 1738 or 1739, not 1732. I conclude that Sarah is MUCH younger than being born in 1732, that they don’t marry until closer to 1760, not 1751. It does happen that woman have children later than 45, but it’s rare.
- Nearly every online tree has Nicholas Devore and Sarah Decker marrying in 1751 (no proof or records). She was born in 1734 per the DAR apps, which would mean she was 17 and he was 19. But they don’t seem to start having children until 1765 when he is 32 years old (if you don’t count Rebecca Devore m. Washburn who is supposed to be born in 1742 when Nicholas is 10 years old, and who is his sister, not his daughter). They have no children from 1751 to 1765??
Nicholas’ birth year question
Only in the SAR applications do we see the birth year of 1732 and the marriage year of 1751.
- If he’s married in 1751, where are all his earlier children?
- The first attributed child of Nicholas is Amy/Naomi, born about 1765. That means Nicholas and Sarah could marry as late as 1764 (not 1751), and if he’s 21 at the time, he would be born around 1743. And that means he could be Willem’s first son, born shortly after Willem’s 1740 marriage.
- Depending on which “battle” story is correct, he would be born either in the 1730s (and participate in Braddock’s Defeat, 1755) or in the 1750s (and participate in Crawford’s Defeat, 1782).
- The Betty Mann Devore family book says Nicholas is the grandson of the 1732 Nicholas. I’m waiting for confirmation of this book snippet.
- WHAT IF… Nicholas m. Fleury is the one who is born 1732, and Nicholas m. Decker is his son or grandson, born in the 1750s? That would mean Nicholas m. Fleury is the one at Braddock’s Defeat, and Nicholas m. Decker is the one at Crawford’s Defeat. Of course, there are zero records for Nicholas m. Fleury, if they even existing.
Conclusions
Based on the above information, these are the conclusions I’ve come to, at least for now. As new records are uncovered, this could change:
- Nicholas, Rebecca and Jeremiah are siblings.
- Despite what online trees say, Rebecca can’t be Nicholas’ daughter: She’s born around 1742 (there is a baptism for a Rebecca Devore, daughter of Willem Devore and Catherine Schoonmaker from Smithfield, Monroe, PA dated 14 March 1742, and if this is the same Rebecca, she’s born sometime before her baptism.) She must marry around 1758, because her first son, George Washburn, is born around 1759 in New Jersey per his 1850 census. If Nicholas is born 1732, he would be 10 years old when she’s born.
- We know Rebecca is in Wantage, Sussex, NJ as late as 1761, so Nicholas and Jeremiah might be there at that time, too. Find A Grave has Jeremiah’s first son, Christopher, born in NJ in 1785, but Christopher’s children say he’s either born in PA or VA.
- Phebe Washburn Grant, granddaughter of Rebecca Devore Washburn, says her mother has a brother named Jeremiah.
- Rebecca is born around 1742, and we have a baptism for a Rebecca born to Willem and Catherine Schoonmaker for 1742.
- Jeremiah is born around 1751-1760. Online trees have a birth for him of 1758, but I couldn’t find a baptism for him.
- So, if Rebecca is born 1742 and Jeremiah is born around 1758, then it’s highly likely that Nicholas is born in the 1740s or 1750s, not 1732.
- The people who were interviewed by Draper are all somehow connected to Nicholas because they all have information on his life: John Cuppy who married Elizabeth Devore (daughter of John Devore), Phebe Washburn Grant, whose grandmother was Rebecca Devore Washburn, Peter Devore, Nicholas Devore.
More research work to do
There’s much research left to do on Nicholas and his family. For instance, his daughter Naomi/Amy supposedly marries a Calvin or Colvin, and that family needs to be looked into. Searching for military records for Nicholas in Bradford’s or Crawford’s Defeat would solidify things. Finding more of the early baptism records in the Dutch churches of NY and NJ would yield fruit. Trying to discover if there ever was a Nicholas Devore married to a Susanna Fleurry or Floury would be like hitting the jackpot! Lots of Nicholas’ kids go to Brown County, Ohio, so detailed research there might be helpful. Getting your hands on the original Draper Manuscript would be priceless and clear up a lot of confusion. And looking into the Mann family would help, as many Devore people marry Mann people…is it all the same Mann family, or a coincidence?
But I’ll leave all this up to the descendants of Nicholas, because, alas, he’s not my line of Devores, and I have other Devore fish to fry.
That’s all I have! I’d love to hear from you if you have further records that would shed some light on Nicholas Devore or Sarah Decker. See my blog post about the Sussex County, NJ Devore Timeline for more information about this family.
2 thoughts on “Nicholas Devore – Was He Born in France?”
I am a Nicholas DeVore descendant on my Mother’s side. My Grandfather Daniel W. DeVore was born in 1898 on the DeVore Family farm in Ripley, Ohio. He did some family genealogy (I think mostly from his parents and grandparents). Across the road from the family farm (which was still a working farm about 8 yrs ago when I visited). Across the street is an old family cemetery where Nicholas (born in 1732) and Sarah Decker DeVore are buried as well as his son David DeVore and wife Eleanor Alice Mann are also buried too. Many other DeVores are buried in the Red Oak Presbytery Church nearby. I am a descendant of David DeVore and Alice Mann (nickname Elzy and I have a very old picture of her. A lot of the info presented above jives with what I have. I don’t really have official documents but information from my Grandfather and Mother. Please contact me if you have any questions. And thank you for all the info you posted!
Hi, Deborah, I’m not sure I have your Daniel DeVore in my tree! I’ll have to look him up. That’s great that the cemetery was nearby. The Deckers are a NJ/NY family (Dutch). The Mann family was a NJ family, too. There were many immigrants into western PA (and then into Ohio, Indiana, etc.) who came from NJ and there are several “Jersey Settlements” in different parts of the USA where people from NJ would go in groups. You’ll often find “Jersey Township” named in a county based on these settlements. I’ll have to go back to my Nicholas Devore tree and update it with your family line. |
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Hope Valley: A Novel Approach to Israeli and Palestinian Women’s Lives
The year is 2000, the setting, Galilee, where two women meet by chance. One is Tikvah, an American who has made her life on Moshav Sapir; the other is Ruby, a Palestinian artist who has returned to her village, Bir al-Demue. At the outset, they seemed destined to be enemies, especially since the old stone house where Tikvah and her husband Alon now live once belonged to Ruby’s father. But expectations are swiftly upended in this debut novel, Hope Valley (Bink Books).
Author and Rabbi Haviva Ner-David (whose story Blame appeared in the Fall, 2016 issue) talks to Fiction Editor Yona Zeldis McDonough about how she views this age-old conflict and her passionate commitment to ending it.
YZM: The story takes place more than 20 years ago, and yet it seems so fresh, so relevant. Can you talk about that?
HND: I wish I could say that this conflict is all in the past, but it’s not. As I saw smoke and heard shots, explosions and sirens last week, at the beginning of the current crisis, I felt like I was living inside my novel. It was eerie. But that is a big theme in the novel: that history will repeat itself if we do not do the deep healing that needs to happen in order to stop that cycle. There is the backstory in 1948 and the front story in 2000, and there are clear parallels in both stories that become apparent to the reader parallels that are playing out again today, as I speak. Rioting, racist hate crimes, pointing fingers at the “other”, violent approaches to solving conflict instead of addressing the actual root of the differences on both “sides.” I personally do not see myself on a “side,” but rather in the camp of those — Palestinian and Jewish — who are active in the kind of healing work to which I am referring.
I have been involved for years in the work of building deep and lasting relationships with my Palestinian neighbors here in Galilee. There are various levels to this. I am involved in a narrative sharing group here in my area, where we get together once a month to listen in non-judgment to one another’s narratives around the conflict. It is not a dialogue group, but rather, it is about practicing sacred listening. The idea is not to debate or argue politics, but rather to hear narratives different from our own and acknowledge each other’s pain and story, and to know that we can hold all of these truths together without one having to be right and the other wrong. Paraphrasing one character in the book: You can say you’re sorry without taking all of the blame.
I am also part of a group of priests, rabbis and imams who get together monthly to study, and also in the community around my younger children’s Hand-in-Hand school. There are a network of these bilingual (Arabic-Hebrew) multicultural interfaith schools around Israel, and the movement is growing. Schools in Israel are highly segregated. There are Arabic speaking schools and Hebrew speaking schools, religious schools and secular schools, Christian/Muslim schools and Jewish schools. The Hand in Hand schools are revolutionary in their approach to finding a way for children to learn together so that they get to know one another from an early age and are less likely to demonize the “other”. Also, through learning one another’s language, they can communicate, which makes a huge difference in building bridges.
I am heartened to see the outpouring of anti-violence rallies happening now in Israel. Joint rallies of Palestinian and Jewish Israelis. But that is not enough. It is only a bandaid on a festering wound.
These are just some of the groups and communities with which I am involved. There are others. And there are also individual friendships I have developed over the years that are not just superficial ones, but are relationships in which we can speak openly about our pain and feelings. This is so important. And that is the kind of friendship I was portraying in the novel.
But this is a more advanced level of connection that some people in Israeli society are still so far from. The first step is simply to go into the villages for basic services, like shopping and medical services. When I first moved up north from Jerusalem, I was surprised at how Jews avoided going into closer-by Palestinian-Israeli villages for errands and instead went the extra fifteen minutes to further away Jewish towns. Don’t misunderstand me. In Jerusalem, life is even more segregated. But it was easier to justify it because it was truly more convenient not to go to a Palestinian village or to East Jerusalem for these things. But here, at least on my kibbutz, Hannaton, we are surrounded on all sides by Palestinian-Israeli vllages. Some of Bedouin, some are Falache villages. It is truly more convenient to go there for basic services than anywhere else, yet I found when I moved here, that people went where they felt more comfortable rather than where it was more convenient. And there was also fear involved. But we will never feel more comfortable or overcome our fear if we don’t make the effort to cross that barrier.
Then, after that, there is the deeper healing that needs to happen that I described above. I am heartened to see the outpouring of anti-violence rallies happening now in Israel. Joint rallies of Palestinian and Jewish Israelis. But that is not enough. It is only a bandaid on a festering wound. We must look at what caused this upheaval. There is so much resentment, fear and denial on both “sides”. As a Jew, I can do my part by listening to the Palestinian narrative, acknowledging its truth and the pain Jews have caused to Palestinians. I am not afraid to use the word Nakba, the Arabic word, which means catastrophe, and is the word Palestinians use to name their tragic 1948 narrative. That history is in the novel. Both the 2000 and 1948 stories are the result of this listening, and also of much research, not only about the Nakba, but also about the Shoah, the Jewish catastrophe. I am not equating the two. As Tikvah in the novel says: There is not need to fight over who suffered more. But I am recognizing both as catastrophic events for their respective peoples.
We need to acknowledge one another’s narratives and pain. If we don’t, history will repeat itself even after this current crisis. That is clearly a message in the book. The story in 2000 is meant to be a tikkun, a corrective, on the tragic story in 1948. Without spoiling the ending, I can say that the book is a hopeful one, because it presents a vision of the kind of healing that can happen through true connection between human beings, even if they are on different sides of the fence (a metaphor used throughout the book, as it is Ruby’s cutting of the fence that separates her village from Tikvah’s moshav, and Tikvah’s daring to go through that hole in the fence — following the lead of her dog, Cane — that leads to their meeting and eventual friendship.
YZM: Both characters Ruby and Tikvah are dealing with illness; how does this unite them?
HND: Yes, Tikvah lives with multiple sclerosis and Ruby is in an advanced stage of lung cancer. The inspiration for the book actually came from an encounter I had one day while walking my dog in the valley that separates my kibbutz from the Bedouin village on the other side. I met Hussein, a shepherd I often meet while walking in the valley, but this time his wife was with him. I had not met her before. She was foraging. Hussein introduced us, and we started talking. She asked how old I was, and I told her, and she started crying. She told me her daughter had been my age when she died of breast cancer. As I walked home, I began to think about how if I had met her daughter, we could have become friends. And we could have bonded over our common experience of living with illness, since I live with a genetic degenerative neuromuscular disease. And that was the original spark that put the idea of the novel and the friendship into my head.
We see this often in Israeli society. In hospitals and medical clinics, people tend to get past their societally constructed differences, because they are stripped down to their basic humanity — which is our common morbidity and mortality. There is no escaping it.
There is a scene in the novel where the women are sitting together at the edge of the forest after foraging. That is when Tikvah reveals to Ruby that she has MS. Until then she had not trusted her enough to open up to her. Ruby’s cancer was more obvious because she was bald from the chemo and therefore wears a headscarf, which, at first, Tikvah assumed was for religious reasons. But Ruby is not a practicing religious Muslim. She spent years in India in an ashram, and in other places around the world, before returning to her childhood village for cancer treatments. In the scene I am describing, the muezzin sounds, and Ruby feels moved to prostrate herself. She relays to Tikvah the Buddhist teaching of letting go into the flow of life to prevent suffering. The two women prostrate themselves together, hand in hand, and that is a very strong bonding moment for them. Together, they surrender to the flow of life in a Muslim (or Jewish, on Yom Kippur) prostration posture, which is healing for both of them.
There are other scenes, too, which I will not give away, but, yes, the theme of bonding through a shared experience with illness and facing death, was one I wanted to explore in the novel.
YZM: Tikvah’s daughter falls in love with an Arab—reality or fantasy?
HND: Reality. My oldest daughter is partnered with a man who was raised Muslim in Jaffa. He identifies as Atheist, but his cultural roots and very strongly in Muslim Jaffa. And they are not the only mixed couple I know. They live in Haifa, which is a good place to live if you are a mixed couple, because it is a city which is fairly successfully mixed. There were riots there this past week, but people claim they were from people who came from the outside. Who knows? But the morning after the night of rioting, we went to have brunch with my daughter and her partner in the Shook, and we ate at a restaurant owned by a mixed gay couple. The Arab partner’s mother is the chef. And that is just one example.
Mixed couples and mixed breeds are a recurring motif in the novel. There are various mixed couples in the novel, and there is Cane, the dog, who is a mixed breed. I won’t give away any more than that.
YZM: You point out similarities in Hebrew and Arabic—how does this further the idea of coexistence rather than conflict between the two cultures?
HND: First of all, Jews learning Arabic is so important and such a key to how we can connect. Our languages are similar, because we are so connected. We can see this not only in the language, but also in the sacred texts of the three Abrahamic religions. This is also a big theme in the novel. If you look at the book’s cover, you see the three Abrahamic religious symbols resting peacefully in the valley. And there is the Tree of Hope, which, legend has it, is an ancient olive tree planted by Joseph, Jesus’ Jewish father, which has three trunks whose branches form a canopy above the mixed couples who sit beneath it.
But back to Arabic: There is a growing movement among Hebrew speaking Israelis to learn Arabic. And this is a great sign. In general, there is a growing movement of people who want to live together in peace and create what is called a shared society. The increase in learning Arabic is one manifestation of this, as is the growing number of Hand in Hand schools and so many other shared society organizations, groups and efforts. That is why, I think, in this round of escalation of the conflict, there was an outpouring of desire to stand together against the violence. And that, I hope, will be part of the tikkun, the corrective, that needs to happen here.
There is also backlash, which is apparent from the way the elections have been going here. Israel is very divided politically and ideologically. But I do believe the shared society movement is growing, even if it is quieter than the portion of society who is not yet there.
YZM: This book presents a very optimistic picture of Israeli-Arab relations; do you still believe in that possibility?
HND: I do. Or at least I choose to believe in it. I admit that I had my moments of doubt these past two weeks, but that was more when I looked at the general conflict and possible political solutions. But I am not a politician or a political leader. I am a rabbi and a writer. My pulpit is the mikveh, my pen and my spiritual companionship work. I deal with the spirit and the heart, and with narrative and images, and with ceremony and ritual. I am a visionary, not a realist.
I do believe in the ability for us to all get along and share this land in peace. And I do truly believe that the answer lies in acknowledging one another’s humanity, pain and narratives. I think once we do that, the rest will follow. If there is a will, a desire, to make peace, we will find a way. But the work must be done, one human, one soul, at a time. It’s hard work to heal the collective trauma that lies beneath the surface of this conflict.
That is why the book is told from both women’s points of view. This story cannot be told from only one point of view. It is much too complicated than that. The book is balanced, I think. Both women have growing to do at the beginning of the book. There was a clear story I wanted to tell of a Jewish woman who moves to Israel out of a Zionist ideology but who wakes up to the Palestinian narrative as — through her daughter and through Ruby — she opens her eyes to what is around her. I wanted to explore what that feels like, to discover you were only told a piece of the story, and then to have to decide what to do about that — whether to take responsibility or not.
Early on in the book, the reader and the two women discover that TIkvah is living in the house where Ruby’s father, Jamal, grew up and left his diary. Ruby befriends Tikvah at first to get to the diary, but slowly, a true friendship forms. Tikvah does some research of her own and discovers some of the history of Jamal’s village. She had not realized a village had existed on the land where her moshav now stands and that it was destroyed in 1948. There is more she discovers about that tragic story as well, but I will not reveal it here. The point is that Tikvah has to decide what to do with this new knowledge she has gained. Will she take responsibility for what she knows? Will it change her life at all? And how will it affect how she acts moving forward? And Ruby has to learn to trust Tikvah, forgive and also take responsibility for her own people’s culpability in 1948 and in their current situation. I am told the book is a balanced and accurate portrayal of life here, which I think is so important now, when people are making sweeping statements based on a simplistic and ignorant view of the complicated situation.
When I was having one of my crisis moments this past two weeks I called a Palestinian friend who lives in one of the villages upon which the fictional village of Yakut al-Jalil (Jamal’s village) was based. Her family left in 1948 and was not allowed back in. She ended up meeting her husband in Portugal, married him and came back here to live. He is an Israeli citizen, but she is not. They have two children with twins on the way any day now, but she has yet to be granted Israeli citizenship. This pains me so much. There is so much work to be done, and she has certainly suffered because of the status quo. Yet, when I called her one day when I was having a crisis of hope, she told me she had just read the novel and how moved she was by how i wrote from Ruby’s point of view. She said that it is only until we can see things from one another’s point of view that we will be able to live together in peace. I told her I was starting to lose hope in this vision. She told me to hold onto that vision, that I must hold on to that vision, that that is my role now — to hold onto and spread that vision.
What she said reminded me of a quote from Etty Hillesum’s diary. This friend’s life and outlook was changed by Etty’s diary. It had a huge impact on her. Etty died in Auschwitz at age 29, but she writes over and over again of her faith in humanity and of a better future. This one quote came to mind: “There is only one way of preparing for the new age, by living it even now in our hearts…”
YZM: You’ve had a very interesting path; can you tell us about your background and how it got you to where you are now?
HND: I grew up Orthodox Jewish (and Zionist) in New York. I went to Jewish day schools and camps, where I was taught the Zionist narrative but not the Palestinian one. I was very involved in Orthodox feminism for years. I was even the first woman to publicly receive Orthodox ordination, at the same time that I earned my doctorate on the topic of mikveh at Bar Ilan University. But at some point, I realized I was no longer Orthodox, and I decided to call myself a post-denominational rabbi. When we moved to Hannaton eleven years ago, after living in Jerusalem for thirteen years, I founded Shmaya: A Mikveh for Mind, Body and Soul, which is the only mikveh in Israel that is open to all to immerse how and when they choose. We even welcome people who do not self-identify as Jewish (and of course those who do self-identify even if others don’t acknowledge their status).
I see it as spiritual work, finding what connects us rather than what divides us, and believing that each individual has a unique and equally valid path to the Divine.
During those years, I wrote two memoirs: Life on the Fringes and Chanah’s Voice.
In the summer of 2014, during what Israel calls Operation Protective Edge, I had a religious crisis. This was a moment in history much like the one we are experiencing now, and I felt despair at seeing people fighting over religious and national differences. So I decided to study in an interfaith seminary, to get some perspective and see if there were places of connection and commonality upon which we could focus, instead of the differences. This was a transformative four years for me, and I came out with interfaith ordination and certification in spiritual direction and dreamwork, all of which I incorporate now into my mikveh work, but I also opened a spiritual companionship practice, which is thriving. Mostly via Zoom with people around the world.
But those studies also informed my peace work in a big way. I see it as spiritual work, finding what connects us rather than what divides us, and believing that each individual has a unique and equally valid path to the Divine. |
Everyone laments the vanishing of the Dead Sea. Yet discussions, articles and forecasts of decades ago show that every stage of the sea’s demise was actually anticipated in advance.
Nir Hasson Jan. 15, 2022
“Anyone who wants to enjoy a voyage across the entire Dead Sea… should hurry and carry out his wish,” Haaretz reporter Y. Terizi wrote. “And those who want to tour the exotic places along the Dead Sea on the way and also the place called the ‘tongue’ should also make haste, for the sooner it’s done, the better. If not, within a few years you may not have the opportunity to enjoy all that… It is actually very possible that the whole of the Dead Sea will come to look very different from its present appearance and from the way it looked hundreds of thousands and millions of years ago.”
That was written in 1934.
In the 88 years since, that prophecy of doom has been fulfilled. As of the end of 2021, all the Dead Sea beaches in Israel have been abandoned, and many have been totally wrecked by sinkholes. In fact, for most Israelis, the natural Dead Sea is no more than a sliver of blue on the horizon. There are still two places where one can enter the water in an organized way: via several beaches at the sea’s northern tip (legally, in the West Bank), and on the boardwalk at Neve Zohar, in the southern section, where the hotels were built at the edge of a huge evaporation pond created by the Dead Sea Works. Every other attempt to reach the sea’s natural shore is a mission for hardy hikers or owners of jeeps.
Terizi’s article might be assumed to be the first in the Hebrew press warning of an ecological and landscape disaster at the Dead Sea. But that would be an anachronistic, mistaken reading. Writing about a change in the appearance of the Dead Sea in the mid-1930s, Terizi wasn’t necessarily referring to a change for the worse. In fact, Terizi understood it as the very opposite: a positive change on the way to a better future. “Tractors are huffing mightily, leveling vast tracts of land, protective embankments are being erected, roads are being built, marshes are disappearing, the areas of the future pools are taking shape – and something tremendous is emerging such as never before seen in the country we are building,” he wrote. Like many others in that period and in the decades that followed, he saw the drying out of the Dead Sea not as a problem but as an opportunity.
“The Dead Sea was approached like a cow to be milked,” says curator and researcher Orit Engelberg-Baram, who studied the environmental history of the Dead Sea for her doctoral dissertation at the University of Haifa. Titled “A Death Foretold,” the dissertation was written under the supervision of Prof. Efraim Lev and Dr. Asaf Zeltser. It analyzes the attitude taken by the Zionist movement and the State of Israel toward the most important natural resource that was vouchsafed them. The Dead Sea’s metamorphosis from a singular global natural phenomenon into a vast plant for the production of potash is not a hitch or a mistake, Engelberg-Baram explains; it is the inevitable result of a series of decisions that were made over the past century. Her dissertation chronicles the bureaucracy behind an ecological disaster in the making.
“We strode into the abyss with open eyes, it was all predictable,” she says, and then adds a demurrer: “Almost everything. The one thing that came as a surprise was the sinkholes – no one foresaw that development.” Upon reflection, she adds, “Actually, the perception of an ecological disaster is due only to the sinkholes; without them, I’m not sure it would be seen as a disaster, without the sinkholes it’s not understood as an abyss at all.”
As an example, Engelberg-Baram singles out another item in the press, this one from 1946. Headlined “Exploiting Jordan waters for irrigation won’t harm Dead Sea,” the article states that utilizing the water of the Jordan would bring about a rapid fall in the sea’s level, and the dehydration of the sea’s southern basin. “How is it possible that the southern basin would dry up and the sea not be harmed?” Engelberg-Baram asks rhetorically. “Because what was of importance then in the Dead Sea were the minerals and not the landscape. The approach was that everything possible should be exploited without reference to the Dead Sea as a landscape that possesses inherent value.” The 1946 writer says reassuringly, “A drop of 10 meters will not affect the brine concentration,” meaning the minerals that could be extracted from the sea.
The genesis of this approach, Engelberg-Baram says, lies in the roots of Zionism and its attitude toward nature. Theodor Herzl anticipated the extraction of minerals from the Dead Sea, and an 1892 utopian novel by the writer and Zionist activist Elhanan Leib Lewinsky, “Journey to the Land of Israel in the Year 5800” – the Hebrew year corresponding to 2039-2040 – envisions a “city of salt” of 100,000 residents on the shores of the Dead Sea. “There is great hustle and bustle, there is much pounding and shrieking of machines, steam rises from the smokestacks and thousands of workers are employed there.”
Palestine Potash Ltd. – the historic forebear of today’s ICL Group, current owner of the Dead Sea Works – was the first to launch operations that refashioned the Dead Sea in order to mine minerals. The company was something of an odd bird in the pioneer-Zionist landscape of the time: It was not a cooperative or an industry belonging to the Histadrut labor federation, but a company of private entrepreneurs registered on the London Stock Exchange. This new concept did not sit well with the leadership of the socialist-oriented Yishuv – the pre-1948 Jewish community in Palestine. Engelberg-Baram hypothesizes that this is why the company’s founder, Moshe Novomeysky, a Siberian-born engineer, is a somewhat forgotten figure in Zionist historiography. Jerusalem is the only town with a street named for him, and even that is a rather small street, in the Ramat Sharett neighborhood. That state of affairs was somewhat rectified last month when ICL inaugurated the Moshe Novomeysky Visitors and Heritage center at the historical potash factory site at Sdom, on the Dead Sea.
In 1948, when Israel’s War of Independence erupted, Novomeysky’s international capitalist credentials provided him with an opportunity to try to save his life’s project. At the time, most of the industrial activity was being carried out in the northern part of the Dead Sea, in an area that under the United Nations partition plan was supposed to become part of the Arab state. Novomeysky reached an agreement with senior British and Jordanian officials to leave the factory intact in a kind of international enclave. On the day the state was declared, Novomeysky hurried to brief David Ben-Gurion about the agreement. The leader of the new state viewed the accord positively but was in a hurry to get to the proclamation ceremony and asked Novomeysky to come back later. When Novomeysky left the meeting, he was hit by a motorcycle and hospitalized. In his absence the agreement fell apart, and at the order of the Haganah – the pre-state army – the employees of the northern plant demolished the facility and fled in boats to Sdom before the site could be attacked by the Jordanians.
Efforts were subsequently made to renew potash production at Sdom. “The Dead Sea constitutes the most important of all the natural resources,” a 1949 government committee report stated. The report was drawn up as part of an effort “to bring about the full, rapid and most efficient possible exploitation of this basic resource.” It took until 1952, however, when the state nationalized the potash company, for these efforts to gain traction. Hefty investments were made in this period, but there were also numerous failures. “The joke at the time was that the only thing that drowns in the Dead Sea is money,” Engelbert-Baram says.
In 1949, Israel’s plan for the Dead Sea was “to bring about the full, rapid and most efficient possible exploitation of this basic resource.”
In 1955, former Israel Defense Forces Chief of Staff Mordechai Maklef was appointed director of the Dead Sea Works. He held the position for more than a decade and exercised a crucial influence on developments at the plant during that period. His biographer, Amos Goren, describes a meeting Makleff held with a candidate for the post of the company’s chief engineer, in which the director set forth his vision: “Large dams that will divide the southern [part of the] sea into evaporation ponds, pumping stations and factories for potash, bromine and magnesium products,” He told the engineer, “Treat the sea like a huge mine in which work has barely begun.”
Then, in 1961, came one of the most dramatic turning points in the history of the industrialization of the Dead Sea: the Knesset’s enactment of the Dead Sea Concession Law. It was an exceptional piece of legislation, formulated as an agreement between the state and the Dead Sea Works firm, which was then still a government company. The law grants the company extraordinary rights in vast areas, including, explicitly, the “right to demolish.”
The text of the law refers to “the exclusive right to extract by way of evaporation (solar or artificial), cooling, mining, quarrying, or in any other way, mineral salts and minerals and chemicals, whether in solution or in solid form, which are in and beneath the Dead Sea… the exclusive right to make, expand, modify, maintain and demolish, in and beneath the Dead Sea… including – but without derogating from the generality of the aforesaid – embankments, evaporation ponds, culverts, water barriers, pumping stations, canals, pipes, electricity lines and electricity cables, roads, anti-flood installations, wells and bores and other installations.”
The law was passed under heavy pressure from the World Bank, Engelbert-Baram notes. The World Bank, together with American banks, was supposed to underwrite the construction of the new facilities to process potash in the southern Dead Sea, and it wanted to ensure that the company would be given complete freedom of operation. At this juncture, too, there were some who warned about the consequences: “It seems to me that it will be difficult to defend to local and world public opinion the fact of the capitulation to the arbitrary demands of Mr. Black” – referring to Eugene Robert Black, president of the World Bank at the time – Mordechai Bentov, the minister of development, cautioned Finance Minister Pinhas Sapir.
The left-wing parties saw the events, of course, as a colonialist, capitalist takeover of national resources, and assailed the law bitterly. “It was with extraordinary haste that the cabinet concluded the discussion about forfeiting the treasures of the Dead Sea to private owners of capital, and abolishing state ownership of one the largest and most important of our country’s basic industries,” Y. Tomer, from Kol Ha’am, the Communist Party newspaper, charged.
Despite such protests, construction of large-scale infrastructure began at the southern Dead Sea with a view to the establishment of modern plants to extract potash, under Maklef’s management. This period also saw the onset of what was to become one of the most serious environmental problems relating to the Dead Sea: the mining of the earth needed to build the embankments and infrastructure required by the Dead Sea Works. Here the full force of the law came into effect. “The Nature Reserves Authority asked Makleff not to mine in places of importance in terms of landscape and ecology. He replied, ‘There is a Concession Law and I will do as I wish,’” Engelberg-Baram says, “although in the end he agreed to listen and to move the area of the mining.”
Great geographical secret
It was during the 1960s that the first voices began to emerge suggesting that the Dead Sea was more than a gargantuan mine. In 1963, when construction of the Dead Sea Works’ modern facilities was at its height, the newspaper Davar – the mouthpiece of the ruling party, Mapai, forerunner of Labor – published an article that was ahead of its time. “First we transform Lake Hula into farmland. Then we turn Lake Kinneret into an irrigation pool… And now we are transforming the Dead Sea into a chemical factory,” the journalist Nahum Pundak wrote at the time. “It’s possible, because the level of the balance of payments is improving – but our landscape is doing the opposite… A large part of the Dead Sea that is now within our borders will become an extensive salt field. That is bound to happen within 60 to 70 years.”
An additional warning was issued in 1966 by Azaria Alon, a co-founder of the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, who is considered the father of nature preservation in the country. “Ahead of us lie long and complicated legal and administrative processes; until their completion, it’s necessary to ensure that nothing irreparable will be done in the desert and the seashore. We need to remember that because of the climatic conditions, we cannot expect nature to fix what human beings spoil. If in the north water and plants heal ‘scars,’ that is not the case in the desert. Every place we scratch, even lightly, stays that way for dozens and hundreds of years. That is the advantage of the desert and also its shortcoming. If we want to preserve this unrivaled landscape for ourselves, we must first of all not harm it.”
In 1973, a scientific symposium about the Dead Sea was held, one of whose speakers, Prof. David Vofsi, addressed one of the gravest issues relating to the Dead Sea, one that would occupy the state and the Dead Sea Works for decades to come: the rise in the level of the sea’s ponds. In contrast to the northern basin, which suffers from rapid dehydration (the level is falling about 1.2 meters a year), the southern basin has the opposite problem. Since the basin dried out at the end of the 1970s, its territory has become the area of the company’s evaporation ponds: Every year the Dead Sea Works pumps water from the northern basin and floods the ponds. In the 1970s, when the first hotels began to be built on the shores of the largest evaporation pond, the rise in the level of the ponds still looked like a distant problem.
“The ponds are beginning to become clogged,” Vosfi, a chemist, warned, “and in 10 years’ time, say, the place where we are now sitting will look like a large salt field. That is something we need to take into account, because finally hotels are being built here, and an industry will get underway whose revenues will definitely not be negligible compared to the revenues from potash, and then we will be advised to make the dams higher, so that we can delay this judgment for a certain time… The whole process we are thinking about must take into account the problem of disposing of the salt.”
Vosfi was one of the first to speak of the need to remove the salt from the ponds. But it was not until decades later, when the ponds threatened to flood the hotels, that intensive discussions about the subject began. The question of harvesting the salt from the ponds became one of the acute economic and engineering problems the state had to cope with. Following lengthy discussions and the establishment of a dedicated government company (the Dead Sea Preservation Company), the state and ICL reached an agreement, and during the past year a huge barge began to remove the salt from the floor of the pond. The question now is what to do with the harvested salt – mountains of it that no one wants. ICL’s latest idea is to lay down a vast salt surface to the north of the pools and use it as a platform on which to build a solar farm.
In 1961, the Knesset’s enacted the Dead Sea Concession Law, which granted the Dead Sea Works extraordinary rights in vast areas, including, explicitly, the “right to demolish.”
The dramatic event that altered the natural map of the Land of Israel occurred in 1979: The southern basin of the Dead Sea dried up and was erased from the landscape. That drama made few waves. Engelbert-Baram found one article in the press, by Yisrael Tomer in the daily Yedioth Ahronoth, that dealt with the subject. “You arrive at Masada, and slightly to its south, opposite the famous ‘tongue,’ the deep secret is revealed. You suddenly notice that something is missing. Something strange is happening here. ‘Just a minute,’ you ask yourself, ‘where is the sea?’… [This development] does not yet appear on any map of the Land of Israel. This has to be the biggest geographical secret that has occurred in our time,” Tomer wrote.
But at that stage, the development ethos still reigned. The Dead Sea Works was still something of a national symbol, and the ICL’s profitability and the amount of potash it produced received regular coverage in the papers. “Just as everyone followed the level of Lake Kinneret in the years afterward, people then kept track of how many tons of potash were produced each month” at the Dead Sea, Engelberg-Baram notes.
In her view, the turning point came only at the beginning of 1980s. The Israel Defense Forces’ withdrawal from Sinai in the wake of the peace treaty with Egypt gave rise to intense pressure to develop the Negev. In response, the feeling began to trickle in that it might, after all, be of value to preserve the desert’s open and desolate spaces. In 1982, the Society for the Protection of Nature held a historic conference at Moshav Hatzeva, in the Arava desert. At the event, whose subject was “The Zionist Dimension to Nature Preservation,” the writers Amos Oz, S. Yizhar and Amos Kenan reformulated the terms of love of the land and the conquest of the wilderness; the discourse about the desert, including the Dead Sea, began to change. “Perhaps we should have revised our approach to the concept of nature,” Kenan said at the time. “For me, nature encompasses all the memories of the soil and all the murmurs that the earth gives forth and all the stories that there are to be told.”
Engelberg-Baram detects the first changes in the Dead Sea Works’ environmental perception in 1986, when the conveyor was built that carries potash from the plant to Mishor Rotem, near Dimona. “They start to operate differently, not only according to the minimum to which the law obligates them,” she says. The company hired the services of the landscape architect Shlomo Aronson and bowed to his recommendations in regard to reducing the conveyor’s footprint on the landscape and to allowing the movement of animals from one side to the other.
Less than 10 years later, when Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin wanted to amend the Concession Law ahead of the privatization of the Dead Sea Works, it was clear that the public and political discourse about the Dead Sea had changed; the environmental costs of the continued development of the sea were by now at the center of the discussion.
“It seems to me that this was the first time that the issue of environmental quality – this at least will be the reward for all our toil – has received a great deal of attention,” the minister of environmental protection at the time, Yossi Sarid, said. “Today matters of environmental quality are not a matter for bleeding hearts and are not ‘green’ matters. They are genuine economic issues.”
To which then-MK Tamar Gozansky (Hadash) added, “There is no hope for enterprises like these if they do not prove that they are investing all means possible in preserving quality of the environment, in preserving the landscape, in protecting all the values that are important to all of society.” Similar voices were heard even from the right side of the political map. MK Uzi Landau (Likud) said, “With all the respect I have for these industries and for their important contribution… it is impossible to accept this speed… The desire to privatize and the haste are from the devil… Building and paving this country with concrete from end to end is disrupting and seriously harming the quality of life and the quality of the environment, and the balance between humanity, nature and vegetation.”
At the end of 2021, another milestone was marked in the history of the development and exploitation of the Dead Sea: a huge new pumping station, called P-9, commenced operation. Located on a rig that rises a few meters above the sea, facing Masada, it is the most powerful pumping facility in Israel. It’s an immense structure of steel, pipes and pumps that is connected to the shore by a bridge. It was erected to replace the previous station, which like all its predecessors was abandoned due to the sea’s shrinkage. Each year, it will pump 450 million cubic meters of water enriched with minerals to a height of 50 meters in order to send it via an open canal southward into the Dead Sea Works’ evaporation ponds.
Contrary to the conventional viewpoint, the potash works are not responsible for the sea’s dehydration, though they are making a not-inconsiderable contribution to that process. The gigantic Israeli and Jordanian pumps deprive the sea of about 20 centimeters a year, an entire additional meter is lost because of the water’s evaporation and because Israel, Jordan, Syria and the Palestinians are utilizing almost every drop of fresh water that is meant to flow into the Dead Sea. The combined result, as noted, is a recession of about 1.2 meters a year.
A few kilometers north of the rig lies the latest beach that has succumbed to the race after the receding shoreline: that of the Ein Gedi Hot Springs Resort, which shut down during the first wave of the coronavirus pandemic, two years ago. The vegetation at the entrance to the luxurious visitors center has already begun to dry up, and inside the building workers have stacked cartons to pack up the contents of the souvenir shop.
“When a far-seeing journalist recently asked [Prime Minister] Levi Eshkol, ‘And what will happen then?’” Nahum Pundak, who had anticipated the Dead Sea’s transformation into a “salt field,” wrote in 1963, “Eshkol told him, ‘Write down my phone number. Then we will be able to talk about the future.’” |
7 Best Investment Apps of 2022
Investment apps have made investing more accessible to people by not requiring minimum deposits or charging steep commission fees.Yet, with so many apps offering similar features, choosing the best investment app for your strategy and goals can really be a tough decision to make.
The best investment apps not only let you keep track of your holdings from anywhere, but offer access to a variety of investment options. They feature advanced research tools and charting so you can analyze performance and place orders right away. They also provide educational resources to help newbies develop a strategy and get started.
Read on to learn more about investment apps, and find out which are the top picks, according to our research.
Our Top Picks for Best Investment Apps
- Webull: Best for Beginners and Active Traders
- Acorns: Best for Micro-Investing
- Betterment: Best Robo-Advisor
- Public.com: Best for Social Features
- TD Ameritrade: Best Educational Tools
- SoFi: Best All-in-One
- Charles Schwab: Best for Experienced Traders
Best Investment Apps Reviews
- No account minimum
- Access to real time data
- Extended hours and pre-market trading available
- Fractional shares orders have a $5 minimum
- No robo-advisor options
- Account validation takes 1 to 2 days
- Account Minimum
- $0
- Commission Fees
- $0
- Account Types
- Brokerage (Cash and Margin), IRA
- Financial Products
- (ADRs).
Although Webull’s research tools and charts can seem overwhelming at first, we believe it’s a great choice for beginners who don’t mind taking some time to learn. It has a learning center full of video explainers and how-to’s, alongside a training camp that can be customized based on your investing experience. In addition, it offers a trading simulator, where beginners can learn and practice how to trade using paper (or virtual) money.
Active traders can benefit from Webull’s.
- No minimum deposit
- Allows you to invest spare change automatically
- Offers cash back when you shop from certain brands
- Lets you choose from five automated portfolios
- Limited investment options
- Monthly subscription can be a steep expense in the long run
- Account Minimum
- $0
- Commission Fees
- $3 or $5 monthly subscription
- Account Types
- Invest, Retirement (IRA), Custodial (UTMA/UGMA)
- Financial Products
- Five automated portfolios
- Automated Investing
- Yes
Why we chose it: We chose Acorns as the best app for micro-investing because it can automatically invest spare change from your purchases.
Acorns is popularly known for making investing a no-brainer. The mobile app can be configured in less than 15 minutes. You just need to create an account, link a debit or credit card or add some funds using a checking or savings account.
Based on your financial information, Acorns recommends one of its five portfolios. These are designed considering risk tolerance, and range anywhere from conservative to aggressive. You can also change the portfolio at any time, if you want to undertake more or less risk.
Acorns stands out for making it easy to set money aside for investing — it rounds purchase transactions up to the nearest dollar, so you can invest spare change automatically. In addition, the app offers a rewards program that invests cash back from your purchase when you shop from specific brands within the app. Some featured brands include Apple, Walmart, Uber, Nike and Chewy.
Although the app recommends making round-ups automatic, it can be done manually too. This gives you more control over the transactions you want to round up. If you want to invest more money, you can customize it to multiply that amount by two, three or ten times, or schedule one-time or monthly deposits from a checking account.
Acorns’ main drawback is that it charges a monthly subscription of $3 or $5, depending on the tier you choose. Although it may not sound like much at first, a flat fee structure like Acorns’ can add up in the long term and even exceed your returns, especially if you’re just investing small amounts. Another thing to keep in mind is that Acorns doesn’t make an instant deposit of your round-ups, rather it waits until you’ve accumulated $5.
- Rebalances portfolios automatically
- Features tax-saving tools
- Access to socially responsible investing portfolios
- Ambiguous set-up process
- $100,000 minimum balance for premium investing accounts
- Account Minimum
- No minimum for regular account; $100,000 for premium account
- Commission Fees
- 0.25% or 0.40% annual fee
- Account Types
- Automated investing, IRAs, 401K
- Financial Products
- All-ETF portfolios
- Automated Investing
- Yes
Why we chose it: Betterment is our choice for best robo-advisor because its algorithm lets users know how much they need to save to meet their goals and offers a tax coordination feature.
Betterment is a robo-advisor investment app and as such it automatically designs diversified portfolios based on your investment goals. Robo-advisors like Betterment and Acorns are different from trading apps like Webull because they don’t let you choose the type of securities you invest in, rather they offer ready-made portfolios.
Unlike Acorns, Betterment doesn’t charge a monthly fee. Instead it charges an annual management fee of 0.25% or 0.40%, depending on your account balance. This fee structure can be more cost-effective than a flat monthly subscription, especially if you’re investing small amounts of money.
We liked that Betterment automatically calculates how much you need to save to reach your goals within a specific time period. You can also create multiple investment accounts for different goals. For instance, you could create a general investing account, a retirement account and education savings with different target dates, and the app would let you know how much you have to set apart for each in order to reach your goal amount.
Compared to Acorns, Betterment’s set-up process is a bit ambiguous and its charts are less intuitive. This may make it difficult to track your portfolio’s performance.
However, overall, its perks make up for it. For example, Betterment’s algorithm offers automated tax-saving strategies for all users, including tax loss harvesting. This means that the algorithm looks for opportunities to reduce tax exposure by selling securities that have experienced losses and offsetting gains.
Additionally, Betterment offers support from Certified Financial Planner™ professionals for all users, for an additional fee. (This service is included for no extra charge with the Premium account, which requires a minimum balance of $100,000.)
- No commission on stocks and ETFs trades
- Offers trading for over 25 cryptos
- Lets you connect and share insight with other traders
- Limited tradable assets, no mutual funds, options or bonds
- Relatively new in the market, launched in 2019
- Account Minimum
- $0
- Commission Fees
- $0
- Account Types
- Brokerage Account
- Financial Products
- Stocks, Fractional Shares, ETFs, Crypto
- Automated Investing
- No
Why we chose it: Public is our pick for best investment app for investing in community because it features a social platform that lets you connect with other investors using the app.
Public is another commission-free investment app that offers access to stocks, ETFs and crypto. What sets it apart from others are its social features, which let you connect and share insight with other traders and financial advisors.
Public’s community feed is like Twitter for investors. In it you can keep up with trending news and topics, see what other members are investing in and post your recent buys and sells. You can also create group chats with people you’re following and participate in virtual events within the app.
Public offers access to about 900 stock and ETFs, and over 25 different crypto coins and tokens, including Bitcoin, Dogecoin, Shiba Inu and Avalanche. Additionally, it lets you buy fractional shares with a $1 minimum.
Public doesn’t require you link a bank account to fund your account, you can simply use a debit card. However, you do need to link a bank in order to withdraw your money.
There are some drawbacks, however. Public doesn’t offer access to a wide array of tradable assets — for instance, you can’t invest in options, mutual funds or bonds. Additionally, even though the app is free at the moment, Public may eventually charge a subscription fee for premium features.
- Wide variety of tradable assets
- Extensive educational tools and resources
- 24/7 customer support
- $.065 fee per options contract
- No fractional shares
- Account Minimum
- $0
- Commission Fees
- $0
- Account Types
- Brokerage, Retirement, Education, Custodial
- Financial Products
- Stocks, ETFs, Mutual Funds, Bonds, Options, Fixed Income, Futures, Forex, IPOs, Crypto, Annuities
- Automated Investing
- Yes
Why we chose it: TD Ameritrade is the best investment app for educational tools because it offers a wide range of resources, how-to videos and research tools.
If you’re looking for an investment app with tons of educational resources, TD Ameritrade is a great choice. It offers traders two different apps — TD Ameritrade Mobile and thinkorswim — to meet all types of investors’ needs. In addition, it features demos, videos and advanced research tools for free.
TD Ameritrade has a wide selection of tradable assets, including options that many competitors don’t offer, such as forex, mutual funds and futures. It doesn’t charge any commissions for trading stocks, ETFs, options and mutual funds. However, options trades have a $0.65 fee per contract.
Apart from the educational and how-to videos available in TD Ameritrade Mobile, users have access to a wide range of online resources through TD Ameritrade’s website, including courses, webcasts and articles on investment strategies and analysis.
TD’s thinkorswim platform also takes investing to the next level. It provides experienced traders advanced tools to place orders, create watchlists and keep track of preferred stocks. Users can create customizable charts and set time frames for analyzing stock performance and making informed market predictions. Additionally, it lets users run simulations using paper trading, so they can practice their own investment strategies without losing real money.
One thing to note is that TD Ameritrade doesn’t offer fractional shares, meaning you can only buy full shares. In addition, despite the various educational resources widely available, TD Ameritrade’s apps can be overwhelming and difficult to navigate for beginners.
- Crypto and fractional shares available
- Instant access to your money up to $5,000
- Offers automated investing options
- Minimum stock purchase is $5
- Limited selection of tradable securities
- 1.25% markup on crypto transactions
- Account Minimum
- No minimum for self-managed accounts
- Commission Fees
- $0 for stocks and ETFs trades; 1.25% markup on crypto transactions
- Account Types
- Standard Brokerage, Retirement, Education, Custodial, Small Business
- Financial Products
- Stocks, Fractional Shares, ETFs, IPOs
- Automated Investing
- Yes
Why we chose it: SoFi is our choice for best all-in-one investment app because it offers brokerage accounts, automated investing and some banking products.
SoFi is an online personal finance company that offers loans, banking and self-directed and automated investing all in one place.
SoFi Active Investing doesn’t charge management fees or a commission for stocks, fractional shares and ETFs trades. In addition to these securities, users can also trade over 20 cryptocurrencies, including Ethereum, Bitcoin and Dogecoin, though at a 1.25% markup fee on all crypto transactions.
To start investing you just need to link your bank account, and place a stock order of at least $5 or $10 for cryptos. With automated investing, however, you can start with just $1 and set up daily, weekly, bi-weekly or monthly recurring deposits.
Some drawbacks: Although the app features educational resources and charts that may be good enough for beginners, it lacks advanced research tools for more experienced investors. Additionally, the app’s selection of tradable securities is somewhat limited compared to competitors.
- No commissions on stocks, ETFs, Mutual Funds and Options
- Wide selection of investment products
- Extensive research tools
- Offers financial planning support
- $5,000 minimum deposit for automated investing accounts
- $0.65 fee per options contract
- Account Minimum
- $0
- Commission Fees
- $0 on stocks, ETFs, options and mutual funds
- Account Types
- Standard Brokerage, Retirement, Education
- Financial Products
- Stocks, International Stocks, ETFs, Mutual Funds, Bonds, Options, Futures, Annuities, Crypto
- Automated Investing
- Yes
Why we chose it: Charles Schwab is the best investment app for experienced traders because it offers an extensive variety of research tools and access to trade in foreign markets.
Charles Schwab is a full-service brokerage that’s a great choice for experienced investors. It offers a variety of investment services and doesn’t charge commissions on stocks, ETFs, mutual funds and options.
You can open accounts with no minimum balance and get access to a full range of investment products, including international stocks, annuities and crypto. You can also get access to a dedicated financial consultant if your account has $250,000 or more. In addition, Schwab’s platforms (both mobile and online) offer advanced research tools and in-depth charts to analyze trade ideas and opportunities with real-time data.
Aside from self-managed accounts, Schwab offers automated investing with a dedicated expert at no extra charge, although it requires a minimum of $5,000 to get started. A premium robo-advisor service is also available for a one-time fee of $300 and a $30 monthly advisory fee. The premium subscription includes guidance from a Certified Financial Planner™, a personalized roadmap and interactive planning tools.
Other Investment Apps We Considered
Robinhood
- Intuitive and user-friendly mobile app
- No opening balance required or commissions
- Instant deposit
- Access to stocks, options, crypto, ETFs and IPOs
- Poor customer service
- Doesn't offer short selling
- Has been involved in multiple data breaches
Robinhood is a trading app that’s popular among beginners. Its game-like design is accessible and user-friendly. Like most apps, Robinhood has no minimums and no fees, offering commision-free trades on stocks, options, crypto, ETFs and IPOs. Despite its popularity, Robinhood has faced strong criticism for restricting users’ access to securities like GameStop during the latest meme stock swing. The app has also been involved in multiple data breaches in the past, the most recent in 2021. Additionally, it was charged by the Securities and Exchange Commission for misleading customers on how it makes money from order flows.
Fidelity Investments
- Wide selection of securities products
- Offers robo-investing
- Access to fractional shares
- Advisory fees for managed accounts of $10,000 or more
- Can't invest in cryptocurrency
- Doesn't offer tax-loss harvesting
Fidelity is one of the few major brokerages that allows investors to trade fractional shares. It has no minimum account requirements and doesn’t charge commissions on stocks, ETFs and options trades. Its mobile app gives access to a wide selection of securities and robo-investing. Fidelity’s robo-advisor is free for accounts under $10,000. However, if the account balance exceeds this amount, the company charges a $3 monthly advisory fee or a 0.35% yearly fee. Additionally, Fidelity doesn’t allow investors to trade cryptocurrency nor does it offer access to tax-loss harvesting tools.
E*Trade
- No commission for stocks, options and ETFs trades
- Extensive investment selection
- Automated investment accounts have a $500 minimum
- Higher margin rates, up to 8.95%
- Doesn't support cryptocurrencies
E*Trade is a popular online broker that provides traders of all kinds with a large selection of investment securities. Like other online brokerages, E*Trade doesn’t set an account minimum for standard accounts and offers commission-free stocks, options and ETFs. It also offers mutual funds with no transaction fees.
Aside from a web platform, E*Trade has two mobile apps — E*Trade and Power E*Trade — which traders can use to place orders and follow the markets’ movement. While E*Trade offers managed portfolios, it has a $500 minimum balance and a 0.30% annual advisory fee. Additionally, E*Trade has a higher margin rate than most brokerages and doesn’t support cryptocurrency trading.
Ellevest
- No minimum investment
- Offers access to workshops and coaching sessions
- Cash back when you shop from selected local brands
- Only offers two investment portfolios
- Charges a monthly subscription fee
Like most robo-advisors, Ellevest designs personalized portfolios and automatically manages them based on your long- and short-term investment goals. What sets it apart from other investment tools is that it’s designed by women and for women (although it’s an option for anyone and great for beginners).
The Ellevest algorithm considers factors that affect many women — such as pay gaps, career breaks and longer average lifespans — and recommends initial target amounts depending on specific goals and time horizon.
Ellevest's main drawback, however, is that it only offers two types of investment portfolios, which is considerably limited compared to competitors. Additionally, it charges a monthly subscription fee of $1, $5 or $9, depending on the membership plan.
Best Investment Apps Guide
Our guide on investment apps covers key information on the types of investment apps you can use, how they work, the most common types of stock orders and how much money you should invest. Read on to learn more about investment apps and how to pick the best one for your financial goals.
What is an investment app
Investment apps are mobile applications designed to buy and sell stocks and other tradable assets from publicly listed companies through smartphones or tablets.
These apps let users quickly access their holdings, monitor stock market performance and track new investment opportunities. Most offer educational resources and notifications on recent market trends to keep users informed while helping them develop their own investment strategy.
Types of investing apps
Investment apps typically fall in one of three categories:
- Robo-advisors are applications designed to provide automated investment services through algorithms that need little to no human intervention. Most robo-advisors build and manage portfolios automatically, and look for growing opportunities based on users’ financial information and goals. The best robo-advisors offer easy configuration, solid security features and low fees.
- Discount brokerages offer users complete control over their securities. These types of apps let you buy and sell stocks, bonds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), options and even cryptocurrency of your preference at a reduced commission fee, or no commission at all.
- Full-service brokerages follow a more traditional approach. These brokers also give investors online access to their portfolio and let them choose their own investment opportunities. Additionally, they often offer a wider array of services and products, such as retirement and tax planning, wealth management and investment guidance from dedicated financial advisers. However, they tend to have higher account minimums and fees.
How do investment apps work
First, you have to install the app on your device and create an account. Most investment apps require basic personal information like your full name, social security number and address, along with some employment and financial information. You can then choose the type of account: an individual brokerage account, individual retirement account (IRA), college savings or automated investment if the app offers robo-advisor features. Once the account is approved, you can link a bank account, transfer funds and start investing.
Many investment apps feature advanced charts that let you visualize stock price fluctuations and performance over time. Information like latest market news, historical high and lows, trading volume, dividends and price-earning ratio is also broadly available. Some apps may include stock analyst ratings as well.
Another perk is that sometimes investment apps give you a free stock when you first fund your account or when friends you recommend join the app.
Types of stock orders
As with any investment platform, you can place different types of orders on an investment app. If you’re new to investing, it might be useful to familiarize yourself with the three most common types of orders and know what each one means.
A market order is an order to buy or sell a stock immediately, at or near the current market price. Investment apps that offer fractional shares will typically let you choose between buying in dollars or in shares.
Buying in dollars means you’ll buy the dollars’ equivalent in shares. For instance, if you place a $5 order for buying a stock that’s currently priced at $125, you would receive about 0.04 shares.
Buying in shares, on the other hand, means that you want to buy a specific number of shares at the current price. Continuing with the previous example, if you wanted to buy two shares from the same company, then you would have to place an order for two shares at $125 each and pay a total price of $250.
A limit order is an order for a particular stock at a specified price. Note that a limit order is placed only when the desired stock reaches the price of your choosing, otherwise known as the limit price. For example, let’s say you want to buy shares of a renowned company that’s currently trading at $75, but you want to buy it at $74.90. You could place a limit order for this amount. Your order would then be executed only if the price of the stock ever reaches the limit price (or lower).
A stop-loss order is an order to sell or buy stocks that’s triggered when a specified stock price is met. Stop-loss orders are designed to help reduce potential losses. For instance, you could set up a stop-loss order to limit the loss of a $125 stock to 10%. In this case, if the stock’s price dropped by 10%, the stop order would be automatically triggered, reducing the risk of further losses.
How much money should you invest
While most financial experts recommend dedicating between 5% to 20% of your paycheck to savings and investing, it will all depend on your financial situation, goals and how much you can actually set aside for investing without compromising other responsibilities. For instance, if you’re currently paying multiple credit cards and loans, it would be best to temporarily allocate more money towards paying off those debts first.
The good thing about investment apps, however, is that most don’t have minimum requirements on how much money you need to start investing. This means that you can literally start investing with as little as $1. While this may sound like too small of an investment, keep in mind that you can keep adding to your account and investing regularly, so you can build wealth over time.
If you’re new to investing or aren't sure where to start, a financial advisor can help you set up a plan and identify the best investment opportunities for your objectives. We also recommend checking out our guides on how to invest and how to buy stocks.
How to choose an investment app
Not all investment apps give access to the same securities and financial products, which is why your experience and financial goals may play a key role in determining whether a particular investing app offers the features you need. When looking for the best investment app for you, keep the following factors in mind:
Consider your investment experience
Your experience and the type of investor you are (or want to be) are two important factors when choosing the best investment app for you.
Beginners and passive investors may benefit from a good robo-advisor, which generally offers straightforward app design and automated investing and portfolio management. But those who want to learn and have more control over the type of investments they can make, should look for investing apps that let them place their own trades and that feature a variety of educational tools and resources, including simulators to practice trades.
More experienced and active traders, however, may prefer apps with access to a wider selection of financial products and advanced trading tools to execute more complex strategies.
Assess your financial goals
Are you investing to save for retirement? For a short-term goal like buying a home? Or do you want to do it as a hobby, or even become a professional trader over time? Knowing the answer to these and similar questions may give you a clearer picture of what type of investment app to choose.
Remember that investing apps offer a wide array of investment options. These include stocks, bonds, ETFs, options and cryptocurrency. Before choosing an app, make sure it offers the type of investments you want to buy at the lowest possible cost.
If it’s only crypto you’re investing in, consider getting a crypto exchange instead. While some investment apps let you buy popular digital currencies like Bitcoin, their offering is oftentimes limited. However, the best crypto exchanges not only let you trade and convert different cryptocurrencies, but offer competitive prices and comprehensive features.
Verify the app fees
Although most investment apps offer low costs or commission-free trading, there are some apps that charge annual management fees or monthly subscription fees that, when added up, can end up taking more than what they give you in return.
One important factor to keep in mind when evaluating investing apps fees is the expense ratio. This ratio determines the percentage of your investment that goes toward paying annual fees. It divides the total annual fee by the total amount invested.
Let's compare Acorns and Betterment fee structure, as an example.
Acorns has plans that cost $3 and $5 a month. If you were to choose its $3 monthly subscription and only invest $100 in a year, you would pay a flat rate of $36 a year, the equivalent to a 36% expense ratio. This means that 36% of your investment would go towards paying management fees. If you were to invest the same $100 using Betterment, which charges a 0.25% annual fee for the total asset balance of your account, you would pay roughly $0.25.
Depending on your investment, asset-based pricing, like Betterment’s, may be more cost-effective than paying a flat monthly fee, especially if you’re planning to invest small amounts of money. On the other hand, if you’re investing a greater amount of money, a flat fee structure may be more convenient than asset-based pricing.
Check the broker’s background
Investment apps should be trustworthy, and take an active role in protecting your money.
Most trustworthy investing apps are transparent about their fee structure, and are registered with regulatory agencies like the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), which ensure brokerages abide by certain fiduciary regulations.
Additionally, investing apps should be insured by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC), a private nonprofit organization that protects investors against the loss of securities and cash in case of the brokerage firm’s insolvency.
If background information is not easily available in the apps or their websites, you can do a search using tools like FINRA’s BrokerCheck and the SEC’s Investment Adviser Public Disclosure websites.
Investment Apps FAQ
What is the best investment app for beginners?
Robo-advisors are generally a great option for beginners. Apps like Acorns and Betterment, use algorithms that can automatically build and manage portfolios for you based on financial information and goals.
However, if you want to choose your own investments and actively buy individual stocks, ETFs and other trading opportunities, there are investment apps (such as Webull) that offer interactive and intuitive interfaces.
Are investment apps safe?
Should I use multiple investment apps?
Why use an investment app?
How We Chose the Best Investment Apps
We spent more than 100 hours researching, trying and evaluating over 20 different investment apps. We compared offerings, account minimums, trading costs, fees and educational materials. We also checked ratings in major app stores, online reviews from traders, and made sure brokers were registered and in good standing with the necessary regulatory agencies.
Our final picks were based on the following factors:
- Ease of use: We installed and tested apps for multiple weeks. During that time, we assessed the process for linking bank accounts and how long it took to add and withdraw funds. We favored applications with seamless configuration and intuitive interfaces.
- Trustworthiness: We favored companies that were transparent about their fee structure and that offered multiple customer service options. We only recommended companies that were registered with the appropriate regulatory agencies, that is, the SEC, FINRA and SIPC.
- Educational resources: We gave higher scores to investment apps that offered access to dedicated investment tools, tutorials, demos, trending news and other educational resources.
- Investment products: We looked for investment apps offering a variety of tradable assets, including fractional shares and crypto.
- Trading fees: We preferred investments that charged low or no trading fees, with no account minimum requirements.
Summary of Money’s Best Investment Apps of 2022
- Webull: Best for Beginners and Active Traders
- Acorns: Best for Micro-Investing
- Betterment: Best Robo-Advisor
- Public.com: Best for Social Features
- TD Ameritrade: Best Educational Tools
- SoFi: Best All-in-One
- Charles Schwab: Best for Experienced Traders |
Blood-based NfL
A biomarker for differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorder
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Abstract.
Classification of evidence: This study provides Class III evidence that blood NfL levels discriminate between PD and APD.
GLOSSARY
- APD=
- atypical parkinsonian disorders;
- AUC=
- area under the curve;
- CBD=
- corticobasal degeneration;
- CBS=
- corticobasal syndrome;
- CI=
- confidence interval;
- MSA=
- multiple system atrophy;
- NfL=
- neurofilament light chain;
- p-tau=
- phosphorylated tau;
- PD=
- Parkinson disease;
- PSP=
- progressive supranuclear palsy;
- UPDRS=
- Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale;
- WML=
- white matter lesion
The differential diagnosis between Parkinson disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonian disorders (APD), i.e., multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD), is often difficult due to the overlapping symptomatology, especially during the early stages of the disease course.1,2 Although there are not yet any established diagnostic methods that can reliably separate PD from APD, neurofilament light chain (NfL) protein in CSF is a promising marker for APD. Our group and others have previously shown that the CSF concentration of NfL is increased in APD but not in PD3,4 and that NfL in CSF can discriminate between PD and APD with a high degree of diagnostic accuracy.5,–,7 However, lumbar puncture is not easily implemented in the primary care setting and many patients feel apprehensive about lumbar puncture, reducing the clinical usefulness of these findings. We recently developed an ultrasensitive single molecule array (Simoa) immunoassay for NfL, which is by the far the most sensitive platform for detection of NfL, and it provides better agreement between CSF and blood-derived NfL values compared to other analytical platforms.8 We therefore investigated if the levels of NfL in blood are increased in study participants with APD (i.e., PSP, MSA, and CBD) compared with patients with PD and healthy controls in 3 different cohorts including one cohort with early-stage disease. We also investigated whether blood-based NfL can discriminate between PD and APD with the same high diagnostic accuracy as CSF NfL.
METHODS
Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents.
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the regional ethical review boards in Lund, London, Umeå, and Gothenburg. All participants provided written informed consent to participate in the study.
Primary research questions/classification of evidence.
Our primary research question was to determine whether blood NfL can discriminate between PD and APD. The study provides Class III evidence that blood NfL levels discriminate between PD and APD with high diagnostic accuracy.
Participants.
Cohort 1 (Lund cohort).
Patients with PD (n = 171), MSA (n = 30), PSP (n = 19), or corticobasal syndrome (CBS, n = 5) and neurologically healthy controls (n = 53) were enrolled as part of the prospective and longitudinal Swedish BioFINDER study (biofinder.se). In this convenience series, study participants were recruited at the Neurology Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden, between 2008 and 2014.9,10 The diagnostic criteria for cohort 1 are described in the e-Methods at Neurology.org.
Cohort 2 (London cohort).
Patients with PD (n = 20), MSA (n = 30), PSP (n = 29), or CBS (n = 12) and neurologically healthy controls (n = 26) were enrolled at clinics at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London. The study is prospective and longitudinal in nature. Participants were consecutively enrolled over a 2-year period from 2011 to 2013. The diagnostic criteria for cohort 2 are described in the e-Methods at Neurology.org.
In both cohorts, healthy controls underwent a thorough clinical, neurologic, and cognitive examination. Individuals with cognitive impairment or parkinsonian symptoms and signs were not included in the control group.
Cohort 3 (early disease cohort).
Cohort 3 included patients with PD (n = 53), MSA (n = 28), PSP (n = 22), or CBS (n = 6) with early-stage disease (disease duration ≤3 years). The recruitment and demographic characteristics of cohort 3 are described in the e-Methods.
Biochemical analyses.
Blood and CSF sampling procedures are described in the e-Methods. A sensitive sandwich method (NF-light® ELISA kit; UmanDiagnostics AB, Umeå, Sweden) was used to measure CSF NfL as previously described.11,12 NfL concentrations in blood were measured using the monoclonal antibodies and calibrator from the NfL assay, transferred onto the Simoa platform using a homebrew kit (Quanterix; Lexington, MA), as previously described.13 Details of the assay performance are given in the e-Methods.
MRI.
In the Lund cohort, a subgroup of 102 study participants, including 39 controls, 89 patients with PD, 7 patients with PSP, 8 patients with MSA, and 2 patients with CBS, underwent MRI (described in the e-Methods).
Statistical analyses.
SPSS (IBM, Armonk, NY) was used for statistical analysis. One outlier with plasma NfL value above 10 SD of the mean was excluded from the analysis. Associations between 2 continuous variables were tested with Spearman correlation or linear regression models. Group differences were assessed with Mann-Whitney test and univariate general linear analysis. Regression models were used to adjust for the confounding effects of age and sex. The diagnostic accuracy of blood NfL was examined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. A detailed description of the statistical analysis is given in the e-Methods. p ≤ 0.05 Was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Demographics.
Demographic and clinical data for the Lund and London cohorts are shown in tables 1 and 2, respectively. In the Lund cohort, blood levels of NfL correlated with age in the whole cohort (ρ = 0.449, p < 0.001), in controls (ρ = 0.436, p = 0.001), and in patients with PD (ρ = 0.577, p < 0.001), but not in patients with APD (i.e., PSP, MSA, or CBS). Blood levels of NfL were higher in women than in men in the whole population (p = 0.041) and in patients with PD (p = 0.040). We found similar results in the London cohort, where blood levels of NfL correlated with age in the whole cohort (ρ = 0.290, p = 0.001), in controls (ρ = 0.411, p = 0.037), and in patients with PD (ρ = 0.483, p = 0.031), but not in patients with APD. Blood levels of NfL were higher in women than in men in patients with APD only (p = 0.048).
Demographics of the original (Lund) cohort
Demographics of validation (London) cohort
Because of the association between blood NfL and age and sex, we additionally adjusted statistical analysis as described below for the confounding effects of these factors.
Correlations between the levels of NfL in CSF and blood.
The Lund cohort.
Blood NfL correlated strongly with CSF NfL in the whole cohort (ρ = 0.730, p < 0.001, figure 1A). The correlations were moderate within individual diagnostic groups most likely due to the smaller sample size: controls, ρ = 0.572, p < 0.001; PD, ρ = 0.589, p < 0.001; APD, ρ = 0.419, p = 0.003. Blood NfL correlated with CSF NfL also when adjusting for the confounding effects of age and sex (the whole cohort, β = 0.697, p < 0.001; controls, β = 0.344, p = 0.033; PD, β = 0.481, p < 0.001; APD, β = 0.523, p < 0.001).
Blood and CSF NfL concentrations were measured in the Lund (A) and London (B) cohorts. NfL measurements of matched CSF samples were available for 245 participants in the Lund cohort (147 Parkinson disease [PD], 28 multiple system atrophy [MSA], 15 progressive supranuclear palsy [PSP], 5 corticobasal syndrome [CBS], and 50 controls) and 97 participants in the London cohort (5 PD, 29 MSA, 26 PSP, 11 CBS, and 26 controls).
The London cohort.
Supporting our findings in the Lund cohort, blood NfL correlated strongly with CSF NfL in the total sample (ρ = 0.840, p < 0.001, figure 1B). The correlations were moderate within individual diagnostic groups: controls, ρ = 0.406, p = 0.040; APD, ρ = 0.599, p < 0.001. The number of PD cases with available CSF NfL measurements (n = 5) was too low to conduct statistical analysis. Linear regression analysis revealed associations between blood and CSF levels of NfL also when adjusting for confounding effect of age and sex (the whole cohort, β = 0.796, p < 0.001; controls, β = 0.449, p = 0.022; APD, β = 0.677, p < 0.001).
Blood levels of NfL in the different diagnostic groups.
The Lund cohort.), with all analyses adjusted for age and sex (figure 2A). The significant differences in blood NfL between the PD and APD groups were not affected when additionally controlling for disease duration (all p < 0.001).
Blood concentrations of NfL in the Lund (A), London (B), and early disease (C) cohorts; p values are from univariate general linear models adjusting for age and sex; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. One progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) case in the early disease cohort with NfL concentration of 134.3 pg/mL is not shown in C (but was included in all statistical analysis). CBS = corticobasal syndrome; MSA = multiple system atrophy; PD = Parkinson disease.
The London cohort.
The results obtained in the London cohort were similar to those obtained in the Lund cohort (figure 2B).). In addition, we found that in the London cohort, blood NfL was increased in patients with PD compared with controls (p = 0.011) but the levels were far below those observed in patients with APD (figure 2B). The significant differences in blood NfL between the PD and APD groups were not affected when additionally controlling for disease duration (PSP, p = 0.011; MSA, p = 0.002; CBS, p < 0.001).
The early disease cohort.
Because differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders is particularly challenging during the early disease stages, we included a third cohort of patients who all had a disease duration between 0 and 3 years. In agreement with the data in the Lund and London cohorts, the levels of blood NfL were increased in PSP (p < 0.001), MSA (p < 0.001), and CBS (p < 0.001) compared to patients with PD already early in the disease (figure 2C).
The diagnostic accuracy of blood NfL.
The Lund cohort.
Blood NfL distinguished patients with PD from patients with APD with high accuracy (area under the curve [AUC] 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87–0.95; figure 3A) and with a specificity of 91% and a sensitivity of 82%. The results were similar when individual APD groups (PSP, MSA, and CBS) were analyzed separately (table e-1). Blood NfL could also accurately separate patients with PD and controls grouped together from APD (AUC 0.92, 95% CI 0.88–0.95, specificity 92%, sensitivity 82%). The diagnostic accuracy for blood NfL was as high as for CSF NfL (table e-2).
ROC curves of blood NfL to distinguish Parkinson disease (PD) from atypical parkinsonian disorders (APD) (progressive supranuclear palsy [PSP], multiple system atrophy [MSA], and corticobasal degeneration [CBD]) in the Lund (A), London (B) and early disease (C) cohorts. The early disease cohort included 2 patient groups that were recruited in Göteborg and Umeå, respectively (e-Methods). ROC analysis produced similar results when diagnostic accuracy of blood NfL for differentiating PD from APD was assessed in Göteborg (area under the curve [AUC] 0.80) and Umeå (AUC = 0.81) patients separately.
The London cohort.
Likewise, in the London cohort, blood NfL could differentiate PD from APD (AUC 0.85, 95% CI 0.72–0.98; figure 3B) with a specificity of 90% and a sensitivity of 80%. The results were similar when individual APD groups (PSP, MSA, and CBS) were analyzed separately (table e-1). The diagnostic accuracy was even higher when separating APD from PD and controls (AUC 0.91, 95% CI 0.85–0.98, specificity 83%, sensitivity 93%).
The early disease cohort.
Similar to the Lund and London cohort, blood NfL accurately distinguished PD from APD in patients with early-stage disease (AUC 0.81, 95% CI 0.73–0.90, 80% specificity, 70% sensitivity; figure 3C). The results were comparable when individual APD groups (PSP, MSA, and CBS) were analyzed separately (table e-1).
Correlations among blood NfL, CSF biomarkers, and clinical symptoms.
The Lund cohort.
First we studied the associations of blood NfL and other established CSF biomarkers than CSF NfL. All analyses below were adjusted for age and sex. In the whole cohort, we found that higher levels of blood NfL were associated with lower levels of CSF Aβ42 (β = −0.201, p = 0.001) and higher levels of CSF tau (β = 0.151, p = 0.020), but not phosphorylated tau (p-tau). There were no differences in blood NfL levels between participants with pathologic compared to normal CSF Aβ42 levels (controls, p = 0.126; PD, p = 0.490; APD, p = 0.181).
Next we studied the associations between blood NfL and clinical characteristics in the PD and APD cohorts, respectively. In the PD cohort, we found that blood NfL correlated with disease duration (β = 0.278, p < 0.001), the levodopa equivalent (β = 0.235, p = 0.003), Hoehn & Yahr stage (β = 0.187, p = 0.004), Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)–III motor score (β = 0.227, p < 0.001), Timed Up and Go Test (β = 0.164, p = 0.036), and tandem gait test (β = 0.237, p = 0.045); i.e., higher blood NfL levels were associated with longer disease duration and more aggravated motor symptoms in PD (blood NfL concentrations across UPDRS-III, Hoehn & Yahr, and disease duration ranges are shown in table e-3). However, in APD, blood NfL only correlated with Hoehn & Yahr stage (β = 0.286, p = 0.040) and UPDRS-III motor score (β = 0.449, p = 0.001), but not with disease duration or the other clinical assessments.
The London cohort.
In the London cohort, higher levels of blood NfL were associated with lower levels of CSF Aβ42 in the whole cohort (β = −0.182, p = 0.034), but not with CSF tau and CSF p-tau. In PD and APD groups, blood NfL did not correlate with disease duration or Hoehn & Yahr stage.
The early disease cohort.
Blood NfL was not associated with either disease duration or Hoehn & Yahr stage in PD and APD groups (table e-4).
Correlations between blood NfL and white matter lesions (WMLs).
The Lund cohort.
There were no differences in WMLs between the diagnostic groups (Fazekas total score, mean ± SD; controls, 3.8 ± 2.8; PD, 3.9 ± 3.3; and APD, 4.1 ± 3.3). Increased blood NfL was associated with higher Fazekas scores in patients with PD (ρ = 0.328, p = 0.002) but not in the control or APD groups (ρ = 0.309, p = 0.056 and ρ = 0.341, p = 0.181, respectively). However, the correlation in patients with PD appeared to be confounded by the effects of age and sex as linear regression models adjusting for these variables did not show associations between blood NfL and WMLs.
DISCUSSION
The results of the present study strongly indicate that NfL when measured in blood can be used to distinguish between patients with PD and patients with PSP, MSA, and CBS with high diagnostic accuracy (AUCs 0.81–0.91). The diagnostic accuracy for NfL in blood was as high as that obtained when using CSF NfL. The diagnostic utility of blood NfL to separate patients with PD from patients with APD has not been studied previously, but several publications have shown that the levels of NfL in CSF can be used to distinguish between these disorders with AUCs of about 0.85–0.90.5,–,7 Although a number of other CSF biomarkers and biomarker panels have been suggested to differentiate PD from ADP,5,–,7 blood biomarkers offering sufficient diagnostic accuracy are unavailable besides NfL. The current results confirm that NfL levels in blood, quantified with high-sensitivity immunoassays, reflect the levels in the CSF13,–,15 and that the plasma NfL levels are increased in PSP16 and other α-synucleinopathies.17
NfL is a marker of degeneration of large myelinated axons.18 It is thus increased in CSF of several neurologic disorders, including acute conditions such as stroke19 and traumatic brain injury,20 as well as in chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as APD (PSP, MSA, and CBD),3,–,7 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,14,15,21 and frontotemporal dementia.22,23 CSF and blood NfL are not increased in PD, which could be due in part to less severe and widespread axonal degeneration in PD compared to APD. Diffusion MRI studies have shown extensive white matter damage in PSP, MSA, and CBD, but not in PD.24,–,26 In general, there were higher blood NfL levels in more advanced PD (table e-3); nonetheless, the changes were much more modest compared to those observed in APD. Previous studies on NfL in CSF in patients with APD from our groups show that NfL correlates with disease severity but not disease duration.6,7 The lack of association between blood NfL and disease duration indicates that the rate of degeneration of myelinated axons is rather constant throughout the disease course in APD. In this study, we could replicate these findings using the blood test for NfL, further adding to the reliability of blood NfL in APD. These findings together also suggest that NfL in blood may be useful in clinical trials to detect treatment effects on axonal degeneration.
It is often difficult to differentiate clinically between PD and APD, particularly during the early disease stages. For the individual patient and caregiver, a correct and early diagnosis is highly important. Also, with the hope for advanced disease-modifying therapies, early and correct diagnosis is vital to identify the patients who would benefit from certain disease-specific treatments. In several countries, NfL in CSF has over the last decade been shown to be a useful addition to the clinical workup of patients with parkinsonism. However, the clinical usefulness has been limited by the invasiveness of lumbar puncture. Therefore, the finding that NfL in blood correlates with and is equal to NfL in CSF in distinguishing PD from APD may prove to be highly useful in the clinical setting and could even be used in the primary care setting. Further, blood-derived NfL might be used in clinical trials where repeated measures may be necessary to follow the rate of axonal degeneration over time.
Although NfL in CSF as well as in blood can differentiate APD from PD, NfL cannot be used to separate PSP, MSA, and CBD from each other. However, increased levels of blood NfL in a patient with parkinsonism may indicate that the patient has APD and the doctor should look carefully for symptoms and clinical signs supporting PSP, MSA, or CBS. Certain other diagnostic methods, such as MRI or fluorodeoxyglucose PET, might also help to distinguish between these atypical parkinsonian disorders.27
The patients with APD included in the Lund and London cohorts had disease durations of 4–6 years on average. From a clinical point of view, it is most important to establish methods that can separate APD from PD during the earliest stages of the disease course. Importantly, the data obtained in the early disease cohort (with symptom onset within 0–3 years) show that blood NfL is increased in APD and can accurately differentiate APD from PD even in patients with a short disease duration.
There are limitations with the present study. The diagnoses of the study participants were based on clinical criteria and not neuropathologic examination. However, the clinical diagnoses were made by medical doctors specialized in movement disorders and the patients were followed over time with reassessments at each follow-up visit. This should increase the diagnostic accuracy, as compared to what can be achieved with diagnoses made at a single visit. In the London cohort, 9 patients eventually underwent neuropathologic examination and the neuropathologic diagnoses confirmed the clinical diagnoses in all 9 cases. Importantly, any potential clinical misdiagnosis in the present study is more likely to result in underestimation, rather than overestimation, of the diagnostic accuracy of blood NfL when separating PD from APD.
Blood biomarkers have previously been suggested to improve the diagnostic accuracy of neurodegenerative disorder like Alzheimer disease or MSA, but subsequent studies have not been able to reproduce the findings.4,28,29 This highlights the importance of always using at least 2 independent cohorts obtained at different clinics when evaluating biomarkers. Importantly, in the present study we obtained similar results for blood NfL in 3 independent cohorts, indicating that this is indeed a robust marker for differentiating PD from APD. Absolute concentrations of NfL differed between the cohorts most likely due to lot-to-lot variation in assay performance or matrix effects (plasma vs serum). Thus development of a fully automated clinical grade assay and establishment of cutoff points would be necessary for implementation of blood-based NfL measurements in clinical practice.
The present study has shown in 3 independent cohorts that NfL concentrations in blood are increased in PSP, MSA, and CBS when compared to PD and healthy controls. This easily accessible biomarker of axonal degeneration may improve the diagnostic workup of patients with parkinsonian symptoms in specialized clinics as well as in primary care settings.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Drs. Hansson, Janelidze, Hall, Magdalinou, Lees, Andreasson, Norgren, Linder, Forsgren, Constantinescu, Zetterberg, and Blennow collected the data and reviewed the manuscript for intellectual content. Drs. Janelidze and Hansson analyzed and interpreted the data and prepared the figures. Drs. Janelidze, Hall, and Hansson cowrote the manuscript. Drs. Zetterberg and Hansson were the principal designer and coordinator of the study. Dr. Hansson overviewed collection, analysis, and interpretation of the study data.
STUDY FUNDING. The funding sources had no role in the design and conduct of the study; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data; or in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.
DISCLOSURE
O. Hansson, S. Janelidze, S. Hall, N. Magdalinou, A. Lees, and U. Andreasson report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. N. Norgren is employed by UmanDiagnostics AB. J. Linder, L. Forsgren, and R. Constantinescu report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. H. Zetterberg is a cofounder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB, a GU Venture–based platform company at the University of Gothenburg. K. Blennow is a cofounder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB, a GU Venture–based platform company at the University of Gothenburg. Dr. Blennow has served on advisory boards or as a consultant (unrelated to the work presented in the present study) for Eli Lilly, Fujirebio Europe, IBL International, Novartis, and Roche Diagnostics. Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors thank the patients and the research nurses involved in the study.
Footnotes
Go to Neurology.org for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article. The Article Processing Charge was paid by the Swedish Research Council.
Coinvestigators are listed at Neurology.org.
Supplemental data at Neurology.org
- Received April 22, 2016.
- Accepted in final form November 15, 2016.
- Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence 4.0 (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Quantum field theory is the most successful physical theory ever, encompassing all known nuclear interactions and electromagnetism, and it has many more successful predictions and experimental tests than general relativity, so it is apparent that general relativity needs modification to accommodate quantum field theory, than the other way around. [General relativity necessitates a stress-energy tensor as the source of the gravitational field, and the gravitational field source in this tensor is represented by continuous differential equations, rather than discontinuous (lumpy) quantized matter. So the fact a smooth curvature (continuous, smooth acceleration curve on a Feynman diagram) results from general relativity is a product of the approximation used to statistically average the gravity field source, instead of properly representing the lumps. There other reasons why general relativity is just a flawed – classical – approximation as well. For instance, in addition to falsely assuming that mass is smoothly distributed in space instead of coming in lumps, general relativity also simply ignores any possibility of quantized field quanta, gravitons.] Quantum field theory has also been successfully applied to explain superfluid properties, because in condensed matter physics (low temperature phenomena generally) pairs of half integer spin fermions can associate to produce composite particles that have the properties of integer spin particles, bosons.
In 1925, Max Born and Pascual Jordan recognised that a quantum transition, such as the fall of an electron from an excited to a ground state (accompanied by the emission of a photon), is a complicated problem because the number of particles changes (a photon is created or is absorbed). Classical Maxwellian electrodynamics does describe radiation emission due to acceleration of charge, but does not explain why radiation is quantized.
The quantum theory of Planck, and Bohr’s atomic model, deal with specific problems (blackbody radiation spectra and line spectra, respectively), but are not general theories.
It is now recognised that the correct explanation of quantum electrodynamics lies in Yang-Mills quantum field theory, in which exchange of radiation (as depicted by Feynman diagrams) is the underlying mechanism. We will come back to this later in the post.
In 1926, Werner Heisenberg, together with Born and Jordan, developed a quantum theory of electromagnetism by a process called canonical quantization, whereby quanta are treated as separate oscillators of given frequency. Their treatment neglected polarization and charge, and was inconsistent with relativity considerations. Jordan in 1927 employed a second quantization to include charges and thus quantum mechanics, while Dirac discovered a Hamiltonian for Schroedinger’s time-dependent equation which is consistent with relativity.
Schroedinger’s time-dependent equation is essentially saying the same thing as this electromagnetic energy mechanism of Maxwell’s ‘displacement current’: Hy= iħ.dy /dt = (½ih/p)dy /dt, where ħ = h/(2p). The energy flow is directly proportional to the rate of change of the wavefunction. This is identical to the classical Maxwell ‘displacement current’ term which states that the rate of flow of energy (via virtual ‘displacement current’) across vacuum in a capacitor or radio system is directly proportional to the rate of change of the electric field! (Update: a simple explanation of this real electric field energy-transfer mechanism can be found here.) Maxwell’s displacement current is i = dD/dt = e.dE/dt. In a charging capacitor, the displacement current falls as a function of time as the capacitor charges up. The solution for the fall of ‘displacement current’ flow across the vacuum (and through the circuit) as the capacitor charges up to a maximum capacity is: it = ioe– t / RC. This energy-based solution is similarly exponential to the solution to Schroedinger’s equation: yt = yo exp[-2piH(t – to)/h].
The non-relativistic hamiltonian is defined as:
H = ½ p2/m.
However it is of interest that the ‘special relativity’ prediction of
H = [(mc2)2 + p2c2).
Later it was discovered that Dirac’s prediction of the magnetic moment of the electron was low by a factor of about 1.00116, and this small error was resolved by Julian Schwinger in 1948. This arises as follows. Dirac’s calculation (which accounts for 99.88% of the magnetic moment of the electron) corresponds to a virtual photon from the external magnetic field interacting directly with the electron. Schwinger’s correction takes account of another possibility which sometimes occurs, and which results in a stronger magnetic moment, statistically increasing the overall measured value of the magnetic moment. The actual possibility which Schwinger’s calculation considers is that the electron happens to emit a virtual photon just before interacting with the virtual photon from the external magnetic field. This increases its magnetic moment briefly. Then after it has interacted with the external magnetic field, the electron reabsorbs the virtual photon it emitted earlier. There are various other possibilities which also affect the magnetic moment slightly. For instance, pair-production of virtual photons can occur inbetween interactions of the electron with the magnetic field. Feynman diagrams are needed to draw qualitative interaction possibilities, and then the contributions of these various interaction possibilities can be worked out using the rules of quantum electrodynamics. However, there are an infinite number of possibilities, and in low-energy situations like magnetic moment calculations, only a few diagrams need to be calculated to give very accurate answers. For example, the simplest interaction or first Feynman diagram (given by Dirac’s calculation) predicts the magnetic moment of the electron accurately to 3 significant figures, 1.00 Bohr magnetons, and when the first virtual particle correction or second Feynman diagram (Schwinger’s calculation) is included, the accuracy is then 6 significant figures, 1 + 1/(2*Pi*137.036) = 1.00116 Bohr magnetons. Therefore, the contribution of complex interactions of virtual particles to the magnetic moment of the electron is trivial: the vast majority of interactions between the electron and the magnetic field are very simple in nature! The calculation of Schwinger’s correction to the magnetic moment of the electron is neatly summarised on pages 179-81 of Zee’s book Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell (Princeton University press, 2003).
It became clear in the work of Schwinger and Feynman on quantum electrodynamics that the electron does not have a fixed electric charge under all conditions: if you approach an electron very closely (such as in a high-energy collision above about 1 MeV energy or so), the observable electric charge of the electron increases above the value measured at long distances or in weaker collisions. This is called a ‘running coupling’, since the charge is treated as a gauge theory ‘coupling constant’ which determines how strongly virtual photons interact with electric charges in quantum electrodynamics. The charge is not strictly a ‘coupling constant’, but its value ‘runs’ with the energy of the collision above some threshold. Just as light is only visible between infrared and ultraviolet cutoff energies, the coupling constants are only variable between two extremes, an infrared cutoff (typically 1 MeV or so, corresponding to a collision energy which brings particles just within the radius of the charge where the electric field strength is high enough to create pairs of virtual charges) and an ultraviolet cutoff (which is supposed to exist at unification energy, where couplings for different types of fundamental forces are supposed to converge at a fixed value, often deemed to be the Planck length which is taken as the grain-size of the vacuum, i.e. the minimum length corresponding to anything physical).
The physical explanation for this running coupling or increase of observed electric charge on small distance scales (high collision energies) is pair production, which Schwinger showed requires a threshold steady electric field strength of at least 1.3*1018 volts/metre, which occurs out to a radius of only m2c3/(e*h-bar) = 33 fm (femtometres). (Equation 359 in Dyson’s and equation 8.20 in Luis Alvarez-Gaume, and Miguel A. Vazquez-Mozo’s.) So in low energy collisions where the particles colliding encounter field strengths of less than 1.3*1018 volts/metre, no pair-production occurs and the electric charge of the electron is the normal value given in databooks. But at higher energies, it starts to increase because of the production of virtual loops (in spacetime) of positron plus electron pairs, which soon annihilate back into virtual photons of the electric field, in an endless cycle of pair production followed by annihilation, more pair production, and so on. The effect of this pair production of virtual fermions (virtual electrons and positrons at low energy, but virtual muon and anti-muon pairs and other particles appear at higher energies) is that while they briefly exist before annihilation, they become ‘polarized’ by the electric field in which they are situated (and from which they were created). In other words, the virtual positron on the average tends to approach (due to Coulomb attraction) slightly closer to the real electron core than the virtual electron (due to Coulomb repulsion). This causes the virtual fermions to create a net radial electric field which opposes, and therefore partially cancels out, the radial electric field from the electron core. The electron’s core electric field lines (always arrowed from positive towards negative charge) point in towards the middle, while the radial electric charge lines from the polarization of virtual pairs of fermions around the core (and out to 33 fm radius of an electron or other unit charge) point outwards. This results in screening or shielding, reducing the observable electric charge at long distances, and increasing the observable charge when you penetrate into the shielding zone within 33 fm (as with an aircraft flying upwards into the clouds, the less shielding cloud which you have inbetween you are the light or charge source, the stronger the light or charge that you can see!). The equation for the running coupling or variation in effective electric charge shows that it depends on the logarithm of the energy of collision, varying slowly. Experiments with electron scatter have validated this effect up to 91 GeV collisions, where the electron has an effective electric charge which is 7% higher than the measured charge of the electron at low energy.
*************************
Some material should be inserted here to explain:
(a) the tensor form of the Maxwell equations (see sections 2.8 and 2.9 of Ryder’s Quantum Field Theory, 2nd ed., Cambridge University press, 1996, pp. 64-76),
(b) the Lagrangian formulation of particle physics and its relationship to Noether’s theorem of symmetries and Weyl’s gauge theory, including Abelian and Yang-Mills theories (see sections 3.1-3.6 of chapter 3 of Ryder’s Quantum Field Theory, 2nd ed., Cambridge University press, 1996, pp. 80-112),
(c) the path integral formulation of quantum field theory. Feynman found that amplitude for any given history is proportional to eiS/h-bar, and that the probability is proportional to the square of the modulus (positive value) of eiS/h-bar. Here, S is the action for the history under consideration, which depends on the Lagrangian. Integrating this exponential over all possible histories gives the Feynman path integral. The integral can be expanded into a series with an infinite number of terms, called the perturbative expansion. Each term in this perturbative expansion corresponds to a Feynman diagram of increasing complexity. It should be noted that because the mathematics of the calculus deal with continuous variables, it it isn’t a perfect model for reality although it makes useful predictions. E.g., when 100 radioactive atoms are decaying, the exponential decay law tells you that after 8 half lives there will be 0.390625 atom remaining. The law gives a continuous number as output, because the exponential formula comes from the use of calculus in the underlying theory. It is quite wrong, because the number of radioactive atoms remaining is never anything but an integer. The prediction that of 100 atoms 0.390625 of an atom will remain after 8 half lives is often re-interpreted as a prediction that the probability of 1 atom being left will be 0.390625 at that time. However, a prediction of probability is quite different from a realistic model. If you want a prediction that looks realistic, you need one which produces integer results for discrete, quantized phenomena. Otherwise the maths is classical, rather than fully compatible with quantum field phenomena. For some introductory material on Feynman path integrals, see chapter 1 of Zee’s Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell,
See also: Quantum Field Theory Resources: is very useful for beginners, as is,, and
‘Science is the organized skepticism in the reliability of expert opinion.’ – R. P. Feynman (quoted by Smolin, TTWP, 2006, p. 307).
Mainstream frontier fundamental physics, string theory, isn’t scientific because it can’t ever predict real, quantitative, checkable phenomena, since 10-dimensional superstring and 11-dimensional supergravity yield 10500 ‘possibilities’ based not on observed gravity and particle physics facts, but merely on other unobserved, guesswork speculations – namely, unobserved Planck scale unification and unobserved spin-2 gravitons. Even the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture in string theory is physically empty, since AdS (anti de Sitter space) requires a negative cosmological constant. So you can’t evaluate the conformal field theory (CFT) of particles with AdS, because AdS isn’t real spacetime!
‘Science n. The observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena.’ –
Loop, which has been actively promoted in the media since 1985 despite opposition from people like Feynman because it fails to predict anything. Despite endless hype, string theory is now in a state called ‘not even wrong’, which is less objective than the wrong theories of caloric, phlogiston, aether, flat earth, and epicycles, which were theories that tried to model some observed phenomena of heat, combustion, electromagnetism, geography, and astronomy.
String theory fails because it postulates that 6 dimensions are compactified into unobservably small manifolds in particles; these 6 unobservable dimensions need about 100 parameters to describe them, and it turns out that there are 10500 or more configurations possible, each describing a different set of particles (different particles within any set arise from the different possible vibration modes or resonances of a given string). This makes it the vaguest, least falsifiable mainstream speculation ever: to make genuine predictions, the state of the extra unobserved 6-dimensions must be known, which means either building a particle accelerator the size of the galaxy and scattering particles to reveal their Planck scale nature, or eliminating the false 10500 guesses, which would take billions of years with supercomputers. But there is some experimental evidence that key stringy assumptions, e.g., spin-2 gravitons and supersymmetry, are false.
For supersymmetry,).
At first glance, this 10-dimensional superstring theory for supersymmetry contradicts the 11-dimensional supergravity ideas, but this 10/11 dimensional issue was conveniently explained or excused by Dr Witten in his 1995 M-theory, which shows that you can make the case that 10-dimensional superstrings are a brane (a kind of extra-dimensional equivalent surface) on 11-dimensional supergravity, similarly to how an n – 1 = 2 dimensional area is a surface (or mem-brane) on an n = 3 dimensional object (or bulk). 11-dimensional supergravity arises from the old Kaluza-Klein idea, which was debunked and corrected by Lunsford in a peer-reviewed, published paper – see International Journal of Theoretical Physics, Volume 43, Number 1, January 2004 , pp. 161-177(17) for publication details and here for a downloadable PDF file, which was immediately censored from arXiv which seems to be partly influenced in the relevant sections by a string professor at the University of Texas, Austin.
On the speculative nature of conjectures concerning spin-2 (attractive or ‘suck’), which is discussed in detail here (discussion of alleged reason for spin-2 gravitons) and here (the stringy landscape of 10500 spin-2 attractive graviton theories really do suck in more ways than one; spin-1 gravitons avert the normal problems of quantum gravity, and make proper predictions without inconsistencies).
String theory predictions are not analogous to Wolfgang Pauli’s prediction of neutrinos, which was indicated by the solid experimentally-based physical facts of energy conservation and the mean beta particle energy being only about 30% of the total mass-energy lost per typical beta decay event: Pauli made a checkable prediction, Fermi developed the beta decay theory and then invented the nuclear reactor which produced enough decay in the radioactive waste to provide a strong source of neutrinos (actually antineutrinos) which tested the theory because conservation principles had made precise predictions in advance, unlike string theory’s ‘heads I win, tails you lose’ political-type, fiddled, endlessly adjustable, never-falsifiable pseudo-‘predictions’. Contrary to false propaganda from certain incompetent string ‘defenders’, Pauli correctly predicted that neutrinos are experimentally checkable, in a 4 December 1930 letter to experimentalists: ‘… Dear Radioactives, test and judge.’ (See footnote on p12 of this reference.)…’ However, that research was censored off arXiv,apparently because mainstream string theorists are bigoted against 26-dimensional ideas since 10/11-dimensional M-theory was discovered in 1995. They don’t exactly encourage alternatives, even within the general framework of string theory (26-dimensional bosonic string theory is similar to 10-dimensional superstring in having a 2-dimensional spacetime worldsheet, the difference is that conformal field theory requires 24 dimensions in the absense of supersymmetry and 8 dimensions if there is supersymmetry).
Worse, attempts to explain observed particle physics with string theory result in 10500 or more different vacuum states, each with its own set of particle physics. 10500 solutions is so many it eliminates falsifiability from string theory. This large number of solutions is named the ‘cosmic landscape’ because Professor Susskind claims that each solution exists in a different parallel universe, and when you plot the resulting vacuum ‘cosmological constants’ as a function of two variables, in string theory, you produce a landscape-like three dimensional graph. The reason for the immense ‘cosmic landscape’ is the fact that string theories only ‘work’ (i.e., satisfy the basic criteria for conformal field theory, CFT) in 10 or more dimensions, so the unobserved dimensions have to be ‘compactified’ by a Calabi-Yau manifold, which – conveniently – curls up the extra dimensions in to a small volume, explaining why nobody has ever observed any of them. In superstring theory, two dimensions (one space and one time) form a ‘worldsheet’ and another eight are required for the CFT of supersymmetric particle physics. Sadly, the Calabi-Yau manifold has many parameters (or moduli) describing size and shape of those unobserved conjectured extra dimensions which must have unknown values (since we can’t observe them), so it is the immense number of possible combinations of these unknown parameters which make string theory fail to produce specific results, by producing too many results to ever rigorously evaluate, even given a supercomputer running for the age of the universe. The 10500 figure might not be right: the true figure might be infinity. String theory results depend on many things, e.g., how the moduli are ‘stabilized’ by ‘Rube-Goldberg machines’, monstrous constructions added to the theory just to stop string field properties from conflicting with existing physics! It’s presumably hoped by Dr Witten, discoverer of a 10/11-dimensional superstring-supergravity unification called M-theory, that somehow a way will turn up to pick out the correct solution from the landscape and start making checkable predictions.
However, the best idea of how to go about this is to assume that cosmology is correctly modelled by the Lambda-CDM general relativity solution, which attributes the observed lack of gravitational deceleration in the universe to dark energy, represented by a small positive cosmological constant in general relativity field equations. Then you can try to evaluate parts of the landscape of solutions to string theory which have a suitably small positive cosmological constant. Unfortunately, general relativity does not include quantum gravity, and even the mainstream quantum gravity candidate of an attractive force mediated by spin-2 gravitons, implies that gravity should be weakened over vast distances due to redshift of gravitons exchanged between receding masses, which lowers the energy of the gravitons received in interactions and reduces the coupling constant for gravity. Thus, dark energy may be superfluous if quantum gravity is correct, so it is clear that string theory is really a belief system, a faith-based initiative, with no physics or science of any kind to support it. String theory produces endless research, and inspires new mathematical ideas, albeit less impressively than Ptolemy’s universe, Maxwell’s aether and Kelvin’s vortex atom (e.g., the difficulties of solving Ptolemy’s false epicycles inspired Indian and Arabic mathematicians to develop trigonometry and algebra in the dark ages), but this doesn’t justify Ptolemy’s earth-centred universe, Maxwell’s mechanical aether, Kelvin’s stable vortex atom, and string theory. Another problem of this stringy mainstream research is that it leads to so many speculative papers being published in physics journals that the media and the journals concentrate on strings, and generally either censor out or give less attention to alternative ideas. Even if many alternative theories are wrong, that may be less harmful to the health of physics than one massive mainstream endeavour that isn’t even wrong….).
Background information
Quantum field theory is the basis of the Standard Model of particle physics and is the best tested of all physical theories, more general in application and better tested within its range of application than the existing formulation of general relativity (which needs modification to include quantum field effects), describing all electromagnetic and nuclear phenomena. The Standard Model does not as yet include quantum gravity, so it is not a replacement yet for general relativity. However, the elements of quantum gravity may be obtained from an application of quantum field to a Penrose spin network model of spacetime (the path integral is the sum over all interaction graphs in the network, and this yields background independent general relativity). This approach, ‘loop quantum gravity’, is entirely different from that in string theory, which is based on building extra-dimensional speculation upon other speculations, e.g., the speculation that gravity is due to spin-2 gravitons (this is speculative is no experimental evidence for it). In loop quantum gravity, by contrast to string theory, the aim is merely to use quantum field theory to derive the framework of general relativity as simply as possible. Other problems in the Standard Model are related to understanding how electroweak symmetry is broken at low energy and how mass (gravitational charge) is acquired by some particles. There are several forms of speculated Higgs field which may rise to mass and electroweak symmetry breaking, but the details as yet unconfirmed by experiment (the Large Hadron Collider may do it). Moreover, there are questions about how the various parameters of the Standard Model are related, and the nature of fundamental particles (string theory is highly speculative, and there are other possibilities).
There are several excellent approaches to quantum field theory: at a popular level there is Wilczek’s 12-page discussion of Quantum Field Theory, Dyson’s Advanced Quantum Mechanics and the excellent approach by Alvarez-Gaume and Vazquez-Mozo, Introductory Lectures on Quantum Field Theory. A good mathematics compendium introducing, in a popular way, some of maths involved is Penrose’s Road to Reality (Penrose’s twistors inspired some concepts in an Electronics World article of April 2003). For a very brief (47 pages) yet more abstract or mathematical (formal) approach to quantum field theory, see for comparison Crewther’s. For a slightly more ‘stringy’-orientated approach, see Mark Srednicki’s 608 pages textbook, via, and there is also Zee’s Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell on Amazon to buy if you want something briefer but with that mainstream speculation (stringy) outlook.
Ryder’s Quantum Field Theory also contains supersymmetry unification speculations and is available on Amazon here. Kaku has a book on the subject here, Weinberg has one here, Peskin and Schroeder’s is here, while Einstein’s scientific biographer, the physicist Pais, has a history of the subject here. Baez, Segal and Zhou have an algebraic quantum field theory approach available on, while Dr Peter Woit has a link to handwritten quantum field theory lecture notes from Sidney Coleman’s course which is widely recommended, here. For background on representation theory and the Standard Model see Woit’s page here for maths background and also his detailed suggestion,. For some discussion of quantum field theory equations without the interaction picture, polarization, or renormalization of charges due to a physical basis in pair production cutoffs at suitable energy scales, see Dr Chris Oakley’s page:‘… renormalization failed the “hand-waving” test dismally.
‘This is how it works. In the way that quantum field theory is done – even to this day – you get infinite answers for most physical quantities. Are we really saying that particle beams will interact infinitely strongly, producing an infinite number of secondary particles? Apparently not. We just apply some mathematical butchery to the integrals until we get the answer we want. As long as this butchery is systematic and consistent, whatever that means, then we can calculate regardless, and what do you know, we get fantastic agreement between theory and experiment for important measurable numbers (the anomalous magnetic moment of leptons and the Lamb shift in the Hydrogen atom), as well as all the simpler scattering amplitudes. …
‘As long as I have known about it I have argued the case against renormalization. [What about the physical mechanism of virtual fermion polarization in the vacuum, which explains the case for a renormalization of charge since this electric polarization results in a radial electric field that opposes and hence shields most of the core charge of the real particle, and this shielding due to polarization occurs wherever there are pairs of charges that are free and have space to become aligned against the core electric field, i.e. in the shell of space around the particle core that extends in radius between a minimum radius equal to the grain size of the Dirac sea – i.e. the UV cutoff – and an outer radius of about 1 fm which is the range at which the electric field strength is Schwinger’s threshold for pair-production (i.e. the IR cutoff)? This renormalization mechanism has some physical evidence in several experiments, e.g., Levine, Koltick et al., Physical Review Letters, v.78, no.3, p.424, 1997, where the observable electric charge of leptons does indeed increase as you get closer to the core, as seen in higher energy scatter experiments.] …
‘[Due to Haag’s theorem] it is not possible to construct a Hamiltonian operator that treats an interacting field like a free one. Haag’s theorem forbids us from applying the perturbation theory we learned in quantum mechanics to quantum field theory, a circumstance that very few are prepared to consider. Even now, the text-books on quantum field theory gleefully violate Haag’s theorem on the grounds that they dare not contemplate the consequences of accepting it.
‘… The next paper I wrote, in 1986, follows this up. It takes my 1984 paper and adds two things: first, a direct solving of the equal-time commutators, and second, a physical interpretation wherein the interaction picture is rediscovered as an approximation.
‘With regard to the first thing, I doubt if this has been done before in the way I have done it3, but the conclusion is something that some may claim is obvious: namely that local field equations are a necessary result of fields commuting for spacelike intervals. Some call this causality, arguing that if fields did not behave in this way, then the order in which things happen would depend on one’s (relativistic) frame of reference. It is certainly not too difficult to see the corollary: namely that if we start with local field equations, then the equal-time commutators are not inconsistent, whereas non-local field equations could well be. This seems fine, and the spin-statistics theorem is a useful consequence of the principle. But in fact this was not the answer I really wanted as local field equations lead to infinite amplitudes. It could be that local field equations with the terms put into normal order – which avoid these infinities – also solve the commutators, but if they do then there is probably a better argument to be found than the one I give in this paper. …
‘With regard to the second thing, the matrix elements consist of transients plus contributions which survive for large time displacements. The latter turns out to be exactly that which would be obtained by Feynman graph analysis. I now know that – to some extent – I was just revisiting ground already explored by Källén and Stueckelberg4.
‘My third paper [published in Physica Scripta, v41, pp292-303, 1990] applies all of this to the specific case of quantum electrodynamics, replicating all scattering amplitudes up to tree level. …
‘Unfortunately for me, though, most practitioners in the field appear not to be bothered about the inconsistencies in quantum field theory, and regard my solitary campaign against infinite subtractions at best as a humdrum tidying-up exercise and at worst a direct and personal threat to their livelihood. I admit to being taken aback by some of the reactions I have had. In the vast majority of cases, the issue is not even up for discussion.
‘The explanation for this opposition is perhaps to be found on the physics Nobel prize web site. The five prizes awarded for quantum field theory are all for work that is heavily dependent on renormalization. …
‘Although by these awards the Swedish Academy is in my opinion endorsing shoddy science, I would say that, if anything, particle physicists have grown to accept renormalization more rather than less as the years have gone by. Not that they have solved the problem: it is just that they have given up trying. Some even seem to be proud of the fact, lauding the virtues of makeshift “effective” field theories that can be inserted into the infinitely-wide gap defined by infinity minus infinity. Nonetheless, almost all concede that things could be better, it is just that they consider that trying to improve the situation is ridiculously high-minded and idealistic. …
‘The other area of uncertainty is, to my mind, the ‘strong’ nuclear force. The quark model works well as a classification tool. It also explains deep inelastic lepton-hadron scattering. The notion of quark “colour” further provides a possible explanation, inter alia, of the tendency for quarks to bunch together in groups of three, or in quark-antiquark pairs. It is clear that the force has to be strong to overcome electrostatic effects. Beyond that, it is less of an exact science. Quantum chromodynamics, the gauge theory of quark colour is the candidate theory of the binding force, but we are limited by the fact that bound states cannot be done satisfactorily with quantum field theory. The analogy of calculating atomic energy levels with quantum electrodynamics would be to calculate hadron masses with quantum chromodynamics, but the only technique available for doing this – lattice gauge theory – despite decades of work by many talented people and truly phenomenal amounts of computer power being thrown at the problem, seems not to be there yet, and even if it was, many, including myself, would be asking whether we have gained much insight through cracking this particular nut with such a heavy hammer.’
The humorous and super-intelligent (no joke intended) Professor Warren Siegel has an 885 pages long free textbook, Fields, the first chapters of which consist of a very nice introduction to the technical mathematical background of experimentally validated quantum field theory (it also has chapters on speculative supersymmetry and speculative string theory toward the end).Gerard ’t Hooft has a brief (69 pages) review article, The Conceptual Basis of Quantum Field Theory, here, and Meinard Kuhlmann has an essay on it for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Jonathan Cape, London, 2006, p189. (Emphasis added.)
‘Plainly, there are different approaches to the five fundamental problems in physics.’ – Lee Smolin, The Trouble with Physics: The Rise of String Theory, The Fall of a Science, and What Comes Next, Houghton Mifflin, New York, 2006, p254.The major problem today seems to be that general relativity is fitted to the big bang without applying corrections for quantum gravity which are important for relativistic recession of gravitational charges (masses): the redshift of gravity causing gauge boson radiation reduces the gravitational coupling constant G, weakening long range gravitational effects on cosmological distance scales (i.e., between rapidly receding masses). This mechanism for a lack of gravitational deceleration of the universe on large scales (high redshifts) has counterparts even in alternative push-gravity graviton ideas, where gravity – and generally curvature of spacetime – is due to shielding of gravitons (in that case, the mechanism is more complicated, but the effect still occurs).
Professor Carlo Rovelli’s Quantum Gravity is an excellent background text on loop quantum gravity, and is available in PDF format as an early draft version online at and in the final published version from Amazon here.). Smolin also has an arXiv paper, An Invitation to Loop Quantum Gravity, here which contains a summary of the subject from the existing framework of mathematical theorems of special relevance to the more peripherial technical problems in quantum field theory and general relativity.
However, possibly the major future advantage of loop quantum gravity will be as a Yang-Mills quantum gravity framework, with the physical dynamics implied by gravity being caused by full cycles or complete loops of exchange radiation being exchanged between gravitational charges (masses) which are receding from one another as observed in the universe. There is a major difference between the chaotic space-time annihilation-creation massive loops which exist between the IR and UV cutoffs, i.e., within 1 fm distance from a particle core (due to chaotic loops of pair production/annihilation in quantum fields), and the more classical (general relativity and Maxwellian) force-causing exchange/vector radiation loops which occur outside the 1 fm range of the IR cutoff energy (i.e., at lower energy than the closest approach – by Coulomb scatter – of electrons in collisions with a kinetic energy similar to the rest mass-energy of the particles)..
Solution to a problem with general relativity: A Yang-Mills mechanism for quantum field theory exchange-radiation dynamics, with prediction of gravitational strength, space-time curvature, Standard Model parameters for all forces and particle masses, and cosmology, including comparisons to other research and experimental tests
Acknowledgement
Professor Jacques Distler of the University of Texas inspired recent reformulations by suggesting in a comment on Professor Clifford V. Johnson’s discussion blog that I’d be taken more seriously if only I’d only use tensor analysis in discussing the mathematical physics of general relativity.
Part 1: Summary of experimental and theoretical evidence, and comparison of theories
Part 2: The mathematics and physics of general relativity [Currently this links to a paper by Drs. Baez and Bunn]
Part 3: Quantum gravity approaches: string theory and loop quantum gravity [Currently this links to Dr Rovelli’s Quantum Gravity]
Part 4: Quantum mechanics, Dirac’s equation, spin and magnetic moments, pair-production, the polarization of the vacuum above the IR cutoff and it’s role in the renormalization of charge and mass [Currently this links to Dyson’s QED introduction]
Part 5: The path integral of quantum electrodynamics, compared with Maxwell’s classical electrodynamics [Currently this links to Siegel’s Fields, which covers a large area in depth, one gem for example is that it points out that the ‘mass’ of a quark is not a physical reality, firstly because quarks can’t be isolated and secondly because the mass is due to the vacuum particles in the strong field surrounding the quarks anyway]
Part 6: Nuclear and particle physics, Yang-Mills theory, the Standard Model, and representation theory [Currently this links to Woit’s very brief Sketch showing how simple low-dimensional modelling can deliver particle physics, which hopefully will turn into a more detailed, and also slower-paced, technical book very soon]
Part 7: Methodology of doing science: predictions and postdictions of the theory based purely on empirical facts (vacuum mechanism for mass and electroweak symmetry breaking at low energy, including Hans de Vries’ and Alejandro Rivero’s ‘coincidence’) [Currently this links to Alvarez-Gaume and Vazquez-Mozo, Introductory Lectures on Quantum Field Theory]
Part 8: Riofrio’s and Hunter’s equations, and Lunsford’s unification of electromagnetism and gravitation [Currently this links to Lunsford’s paper]
Part 9: Standard Model mechanism: vacuum polarization and gauge boson field mediators for asymptotic freedom and force unification [Currently this links to Wilczek’s brief summary paper]
Part 10: Evidence for the ‘stringy’ nature of fundamental particle cores? [Currently links to Dr Lubos Motl’s list of 12 top superstring theory ‘results’, with literature references]
‘Part of the reason string theory makes no new predictions is that it appears to come in an infinite number of versions. … With such a vast number of theories, there is little hope that we can identify an outcome of an experiment that would not be encompassed by one of them. Thus, no matter what the experiments show, string theory cannot be disproved. But the reverse also holds: No experiment will ever be able to prove it true. … if string theorists are wrong, they can’t be just a little wrong. If the new dimensions and symmetries do not exist, then we will count string theorists among science’s greatest failures, like those who continued to work on Ptolemaic epicycles while Kepler and Galileo forged ahead. Theirs will be a cautionary tale of how not to do science, how not to let theoretical conjecture get so far beyond the limits of what can rationally be argued that one starts engaging in fantasy.’ – Professor Lee Smolin, The Trouble with Physics: The Rise of String Theory, the Fall of a Science and What Comes Next, Haughton Mifflin Company, New York, 2006, pp. xiv-xvii.
THE ROAD TO REALITY: A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO THE LAWS OF THE UNIVERSE by Sir Roger Penrose, published by Jonathan Cape, London, 2004. The first half of the 1094 pages hardback book (2.5 inches/6.5 cm thick) briefly summarises fairly well known mathematics of background importance to the subject at issue. The remaining half of the book deals with quantum mechanics and attempts to unify it with general relativity. On page 785, Penrose neatly quotes his co-author Professor Stephen Hawking:
But acidity is a reality which you can, indeed, test with litmus paper! On page 896, Penrose analyses those who use string ‘theory’ as an obfuscation (or worse) of the meaning of ‘prediction’:
‘In the words of Edward Witten [E. Witten, ‘Reflections on the Fate of Spacetime’, Physics Today, April 1996]:
‘and Witten has further commented:
‘It should be emphasised, however, that in addition to the dimensionality issue, the string theory approach is (so far, in almost all respects) restricted to being merely a perturbation theory …’
Hence, string ‘theory’ as hyped up by genius Witten in 1996 as predicting gravity, is misleading, really. String ‘theory’ has no proof of a physical mechanism and predicts nothing checkable, not even the strength of gravity, unlike the causal mechanism! (In apt words of exclusion-principle proposer Wolfgang Pauli, string ‘theory’ is in the class of belief junk, ‘not even wrong’.) points out:.’
‘Science is the belief in the ignorance of [the speculative consensus of] experts.’ – R. P. Feynman, The Pleasure of Finding Things Out, 1999, p187.
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Classical Electromagnetism
Weber, not Maxwell,, showing in-phase electric and magnetic fields at right angles to one another, has been accused of causing confusion and of being incompatible with his light-wave theory (the illustration is still widely used today!).
In empty vacuum, the divergences of magnetic and electric field are zero as there are no real charges.
Maxwell’s equation for Faraday’s law: dE/dx = -dB/dt
Maxwell’s equation for displacement current:
-dB/dx = m e .dE/dt
where m is magnetic permeability of space, e is electric permittivity of space, E is electric field strength, B is magnetic field strength. To solve these simultaneously, differentiate both:
d2E/dx2 = – d2B/(dx.dt)
-d2B/(dx.dt) = m e . d2E/dt2
Since d2B /(dx.dt) occurs in each of these equations, they are equivalent, so Maxwell got dx2/dt2 = 1/(m e ), so c = 1/Ö (m e ) = 300,000 km/s. Eureka! The velocity of light comes out of electromagnetism! Maxwell arrogantly and condescendingly tells us in his Treatise that ‘The only use made of light’ in finding m and e was to ‘see the instrument.’ Sadly it was only in 1885 that J.H. Poynting and Oliver Heaviside independently discovered the ‘Poynting-Heaviside vector’ (Phil. Trans. 1885, p277).Maxwell’s error jumping to this fantastic conclusion is called prejudice, because he admitted he had not a clue of the velocity of electric energy in circuits:
‘… there is, as yet, no experimental evidence to shew whether the electric current… velocity is great or small as measured in feet per second.’ – James Clerk Maxwell, Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., Article 574. It turned out, from the experimental work of Oliver Heaviside on the Newcastle-Denmark cable in 1875, that what Maxwell thought of as ‘light’ is the electric field carrying the energy of electricity (the electron drift mass and velocity is so small it carries neglibible energy compared to the field): this field is called the Poynting-Heaviside vector (discovered independently by Poynting and by Heaviside). Obviously, electricity seems to be related to light since both have the same velocity, but they are not the same. Shamefully, Maxwell first made his elaborate claims about ‘predicting light’ in an 1861 article based on his faulty ‘elastic solid’ mechanism of light rays by analogy to longitudinal seismic waves in a solid, which was shown later to contain an error if applied to transverse vibrations instead of longitudinal ones. Faraday had first suggested the electromagnetic line vibration nature of light in a well reasoned article of 1846 entitled Thoughts on Ray Vibrations. Weber showed in 1856 that the square root of the ratio of the electric force constant (from Coulomb’s empirical law of electric force between electric charges) and the magnetic force constant (for the empirical law of magnetic force between electromagnets powered by a known amount of electric current), predicted the velocity of light in the correct dimensions. Maxwell merely set out to cook up some maths to link up Faraday’s idea with Weber’s ratio. Maxwell found some interesting connections and his final equations are quantitatively accurate, but he failed to build a successful theory of the vacuum (despite a lot of vacuous hype to the contrary), which is why there are problems in understanding the physics of Maxwell’s classical model for light in terms of virtual charges in the vacuum. Hence, a new mechanism is needed, and has been developed which is almost impossible to publish.’ Thus, Maxwell set his great precedent for dishonest hype, fudging and fiddling results, obfuscation and complete bull, affecting all future unified field theorists (like string theorists today).Maxwell did however usefully (very heretically) write:
‘In fact, whenever energy is transmitted from one body to another in time, there must be a medium or substance in which the energy exists after it leaves one body and before it reaches the other… I think it ought to occupy a prominent place in our investigations, and that we ought to endeavour to construct a mental representation of all the details of its action…’ – Dr J. Clerk Maxwell, Conclusion, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., 1873.
Quantum field theory describes the relativistic quantum oscillations of fields. The case of zero spin leads to the Klein-Gordon equation. However, everything tends to have some spin. Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetic propagating fields are compatible with an assumption of spin h/(2p), hence the photon is a boson since it has integer spin in units h/(2p ). Dirac’s equation models electrons and other particles that have only half unit spin, as known from quantum mechanics. These half-integer particles are called fermions and have antiparticles with opposite spin. Obviously you can easily make two electrons (neither the antiparticle of the other) have opposite spins, merely by having their spin axes pointing in opposite direction: one pointing up, one pointing down. (This is totally different from Dirac’s antimatter, where the opposite spin occurs while both matter and antimatter spin axes are pointed in the same direction. It enables the Pauli-pairing of adjacent electrons in the atom with opposite spins and makes most materials non-magnetic; since all electrons have a magnetic moment, everything would be potentially magnetic in the absence of the Pauli exclusion process.)
From restraints imposed by Pauli’s exclusion principle from quantum mechanics, Eugene Wigner and Jordan in 1928 found the correct way to include creation-annihilation operators in the theory to allow for pair production phenomena as loops in spacetime (ie, creation of pairs followed by annihilation into radiation, in an endless cycle or loop).
List of developments in Quantum Field Theory
The following list of developments is excerpted from a longer one given in Dr Peter Woit’s notes on the mathematics of QFT. He emphasises:
‘Quantum field theory is not a subject which is at the point that it can be developed axiomatically on a rigorous basis. There are various sets of axioms that have been proposed (for instance Wightman’s axioms for non-gauge theories on Minkowski space or Segal’s axioms for conformal field theory), but each of these only captures a limited class of examples. Many quantum field theories that are of great interest have so far resisted any useful rigorous formulation. …’ Dr Woit lists the major events in QFT to give a sense of chronology to the mathematical developments:
‘1925: Matrix mechanics version of quantum mechanics (Heisenberg)
‘1925-6: Wave mechanics version of quantum mechanics, Schroedinger equation (Schroedinger)
‘1927-9: Quantum field theory of electrodynamics (Dirac, Heisenberg, Jordan, Pauli)
‘1928: Dirac equation (Dirac) ‘1929: Gauge symmetry of electrodynamics (London, Weyl)‘1931: Heisenberg algebra and group (Weyl), Stone-von Neumann theorem‘1948: Feynman path integrals formulation of quantum mechanics
‘1954: Non-abelian gauge symmetry, Yang-Mills action (Yang, Mills, Shaw, Utiyama)
‘1959: Wightman axioms (Wightman)
‘1962-3: Segal-Shale-Weil representation (Segal, Shale, Weil)
‘1967: Glashow-Weinberg-Salam gauge theory of weak interactions (Weinberg, Salam)
‘1971: Renormalised non-abelian gauge theory (t’Hooft)
‘1971-2: Supersymmetry
‘1973: Non-abelian gauge theory of strong interactions, QCD (Gross, Wilczek, Politzer)
(I’ve omitted the events on Dr Woit’s list after 1973.)
Dr Chris Oakley has an internet site about renormalisation in quantum field theory, which is also an interest of Dr Peter Woit. Dr Oakley starts by quoting Nobel Laureate Paul A.M. Dirac’s concerns in the 1970s:
‘.’
The Nobel Laureate Richard P. Feynman did two things, describing the accuracy of the prediction of the magnet moment of leptons (electron and muon) and Lamb shift, and two major problems of QFT, namely ‘renormalisation’ and the unknown rationale for the ‘137’ electromagnetic force coupling factor:
‘… If you were to measure the distance from Los Angeles to New York to this accuracy, it would be exact to the thickness of a human hair. That’s how delicately quantum electrodynamics has, in the past fifty years, been checked … I suspect that renormalisation is not mathematically legitimate … we do not have a good mathematical way to describe the theory of quantum electrodynamics … the observed coupling … 137.03597 … has been a mystery ever since it was discovered … one of the greatest damn mysteries …’ – QED, Penguin, 1990, pp. 7, 128-9.
‘I turns out to be small – not neglecting it when it is infinitely great and you do not want it! … Simple changes will not do … I feel that the change required will be just about as dramatic as the passage from the Bohr theory to quantum mechanics.’ – Paul A. M. Dirac, lecture in New Zealand, 1975 (quoted in Directions in Physics).
Dr Chris Oakley writes: ‘… I believe we already have all the ingredients for a compact and compelling development of the subject. They just need to be assembled in the right way. The important departure I have made from the ‘standard’ treatment (if there is such a thing) is to switch round the roles of quantum field theory and Wigner’s irreducible representations of the Poincaré group. Instead of making quantising the field the most important thing and Wigner’s arguments an interesting curiosity, I have done things the other way round. One advantage of doing this is that since I am not expecting the field quantisation program to be the last word, I need not be too disappointed when I find that it does not work as I may want it to.’
Describing the problems with ‘renormalisation’, Dr Oakley states: ‘Renormalisation can be summarised as follows: developing quantum field theory from first principles involves applying a process known as ‘quantisation’ to classical field theory. This prescription, suitably adapted, gives a full dynamical theory which is to classical field theory what quantum mechanics is to classical mechanics, but it does not work. Things look fine on the surface, but the more questions one asks the more the cracks start to appear. Perturbation theory, which works so well in ordinary quantum mechanics, throws up some higher-order terms which are infinite, and cannot be made to go away. ‘This was known about as early as 1928, and was the reason why Paul Dirac, who (along with Wolfgang Pauli) was the first to seriously investigate quantum electrodynamics, almost gave up on field theory. The problem remains unsolved to this day. Perturbation theory is done slightly differently, using an approach based on the pioneering work of Richard Feynman, but, other than that, nothing has changed. One seductive fact is that by pretending that infinite terms are not there, which is what renormalisation is, the agreement with experiment is good. … I believe that our failure to really get on top of quantum field theory is the reason for the depressing lack of progress in fundamental physics theory. … I might also add that the way that the whole academic system is set up is not conducive to the production of interesting and original research. … The tone is set by burned-out old men who have long since lost any real interest and seem to do very little other than teaching and politickering. …’In addition to Dirac’s Hamiltonian based formulation of quantum field theory (energy in terms of position and momenta), there is a Lagrangian formulation called Feynman’s path integrals, which calculates the difference between kinetic and potential energy and follows the trajectory of particles
Renormalization, the Standard Model, Supersymmetry
Renormalization is the scaling of charges and mass in a quantum field theory to make the theory consistent with experimental results. However, it does have a physical basis in polarization. The vacuum loops contain virtual charges which are radially polarized around a charged particle by the particle’s field. Virtual positrons in the vacuum are closer to an electron than virtual electrons (due to Coulomb attraction and repulsion), so the polarization of the vacuum gives rise to a net radial field which opposes the field from the particle in the middle. This shields the charge of the core particle, because some of its electric field is cancelled out by the polarized field of virtual fermions surrounding it which extends to the IR cutoff range, at about 1 fm radius.
Hence, there is a physical mechanism by which electric charge should be renormalized. In addition to electric charge, mass is also renormalized, which usually creates problems in a theory in which mass is a type of charge (quantum gravity would have masses as its units of charge), because all observed masses move in the same direction in a gravitational field. Hence, mass is not directly a renormalizable quantity by the polarization mechanism. However, if mass is indirectly associated with electric charge by a coupling effect, then mass will be renormalizable in the same way as electric charge, because the amount of mass coupled will be dependent on the renormalized (i.e., shielded) magntitude of the electric charge. This indirect renormalization mechanism, for mass, indicates that the mass-giving field particles must be a distance away from an electron, with the polarized vacuum separating the mass-giving particle from the electron core.
In the Standard Model of particle physics, the real electron and positron are complicated particles, their nature being determined by vacuum polarization phenomena. What exists in the vacuum, going by names like ‘virtual electron’ and ‘virtual positron’ are quite different because are part of the vacuum field and don’t exist long enough to have their own vacuum field (and hence polarization effects). This means that what you might call a vacuum ‘electron’ has an effective mass of zero, and the entire nature of a real electron (distinguished from a ‘virtual electron’ of the vacuum) is it has sufficient energy and lifespan that a mass-giving boson has coupled to a virtual electron, making it into a real electron.
This is not like speculative supersymmetry, which is the idea that UV divergence problems (infinite momenta and other effects presumed to exist at unobservably high energy, near the Planck scale) can be cancelled out by speculating that there is a supersymmetric (SUSY) bosonic partner for every observed fermion in the universe: these postulated (unobserved) partners are not Higgs (spin zero) mass-giving bosons, and even the postulated Higgs bosons are not assumed, in mainstream models, to be paired up to fermions, but instead to be a general sea in the vacuum which causes inertia by drag-less miring (like a perfect fluid, which exists only acceleration and deceleration, not inertial motion).
There is only one type of massive particle (having one fixed mass) and one type of charged particle in the universe. Since representation theory suggests that all charges (leptons and quarks) can be generated by simple transformation symmetries of Clifford algebra. This is physically determined by the vacuum. For example, if N charges are nearby and hence share the same vacuum polarization shield out to a radius of 1 fm (the low energy cutoff for polarization), then the vacuum shielding factor will be stronger than that from a single charge by a factor N, so the shielded value of the electric charge per particle will be 1/N, ie, fractional, of that from a positron or electron. Of course the simplicity of this explanation of fractional charges is partly cloaked by complex effects from weak charge.
All the leptons and hadrons observed may be combinations of these two types of particle (electron-like charge charge and Z0 boson like mass) with vacuum effects contributing different observable charges and forces: there is an illustration here for how vacuum polarization allows a single mass-giving particle to give rise to all known particle masses (to within a couple of percent), and also table of comparisons here (if you scroll down; that page is now under revision).
Yang-Mills Gauge Theory: Exchange Radiation is the Force Mechanism
The observation that like charges repel while unlike charges attract is explained in terms of exchange radiation by Yang-Mills gauge theory.
Symmetry is an invariance: you rotate a square by 90N degrees, where N is an integer, and looks just the same before and after the rotation. Another example is that field effects result from differences in relative potentials, not absolute potentials. Hence, an electron is not accelerated by the absolute number of volts, but just by the local field gradient, which is the number of volts per metre that the field decreases by. Electric force is F = qE where E is the field gradient in volts/metre and q is charge, while gravitational force is similarly F = ma where m is the gravitational charge (mass) and a is the acceleration due to the gravitational field. This gives a universal or ‘global’ symmetry because the relative field strengths, gradients, are independent of the absolute potential.
Similarly, the gradient of a mountain is independent of the absolute height of the mountain. If you cut the top off a mountain, it doesn’t affect the gradient of the slopes on the remainder. So Maxwell’s equations have a global invariance because they are independent of the absolute field strength (the height of the mountain). They also have a local invariance because when an electric field is disturbed, a magnetic field is created and vice-versa, which depends on relative motion of the observer to the charge or field, not absolute motion (if you move relative to an electric charge, you experience a magnetic field from that charge, but if you move along with the charge, you don’t get a magnetic field).
Hermann Weyl in 1929 came up with a principle of local phase symmetry or invariance of electromagnetic and other waves, called ‘gauge invariance’. According to this gauge invariance, the phase of photon or particle can only vary if there is a local change in the field through which it propagates.
Another example of symmetry is isotopic spin, ‘isospin’, whereby (as in analogous uses of iso, such as isotope and isothermal) particles have the same spin (or other properties, such as nuclear charge and mass) despite having different electric charges.
Yang and Mills in 1954 worked out a gauge theory for isospin. Whereas Weyl’s original gauge theory showed how phase shifts of a photon’s wave are due to changes in the electromagnetic field the Yang-Mills theory shows how changes in isospin of a particle are a result of changes in the electromagnetic field (and vice-versa). This Yang-Mills requires that the electromagnetic field itself must contain charges, and forms the foundation of Standard Model, where electroweak unification has a field which above the electroweak symmetry breaking energy scale is composed of four gauge bosons, two of which have net electric charges. If colour charge is substituted for isospin, Yang-Mills theory describes the quantum chromodynamics theory of strong nuclear interactions between quarks, where the force mediators for three types of nuclear colour charges are (3 x 3) – 1 = 8 types of colour charged ‘gluons’. The gluons have charge (colour charge) so this is a Yang-Mills theory like the electroweak theory.
Initially in 1954 the Yang-Mills theory set out to model the strong force with isospin, and the recognition of the electroweak gauge bosons as Yang-Mills gauge bosons occurred first to Glashow, Salam, and Weinberg around 1967. This electroweak theory was then proved to renormalizable by ‘t Hooft and Veltman in 1971. The first experimental evidence for it was the discovery of effects due to neutral but massive Z gauge boson ‘weak force currents’ in 1973, and full confirmation came when the Z and W gauge bosons were discovered in 1983.
There is a good published essay on the Yang-Mills equation by Dr Christine Sutton (which is reviewed in mathematical detail by the mathematician Professor William G. Faris here) where she points out that a Yang-Mills type theory was independently investigated by others, including Pauli in 1953 (who dismissed it for giving massless particles in the fields, because he wanted massive particles as field carriers to explain the short range of the strong nuclear force; which of course is now known to be due to gluons which don’t require mass to have a limited range), Ronald Shaw in England and Ryoyo Utiyama in Japan, both in 1954. (The reason why Yang-Mills is the widely known name for the theory is that Yang and Mills published it in the Physical Review in October 1954.)
Yang-Mills Exchange Radiation
The exchange radiations in Yang-Mills theory can have charge (such as in the case of the W+ and W– weak force gauge bosons, and all gluons), but they don’t have any mass. So mass results from a separate field, possibly some version the Higgs field. However, other mechanisms (and several variations in the detail of a Higgs-type mechanism) for mass are possible, so an experimental determination of the correct theory is required before any particular theory of mass should be asserted as being verified fact.
Rutherford’s empirical evidence for the nuclear atom, from an analysis of Geiger and Marsden’s alpha particle scattering angles from gold foil, should have led to two developments which never occurred.
First, the discovery that the atom is mainly void is a confirmation of the general prediction from the Fatio-LeSage gravity mechanism that – for exchange radiation to cause gravity – gravity acts on subatomic constituents which are small enough for the gravity causing radiation to penetrate the volume of the earth and not merely affect the superficial atomic surface area of a planet or other object.
Second, Rutherford’s nuclear atom had the problem that all the positive charges were confined to a small nucleus. To prevent the Coulomb repulsion of those protons from blowing the nucleus apart, there is a strong but short-ranged nuclear attractive force, mediated by pion exchange. One of the physical reasons for the short range of this attractive force is indicated by an objection to the Fatio-LeSage mechanism: massive exchange radiation (such as pions) which pushes particles together will undergo scattering reactions in the vacuum, a little like a gas, which over a distance on the order of the mean-free-path will deflect pressure into the ‘shadow’ region between particles, preventing ‘attraction’ at greater distances by equalizing pressure. A mathematically equivalent way of describing this range limitation is the uncertainty principle, as Popper showed. The old idea that the limited range of the strong force is due to the massiveness of the gauge bosons is simply plain wrong: gluons in quantum chromodynamics don’t have any mass.
This isn’t the whole story. There is also a cutoff limit on the production of loops of pions in the vacuum, which means that they are only created out to a short range around a particle. The basis of quantum field theory is abstract mathematical modelling in which all physical mechanisms, beyond perhaps the vital Feynman diagrams, are seen as heuristic philosophy, unnecessary baggage, or inconsistent, unpredictive speculation. If you do overcome these objections, you then have the problem that people are prejudiced against the approach without first checking whether these objections have been overcome. Hence the situation of submitting a physical prediction which agrees with reality to a journal and having it rejected, unread, as being ‘speculative’ or even merely an ‘alternative to a currently accepted theory’. However, as the failure of mainstream string theory indicates, even widely published and celebrated, ‘currently accepted’ speculations can fail.
The cosmological costant ‘supporting’ data just shows a lack of gravitational deceleration of distant supernova, with no proof that this is due to dark energy offsetting gravity; instead it was predicted long before observations, because a fall in gravitational strength is consistent with the serious redshift-caused energy drop of gravitons (or whatever exchange radiation causes gravity) when the gravitational charges (masses in the universe) are receding from one another relativistically due to recession in the big bang.
The GUT (grand unified theory) scale unification may be wrong itself. The Standard Model might not turn out to be incomplete with regards to requiring supersymmetry: the QED electric charge rises as you get closer to an electron because there’s less polarized vacuum to shield the corer charge. Thus, a lot of electromagnetic energy is absorbed in the vacuum above the IR cutoff, producing loops. It’s possible that.
UPDATE, 25 Feb. ’07:
Here’s a recent comment by Q on the Not Even Wrong blog which explains the problems in applying string theory to particle physics, as opposed to the lesser problems in applying general relativity to cosmology:
Q Says:
February 25th, 2007 at 6:52 am
… The small positive cosmological constant, or some alternative idea which does the same job, is required to fit GR to the observations of supernovae redshifts, explaining why gravity isn’t slowing down the recession.
String theory by contrast provides speculative explanations for things which are not observed, such as unification at the Planck scale (inventing supersymmetry to explain that speculation), and inventing gravitons (inventing supergravity to explain gravitons). String theory thus ‘explains’ speculations, not observations.
The point Peter made before about cosmology is that at least it is being led by observations, unlike string theory.
Mainstream models for observations might turn out wrong, but that’s better than being not even wrong. Approximations like flat earth theory, caloric, and phlogiston could later be disproved by evidence. Epicycles could provide an endlessly complex mathematical way of representing observed data, but were eventually replaced by Kepler’s simpler laws for convenience, which in turn could be explained by a simple inverse square force law.
String theory doesn’t even model or duplicate any existing observations, so it is worse than Ptolemy’s epicycles: Feynman’s criticism of string theory was largely that it doesn’t address the parameters of the standard model. It’s not even wrong because it doesn’t even model anything known to exist.
———–
Dark matter similarly has this problem (lack of evidence), because, as Q points out, Cooperstock and Tieu have explained galactic rotation ‘evidence’ for dark matter as a GR effect (instead of an effect of dark matter):.
For an estimate of the density of the universe from a gravity mechanism, see the proof for G here which, given G, predicts the density.
The charges in quantum gravity are masses, which are the Higgs field effect on standard model charges.
The Higgs field – which so far isn’t detected – would need to interact with standard model fields for it to give the standard model charges their masses.
Comment to Cosmic Variance:
Feb 26th, 2007 at 12:33 pmon
… suppose it were possible to couple a classical theory of gravity to QFT. How do you know which classical theory of gravity? There are infinitely many background-independent classical theories of gravity, the Einstein-Hilbert action is just the one that keeps the dominant term at low energies. So it appears you still have a problem at the Planck scale.
(The quantum version of this question is the problem of nonrenormalizability of gravitational theories, which as far I can tell from zillions of blog threads on the topic, LQG ignores completely.) – anon.
To answer the first point. You choose the classical theory of gravity which, when coupled to QFT, is based on verified facts and makes accurate predictions.
Regards the second point. Renormalization in gravitation will be a change in the effective value of gravitational charge, i.e., mass. Mass is supposed to be given by the Higgs mechanism, which must be gravitational charge because Einstein’s equivalence principle says gravitational mass is the same as inertial mass.
Renormalization of electric charge in QED is explained by the polarization of the vacuum around the bare core charge, which cancels part of the latter as observed from a distance. You can’t apparently polarize the vacuum to shield gravitational force as you can for electric force.
Polarization in an electric field works because virtual positive charges get attracted closer to the bare core negative charge of a particle than virtual positive charges, so the virtual charges give a net radial electric field which opposes and cancels part of the core charge.
Clearly this can’t occur in a gravitational field because all mass moves the same way; there are no opposite poles for mass and gravity, so no polarization or shielding occurs, at least directly. This makes it hard to see how any quantum theory of gravity can physically include renormalization of gravitational charge (mass).
However, the equivalence principle between gravitational and inertial mass in the context of quantum gravity has been attacked by Rabinowitz in where it is argued:
“… a theory of quantum gravity may not be possible unless it is not based upon the equivalence principle, or if quantum mechanics can change its mass dependence. …”
In QED, both electric charge and electron mass are renormalized parameters and are scaled by similar factors. This seems to suggest that maybe the source of the electron’s mass is the mass-giving (‘Higgs’) vacuum field outside the polarization region, if mass is associated with the electron by a coupling depending on the electric field of the electron. Thus, the polarization-shielded electric charge (not the core or bare electron charge) would be responsible for coupling external mass-giving Higgs bosons to the electron. So renormalization of the electric field automatically causes renormalization of the gravitationam charge (mass), because the shielded electron charge is responsible for the vacuum field effects which give mass to an electron.
In the Standard Model, all masses are given to particles by field which is separate to electric charge. The only way such a mass-giving field can couple to an electron core without mass is obviously by some kind of coupling to the electron’s electric field. So renormalization effects in quantum gravity are likely to be indirect, i.e., the effect of electric field renormalization (which does have a very simple, empirically confirmed physical mechanism; vacuum charge radial polarization).. [Although you might naively expect the classical Maxwellian radiation emission rate to be greatest in the ground state, you need also take account of the effect of electron spin changes on the radiation emission rate in the full analysis; see ‘An Electronic Universe, Part 2’, Electronics World, April 2003. I will try to put a detailed paper about this effect on the internet soon.]:
If you look at Maxwell’s equations, they describe how, cyclically, a varying electric field induces a “displacement current” in the vacuum which in turn creates a magnetic field curling around the current, and so on. They don’t explain the dynamics of the photon or light wave in detail. [For the correct physical mechanism behind the ‘displacement current’ equation – which again is a radiation exchange effect not vacuum charge because the electric fields and frequencies involved are too small (below the IR cutoff) for pair production and vacuum loop effects – see. For the actual Maxwell equations and how they are related to the photon see for example, which will soon be edited and improve in structure with a table of contents linked to the different sections.].
——-
For more information on the power transmission line TEM (transverse electromagnetic) logic step which is useful background for the discussion above, see:
Quantum mechanics
There is a strong analogy of ‘string theory’ mentality to ‘Copenhagen Interpretation’ mentality with dictatorial ‘leaders’ of science abusing power to claim spin-2 gravitons via string are the only way forward allowed. This is a repeat of the Copenhagen Interpretation groupthink, which was supported by John von Naumann’s false ‘disprove’ of hidden variables theories. When Bohm disproved von Naumann’s ‘disprove’, Oppenheimer and others simply ridiculed Bohm personally and refused to discuss his alternative ideas. The actual so-called ‘hidden variables’ are gauge bosons and virtual fermions.Statistical Uncertainty. This is the kind of uncertainty that pertains to fluctuation phenomena and random variables. It is the uncertainty associated with ‘honest’ gambling devices…
‘Real Uncertainty. This is the uncertainty that arises from the fact that people believe different assumptions…’ – H. Kahn & I. Mann, Techniques of systems analysis, RAND, RM-1829-1, 1957.
Let us deal with the physical interpretation of the periodic table using quantum mechanics very quickly. Niels Bohr in 1913 came up with an orbit quantum number, n, which comes from his theory and takes positive integer values (1 for first or K shell, 2 for second or M shell, etc.). In 1915, Arnold Sommerfeld (of 137-number fame) introduced an elliptical-shape orbit number, l, which can take values of n –1, n – 2, n – 3, … 0. Back in 1896 Pieter Zeeman introduced orbital direction magnetism, which gives a quantum number m with possible values l, l – 1, l – 2, …, 0, … – (l- 2), -(l – 1), –l. Finally, in 1925 George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit introduced the electron’s magnetic spin direction effect, s, which can only take values of +1/2 and –1/2. (Back in 1894, Zeeman had observed the phenomenon of spectral lines splitting when the atoms emitting the light are in a strong magnetic field, which was later explained by the fact of the spin of the electron. Other experiments confirm electron spin. The actual spin is in units of h/(2p ), so the actual amounts of angular spin are + ½ h/(2p ) and – ½ h/(2p ). )
To get the periodic table we simply work out a table of consistent unique sets of quantum numbers. The first shell then has n, l, m, and s values of 1, 0, 0, +1/2 and 1, 0, 0, -1/2. The fact that each electron has a different set of quantum numbers is called the ‘Pauli exclusion principle’ as it prevents electrons duplicating one another. (Proposed by Wolfgang Pauli in 1925; note the exclusion principle only applies to fermions with half-integral spin like the electron, and does not apply to bosons which all have integer spin, like light photons and gravitons. While you use fermi-dirac statistics for fermions, you have to use bose-einstein statistics for bosons, on account of spin. Non-spinning particles, like gas molecules, obey maxwell-boltzmann statistics.) Hence, the first shell can take only 2 electrons before it is full. (It is physically due to a combination of magnetic and electric force effects from the electron, although the mechanism must be officially ignored by order of the Copenhagen Interpretation ‘Witchfinder General’, like the issue of the electron spin speed.)
For the second shell, we find it can take 8 electrons, with l = 0 for the first two (an elliptical subshell is we ignore the chaos effect of wave interactions between multiple electrons), and l = 1 for next other 6.Experimentally we find that elements with closed full shells of electrons, i.e., a total of 2 or 8 electrons in these shells, are very stable. Hence, helium (2 electrons) and Argon (2 electrons in first shell and 8 electrons filling second shell) will not burn. Now read the horses*** from ‘expert’ Sir James Jeans: ‘The universe is built so as to operate according to certain laws. As a consequence of these laws atoms having certain definite numbers of electrons, namely 6, 26 to 28, and 83 to 92, have certain properties, which show themselves in the phenomena of life, magnetism and radioactivity respectively … the Great Architect of the Universe now begins to appear as a pure mathematician.’ – Sir James Jeans, MA, DSc, ScD, LLD, FRS, The Mysterious Universe, Penguin, 1938, pp. 20 and 167.One point I’m making here, aside from the simplicity underlying the use of quantum mechanics, is that it has a physical interpretation for each aspect (it is also possible to predict the quantum numbers from abstract mathematical ‘law’ theory, which is not mechanistic, so is not enlightening). Quantum mechanics is only statistically exact if you have one electron, i.e., a single hydrogen atom. As soon as you get to a nucleus plus two or more electrons, you have to use mathematical approximations or computer calculations to estimate results, which are never exact. This problem is not the statistical problem (uncertainty principle), but a mathematical problem in applying it exactly to difficult situations. For example, if you estimate a 2% probability with the simple theory, it is exact providing the input data is reliable.. A. Scott-Murray), a clearer alternative to Bohm’s ‘hidden variables’ work…The equation for waves in a three-dimensional space, extrapolated from the equation for waves in gases:Ñ 2 Y = –Y (2p f/v)2where Y is the wave amplitude. Notice that this sort of wave equation is used to model waves in particle-based situations, i.e., waves in situations where there are particles of gas (gas molecules, sound waves). So we have particle-wave duality resolved by the fact that any wave equation is a statistical model for the orderly/chaotic group behaviour of (3+ body Poincare chaos). The term Ñ 2 Y is just a shorthand (the ‘Laplacian operator’) for the sum of second-order differentials:Ñ 2 Y = d2 Y x /dx2 + d2 Y y /dy2 + d2 Y z /dz2.
Louis de Broglie, who invented ‘wave-particle duality’ (as waves in the physical, real ether, but that part was suppressed), gave us the de Broglie equation for momentum: p = mc = (E/c2)c = [(hc/l )/c2]c = h/l . Hence: Ñ 2 Y = –Y (2p mv/h)2. Isaac Newton’s theory suggests the equation for kinetic energy E = ½ mv2 (although the term ‘kinetic theory’ was I think first used in an article published in a magazine edited by Charles Dickens, a lot later). Hence, v2 = 2E/m. So we obtain:Ñ 2 Y = -8Y mE(p /h)2.Finally, the total energy, W, for an electron is in part electromagnetic energy U, and in part kinetic energy E (already incorporated). Thus, W = U + E. This rearranges using very basic algebra to give E = W – U. So now we have:Ñ 2 Y = -8Y m(W – U).(p /h)2.
Let us now examine the work of Erwin Schroedinger and Max Born. Since the nucleus of hydrogen is 1836 times as massive as the electron, it can in many cases be treated as at rest, with the electron zooming around it. Schroedinger in 1926 took the concept of particle-wave duality and found an equation that could predict the probability of an electron being found within any distance of the nucleus. The full theory includes, of course, electron spin effects and the other quantum numbers, and so the mathematics at least looks a lot harder to understand than the underlying physical reality that gives rise to it. First, Schroedinger could not calculate anything with his equation because he had no idea what the hell he was doing with the wavefunction Y . Max Born naively, perhaps, suggested it is like water waves, where it is an amplitude of the wave that needs to be squared to get the energy of the wave, and thus a measure of the mass-energy to be found within a given space. (Likewise, the ‘electric field strength’ (volts/metre) from a radio transmitter mast falls off generally as the inverse of distance, although the energy intensity (watts per square metre) falls off as the inverse-square law of distance.)Hence, by Born’s conjecture, the energy per unit volume of the electron around the atom is E ~ Y 2. If the volume is a small, 3 dimensional cube in space, dx.dy.dz in volume, then the proportion of (or probability of finding) the electron within that volume will thus be: dx.dy.dz.Y 2 /[ò ò ò Y 2 dx.dy.dz]. Here, ò is the integral from 0 to infinity. Thus, the relative likelyhood of finding the electron in a thin shell between radii of r and a will be the integral of the product of surface area (4p r2) and Y 2, over the range from r to a. The number we get from this integral is converted into an absolute probability of finding the electron between radii r and a by normalising it: in other words, dividing it into the similarly calculated relative probability of finding the electron anywhere between radii of 0 and infinity. Hence we can understand what we are doing for a hydrogen atom.The version of Schroedinger’s wave equation above is really a description of the time-averaged (or time-independent) chaotic motion of the electron, which is why it gives a probability of finding the electron at a given zone, not an exact location for the electron. There is also a time-dependent version of the Schroedinger wave equation, which can be used to obfuscate rather well. But let’s have a go anyhow. To find the time-dependent version, we need to treat the electrostatic energy U as varying in time. If U = hf, from de Broglie’s use of Planck’s equation, and because the electron behaves the wave equation, its time-dependent frequency is: f2 = -(2p Y )-2 (dY /dt)2 where f2 = U2 /h2. Hence, U2 = -h2 (2p Y )-2 (dY /dt)2. To find U we need to remember from basic algebra that we will lose possible mathematical solutions unless we allow for the fact that U may be negative. (For example, if I think of a number, square it, and then get 4, that does not mean I thought of the number 2: I could have started with the number –2.) So we need to introduce i = Ö (-1). Hence we get the solution: U = ih(2p Y )-1 (dY /dt). Remembering E = W – U, we get the time-dependent Schroedinger equation.Let us now examine how fast the electrons go in the atom in their orbits, neglecting spin speed. Assuming simple circular motion to begin with, the inertial ‘outward’ force on the electron is F = ma = mv2/R, which is balanced by electric ‘attractive’ inward force of F = (qe/R)2/(4p e ). Hence, v = ½qe /(p e Rm)1/2.Now for Werner Heisenberg’s ‘uncertainty principle’ of 1927. This is mathematically sound in the sense that the observer always disturbs the signals he observes. If I measure my car tyre pressure, some air leaks out, reducing the pressure. If you have a small charged capacitor and try to measure the voltage of the energy stored in it with an old fashioned analogue volt meter, you will notice that the volt meter itself drains the energy in the capacitor pretty quickly. A digital meter contains an amplifier, so the effect is less pronounced, but it is still there. A geiger counter held in fallout area absorbs some of the gamma radiation it is trying to measure, reducing the reading, as does the presence of the body of the person using it. A blind man searching for a golf ball by swinging a stick around will tend to disturb what he finds. When he feels and hears the click of the impact of his stick hitting the golf ball, he knows the ball is no longer where it was when he detected it. If he prevents this by not moving the stick, he never finds anything. So it is a reality that the observer always tends to disturb the evidence by the very process of observing the evidence. If you even observe a photograph, the light falling on the photograph very slightly fades the colours. With something as tiny as an electron, this effect is pretty severe. But that does not mean that you have to make up metaphysics to stagnate physics for all time, as Bohr and Heisenberg did when they went crazy. Really, Heisenberg’s law has a simple causal meaning to it, as I’ve just explained. If I toss a coin and don’t show you the result, do you assume that the coin is in a limbo, indeterminate state between two parallel universes, in one of which it is heads and in the other of which it landed tails?
The interference of radio waves and other phased waves is also known as the Hanbury-Brown-Twiss effect, whereby if you have two radio transmitter antennae, the signal that can be received depends on the distance between them: moving they slightly apart or together changes the relative phase of the transmitted signal from one with respect to the other, cancelling the signal out or reinforcing it. (It depends on the frequencies and amplitude as well: if both transmitters are on the same frequency and have the same output amplitude and radiation power, then perfectly destructive interference if they are exactly out of phase, or perfect reinforcement – constructive interference – if they are exactly in-phase, will occur.) This effect also actually occurs in electricity, replacing Maxwell’s mechanical ‘displacement current’ of vacuum dielectric charges.
Feynman quotation
The Feynman quotation I located is this:
‘When we look at photons on a large scale – much larger than the distance required for one stopwatch turn – the phenomena that we see are very well approximated by rules such as ‘light travels in straight lines’ because there are enough paths around the path of minimum time to reinforce each other, and enough other paths to cancel each other out. But when the space through which a photon moves becomes too small (such as the tiny holes in the screen), these rules fail – we discover that light doesn’t have to go in straight lines, there are interferences created [influenced by the randomly occurring fermion pair-production in the strong electric field on small distance scales, according to quantum field theory], each with an amplitude. The phenomenon of interference becomes very important, and we have to sum the arrows to predict where an electron is likely to go.’ – R. P. Feynman, QED, Penguin, London, 1990, pp. 84-5. (Emphasis added in bold.). (Emphasis added in bold.) annihilation-creation loops (they only extend out to 1 fm around particles).
Anti-causal hype for quantum entanglement: Dr Thomas S..
Heisenberg quantum mechanics: Poincare chaos applies on the small scale, since the virtual particles of the Dirac sea in the vacuum regularly interact with the electron and upset the orbit all the time, giving wobbly chaotic orbits which are statistically described by the Schroedinger equation – it’s causal, there is no metaphysics involved. The main error is the false propaganda that ‘classical’ physics models contain no inherent uncertainty (dice throwing, probability): chaos emerges even classically from the 3+ body problem, as first shown by Poincare..
(Update: There are some awful grammatical errors in this post, but they are easy to spot and correct and in any case don’t detract from the mathematical physics, so editing the text is not a high priority. It will be done when time permits. Readers should also see for some additional resources which are available online. There is also an introduction to some other technical aspects of quantum field theory at.) |
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The device does not utilize air to create a vacuum, on the other hand, it counts on the use of water to harness vacuum.
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By using HydroXtreme 9 consistently, you might enhance the length, size, as well as the stamina of your penis.
A healthy and balanced penis would further lead to longer and better erections. The makers have specified that HydroXtreme 9 is has been designed for very easy and also day-to-day use, there are numerous other benefits of utilizing this item.
All you are required to do is to save some time and prepare yourself for an incredible sexual experience with your companion. You can use this item in your shower.
It takes only 15 mins for this device to help you achieve every little thing that you have been long desire. Not only this, however the makers additionally declare that you can attain a penile length rise by 1-3 inches upon erection on the initial use this item.
This penis pump could additionally assist you in treating the issue of erectile dysfunction much more naturally.
The HydroXtreme series of Bathmate consists of 5 various sized pumps as well as HydroXtreme 9 is one of them.
This series also includes detachable handballs and shutoffs that together aid in strengthening the stress bordering your penis. As a result, extra blood rushes to your penile cells or corpora cavernosa, causing a strong erection and also longer length.
Just How Bathmate HydroXtreme9 Works?
The functioning concept of Bathmate HydroXtreme9 is based on water-based vacuum cleaner stress. For this reason, the suppliers have actually relocated away from standard air-based pressure.
This is since the water based pressure is much more efficient in improving the blood circulation evenly throughout your penis area.
Once you have actually loaded the cyndrical tube with hot water and place your penis inside the cylinder. You would have the ability to readjust the stress using the handball that has been connected to the cylinder.
The convenience pad that has actually been connected gives great assistance when you are trying to keep a vacuum cleaner inside the pump.
As a result of this, the suction is improved as well as the get in touch with in between you and the cylinder is enhanced.
How Much Is A Penile Pump
As soon as the proper pressure is maintained, you will certainly feel a rush of blood flowing to your penis are. Directly talking, the majority of the moment, with just 5 press of the handball, ideal stress is kept.
This was an optimum number for me that worked for me pretty well.
An additional terrific aspect of Bathmate HydroXtreme9 is the front component. The suppliers have included an unique pin or a pip that allows you to launch the added stress.
As a result of this, you would have the ability to change pressure to a very minute level. Thus, the use experience would be according to what you fit with.
You might utilize this pin as a safety pin as well. As with the proper use, there are very couple of chances of any sort of damage to your penis.
How To Make Use Of Bathmate HydroXtreme9?
In the initial step you need to clean the tool utilizing the sponge that includes the packaging.
Currently you need to fill the pump with cozy water and push down its stress valve.
Hereafter, you are required to place your penis into television up until it touches your pubic bone.
Post this close the front nose.
In order to maintain pressure, you currently need to start pushing the handball.
Await the appropriate pressure to be established. Need to wait for 10 mins so that erection is accomplished.
Currently, eliminate the water using a valve. Once it is vacant, press the primary shutoff.
This would launch the pressure after which you can safely get rid of the pump.
Bathmate HydroXtreme 9 is conveniently able to load males with 7.5 to 9.5 inches of the penis, hence a perfect model from the HydroXtreme variety.
You can duplicate this procedure every day in order to improve your sexual efficiency.
Features Of Bathmate HydroXtreme9.
According to the developers of this product, Bathmate HydroXtreme 9 is the real penis pump power that you have actually been long seeking.
This item is simple as well as captivates several amazing attributes and also benefits that aid your penis obtain the preferred size, girth, and also toughness. You might experience enhanced sex-related efficiency after this product regularly.
The makers suggest HydroXtreme 9 for larger individuals that have an erection size in between 7.5-9.5 inches. Listed here are the essential features of this product:.
This penis pump is a premium item the normal use of which assists to boost the length, girth, as well as solidity of your penis. It increases the circulation of blood in your penis which aids to keep its overall health and wellness as well as toughness and enhances your erection dimension and firmness.
The product is a worth accessories pack which features different accessories collaborating to increase the general penile wellness. There is a rather new and advanced handball pump that helps to manage the stress on your penis. You can simply squeeze the handball pump to change the optimum stress.
This item lets you change the stress within your pump according to your convenience as well as requirement. HydroXtreme 9 has actually been designed as though it stops over-pressuring, thereby cutting down injury on your penis. You can achieve a maximum degree of pressure without the fear of getting pain.
The innovative hydro pump style of HydroXtreme serves manifold benefits. This item consists of a comfort pad using which you can create a tighter seal to enter the pump.
The strong style of this pump makes sure that you would certainly accomplish better performance in bed in the long run. The shutoff of this penis pump has actually been upgraded by the manufacturers which makes it less complicated to use. You might also load this pump one-handed.
Bathmate HydroXtreme9 Evaluation: Use Story.
My friend learnt about this penis pump from among the internet site. This occurred to him when he was looking for ways to enhance his sex-related performance without utilizing pills.
How Much Is A Penile Pump
Penomet
In this Penomet evaluation, we’ll cover everything there is to learn about the pump, consisting of exactly how to utilize it, its performance, prior to and after outcomes, and customer testimonials.
Great deals of men are concerned about their penis dimension. If you fall into this group, it’s time to address your penis’ size and girth. It does not matter just how huge or tiny your penis is; Penomet can aid you get the outcomes you desire.
Don’t let an absence of self-confidence come from your penis’ dimension maintain you down; throw down the gauntlet. Penomet guarantees that its innovative pump and also the workouts developed around it will produce outcomes. When it concerns altering the one part of your body that you never ever believed would certainly boost or grow, it’s never been simpler.
The Penomet pump has actually come to be a market leader in the field of penis enhancement. It is an excellent alternative to surgery or conventional air pumps.
WHAT IS THE PENOMET PENIS PUMP?
The Penomet pump is a cutting edge tool. Due to the fact that it is basic and effective, it has controlled the marketplace considering that it was first released. This Hydropump has actually developed itself as a major contender for the most efficient penis enhancement service available on the marketplace today, outmatching both traditional vacuum penis pumps as well as surgical procedure.
The Penomet pump, which was made by professionals and has been used by a lot of individuals, is unique, comfortable, and risk-free.
The pump’s success can be credited to its special style and compatible gaiters, which allow customers to regulate the pressure that is put on the penis as well as get the outcomes they want.
Even though all it takes is 15 minutes a day for a minimum of one month to get as much as 3 inches in size as well as a 30% boost in girth, outcomes are visible after each pumping session.
There are lots of benefits to using the Penomet pump. It improves self-worth, treats Peyronie’s condition signs and symptoms, increases sexual stamina, and also avoids premature climaxing and also impotence, among other points.
How Much Is A Penile Pump
AN AWARD-WINNING ITEM.
Penomet’s developers have quickly developed an online reputation that is incontestable. A peek at the Penomet website shows that the firm has made a lot of accomplishments in a short time. This reveals that their water-based device is as efficient as they declare to be.
The Penomet pump won two 2013 Venus Honors: “Ideal Brand-new Male Enhancement Device” as well as “Finest New Item”. As important as awards are, what matters most is the effectiveness of the item and also the satisfaction of the clients, two variables that have been in excellent harmony given that Penomet’s inception.
HOW DOES PENOMET WORK?
Penomet has been shown scientifically to enhance the penis dimension by approximately 3 inches in size and as much as 30% in girth. These claims are supported by several scientific researches and also endless customer endorsements. Penomet is a revolutionary pump not just because of exactly how well it works, yet likewise because of just how simple it is to use.
Conventional air air pump press and expand air in a non-uniform means, which triggers unequal and excruciating penis enlargement. On the other hand, the Penomet pump is a water-based tool that permits a comfortable increasing the size of treatment with completely balanced volume and also pressure dispersion within the cyndrical tube’s body. Penomet is a painless, comfy, and also straightforward device to utilize.
Since the cylinder can be connected to five flexible gaiters, the user can slowly raise or lower the device’s pressure. Regulating and handling employed stress can boost results by approximately 65%. The designers of the Penomet advise 15 minutes of use per day, which can easily be achieved while showering or bathroom.
HOW TO USAGE PENOMET?
For those that have never ever utilized a penis pump before, the Penomet is exceptionally straightforward to make use of and also recognize. The pump includes extensive guidelines that can additionally be found on the business’s main site.
Guy can additionally discover more concerning the gadget as well as how it functions by seeing tutorials. Penomet’s mission is to assist people obtain the most effective outcomes feasible with the least amount of time and also effort.
The very best means to utilize the pump is to adhere to the actions below:.
The very best technique is to begin with the most affordable gaiter setting. Commonly, this is the purple-colored 60 gaiter. If this gaiter does not function, just carry on to the next one.
Attach the gaiter of your selection to the main cylinder of the Penomet. This is the section of the pump that really does all the compression and also development.
Place the key cylinder of the Penomet over your penis. Guarantee that it is completely put as well as delicately pump it to ensure that it is completely secured. The Penomet is suitable for use anywhere, but is most often made use of in the bath or shower.
After the pump has been connected, it is time to start pumping. Pump the tool every few mins, pausing briefly for leisure. Perform this treatment for 15 to 20 mins to make certain the tool works properly.
To remove the device and view your results, press the valve at the end of the cyndrical tube and pull it off.
As straightforward to make use of as the Penomet pump is, it offers much more than satisfies the eye. Unlike its rivals, this hydro pump can be made use of in the shower, bathtub, or in the traditional manner. The penis pump produces an ideal vacuum that constantly gives the best outcomes thanks to its revolutionary AquaPressure system.
How Much Is A Penile Pump
As a result of the pump cyndrical tube’s high-grade polycarbonate plastic building, it is almost undestroyable. The gaiters, on the other hand, are made from medical-grade silicone. The Penomet pump has an accurate measurement range and also a 360-degree stress launch shutoff that makes it easy for males to utilize.
CERTIFICATES.
The creators of Penomet were not pleased with producing one of the globe’s best-selling items; they desired to place it to the test and also have it formally accredited by a number of reputable global as well as European organizations. These companies did tests and also located that the penis pump satisfied the finest quality standards.
Penomet is the only penis pump on the market that carries the CE Mark, accrediting that it follows European Union regulations. The penis pump is SGS-certified, which means it is free of contaminants as well as doesn’t consist of any type of prohibited or restricted chemicals.
WHAT MAKES PENOMET SO DIFFERENT?
The Penomet pump is much better than all various other options in terms of effectiveness and results, as well as safety and security.
Let’s take a look at just how it compares versus the various other most prominent penis enlargement techniques:.
Surgical improvement: There are a myriad of downsides to this technique of penis enhancement. To begin, surgical treatment would set you back at the very least $4000– which’s for a gain of just 0.8 to 1.7 inches, less than half of what Penomet could provide after simply one usage. Worse, surgical augmentation generally causes impotence. Penomet, on the other hand, functions to relieve or get rid of impotence.
Traditional penis pumps: This is the very best alternative on the checklist, yet it falls short of the Penomet in some ways. When you utilize a traditional pump, you take your security into your own hands, as these pumps run via an atmospheric pressure system that can cause blisters as well as blood vessel ruptureds. In addition, the results can take anywhere between 6 months and also several years to take place.
Penis enlargement tablets: Initially look, pills may appear to be a risk-free choice, but they are the absolute worst. On top of that, scientific examinations have actually found dangerous components in male enhancement pills, such as E. coli, lead, and mold, along with the fact that a lot of them are frauds that do not operate at all. You must acquire tablets every month (the cost is unbelievable, and also they do not also function).
Cosmetic enhancement: You can also have your pubic hair cut to make it appear like you have a bigger penis. Your lady will certainly not be tricked, even if it may look like though there is a gain. No alternative exists for Penomet, which offers a real increase in size.
CONSUMER REVIEWS AND COMMENTS.
This penis pump has actually been really well-reviewed by men throughout the world, and also you’ll see that not only does it aid to raise dimension in general, but it additionally makes erections bigger and also harder. You will not get results like that with various other items.
” My sweetheart bought me the Penomet after hearing me grumble about my smaller-than-average penis size various times. She recognized I couldn’t buy it on my own due to the fact that I was too embarrassed, however she still aided me and also supported me with using the pump. Ever since, my penis has expanded 2.4 inches in length and also got an added 1.2 inches in girth. Incredible.”.
Jerome, CA.
” I’ve seen some pretty unbelievable arise from this. I have actually gained over an inch in the last 6 weeks.”.
Jack, United States.
” I purchased the Penomet thinking it was all a joke and a ploy to defraud me, however I was wrong. Due to this incredible pump, I currently have a massive penis. I believe every guy ought to have one.”.
Adam, UK.
HydroMax
They have actually been developed for short-term penis enhancement– even with regular use, the outcomes are not irreversible. For irreversible enhancement we lug a huge selection of special items.
Bathmate HydroMax9 use water stress unlike traditional penis pumps. Thanks to this ingenious modern technology, men can perceive visible growth after only a brief amount of time.
The Bathmate HydroMax9 appropriates for guys that have a maximum of 19 centimeters large penis in the erected state.
How Much Is A Penile Pump
For the pump to be a success, below are our major ideas for usage:.
Fill your tub with water (additionally possible under the shower).
When you are sitting in the tub, hold the Bathmate HydroMax9 under the water to make sure that it can entirely fill.
Still under water, put him on your penis.
Now push the pump against your tummy till a vacuum is developed. You need to have the ability to really feel the stress rise. Do not fret, excess water is drained consistently through the pressure valve in addition to the Bathmate HydroMax9.
Continue to enhance the stress up until say goodbye to water seeps out of the stress shutoff.
If you can not proceed pumping, take a time-out.
If it does not work after the break, it implies that you have actually currently developed the optimal vacuum.
Repeat the workout for concerning 4-5 mins. Each time your penis expands, the water is released from the stress shutoff.
Once again, as quickly as no more pumping is feasible, you have actually gotten to the maximum vacuum.
If the stress is too expensive for you, simply press the stress safety valve at the end of the Bathmate HydroMax 9 as well as the stress will instantly lower.
After around 15 minutes, launch the pressure as well as get rid of the pump from the penis. The training is over.
The Bathmate HydroMax9 need to be used just once daily for 15 mins as well as just a maximum of 3 times a week for the very best results.
There are many advantages to utilizing the Bathmate HydroMax series:.
• Your penis will expand bigger quicker, due to the fact that the water can extend the skin much better.
• The erection obtains more difficult.
• The outcomes are recognizable and recognizable after approx. 15 minutes.
• The orgasm can be escalated.
• The love game with your partner can come to be a lot more extreme.
• Can help with dysfunction.
• Cleansing: Make use of a plaything cleaner or warm water with mild soap.
The Bathmate HydroMax9 has the most up to date innovation to expand your penis with water innovation. It generates 35% more suction power than Bathmate Hercules thanks to its special, freshly made Bellows pumping system that gives you better as well as much faster magnifying. You can read why water penis pumps are far better than air-based penis pumps below.
Gauging range offers you a better introduction and also the new useful and grip-friendly surface makes it much easier to hold. The internal size has actually raised so you can accomplish much more outstanding long.
It is likewise best for guys who wish to take pleasure in the common love or solo masturbation with a couple of added centimeters, however do not intend to go through any kind of clinical or surgical treatment. You will perceive after a short time a considerable rise in density and length. Not only will your penis enlarge by using the pump, you will certainly likewise be able to take pleasure in the excitement of lovemaking a lot more intensely!
How to clean your Bathmate HydroMax9.
After usage it is extremely easy to clean up the Bathmate HydroMax9. Location both the convenience insert and also the penis pump in some soapy water as well as laundry thoroughly.
Rinse every little thing with clear water and then let the penis pump completely dry airborne.
Shop in a dry area away from direct sunshine when the penis pump is not being used.
How Much Is A Penile Pump
The magnifying effect of this penis pumps is not long-term– eventually, your best piece will swell as well as start to go back to its initial size. Also for the irreversible enhancement of your penis there are aids in the erotic industry, however these call for a great deal of patience and routine usage.
Benefit quickly from the effect of a penis pump!
Therefore, penis pumps are an excellent beginning for all males that want to try on a tool for more dimension as well as efficiency. They are additionally a sensible supplement for long-lasting augmentation by a penis enlargement toy.
Extra size, more feeling, even more satisfaction.
Not only do this penis pumps boost the size, quantity as well as period of your erections, they additionally give the most sensitive areas of your penis with more blood, making them even more receptive to the extreme excitement of solo masturbation or lovemaking. With a penis pump you will have the ability to enjoy extreme, memorable climaxes.
Penis pumps are preferred as a result of their performance as well as performance. Simply apologize for lovemaking, possibly two mins from your companion, and pump your arm or leg to the wanted size. Your companion will certainly not hear from your assistant– and also definitely worth their enhanced performance.
By the way, the feeling you will really feel when making use of the pump is not to be detested– drawing out the air is a prickling sensation you do not also need to touch your penis.
Not only you, but likewise your companion will benefit from your penis pump. The magnifying effect of the pump lasts for a few hours, so you will have a lot of time to ruin your partner with your unusually huge and effective ideal piece!
Widely made use of as well as preferred.
Penis pumps are currently utilized by men around the globe. They have been validated in numerous studies in their effectiveness, as well as are appreciating global popularity. It is precisely as a result of this popularity that a variety of models are being produced, as well as new, cutting-edge penis pumps are being established time after time.
All of the pumps we choose work on the exact same concept– similar to a training tool for any kind of part of the body. First, you wrap your penis closed by donning, and after that eliminate the air from the enclosed area by pumping it until a vacuum cleaner is developed. The resulting vacuum cleaner enhances the blood supply to your arm or leg, which in turn leads to more dimension, more length and also more sensitivity.
How Much Is A Penile Pump
Detailed information on the materials used and the unique functions of the individual penis pumps can be found in the particular product descriptions.
I would recommendations you to choose the HydroMax5 if your penis is 5 inches or smaller, you can learn more regarding the most effective little penis pumps and why they may be the far better alternative for you.
If any kind of questions continue to be unanswered, or if you need aid selecting a pump that is ideal for your requirements as well as objectives, feel free to contact us today.
You’re getting a good quality pump for a great rate and it’s not that far behind in regards to power compared to the leading 2 finest penis pumps. |
13 Apr️️
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The much awaited and long overdue Olympus OM-D E-M5 Mark III is finally launched today, and thanks to Olympus Malaysia I have had a loaner to shoot with for the past almost 2 weeks. The E-M5 Mark III is a huge upgrade from the previous E-M5 Mark II, with overall performance and feature set matching the flagship camera E-M1 Mark II. The E-M5 Mark III has similar 20MP image sensor, Truepic VIII engine, 5-Axis IS capability, AF performance and video shooting features from the E-M1 mark II. In this article, I am exploring what the E-M5 Mark III can do when it comes to various shooting environment.
Here is a video review (click here) I have done for Olympus OM-D E-M5 Mark III on YouTube! Yay, Robin Wong finally reviews cameras on YouTube!
Before diving too deep, here are some important disclaimers. I am an Olympus Visionary, an ambassador to Olympus brand. The Olympus OM-D E-M5 Mark III was a loaner from Olympus Malaysia and will be returned shortly after this review. Olympus Malaysia did not ask me to do a review, so this review blog article and the video review on YouTube were made because I genuinely wanted to. This is not a technical review, there will be no graphs, charts or comparisons. This is a user experience based review, I will be sharing lots of sample images shot with the Olympus E-M5 Mark III during the course of my testing period, and from the images I shall be drawing my conclusions on how the camera performed. For this article (and this video) I will only be discussing the stills shooting capability of the E-M5 Mark III. I have a separate article and video to explore the video/movie recording of E-M5 Mark III, which will be published several days from now. All images in this blog entry were shot in RAW, and minor post-processing (exposure compensation, contrast tweak, small white balance adjustments) were performed via Olympus Workspace.).
LOOK AND FEEL IN HAND
I love the design of the E-M5 Mark III, I think the vintage OM SLR look that Olympus was clearly going for worked well to add that nostalgia yet sleek appearance to the E-M5 Mark III. The labeling on the camera is now much cleaner, with omission of Fn labels (Fn1, Fn2, etc). The position of the command dials and shutter button were good, with no awkwardness when holding the camera and operating it. I like how there is now a dedicated ISO button at such an auspicious location, just above the thumb rest area, that is a definite plus point for E-M5 Mark III. For those who may not like the position of the power switch all the way at the other side of the camera, you may customize the camera to remap the power switch to the function 1/2 switch which is located immediately to the right of the electronic viewfinder. I like the silver version of the camera better than the black one.
The hand-gripping area has been improved significantly, feeling much beefier and there is more substantial part for fingers to grip onto. The thumb hook is also wider and curvier, allowing the thumb to rest securely. The handling of the camera is excellent, and Olympus spent a lot of time studying and perfecting the ergonomics of E-M5 Mark III. Initially I anticipated difficulty using much larger and heavier lenses like the M.Zuiko 300mm F4 PRO, butI was proved wrong. I used that lens in two long period shooting sessions, one for a tennis tournament and another out in the wild for birding. In both scenarios I never felt any strain on my wrists or any other part of the body, and the shooting experience handling the E-M5 Mark III was comfortable with no fuss to report about. However, if you do intend to use longer lenses (such as 40-150mm PRO and 300mm PRO) I strongly suggest getting the external camera grip, ECG-5. Olympus did not provide me with one to try this time.
My ultimate torture for E-M5 Mark III's handling was shooting insect macro. In case you are not familiar with my insect macro technique, you may refer to my previous blog entry here (click). I held the camera and macro lens with my right and, and the external flash fired wirelessly on my left hand. Shooting close up with high magnification was not easy, especially so when done single-handedly. The E-M5 Mark III passed with flying colors, and the fact that it was lighter helped the hand-holding. The grip was comfortable and I never felt once that the camera was slipping off my fingers.
The E-M5 Mark III felt incredibly light, almost 60g lighter than the previous E-M5 Mark II, and surely significantly lighter than my main workhorse, the E-M1 Mark II. The light-weight feel and the much smaller form factor was a joy to use, especially pairing the E-M5 Mark III with smaller prime lenses, such as M.Zuiko 45mm F1.8, 25mm F1.8 and 17mm F1.8. I did shoot on the street with these combinations and I immediately fell in love with the E-M5 Mark III, and I think I will make it my default street shooting machine, once the camera is available on sale.
60mm, F11, 1/160, ISO200, Wireless Flash
60mm, F13, 1/200, ISO200, Wireless Flash
Crop from previous image
60mm, F9, 1/160, ISO200, Wireless Flash
60mm, F4, 1/40, ISO200, Wireless Flash
60mm, F9, 1/160, ISO200, Wireless Flash
60mm, F5, 1/50, ISO400, Wireless Flash
IMAGE QUALITY
There is nothing new to talk about when it comes to image quality. The output from the E-M5 Mark III is exactly the same as what is expected from E-M1 Mark II and E-M1X, and both cameras have been well tested, reviewed and documented over the past few years. During my shooting experience using the E-M5 Mark III I did not find any surprises when it comes to image quality.
Having similar image quality with the 20MP image sensor and Truepic VIII processor engine (same from E-M1 Mark II) is not necessarily a bad thing, in fact I am still perfectly happy with what my E-M1 Mark II delivers. I shoot professionally with my E-M1 Mark II, and having the exact same image output in the new E-M5 Mark III is a huge welcome. I know some people may be expecting some upgrades or improvements when it comes to image quality, but to be entirely honest, I never felt the lack of dynamic range even in harshest shooting conditions, or that the high ISO was limiting my shooting possibilities. My shots I have been delivering to my clients, they were all happy and no one ever complained that the image quality was not sufficient.
As predicted, for a 20MP image sensor, Olympus managed to squeeze out as much as they can and per pixel sharpness was well optimized. Using Olympus M.Zuiko lenses, the sharpness of the images was quite impressive and certainly the level of details captured was more than sufficient for my shooting purposes and needs. By default, for a small image sensor size, the Micro Four Thirds sensor in E-M1 Mark II can churn out close to 13 EV stops of dynamic range, as reported by DXOMark site. While this is not a leader in any modern camera list, it is still respectable. I have always loved Olympus colors, and the E-M5 Mark III renders very realistic and life-like looking colors, with pleasant skin tones and natural overall look.
Looking at the JPEG files, I felt that Olympus did small improvement over the previous cameras, though not reported. The files look a little smoother with less artifacts. Olympus is known to oversharpen their images a little to a point that we get some sharpening artifacts as we pixel peep the images. I find almost no traces of artifacting from the JPEG files I have obtained from the E-M5 Mark III. Also, the default JPEG engine balances harsh lighting condition very well, with gentle highlight roll offs and pulling good amount of details from the shadow regions.
45mm, F1.2, 1/4000, ISO200
45mm, F1.2, 1/5000, ISO200
45mm, F1.2, 1/1000, ISO200
Crop from previous image
45mm, F1.2, 1/2500, ISO200
45mm, F3.5, 1/1250, ISO640
45mm, F1.2, 1/400, ISO200
45mm, F1.2, 1/200, ISO200
ELECTRONIC VIEWFINDER
Perhaps the biggest complain I can hear from some parties, would be the low resolution and smaller size EVF (in comparison to many other cameras in 2019). In comparison to the largest EVF Olympus has at the moment in E-M1X being 1.65x magnification, the E-M5 Mark III's EVF has only 1.37 magnification. Also the 2.36 Million dot LCD panel is nothing to write home about. At least on paper, Olympus seems to be losing out in the EVF game.
However, may I direct you to a few other aspects of what makes a great viewfinder. It is not just the game of size and resolution. The experience of using a viewfinder also needs to take into account the responsiveness, the smoothness of view when moving the camera around (panning) and more importantly, will the EVF slow down and lag in very dim lighting environment. I have tried some of the "higher resolution EVF with bigger magnification" from other camera brands, they don't get everything right either. Either the EVF lags horribly in low light, or the refresh rate was not fast enough that the view jerks and lags as the camera moves around and another worse problem I should have probably pointed out earlier - POOR color accuracy! Yes, some of the other cameras, the EVF panel has terrible colors!
E-M5 Mark III may trail behind in terms of size and resolution, but it quickly catches up with minimal lag (response time of 10ms), high refresh rate 120fps for smoother viewing when camera is moved around and the color was almost what you see is what you get. I used the E-M5 Mark III to shoot a tennis tournament, and believe me that the EVF was such a joy to use, being super responsive and lag-free, allowing me to follow the tennis players around and get high hit rates.
AUTOFOCUS
AF is nothing new to dissect for E-M5 Mark III, having the same AF algorithm and performance as expected from E-M1 Mark II, which is a huge advantage if you ask me. I am extremely happy with what the E-M1 Mark II can do when it comes to AF, both in Single-AF (that I use like 99% of the time) and Continuous-AF. I rarely used C-AF, but I did rely on it when I shot sports events such as MMA and Muay Thai fights.
The S-AF was super fast and reliable, I think at this point in 2019, you don't get bad AF from any camera anymore. The AF on Olympus cameras since E-M5/E-M1 has always been blazing fast and super reliable. If you cannot get the shots, it is not the camera's fault really.
Last week there was a tennis tournament happening in Malaysia, the ITF Junior Circuit Selangor 2019, and it was open to public. I went to the courts with the E-M5 Mark III and M.Zuiko 300mm F4 PRO attached, and got some tennis action shots. I set the camera to C-AF and activated the cluster AF area to allow the camera to automatically find and track the moving tennis players. The C-AF worked so well that all I had to do was to make sure the tennis player was within my frame and I clicked the shutter button at the right moments. The C-AF capability of the E-M5 Mark III is best demonstrated in the video I have shot. I came home with extremely high hit rates!
300mm, F4, 1/1000, ISO800
300mm, F4, 1/1250, ISO800
300mm, F4, 1/2000, ISO800
300mm, F4, 1/1250, ISO1250
300mm, F4, 1/1600, ISO800
300mm, F4, 1/2500, ISO800
300mm, F4, 1/1600, ISO1250
300mm, F4, 1/1600, ISO1000
300mm, F4, 1/2500, ISO800
150mm, F4, 1/2500, ISO500
LOW LIGHT SHOOTING
I brought the E-M5 Mark III and did some night street shooting with it. I cranked up the ISO numbers, hoping to be surprised by any improvements, but after rigorous testing (spending many hours) I came to the conclusion that the high ISO performance was exactly the same as what the E-M1 Mark II can do. It is however, a huge step up from E-M5 Mark II. I can confidently shoot at ISO3200 and was fine with noise structure captured within the image, and will not hesitate to go up to ISO6400 if necessary. Do not, I repeat, DO NOT underexpose your images shooting with Olympus cameras, and you should be fine.
AF works in very dark situation, I have no issue focusing as long as there were lines, texture or something for the camera to lock focus on. Perhaps, to circumvent the shortcomings of the smaller sized sensor of Micro Four Thirds, is to take full advantage of the 5-Axis Image Stabilization.
5-AXIS IMAGE STABILIZATION
Olympus claimed the 5-Axis IS image sensor based stabilization has 5.5 stops EV effectiveness, and I am not surprised if it is the exact same one used in the E-M1 Mark II which also has 5.5 EV stops effectiveness. I verified the image stabilization effectiveness by shooting incredibly long shutter speed hand-held images. I can shoot confidently, again and again at almost 100% success rate, about 5 seconds long exposure, with no aid and not leaning or bracing my body against anything. This was using non stabilized lenses, such as the M.Zuiko 7-14mm PRO lens, or the 12mm F2 lens. With a stabilized lens, such as 12-100mm PRO lens, activating the 5-Axis Sync IS, I could go as slow as 15 seconds, but that was maybe about 20-30% success rate.
I think I have spoken in length about the advantages of 5-Axis IS from Olympus and I won't repeat myself here.
BATTERY LIFE
Perhaps, the biggest compromise Olympus did with the E-M5 Mark III's design, was the decision to downgrade the battery from BLN-1 to BLS-50. Now that I am shooting with E-M1 Mark II as my workhorse, which has a larger capacity battery BLH-1, and as a bonus, accurate remaining battery percentage indicator, the smaller battery in the E-M5 Mark III did not inspire much confidence. I got away with 1500 shots shooting tennis (in about 3-4 hours session), but that was mostly burst sequential shooting at 10FPS. For a bird shooting session, in about 4 hours long, I killed the battery of E-M5 Mark III's single charge after about 500 shots. The E-M1 Mark II could easily give me double of the shots I can get from the E-M5 Mark III.
28mm, F4, 1/2, ISO200
25mm, F8, 1, ISO200
12mm, F5.6, 3.2, ISO200
Crop from previous image
12mm, F13, 15, ISO200
Crop from previous image
100mm, F8, 4, ISO200
25mm, F5.6, 1/25, ISO6400
100mm, F4, 1/8, ISO1600
100mm, F4, 1/16, ISO3200
100mm, F4, 1/32, ISO6400
100mm, F4, 1/64, ISO12800
7mm, F4.5, 1/2, ISO200
100mm, F4, 1/25, ISO5000
LCD SCREEN
The camera backscreen is another one of my complains. I wish the size is bigger, and we have more resolution, at least close to what we get from our smartphones. We can certainly do away with some of the buttons at the back of the camera to make way for a larger LCD screen, with higher resolution so we can be more sure when the review the images for critical focus accuracy. Some of the control buttons can be replaced by smart touch operations and gestures, it is 2019, we should be making the camera a little smarter now. I also do not like the fact that Olympus uses single touch operation on the LCD screen, this single touch panel has been the same and around since E-P3 in 2011? Gosh, can we get a multi-touch panel already, I want to be able to at least pinch to zoom when I review my images!
MENU CUSTOMIZATION
I am not a fan of the deep labyrinth-like menu system, and to get to some crucial settings, I need to do deep diving into the never-ending menu. Olympus did compromise with a viable solution to this, they created a fully customizable menu that we can easily build on our own, for ourselves, personalized for our own needs, when they introduced MyMenu in E-M1X. I was hoping we get MyMenu in E-M5 Mark III, but that did not happen unfortunately. I really wish Olympus reworked their menu for simpler navigation to important features and functions (for example, there is no shortcut to live view boost, or Pro Capture mode settings) or just give us that MyMenu, which will solve this issue!
OLYMPUS SPECIFIC FEATURES
There is a plethora of Olympus dedicated shooting features, some can be extremely beneficial in certain shooting situations, such as Live Time/Composite, Pro Capture Mode (slower at 30FPS compared to 60FPS in E-M1X/E-M1 Mark II), Fisheye Correction, Focus Stacking, Keystone Compensation and 50MP High Res Mode. I did not test any of these features for this particular review, because these features are not new to Olympus, some of them have been around for years and I have covered them previously in other camera reviews. Let's not drag on this review article too long. I am not aware of any new features being added to the E-M5 Mark III.
300mm, F4, 1/80, ISO200
300mm, F4, 1/50, ISO200
300mm, F4, 1/100, ISO320
300mm, F4, 1/100, ISO200
420mm, F7.1, 1/100, ISO200
300mm, F4, 1/60, ISO200
300mm, F4, 1/60, ISO200
300mm, F4, 1/250, ISO400
THERE I SHOT A BIRD IN FLIGHT!!!!!! DON'T SAY I DIDN'T DO IT
300mm, F4, 1/1250, ISO400
300mm, F4, 1/1250, ISO400
All in all, the E-M5 Mark III is a camera that I think anyone can fall in love with. I did. I enjoyed the camera tremendously in each and every session I was shooting with.
Olympus got a lot right with E-M5 Mark III. Featuring the best image sensor and processor they have at the moment, with all the best features and capabilities from the flagship cameras, fitting all into a much smaller and lighter camera body with almost no compromise, I believe the E-M5 Mark III represents what a true Micro Four Thirds camera stands for. The lighter weight opens up a lot more opportunities, and is a perfect fit with the tiny prime lenses. There is very little to complain about the E-M5 Mark III, it has the best image quality for Micro Four Thirds camera (alongside flagships E-M1 Mark II/E-M1X), most capable AF and a plethora of other fantastic shooting features, to me, Olympus has a real winner in their hands. The camera just works, it delivers fantastic image quality and can perform in even the most severe shooting conditions (weather-sealing). Though the E-M5 Mark III did not break any grounds, it houses the best of what Olympus currently has to offer, in a truly compact form factor that a Micro Four Thirds camera should be.
The compromise of plastic body build will be the main focus when other reviewers talk about this camera, but I feel the compromise was justified seeing how the camera is being made to be so light, yet so comfortable to hold and use. The plastic build did not feel cheap at all, in fact the build quality was excellent, and I felt confident using the camera. The smaller EVF may look bad on paper but after using it for more than a week in multiple shooting scenarios, the fast response, accurate colors and smoothness of the EVF made up for the lack in size and resolution. The battery life was not as good as I have hoped for, but I guess we cannot have everything in a camera, and it does not hurt to carry a few more spares. Besides these few minor complains, there really is nothing more to write about the negative points of the E-M5 Mark III.
I know I did not mention anything about video shooting capability here, but I will get to that in another article and video, very, very soon. Stay tuned for that! This is not the end.
If you want to see more sample photographs from my testing sessions, please visit the online album here (click).
If you want to see more sample photographs from my testing sessions, please visit the online album here (click).
If you have any questions about the Olympus OM-D E-M5 Mark III, please leave them in the comments below. I will get back to you soonest possible.
Olympus OM-D E-M5 Mark III is available from B&H here (click)
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Thanks for the review, Robin..looks good to me as far as the improvements go/ keeping up with the current available tech and features from higher end models. Hope it makes those eagerly waiting long for this OMD5 series release happy as well :)
Thanks for the kind words, Ramesh!
Thank you Robin for this review! You provided all the info I needed, and the adequate opinion!
Thanks Marcus, I always do my best!
Hi Robin,
Does the new camera support Hi-res, focus stacking or the ProCapture modes as in the E-M1 mark II? Also, does it support tethered shooting?
As mentioned in the article, yes there is 50MP high res mode, Pro Capture and Focus Stacking. No tethered shooting.
Fantastic review!
Thanks Aaron!
Thanks for the review, Robin. Is it worth to upgrade to EM5 Mark III if I already owned a PEN F ? (I do not require weather sealed feature).
Depends on what you shoot really. If you do video, lots of moving subjects, then the E-M5 Mark III makes sense.
Great review.. Having been waiting for this! This model is a good tribute for its 100 yr anniversary celebration. I would have loved to see a TP ix processor inside seeing how TP viii almost 3 years old.
Thanks for the kind words, indeed it is a good tribute!
Thanks, Robin. I've been waiting for the release of the MkIII for some time. Looks like it fits the profile that I need at this stage of my life.
Glad to know the E-M5 Mark III fits you!
Interesting new camera, even though not much of it is really new, and not everything better, either. Still it seems very much like an E-M1 II in the small package of an E-M5, and I think there wasn't something as fully-featured in such a small body anywhere before. Surely an attractive main/only camera for many, and a welcome second body for some who already might have an E-M1 II or E-M1X.
One question which I didn't find answered anywhere yet, nor in your review: does the AF also drive Four Thirds DSLR lenses like the E-M1 II does? As the sensor with its PDAF feature is the same, one should think so, but as even Olympus' press text doesn't mention it, we just cannot be completely sure at this point.
The AF with DSLR lenses from Olympus has the exact same performance as with on E-M1 Mark II. The AF is identical.
Thanks for the great review Robin. I still shoot an M1 and this one give me incentive to move up to the MK-II, but not the MK-III. Plastic, short battery life are 2 killers for me. At first sight I thought maybe I'd like to move up to the MK-III. I could get along with a plastic body as I have thousands of hours and shots on my plastic body 6-45 film camera, but I don't need to rely on a battery on my film cameras.
Sure, if the construction and battery life are important, then E-M1 Mark II is a better solution. Better to have options!
Is plastic construction in fact any less robust than metal? My understanding is that, for example in lens mounts (which people make a big fuss about) plastic mounts are just as long-lasting. After all, many structural elements of modern jet passenger aircraft are made of plastic.
Plastic lens mounts just scream "cheap!" and "cost cutting!". But I read that plastic bodies (though cheap sounding) are actually quite durable. You can drop the camera and the plastic won't dent like metal. However, you cannot beat the tactile feel of a metal body!
Hi Robin,
Very interesting review - I'll certainly think of the EM5 mkIII when looking to upgrade my em10 to go alongside my em1 mkII
I have a question about one of your general comments - you mention to never underexpose on Oly cameras, would you mind expanding a bit on this? I sometimes deliberately underexpose to avoid blowout knowing it's often easier to lift the exposure in PP. I'm wondering what I might be losing out on by doing this.
I mentioned never underexpose HIGH ISO images, because the shadow area will be the part where the noise level is worse.
Ah I see, thanks, that makes sense!
the good news for em10 upgraders is that you can save your batteries, apparently the em5 mk iii uses the same battery as the em10 I II and III
Informative review, the best I've seen so far. Agree with you that this camera represents how MFT can stand on its own against "better" larger sensor cameras. It's beautiful without compromising ergonomics, a rarity in the industry. I applaud Olympus efforts to streamline the lineup, eg equivalent button layout of the E-M1. Yes, there are few hiccups, eg mUSB port.
I also agree with your complaints, eg the dinosaur-like touch screen. They must contract a user interface specialist right now in order to sort out that needlessly complex menu.
The missing headphone jack is inexcusable.
All in all, if I'd buy a MFT camera right now, it'd be this one.
Thanks Emerson, Olympus ALMOST nailed this one... it is almost perfect!
Thanks for the great review robin! One question, the price of this new em5 mkIII will be nearly the same with em1 mk11...i was previously an early adopter of em5 mk1...which one should i buy now?
It's more a matter of which body style suits you, as otherwise they are much the same. If you want a good grip and more pro-oriented body with considerable battery life, then EM1.2; and if you can live with short battery life, but want a compact body then EM5 iii
Hi Amir, it all depends on your shooting needs, if you do a lot more video work and you are a content creator rather than a professional photographer, then the E-M5 Mark III is definitely a better option!
Thanks for the thorough review. Nobody else has mentioned the on/off switch remapping - the placement was my only complaint about the E-M5 II. Knowing that would have made me wake up even earlier this morning to pre-order!
Olympus allowed the remapping since E-M1 Mark II, it is also available in the E-M1X!
Thanks Robin, for your enthusiastic and informative review! I was wondering if it was possible to power the camera from an external charger, if the battery has died. Or do you have to charge the battery before you can use the camera?
You have to charge the battery before you can use the camera.
Great message, thank you very much
Thanks
Thank you for wonderful review!
Currently use Olypmpus OM-D E-M10 Mark III for almost a year now, and been thinking of upgrading/"getting second" camera for a while. Your review confirms that it is a perfect match for me as hobby photographer. I do not need all E-M1 or E-M1X(PRO) feature, and prefer that it is still light to carry it with me everyday (only 4 gram heavier than E-M10).
Thanks again! :)
The E-M5 Mark III is a mini E-M1 Mark II! Get the camera that suits your needs!
Thanks, Robin, for your quick and informative hands-on prelim review of the new E-M5 Mk 3. Just looking at your tennis shots, I was wondering if you had a chance to try out the new Pro Capture mode on this camera? A few of the action shots could have just missed by a split second the 'decisive moment'?
While the pro capture works great but it isn't suitable for long period shooting. While pro capture is activated the frame rate on EVF/Live view drops, so the view is not smooth and choppy. I'd rather have smooth operation and EVF viewing experience.
Thank you Robin for your always informative reviews! The autofocus of the E-M1 II became better with the update 3.00. Is the E-M5 III already on that level or is her performance like before that update?
The E-M5 Mark III has that exact same AF algorithm.
Cool, thanks!
I had a chance to handle it a couple of weeks ago at the Olympus Plaza showroom in Shinjuku, Tokyo.
Yes, it is obviously plastic from just looking at it and feeling it in the hands. Whether you like that or not is a personal choice. I am sort of undecided about that, but if you want what the E-M5 III has then it is what it is. :-) It still felt rather dense and well made. Generally I have found that Fuji cameras feel less dense.
It was no surprise, but I am still disappointed that it has the tilt/swivel rear screen rather than the tilt style of my E-M5, E-M10 II, and E-M10. My PEN-F has the tilt/swivel type and for my shooting I dislike it a lot so I never use it.
The body with a slightly larger grip means that I can get by without an accessory grip. I pretty much only use the ECG-3 grip on my E-M10 II when I have the 14-150mm II or 75-300mm mounted and do not use the grip with smaller lenses such as 9-18mm, 14mm, 20mm, 25mmm, and 45mm. Having one less thing I have to carry and keep track of while traveling is attractive.
I still do not know if Olympus has finally addressed the slow wakeup/startup of all my other Olympus bodies (PEN-F, E-M10 II, E-M10, E-M5). It would be great if it was finally under 1 second, but 0.5 seconds or so would be much better. The various Canon and Sony DSLRs that I used years ago were generally in the 0.1 to 0.3 second range. Do you know how fast the wakeup from sleep mode is on the E-M5 III?
It's been more than a month since the review, but there's still no words on its availability nor its price.
So, how ah ...?
* in Malaysia
Great review, Robin. I read this blog post after watching your YouTube review, and what a difference in photo quality! The images just pop in your blog. I have a few comments:
- In your other video about getting sharper images, you urge using a high enough shutter speed and to "not rely" on image stabilization. But this blog post shows you leveraging the IBIS to lower the ISO and use very slow shutter speeds.
- I notice that, while you use astonishingly slow shutter speeds for landscapes, your people shots are at least 1/25s or higher. Is it because slow shutters don't work well for people, as they tend to move slightly? I've gotten less-than-satisfying shots too when trying slow shutters on people.
- Do you use Auto ISO much, or do you prefer to set your own ISO? I use Auto ISO, but I've noticed the camera seems to prefer upping the ISO and using a higher shutter speed. Maybe that's why I can never get my images as clear and crisp as yours!
Robin, please consider doing a YouTube video on the advantages of the EM5 iii having CROSS-TYPE focus points. I think very few people realise that Olympus is perhaps the only company offering this on their mirrorless cameras, and that it makes the AF responsive to both horizontal and vertical lines
Hi ROBIN
Do you have any such feature on OMD M5 MARKII.
KINDLY GIVE LINK
Hi, I'm shooting the original E-M1. Is the E-M5 III a good upgrade path? I can get one used for $749 equivalent and I am thinking it is a good deal to replace both my E-M1 and my original X100 Fuji. |
Diarrhea
Subject Areas on Research
- A childlike presentation?
- A patient with chronic diarrhea of unknown cause.
- A phase II study of docetaxel-irinotecan combination in advanced pancreatic cancer.
- A pressing situation.
- A randomized controlled trial of household-based flocculant-disinfectant drinking water treatment for diarrhea prevention in rural Guatemala.
- A randomized phase II study of lapatinib + pazopanib versus lapatinib in patients with HER2+ inflammatory breast cancer.
- A slow disengagement from platinum-based chemotherapy for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
- A two-year study of bacterial, viral, and parasitic agents associated with diarrhea in rural Bangladesh.
- A very low-carbohydrate diet improves symptoms and quality of life in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.
- AIDS-associated diarrhea and wasting in Northeast Brazil is associated with subtherapeutic plasma levels of antiretroviral medications and with both bovine and human subtypes of Cryptosporidium parvum.
- Acrodermatitis enteropathica-like eruption and food allergy.
- Acute infectious diarrhea.
- Adjuvant Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab in Early HER2-Positive Breast Cancer.
- Adverse events in trials of licensed drugs for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation or diarrhea: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
- American College of Gastroenterology Monograph on Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome.
- An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infection following exposure to a contaminated building.
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Shigella spp. in San Diego, California, USA, 2017-2020.
- Antimotility agents for the treatment of acute noninfectious diarrhea in critically ill patients: A practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma.
- Applicability of the reported prevalence of bile salt malabsorption in irritable bowel.
- Application of rejection criteria for stool ovum and parasite examinations.
- Argatroban anticoagulant therapy in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
- Assessment of Long-Term Bowel Symptoms After Segmental Resection of Deeply Infiltrating Endometriosis: A Matched Cohort Study.
- Associated symptoms in the ten days before diagnosis of Kawasaki disease.
- Bacterial indicators of risk of diarrhoeal disease from drinking-water in the Philippines.
- Bacteriotherapy for clostridium difficile colitis.
- Basic fibroblast growth factor among children with diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome.
- Bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, and capecitabine with radiation therapy in rectal cancer: Phase I trial results.
- Biochemical Tests for Bile Acid Diarrhea: Real-World Studies Required.
- Blurred Lines: Dysbiosis and Probiotics in the ICU.
- Body temperature is a poor predictor of malaria parasitaemia in children with acute diarrhoea.
- Bowel function, sexual function, and symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse in women with and without urinary incontinence.
- Brincidofovir for Asymptomatic Adenovirus Viremia in Pediatric and Adult Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Phase II Trial.
- British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of irritable bowel syndrome.
- Campylobacter enteritis.
- Campylobacter enteritis: clinical and epidemiologic features.
- Capecitabine, bevacizumab, and mitomycin in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: results of the Australasian Gastrointestinal Trials Group Randomized Phase III MAX Study.
- Case report: chylous ascites and carcinoid tumors: possible association of two rare disorders.
- Cases from the Osler Medical Service at Johns Hopkins University.
- Characteristics of functional bowel disorder patients: a cross-sectional survey using the Rome III criteria.
- Characteristics of primary care and rates of pediatric hospitalizations in Brazil.
- Characteristics of, and natural history among, individuals with Rome IV functional bowel disorders.
- Clinical and immunologic significance of cholera-like toxin and cytotoxin production by Campylobacter species in patients with acute inflammatory diarrhea in the USA.
- Clinical outcomes of patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors: safety and efficacy in a worldwide treatment-use trial of sunitinib.
- Clinical practice. Acute infectious diarrhea.
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- Comparative effects of vivax malaria, fever, and diarrhea on child growth
- Comparing serologic response against enteric pathogens with reported diarrhea to assess the impact of improved household drinking water quality.
- Comparison of the Rome IV criteria with the Rome III criteria for the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in secondary care.
- Control of diarrhoeal diseases.
- Criterion-related validity of a diarrhea questionnaire in HIV-infected patients.
- Cryptosporidium species, a protean protozoan.
- Cryptosporidium, enterocytozoon, and cyclospora infections in pediatric and adult patients with diarrhea in Tanzania.
- Desensitization to pancreatic enzyme intolerance in a child with cystic fibrosis.
- Detailing of gastrointestinal symptoms in cancer patients with advanced disease: new methodologies, new insights, and a proposed approach.
- Detection of Escherichia coli enterotoxins in stools.
- Developing a scorecard to assess global progress in scaling up diarrhea control tools: a qualitative study of academic leaders and implementers.
- Diagnostic utility of alarm features for colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Diarrhea in a Patient With Combined Kidney-Pancreas Transplant.
- Diarrhea, demography and cell signaling: lessons from microbial toxins.
- Diarrhea.
- Diarrhea: applying research to bedside practice.
- Diarrheal Illness and Healthcare Seeking Behavior among a Population at High Risk for Diarrhea in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Diarrhoea associated with heat-stable enterotoxin-producing strains of Escherichia coli.
- Diarrhoeal disease control: reviews of potential interventions.
- Diarrhoeal disease in Bangladesh: epidemiology, mortality averted and costs at a rural treatment centre.
- Differential Diagnosis of Diarrhea in Patients With Neuroendocrine Tumors.
- Direct observation of hygiene in a Peruvian shantytown: not enough handwashing and too little water.
- Disease due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Bangladeshi adults: clinical aspects and a controlled trial of tetracycline.
- Donepezil for the treatment of language deficits in adults with Down syndrome: a preliminary 24-week open trial.
- Donepezil for treatment of cognitive dysfunction in children with Down syndrome aged 10-17.
- Doxycycline and the traveller.
- Drivers of the reduction in childhood diarrhea mortality 1980-2015 and interventions to eliminate preventable diarrhea deaths by 2030.
- Durvalumab as third-line or later treatment for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (ATLANTIC): an open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study.
- Editorial: Toxigenic turista.
- Editorial: estimating the costs of care in irritable bowel syndrome-a necessary step to enhance value-based care for a high-prevalence, low-cost condition. Authors' reply.
- Editorial: recognising the efficacy of licensed drug therapies for irritable bowel syndrome on bloating-a step in the right direction for targeted treatment? Authors' reply.
- Editorial: subgroups in irritable bowel syndrome-more than just diarrhoea and constipation?
- Editorial: understanding differences in patient response to ondansetron in irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea-are we any closer?
- Editorial: work and activity impairment are important considerations to optimise treatment plans for irritable bowel syndrome. Authors' reply.
- Effect Of A Large-Scale Social Franchising And Telemedicine Program On Childhood Diarrhea And Pneumonia Outcomes In India.
- Effect of antibiotic, probiotic, and human rotavirus infection on colonisation dynamics of defined commensal microbiota in a gnotobiotic pig model.
- Effect of laxatives and pharmacological therapies in chronic idiopathic constipation: systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol of maximum dose simvastatin and atorvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia: results of the Comparative HDL Efficacy and Safety Study (CHESS).
- Effects of Shigella-, Campylobacter- and ETEC-associated diarrhea on childhood growth.
- Efficacy and safety of fidaxomicin compared with oral vancomycin for the treatment of adults with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: data from the OPT-80-003 and OPT-80-004 studies.
- Efficacy and toxicity of doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide maintenance therapy in dogs with multicentric lymphosarcoma.
- Efficacy of Eluxadoline in Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Diarrhea.
- Efficacy of Ondansetron for Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Diarrhea.
- Efficacy of mesalazine in IBS.
- Efficacy of pharmacological therapies in patients with IBS with diarrhoea or mixed stool pattern: systematic review and network meta-analysis.
- Enriched brucella medium for storage and transport of cultures of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni.
- Enteric viruses associated with HIV infection in Tanzanian children with chronic diarrhea.
- Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli: a cause of bacteremia in patients with AIDS.
- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Reovirus-like agent in rural Bangladesh.
- Epidemiologic assessment of the relevance of the so-called enteropathogenic serogroups of Escherichia coli in diarrhea.
- Escherichia coli serotypes and diarrhea.
- Evaluating associations between vaccine response and malnutrition, gut function, and enteric infections in the MAL-ED cohort study: methods and challenges.
- Evaluation of a mosaic HIV-1 vaccine in a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2a clinical trial (APPROACH) and in rhesus monkeys (NHP 13-19).
- Evaluation of a social franchising and telemedicine programme and the care provided for childhood diarrhoea and pneumonia, Bihar, India
- Evolution of the World Health Organization's programmatic actions to control diarrheal diseases.
- Factors associated with the decline in under-five diarrhea mortality in India: a LiST analysis.
- Faecal microbiota transplantation for Clostridium difficile -associated diarrhoea: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.
- Failure to thrive, diarrhea, cough, and oral candidiasis in a three-month-old boy.
- Fecal steroids in diarrhea. II. Travellers' diarrhea.
- Fidaxomicin for treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and its potential role for prophylaxis.
- Fluorescent-antibody test for detection of Clostridium difficile in stool specimens.
- From Rwanda to Wisconsin: the global relevance of diarrhoeal diseases.
- Functional bowel and anorectal disorders in patients with pelvic organ prolapse and incontinence.
- Functional bowel disorders with diarrhoea: Clinical guidelines of the United European Gastroenterology and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility.
- Gastrointestinal illness on passenger cruise ships.
- Global prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome according to Rome III or IV criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Global progress in the control of diarrheal diseases.
- Glucose and lipid effects of the ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibitor GSK2330672: double-blind randomized trials with type 2 diabetes subjects taking metformin.
- Glucose vs sucrose in oral rehydration solutions for infants and young children with rotavirus-associated diarrhea.
- Glutamine therapy improves outcome of in vitro and in vivo experimental colitis models.
- Gut microbial succession follows acute secretory diarrhea in humans.
- Healthcare associated diarrhea, not Clostridioides difficile.
- High Prevalence of Idiopathic Bile Acid Diarrhea Among Patients With Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome Based on Rome III Criteria.
- High prevalence of malaria parasitemia and anemia among hospitalized children in Rakai, Uganda.
- High-dose doxorubicin, etoposide, and cyclophosphamide with stem cell reinfusion in patients with metastatic or high-risk primary breast cancer. City of Hope Bone Marrow Oncology Team.
- High-dose, single-agent irinotecan as first-line therapy in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.
- Hospitalization for community-acquired, rotavirus-associated diarrhea: a prospective, longitudinal, population-based study during the seasonal outbreak. The Greater Toronto Area/Peel Region PRESI Study Group. Pediatric Rotavirus Epidemiology Study for Immunization.
- Household based treatment of drinking water with flocculant-disinfectant for preventing diarrhoea in areas with turbid source water in rural western Kenya: cluster randomised controlled trial.
- Hyper IgM Syndrome: a Report from the USIDNET Registry.
- Ibrutinib in combination with rituximab in relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma: a single-centre, open-label, phase 2 trial.
- Impact of nutrition and rotavirus infection on the infant gut microbiota in a humanized pig model.
- Inappropriate Clostridium difficile Testing and Consequent Overtreatment and Inaccurate Publicly Reported Metrics.
- Infectious diarrhea in developed and developing countries.
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- Integrated safety profile of selinexor in multiple myeloma: experience from 437 patients enrolled in clinical trials.
- Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for anal malignancies: a preliminary toxicity and disease outcomes analysis.
- Interaction between acute diarrhoea and falciparum malaria in Nigerian children.
- Intestinal parasites and HIV infection in Tanzanian children with chronic diarrhea.
- Irritable bowel syndrome is significantly associated with somatisation in 840 patients, which may drive bloating.
- LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept.
- Laboratory investigation of diarrhea in travelers to Mexico: evaluation of methods for detecting enterotoxigenic Echerichia coli.
- Lack of association between falciparum malaria parasitemia and acute diarrhea in Nigerian children.
- Lapatinib or Trastuzumab Plus Taxane Therapy for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer: Final Results of NCIC CTG MA.31.
- Letter: bile acid diarrhoea is not a rare cause of diarrhoea in secondary care.
- Long-term treatment with ruxolitinib for patients with myelofibrosis: 5-year update from the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 COMFORT-I trial.
- Macroscopic findings, incidence and characteristics of microscopic colitis in a large cohort of patients from the United Kingdom.
- Management of irritable bowel syndrome.
- Managing toxicities of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors.
-.
- Methods of analysis of enteropathogen infection in the MAL-ED Cohort Study.
- Mid-trimester abortion induced by intravaginal administration of prostaglandin E2 suppositories.
- Midtrimester abortion induced by serial intramuscular injections of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha.
- Midtrimester abortion induced by single intra-amniotic instillation of two dose schedules of 15(S)-15-methyl-prostaglandin F2alpha.
- Migalastat improves diarrhea in patients with Fabry disease: clinical-biomarker correlations from the phase 3 FACETS trial.
- Modeling environmental influences on child growth in the MAL-ED cohort study: opportunities and challenges.
- Morbidity and mortality due to shigella and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990-2016.
- Mortality rates in conflict zones in Karen, Karenni, and Mon states in eastern Burma.
- Multicenter, double-blind comparison of sertraline and placebo in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.
- Multinational, double-blind, phase III study of prednisone and either satraplatin or placebo in patients with castrate-refractory prostate cancer progressing after prior chemotherapy: the SPARC trial.
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 manifesting with chronic and persistent diarrhea.
- Multiple relapses of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a cancer patient. Successful control with long-term cholestyramine therapy.
- Multiseptate gallbladder.
- Nonfebrile illness seizures: a unique seizure category?
- Novel pathogenic variants in FOXP3 in fetuses with echogenic bowel and skin desquamation identified by ultrasound.
- Nutritional status, body size and severity of diarrhoea associated with rotavirus or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.
- Obesity in pediatric celiac disease.
- Of Taps and Toilets: Quasi-experimental protocols for evaluating community-demand driven projects
- Ondansetron and irritable bowel syndrome.
- Oral rehydration therapy for treatment of rotavirus diarrhoea in a rural treatment centre in Bangladesh.
- Part III. Analysis of data gaps pertaining to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections in low and medium human development index countries, 1984-2005.
- Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED).
- Pathogenic Escherichia coli in children with and without chronic diarrhea in Tanzania.
- Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus PC22A strain in conventional weaned pigs.
- Patient self-reports of symptoms and clinician ratings as predictors of overall cancer survival.
- Peptide YY: a gut hormone associated with anorexia during infectious diarrhea in children.
- Persistent diarrhea in the returned traveler.
- Persistent diarrhoea in Nigerian children aged less than five years: a hospital-based study.
- ibrutinib and carfilzomib combination therapy for relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma.
- Phase 2 study of erlotinib in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.
- Phase I clinical and plasma and cellular pharmacological study of topotecan without and with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
- Phase I study of 5-day continuous infusion fluorodeoxyuridine and high-dose folinic acid with oral hydroxyurea.
- Phase I trial of pazopanib in patients with advanced cancer.
- Phase I/II study of preoperative oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and external-beam radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B 89901.
- Phase II study of Gleevec plus hydroxyurea in adults with progressive or recurrent low-grade glioma.
- Phase II study of docetaxel in advanced soft tissue sarcomas.
- Phase II trial of 5-fluorouracil plus eniluracil in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group study.
- Phase II trial of uracil and tegafur plus oral leucovorin: an effective oral regimen in the treatment of metastatic colorectal carcinoma.
- Placebo Response Rates in Trials of Licensed Drugs for Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Constipation or Diarrhea: Meta-analysis.
- Postdural puncture headache with abdominal pain and diarrhea.
- Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea.
- Predicting Response to Rifaximin in Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea: Is the Answer Blowing in the Wind?
- Prevalence and significance of inflammatory bowel disease-like morphologic features in collagenous and lymphocytic colitis.
- Prevalence of organic disease at colonoscopy in patients with symptoms compatible with irritable bowel syndrome: cross-sectional survey.
- Prevalence of, and predictors of, bile acid diarrhea in outpatients with chronic diarrhea: A follow-up study.
- Prevalence of, and predictors of, bile acid malabsorption in outpatients with chronic diarrhea.
- Prevention of traveler's diarrhea.
- Probiotic Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 Reduces Depression Scores and Alters Brain Activity: A Pilot Study in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome.
- Protein Malnutrition Alters Tryptophan and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Homeostasis and Adaptive Immune Responses in Human Rotavirus-Infected Gnotobiotic Pigs with Human Infant Fecal Microbiota Transplant.
- Pseudomembranous colitis presenting as mild, chronic diarrhea in childhood.
- Psychosocial factors in the irritable bowel syndrome. A multivariate study of patients and nonpatients with irritable bowel syndrome.
- Public health impacts of ecosystem change in the Brazilian Amazon
- Rapid enteric testing to permit targeted antimicrobial therapy, with and without Lactobacillus reuteri probiotics, for paediatric acute diarrhoeal disease in Botswana: A pilot, randomized, factorial, controlled trial.
- Recommended patient-reported core set of symptoms and quality-of-life domains to measure in ovarian cancer treatment trials.
- Recommended patient-reported core set of symptoms to measure in adult cancer treatment trials.
- Reducing the need for random colonic biopsies in patients with diarrhea.
- Refeeding during recovery from acute diarrhea.
- Resmetirom (MGL-3196) for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial.
- Restoring the Microbiome in Critically Ill Patients: Are Probiotics Our True Friends When We Are Seriously Ill?
- Rifaximin for the treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.
- Rotavirus-associated diarrhea in outpatient settings and child care centers. The Greater Toronto Area/Peel Region PRESI Study Group. Pediatric Rotavirus Epidemiology Study for Immunization.
- Safety and tolerability of veliparib combined with capecitabine plus radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: a phase 1b study.
- Scaling up oral rehydration salts and zinc for the treatment of diarrhoea.
- Sequential clinical and histopathological changes in collagenous and lymphocytic colitis over time.
- Severity of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in solid organ transplant patients.
- Socioecological correlates of clinical signs in two communities of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Gombe National Park, Tanzania.
- Solid-phase microtiter radioimmunoassay blocking test for detection of antibodies to Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin.
- Sotagliflozin in Patients with Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease.
- Species identification and virulence attributes of Saccharomyces boulardii (nom. inval.).
- Stool as a treatment for IBS: more questions than answers?
- Suppository administration of chemotherapeutic drugs with concomitant radiation for rectal cancer.
- Symptom and function profiles of men with localized prostate cancer.
- Symptom outcomes important to women with anal incontinence: a conceptual framework.
- Systematic review with meta-analysis: the prevalence of bile acid malabsorption in the irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea.
- Tackling Infectious Diarrhea in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.
- The Diagnostic Yield of Site and Symptom-Based Biopsies for Acute Gastrointestinal Graft-Versus-Host Disease: A 5-Year Retrospective Review.
- The HIV-positive traveler.
- The MAL-ED study: a multinational and multidisciplinary approach to understand the relationship between enteric pathogens, malnutrition, gut physiology, physical growth, cognitive development, and immune responses in infants and children up to 2 years of age in resource-poor environments.
- The United States National Prospective Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Study: microbiologic, serologic, clinical, and epidemiologic findings.
- The effect of a 10 cm2, 0.5% 15-ME-PGF2alpha methyl ester intravaginal silastic device on abortion and plasma prostaglandin concentration.
- The fall and rise of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonists in irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea.
- The impact of rotavirus gastroenteritis on the family.
- The know-do gap in quality of health care for childhood diarrhea and pneumonia in rural India.
- The magnitude of the global problem of acute diarrhoeal disease: a review of active surveillance data.
- The use of somatostatin and its analogs in the treatment of surgical disorders.
- Topotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, is active in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.
- Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae serogroup O141-associated cholera-like diarrhea and bloodstream infection in the United States.
- Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation over acupoints for patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: Protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Trastuzumab emtansine versus capecitabine plus lapatinib in patients with previously treated HER2-positive advanced breast cancer (EMILIA): a descriptive analysis of final overall survival results from a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial.
- Travelers with sickle cell disease.
- Travelers' diarrhea in Mexico. A prospective study of physicians and family members attending a congress.
- Travelers' diarrhea.
- Treatment of thrombosed hemorrhoids by excision.
- Umbralisib, a novel PI3Kδ and casein kinase-1ε inhibitor, in relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and lymphoma: an open-label, phase 1, dose-escalation, first-in-human study.
- Uncovering the Harms of Treating Clostridioides difficile Colonization.
- Upstream watershed condition predicts rural children's health across 35 developing countries.
- Urgency and fecal soiling in people with bowel dysfunction.
- Use of Lactulose Breath Tests to Predict Response to Rifaximin in Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Diarrhea: The Positives and Negatives.
- Use of Probiotics in Hospitalized Adults to Prevent Clostridium difficile Infection: DownGRADE the Quality of Evidence?
- Use of colony pools for diagnosis of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea.
- Validation and modification of a diagnostic scoring system to predict microscopic colitis.
- Validation of a Serum Biomarker for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Is an Accurate, Single Biomarker Test Possible?
- Vietnam during economic transition: a tracer study of health service access and affordability.
- Village-based distribution of oral rehydration therapy packets in Bangladesh.
- Will the history and physical examination help establish that irritable bowel syndrome is causing this patient's lower gastrointestinal tract symptoms?
- [A case of congenital malabsorption of lactose].
- [Clinical study of Daritran].
- [Confronting diarrhea on a worldwide scale].
- [Oral rehydration in acute intestinal diseases].
- [The WHO program for controlling diarrheic diseases: its status and developmental outlook--the organizational and operative components of the program].
- rHuKGF ameliorates symptoms in DSS and CD4(+)CD45RB(Hi) T cell transfer mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease.
Keywords of People
- Yancy Jr., William Samuel, Professor of Medicine, Medicine, General Internal Medicine
- Yoo, Sua, Associate Professor of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Oncology |
Perry Hunt Wheeler (1913-1989), a Georgia native, began his higher education at Emory University, going on to graduate from the University of Georgia with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1937. Immediately afterward Wheeler enrolled in Harvard University from which he earned a graduate degree in Landscape Architecture in 1938. After graduation, Wheeler collaborated on garden projects in Atlanta, Georgia with fellow landscape architect Helen Hawkins Clarke. During World War II, Wheeler moved to Washington, D.C. to serve under the Office of Civilian Defense and the Office of Strategic Services Camouflage Division. Following the war, Wheeler worked at Garden House a Georgetown shop where he advised homeowners on tasteful garden design, accessories, and furnishings. By 1948 Wheeler had established a landscape architecture practice in Washington, D.C. His practice grew via word of mouth through Washington's social circles and through a shared office with landscape architect Rose Ishbel Greely, and later with architect Gertrude Sawyer.
In 1947, he formed a 'bachelor household' in Georgetown with James Snitzler. Later, at the invitation of Rachel Lambert "Bunny" Mellon, he and Snitzler created a second home outside of Washington called "Spring Hill" on property owned by Mellon. Shortly after Snitzler's death in 1968, Wheeler moved permanently to Middleburg, Virginia and continued to travel, lecture, and consult with clients. Wheeler semi-retired in 1981 to 'Budfield,' a property in Rectortown, Virginia where he passed away in 1989, leaving his estate to his partner, James M. Stengle.
Wheeler is best known for his work on private gardens in Washington's Georgetown neighborhood. He frequently employed the use of intricate brickwork, low-maintenance planting, and simple water features in creating his charming and functional designs. His most noteworthy commissions outside the private realm include collaboration with Bunny Mellon on the White House Rose Garden, designing a Garden Club of America-commissioned gazebo and its surroundings for the U.S. National Arboretum, and plantings for the National Cathedral and President John F. Kennedy's gravesite in Arlington National Cemetery. Garen in collaboration with Rachel ('Bunny') Lambert Mellon during the Kennedy adminstration. The collection includes photographic images, plans, drawings, client correspondence, plant lists, invoices, newspaper and magazine clippings, certificates, awards, and invitations. The bulk of the collection and most of the professional papers date from about 1950 to 1965 and relate to various garden design projects by Wheeler, many of them located in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Of particular note are documents for Wheeler's public design work including the White House grounds, Washington National Cathedral, U. S. National Arboretum, President John F. Kennedy's gravesite in Arlington National Cemetery, and the British and Cambodian Embassies in Washington, D.C. Noteworthy correspondents include President and Mrs. John F. Kennedy, Ladybird Johnson, Mr. and Mrs. Paul Mellon, and Margaret Truman.
There are also over 3,000 35mm slides dating from the 1950s and 1960s that document Wheeler's personal travels to Europe, Africa, South America, the Caribbean, Canada, and the American West.
Gift from the estate of James M. Stengle, 1993.
Immediately prior to their being donated to the Smithsonian, the holdings making up the Perry H. Wheeler Collection were in the possession of Millicent West, a member of the Garden Club of America and his partner James Stengle.
Access to original archival materials by appointment only. Researcher must submit request for appointment in writing. Certain items may be restricted and not available to researchers. Please direct reference inquiries to the Archives of American Gardens: [email protected]..
Smithsonian Institution, Archives of American Gardens, Perry H. Wheeler collection.
Varying Form: Brantwyn, later
Washington -- Easton Garden
Washington -- Elzey-Row House
Washington -- Garrett Garden
Washington -- Greely Garden
The folder includes worksheets.
Noted landscape architect Rose Greely's Washington, D.C., home garden was photographed by Perry Wheeler in the late 1940s. It had been under development since at least the 1920s. The compact (20 feet wide by 65 feet long) Colonial Revival design was in keeping with the scale of Greely's Federal style Georgetown home. Seasonally rotational plantings in borders and beds included spring bulbs, boxwood edging, other evergreens, and gravel paths. A small terrace seating area with chairs was placed at the far end of the garden, while another seating area with a small fountain and pool was adjacent to the house. Garden ornaments included a strawberry pot and a hand-blown glass flagon. Greely's architectural drawings and papers, including those relating to her garden, are housed in Special Collections at the University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Virginia.
Persons associated with the garden include Rose Greely (landscape architect and former owner, ca. 1920-1969).
Greely Garden related holdings consist of 1 folder (6 slides (photographs))
[Greely Garden] [slide (photograph)]: looking out toward the garden from the terrace adjacent to the house.
[Greely Garden] [slide (photograph)]: looking toward the house terrace from the garden.
Rose Greely is the woman on the far left.
[Greely Garden] [slide (photograph)]: flowerbeds edged in hedges, gravel walkways.
Washington -- Herter Garden
The folders include worksheets, copies of magazine and newspaper articles featuring the garden, orders and invoices, correspondence, and other information.
The Georgetown garden of Christian A. Herter and Mary Caroline Pratt Herter involved Perry Wheeler for a period of about 10 years. Wheeler's association began in 1954, when he provided additions to an original plan (with plant names) by Cary Millholland Parker, and lasted until at least 1964, when he created a new design for the garden's pool. Typical of Georgetown gardens, the Herter Garden occupied a relatively small space behind its Federal period house, situated cheek by jowl with its neighbors. Privacy was provided by brick walls, a bamboo fence, and shrub and tree plantings. A wide brick walkway led to a small ornamental pool at the back of the garden, while smaller brick walkways provided additional circulation. Azaleas, magnolia, boxwood, spring bulbs, and other plantings amply filled the garden space, while seating was provided on a terrace area near the pool.
Persons associated with the garden include Perry H. Wheeler (landscape architect, 1954-1964) and Christian Archibald and Mary Caroline Pratt Herter (former owners, 1943-1980).
Herter Garden related holdings consist of 3 folders (30 slides (photographs); 2 photographic prints; 1 safety film negative; 10 plans; 3 drawings; 1 blueprint)
Garden Club of America Collection, ca. 1920-[ongoing].
[Herter Garden] [slide (photograph)]: view of garden in spring, showing lawn, walkways and flowering trees in containers.
[Herter Garden] [slide (photograph)]: head-on view of pond and surrounding terrace.
[Herter Garden] [slide (photograph)]: corner of lawn and walkway leading to stairs.
[Herter Garden] [slide (photograph)]: view of azaleas and brick walkway.
Varying Form: Abremont, formerly
Washington -- Lambert Garden
Washington -- Les Ormes
The folders include worksheets, magazine and newspaper clippings, plans (drawings), and other information.
Les Ormes (The Elms) was the home of George and Marguerite Skirvin Tyson and Mrs. Tyson's sister, the well-known Washington hostess and political figure Perle Skirvin Mesta. Perry Wheeler created the landscape design for the property, which was situated in the hilly Spring Valley section of the city, and gave it a French flavor in keeping with the style of the house and the taste of its owners. Taking advantage of the natural slope of the site, Wheeler designed a series of terraces which incorporated existing flowering trees amidst flagstone surfaces and gravel walkways. Seating areas were placed throughout, while spring bulbs--Thalia daffodils, tulips, and grape hyacinths--provided abundant color. At one end of the house the terraces descended to a fountain pool and summer house punctuated with large holly standards. The property was sold in the early 1960s to then Vice-President Lyndon Baines Johnson and Ladybird Johnson. The Tyson-Mesta menage moved to an apartment for which Perry Wheeler did one design, for a terrace roof, included in the Archives of American Gardens as series DC120.
Persons associated with the garden include Perry H. Wheeler (landscape architect, 1955-1956); Perle Skirvin Mesta (former owner, ca. 1955-1961); and George and Marguerite Skirvin Tyson (former owners, ca. 1955-1961); and Lyndon Baines and Ladybird Johnson (former owners, ca. 1961-1963).
Les Ormes related holdings consist of 3 folders (19 slides (photographs); 10 safety film negatives; 11 plans (drawings))
[Les Ormes] [slide (photograph)]: garden walkway lined with pansies and tulips, with stone stairs leading up to a terrace.
[Les Ormes] [slide (photograph)]: terrace planting of daffodils and grape hyacinths.
[Les Ormes] [slide (photograph)]: looking up stone stairs to the two terraces.
[Les Ormes] [slide (photograph)]: outdoor seating area.
[Les Ormes] [slide (photograph)]: looking down from a terrace to a fountain and garden house on another terrace.
Washington -- Linder Garden
Washington -- Stroud Garden
The folders include worksheets, plans, financial documents, correspondence, plant lists, copies and photocopies of articles featuring the garden, and other information.
Noted landscape architect Rose Greely did the original design for this garden, while Perry Wheeler undertook extensive remodeling beginning in the early 1950s. A typical small Georgetown garden only 48 feet wide, its privacy was assured by a wisteria-topped brick wall, shade trees, and shrubs around its borders. The plan divided the area into several distinct sections, including a shade terrace, living terrace, lawn, lawn terrace, and even a small circular formal vegetable and herb garden. A fountain adjacent to the living terrace provided white noise to mask the sounds of the urban setting. The Wheeler portion of the series includes not only visual images but plans, financial records, and other documentation. Greely's architectural drawings and papers are housed in Special Collections at the University of Virginia Library, Charlottesville, Virginia.
Persons associated with the garden include Rose Greely (landscape architect, circa 1920-1940); Perry H. Wheeler (landscape architect, circa 1951-1964); Dr. Franklin L. Stroud (former owner, 1976-2008); Paul B. and Laura T. Magnuson (former owners, 1946-1974); Frances Shoemaker (former owner); and Fred W. Jones (former owner).
Stroud Garden related holdings consist of 3 folders (26 slides (photographs); 1 photographic print; 104 safety film negatives)
Garden Club of America Collection, ca. 1920-[ongoing].
Washington -- McCone Garden
Washington -- McGuire Garden
The folders include worksheets, landscape designs, nursery invoices with plant names, correspondence, and other information.
Located in the Kalorama neighborhood of Washington, the McGuire Garden was designed by Perry Wheeler in 1957 and was fully established by the time he photographed it in the spring of 1959. Its large flagstone, cast stone, and Belgian paver terrace was especially striking when viewed from above, highlighting its interlocking circle and semi-circle pattern. A central fountain provided a focal point, while the perimeter of the space featured a variety of trees and shrubs including osmanthus, boxwood, azalea, holly, and magnolia. Small beds were planted with bulbs for the spring and presumably featured changing seasonal splashes of color. Ample seating for outdoor entertaining was also provided. A 1965 letter from Mrs. McGuire to Wheeler regarding a bulb purchase shows that Wheeler maintained an ongoing relationship with this client.
Persons associated with the garden include Perry H. Wheeler (landscape architect, 1957-1965) and Mr. and Mrs. E. Perkins McGuire (former owners, ca. 1957-1965).
McGuire Garden related holdings consist of 2 folders (11 slides (photographs); 2 film transparencies)
[McGuire Garden] [slide (photograph)]: view of bed of daffodils in relation to the house.
[McGuire Garden] [slide (photograph)]: view of furniture arrangement on patio; sunburst settee.
[McGuire Garden] [slide (photograph)]: view of furniture in relation to the fountain.
[McGuire Garden] [slide (photograph)]: bird's eye view of fountain, patio, flagstone and garden furniture including sunburst settee.
Washington -- Munson Garden
Washington -- Phillips Garden
The folders include worksheets, copies of magazine and newspaper articles featuring the garden, and other information.
The Georgetown garden of Admiral Neill Phillips and his wife Grace Hendrick Phillips (for whom a boxwood cultivar was named) was designed by Perry Wheeler in 1952, with construction and installation moving forward in that year. By April 1953 the garden was featured on the annual Georgetown Garden Tour. Wheeler's design for the small space included a brick wall for privacy, brick paving of most of the garden area, and an unusually shaped pool with twin fountain spouts and a striking sculpture. A variety of shrubs and small trees lined the perimeter, with emphasis on boxwood. Seating was provided throughout the garden. Duplicates of many of the images, the originals of which are in the Perry Wheeler Collection, may be found in the Garden Club of America Collection. The prints originated with Condé Nast Publications and appear to have been associated with a magazine article about the garden.
Persons associated with the garden include Perry H. Wheeler (landscape architect, 1952-1953) and Admiral Neill Phillips and Grace Hendrick Phillips (former owners, 1951-1966).
Phillips Garden related holdings consist of 3 folders (28 slides (photographs); 1 film transparency; 7 photographic prints; 7 plans)
Garden Club of America Collection, ca. 1920-[ongoing].
[Phillips Garden] [film transparency and slide (photograph)]: brick courtyard with bushes, tree, pond, and sculpture.
The slide (photograph) was made from the transparency and is in the Garden Club of America Collection.
[Phillips Garden] [slide (photograph)]: construction of pool at center, brick wall (completed) in background.
[Phillips Garden] [slide (photograph)]: construction of the terrace, springtime.
[Phillips Garden] [slide (photograph)]: view of conversation area in shade.
Washington -- Porter Garden
Washington -- Snitzler Garden
Washington -- Davies Garden
Washington -- Washington National Cathedral
Washington -- Unidentified Garden by Perry Wheeler
Washington -- Unidentified Garden by Perry Wheeler
Washington -- Unidentified Garden (by Perry Wheeler?)
Atlanta -- Chiles Garden
Galena -- Wisner Garden
Corning -- Cole Garden
The folders include worksheets and other information.
Perry H. Wheeler did the landscape design work for Mrs. Glen W. Cole's home on Spencer Hill in Corning, New York, during the late 1950s. Mrs. Cole's husband had been president of the Corning Glass Works from 1941 to 1946. Wheeler's photographs show the home's stone terrace in spring, with its tulip bed accents, flowering trees, and striking views of the surrounding hills. Outdoor furnishings with umbrellas and an awning for shade completed this ideal setting for entertaining. Plans in the series include Wheeler's graphite drawings, while the blueprints are of architect Francis W. Roudebush's designs for the house.
Persons associated with the garden include Perry H. Wheeler (landscape architect, ca. 1956-1958); Francis W. Roudebush (architect, ca. 1955-1956); and Mrs. Glen W. Cole (former owner, ca. 1955-1960).
Cole Garden related holdings consist of 2 folders (5 slides (photographs); 1 photographic print; 7 blueprints; 3 plans)
[Cole Garden] [slide (photograph)]: view of patio with outdoor furniture and urn.
[Cole Garden] [slide (photograph)]: broad view of terrace and seating area.
[Cole Garden] [slide (photograph)]: view of terrace, awning at left.
Fishers Island -- Phillips Garden
Arlington -- Arlington National Cemetery
Unidentified -- Unidentified Gardens (by Perry Wheeler?)
Unidentified -- Unidentified Gardens and Sites
Unidentified -- Unidentified House under Construction
Unidentified -- Unidentified Garden
Unidentified -- Unidentified School or Hospital
Unidentified -- Unidentified Farm and Garden
Unidentified -- Unidentified Brick Rowhouse
Unidentified -- Unidentified Garden(s) under Construction
Unidentified -- Unidentified Garden
Unidentified -- Unidentified Garden
Unidentified -- Unidentified Garden
Unidentified -- Unidentified Garden
Unidentified -- Unidentified Garden
The folders include a work sheet, site plans, sample plant list, and copies of articles.
The layout of the original estate is primarily intact, with several new garden areas added by the current owners. The original sunken formal garden from the early twentieth century was re designed and simplified in the mid-1980s; and renovated again in the 1990s. Newer garden gardens (ca. 1998-2004) include a cottage garden, a parterre rose garden, a shady shed garden, and a kitchen garden. The property includes original old specimen trees and shrubs--most at least 75 years old. .
Persons and organizations associated with the property include: Gerard Bement (former owner, 1896-1903); Stephen Van Rensselaer and Henrietta Grew Crosby (former owners, 1903-1957); Mr. and Mrs. George Carr (former owners, 1957-1963); Mrs. and Mrs. Parsons (former owners, 1963-1968); Dr. Richard Head (former owner, 1968-1972); Mr. and Mrs. Edward Kaloost (former owners (1972-1980); Morrison & Rockley (builders, 1896); Ernest W. Bowditch (landscape architect, ca. 1910); Bruno Toss (head gardener, ca. 1925-1958); and Louise Jewett (garden designer, ca. 1985).
Apple Trees related holdings consist of 2 folders (13 35 mm. slides)
Garden Club of America Collection, ca. 1920-[ongoing].
1955 is an assumed date for the image.
The folder includes correspondence, articles and information sheet compiled by GCA representative.
"There is an austere elegance about a green garden; pink or yellow or red are frivolous except as accents, but the garden that appeals to the romantic, universal soul is the blue garden. That is why the Blue Garden of Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Curtiss James was the ultimate goal of so many Newport Pilgrims. A very stately garden it is with the iridescent quality which blue flowers that really are mauve and purple and grayish, rather than true, sharp blue, impart. Its irregular symmetry makes it difficult to describe without a ground plan. At the two far distant ends are colonnades with gray rocks and irregular green plantations beyond, and the lower end is a circle of matchless turf whose boundary is rock and shrubs. The upper part is a circle, too, formed by a rustic lattice of slender split branches over which grow Clematis Jackmanii, mauve Sweet-peas and other charming creepers, backed by Cedars and Pines. In the center are two pools fed by water that trickles from beneath the colonnade."
"A thousand foot rose garden was blasted out of granite rock. A long grass allee originated by the reflecting pool, was planted with 5,000 roses of many varieties. The allee ascended several levels of stone walls and steps and climaxed under a high granite cliff, where a splendid stone and ironwork balustrade and imposing pergola were located. Mr. James died in 1942, all the roses were dug and sold and nature moved in to sow her seeds."
"The Beacon Hill house was left unoccupied and in 1967 finally succumbed to vandalism and fire." The gardens have been restored by subsequent owners.
Persons associated with the property include: Arthur Curtiss James (former owner, 1909-1940); Olmsted Brothers (landscape architects); John Greatorex (superintendent of grounds and landscape gardener); Harriet R. Foote (garden designer and rosarian); Peckham Brothers (contractors for rose garden); Hempstead of Boston (landscape contractors/superintendent); Edward Van Altena (lantern slide maker).
The Garden Club of New Haven facilitated the submission of this garden's documentation.
Beacon Hill, RI related holdings consist of 3 folders (5 hand colored glass lantern slides; 35 35mm slides (photographs); 5 8X10 glass plate negatives)
Garden Club of America Collection, ca. 1920-[ongoing].
Thomas Warren Sears photograph collection, 1900-1966.
Records related to this site can be found at the Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site, Olmsted Job Number 03558, Arthur Curtiss James.
Folders include work sheets and copies of articles.
President James Monroe built Oak Hill as a retirement property in Loudon County in 1823. The plans are said to have been drawn by Thomas Jefferson. The property became a Virginia Historic Landmark and a National Historic Landmark.
Persons associated with the property include: President James Monroe (former owner, 1831); Mrs. Gouveneur (former owner, 1831-1850); Colonel John Fairfax (former owner, 1850-); Dr. Quimby (former owner); Henry Fairfax (former owner), ?-1920); Frank Littleton (former owner, 1920-1948); Mr. and Mrs. Thomas DeLashmutt (former owners, 1948-?); Thomas Jefferson (supposed architect); Captain James Hoban (designer, 1823); and Henry David Whitfield (architect of wing extensions, ca. 1920).
Oak Hill (VA) related holdings consist of 3 folders (3 glass lantern slides and 18 35 mm. slides)
Garden Club of America Collection, ca. 1920-[ongoing].
Middleburg -- Metcalf Garden |
When reality is frightening
Presentation
EVERYTHING IN THIS BOOK, EVEN THE MOST TERRIFYING PARTS, IS BASED ON SCIENCE.
The passengers of a yacht are suddenly stricken by a super-bacterium, resistant to antibiotics. Except Katelyn, a young medical student. Why is she the only survivor? Recruited by the Anti-Bioterrorism Center, she is assigned the mission of finding the disease’s carrier, even if it means becoming intimate with him. But the man she is hunting awakes contradictory feelings inside her. Perhaps he’s not killing blindly…
Novelist, essay writer, and blogger, Thierry Crouzet is fascinated by issues located at the nexus of technology, politics, and literature. His works in French include Le Peuple des connecteurs [The Connected People], a reflection on our networked society; J’ai débranché [How I Unplugged], a tale of digital burnout; and La Quatrième Théorie [The Fourth Theory] a thriller by tweets. His scientific account, Clean Hands Save Lives, has been translated in eighteen languages, winning him hundreds of thousands of readers across the world.
Citations
“Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are gaining ground throughout the world. If nothing is done, they will kill more people than climate change.” Prof. Didier Pittet, director of the Infection Control Program (University Hospitals of Geneva) and the WHO Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety
"The problem of microbes becoming increasingly resistant to the most powerful drugs should be ranked alongside terrorism and climate change on the list of critical risks to the nation." Dame Sally Davies, UK Government's Chief Medical Officer
« We cannot wait for a highly communicable bacterium that is resistant to all of our antibiotics to hit before taking action. » Professeur Martin Blaser
If the worst happens, are we ready?
Translation: Sheryl Curtis and Tom Clegg
Antibiotics and book chronology (spoiler inside)
-4.6 billion years ago Formation of Earth.
-3.7 billion years ago Oldest fossils indicating the presence of bacteria, cells with no nuclei or procaryotes (in the same manner as viruses and archaea).
-2.2 billion years ago First eucaryotes (cells with nuclei).
-2.1 billion years ago First multi-cell organisms.
-600 million years ago First animals during the Ediacaran period.
-200,000 First Homo sapiens.
-2000 The Egyptians apply kohl, an antibacterial mineral powder to their eyes as make-up. They use henna, which has an antimicrobial effect (an antimicrobial acts against all germs, an antibacterial acts only against bacteria). They disinfect wounds with honey containing hydrogen peroxide, another powerful antimicrobial. [I use these ancestral practices for Katelyn’s character.]
0 In several cultures, wounds are disinfected with moldy bread that secretes penicillin.
1000 Resistant bacterial is already infecting the intestines of our ancestors (in particular, traces are found in Incan mummies).
1640 Apothecary John Parkington, the herbalist for the King of England, suggests treating infections with mold.
1674 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1666) manufactures a small microscope and discovered the existence of germs.
1796 Edward Jenner (1749-1823) observes that women who milk cows do not generally contract small pox, but only a milder form of the disease, the “vaccine”. He discovers that, by injecting the “vaccine” into his patients, he protects them against small pox. This is the start of immunotherapy and vaccination (small pox would be declared eradicated in 1980, and the last known case dates back to October 26, 1977).
1847 Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865) demonstrates that disinfecting hands prevents the spread of puerperal fever (childbed fever). He is the father of antisepsis.
1854 Filippo Pacini (1812-1883) demonstrates the microbial origin of cholera, while John Snow (1813-1858) discovers that the London epidemic was caused by contaminated water.
1862 Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) refutes the theory that germs arise out of spontaneous generation. He demonstrates that they are organisms in their own right.
1867 Joseph Lister (1827-1912) introduces the use of antiseptics in surgery. Applied to the surfaces of living tissues, they limit infections by attacking all germs, but they cannot be used to treat internal infections since they are toxic for the organism.
1870 Sir John Scott Burdon-Sanderson (1928-1905) observes that culture broths covered with mold do not produce bacteria.
1871 At the initiative of Sir John Scott Burdon-Sanderson, Joseph Lister takes an interest in mold. He observes that urine samples contaminated with mold do not allow bacteria to grow. He also describes the antibacterial action of a mold he names Penicillium glaucum on human tissue and successively uses it to heal a nurse at King’s College Hospital, whose wounds did not respond to the antiseptics.
1874 William Roberts (1830-1899) discovers that bacteria do not generally contaminate cultures of Penicillium glaucum.
1875 John Tyndall (1820-1893) demonstrates the antibacterial action of a fungus of the Penicillium genus.
1877 Louis Pasteur and Jules François Joubert (1834-1910) demonstrate that Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax. In this manner, they prove the bacterial origin of many diseases. They note that when they inject the bacillus into animals along with ordinary bacteria, the ordinary bacteria prevent the bacillus from developing. Pasteur evokes the idea of bacterial antagonism.
1878 Charles-Emmanuel Sédillot (1804-1883) coins the term “microbe” to designate all pathogenic microscopic agents.
Pasteur discovers staphylococcus.
1880 Robert Koch (1843-1910) discovers the salmonella that causes typhoid.
1881 Robert Koch invents a technique for cultivating bacteria on an agar gel.
1882 Robert Koch discovers the bacillus that causes tuberculosis.
Ilya Ilitch Metchnikov (1845-1916) discovers phagocytosis or how white blood cells help the organism fight against bacteria, by provoking an inflammation (he received the Nobel prize for physiology and medicine in 1908).
1884 Hans Christian Gram (1853-1938) invents a staining method that serves to distinguish two groups of bacteria: a negative Gram stain has a triple wall that does not preserve the stain after rinsing (colibacillus, gonococcus, salmonella, Escherichia coli…), unlike the positive Gram stains (streptococcus, staphylococcus…).
1887 Julius Richard Petri (1852-1921) perfects Koch’s culture technique using the Petri dish.
Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) develops an immune response theory focusing on the interaction between antigens and antibodies (he shared the Novel prize for physiology and medicine with Ilya Ilitch Metchnikov in 1908, for his work in immunology). After discovering that the dyes kill certain microbes, he tried to use them for therapeutic purposes.
1888 Eduard von Freudenreich (1868-1935), Rudolf Emmerich (1856-1914) and Oscar Loew (1844-1941) discover that Pseudomonas aeruginosa stops the proliferation of other bacteria. This is the first antibiotic discovered, but it was almost impossible to use it on humans (an antibiotic is an antibacterial of microbial origin).
1889 Jean Paul Vuillemin (1861-1932) uses the term “antibiosis” to refer to the fact that an organism can be antagonistic to other organisms with which it lives.
1893 In a book published posthumously, Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817-1891) describes the oligodynamic effect, the antimicrobial effect of certain metals, including copper, mercury and silver.
1895 Vincenzo Tiberio (1869-1915) attempts unsuccessfully to treat infected animals with extracts of Penicillium.
1897 Ernest Duchesne (1874-1912) describes the antibiotic power of Penicillium glaucum molds and evokes their possible therapeutic use (his research was ignored).
1900 Paul Ehrlich imagined the concept of the “magic bullet”: a medication that would kill dangerous bacteria without damaging other cells.
Pneumonia, tuberculosis and diarrhea are the first three causes of death and kill one person out of three. The world mortality rate is 17.2 ‰, with half those deaths being attributed to infectious diseases.
1907 In New York, George Soper (1870-1948) discovers that Mary Mallon (1869-1938) is a healthy carrier of typhoid. [I based the vampires and particularly the character of Yash on her. I replaced the Salmonella typhi which must have infected Mary Mallon with the imaginary Curitiba adversus.]
1908 In Tunisia, Charles Jules Henri Nicolle (1866-1936) and Louis Manceaux discover the Toxoplasma gondii parasite in a rat.
1910 Paul Ehrlich discovers that a dye derived from arsenic, namely salvarsan, has an antibiotic effect and can be used to treat patients with syphilis, despite its numerous undesirable effects.
Ilya Ilitch Metchnikov studies intestinal flora and encourages a diet based on Bulgarian yogurt in order to maintain a more balanced microbiota during aging.
1915 Frederick Twort (1877-1950) discovers bacteriophages.
1917 Félix d’Hérelle (1873-1949) re-discovers bacteriophages and invents phagotherapy.
1922 Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) discovers lysozyme, an enzyme with an antibacterial effect that is found in tears, saliva, mother’s milk… and egg whites.
1923 George Eliava (1892-1937) founds a virology institute in Tbilisi where, he develops phagotherapy in collaboration with Félix d’Hérelle; phagotherapy would be used throughout the Soviet Union.
Clodomiro Picado Twight (1887-1944), noticed the antibiotic effect of Penicillium.
1925 André Gratia (1893-1950), while working in New York on phages, discovers colicin, the first bacteriocin, a molecule which, while not an antibiotic, has antibacterial properties comparable to those of lysozyme isolated by Fleming.
1927 Discovery of a second bacteriocin, nisin, an antibacterial peptide used since that time as a food preservative under the name E234. It would later be discovered that eukaryotes release antibacterial peptides which in turn can also produce bacteriocins.
1928 After several days of vacation, Fleming returns to his lab at St. Mary’s Hospital on September 3. He notices that his staphylococcus cultures were contaminated by the Penicillium notatum mold grown by a colleague in the same building. Clear halos surrounded the growths. The obvious conclusion: a substance released by the mold killed the staphylococcus. Fleming called it penicillin, but he quickly abandoned his research because he could not produce enough penicillin.
1932 Gerhard Domagk (1895-1964) discovers sulfamides, the first antibacterial medications that could be commercially viable, particularly for fighting against streptococcal infections; unfortunately, they were only moderately effective. Gerhard Domagk received the Nobel prize in medicine in 1939.
1936 Marketing of the first sulfamide: Prontosil.
1938 Howard Florey (1898-1968) discovers Fleming’s article on penicillin. Along with Ernst Chain (1906-1979) and Norman Heatley (1911-2004), he managed to produce enough penicillin to test it on mice.
1940 First resistance to sulfamides identified.
1941 At Oxford, after scratching his face, Albert Alexander (1897-1941) received the first four injections of penicillin in history, but the dosage would not be enough to save him.
1942 First large-scale test of penicillin in Boston following the Coconut Grove fire, which convinces the pharmaceutical industry to start large-scale production.
1943 Selman Abraham Waksman (1888-1973) discovers streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against Koch’s bacillus, which could be used to treat tuberculosis. He referred to this new medication as an “antibiotic”. He received the Nobel prize for medicine in 1952.
1944 Mass production of penicillin: 650 billion units each month.
1945 Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain and Howard Walter Florey share the Nobel prize in medicine. In an article in the New York Times, Fleming warns of the dangers of resistance (in the laboratory, he has seen the emergence of resistant staphylococcal infections).
Benjamin Minge Duggar (1872-1956) discovers aureomycin, first antibiotic in the tetracycline class, a broad-spectrum antibiotic with no undesirable effects.
1946 Joshua Lederberg (1925-2008) and Edward Tatum (1909-1975) discover the phenomena of conjugation or how bacteria exchange genes horizontally, including among non-related species (this is how resistant genes spread). When two bacteria touch, the plasmids, bits of DNA floating in their cytoplasm, can trade hosts and potentially be integrated into their genome.
In London, in one of the first hospitals to use penicillin, 14% of the staphylococcal infections were resistant.
1947 Discovery of chloramphenicol, a broad-spectrum antibiotic in the phenicol family.
1948 Discovery of cephalosporines, a class of antibiotics of the beta-lactam genus.
Nutritionist Robert Stokstad (1913-1995) and biochemist Thomas Jukes (1906-1999) discover that, by administering a low dose of aureomycin to chickens, they grow 24% faster and their body mass increases 2-6%. They open the way to the use of antibiotics as growth factors.
Creation of the World Health Organization (WHO), a specialized institution of the United Nations Organization (UN).
1949 In London, staphylococcal resistance to penicillin increases to 49%.
Discovery of colistin, called a “last-resort antibiotic”. Unfortunately, although it is very powerful, it has many undesirable effects and is only used for desperate cases.
Discovery of macrolides, antibiotics that spread throughout all tissues, even inside cells, and can as a result attack intracellular infections.
1953 James Watson (1928) and Francis Crick (1916-2004) discover the double helix structure of DNA.
1954 Marketing of vancomycin, a last-resort antibiotic, starts.
1955 There is no longer any doubt about resistance to penicillin and, in most countries, penicillin is no longer available without a prescription.
1959 Discovery of methicillin, an antibiotic of the beta-lactam genus and the penicillin family, used to fight Staphylococcus aureus, in particular in cases of resistance to penicillin.
1960 Marketing, in France, of metronidazole (antibiotic that is often prescribed and self-prescribed following a bout of turista).
1961 Development of ampicillin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the beta-lactam class.
Discovery, in Great Britain, of the first strain of Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to methicillin (MRSA), only two years after the introduction of methicillin.
1962 Discovery of quinolones.
Theodore Rosebury (1904-1976) proposes the concept of amphibiosis: a symbiotic relationship that can be either positive, or negative.
1963 For the first time, greenhouse gases are evoked as most likely being responsible for climate change (almost 20 years after Fleming warned that resistance to antibiotics would become a major problem for humankind).
Demonstration that antibiotics promote growth by affecting the microbiota. Researchers divide chickens into two groups, raising those in the first group in ordinary conditions, while confining those in the second group in an aseptic environment so as to eliminate the microbiota. These two groups are then separated into two sub-groups, one of which is given antibiotics and the other is not. Therefore, there are four categories of chickens: the normal ones, the normal ones that are treated, the aseptic ones and the aseptic ones that are treated. The normal chickens treated with antibiotics grow more than the normal chickens that are not treated; the aseptic chickens treated with antibiotics develop at the same rate as those that are not treated. In conclusion, the antibiotics do not act directly on the animals, but on the bacteria in their microbiota. They promote growth because they destroy the bacteria that burn sugars and fats. Result: the muscle mass of the animals increases by up to one-tenth at less cost.
1967 Clindamycin synthesized.
1968 In Guatemala, an epidemic caused by a strain of Shigella diarrhea resistant to four antibiotics kills 12,500 people (the doctors, who were unaware of the problem of resistance, thought they were dealing with a parasite).
1969 Discovery of fosfomycin.
1970 Adding a fluorine atom to quinolones produces fluoroquinolones.
It is the time of the Vietnam war. Discovery of resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in American soldiers, causing a sexually transmitted disease, a form of blennorrhagia. The investigation reveals that, in the Philippines prostitutes are using penicillin as a preventive means, which promoted the resistance of the bacteria.
1972 Marketing of amoxicillin, one of the most commonly used antibiotics, particularly for children.
The first Earth Summit takes place in Stockholm, at the initiative of the UN. These summits take place every ten years.
1976 Discovery of carbapenems, antibiotics that are capable of fighting bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics in the beta-lactam class, such as penicillin.
William Griffiths (1940) develops the first really effective hydro-alcoholic solution, but few people use it.
Stuart B. Levy (1938) and his colleagues discover that the microbiota of the livestock breeders transforms when they administer tetracycline to their animals. They also show that the resistance genes spread from chicken to chicken and from chickens to humans.
1978 Paul Zamecnik (1912–2009) and Mary Stephenson demonstrate that antisense oligonucleotides inhibit protein synthesis and can, as a result, kill viruses and bacteria. Since that time, it has been hoped that they can be used as antibacterials.
1979 Robin Warren (1937) re-discovers Helicobacter pylori (bacteria already mentioned in 1875 in Germany).
First international conference on the climate in Geneva. Starting in 1995, under the name COP, this conference is held in a different country each year.
1980 Epidemic of multi-resistant Shigella dysenteria in Zaïre.
During this decade, Enterococcus faecium becomes one of the largest causes of nosocomial infections. Subsequent genetic tests reveal that the strain in question is of animal origin and that it diverged from its ancestors at almost the same time as antibiotics appeared 30 years earlier. The human and animal strains diverged 3,000 years ago, during a time of significant urbanization.
Targeted immunotherapy develops as a result of the knowledge acquired as part of the fight against AIDS and during the first successful tests for cancer treatments.
1981 Discovery of azithromycin.
The first international conferences on resistance takes place in Santo Domingo. It concludes with a Antibiotic Misuse Statement, which starts with the following words: “We are faced with a worldwide public health problem.” The declaration was published by all of the media. Nature published an editorial entitled “Save antibiotiocs from themselves”.
Creation of the Création of the Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics (APUA) at the initiative of Professor Stuart B. Levy.
1982 Robin Warren and Barry Marshall (1951) demonstrate that Helicobacter pylori occasionally causes gastritis and ulcers, that we can treat with antibiotics (they receive the Nobel prize in medicine in 2005).
1985 In Costa Rica, 68% to 97% of the Gram-negative bacilli are resistant to ampicillin, making this broad-spectrum antibiotic unusable.
1986 Sweden prohibits the use of antibiotics as growth factors.
Without the need for clinical trials, generic medications can be marketed as soon as they are similar to medications previously covered by patents. A patent lasts 20 years as of the time when the patent application is submitted, and is required before any clinical trials are undertaken.
1987 Martin Blaser (1948) and Guillermo Pérez-Pérez discover that the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach results in the presence of antibodies in blood, which enables them to develop the first test for detecting this bacterium.
1990 In Bangladesh, more than 80% of the Type 1 Shigella dysenteria bacteria, responsible for bloody diarrhea, are resistant to ampicillin and to the combination of trimethoprime/sulfamethoxazole.
1991 Up until this date, erythromycin was a macrolide that was little used as a result of its undesirable effects, but clarithromycin (discovered in 1984) and azithromycine (discovered in 1980) appear on the market.
1992 The European Union and the United States implement a Supplementary protection certificate (SPC) that increases the term of the protection provided by a patent awarded to a medication by five years.
1993 In the United States, Escherichia coli O157:H7 epidemic at Jack in the Box.
1994 Just about everywhere in the world, maximum thresholds are implemented for antibiotics authorized in the food chain. For example, milk must not contain more than 100 micrograms of tetracycline per kilo.
1995 Didier Pittet (1957) and his team demonstrate that, in the intensive care unit at the HUG in Geneva, the care-giving staff does not have the time to disinfect their hands with soap and water. This marked the start of the use of hydro-alcoholic solutions to slow the spread of nosocomial infections.
1996 In the United States, Odwalla fruit juices cause an epidemic of Escherichia coli O157:H7.
1998 In the British Medical Journal, Richard Smith (1953), compares the problem of antibiotic resistance to climate change.
1999 The European Union follows the example of Sweden and prohibits the use of antibiotics as growth factors.
Many articles evoke the use of antimicrobial peptides to fight against bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics.
It has become obvious that, during the transition from the paleolithic period to the neolithic, from the nomadic life of the hunter/gatherer to the sedentary one of the farmer, life expectancy decreased and, above all, living conditions deteriorated (traces of numerous diseases on skeletons, often caused by nutritional deficiencies). While the men and women of the paleolithic period generally died as a result of accidents, those of the neolithic period died of infectious diseases resulting from the proximity of people and animals. Jared Diamond declares that agriculture was the worst error of human history.
2000 Appearance of linezolid, first antibiotic in the oxazolidinone family. It is particularly active with respect to MRSA and enterococcal infections that are resistant to glycopeptides.
Ada Yonath (1939), Thomas Steitz (1940) and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (1952) published a detailed chart of ribosome, a molecular machine that reads the RNA messenger in order to manufacture proteins. The model explains how certain antibiotics act. It makes it possible to consider the creation of new molecules. Yonath, Steitz and Ramakrishnan receive the Nobel prize in chemistry in 2009.
Discovery of signs of sexual arousal when rats infected by Toxoplasma gondii sniff cat urine, instead of the signs of fear usually observed in healthy individuals. [I imagine that adversus makes the vampires seductive in order to give them more opportunities to bite.]
2002 In France, start of the “Antibiotics are not automatic” campaign.
2003 Marketing of daptomycin in the United States, specifically to fight against staphylococcus aureus.
McDonald’s requires its meat suppliers to stop using the antibiotics that are vital for human medicine.
2004 Discovery that colostrum, the first milk, contains nisin. This antibacterial peptide had already been detected in the milk of numerous mammals.
2005 Stopping the administration of antibiotics as growth factors would only decrease pork or poultry production by 2%.
2007 Two years before receiving her Nobel Prize in economics, at the time of the 300th anniversary of the birth of Carl Linnaeus, Elinor Ostrom was give an honorary doctorate from the University of Uppsala. In her speech, she declared, “The issue [of bacterial resistance] is comparable to that of climate change, in the sense that both phenomena involve non-renewable global resources, both are caused by human activity and are intrinsically linked to our behaviour. The problem can only be addressed through international cooperation.” With the approval of Elinor Ostrom, this quote was later used by Otto Cars, Anna Hedin and Andreas Heddini in an article proposing action against resistance, as well as in a document intended to sound the alert about the antibiotic crisis.
2008 Identification in a Swedish patient of a bacteria with the New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase-1 enzyme coded by the NDM-1 gene, enabling it to resist carbapenems. [I imagine that Curitiba adversus carries the NDM-1 gene.]
2009 Creation of Walter Reed’s Multidrug Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network (MRSN) which is intended to maintain a database of genes that confers resistance to antibiotics.
In the heart of the Amazon forest in Venezuela, first contacts with the Yanomami, hunters-gathers, who have a microbiota that is more diverse than that of Westerners, but also bacteria that are resistant to certain antibiotics.
Identification in Iran of strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to all the antibiotics that can be used to fight this bacterium, which is responsible for tuberculosis.
Didier Payen and Ane-Claire Lukaszewicz demonstrate the usefulness of monitoring immunity to guide treatment using Interferon gamma and boost the immune system. [This therapeutic approach inspired the use of immunotherapy in the case of Johanna Rasmussen, which enabled her to overcome the infection].
2010 Azithromycin becomes the most prescribed antibiotic in the United States. One American in five receives this antibiotic in a year, 10 million treatments are administered to children under the age of eight, two million to children under the age of two.
The agri-food industry consumes 63,000 tons of antimicrobials per year. This should surpass 100,000 tons in 2030.
In terms of computer science, we step fully into the Big Data era. A few leading-edge hospitals start to keep data on patients and test results. [In the novel, Katelyn uses these gigantic data-mines to locate the village of Salwala, a feat that will be possible when all the health care centers on the planet will be computerized and connected.]
2011 Epidemic of Escherichia coli O104:H4 in Europe, and particularly in Germany, initially attributed to cucumbers before being attributed to sprouts.
Discovery of resistant bacteria trapped in the permafrost, dating back 30,000 years.
Andrew Read and his team demonstrate that it may not be necessary to continue antibiotic treatments until all of the bacteria has been eradicated, which encourages the selection of the most resistant strains. He is interested in defining the minimal therapeutic dosages required to prevent the emergence of resistance, which has never been done.
2012 Emmanuelle Charpentier (1968) and Jennifer Doudna (1964) and their teams discover a revolutionary method, with CRISPR-Cas9 for making genetic manipulations (occasionally called a molecular Swiss knife).
In Mexico, in a grotto that has been isolated for four million years, discovery of bacteria that is resistant to more than 14 antibiotics, which demonstrates once again that resistance is a natural phenomenon.
2013 At least 50% of the antibiotics produced are administered to animals.
Four Americans out of five take antibiotics every year.
A study reveals that 65% of Australians believe that antibiotics cure colds.
Denise Monack resolves the mystery of Mary Mallon: her macrophages probably contain Salmonella typhi. [I imagine that Curitiba adversus hides in the vampires in the same manner.]
Since 1990, eight of the 11 largest pharmaceutical laboratories have abandoned their research into antibiotics.
2014 Discovery in Japan of lysocin E which acts on the Vitamin K2 in bacterial membranes and kills bacteria. This is a completely new class of antibiotic.
First WHO report on the resistance to antibiotics: “Without urgent, coordinated action by many stakeholders, the world is headed for a post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries which have been treatable for decades can once again kill.”
In France, the Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament (ANSM) considers the fecal microbiota a medication.
It is becoming more and more obvious that the microbiota influences the brain, that the intestinal bacteria can be linked to anxiety.
In Liberia, villages affected by Ebola are quarantined. [I based my creation of the village of Salwala on this crisis.]
In a report ordered by the British government, economist Jim O’Neill estimates that by 2050 resistant bacteria will kill 10 million people each year.
Xavier Duportet (1987) and David Bikard attack the generic bacteria machinery directly, using the CRISPR-Cas9 technique.
Richard Samuel Hotchkiss describes immune parallels between cancer and infectious diseases. The same tools can be used.
Martin Blaser publishes The Missing Microbe in which he reveals the disturbing links that exist between the use of antibiotics and many diseases, ranging from asthma to autism.
2015 Discovery of teixobactin which could inaugurate a new class of antibiotics.
A Chinese team discovers the MCR-1 gene in people and pigs; this gene allows bacteria to resist colistin. Escherichia coli carriers who have this gene are very quickly identified in China, Malaysia and Europe. [I imagine that Curitiba adversus carries the MCR-1 gene.]
The CRISPR-Cas9 genetic manipulation method starts to be of concern, since it authorizes manipulations that were unthinkable up to that point.
At the age of 16, Jack Andraka invents a cancer detector which takes only five minutes while being effective as of the early stages of the disease. [I used this feat for the character of Erlend Sander who creates a new generation, paper bacterial analyzer, based on the model of the one developed at the University of Southampton.]
The “World without Antibiotics” health summit takes place in Uppsala, Sweden in May. During his presentation, Ramanan Laxminarayan shows that antibiotics no longer generate profits for the agri-food industry.
The team of Laurent Debarbieux at the Institut Pasteur demonstrates that phages are just as effective as antibiotics.
2016 For the first time, a female American patient is infected by Escherichia coli that carries the MCR-1 gene.
In July, in Paris, the Hôpital Pompidou is forced to close nine of its 24 operating rooms as a result of a nosocomial infection.
It only takes a stay of two days in a foreign country for the resistant bacteria circulating there to infect our microbiota.
Discoveries of molecules that manage to block the mechanisms of certain bacteria, specifically MRSA, and make antibiotics that had become powerless effective once again.
Discovery of lugdunin, a new antibiotic, present in the nose of one human out of six.
The Autorité européenne de sécurité des aliments (EFSA) estimates that 25,000 people die each year in Europe as a result of resistant bacteria (a figure that is largely under-estimated, compared to the report by Jean Carlet and Benoît Shlemmer who estimate 12,500 deaths in France alone for 158,000 people contracting an multi-resistant bacterial infection).
Demonstration that phagotherapy can destroy multi-resistant Escherichia coli.
According to the most recent estimates, a person weighing 70kg. is made up of 30 billion cells and is home to 38 billion bacteria weighing 0.2kg. Therefore, we have approximately as many bacteria as human cells and not ten times more, as we often read. Returning to the ratio of one to ten, we must only count the eukaryote human cells and exclude the prokaryote cells, which are ten times more numerous, such as the red blood cells.
In September, an article in Nature suggests that antibiotics should be treated as a common good. A few days later, a “high-level” working meeting on resistance took place at the United Nations.
Two-speed medicine is developing with, for example, acne cream that is sold for close to $10,000 US per tube. [I used such excesses to imagine the prohibitive price of Milton Roy’s new antibiotic.]
According to the World Bank, the proliferation of resistant bacteria could cause a decrease of 1.1 % to 3.8% in the global GDP in 2050. The poorest nations will be the first victims of such a crisis, with an excepted drop of 5% in the GDP.
Shu Lam (1991) develops a star-shaped antimicrobial polymer, that is effective against multi-resistant bacteria. Generally, the bacteriocins, whether they are secreted by micro-organisms or are synthetic, appear to be a promising alternative to antibiotics.
Australian researchers discover that the milk of Tasmanian devils contains six new antimicrobial peptides whereas human mother’s milk contains only one. [I based Katelyn’s miracle flower on these developments.]
Michael Gillings from Macquarie University demonstrates that the biodiversity of the microbiota decreases with technological development. He evokes three major bacterial extensions. [Katelyn bases her speech on these events.]
The CRyPTIC project at Oxford uses artificial intelligence algorithms to identify strains of resistant tuberculosis and propose the appropriate antibiotic treatment. [I based Lord Thompson’s sequencer on this technology].
Good news: In France, in animals, the rates of resistance are stabilizing and the sales of antibiotics continue to decline.
A study conducted in California repudiates the growth factor effect of antibiotics in children and states, in return, that the more infections children have the more risk they have of being obese.
In September, death in the United States of a patient infected in India, following an operation, by a strain of Klebsiella pneumonia, that was resistant to the 26 antibiotics likely to be able to fight that bacterium. Nevertheless, the CDC pointed out that 90% of the multi-resistant infections observed in the United States can still be treated with at last one last-resort antibiotic. On the other hand, in India, 82% of the Acinetobacter bacteria can resist all antibiotics.
A report published in the Lancet estimates that climate change, by impacting agricultural production, could kill 500,000 people per year by 2050. A WHO report estimates that the annual death rate could increase to 250,000 deaths. Combined, all of these estimates indicate that climate change could have a total human cost of one million lives per year (a figure that could be much higher if climate change multiplies the conflicts). Resistant bacteria could, therefore, kill ten times more people.
2017 The world mortality rate is 8.1%. The population is approaching 7.4 billion individuals, with 60 million deaths. It is largely due to antibiotics that we have reduced this death rate by half compared to 1900, saving approximately 60 million people per year. |
Lacking Natural Simplicity (Posts about macos) 2022-08-05T18:11:24Z T. Kurt Bond Nikola Installing a recent version of the A2 operatinng system on UNIX 2022-06-10T11:28:40-04:00 2022-06-10T11:28:40-04:00 T. Kurt Bond <div><p>I recently ran across a <a class="reference external" href="">document</a> that explains how to install the <a class="reference external" href="">A2</a> operating system (formerly Bluebottle, formerly Aos) in the form of UnixAos hosted on <a class="reference external" href="">macOS</a>, in the process of explaining how to make a installer for macOS. I think the same process will work for any supported Unix. [<strong>Later:</strong> indeed, I used the <a class="reference external" href="">LinuxA2-64bit.tgz</a> file and the same process worked fine on my <a class="reference external" href="">Fedora</a> box.]</p> <p>I'll summarize what I did.</p> <p>I went to <a class="reference external" href=""></a> and selected the most recent revision, <a class="reference external" href="">rev.9799</a> at the time of this writing. There I downloaded the install script, <a class="reference external" href="">install.UnixA2</a> and the version for 64 bit macOS, <a class="reference external" href="">DarwinA2-64bit.tgz</a>. (There were also Linux and Solaris versions for 32 and 64 bit systems.)</p> <p>Then I executed <code class="docutils literal">chmod +x</code>'ed the install script and ran it, passing the <span class="file">.tgz</span> file to it.</p> <p>First, it asks for the installation directory, which should already exist. It has a default, but I installed to the directory <span class="file">/usr/local/sw/versions/aos/rev.9799</span>. Again, I had to create that directory first. (I don't like to write into <span class="file">/usr</span> or <span class="file">/usr/local</span>, because those directory hierarchies are often under the systems control. Nobody uses <span class="file">/usr/local/sw</span> for anything except me.)</p> <p>Second, it asks for the file name to copy the <span class="file">aos</span> script to. I installed the <span class="command">aos</span> command to <span class="file">/Users/tkb/local/rndbin</span>, (<span class="file">/home/tkb/local/rndbin</span> on non-macOS systems) which is in my path.</p> <p>The install script assumes you are running as root, but I ran it first as my normal user, and since the directory I was installing it to was owned by me it seems to have worked ok, even though it complained about <span class="command">chgrp</span> not being able to change the group of a <em>bunch</em> of files.</p> <p>Then when I issued the command <code class="docutils literal">aos</code> it started up and displayed a window with A2 running in it. (This requires X Windows, so you'll need to install <a class="reference external" href="">XQuartz</a> on macOS.)</p> <p>Here's a screen shot from macOS:</p> <div class="figure"> <img alt="Screenshot of A2 running under macOS" src=""> <p class="caption">Screenshot of A2 running under macOS</p> </div> <p>It seems to work ok, both on macOS and Fedora, though I haven't investigated very much.</p> <p><em>Last edited: 2022-06-12 15:39:49 EDT</em></p> <!-- Local Variables: time-stamp-format: "%Y-%02m-%02d %02H:%02M:%02S %Z" time-stamp-start: "\\*Last edited:[ \t]+\\\\?" time-stamp-end: "\\*\\\\?\n" time-stamp-line-limit: -20 End: --></div> Making a newer version of groff work with man and emacs on macOS 2021-07-26T17:30:19-04:00 2021-07-26T17:30:19-04:00 T. Kurt Bond <div><p>I'm posting this mostly to remind myself if I ever have to fiddle with this again.</p> <p>I use a version of <span class="app">groff</span> installed from <span class="app">git</span> because some of my documents depend on fixes that are coming out in the next release, 1.23.0. I install it on my macOS machine in <span class="file">/usr/local/sw/versions/groff/git</span>. (The directory hierarchy under <span class="file">/usr/local/sw/versions</span> is where I put programs that I compile from scratch, to keep them separated from the programs that come from the operating system and/or package managers. I often have more than one version of a program installed, therefore the <span class="file">versions</span> component of the name.)</p> <p>Because the <span class="command">groff</span> that is first in my path is the new one I installed, and because <span class="app">man</span> on macOS knows to look for man pages according to what your <code class="docutils literal">PATH</code> is, when I say <code class="docutils literal">man groff_ms</code> I get the new man page for <code class="docutils literal">groff_ms</code>. Yay! Unfortunately, it gets rendered with the old <span class="app">groff</span> that macOS supplies, version 1.19.2, which doesn't include the <code class="docutils literal">.SY</code> macro that current versions of <span class="app">groff</span> supply in their <span class="app">man</span> macros, and which they <em>use</em> in their man pages, so it renders wrong. A typical example is that when it renders <span class="man">groff_ms(7)</span> the <code class="docutils literal">groff <span class="pre">-ms</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal">groff <span class="pre">-m</span> ms</code> are missing from the lines in the SYNOPSIS section. Boo!</p> <p>Luckily, <span class="app">man</span> takes a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-C</span></code> option that lets you specify an alternate configuration file (on macOS the default one is in <span class="file">/private/etc/man.conf</span>), so you can supply one that specifies the absolute path to the newer <span class="app">groff</span> you are using. So I added</p> <pre class="code bash"><a name="rest_code_7ae3946c1eff4097bf8a3740763a8804-1"></a><span class="nb">alias</span> <span class="nv">man</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'man -C ~/local/etc/man.conf'</span> </pre><p>to the appropriate shell startup file. And I can add</p> <pre class="code emacs-lisp"><a name="rest_code_d2b69487aefc4f5a9a9b50440170e14a-1"></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">setq</span> <span class="nv">Man-switches</span> <span class="s">"-C ~/local/etc/man.conf"</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre><p>to my <span class="app">emacs</span> configuration so it uses the right version of <span class="app">groff</span> too.</p> <p>But a modern <span class="app">groff</span> produces ANSI escapes for bold and underline, rather than the older convention of over-striking via the backspace character with the same character for bold or with the underscore character for underlining. My pager, <span class="app">less</span>, can deal with that, but something in <span class="app">emacs</span> doesn't like that, leaving the buffer with <span class="man">groff_ms(7)</span> with underlining on every line.<a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="" id="id1">1</a></p> <p>Eventually I figured out that the old style over-striking via backspaces worked just fine with emacs, so I added the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-P-c</span></code> option to the invocation of <span class="app">groff</span> in the NROFF definition in my modified <span class="file">man.conf</span> file. That tells <span class="command">groff</span> to pass the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-c</span></code> option to the <span class="command">grotty</span> output driver, which tells it to use old-style backspace over-striking.</p> <p>This seems overly complicated.</p> <p>I suspect I'll need to do something different on the Linux boxes I use.</p> <div class="section" id="later"> <h2>Later</h2> <p>Aannnd I was right. Fedora 33 has a similar problem, which I fixed by creating a <span class="file">~/.manpath</span> file with</p> <pre class="code text"><a name="rest_code_e6f83f57cc6c43fea46be03bf34c8827-1"></a>DEFINE nroff /sw/versions/groff/git/bin/nroff -mandoc -P-c </pre><p>in it. I found the information I needed in <span class="man">manpath(5)</span>, which documents the format of the <span class="file">/etc/man_db.conf</span> file. (Why isn't it <span class="man">man_db.conf(5)</span>, then?)</p> <dl class="footnote brackets"> <dt class="label" id="manual"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="">1</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Oddly, if I direct <span class="app">man</span>'s output to a file, visit that file in <span class="app">emacs</span>, and manually invoke the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Man-fontify-manpage</span></code> function <span class="app">emacs</span> uses to fontify the man page, it <em>doesn't</em> end up erroneously underlined.</p> </dd> </dl> <p><em>Last edited: 2021-09-09 10:11:03 EDT</em></p> <!-- Local Variables: time-stamp-format: "%Y-%02m-%02d %02H:%02M:%02S %Z" time-stamp-start: "\\*Last edited:[ \t]+\\\\?" time-stamp-end: "\\*\\\\?\n" time-stamp-line-limit: -20 End: --> </div></div> Foreign File Systems on macOS: Fail! 2020-02-24T17:40:34-05:00 2020-02-24T17:40:34-05:00 T. Kurt Bond <div><p>Back sometime in March 2018 I installed <a class="reference external" href="">Tuxera</a> <a class="reference external" href="">NTFS for Mac</a>. It was the first NTFS for Mac that I found. I used it casually for a while and it seemed ok.</p> <p>Sometime later, probably in October 2019, I decided I needed to move 110 GB of files off my Macbook Pro laptop's internal drive and onto a external drive. I also wanted to access this drive from Linux, and thought I'd just use a NTFS-formatted drive so it would be readable there.</p> <p>I copied the files over using rsync and there seemed to be no problems, until I (in a fit of paranoia) ran the Unix cmp command on all the files on the original disk and the matching files on the NTFS-formatted drive. There were lots of differences. Uh oh.</p> <p>I didn't see anything on the Internet complaining about this.</p> <p>So, sometime in October 2019 in I installed <a class="reference external" href="">Paragon Software</a> <a class="reference external" href="">extFS for Mac</a>. (I see now that they have a <a class="reference external" href="">NTFS for Mac</a>; I haven't tried it.)</p> <p>I wanted to try the same thing and see if it worked more reliably with extFS. I originally wrote short shell scripts for this, for consistency, so I could just change the volume name and run them again. Again there were lots of differences. Uh oh.</p> <p>Again, I didn't see anything on the Internet complaining about this.</p> <p>All I was doing was running <code class="docutils literal">rsync <span class="pre">-avz</span></code> with the appropriate directories; it should have worked.</p> <p>I formatted the drive to Mac OS Extended (Journaled) and recopied the files, and this time they all compared ok.</p> <p>I decided to just use <a class="reference external" href="">Unison</a> to sync the files to a couple of my computers for backup and local use instead of connecting the external drive to each computer in turn. This is working ok for me.</p> <p>Maybe this was user error on my part, but it happened consistently with both of these file systems.</p></div> macOS Catalina doesn't have a FTP client! 2019-11-09T22:00:04-05:00 2019-11-09T22:00:04-05:00 T. Kurt Bond <div><p>Ack! macOS Catalina doesn't have an FTP client! Yes, I know it is terribly insecure, but I only use it inside our firewall to access one legacy computer system. I was glad <a class="reference external" href="">brew</a> had <a class="reference external" href="">LFTP</a>, and I figured out how to use active mode in <code class="docutils literal">LFTP</code>:</p> <pre class="code bash"><a name="rest_code_7623fa8678664d3cb043fb20f44e555b-1"></a><span class="nb">set</span> ftp:passive-mode off </pre><p>because that machine's FTP server only works with active mode.</p></div> Getting nxml-mode in emacs to validate DocBook 5 documents 2019-11-05T20:32:24-05:00 2019-11-05T20:32:24-05:00 T. Kurt Bond <div><p>I have occasion to edit and build a DocBook 5 document under both macOS Catalina and Fedora 30.</p> <p>On macOS I've used homebrew to install the docbook, docbook-xsl, and libxslt (for xsltproc), and fop formulas, and changed my PATH to include the directory where brew installed <code class="docutils literal">xsltproc</code>. which will then use <code class="docutils literal">/usr/local/etc/xml/catalog</code> to find files, in which brew installed links to the docbook schemas and xsl stylesheets.</p> <p>On Fedora I've used <code class="docutils literal">dnf</code> to install the docbook5-schemas, docbook5-style-xsl, and fop packages.</p> <p>The document builds fine on both OSes, but Emacs doesn't validate properly against the DocBook RELAX NG schemas, because the <code class="docutils literal">*.rnc</code> files supplied with Emacs (26.3 on macOS, 26.2 on Fedora) are for DocBook 4. However, Emacs will look at a <code class="docutils literal">schemas.xml</code> file in the same directory as the file you are editing to find the <code class="docutils literal">*.rnc</code> files. Unfortunately, of course, they have different locations on macOS with brew and on Fedora.</p> <p>So I wrote a script, generate-schemas-xml, in bash using xmlcatalog to look up the translation for the URI for the RELAX NG compiled schema file and generate the <code class="docutils literal">schemas.xml</code> file and substitute the translation into the file:</p> <p><a class="reference external" href="">generate-schemas-xml</a> <a class="reference external" href="">(Source)</a></p> <pre class="code bash"><a name="rest_code_93e9e426edc94171999b50cc0a1cf50d-1"></a><span class="ch">#! /usr/bin/env bash</span> <a name="rest_code_93e9e426edc94171999b50cc0a1cf50d-2"></a> <a name="rest_code_93e9e426edc94171999b50cc0a1cf50d-3"></a><span class="nv">schema_location</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="k">$(</span>xmlcatalog <span class="s2">""</span> <span class="s2">""</span> <span class="p">|</span> <a name="rest_code_93e9e426edc94171999b50cc0a1cf50d-4"></a> grep <span class="s2">"^"</span> <span class="p">|</span> sed <span class="s1">'s#^'</span><span class="k">)</span><span class="s2">"</span> <a name="rest_code_93e9e426edc94171999b50cc0a1cf50d-5"></a> <a name="rest_code_93e9e426edc94171999b50cc0a1cf50d-6"></a>cat >schemas.xml <span class="s"><<EOF</span> <a name="rest_code_93e9e426edc94171999b50cc0a1cf50d-7"></a><span class="s"><locatingRules xmlns=""></span> <a name="rest_code_93e9e426edc94171999b50cc0a1cf50d-8"></a><span class="s"><namespace ns="" uri="$schema_location"/></span> <a name="rest_code_93e9e426edc94171999b50cc0a1cf50d-9"></a><span class="s"></locatingRules></span> <a name="rest_code_93e9e426edc94171999b50cc0a1cf50d-10"></a><span class="s">EOF</span> </pre><p>Then I had my Makefile generate the <code class="docutils literal">schemas.xml</code> file if it was missing.</p> <p>It was more complicated that I'd have liked, but it does work.</p></div> |
Here’s the checklist of our Top 3:
Rating: 9.9
2. Augusta Precious Metals
Rating: 9.8
3. Birch Gold
Rating: 9.3
Out of ALL the companies we have actually researched, we’ve discovered the one that supplies the most to their clients and also is one of the most trustworthy…
Self Directed Ira Physical Gold
Goldco – Our Top Recommendation
Companies detailed in this short article might provide us a reference charge. The following details needs to not be taken as a monetary suggestions. Call a specialist economic advisor if you require skilled financial recommendations.
A gold-linked individual retirement account may be your best alternative to shield your retired life fund from rising cost of living and market volatility. This item is additionally referred as precious metal IRA. The self-directed account for retirement as gold individual retirement account is best for protecting retired life fund with the help of gold, silver and also other rare-earth elements.
The majority of financiers can conveniently set up the conventional IRA account but establishing the gold IRA account calls for much more expertise. It is not a simple process for people setting up their gold IRA make up the very first time. This is the reason most people rely on the solutions provided by the ideal gold individual retirement account companies. These companies make this procedure smooth and also easy.
The top 4 finest gold IRA firms include:
1. Goldco
2. Augusta Precious Metals
3. Birch Gold Group
4. Noble Gold
That is Goldco best for?
A Goldco self-directed gold and silver individual retirement account ( INDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT ACCOUNT) is best fit to capitalists seeking hands-off possession diversification. These IRAs are limited to a single asset class, they offer investors the opportunity to hedge against paper investments by investing in precious metals.
Unlike purchasing supplies, bonds or funds, you do not need to dedicate time to marketing research when choosing the financial investments for your precious metals individual retirement account. Instead, choose from Goldco’s catalog of gold and silver bullion and fund your account. Goldco’s precious metals Individual retirement accounts operate similarly as conventional as well as Roth IRAs, using a tax-advantaged investment chance for capitalists that want to save for retirement.
Just how does it method investing?
Buying a precious metals IRA is various from acquiring paper assets through a brokerage account. Here’s a fast review of the process:
Open an account. Get in touch with Goldco’s client assistance group to arrange a telephone call with among its sales reps.
Transfer funds. Roll some or every one of your existing pension funds into your Goldco rare-earth elements individual retirement account. You’ll need at least $25,000 to open up an account.
Select metals. Select the coins and also bars you want to contribute to your account from Goldco’s catalog.
Metals are kept. Position your order to have your steels delivered to among Goldco’s depository locations.
As the account broker, Goldco acquisitions precious metals on your behalf and works as the account administrator. It then ships your steels to one of its six companion depositories where your metals are securely kept. When the moment comes for you to squander, you can offer your steels back to Goldco or to a third-party supplier.
Capitalists rate to establish a new account or roll an existing IRA or 401( k) right into a Goldco silver or gold IRA. You’ll require a minimum of $25,000 to open up an account as well as any kind of rare-earth element investments added to your account needs to be purchased with Goldco– you can not add gold or silver you currently possess to your Goldco account.
What is a gold IRA?
A gold IRA is a self-directed retirement account that permits you to invest in physical gold and other rare-earth elements. Both Standard and Roth IRAs are readily available and also can be funded by partially or fully rolling an existing pension into the new IRA. Once you have actually picked the steels you want to acquire, the account administrator facilitates the purchase and steels are transferred to a vault center for secure storage space.
Self Directed Ira Physical Gold
Just steels that satisfy internal revenue service excellence standards of 0.999 or 99.9% pureness certify to be contributed to a rare-earth elements individual retirement account. Standard IRA contribution restricts apply.
What is Goldco’s Refine Like?
” From Goldco’s web site, we entered our email address as well as telephone number in order to get a totally free informational set. A associate called us a few minutes later on to get our address as well as stroll us through a quick examination. The entire process was easy, tension cost-free, and informative.
After briefly asking about our current possessions, investing goals, danger resistances, and future strategies, our account representative educated us on the essentials of gold and silver Individual retirement accounts.
After our package got here, which was loaded with great deals of details, we thoroughly experienced every one of our retired life assets. Seeing as exactly how we were practically 100% invested in the securities market and nearing retirement, we determined a precious metals IRA would certainly benefit us.
We set up an additional telephone appointment with our account representative and also he patiently strolled us through the rest of the process. We had an old individual retirement account that we chose to transfer right into a gold IRA. He dealt with all the documents and spoke to the brokerage company that held our possessions.
Within a number of weeks, our properties were sold off, as well as the cash was transferred to Goldco. The paperwork for our brand-new gold individual retirement account was also established by our account representative. We obtained a really reasonable rate for our brand-new gold and also obtained evidence it was being held securely and firmly at our custodian center.
Moving forward, we will still be assigned to our exact same account representative in case we wish to acquire more gold or liquidate our gold if we require it. The whole procedure was basic and also stress free.
Our overall experience was really favorable as well as we do suggest Goldco for anyone significant concerning hedging their retirement plan against uncertainty.”
— Goldco Customer
What We Suched As about Goldco Valuable Metals
- Track record
Goldco have obtained an A+ accreditation by the Better Business Bureau, AAA by Company Customer Alliance and also a five star evaluation on TrustLink. There are few issues on these websites with just two in all three websites. This is an sign of the consumer confidence as well as online reputation that Goldco has.
- The self-directed individual retirement account options
The majority of companies that deal in precious metals supply clients Individual retirement accounts that they manage themselves. However, Goldco is just one of minority companies that supply a self-directed individual retirement account along with the self-storage gold IRA. You can personally manage your individual retirement account if you have the economic sagacity as well as you can choose where to keep your gold. This sets them in addition to most other gold investment companies.
- A basic as well as interesting website
If you opened up most financial websites, you would be bombarded by promotions as well as pop-up chat requests. Goldco’s website is slightly different. The company has a simple style with very little intrusive advertising and marketing In addition, there is a live chart that customers can utilize to see the current cost of Gold.
- Realistic advertising.
The majority of monetary investment firms tend to use a lot of hyperbole in their advertisements. Nevertheless, Goldco’s adverts appear to be realistic. The company has no qualms with revealing the costs of gold also when they get on the decrease.
Rating: 9.8
Simply a couple of decades earlier, holding gold in a pension would certainly be unimaginable. Yet the internal revenue service altered every one of that in 1997. Since then, many business have been developed to aid with the documents as well as purchasing of rare-earth elements Individual retirement accounts.
Augusta Valuable Metals is just one of these companies. It is just one of the most preferred selections for people in the US, boasting numerous on the internet rankings as well as testimonials. Their reputation is solid, but it’s important to have all the realities prior to you choose whether to buy.
Augusta Valuable Metals is a gold individual retirement account company. Primarily, they work as a gold car dealership, yet they sell IRA-approved precious metals. They also have a arrangement process to assist people create a brand-new self-directed IRA to hold their metals.
The majority of Americans don’t have thousands of bucks in cost savings to invest in gold. However what regarding your pension? If you have actually been adding to it for a few years, you possibly have quite a bit of money there. And rare-earth elements can aid to expand your portfolio.
Capitalists suggest buying rare-earth elements due to the fact that they’re a bush against stock market crashes. When the economic climate is volatile, the cost of rare-earth elements tends to soar. With numerous people bothered with inflation, economic downturns, as well as other monetary problems, it simply makes sense to safeguard a section Rare-earth elements comes in.
Augusta is much from the only company to supply this service. There are some features that make them unique. Most importantly, there’s the company’s total worker configuration.
As opposed to having staff members be a jack-of-all-trades, Augusta has specialized departments. Every department concentrates on simply one facet of the IRA procedure. In this way, each staff member is an professional in their specific niche. No matter what questions you have, there’s constantly a employee around who’s knowledgeable enough to address.
Furthermore, every person that invests with Augusta is offered a dedicated agent. This person takes care of communication with other staff members, with your account custodian, as well as with your storage depository. They’ll accumulate a relationship with you in time by learning about your goals and your requirements.
Numerous consumers have actually commended this system, stating that they feel like their account representative actually cares. They appreciate the level of service and the truth that they do not feel like simply an additional number. Another factor that often gets praise is the way that Augusta intends to have long-lasting partnerships with clients, instead of just marketing you gold when and afterwards carrying on.
Augusta’s site has a strong breakdown of the various facets of the business. They state that they’re built on a structure of simpleness, openness, and also lifetime solution. Their goal is to give you costs that are low sufficient for you to maintain purchasing from them permanently. You’ll likewise receive tailored guidance for just how to enhance your rare-earth elements portfolio for your certain demands.
Augusta is endorsed by Joe Montana, an NFL quarterback who has actually been sworn in right into the Hall of Fame. According to Montana, he first uncovered Augusta upon asking a financial expert to reveal him the most effective gold business in the country. He liked their services enough to end up being an ambassador for their reason.
Transparency
Among the major business commitments is to openness. When you go to the site, you can find information concerning exactly how the firm runs, that the managers are, and what the company’s plans are. There are no hidden charges or payments. Augusta makes sure that every customer has every one of the relevant information before making any kind of purchase.
When you work with Augusta, you likewise get consistent updates on your accounts. You’ll be able to find out about the value of your holdings, discuss making future acquisitions, and deal with the company when the moment concerns take circulations. You’ll also receive numerous monitoring updates as your order is packaged and shipped, so you know precisely when it gets here safely at the vault.
Some firms declare to be transparent without truly following up. Yet that isn’t the situation with Augusta. They have actually been voted one of one of the most trusted companies by independent customers like Gold Advisor. Furthermore, Trustlink has actually called them as one of the most honest gold IRA companies in the United States for several years running.
Customer support
Every company says that they put customer service. But Augusta actually puts its money where its mouth is. The business’s whole arrangement is created particularly to be as practical as feasible for customers. Which appears to have worked well for them– they have actually received globally favorable evaluations, and also they have no problems submitted with the BBB.
Augusta is one of the very best firms to set up a gold individual retirement account with due to the enhancing. You never ever need to talk to any individual except your account representative. You can tell them specifically what you want, and they’ll take you through the paperwork. What might take hrs on your own just takes a few minutes with Augusta.
Augusta is also devoted to dealing with any kind of prospective problems before they arise. On their BBB web page, there’s a telephone number as well as email provided for individuals to contact if they run into troubles. As no complaints have ever been filed, it appears that Augusta is terrific at settling any kind of issues behind the scenes. And there do not seem to be lots of issues to start with.
The inexpensive of Augusta’s precious metals is also a key part of their customer care. They’re able to provide steels at such a inexpensive since they run with reduced overhead and do not charge compensations. The lack of payments likewise indicates that salespeople are encouraged just by what you desire, not by what’s most pricey.
Exactly How does Augusta Valuable Metals work?
As soon as you order as well as validate your acquisition, Augusta Precious Metals typically allows you appreciate their 7-Day Cost Protection Program. On the other hand, the Bullion costs obtain secured when the firm receives your repayment.
The firm generally offers discounts, particularly when you make a abundant purchase. For example, you obtain 2000 buck silver benefit after opening up a gold IRA account that you can add to your first certifying investment.
Capitalists who acquire costs gold and silver products from Augusta Precious Metals IRA delight in the right to terminate their orders within one week from the day of acquisition. This is only for the first purchase. Succeeding acquisitions and bullion orders are made final when the order is confirmed.
What Is A Gold IRA?
A Gold individual retirement account is a retirement account that enables you to invest in physical gold as a qualified retired life financial investment. This can be a valuable method to shield your properties during unpredictable market conditions. It is held independently from the traditional pension, though it adheres to comparable payment restrictions as well as distributions requirements.
Financiers with precious metals IRAs can choose to hold coins, bars, or bullion as well as other priceless metals-related protections in their accounts.
Augusta Valuable Metals Costs & Prices
The Augusta Precious Metals costs consist of the setup cost, which is $250. This is comprehensive of a custodian application fee ($ 50), yearly custodian charge ($ 100), and also a sample non-government vault storage space fee ($ 100). The storage fee is $0 if the gold or silver is stored by you.
There are no reoccuring management costs with a self-directed Augusta individual retirement account. You will still pay custodian and storage fees, which total $200/year.
The actual expense of gold and silver bullion products is based on the existing prices and market rates for costs coins. Augusta’s openness plan on the ask-to-bid differential on purchases, costs, and also purchase conditions suggests that you will always understand the cost of your acquisition before making a dedication.
Safeguard Storage Facility
As soon as you complete your precious metals purchase, you can select Augusta precious metals storage centers to house your rare-earth elements individual retirement account. They use a few safe, non-government storage space facilities across the United States as well as Canada.
The company cares for all required actions to get your rare-earth elements to the storage center of your selection at no extra cost. The transfer to the storage space center – generally takes 7-10 days, after which you can access your silver or gold.
You can rest simple knowing your silver and gold are safely shipped and also held in an IRA-approved center with state-of-the-art safety. Here are some of their detailed IRS-approved vaults across the country; ship to your home or post office box throughout the United States. The complimentary safe and secure, as well as completely guaranteed domestic shipping service ensures the bundle is never ever lost en route. Augusta reimbursements the complete purchase cost if the plan gets lost or lost while en route.
It is not advised that you keep your metals in the house as a result of the danger of burglary or damages.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is Augusta rare-earth elements legit?
Yes, Augusta is a legit business that has been in business for over a decade. They market silver and gold as well as deal valuable suggestions on rare-earth elements for those aiming to buy physical silver or gold.
Exists a buyback program?
Yes, Augusta rare-earth elements use a buyback program. The prices are set internally but are based on the existing market value of the metal. They do not guarantee to repurchase the products they sell, and their buyback policy is subject to change at any time without notice.
What sets Augusta Rare-earth elements aside from various other gold individual retirement account firms?
Track record, openness, as well as experience. Augusta Valuable Metals has actually been in business for over a years and also has an superb track record in the market. They are transparent about their services and products and also offer valuable suggestions to their customers. Something that is not extremely usual with other gold business.
Does Augusta Rare-earth elements have clear rates, distribution, as well as refund policies?
Yes, Augusta Valuable Metals has clear pricing, shipment, and reimbursement policies. Their customer service reps are readily available to respond to any questions you may have concerning their products or services.
What is the most safe rare-earth element to invest in?
There is no one-size-fits-all solution to this question as it depends on each investor’s private circumstances and also goals. Investors like silver and gold because they have more growth capacity as well as are normally steady financial investments, particularly when diversifying an financial investment profile.
How much can I gain by buying an Augusta Precious Metals gold IRA?
There is no guaranteed price of return for any kind of investment, including a gold IRA. Nevertheless, precious metals have actually typically been stable investments as well as deal growth capacity, particularly if wanting to build a well balanced portfolio with a bush against rising cost of living
Can I keep track of the efficiency of my gold individual retirement account?
Yes, Augusta Precious Metals offers a Gold individual retirement account Performance Tracker on their internet site, allowing investors to track their gold IRA’s efficiency. They also produce and also send out quarterly account statements
Do I need to pay any type of administration fees for my Augusta Precious Metals IRA account?
No, Augusta Priceless Metals does not bill any type of monitoring fees for their individual retirement account accounts. Financiers are just in charge of the annual maintenance fee charged by the custodian of their gold IRA account as well as the storage costs.
What is the best steel to acquire now?
Gold. It has shown to be a excellent hedge financial investment for decades versus weakened currency and inflation.
While precious metals are impacted by changes like hard currency, the prices/value does not significantly alter. Augusta recommends consulting with one of their rare-earth elements specialists to obtain the most current guidance on what steel to acquire and when. Investors constantly need to remain current on market information as well as make educated financial investment choices based upon their individual objectives as well as take the chance of resistance degrees.
Is it worth buying rare-earth elements?
Rare-earth elements can be a important addition to any investment profile, particularly when diversifying. They offer security and also growth possibility, which can assist secure developed a strong track record after 20 years of running in this sector. Its team has the abilities to aid the clients consist of rare-earth element products into their portfolio. They also supply assistance solutions for other precious metals like palladium as well as platinum.
The economic specialists working below have developed their abilities after benefiting years in financing as well as modern technology industries. They use their knowledge to aid customers throughout this procedure. The client service desk of Birch Gold Team is committed to help you finish your gold IRA deals with no problem.
The firm has preserved high customer service credibility. It adheres to the standards associated with client empowerment, ethics, empathy, effectiveness, openness and education. The group responds quickly to the calls of clients. You will certainly not only obtain quick reply but likewise comprehensive solutions. This assists you take an informed decision based on your retirement fund investment goals.
Customers are attracted to this business since they obtain individualized treatment. They can see the value they get here. Birch Gold business is committed to securing your retired life fund and also offering you the most effective financial advantages with minimal dangers. Your financial investments in rare-earth element items will be in secure hands. Additionally, you will certainly find out various ways to shield on your own from scams plans and also frauds.
Whether you are searching its web site just for info or need a specialist to grab your phone call, you will obtain the very best support from this team. Birch will show to you all info related to your investment. You will receive assistance as long as you have an account below. This strong backing makes you feel empowered and go ahead with your portfolio diversity with full self-confidence.
The business does not treat you as only a number in its spread sheet. You will certainly be provided the value as well as dealt with as an important client.
A specialist in rare-earth elements is assigned to your account. The individual knows the industry well. You will certainly obtain aid from this expert in satisfying your financial objectives and dreams. You will certainly obtain assistance from that specialist throughout your dealing with Birch Gold.
Self Directed Ira Physical Gold
If your investment process ends up being challenging, you know somebody with know-how as well as authority is there to help you solve the concerns.
The scores provided by its clients show how Birch Gold has actually maintained excellent track record. Its team will certainly help diversify your investment profile. The employee will strive to supply you exactly what you require. You are placed first when it concerns sharing sources. Make use of these support solutions as well as resources to get even more knowledge of IRA financial investment options. The firm will certainly never ever share your individual information with other business.
Birch has actually simplified the process to start and fund the gold pension. The costs for setting up the account as well as custodial solutions differ. Often the firm runs marketing deals where no cost is charged on the item. It depends on the transfer and investment amounts.
Birch Gold supplies different coins as well as bullion in gold, silver, palladium and platinum. When you are intending to unload the rare-earth element asset, you will receive a buyback quote from the business’s expert handling your account.
Birch Gold company is recognized to supply finest customer support as can be seen from the on-line endorsements posted by its customers. It has kept A+ rating at Better Business Bureau. Its goal is to supply finest solutions that fulfill the needs and expectations of its clients. The customer service workdesk will certainly contact you after every procedure to ensure you are satisfied with the solutions you received.
The firm offers its customers safe financial investment choices for gold individual retirement account Expand your financial investment profile with its assistance. Use silver and gold backed IRAs to make precious metal acquisitions. The business’s representative will certainly offer you sustain throughout this process. You are not pushed to get anything that you do not want to get.
Noble Gold has actually maintained phenomenal customer care record due to its friendliness, credibility and also expertise in this sector.
Its team of professionals has deep understanding of this sector. They comprehend the importance of purchasing these investment items. They do not think twice in sharing their skills and expertise with the consumers.
A gold IRA company of this degree is expected to have excellent knowledge of these financial investment options however the abilities of Noble team go deeper. They have been educated to deal with the customers with sincerity as well as compassion. You will certainly feel talking with a pleasant person when seeking information on the retired life financial investment process.
Its generosity and fact dedications are promised by the leading management in charge of founding this firm. These founders count on providing pleasant advice as well as top quality services. The business has actually kept a solid connection with market entities. It implies if you need any type of service or products Noble does not offer, you will certainly receive referrals from it right away.
Its retired life fund funding with gold IRA involves a 3-step procedure.
1. In the very first step, you will certainly obtain a financial investment overview completely free. This knowledge publication will assist you comprehend how this process works. The paper does not have any kind of sector lingo or marketing hype. It is devoted to offering realities just. As soon as you have actually obtained expertise on rare-earth element individual retirement account alternatives, you will certainly be ready to spend more in these items.
2. The next action includes interacting with a reliable expert with expertise and also experience in this field. The Noble rep handling your account has the skills and expertise to aid meet your retired life fund objectives.
3. The last action involves establishing your gold IRA account. This process is completed within five minutes.
The firm asserts that it has partnership with numerous vendors, allowing it to use its customers extremely affordable prices and the best gold IRA offers. You get not only gold IRA but likewise coins made of gold, silver, palladium as well as platinum. Its stock likewise has uncommon coins.
The service includes a buyback option that consumers can utilize any time.
Noble Gold has always maintained five-star rating in the evaluations and testimonies. It never ever makes use of any kind of unethical organization tactics. You will get secure item storage space option. Its online reputation can be assessed from the fact that it has preserved A+ rating at Better Business Bureau. Its Service Consumer Partnership ranking stands at AA. You can not go wrong when you invest with such a credible gold individual retirement account firm.
Recognizing Gold Individual Retirement Account.
These accounts are not new. They have actually been used to shield retired life funds for numerous decades. Typically, individual retirement accounts have actually been made use of to hold possessions like cash, bonds as well as supplies. Gold IRA started in late 1990s. These rare-earth element investment choices have profited investors who intend to shield their retired life fund using gold, silver and also various other rare-earth elements, such as palladium as well as platinum. Individual retirement account property options like cryptocurrency, art and also realty are additionally available now in this financial investment market.
Comparable to conventional IRA, you can make contributions in your gold individual retirement account based upon the pre-tax value. In both standard and precious metal individual retirement account classifications, some variables like income limitations, liquidation regulations and maximum annual contribution stay very same.
At the same time, investing in precious metal individual retirement account can be much more complex contrasted to the standard IRAs. Senior citizens encounter problem if they do not have any experience of handling this investment choice. It is very important to follow the IRS standards pertaining to rare-earth element IRA financial investments. Only certain sorts of bullion, bars and also coins comply with the IRS standards. For instance, fashion jewelry might have significant worth yet it is not included in this financial investment checklist by IRS.
The rare-earth element of IRA should be kept with a licensed custodian. This arrangement indicates you acquire the gold but do not obtain its property. The storage centers that save such gold has to have authorization from internal revenue service. Your gold IRA can be invalidated if you utilize a storage space facility not certified by internal revenue service for this objective.
Gold IRA additionally brings greater costs compared to the typical Individual retirement accounts. You require solutions of a company that supplies investment choices for rare-earth element Individual retirement accounts. Such a business will charge you costs for management, storage space and configuration. It might bill a commission as well.
The gold IRA is helpful when you wish to secure your financial investment from rising cost of living. It is an outstanding method to have a varied retirement portfolio. You prevent relying on a solitary investment product. A gold individual retirement account firm will offer you these precious metal option individual retirement account investment choices.
Self Directed Ira Physical Gold
Ranking Method Made Use Of to Ranking Gold IRA Firms
Various aspects have been utilized to rank these companies below. You might discover lots of other companies operating in the market yet the companies picked below are understood to offer outstanding solutions. They have years of experience as well as superb credibility in this market. Their customers have actually consistently provided luxury ratings.
Testimonials and also Online reputation
Celebrity recommendations make a financial item appearance appealing yet that can be deceptive. The objective of this score is to show the firms most favored by the actual retired life fund financiers.
Do you find client service representatives attempting to fool you into spending? Are you facing a hard-cell and heavy-handed approach? Do you see a lack of customer-first plan? Can you identify the formalities associated with these deals? If you run into a trouble, do you obtain a resolution on schedule?
All the most effective gold individual retirement account companies of this checklist have maintained high star scores from real financiers. The firms have actually received A+ score at Bbb. In case you such as to handle a business getting lots of limelights, then again these companies have maintained strong credibility in the media as a result of their excellent service document.
Easy Configuration
Setting up a retirement fund is very important for every single individual. Everyone wants to live easily throughout the retired life years. Solid retired life conserving is essential to safeguard your economic future. It does not indicate you can spend with any firm or have to deal with a lengthy as well as inefficient procedure.
All firms provided here provide fast and also simple procedure to set up the gold IRA. Their reps are constantly present to assist you throughout the procedure. Whether you launch the setting up process by calling or on-line system, you will get professional help and also support.
These firms do not use any type of shortcut. They are dedicated to securing your rate of interests. All their gold IRA items comply with the internal revenue service guidelines.
Charges and Prices
These costs are rather challenging to supply carefully due to their complexity. The individual retirement account companies are not hiding anything. The issue is that prices of rare-earth elements in the market can alter quickly. This is the reason these companies will certainly give you a taken care of quote just when you contact their depictive straight. The estimate on the web site may be obsoleted. Adhering to is a list of charges you might incur when handling these business.
Payments – The payment billed by the gold IRA firm is a percentage of the rare-earth element cost. This percent can be regarding 5%.
Setup Fees – This fee is paid just as soon as when setting up your account. It usually does not exceed $200 amount.
Storage Charges – The custodian keeping as well as shielding your digital gold will certainly bill this charge. A cost of concerning $300 a year is paid to the custodian through the gold individual retirement account company.
Upkeep Fees – You will certainly be paying concerning $300 every year as account upkeep cost.
Most gold individual retirement account companies do not maintain a checklist of costs as well as fees at one area. The best way to get these details is to call the depictive managing your account. The business provided right here maintain high degree of openness so they do not hesitate supplying this data. If a business does not disclose its charge detail to you upfront, transfer to another firm immediately.
The charges as well as costs will certainly vary based on the invested amount. Some business abandon the cost or charge when running a promotion campaign. Such an offer might be restricted to the initial year only.
Picking Products in Silver And Gold
All the most effective gold IRA companies examined below have internal revenue service authorization. Many investors choose gold and silver however some individuals additionally purchase platinum and palladium items.
All top business chosen below supply some educational material to educate their new clients. You should not miss this part of the financial investment process. Research study and come to be educated before you join this procedure. It will aid secure your financial investment and you will certainly stay clear of blunders that can verify high-risk for your financial investment. Conduct your very own research along with the info acquired from this guide.
You will gain from the experience as well as expertise of the customer agents of these companies.
Use this informative overview as well as the info gotten from on-line research study to take the best financial investment choice. Search each firm’s choice of rare-earth elements for IRA. Ask inquiries when you encounter difficulty or see a concern.
Potential Buyback
You are unlikely to choose the rare-earth element buyback offer however life has many surprises. The buyback assurance can prove useful in such a situation that can emerge before you retire. You may encounter serious financial crunch prior to retiring. You will intend to have accessibility to your financial investment at such a time. All companies detailed right here supply the buyback alternative. The prices of precious metals keep varying. Make your move at the correct time so you obtain the best value for your financial investments in the precious metals.
Internal revenue service bills a charge of 10% if you take out fund before 59.5 years old. Invest in any individual retirement account just when you can release the value. The buyback choice is suitable not only when you deal with an economic crisis. You may come across a chance and also wish to cash out. You will certainly face no difficulty at such times because these companies provide the buyback option.
The Factor to Purchase Gold-Backed IRAs
If you intend to maintain any type of alternative investment, a gold IRA account is perfect for this function. While the gold price changes on a daily basis based on a number of variables, it usually raises throughout turmoil or unpredictability. You will feel secure when you know your retirement fund is with a trustworthy company.
Gold IRAs carry some risks comparable to various other investments. Historically, gold has actually been one of the most dependable financial investment choice. A big advantage with gold financial investment is that you will be diversifying your profile and also securing your investments. The gold investment will not bring you any type of dividend yet in times of economic crisis as well as inflation, you will certainly have much better security from gold than stocks. Gold price tends to go high when the paper asset worth drops.
Some investment experts do not advise precious metal or gold IRAs as a result of the complicated nature of this financial investment as well as more charges as well as rigorous internal revenue service laws. They typically recommend getting silver or gold bars if you have an interest in physical precious metals. If the rare-earth elements are not held in any kind of individual retirement account, you prevent adhering to the complicated depository and individual retirement account regulations.
Gold IRAs function best when you want to shield your profile from heavy losses when the market decreases. Most economists advise a maximum 10% of investment portfolio devoted to rare-earth element individual retirement account. It is an alternate investment and also its objective is to expand your profile. Make use of a rollover alternative to open your gold IRA account. By doing this you will avoid the internal revenue service constraint of $6000 a year ($7000 in case you are above 50).
Take aid of an economic expert to understand if buying the gold individual retirement account is the right choice based on your existing financial investment portfolio, future earnings, the moment remaining in the retired life, and your danger appetite.
Gold Bullion or Coin: What Should You Buy?
Internal revenue service has strict policies regarding what rare-earth element items you can select for your financial investments in gold IRA. Only the gold with a purity of 99.5% follow the IRS requirement. Extra strict silver pureness at 99.9% is called for. Palladium and also platinum purity standards are as high as 99.95%.
After you have actually chosen to attach a certain gold individual retirement account firm, its agent will certainly assist you take the appropriate purchase decision.
Lots of financiers favor American Eagle coins people mint. Various other IRS accepted popular choices consist of Maple Leaf coins of Canada, as well as Koala coins of Australia. IRS does not authorize funding the IRA account with valuable metals of British Sovereigns, German Marks, Swiss Francs, antiques and also unusual coins.
Coins supply some even more benefits than bars. They are easy to deliver and offer. Their light weight makes them cheaper and they do not need high level of protection. The coins are also challenging to counterfeit.
One advantage with bullion is that its cost exactly reflects present market price.
Gold individual retirement account firms obtain greater commission on bullion contrasted to coins. Dependable and also well well-known business do not press any kind of undesirable individual retirement account or precious metal item to enhance their earnings. If you discover a business trying to hard-sell its item to you, believe carefully. You must change the firm if required.
Select coins or bullion based upon your investment requirements. Research study the education products supplied to you by the gold individual retirement account business. Speak to the firm’s agent. You will certainly obtain expert support from a person who has offered a a great deal of clients in this matter. Once you have all information, make your choice concerning the bullion or coins.
Discover Where the Rare-earth Element of Your Gold Individual Retirement Account Will Be Stored
Precious metals are pricey products and need special storage space service. Even if you have a solid secure as well as advanced protection system, keeping the physical gold in your home is not a great idea. Such a configuration additionally does not adhere to the IRS guidelines. The division mandates not to maintain precious metals in physical kind with any custodian not accepted by it.
Self Directed Ira Physical Gold
IRS mandates that these items must be kept only with an IRS authorized trustee like a credit union, a federal insured financial institution, savings and loans, or any other accepted center. These custodians take into consideration the kept items as individual possessions or a shared single fund.
Your custodian may pick a commodity exchange mandated exclusive vault. A non-bank trustee has to follow internal revenue service demands related to safety and security, bookkeeping, bookkeeping and also reporting requirements.
A licensed storage entity uses advanced protection systems that can spot movement, vibration and audio. High-tech timer locks enhance the safety and security attributes. Properties are checked 24/7. Along with these safety attributes, the centers are totally insured with policies that can be as high as $1 billion.
All gold IRA companies advised here have actually maintained their high online reputation over the years. You need to avoid any kind of guidance to save the precious metals at your own location or with any type of unknown storage space. IRS will certainly invalidate your gold individual retirement account if you keep your rare-earth elements at any kind of unapproved storage space facility.
Goldco has highly protected storage space facilities in Texas, Utah and also Delaware. These places are kept an eye on night and day and also with advanced safety and security systems.
Augusta Valuable Metals has vault facilities in numerous states including Salt Lake City, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, New York City and also Wilmington.
Birch Gold Group avails the storage facility of Delaware Vault which has numerous storage facilities in Delaware, Wilmington and also The golden state. Birch likewise makes use of the facilities of Brinks Global Providers located across Los Angeles, New York as well as Salt Lake City.
Noble Gold Investments uses the facilities of International Vault Solutions. It has a highly protected storage space center in Texas. It is the only company that shows evidence of steel arrival at its center by sending photos to the customer.
A storage space center that follows internal revenue service approval demands will certainly have protected centers where your precious metal financial investments will certainly stay protected and secure. The storage space center has an extra layer of security in the form of insurance coverage.
In case you want to ask just how your precious metal items will be stored, talk to the gold individual retirement account business’s representative. You are constantly in charge of your asset.
What Sorts of Coins You Can Keep in Your Gold IRA?
Previously, internal revenue service permitted only Eagle coins for rare-earth element IRAs. With the introduction of Taxpayer Alleviation Act in 1997, much more rare-earth elements were added to the listing. The alternatives consist of gold coins of U.S. Treasury in 1 ounce, 1/2 ounce, 1/4 ounce and also 1/10 ounce. Other gold coin options authorized option to pick PAMP Debt Suisse bars, gold coins and also various other items as long as they satisfy the IRS’s fineness requirements.
If you want to buy silver, you have the choices like American Eagle coins in silver, U.S. alternatives can not be located with palladium and also platinum. Platinum choices include Maple Leaf coins of Canada, American Eagle coins, Island of Male’s Noble bullion coins, and Koala bullion coins of Australia. The Maple Fallen leave Canadian palladium coin has approval. Comparable to the gold and also silver, palladium as well as platinum products must additionally meet the fineness requirements.
The rare-earth elements should satisfy other standards too along with the excellence percent. Proof coins should carry a credibility certificate and can be found in initial full product packaging. They should be in very good problem.
Only those bullion coins that do not show any damages and also look uncirculated are approved. Tiny bullion bars must meet precision weight requirements. The item needs to have been released by a nationwide federal government, licensed producer, or licensed refiner.
It is extremely hard for common people to keep understanding of these requirements as well as confirm if a precious metal product complies with the set standards. Nonetheless, the trusted companies provided below will certainly remove your complication promptly if you ask them inquiries associated with it. They have professional specialists to help you choose the right coins based on your retirement fund objectives.
Gold Individual Retirement Account Rollover
This process is a basic principle when moving worth of a typical individual retirement account right into a gold individual retirement account.
The worth can be relocated from both Roth IRA as well as traditional IRA without inviting tax obligation fines. After choosing the gold IRA firm, you need to submit an application along with the transfer demand form with all called for information. You will certainly never ever get belongings of the fund so the rollover procedure is a direct transfer. The fund is moved from your existing individual retirement account to the gold IRA. This procedure can take about 2 weeks. Once this process is complete, the firm assistance team will assist you purchase rare-earth element items.
You can move funds from 401( k), 457 (b), 403 (b), or government staff member Thrift Savings Strategy. A partial rollover is possible if you are presently employed as well as follow the minimal age demands.
When making a straight transfer, your present custodian will initially confirm with your precious metal IRA firm to give you far better aid in buying the rare-earth elements.
A check will certainly be provided to you if any type of straight transfer is made. Forward this fund within 60 days to the gold IRA business. You will welcome 10% tax obligation penalty imposed on very early withdrawal if you do not fulfill the deposit due date and also if your age is below 59.5 years.
Minimum Financial Investment Needed for the Gold Individual Retirement Account Account
There is no minimal investment amount demand by internal revenue service. Private business have such a need.
You can open your gold IRA with a minimal investment of $100 just. Nevertheless, you should anticipate at least $2500-$5000 as the minimum entry factor with an exclusive gold individual retirement account company.
If you are preparing to buy a gold individual retirement account, more than likely you have some investment industry knowledge as well as looking to expand your portfolio. The minimal investment quantity can be $5000-$25,000 with the business listed here. They have numerous years of experience therefore regulate a premium.
A minimum of $10,000 is required when investing through Noble Gold Investments as well as Birch Gold Group for moneying your gold IRA account.
The opening minimum amount is $25,000 when you wish to invest with Goldco.
Do not throw out the gold IRA prospective if you are young and also just started spending, or still planning to raise your retired life fund. Instead, make clever options as well as invest in some other financial items for some years. After that, you can come back to gold. Now you will feel great when purchasing the gold individual retirement account.
Gold has actually been the favored investment option for centuries as well as there is no sign it has shed its charm or worth as an investment vehicle. You can easily position a gold IRA in the listing of retirement objectives.
Just how Do You Select the Right Gold IRA Firm?
The gold individual retirement account with its considerable worth is the perfect selection to secure your gold years.
Everyone has a various retirement, investment scenario as well as future objectives. The very best gold IRA business noted below have the knowledge as well as know-how to aid you in picking the most effective economic items for your retired life funds.
Once you want to start your gold individual retirement account procedure, one of these companies need to be your front runner. The final choice of a business relies on your judgment. The decision should be based on great study.
To receive even more details about any of these business, call their rep. You are guaranteed of obtaining top services from specialists that concentrate on gold IRA market.
Gold IRA business make use of the process of gold individual retirement account rollover to transform present supply or bond holding 401K or individual retirement account right into gold coins as well as bullion. Your paper asset will certainly become a precious metal possession with this option.
At the same time, all firms supplying gold individual retirement account rollover are not exact same. Some business use better services and preserve transparency in their dealings. They do not have hidden fees. This overview evaluates the most effective as well as most dependable gold IRA firms. Each company in this checklist has actually been assessed on numerous criteria like annual costs, gold IRA testimonials, picked precious metal and online reputation. These companies will certainly protect your retirement financial investment with precious metal individual retirement account, bullion and also coins.
* This information has been submitted by a marketer and might not consist of advice by an expert economic expert. Financiers are suggested to research the monetary product or services before spending. They ought to speak to a qualified monetary consultant before relocating cash or opening up any account. Financial investment outcomes will vary for various investors. Foreign investment companies might not use the same protection as US companies. Prior to managing any kind of company, make certain it adheres to the legislations. Inspect investor.gov site of SEC for guidance on US economic and also financial investment regulations.
Right here’s the listing of our Top 3:
2. Augusta Precious Metals
Rating: 9.8
3. Birch Gold
Rating: 9.3
Out of ALL the companies we have actually researched, we have actually located the one that gives one of the most to their clients as well as is one of the most credible…
Self Directed Ira Physical Gold
Goldco – Our Top Recommendation
Companies noted in this write-up may use us a referral charge. The complying with details ought to not be taken as a monetary suggestions. Call an expert financial expert if you need experienced monetary guidance.
A gold-linked individual retirement account might be your finest choice to secure your retired life fund from rising cost of living and market volatility. This item is also referred as precious metal IRA. The self-directed represent retired life as gold individual retirement account is perfect for safeguarding retirement fund with the help of gold, silver and also other rare-earth elements.
A lot of investors can easily establish the typical IRA account however setting up the gold IRA account requires much more knowledge. It is not a very easy process for people setting up their gold IRA account for the very first time. This is the factor many people depend on the services offered by the ideal gold IRA firms. These companies make this process smooth and also easy.
The top 4 ideal gold individual retirement account business include:
1. Goldco
2. Augusta Precious Metals
3. Birch Gold Group
4. Noble Gold
Goldco is the most effective business for gold individual retirement account. It is the top choice when it comes to transforming your paper individual retirement account into gold individual retirement account.
The independently held firm stays focused on guarding the funds of its clients. Your retirement funds saved in 403 (b), 401 (k) as well as basic individual retirement account accounts can be relocated safely to self-directed gold or silver IRA. The firm has individual retirement account experts who recognize how to direct customers during the rollover process. You will receive step by step support that will certainly make your gold individual retirement account registration process quick and easy.
Goldco not just safeguards your retired life funds, it additionally offers collection agencies as well as capitalists the choice to buy gold and silver bullion and coins. It has a superb buyback strategy to offer maximum assurance to the gold individual retirement account investors. Its customer support team will assist you throughout the process of establishing your gold IRA account.
Self Directed Ira Physical Gold
When intending to invest in this product, the first thing you have to determine is if you prepare to use standard (pre-tax) or Roth (post-tax) dollars to fund the gold IRA. Most often, customers make use of pre-tax funds to fund their gold IRA rollover. A lot of retirement have assets that can be utilized for funding this rollover. If you have any kind of question about tax obligation responsibility, you should consult your accounting professional.
While the gold IRA is self-directed, you will certainly require solutions of a gold individual retirement account asset storage custodian. Goldco’s customer support team will help you locate the appropriate custodian based on your certain requirements.
Once you have actually discovered the custodian and also set up the gold IRA, the following action involves moneying the car. Goldco group is ready to assist you and also make sure your individual retirement account abide by the guidelines of Irs.
As soon as the account obtains the fund, you are ready to invest in gold individual retirement account. The very first step is to choose the appropriate gold product. Goldco will assist you finish this process efficiently so that you get your internal revenue service approval with no problem. The company has a strong link with trustworthy mints that generate finest bars and also coins for Goldco.
Once your gold IRA is set up, you can think about diversification by consisting of some physical rare-earth elements in the forms of bullion, bar and coin.
Do you want to raise your expertise about rare-earth elements before beginning this process? Obtain a complimentary precious metal overview from Goldco.
The company bills charges based on the quantity invested and also the custodian account. The most effective option for receiving accurate pricing is to get in touch with the company straight to know the prevailing fees.
Goldco customers have actually always given it five-star rating in testimonials due to its integrity and also top quality service. It has kept A+ score at Better Business Bureau as well as AAA score at Business Consumer Alliance.
Rating: 9.8
It is a trustworthy and premium gold investment firm. It takes into consideration retired life cost savings as a long-term investment that needs exceptional financial preparation. The business deals with its customers to develop a lasting partnership. It prepares to provide all info about its items, services as well as costs to its clients.
The firm refers its specialist as consumer success agent. These specialists have deep expertise of precious metals. They maintain a tab on arising issues and trends associated with rare-earth element Individual retirement accounts as well as other relevant possessions. The company takes pride in offering exceptional customer services. The consumers are guaranteed best product or services to accomplish their retired life goals and dreams.
The company provides its solutions to customers with devotion. It has 3 declared dedications:
• Keeping a high level of openness in purchases, reactions, fees and also quotes
• Using its clients a streamlined process by offering support and taking care of the heavy lifting itself
• Portfolio tailored to the particular requirements of the client
Augusta considers its customers as an important partner as well as not restricted to a deal number. Its team of professionals is always prepared to aid clients handle their account details. They exceed their duty to aid clients comprehend whatever concerning profile diversity with the help of precious metal individual retirement account. This customer-focused strategy has actually aided it construct a solid track record in this market.
For many years, Augusta has actually been attempting to simplify the individual retirement account setup process for rare-earth elements. The result is a fantastic system that is simple also for the very first time individual. When you have actually found a custodian, you can start establishing the self-directed individual retirement account. The next action entails transferring funds from your conventional IRA account to the brand-new one. The last step is to pick the rare-earth element you need as well as put the order.
You always continue to be in control of your account. Client service is simply a call away when you need it. You will get support from a dedicated team of client service specialists.
The staff prepares to share its understanding of rare-earth element rates. They use their experience to direct the client in selecting the best precious metal item. All your inquiries by phone as well as on the internet conversation will be addressed rapidly. The client desk will certainly be working very closely with you to help you handle your documentation, transfer and also custodian selection processes.
The team will close the transaction as per your instruction. They will confirm each action of this procedure when you place the order for precious metal products.
Augusta offers typical silver and gold bullion, high worth silver as well as gold, and some exclusive precious coins. No commission is added to the market price. It implies you pay only the rate you are priced estimate. Rare-earth element costs rise and fall but once you have validated your order, the price is completed. Augusta has a buyback plan however the buyback rates can alter. Rules additionally forbid such companies from providing buyback warranty.
The business supplies lifetime support services. Its reputation is high in the industry. This is apparent from the five-star ratings it keeps getting from its clients. It has actually kept impressive document at Organization Customer Alliance as well as Better Business Bureau.
Birch Gold
Rating: 9.3
The business keeps the very best precious metal collection.
Birch Gold has actually developed a solid credibility after two decades of running in this sector. Its team has the talents to assist the customers consist of precious metal items right into their portfolio. They additionally offer assistance services for various other rare-earth elements like palladium as well as platinum.
The economic specialists working right here have established their skills after benefiting years in financing and innovation industries. They use their knowledge to aid customers throughout this process. The customer support workdesk of Birch Gold Group is dedicated to assist you complete your gold individual retirement account purchases without any problem.
The company has maintained high customer care online reputation. It follows the standards associated with client empowerment, ethics, compassion, efficiency, transparency and also education and learning. The group reacts quickly to the calls of clients. You will not just get quick reply yet likewise in-depth answers. This helps you take an informed decision based on your retired life fund investment objectives.
Clients are attracted to this firm since they get personalized care. They can see the worth they obtain here. Birch Gold company is dedicated to protecting your retired life fund and also offering you the most effective monetary advantages with minimal risks. Your financial investments in rare-earth element products will certainly be in risk-free hands. In addition, you will certainly learn different ways to secure yourself from scams plans and scams.
Whether you are browsing its site only for info or need a professional to pick up your phone call, you will obtain the most effective assistance from this team. Birch will certainly show you all details pertaining to your investment. You will obtain support as long as you have an account right here. This strong backing makes you feel encouraged and also go ahead with your profile diversification with complete confidence.
The firm does not treat you as only a number in its spread sheet. You will be offered the relevance and dealt with as a beneficial client.
A professional in rare-earth elements is appointed to your account. The person knows the sector well. You will certainly get aid from this expert in meeting your monetary objectives and also dreams. You will certainly get assistance from that professional throughout your taking care of Birch Gold.
Self Directed Ira Physical Gold
If your investment procedure comes to be hard, you understand somebody with experience and also authority exists to help you address the issues.
The ratings provided by its clients show how Birch Gold has actually preserved outstanding reputation. Its group will help diversify your financial investment portfolio. The team members will certainly strive to use you specifically what you need. You are put first when it concerns sharing resources. Utilize these support solutions and also resources to gain even more understanding of IRA investment choices. The company will never ever share your personal details with other companies.
Birch has actually simplified the procedure to begin and money the gold pension. The charges for establishing the account as well as custodial services vary. Occasionally the company runs promotional deals where no fee is charged on the product. It depends upon the transfer and also financial investment amounts.
Birch Gold offers various coins and also bullion in gold, silver, palladium and also platinum. When you are intending to unload the precious metal possession, you will certainly get a buyback quote from the firm’s professional managing your account.
Birch Gold firm is recognized to use ideal customer support as can be seen from the on-line testimonials uploaded by its consumers. It has kept A+ ranking at Better Business Bureau. Its goal is to use finest solutions that meet the demands as well as expectations of its customers. The customer care workdesk will call you after every procedure to ensure you are pleased with the services you obtained.
4. Noble Gold
The business uses its customers risk-free investment choices for gold individual retirement account Diversify your financial investment portfolio with its help. Use silver and gold backed IRAs to make precious metal purchases. The company’s agent will certainly offer you support throughout this procedure. You are not pressured to buy anything that you do not wish to buy.
Noble Gold has actually maintained extraordinary customer service document due to its friendliness, dependability and also experience in this sector.
Its group of professionals has deep knowledge of this sector. They understand the significance of purchasing these financial investment items. They do not wait in sharing their skills as well as knowledge with the consumers.
A gold individual retirement account business of this level is anticipated to have excellent expertise of these investment alternatives yet the capacities of Noble team go deeper. They have actually been educated to deal with the clients with honesty as well as kindness. You will certainly feel talking with a friendly individual when inquiring on the retirement financial investment process.
Its generosity as well as truth commitments are promised by the leading monitoring in charge of starting this company. These founders rely on supplying friendly guidance as well as excellent quality solutions. The firm has kept a solid connection with market entities. It suggests if you require any type of service or products Noble does not provide, you will get references from it right away.
Its retirement fund financing with gold IRA entails a 3-step procedure.
1. In the primary step, you will get a financial investment guide absolutely free. This expertise book will certainly assist you recognize just how this procedure works. The document does not have any type of industry jargon or marketing buzz. It is committed to offering facts only. Once you have actually gotten expertise on rare-earth element individual retirement account options, you will be ready to invest extra in these products.
2. The following step entails connecting with a reputable expert with expertise and also experience in this area. The Noble representative managing your account has the skills and also knowledge to help meet your retirement fund goals.
3. The last step entails developing your gold IRA account. This process is finished within five mins.
The firm declares that it has collaboration with a number of providers, allowing it to provide its clients extremely affordable costs and the most effective gold IRA offers. You get not just gold IRA but likewise coins made of gold, silver, palladium as well as platinum. Its inventory also has uncommon coins.
The solution consists of a buyback alternative that consumers can make use of any time.
Noble Gold has actually always maintained five-star rating in the evaluations as well as testimonies. It never ever makes use of any kind of unethical business techniques. You will certainly obtain safe and secure product storage space option. Its track record can be gauged from the truth that it has actually maintained A+ ranking at Bbb. Its Business Consumer Alliance score stands at AA. You can not fail when you invest with such a trustworthy gold IRA business.
Recognizing Gold Individual Retirement Account.
These accounts are not new. They have actually been utilized to shield retirement funds for several decades. Traditionally, individual retirement accounts have been used to hold assets like cash, bonds and supplies. Gold individual retirement account began in late 1990s. These precious metal financial investment alternatives have profited investors that wish to secure their retired life fund making use of gold, silver and also various other rare-earth elements, such as palladium and platinum. Individual retirement account property options like cryptocurrency, art as well as property are likewise offered currently in this investment market.
Similar to traditional individual retirement account, you can make payments in your gold IRA based on the pre-tax value. In both typical and also rare-earth element IRA categories, some variables like income limits, liquidation policies and also maximum annual contribution remain very same.
At the same time, purchasing precious metal IRA can be a lot more intricate contrasted to the standard Individual retirement accounts. Senior citizens encounter problem if they do not have any experience of handling this investment choice. It is very important to adhere to the IRS standards relating to rare-earth element individual retirement account financial investments. Only particular sorts of bullion, bars and coins comply with the IRS guidelines. Precious jewelry might have considerable worth however it is not consisted of in this financial investment listing by IRS.
The rare-earth element of IRA have to be kept with a certified custodian. This configuration suggests you acquire the gold however do not get its possession. The storage space facilities that store such gold needs to have authorization from IRS. Your gold individual retirement account can be invalidated if you make use of a storage space center not certified by internal revenue service for this function.
Gold individual retirement account additionally lugs higher costs compared to the conventional Individual retirement accounts. You need services of a company that provides investment alternatives for rare-earth element Individual retirement accounts. Such a business will bill you charges for management, storage space as well as arrangement. It might bill a compensation as well.
The gold IRA is advantageous when you wish to protect your financial investment from inflation. It is a superb means to have a diversified retirement profile. You stay clear of depending on a solitary financial investment product. A gold individual retirement account company will certainly supply you these precious metal option IRA financial investment alternatives.
Self Directed Ira Physical Gold
Ranking Approach Made Use Of to Rank Gold IRA Firms
Different factors have actually been used to rate these firms here. You might find numerous other business running in the sector however the companies chosen right here are recognized to provide impressive services. They have years of experience as well as outstanding credibility in this market. Their customers have actually continually provided luxury scores.
Reviews and Track record
Celeb endorsements make a financial product appearance appealing yet that can be misleading. The goal of this score is to reveal the firms most chosen by the actual retirement fund investors.
Do you locate customer care reps trying to trick you right into investing? Are you facing a hard-cell as well as heavy-handed technique? Do you see an absence of customer-first policy? Can you find out the trivialities associated with these purchases? If you come across a problem, do you obtain a resolution promptly?
All the most effective gold individual retirement account firms of this checklist have maintained high star ratings from real financiers. The companies have actually received A+ rating at Better Business Bureau. In case you like to manage a business getting lots of media attention, however these business have kept solid credibility in the media as a result of their superb solution document.
Easy Arrangement
Setting up a retirement fund is essential for each person. Everybody intends to live pleasantly throughout the retirement years. Solid retirement saving is critical to secure your economic future. It does not suggest you can spend with any kind of company or have to deal with a taxing and also ineffective process.
All firms listed here use quick and easy process to establish the gold individual retirement account. Their agents are always existing to assist you throughout the procedure. Whether you launch the establishing procedure by calling or online system, you will receive expert aid and also advice.
These companies do not use any type of faster way. They are committed to protecting your passions. All their gold individual retirement account items comply with the IRS guidelines.
Fees and Costs
These charges are rather difficult to give in detail as a result of their intricacy. The IRA firms are not concealing anything. The issue is that rates of precious metals in the market can transform swiftly. This is the reason these companies will certainly give you a fixed quote just when you call their representative straight. The estimate on the website might be obsoleted. Following is a list of charges you might sustain when taking care of these firms.
Commissions – The payment billed by the gold IRA business is a portion of the precious metal cost. This portion can be concerning 5%.
Arrangement Charges – This charge is paid only once when establishing your account. It typically does not surpass $200 quantity.
Storage Fees – The custodian storing as well as securing your digital gold will bill this charge. A cost of about $300 a year is paid to the custodian through the gold individual retirement account company.
Upkeep Charges – You will certainly be paying regarding $300 annually as account upkeep cost.
The majority of gold individual retirement account firms do not preserve a list of costs and charges at one location. The most effective method to get these details is to get in touch with the depictive managing your account. The companies listed here keep high degree of openness so they do not be reluctant offering this data. If a company does not disclose its cost information to you upfront, transfer to another firm promptly.
The fees and also charges will certainly vary based on the invested quantity. Some firms give up the cost or cost when running a promo project. Such an offer may be restricted to the first year just.
Selecting Products in Gold and Silver
All the very best gold individual retirement account business assessed right here have IRS authorization. The majority of investors like gold and silver however some people additionally buy platinum and palladium items.
All leading companies picked here provide some instructional product to enlighten their brand-new customers. You need to not miss this part of the financial investment procedure. Research as well as end up being knowledgeable prior to you join this procedure. It will certainly aid protect your financial investment and you will certainly stay clear of blunders that can show dangerous for your financial investment. Conduct your very own research study along with the details gotten from this overview.
You will benefit from the experience and also experience of the customer agents of these companies.
Use this educational guide and also the details acquired from online research study to take the ideal financial investment decision. Surf each company’s choice of precious metals for individual retirement account. Ask inquiries when you face trouble or see an issue.
Potential Buyback
You are not likely to opt for the rare-earth element buyback offer but life has lots of shocks. The buyback guarantee can confirm beneficial in such a scenario that can emerge prior to you retire. You may deal with extreme economic problem prior to retiring. You will intend to have accessibility to your investment at such a time. All companies listed below offer the buyback alternative. The prices of precious metals maintain fluctuating. Make your relocation at the right time so you get the most effective worth for your investments in the precious metals.
IRS bills a charge of 10% if you take out fund prior to 59.5 years of age. Buy any individual retirement account just when you can let go of the worth. The buyback option is suitable not only when you deal with a monetary problem. You may come across an opportunity and intend to cash out. You will face no trouble at such times because these firms use the buyback option.
The Factor to Purchase Gold-Backed IRAs
If you intend to maintain any kind of alternate investment, a gold IRA account is ideal for this purpose. While the gold price adjustments every day based upon numerous elements, it normally boosts during upheaval or uncertainty. You will feel secure when you understand your retired life fund is with a reliable business.
Gold IRAs lug some risks comparable to other investments. Historically, gold has actually been the most trustworthy financial investment option. A big advantage with gold financial investment is that you will be diversifying your profile as well as securing your financial investments. The gold investment will not bring you any type of dividend however in times of recession and inflation, you will have far better defense from gold than supplies. Gold cost tends to go high when the paper asset worth drops.
Some financial investment experts do not suggest precious metal or gold Individual retirement accounts as a result of the complicated nature of this financial investment in addition to even more costs and also strict internal revenue service guidelines. They typically recommend purchasing gold or silver bars if you are interested in physical precious metals. If the precious metals are not kept in any type of individual retirement account, you stay clear of abiding by the complicated depository as well as IRA policies.
Gold IRAs work best when you want to safeguard your portfolio from hefty losses when the market drops. Many economists recommend a maximum 10% of investment profile dedicated to precious metal individual retirement account. It is a different investment as well as its goal is to expand your portfolio. Use a rollover option to open your gold IRA account. By doing this you will stay clear of the internal revenue service constraint of $6000 a year ($7000 in case you are above 50).
Take aid of a financial expert to know if buying the gold IRA is the right decision based on your existing investment profile, future income, the moment remaining in the retired life, and your risk hunger.
Gold Bullion or Coin: What Should You Acquire?
IRS has strict guidelines regarding what rare-earth element items you can choose for your financial investments in gold IRA. Only the gold with a pureness of 99.5% complies with the IRS requirement. Much more strict silver pureness at 99.9% is required. Palladium and also platinum purity criteria are as high as 99.95%.
After you have actually chosen to attach a particular gold IRA business, its rep will help you take the right purchase decision.
Many financiers prefer American Eagle coins people mint. Various other IRS authorized popular choices consist of Maple Fallen leave coins of Canada, and also Koala coins of Australia. Internal revenue service does not accept moneying the IRA account with precious metals of British Sovereigns, German Marks, Swiss Francs, antiques and also rare coins.
Coins supply some more advantages than bars. They are very easy to carry and also market. Their lightweight makes them less expensive as well as they do not call for high level of safety. The coins are additionally hard to imitation.
One advantage with bullion is that its rate specifically shows present market price.
Gold individual retirement account firms obtain higher commission on bullion contrasted to coins. Trusted and also well recognized firms do not push any undesirable IRA or rare-earth element item to increase their revenue. If you find a business attempting to hard-sell its item to you, believe very carefully. You must change the company if called for.
Select coins or bullion based upon your financial investment needs. Research the education and learning products supplied to you by the gold individual retirement account business. Speak with the company’s representative. You will obtain professional advice from a person who has served a a great deal of clients in this matter. When you have all information, make your choice concerning the bullion or coins.
Learn Where the Rare-earth Element of Your Gold IRA Will Be Stored
Precious metals are pricey things and require unique storage solution. Even if you have a strong risk-free and also advanced safety system, keeping the physical gold in your home is not an excellent idea. Such a setup likewise does not comply with the internal revenue service regulations. The division mandates not to maintain rare-earth elements in physical kind with any type of custodian not authorized by it.
Self Directed Ira Physical Gold
IRS mandates that these things must be saved only with an IRS approved trustee like a cooperative credit union, a federal insured bank, savings and loans, or any other approved facility. These custodians take into consideration the saved items as private properties or a shared single fund.
Your custodian may choose a commodity exchange mandated personal depository. A non-bank trustee needs to comply with internal revenue service needs pertaining to safety and security, accountancy, auditing and reporting requirements.
A qualified storage entity makes use of sophisticated protection systems that can identify motion, resonance and also noise. High-tech timer locks boost the protection attributes. Facilities are kept track of 24/7. In addition to these protection functions, the centers are totally guaranteed with plans that can be as high as $1 billion.
All gold individual retirement account companies recommended right here have kept their high credibility over the years. You should stay clear of any type of advice to keep the priceless steels at your very own area or with any unknown storage. IRS will disqualify your gold individual retirement account if you save your rare-earth elements at any unauthorized storage facility.
Goldco has very safeguarded storage space facilities in Texas, Utah and also Delaware. These locations are kept track of round the clock as well as with innovative security systems.
Augusta Precious Metals has depository centers in lots of states consisting of Salt Lake City, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, New York and Wilmington.
Birch Gold Team avails the storage facility of Delaware Vault which has several storage space facilities in Delaware, Wilmington and also The golden state. Birch additionally utilizes the centers of Brinks Global Providers located across Los Angeles, New York City and Salt Lake City.
Noble Gold Investments uses the centers of International Depository Solutions. It has a very safe and secure storage facility in Texas. It is the only business that shows evidence of steel arrival at its facility by sending photos to the client.
A storage space center that abides by IRS authorization requirements will have secured centers where your precious metal investments will continue to be secured and risk-free. The storage center has an added layer of defense in the form of insurance policy.
In case you intend to ask how your precious metal products will be saved, talk with the gold individual retirement account company’s rep. You are constantly accountable of your property.
What Sorts of Coins You Can Keep in Your Gold IRA?
Previously, IRS enabled only Eagle coins for precious metal IRAs. With the intro of Taxpayer Relief Act in 1997, extra precious metals were added to the checklist. The choices consist of gold coins of U.S. Treasury in 1 ounce, 1/2 ounce, 1/4 ounce as well as 1/10 ounce. Various other gold coin alternatives as well as other items as long as they fulfill the IRS’s fineness listing approved by IRS.
Too many choices can not be found with palladium as well as platinum. Platinum options include Maple Fallen leave coins of Canada, American Eagle coins, Island of Guy’s Noble bullion coins, and Koala bullion coins of Australia. The Maple Fallen leave Canadian palladium coin has approval. Similar to the gold and also silver, palladium and also platinum items need to additionally fulfill the fineness specs.
The precious metals need to fulfill other standards too along with the fineness percentage. Evidence coins need to bring an authenticity certification and come in initial complete product packaging. They must be in very good condition.
Only those bullion coins that do disappoint any damages and also look uncirculated are approved. Small bullion bars have to fulfill precision weight specifications. The item needs to have been released by a national government, certified manufacturer, or qualified refiner.
It is very hard for common people to maintain expertise of these requirements and also validate if a rare-earth element product follows the collection requirements. Nevertheless, the trusted companies detailed below will remove your complication quickly if you inquire concerns connected to it. They have experienced professionals to assist you pick the right coins based on your retired life fund objectives.
Gold Individual Retirement Account Rollover
This process is a basic concept when moving value of a conventional IRA right into a gold IRA.
The worth can be relocated from both Roth IRA and typical IRA without inviting tax obligation penalties. After choosing the gold individual retirement account firm, you have to submit an application in addition to the transfer demand type with all needed information. You will certainly never ever get possession of the fund so the rollover procedure is a direct transfer. The fund is moved from your current IRA to the gold IRA. This procedure can take around two weeks. Once this procedure is total, the company assistance team will certainly help you get precious metal items.
You can move funds from 401( k), 457 (b), 403 (b), or federal staff member Second hand Cost savings Plan. A partial rollover is feasible if you are presently utilized and also adhere to the minimal age needs.
When making a direct transfer, your existing custodian will certainly first confirm with your precious metal IRA firm to offer you much better support in getting the precious metals.
A check will certainly be released to you if any kind of direct transfer is made. Onward this fund within 60 days to the gold individual retirement account company. You will invite 10% tax fine troubled very early withdrawal if you do not satisfy the down payment target date as well as if your age is below 59.5 years.
Minimum Financial Investment Needed for the Gold IRA Account
There is no minimal investment amount requirement by IRS. Personal firms have such a requirement.
You can open your gold individual retirement account with a minimum financial investment of $100 just. Nonetheless, you ought to anticipate a minimum of $2500-$5000 as the minimum access point with a private gold IRA company.
If you are planning to invest in a gold IRA, most likely you have some financial investment sector knowledge and also seeking to expand your portfolio. The minimum financial investment amount can be $5000-$25,000 with the business provided attach Goldco.
Do not dispose of the gold IRA potential if you are young as well as just started spending, or still planning to increase your retired life fund. Rather, make smart choices and also buy some other financial products for some years. After that, you can return to gold. Now you will feel confident when buying the gold IRA.
Gold has been the favored financial investment choice for centuries as well as there is no indicator it has lost its beauty or value as an investment lorry. You can easily put a gold individual retirement account in the list of retired life goals.
How Do You Select the Right Gold IRA Company?
The gold IRA with its considerable value is the excellent choice to safeguard your gold years.
Each person has a various retirement plan, investment situation as well as future goals. The very best gold individual retirement account companies provided here have the understanding as well as proficiency to aid you in choosing the very best economic products for your retired life funds.
Once you wish to start your gold individual retirement account procedure, one of these companies should be your front runner. The final option of a company depends on your judgment. The decision ought to be based upon excellent research.
To get more details regarding any one of these firms, call their representative. You are assured of receiving top solutions from professionals that specialize in gold IRA market.
Gold individual retirement account firms make use of the procedure of gold IRA rollover to convert existing supply or bond holding 401K or individual retirement account right into gold coins and bullion. Your paper asset will end up being a precious metal asset with this option.
At the same time, all firms providing gold IRA rollover are not same. Some firms provide much better solutions and also maintain openness in their ventures. They do not have actually concealed costs. This overview reviews the best and most reputable gold IRA business. Each business in this checklist has been examined on various specifications like yearly charges, gold IRA evaluations, selected rare-earth element as well as credibility. These firms will certainly protect your retired life financial investment with rare-earth element IRA, bullion as well as coins.
* This information has been sent by a marketer as well as may not include recommendations by a specialist economic consultant. Financiers are advised to look into the financial products and services before spending. They should call a qualified financial expert before relocating money or opening any type of account. Financial investment results will certainly vary for various capitalists. International investment companies might not supply the same safety as US business. Before taking care of any firm, see to it it complies with the laws. Examine investor.gov site of SEC for advice on US monetary and investment policies. |
We also have a Syndication School series about the “How To’s” of apartment syndications and be sure to download your FREE document by visiting SyndicationSchool.com. Thank you for listening and I will talk to you tomorrow.
TRANSCRIPTION
Theo Hicks: Hello, Best Ever listeners and welcome to the best real estate investing advice ever show. I’m Theo Hicks and I’m back today with Travis Watts. Travis, how are you doing today?
Travis Watts: Theo, doing great man. Excited.
Theo Hicks: Yep, me too. So this is Travis and I, the second time together on this show. We’re going to talk about mostly passive investing, but also a little bit about Travis as well. So as a reminder, Travis is a full-time passive investor, he’s been investing in real estate since 2009 in multifamily, single-family and vacation rentals; he’s also the director of Investor Relations at Ashcroft Capital, and he dedicates his time to educating others who are looking to be more hands-off in real estate, which is again, the purpose of this.
So today we’re gonna talk about tips for navigating 2020. We’re going to expand upon a blog post that Travis wrote, called The Five Tips For Navigating 2020. So we’re gonna go over five particular tips; we’re gonna go one at a time, then we’re gonna probe Travis a little bit more to get some more information out of him.
Theo Hicks: So the first tip for better navigating 2020 is to educate, educate, educate. So since we are working from home, can’t really travel, we should be focusing on educating ourselves, and Travis gave us some examples; obviously, once we are able to work not at home again and travel, we should still be focusing on educating, but since this is focusing on 2020, the whole point is that we have a lot of extra time. Let’s say it takes you half an hour to get to work, ten minutes getting to work, so 40 minutes total commutes, you have an extra hour and 20 minutes of time every single day to spend doing something else. So if you add in, let’s say, 20 minutes extra per day of educating multiplied over every single day for all 2020, imagine how much further towards your goals you’re going to be.
So the question that I had for Travis here, to get more personal, is what is your go-to form education? On the blog, you gave a couple of examples – online events, webinars, books, podcasts, how-to videos, BiggerPockets, blogs; there’s really an unlimited amount of ways you can educate yourself, so what are some of the go-to things that you like to do to stay up to date on your industry, as well as progress towards your goals?
Travis Watts: Sure, Theo. I guess just to back up real quick, just for a minute, so the reason that I really wrote this particular blog – for those that don’t know, I spend my weeks on the phone with investors nationwide, just talking about COVID and passive investing, and through this process, having hundreds– well, I’m sure thousands at this point over time of these calls, what I’ve noticed as a trend since March is so much fear and uncertainty. So a lot of these questions are – are you investing right now? Or I think I might sit on the sidelines for the year, or whatever… So I’ve always been a huge advocate for self-education. I mean, my whole life, more so when I got into the real estate space post-2009, so I guess I’m an eternal optimist to an extent, but I was just thinking the other day, there’s got to be a handful of things that I could put together here for people to help them through a crazy year like this one, which of course, we’ve never seen before, but also reminds me a lot of when I got started in real estate in 2009. There was a ton of fear, a lot of people – I think we talked about on our last show – just saying, “Do I invest right now? Is it the bottom? Everything looks horrible. The news is putting fear in everybody.” So these are just some helpful tips for 2020 that anybody can do just to keep propelling yourself forward and to take advantage of what we can take advantage of. Obviously, we can’t do a lot of things that we were doing pre-March. So anyway, that’s a little backstory behind the blog. You asked me what my favorite source of staying educated is. Is that the question?
Theo Hicks: Yep.
Travis Watts: Cool. Boy, I don’t know if I have a favorite, but I really like just having conversations with people. So I do have some mentors in my network, and even if they’re not a mentor, if they’re just a peer or anybody, I like just conversing. So what I was doing before COVID was going around to conferences and just meeting people and just picking their brain and trying to add value to them as much as I’m getting in the conversation. So I would resort back to that. Now, if you don’t have a big network or you’re just getting started in the space, you mentioned BiggerPockets… Just online forums, not to drop a name brand, but just anywhere that you could go online and just have a conversation or post a topic like the ones that we just talked about, like “Who’s investing right now in July 2020? What are your thoughts?” and just to get 40 different answers to that is probably my favorite. I think I get the most benefit out of that, but I do them all, just to be clear. I’ve got four books on my audible right now, I listen to podcasts every week, I’m reading two books, so I just — whatever. There are different courses for different horses, or however that goes.
But anyhow, everybody’s different, but I just want to point out that there’s a lot of ways to self-educate. I know some people are visual learners, some people are audio, some people like to connect face to face. Take advantage of these Zoom calls; they’re incredible. Seriously, they’re incredible. I’d say about 20% of the calls I have, people ask if I’m willing to do a Zoom call with them. Sure, absolutely. It’s free, it’s convenient. Why not? So anyway, long-winded answer, but those are some ideas.
Theo Hicks: Yeah, I was just gonna say that you would go to these conferences and have one on one conversations with people to educate people. Another really good strategy that I implemented was to reach out to people on BiggerPockets, or in your local market, targeting them with your keywords in your local market they’re in, if you’re just getting started in real estate in general or if you’re further along, and you know what specific type of niche you should be involved in. You can reach out to them, see them in person for coffee.
Now, since you necessarily might not be able to do that, depending on where you live, don’t use that as an excuse to just not do it. Travis gave you a perfect example, as opposed to saying, “Hey, do you mind grabbing coffee?” Say, “Hey, do you mind hopping on Skype or Zoom or FaceTime, whatever type of video conferencing software?” and if you don’t want to do that, you can even just do audio on the phone. So don’t attempt to use that as a reason to not educate yourself.
Obviously, this question is not going to make sense for going to conferences, but for the other types of education that you do – you mentioned podcasts, audiobooks, reading – do you have a block of time, set off a new calendar every day to spend on education? Do you do every single day or every other day? Is it something that you just do whenever you have time? What’s the best approach to make sure you’re actually doing this?
Travis Watts: That’s a great question. I’ve tried a lot of different things over the years. 2015 was my most disciplined year. Again, on the last episode, I think we touched on reading 52 books a year. So I had a very structured schedule day-to-day for that. Anymore, I really don’t, but I want to throw this out there just as a caveat – if you can be disciplined enough to just tell yourself “I will educate myself for 30 minutes today or 60 minutes today, I will do that”, and if you’re the type of person that can make that happen without a schedule – that’s me in a sense, but I know a lot of folks can’t. So I would recommend that you try to break it up into smaller chunks. Instead of just trying to say, “I’m going to do two hours of reading every single morning,” because there’s going to come a morning that you don’t, or you can’t… And here’s why I don’t keep a schedule. Especially before COVID, my wife and I, we travel a ton, so we’re always on the go. So I can’t say, “At [8:15], I’m going to read for 60 minutes.” Sometimes I can’t do that. I’m in transit or I’m driving, so I have to switch up to an audible or a podcast, and then that’s gonna depend on how much time I have; like you mentioned, the 30-minute commute to work; I used to when I worked a W-2 gig. I had about a 45-minute commute, so I would find podcasts that were between 30 minutes and 40 minutes, and I would structure it to that. So I had more of a routine and more of a schedule, but it’s chaos anymore, but I get it in. Even if it’s the last thing, if it’s 11 o’clock at night, I haven’t done it, I jump on YouTube and it’s like how to blah, blah, blah, or somebody’s thoughts on yadda, yadda. I don’t get on YouTube to waste time, I get on there as an education tool 90% of the time, I do watch some travel documentary stuff and whatnot. But anyhow, it’s different for everyone, but I think breaking it up could be easy. Just say, “I’m going to read for 15 minutes in the morning, 15 minutes after lunch, and maybe 15 minutes before bed.” That makes it for some folks. A lot more achievable than just saying, “I’m going to cut out 45 minutes right before bed every night.” You and I know there’s going to be nights where you’re just too tired and it just doesn’t happen. So at least you got two of three.
Theo Hicks: Exactly. I like how you mentioned that. It’s a lot easier to listen or to just watch that it’s to like actively read. So if you are able to get that reading aspect in earlier in the day and you are too tired, just put on a ten-minute YouTube video and just sit there, even if you’re not paying attention for most of it; at least you’ll get something.
Alright, so that’s number one – educate, educate, educate. The second tip for navigating 2020 is to redefine your goals and investing criteria, and you mentioned in this piece that the goal isn’t necessarily a dollar amount that you want to make or, “I want to make $100 in cash flow every single month” or “I want to increase my equity by whatever, 12% over five years.” Obviously, that’s important, but what’s more important you say is what’s the underlying reason why you want to make that money in the first place. So my question to you — and you mentioned, what is it that you really want to achieve in life? So you can either answer both of these questions or just one, but either for you or for all of the investors you speak with, what are these types of things that they really want to achieve through this passive income source?
Travis Watts: It’s funny… I made this mistake in 2009, I guess. If you and I were having this conversation and you asked me, “What are your goals?” it would have most definitely been a number; this much cash flow, this much equity this much — it’s all numbers. I was not going deep enough… And here’s the importance. Let me just paint this picture. I ask people all the time about their goals and their objectives, their five-year plan, ten-year plan, what’s the ultimate goal, and here’s what I hear all the time, “$10,000 a month cash flow.” But what I rarely hear is “be more charitable, spend this much time with my family, plan the specific trip that we’ve always wanted to do, but never had the chance to,” that’s your real why, that’s the actual goal that’s digging beneath the surface. Maybe the $10,000 a month cash flow makes that happen for you, but you’ve got to understand and have clarity around the actual goal itself. So I, to myself anyway, I discredit all my number goals; they mean nothing to me. It’s not about numbers at all.
Something I speak a lot about is time freedom – freeing up your actual time through passive income. The reason that’s so important is to discover the world, to discover yourself, to have the time and the flexibility to do what you want with your time. So that’s the ultimate objective. So that’s how I approach goal setting. So whether we’re talking about a small goal like “I want to work out for 30 minutes a day” or you’re talking a big goal like “I want to retire in five years, specifically for these reasons”, it’s important to not just write down a goal or think about it – that’s even worse – and then just forget about it and go, “Oh, well, that’s five years out”, and the next year “Well, it’s still four years out,” because you’re not really making progress towards those in most cases, you’re just letting them fly by the wayside. So I come back to them at minimum, quarterly, most often, monthly. That’s my frequency and that’s where I check in with myself.
And I do the vision boarding stuff and different things, and it changes, and it’s okay. There’s plenty of goals I set out to achieve in a particular timeframe and then realize halfway in either A, I don’t really want that goal after all, or B, what if I did this instead? You don’t have to stay locked into one black and white thinking and that’s the only way. So be adaptable, but the point is that you’re consistently pushing yourself to grow and to expand and to learn, and I think that’s the most important part, is you’re holding yourself accountable. That’s the monthly check-in, that’s the quarterly check-in on your longer-term goals.
Not to get all crazy and weird, but there’s so much, I believe, power to envisioning, like “This is what my life is potentially going to look like, these are the things I could do”, the vision board, whatever. I think if any of the listeners have read Think and Grow Rich and stuff like that – and that’s just one example, it’s a widely known book, but there’s a lot to the power of visualizing your future. So I’m a big believer in it. So I would recommend that people at least try that for a certain amount of time. Try it for six months and see what happens and check in at least monthly.
Theo Hicks: Perfect. Okay, so that was number two. Number three is to volunteer your time and seek mentors. So I really like this point, because you’ve written a blog post before about the knowledge hack, and I talked about this on Syndication School. Essentially, the knowledge hack is you’re able to save a year, two years, a decade, however much time by simply having a mentor. I went into specifics on exactly what you should want out of a mentor; because if you want to have that knowledge and you want to reduce that time, then you need to be doing what you want to do, and you need to be successful in it, because the entire purpose is that they are there to help you navigate any trouble areas, the common mistakes people make, so that you’re not spending ten years making mistakes that you could have easily avoided by having someone who has already made those mistakes or knows not to do something that is going to ultimately lead to a mistake.
So here you mentioned that you can consider either hiring a coach, spending money, but obviously mentorships can be pretty expensive, and if you’re just starting out, you might not have money. Again, don’t use that as an excuse not to have a mentor whatsoever, because you gave a second option, which was to consider volunteering your time to add values to other in exchange for mentorship. So this is essentially how I started working for Joe. So I wanted to ask where that idea come from. Is that something that you did, or did you see someone else do this that made you realize the power of getting a mentor through that particular strategy?
Travis Watts: I don’t know, to be honest with you where this initially came from. What I can tell you is I’ve done both. So I’ve paid for mentorship and coaches. I’ve also volunteered my time as well, and I think that’s the most widely missed aspect of it, is everybody’s out there looking for the knowledge, and what you run into when you Google is mentorship and coaching and these programs and these seminars, and you’re thinking, “Ah, this is thousands of dollars. I don’t have thousands of dollars. I guess I just can’t do it,” and that’s what a lot of people think… But it’s just false, because – I’ll give you an example. About two, maybe three months back, a guy reached out to me through– I don’t know if it’s BiggerPockets or somewhere online, and he says, “Hey, I noticed that you’ve launched this Instagram and that you’re gaining followers and whatever,” and he said, “That’s my specialty, that’s what I do,” and so I say, “Oh, here comes the sales pitch. How much do you want?” and he goes, “Listen,” he said, “I’m also a real estate investor out here in California,” and he said, “I’m doing this four-plex and I have an out of state property, and I just have some questions.” He said, “I like some of the blogs you’ve written and whatever.” He said, “So here’s the deal. I would run your Instagram and help you gain followers, since I know how to do that, if you’ll mentor me once per week for an hour.” So we did this for, I don’t know, two months or something; it didn’t last forever, but a classic example. So I could give him in a very focused, structured way, in enough, time instead of doing the 15-minute calls that I traditionally do with folks. I could really dedicate to what specifically he was trying to achieve.
I’d send him resources, I’d send them books, trying to go above and beyond, because I thought it was so cool. Just because that’s such a thing that I am an advocate for. I just wanted to go above and beyond with it, but that’s a classic example. Not that I’m anybody special or famous, but it’s like, I knew more than he knew in certain areas, and those certain areas is where he was trying to go. And he could have equally gone and paid whatever five grand or something to get some program, but he leveraged me instead. So he could have charged me five grand and then he could have turned around and then bought a mentor or something. But the point is two groups of people like you mentioned, – those that have the money to hire coaches and mentors, that’s perfectly fine and very efficient and effective in most cases, and then volunteering your time if you don’t; or maybe a combination of both.
Some of my mentors, by the way, or the way I add value is we’re just swapping experience in the investing space. I’m saying, “Hey, I’ve invested with these groups over here and this has been my experience,” and they’re saying, “Well, I’m invested with these groups, and here’s my experience.” So we’re both being a mentor to each other and it’s free, but it’s adding value on both sides.
One last thought on that, one of my nephews – I have four – is about to go into college. So this last 12 months, as he’s deciding what to go to college for, I’ve been telling him to add value to folks in the industry that he thinks he wants to work in… Because he’s changed his mind. He wants to be an optometrist, and then a this and then a dentist etc. I’m like, “Just go volunteer your time, even if it’s pushing paperwork or something. Just do something that you can do legally. Be a janitor, and just pick their brain, just be immersed in the environment. See if that’s really what you want to do,” and I think he did that to an extent, but not as much as I would have wanted him to do it. So anyway, that’s my thoughts on that.
Theo Hicks: So for that example, the approach that he used was he had a goal, and then he wanted to invest in this deal, and he, again, knew the power of mentorship and knew exactly what he needed, and so he sought out someone who could give that to him, who could be that mentor. And rather than just emailing Travis and saying, “Hey, I listened to you on a podcast. Here’s all my questions that I want answered.” He instead thought, “Okay, well, what can I do –rather than just pay Travis, what can I do in exchange for that help?” and in this case, he offered to help you with your Instagram account, because [unintelligible [00:21:44].16] you had started– maybe you didn’t specifically say, “Hey, if anyone wants to help me with the Instagram account, please email me.” So it’s not going to be that obvious, is the point. So if you have a mentor, the way you can add value might not be super obvious.
For me, Joe actually asked for help, but sometimes, they might not necessarily be asking for help. You can just listen to them and be creative and attempt to figure out what it is you could help them with. And then one thing if you really want to get someone’s attention is following Travis’ example, and you’re gonna let me know if this is true or false… But obviously, it’s good to offer to do something for them in exchange for something else. What would have been even better in my opinion is if he would have proactively had a plan for you ready.
So like, “Hey, Travis, I did this for Instagram. Here’s my five-step plan in order to get you to go from this many followers to 1000 followers”, and then not even asking for anything in return whatsoever, and so you see this guy like, “Oh my God, this guy just gave me this information for free,” and then once you’ve actually addressed the needs of that individual, then you can say, “Hey, by the way, do you mind helping me out with XYZ?” Again, not necessary, but maybe if you want to get some massive, big-time 20,000 unit apartment investor to be your mentor, that’s probably the approach you’re gonna have to use. You’re gonna have to put all your cards on the table first, and then ask for help afterward. So be more proactive in your value-adding, as opposed to it being an exchange type of deal.
Travis Watts: Excellent. Yeah, totally agree. For those listening that are thinking about this concept, think about this. It’s a super, super-competitive world out there. There are lots of people right now, especially on the online stuff, since we’re all at home and a lot of folks are out of work, a lot of people out there looking to work for free. So if you’re thinking, “Well, I’m worth this much money or this much per hour,” or you’re letting your ego get in the way, there’s a lot of missed opportunities with that. And you don’t always have to start working for free, but to your point, the more detailed, the more precise, the more you can stand out and add value, the better off you’re going to be; just food for thought to wrap that up.
Theo Hicks: Alright. Well, I think, what we’re gonna do is we’re gonna stop at those three and create a little bit of anticipation and maybe make people go to the blog to get the last two, number four and number five. So if you want tips number four and number five, go to the blog, joefairless.com, and then it’s “Five tips for navigating 2020.” The blog post goes live the 29th of July. So check that out for those last two tips. The first tip was to educate yourself. Number two was to redefine your goals, making sure you’re focusing on the underlying the why behind that dollar amount, and then number three is to seek out a mentor, either financially paying them or by adding value. And for all those, we gave countless examples of what Travis does, what people he talks to do, and then just overall advice on that. So anything else you want to say before we wrap up?
Travis Watts: We saved the best two for last. Go check it out.
Theo Hicks: There you go. Well, Best Ever listeners, thank you as always. |
More than 20,000 attendees from 60-plus countries were in attendance at this year’s National Association of Convenience Stores (NACS) Show, which took place Oct. 7-10 at the Las Vegas Convention Center in Las Vegas.
According to NACS, more than 1,800 retailers visited the Cool New Products preview room to get a sneak peak at the 290-plus products featured in the room. NACS provided attendees with scanners to scan products they found interesting and wanted more information about, and a record 34,260 total scans were conducted in the preview room, according to the NACS Daily e-newsletter.
The buzz around new and existing products also could be found on the exhibit floor. The following are beverage highlights from the 2014 NACS Show:
Advantage Sales & Marketing LLC, Irvine, Calif., featured a number of beverage brands and products at its booth including Tornado Energy, Mamma Chia, SK Energy’s Daredevil and Punisher energy shots, Ocean Spray Sparkling, and Diageo-Guinness USA. Diageo-Guinness announced that it launched a Guinness Blonde Lager in North America, which features the same yeast as original Guinness but also contains American hops.
St. Louis-based Anheuser-Busch featured its five “Play to Win in Convenience” platforms, which include Single Serve, 2 for 1 Promo, C-Store Displays, In Stock All Day and More Doors marketing programs.
AriZona Beverages, Woodbury, N.Y., highlighted the latest additions to its portfolio of ready-to-drink (RTD) beverages, including AriZona Oak Reserve, a brewed tea with American oak chips available in Unsweetened, Lightly Sweetened and Lemon varieties; Jack Nicklaus Golden Bear Strawberry Fizz, the latest addition to its Golden Bear line; Shaq Fu Punch, a juice line developed in partnership with Shaquille O’Neal; and Skinnygirl Sparklers, a sparkling water line developed in partnership with Bethenny Frankel. The company also promoted its fountain capabilities utilizing the Golden Bear brand.
Xyience, which was recently acquired by Big Red Inc., Austin, Texas, promoted its line of energy beverages as well as products from the Big Red portfolio including Big Jack and Hydrive Energy Water.
Blue Diamond Growers, Sacramento, Calif., announced that it will introduce single-serve, refrigerated packages of its Almond Breeze almond milk in February 2015.
Boston-based The Boston Beer Co. promoted its collection of craft brands including Samuel Adams Lager and seasonal beers, Angry Orchard hard cider, and Twisted Tea flavored malt beverages.
Fruit Shoot, a brand of Britvic plc, Hemel Hempstead, England, showcased its latest juice drink variety: Strawbrainy.
Bug Juice Brands, Brighton, Mich., highlighted the success of its 2014 introductions: Dragon Berry and Bubble Gum juice drinks. The company also announced two new varieties: Spider Juice and Lady Bug Juice.
BYB Brands, Charlotte, N.C., showcased its Tum-E Yummies kids drinks and Fuel in a Bottle energy shots.
Camden, N.J.-based Campbell Soup Co. promoted its newest products, which will be available in December. Capitalizing on spicy beverage trends, the company will release a V8 Spicy Mango Juice Cocktail. During that same timeframe, the company will release V8 Veggie Blends. Packaged in 12-ounce bottles, Veggie Blends will be available in Carrot Mango, Healthy Greens and Purple Power varieties.
Cellulations LLC, Sunrise, Fla., highlighted its portfolio of functional beverages including the Modjo for Life line, which is available in Immunity Defense, Age Defense, Heart Defense and Weight Defense varieties; and Everlast Hydrate Elite, a performance beverage infused with coconut water.
Atlanta-based The Coca-Cola Co. demonstrated its total beverage selling solutions designed to engage shoppers and create sustainable value. It also debuted a number of new products, flavors, a dispenser, packaging and insights. The company showcased an enhanced Digital Cold Vault, which displays beverage sets that best appeal to shoppers based on demographics. New this year is the iSHOP feature, which contains comprehensive insights about shopping habits, occasions and perceptions. The following are the collection of new products the company had on hand for sampling: Coca-Cola Life, a reduced-calorie cola sweetened with a blend of cane sugar and stevia leaf extract; fairlife ultra-filtered milk, which was developed through a venture with fairlife LLC and provides 50 percent more natural protein and 30 percent more calcium than ordinary milk; illy issimo RTD coffee, which is available in 9.5-ounce glass bottles in Cappuccino, Mochaccino and Macchiato varieties; and Sprite LeBron’s Mix, which combines Sprite with cherry and orange flavors and will be available in convenience stores from March to June 2015 in 20-ounce PET bottles and frozen packages. The company also announced flavor extensions for a number of brands, such as Powerade Lemonade, which will be available in summer 2015; Simply juice drinks in Fruit Punch and Tropical flavors, which will be available in January 2015; Fuze Mango Orange and Berry Punch varieties, which will be available in March 2015; and Minute Maid Premium Blend Juice Drinks in Berry Blend and Tropical Blend flavors, which are slated to launch in 2015. The company also will expand its “Share a Coke” program next year by adding more millennial names to the mix. Additional packaging announcements included updated graphics for the company’s Chill Activated Can; an extension to the Coke Zero brand; Honest Tea’s new bottle shape and graphics; fruitwater in a new, sleek bottle; and Odwalla’s new 15.2-ounce PET bottle.
Cold Star Inc., Mount Ephraim, N.J., showcased its TEAse and CAF Fusion beverages.
Copa Di Vino, The Dalles, Ore., highlighted its premium wine-by-the-glass product line. Packaged in a plastic glass that features a splash cap and a patented seal, the single-serve wine brand is available in Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Grigio, Merlot, White Zinfandel, Moscato and Riesling varieties.
Tampa, Fla.-based Cott Beverages promoted its capabilities to manufacture private-label energy drinks, lemonades, juices and energy shots for retailers.
Cowboy Beverages LLC, Jal, N.M., showcased its Cowboy Up and Cowgirl Up energy drinks.
Chicago-based Crown Imports announced that Modelo Especial will launch a national media campaign in 2015.
Dream Water, Hollywood, Fla., showcased its line of dietary supplements that are designed to help consumers fall asleep.
Plano, Texas-based Dr Pepper Snapple Group (DPS) promoted its direct-store-delivery partnerships with Neuro Brands, Bai Brands, Big Red, Body Armor and Sunny Delight Beverages Co. DPS also announced a number of new product launches for 2015, including Snapple Whoa-Conut, Snapple Straight Up, Sunkist Sparkling Water, Snapple Lady LiberTea, Schweppes Simply Refreshing, and Mott’s Tropical Ba-Na-Na!, which features licensed characters from “Despicable Me.” The company also offered samples of Clamato Prepardo, which already is in the market.
E. & J. Gallo Winery, Modesto, Calif., announced the January 2015 launch of Viniq, a liqueur that combines vodka, moscato wine and natural fruit flavors. The company also announced the latest additions to its New Amsterdam vodka portfolio: Pineapple and Peach.
Eastland Food Corp., Jessup, Md., showcased its TropiKing aloe vera juice.
Highland Ranch, Colo.-based Hangover Joe’s Inc. promoted its Git-R-Done energy shot.
Heineken USA, White Plains, N.Y., offered samples from its collection of imported beer brands, including Dos-a-Rita, Heineken, Strongbow, Tecate, Amstel and New Castle.
Austin, Texas-based High Brew Coffee showcased its High Brew Coffees. The ready-to-drink cold-brewed coffees launched earlier this year.
Muscle Milk, a brand of Cytosport/Hormel Foods Corp., Austin, Texas, offered samples of its Muscle Milk 100, a 100-calorie beverage; Muscle Genuine; and Pro Series 40.
Atlanta-based In Zone Brands Inc. announced the January 2015 launch of its good2grow Juicy Waters. The juice drinks contain 25 percent juice and are U.S. Department of Agriculture certified organic. Available in Grape and Fruit Punch varieties, the products will be available in 4- and 8-ounce packages. In March 2015, the company will launch good2grow Ultra Purified Water, which features added electrolytes for taste.
Ito En North America Inc., Brooklyn, N.Y., showcased a number of new products at the show. Highlights include Jay Street Coffee’s Coffee Shot, which features 150 mg of caffeine; Jay Street Coffee Extra Rich, which is available in Mocha, Hazelnut and Caramel Macchiato varieties; Teas’ Tea Organic in Black Tea and Green Tea varieties; Teas’ Tea Green Tea + Matcha single-cup teas, which are compatible with Keurig K-Cup brewing systems; and Teas’ Tea Herbal Chamomile Tea.
Seattle-based Jones Soda Co. showcased its new Jones Sparkling Water line.
Karma Culture, Pittsford, N.Y., offered samples of its soon-to-be-released flavored water variety: Tropical Burst. The latest Karma Wellness Water combines caffeine and coconut flavors.
Kellogg Co., Battle Creek, Mich., promoted its Special K protein drinks, which are available in Strawberry and French Vanilla flavors.
Milwaukee-based King Juice Co. showcased its Calypso Teamonades and Calypso Lemonades and Limeades.
Kraft Foods Group, Northfield, Ill., showcased upcoming offerings for its Mio Energy brand. The brand showcased the new offerings, Wicked Blue and Pineapple Strawberry. It also noted that Kool-Aid Ready-To-Drink will be released in January in three SKUs.
Living Essentials, Farmington Hills, Mich., announced the release of its latest 5-Hour Energy variety: Strawberry Watermelon Extra Strength. The product will hit retailers this month and has joined the 5-Hour Energy portfolio as a permanent flavor. In the second quarter of 2015, the company also will bring back its limited-edition Cherry flavor. Sales of this flavor will benefit the Special Operations Warrior Foundation.
Southfield, Mich.-based Marley Beverage Co. offered samples of its Marley’s Mellow Mood and Marley’s One Drop beverages.
Mike’s Hard Lemonade Co., Chicago, showcased a number of products including its Mike’s Harder, TGI Friday’s cocktails, and Mixed Drinks 2 Go lines.
Chicago-based MillerCoors shared with attendees a number of new releases for 2015. Among the new varieties will be Steel Reserve Hard Pineapple, Redd’s Green Apple and Redd’s Mango flavored malt beverages. The company also announced that it will incorporate its original white label on its glass bottles. The company previously transitioned its aluminum cans to the original white label earlier this year after a successful promotion with “Anchorman 2.”
Monarch Custom Beverages, Canton, Ga., highlighted its portfolio of private-label beverages.
Monster Beverage Corp., Corona, Calif., offered samples of a number of its Monster energy drinks, including Muscle Monster, Java Monster, Monster Rehab, Punch Monster, Juice Monster, Uber Monster and Zero Ultra. It also promoted its Hubert’s Lemonade, Diet Lemonade and Half & Half beverages.
New York-based Myx Beverage LLC showcased its fruit-infused, single-serve Myx Fusion Moscato beverages, which launched in July.
Glendale, Calif.-based Nestlé USA announced that its Nesquik brand will feature Marvel “Avengers” packaging beginning in March 2015. Also new for 2015, the company announced the January release of Skinny Cow Creamy Iced Coffee drinks, which will be available in Vanilla Latte, Mocha Latte and Creamy Cappuccino varieties. The company also offered samples of its limited-edition Nesquik Girl Scout Cookie beverages.
Nestlé Waters North America, Stamford, Conn., showcased a number of new products slated for a2015 release. Products included Sweet Leaf Coffee-Tea Blend in Original Sweet and Vanilla flavors; Nestea Lemonade and Peach varieties in new 16-ounce packaging; and Jimmy Buffet’s Island Tea in Pineapple Coconut, Tropical Citrus, Strawberry Lime, Paradise Punch and Peach Mango varieties.
New Whey Nutrition LLC, Oviedo, Fla., promoted its NuAquos protein drinks and the line’s redesigned label.
New York-based New York Spring Water promoted its new push-down caps for its V-Blast vitamin-enhanced waters.
Niagara Bottling LLC, Ontario, Calif., announced that it will release Game Plan and Aragani brands later this year to complement its bottled water portfolio. Niagara is the largest manufacturer of private-label bottled water, the company says.
Highland, Calif.-based Nitro2Go Inc. highlighted its same-named energy shot. The product will launch in 2015, the company says.
Aurora, Ill.-based Optimum Nutrition, a wholly owned subsidiary of Glanbia, promoted its newest product: Amino Energy. Being tested in Chicago, the dietary supplement contains 5 grams of micronized free-form amino acids and provides 100 mg of caffeine in each serving. It is available in Watermelon Wave and Orange Blast flavors.
Organic Valley, La Farge, Wis., showcased its Organic Balance and Organic Fuel protein shakes, which derive their protein from organic milk.
Oskar Blues Brewery, Longmont, Colo., highlighted its 19.2-ounce single-serve cans for the convenience store channel. The company currently offers Dale’s Pale Ale and Mama’s Little Yella Pils beers in that size.
Pabst Brewing Co., Los Angeles, promoted its domestic beers and flavored malt beverages.
Polar Beverages, Worchester, Mass., showcased its winter seasonal set of seltzer waters. The winter set is available in Ginger Apple, Blackberry Bergamot, Cranberry and Clementine, Toasted Coconut Crème, and Champagne Strawberry varieties.
Melrose Park, Ill.-based Protein2o Inc. showcased its protein-enhanced water line. The beverages feature 30 percent of the daily recommended amount of protein, the company says.
PepsiCo Inc., Purchase, N.Y., showcased a number of innovations with release dates across late 2014 and 2015. This fall, the company released a new package size for Izze sparkling beverages. A new 12-ounce tall can is available for its Clementine and Blackberry varieties so that they better fit in the convenience channel. In late December, Tropicana Farmstand will add a new variety to the mix: Tropical Green. In January 2015, the company will release Mtn Dew Kickstart Hydrating Boost, which combines real fruit juice and coconut water. The brand extension will be available in Strawberry Kiwi and Mango Citrus flavors. Also in January 2015, the company will welcome Propel Electrolyte Water to the mix. The product is the first and only electrolyte water with a Gatorade level of electrolytes, the company says. The company also will launch a number of new products in February 2015, such as Frappuccino LX in S’mores and Mocha Coconut varieties; Lipton Sparkling Iced Tea, which will be available in Lemonade, Peach and Raspberry flavors; a repackaged and reformulated O.N.E. Pure Coconut Water; and O.N.E. Coconut Water with Tea, which will be available in Wild Orange with Tea and Tropical Colada with Tea varieties. In March, the company will launch Starbucks Doubleshot Coffee & Protein, which features 20 grams of protein. Four flavors are in development — Caramel, Coffee, Vanilla Bean and Dark Chocolate — but only three will launch, it says. The company also will bring back Citrus Cooler for Gatorade as a “throwback” in conjunction with celebrating 50 years of fueling athletes. In addition, an official launch date is being determined for PACt, a new water developed by Ocean Spray that contains proanthocyanidins or PACs. The new product will be available in Cranberry Raspberry, Cranberry Pomegranate, Cranberry Blood Orange and Cranberry Mango Passionfruit flavors.
Los Angeles-based Pom Wonderful LLC promoted its reformulated and repackaged Pom Antioxidant Super Teas.
Red Bull North America Inc., Santa Monica, Calif., announced it will add new flavors to its Red Bull Editions energy drinks lineup in February. The new varieties will be Red Bull Orange and Cherry Editions. It also announced that its Summer Edition will join the permanent lineup as Yellow Edition.
Reed’s Inc., Los Angeles, offered samples of its Reed’s Ginger Brews and Virgil’s root beers and cream sodas.
Las Vegas-based Rockstar Inc. offered samples of its Rockstar energy drinks, including Horchata Energy.
Shamrock Farms, Phoenix, released its Rockin’ Refuel Muscle Builder Max, which contains 50 grams of high-quality protein.
Chico, Calif.-based Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. promoted its portfolio of craft beers, including Torpedo and Pale Ale.
SPI West Port Inc., South San Francisco, Calif., showcased its aloe vera beverages for the convenience store retailer. The brand also had Jim Dunn of Jim Dunn Racing on hand to sign autographs for attendees.
Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.-based Splash Beverage Group promoted its collection of partner brands, including KonaRed, which features Hawaiian coffee fruit; Tapout performance beverages, which are designed to support energy, hydration and recovery; and Bruce Tea, a collection of teas inspired by Bruce Lee’s personal recipes.
Sportwater Beverages LLC, Stamford, Conn., showcased its functional electrolyte water Ionic Sport Water.
Cincinnati-based Sunny Delight Beverages Co. will extend its Sparkling Fruit2O lineup with a new line of Lime Twists in February 2015. The new products will be available in Strawberry Lime, Lime, Cherry Lime and Blueberry Lime flavors. The company also will add Sunny D Orange Colada to its portfolio in January 2015.
At the show, TalkingRain Beverage Co., Preston, Wash., unveiled the latest line extension for its Sparkling Ice brand: Sparkling Ice Tea. Available in Raspberry Tea, Lemon Tea and Peach Tea flavors, the lineup features a blend of brewed black tea, green tea and fruit juice. Like the rest of the Sparkling Ice portfolio, Sparkling Ice Teas do not contain any calories.
Chicago-based Tampico Beverages highlighted its single-serve offerings to those in the convenience store channel.
True Drinks Inc., Irvine, Calif., promoted its naturally flavored water for kids. The zero-calorie bottled water has a licensing agreement with the Disney and Marvel franchises.
Dallas-based Tweaker Energy Drinks announced the release of its Sour Apple energy shot. It also promoted its HED energy drink, which is available in 16-ounce cans.
Cascade Ice, a brand of Everett, Wash.-based Unique Beverage Co. LLC, showcased its proprietary 7-ounce slim bottle design.
Ok.– energy drink, a brand of Valora Schweiz AG, Muttena, Switzerland, featured its line of 100 percent vegan drinks.
Vasinee Food Corp., Brooklyn, N.Y., showcased its lineup of FOCO coconut waters. The products are available in Pure, Mango, Lychee, Pink Guava, Pineapple and Pomegranate varieties.
New York-based Vita Coco offered samples of its coconut waters including its latest variety: Lemonade.
Voss of Norway ASA, New York, promoted its sparkling water, which is available in 375- and 800-ml bottles.
VPX, Weston, Fla., highlighted its Amino Rush, Redline Xtreme and Bang beverages.
Watertown, Wis.-basedKlarbrunn Inc., owned by Wis-Pak Inc., featured its Vita Ice beverages as well as its latest varieties Strawberry Lemonade, Iced Tea & Lemonade, and Lemonade. It also highlighted its übr electrolyte water and Hog Wash beverages.
Denver-based Xing Beverage LLC featured its Xing Tea products and its latest packaging releases. Among those are its 16-ounce PET package, new horizontal graphics, and its fridge-pack designs. The company also promoted its Xing Juice products.
The 2015 NACS Show will take place Oct. 11-14 at the Las Vegas Convention Center in Las Vegas.
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facts and evidence, and the interpretation of the Ontario Fault Determination Rules with regard to a chain reaction pile-up accident. Additionally, there were numerous child protection, immigration and criminal decisions.
Here’s to hoping that the Jays can pull off two more wins and continue this great ride! For everyone who will be watching tonight, enjoy the game, and Go Jays!
John Polyzogopoulos
Blaney McMurtry LLP
[email protected]
Tel: 416.593.2953
Table of Contents
Civil Cases
Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals v. Sovereign General Insurance Company, 2015 ONCA 702 (click on the case name to read the summary)
Keywords: Insurance Law, Commercial General Liability Policy, Coverage, Duty to Defend, Malicious Prosecution, Standard of Review, Policy Interpretation, Exclusion Clause, Sattva Capital Corp. v. Creston Moly Corp., Fortuity Principle, Appeal Dismissed
D.L.G. & Associates Ltd. v. Minto Properties Inc., 2015 ONCA 705 (click on the case name to read the summary)
Conforti (Re), 2015 ONCA 708 (click on the case name to read the summary)
Keywords: Bankruptcy and Insolvency, Discharge from Bankruptcy, Non-Disclosure of Income and Property, Motion for Directions, Costs, Partial Indemnity, Substantial Indemnity, Offer to Settle, Rule 49
Entry Point Investments v. Invis Inc., 2015 ONCA 701 (click on the case name to read the summary)
Keywords: Contract Law, Guarantees, Evidence in Writing, Statute of Frauds, s.4, Appeal Dismissed
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company v. Old Republic Insurance Company of Canada, 2015 ONCA 699 (click on the case name to read the summary)
Keywords: Insurance Law, Automobile Insurance, Statutory Accident Benefits, Statutory Interpretation, Fault Determination Rules, Loss Transfer Provisions, Insurance Act, s. 275, Fault Determination Rules, Rule 9, Heavy Commercial Vehicle
Allstate Insurance Company of Canada v. Klimitz, 2015 ONCA 698 (click on the case name to read the summary)
Keywords: Insurance Law, Accident Benefits, Limitation Period, Insurance Act, s. 281.1(1), s. 37(1), Appeal Dismissed
Om Sai Physiotherapy Clinic Inc. v. Kucher, 2015 ONCA 711 (click on the case name to read the summary)
Keywords: Civil Procedure, Motion to Strike Claim, Dismissal for Delay, Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 24, Counterclaim, Fresh Evidence
Connolly v. Advantagewon Inc. (click on the case name to read the summary))
For a list of Civil Law endorsements, click here
For a list of Criminal Law decisions, click here
For a list of Other decisions, click here
Civil Cases
Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals v. Sovereign General Insurance Company, 2015 ONCA 702
[Epstein, Pepall and Benotto JJ.A]
Counsel:
R. V. Andal, for the appellant
B. Shiller and A. Chaisson, for the respondent
Keywords: Insurance Law, Commercial General Liability Policy, Coverage, Duty to Defend, Malicious Prosecution, Standard of Review, Policy Interpretation, Exclusion Clause, Sattva Capital Corp. v. Creston Moly Corp., Fortuity Principle, Appeal Dismissed
Facts:
This appeal concerned an insurer’s duty to defend under commercial general liability (“CGL”) insurance policies.
The respondent, Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (“OSPCA”) was insured by Sovereign General Insurance Company (“Sovereign”). In three separate actions, Paul St. Amand (“St. Amand”), Dr. Stephen Sheridan (“Sheridan”), and Trevor Smith (“Smith”) sued OSPCA. OSPCA then sought coverage from Sovereign, who refused to defend the actions. OSPCA had contracts of insurance with both Sovereign and Travelers Insurance. Travelers initially defended the three actions, but later took the position that Sovereign should contribute half of the defence costs. OSPCA commenced an application seeking a declaration that Sovereign was required to defend each action. Sovereign conceded that the claims for malicious prosecution, false arrest, false imprisonment, and slander were encompassed by the insurance policies, but defended and relied on exclusion clauses and on the application of the fortuity principle.
With one exception, the application judge disagreed with Sovereign’s position and ordered it to defend the actions. Sovereign then appealed that order.
Issues:
(1) Did the application judge err in concluding that the exclusion clauses contained in the insurance policies were inapplicable?
(2) Did the application judge err in concluding that the fortuity principle was inapplicable?
Holding: The answer to both questions was “No”. Appeal Dismissed.
Reasoning:
The application judge correctly concluded that neither the exclusion provisions at issue nor the fortuity principle was applicable. Moreover, her findings of mixed fact and law were entitled to deference. When interpreting insurance policies, the language of the policy is the most important factor in determining whether coverage is granted or excluded. In addition to the language of the policy, courts should also take into account general principles of insurance law. The Court thus did not interfere with the application judge’s conclusion that Sovereign had a duty to defend all three actions.
(i) St. Amand Claim
With respect to the fortuity principle, the application judge was correct in concluding that it did not operate to preclude coverage. The fortuity principle serves as an interpretive aid. It is a “general principle of insurance law that arises from the very nature and purpose of insurance, namely, that ordinarily only fortuitous or contingent losses are covered by a liability policy”. The principle is based on the notion that insurance makes economic sense where losses are unforeseen or accidental and that it would be undesirable to encourage people to injure others intentionally by indemnifying them for the civil consequences. The policy at issue expressly covered offences such as malicious prosecution. Moreover, the application judge’s interpretation of the contract in light of the fortuity principle and its application to the pleadings amounted to mixed findings of fact and law and, in the absence of any palpable and overriding error, deference was owed.
(ii) Sheridan Claim
The application judge did not err in her conclusion that Sovereign had a duty to defend the Sheridan claim. In addressing the claims of false arrest and malicious prosecution, the application judge correctly concluded that exceeding the scope of a search warrant is not an offence or violation of the Criminal Code. As such, the exclusion provision was not triggered. As for Sheridan’s slander claim, the application judge correctly construed Sheridan’s statement of claim, which was clearly based on words spoken about him and not on published materials.
(iii) Smith Claim
The application judge correctly held that the allegations in the statement of claim amounted to a claim of malicious prosecution and that there was express coverage for malicious prosecution in the policy. It was not evident from the pleadings that there was any allegation of a violation of rights respecting any of the claims at issue. Moreover, the fortuity principle and the language of the policy at issue did not operate to exclude coverage for Smith’s claim. This result was supported by the general principle that coverage provisions are to be construed broadly and exclusion clauses narrowly.
D.L.G. & Associates Ltd. v. Minto Properties Inc., 2015 ONCA 705
[Doherty, Lauwers and HuscroftJJ.A.]
Counsel:
S. Laubman and C. Muir, for the appellant
A. Grant and A. Caverson, for the respondent
Facts:
The motion judge properly took the facts as pleaded by the appellant as true for the purposes of the motion. The respondent, Minto Properties Inc. (“Minto”) owned a property of which the appellants, D.L.G. & Associates Ltd. (“D.L.G.”) agreed to lease a part, for a restaurant business. Within a few months of opening the restaurant, a sewer back-up caused the restaurant to be closed for extensive repairs.
D.L.G. recovered under its insurance policy; however, D.L.G.’s insurer removed the sewer back-up coverage from D.L.G.’s insurance policy going forward. D.L.G. notified Minto of the cancellation and at no time did Minto require D.L.G. to obtain new coverage. Minto undertook to D.L.G. to repair and maintain the plumbing system, which unknown to D.L.G. at the time, it never actually did.
D.L.G, and Minto entered into a “Lease Amending Agreement” (“Amended Agreement”) that reduced the rent while necessary repairs were being made. It also provided that D.L.G. would release Minto from any “claim actions, causes of action, claims and demands, for damages, restitution, compensation, proprietary interests, loss of injury, howsoever arising” by D.L.G. prior to the date of the Amending Agreement. A second sewer back-up occurred and the restaurant closed permanently.
D.L.G. informed Minto that it was in breach of the lease and purported to terminate the lease for failing to takes steps to fix the plumbing after the first backup. Minto in turn declared that D.L.G. was in breach of the lease for non-payment of rent and purported to terminate the lease. D.L.G. began an action claiming damages for fraudulent and negligent misrepresentation, breach of the terms of the lease and negligence. Minto denied liability and counterclaimed for back rent.
Minto brought a Rule 21 motion to strike all of the claims as disclosing no reasonable cause of action. The motion judge held that the fraudulent misrepresentation claim and effect of the Leasing Amending Agreement on that claim should be determined at trial, butstruck out the other claims.
The motion judge held that it was plain and obvious that the covenant to insure, in the lease, prohibited D.L.G.’s claims for breach of contract, negligence and negligent misrepresentation and that Minto did not waive the covenant by acknowledging that D.L.G.’s insurer had terminated the insurance after the first incident. The motion judge also determined that it was plain and obvious that the enforceability of the covenant to insure was not negated by the principles established in Tercon Contractors Ltd. v. British Columbia (Minister of Transportation and Highways), 2010 SCC 4.
Issues:
(1) Is a trial necessary to properly interpret the covenant to insure in the context of the entire agreement?
(2) Is the covenant to insure an exclusion clause and thus unenforceable under the principles set out in Tercon?
(3) Did the motion judge err in striking the negligent misrepresentation claim?
(4) Did the motion judge err in determining that neither waiver nor estoppel could assist D.L.G.?
Holding:
Appeal allowed in part.
Reasoning:
(1) No. A covenant to insure is a provision within a lease that allocates risk between the parties. It would not serve its purpose if it was interpreted as allocating the risk to the tenant if the landlord was negligent, but to the landlord if the same act amounted to a breach of a provision in the lease. This would effectively put the risk on Minto even though D.L.G. was obligated to obtain “all risks” insurance.
(2) No. The covenant to insure cannot be read as an exclusion clause. The court stated that in the context of a negotiated lease between commercial entities, there is very little basis for the argument that a covenant to insure could be viewed as unconscionable.
The pleadings failed to disclose an allegation of inherent unfairness by requiring D.L.G. to obtain “all risks” insurance. The fact that Minto had knowledge about the plumbing that D.L.G. did not have during negotiation did not create a situation of unequal bargaining power. Even though D.L.G.’s claim that it relied on fraudulent/negligent misrepresentation gives rise to a tort claim, it does not support the assertion that D.L.G. was in a position of unequal bargaining power.
(3) Yes. D.L.G. alleged that during negotiations for the lease, Minto represented that the plumbing was in good repair and that there had been no prior flooring in the unit. D.L.G. alleged that both these representations were false. D.L.G. also alleged that Minto misrepresented that it had performed the required repairs after the first sewer back-up causing the second sewer back-up.
The motion judge held that it was not plain and obvious that the covenant to insure, nor the release as part of the Amended Lease, foreclosed the fraudulent misrepresentation claim. In his analysis, the motion judge did not treat the negligent misrepresentation claim differently than the breach of contract and negligence claims made by D.L.G. The motion judge also did not differentiate between the misrepresentations made before and after the first back-up.
D.L.G. argued that the analysis of the fraudulent misrepresentation claim applied to the negligent misrepresentation claim because both are based on tortious conduct outside of the lease. D.L.G. stated that the covenant to insure distributes the risk in the contract and does not impact claims based on tortious conduct outside of the lease. The court held that it was not plain and obvious that the terms of the contract showed that the parties intended to exclude Minto’s potential liability for any negligent misrepresentations that induced D.L.G. to enter into, or continue the lease.
Minto argued that the “entire agreement clause” requires a separate consideration of the misrepresentations made by Minto before and after the first sewer back-up. The court found that it is not plain and obvious that the “entire agreement clause” should protect Minto from liability for post-contract misrepresentations. Also, the language in the “entire agreement clause” requiring modifications to the lease be in writing, does not make it plain and obvious that claims based on negligent misrepresentation made after the lease was entered into must fail. Finally, no terms of the Amending Agreement clearly make the “entire agreement clause” in the lease applicable to negligent misrepresentation claims based on representations made after the first sewer back-up.
The court considered Minto’s argument that the “entire agreement clause” precluded liability based on negligent misrepresentations made before the lease was entered into more viable than the others. However, the evidentiary detail required in order to determine this issue was not available on a motion to strike based on the pleadings.
(4) Yes. D.L.G. pleaded that due to Minto’s conduct after the first sewer back-up, it could not rely on the covenant to insure in the lease in respect of damages from the second sewer back-up, pleading “acquiescence, waiver and equitable or promissory estoppel”. The motion judge erred in ruling that neither waiver nor estoppel could assist D.L.G.
The court held that the facts as pleaded establish the basis for factual determinations necessary to support a waiver or estoppel claims. The court disagreed with Minto’s position that the waiver and estoppel argument were one and the same. Waiver under a lease cannot necessarily be equated with the broader doctrine of promissory estoppel.
Conforti (Re), 2015 ONCA 708
[Laskin, Blair and Pepall JJ.A.]
Counsel:
R. A. Klotz, for the appellant V. F. Conforti
H. F. Manis and D. Miller-Lichtenstein, for the respondent Trustee in Bankruptcy, Pat Robinson Inc.
Keywords: Bankruptcy and Insolvency, Discharge from Bankruptcy, Non-Disclosure of Income and Property, Motion for Directions, Costs, Partial Indemnity, Substantial Indemnity, Offer to Settle, Rule 49
Facts: The appellant sought an order of costs on a full or substantial indemnity scale for the costs of his appeal, the costs of the motion in the court below, and the costs of a related motion.
This proceeding arises out of an application for discharge from bankruptcy, which was opposed by both the Trustee and the appellant’s principal creditor. It was opposed on the basis that the appellant filed for an assignment in bankruptcy in September 2009. However, he did not disclose that he had commenced a personal injury action in 2007, nor that he had made a claim in 2008 for additional statutory accident benefits. The appellant subsequently settled the action and the claim for $275,000 and $21,000. The Trustee brought a motion seeking directions from the court on the issues of property and income inclusions in order to ascertain the amounts payable to the bankrupt’s estate. The motion proceeded in two stages. At the first hearing, it was determined that the settlement payment allocation of $100,000 for future loss of competitive advantage was income and not property under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act. The parties were given 30 days to provide written submissions on costs but neither did so, and a costs order was never made.
At the second hearing, the motions judge made numerous determinations on proposed inclusions in the appellant’s income and whether conditions should be imposed on the appellant’s proposed bankruptcy discharge. He also established a schedule for costs submissions, and granted leave to make further submissions in writing on the calculations reflected in the order he had granted. He subsequently concluded that counsel’s submissions did not show any mathematical errors and there was no reason to change the order. On the issue of costs, he observed that this was a case of mixed success. Unless a Rule 49 offer had been made, there was no reason for submissions on costs. Based on the record before the Court of Appeal, it appeared that the second motions judge was not advised of any Rule 49 offer and no costs order was made.
Issues:
Is the appellant entitled to full or substantial indemnity costs for all three proceedings?
Holding: No, the appellant is not entitled to full or substantial indemnity costs for any of the proceedings. The Court of Appeal awarded $5,000 for the costs of the motion under appeal, and $10,000 for the costs of the appeal, both on a partial indemnity scale.
Reasoning:
Neither Rule 49.10 nor the conduct of the Trustee justifies an award of costs on a full or substantial indemnity scale. The appellant’s offer was stated to expire at the commencement of the first hearing and ambiguously stated that if the offer was accepted after commencement of the hearing, the settlement amount was to be reduced by the appellant’s partial indemnity costs. It also did not address all of the issues at the second hearing. Furthermore, it was fair and reasonable for the Trustee to request directions from the court. In a request for directions, the appellant stood in the shoes of a defendant under Rule 49.10. According to St. Elizabeth Home Society v. Hamilton (City), 2010 ONCA 280, a defendant is not entitled to a substantial indemnity award under Rule 49.10 where it makes an offer to settle that is greater than the amount awarded. According to Young v. Young, [1993] 4 SCR 3, an award of substantial or full indemnity costs may be based on conduct including circumstances where there has been “reprehensible, scandalous, or outrageous conduct on the part of one of the parties”. As stated in Mortimer v. Cameron (1994), 17 O.R. (3rd) 1 (CA), such an award “is ordered only in rare and exceptional cases to mark the court’s disapproval of the conduct of the party in the litigation.” In this case, the conduct does not rise to that level. The Trustee was only responding to the appellant misrepresenting his assets, and the Trustee was justifiably wary of acting in the absence of court direction, particularly given the uncertain state of the law relating to personal injury settlements.
In regards to costs for the first hearing, the costs of the motion were not properly before the Court of Appeal since no order for costs was made during the proceeding and the order was not appealed. Thus, the Court declined to impose a costs award for that proceeding.
In awarding costs for the second hearing and the appeal, the Court noted that the appellant was successful on most of what he appealed; the motion judge was not asked to make a costs disposition although he mentioned costs and the parties’ mixed success; and the hearing addressed in part the discharge of the appellant from bankruptcy. Costs are also generally not awarded on discharge hearings. Furthermore, with the appellant’s admitted deceit, the Trustee and his primary creditor cannot be faulted for opposing his discharge. Given the appellant’s significant success on appeal, he should be entitled to some costs of the second motion.
Although the appellant requested partial indemnity costs for the second hearing of $12,915, the Court of Appeal granted $5,000 as a fair and reasonable award of costs. The appellant also sought partial indemnity costs of $14,085 for the appeal. However, the Court granted costs of $10,000 inclusive of disbursements and HST.
Entry Point Investments v. Invis Inc., 2015 ONCA 701
[Gillese, van Rensburg and Miller JJ.A.]
Counsel:
A. Gyimah, acting in person
I. Ishai and G. M. McKeown, for the respondents
Keywords: Contract Law, Guarantees, Evidence in Writing, Statute of Frauds, s.4, Appeal Dismissed
Facts:
Anthony Gyimah brought a motion for summary judgment against the respondents Ricky Singh, Domenic Reda, and Invis Inc. on an alleged guarantee of a $30,000 real estate loan that he made to Ranjit Dullay and Naomi Edwards, who were also named as defendants to the action. Ultimately, the real estate transaction did not close. The motions judge found that there was no agreement that the respondents would guarantee the loan. The appellant’s motion for judgment was dismissed and the cross-motion of the respondents for summary judgment dismissing the action against them was granted, with costs fixed at $25,000.
Gyimah appealed the dismissal and also sought leave to appeal the costs order.
Issues: Did the motions judge err in dismissing the motion?
Holding: No. Appeal dismissed.
Reasoning: The motions judge preferred the respondents’ evidence and weighed the evidence of the parties and drew appropriate inferences. Those findings were entitled to deference, and the appellant has not identified any palpable and overriding errors in them. Moreover, the motions judge made no error in dismissing the claim on the basis that, even if an oral guarantee had been provided, section 4 of the Statute of Frauds requires a guarantee to be in writing to be enforceable.
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company v. Old Republic Insurance Company of Canada, 2015 ONCA 699
[Simmons, Gillese and Rouleau JJ.A.]
Counsel:
K. B.J. Schultz and J. R. Frost, for the appellant
D. Strigberger, for the respondent
Keywords: Insurance Law, Automobile Insurance, Statutory Accident Benefits, Statutory Interpretation, Fault Determination Rules, Loss Transfer Provisions, Insurance Act, s. 275, Fault Determination Rules, Rule 9, Heavy Commercial Vehicle
Facts:
The Ontario Superior Court of Justice had interpreted subsection 9(4) of the Fault Determination Rules (the “FDRs”), as set out in RRO 1990, Reg 668, with respect to a chain reaction collision involving several vehicles, including a heavy commercial vehicle. Subsection 9(4) states that the rear-ending vehicle in a chain reaction collision is responsible for 100% of fault for the resulting collisions ahead, barring unusual circumstances. In this case, a Pepsi truck insured by the respondent, statutory accident benefits (“SABs”) by State Farm, which, in turn, sought indemnification through arbitration from Old Republic pursuant to Loss Transfer rules. The arbitrator held that Old Republic was required to indemnify State Farm despite the fact that there was no direct collision between their respective insured vehicles. Old Republic appealed the arbitrator’s decision to the Superior Court, arguing that it would be an unfair result to hold it liable to indemnify State Farm, and that such a determination would adversely affect the underwriting of heavy commercial vehicles in Ontario. The court dismissed the appeal, confirming that a rear-ending vehicle that causes a chain reaction is 100% liable for all of the successive collisions.
Issues:
(1) Whether the lower court erred in its statutory interpretation of the FDRs and resulting decision that Old Republic be liable to indemnify State Farm.
Holding:
Appeal allowed. The arbitrator’s order was set aside and a substitute order was issued providing that Old Republic was not required to indemnify State Farm for the SAB payments. Reading subsection 9(4) in the context of the Fault Determination Rules and the Loss Transfer provisions as a whole, the court concluded that the Pepsi truck was 100 per cent at fault only for the collision between it and the Dodge.
Reasoning:
(1) The court conducted a modern approach to statutory interpretation, stating that the rules of interpretation apply equally to regulations and that the regulations must be read in the context of the enabling statute, having regard to the purpose of the enabling provisions. The court reached its conclusion that the relevant FDRs refer only to the collision identified in the particular sub-clause as opposed to the entire chain reaction for the following six reasons.
First, it read subsections 9(3) and 9(4) of the FDRs as parallel provisions that must be read consistently. Reading these provisions in conjunction leads inevitably to the court’s conclusion. Otherwise, subsection 9(3) could lead to over-indemnification of some insurers in certain circumstances.
Second, the court read subsection 9(2) to support the same conclusion, as that section requires that the “degree of fault for each collision between two automobiles involved in the chain reaction [be] determined without reference to any related collisions involving either of the automobiles and another automobile.” Considering the provision’s wording, it would make no sense that the legislature would also try to address the responsibility of a particular automobile for the entire chain reaction.
Third, section 11 of the FDRs also supports the court’s conclusion and uses similar language to section 9, which would produce the result of over-indemnification if an “incident” was interpreted to mean the entire pile-up.
Fourth, interpreting “incident” as referring to the collision identified in each particular sub-clause of subsection 9(4) is not inconsistent with the purpose of SABs Loss Transfer provisions. This is despite the fact that not all insurers required to pay SABs will be entitled to indemnification from a heavy commercial vehicle involved in the accident under section 275 of the Insurance Act. Those provisions are designed to balance the financial costs of SABs payments among insurers of different classes of vehicles, favouring expedition and economy over finite exactitude.
Fifth, interpreting “incident” as the court did sits comfortably with the use of the FDRs to determine direct compensation claims for property damage, because recovery is based on the degree of fault of an insured based on the FDRs.
The final reason for the court’s conclusion is that its interpretation of an “incident” will have no impact on the garage or towing loss transfer provisions because those provisions rely on the fault of the garage operator or their employee or the driver of the automobile towing the insured automobile.
Although the court allowed the appeal, it rejected Old Republic’s argument that upholding the Superior Court appeal judge’s decision would have dire consequences for the insurance of trucking and heavy commercial vehicles . The court found this argument was advanced on an in terrorem basis, without an evidentiary foundation and without any assistance concerning the technical aspects of such a technical area of law.
Allstate Insurance Company of Canada v. Klimitz, 2015 ONCA 698
[Feldman, Juriansz and Brown JJ.A.]
Counsel:
T. J. McCarthy and C. Mak, for the appellant
J. Van Allen, for the respondent E. Klimitz
No one appearing for the respondent the Financial Services Commission of Ontario
Keywords: Insurance Law, Accident Benefits, Limitation Period, Insurance Act, s. 281.1(1), s. 37(1), Appeal Dismissed
Facts: The appellant, Allstate Insurance, appealed a judgment dismissing its application for judicial review of the decision of the Director’s Delegate allowing the appeal of the respondent, Edna Klimitz, from an order of an Arbitrator at the Financial Services Commission of Ontario. The Arbitrator had found that the respondent was precluded from proceeding to arbitration because she had filed her application for mediation more than two years after the appellant’s refusal to pay her a non-earner benefit, contrary to s. 281.1(1) of the Insurance Act. The appellant had determined that the respondent did not qualify for a Non-Earner Benefit based on a medical evaluation of Ms. Klimitz.
Issues: Was it unreasonable for the Director’s Delegate to conclude that the two year limitation period did not start to run until the respondent had received a copy of the medical report in satisfaction of Allstate’s obligation to give reasons for its determination under s. 37(1) of the Regulation?
Holding: No. Appeal dismissed.
Reasoning: It was not unreasonable as the Director’s Delegate was entitled to deference in the interpretation of the statute. The court was also not persuaded that the decision was inconsistent with the decision in Turner v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.
Om Sai Physiotherapy Clinic Inc. v. Kucher, 2015 ONCA 711
[Feldman, Juriansz and Brown JJ.A.]
Counsel:
P. Baxi and A. Mann, for the appellants
M. Barbagallo, for the respondent
Keywords: Civil Procedure, Motion to Strike Claim, Dismissal for Delay, Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 24, Counterclaim, Fresh Evidence,
Facts:
The Appellant, Om Sai Physiotherapy Clinic (the “Clinic”), alleged that between 2003 and 2006, the Respondent, Robert Kutcher, then an employee of the Clinic, misappropriated funds. The Clinic claimed the Respondent altered payment cheques by substituting his name for that of the Clinic, then cashing those cheques. The Clinic claimed $100,000 in damages and $100,000 in exemplary and punitive damages. By way of a counterclaim against the Clinic and the Appellant, V.P. Raju personally, the Respondent claimed improper dismissal following the Respondent’s complaints about late commission payments by the Clinic. The Respondent claimed $100,000 in damages.
The Respondent brought a motion to strike and to dismiss the Clinic’s main action and Reply and Defence to Counterclaim for delay. The motion judge, by his order of February 4, 2015, dismissed the Clinic’s main action against the Respondent for delay and for failure to comply with undertakings obligations. The motion judge struck the Appellants’ Reply and Defence to Counterclaim for their failure to comply with the interlocutory order of Van Melle J., dated November 8, 2013, and he dismissed Raju’s motion to dismiss the counterclaim against him personally.
The Appellants appealed the motion judge’s order and brought a motion for leave to file fresh evidence which was not before the motion judge.
Issues:
(1) Did the motion judge err in dismissing the main action and striking the Appellants’ Reply and Defence to Counterclaim?
(2) Should the Appellants’ motion for leave to file fresh evidence be granted?
Holding: Appeal allowed. Statement of Claim in main action and Appellants’ Reply and Defence to Counterclaim were restored. The main action was restored to the Brampton trial list.
Reasoning:
(1) No, the motion judge did not err in his exercise of discretion, on the record as it existed before him. The motion judge applied the correct legal principles and did not misapprehend the evidence before him about the non-compensable prejudice to the respondent that the absence of certain of the Appellants’ records might cause.
(2) With regard to the request for leave to file fresh evidence, the court granted the motion, despite the fact the fresh evidence did not meet the due diligence requirement under Palmer v The Queen. It was obvious to the court that the documents constituting the fresh evidence were available not only at the time of the motion, but at the time the undertakings were given in 2011. However, in this case, the fresh evidence is relevant not only to the Clinic’s claim, but also to the Appellants’ defence to the Respondent’s counterclaim, specifically, to their defence to the Respondent’s claim for damages for defamation. The counterclaim raises much the same evidentiary issues as does the claim. The respondent intends to pursue his counterclaim, and the fresh evidence therefore is relevant to an ongoing action. With the fresh evidence now showing that the undertakings are complete, and with the fresh evidence remaining relevant to the Respondent’s counterclaim. The Clinic’s Statement of Claim and the appellants’ Reply and Defence to Counterclaim are therefore revived and restored to the Brampton trial list.
Connolly v. Advantagewon Inc., 2015 ONCA 709
[Feldman, Juriansz and Brown JJ.A.]
Counsel:
P. Gemmink, for the appellant
A. Chahbar, for the respondent)
Facts:
The appellant, Connolly, appeals from the judgment of Douglas J which declared that the respondent, Advantagewon Inc., was entitled to a non-possessory lien under Part II of the Repair and Storage Liens Act, 1990 (RSLA).
In 2013, the appellant purchased automotive parts for his vehicle from Xclusive. To finance the purchase, he entered into an agreement with the respondent for a loan totalling $4,124.21. The appellant defaulted on his monthly payment obligations under the loan agreement. The respondent attempted to seize the vehicle based on a purported non-possessory lien under the RSLA. The appellant commenced an application seeking a declaration that the respondent does not have a lien under the RSLA fov the Vehicle.
The application judge declared that the respondent is entitled to a non-possessory lien on the vehicle.
Issues:
(1) Did the judge make a palpable and overriding error in finding that the respondent as a non-possession lien based on the finding of fact that Xclusive installed the rims and tires?
(2) Did a non-possessory lien arise under contract?
(3) Did Xclusive have deemed possession of the Vehicle under RSLA s. 3(4)?
Holding: Appeal allowed. The judgment is set aside and an order declaring that no lien on the vehicle arose under the RSLA is granted. The respondent is to pay the appellant $6,000 and $2,000 for the cost of the application.
Reasoning:
(1) The application judge made a palpable and overriding error of fact in finding that the third-party, Xclusive, had performed the installation work. The appellant installed the tires and rims on the vehicle after their purchase. In emails between the appellant and Xclusive, Xclusive said that they do not physically install them. The respondent did not file evidence. Therefore, the evidence before the application judge established that neither Xclusive nor the respondent had possessed the vehicle or installed the rims and tires. The application judge erred in finding that Xclusive performed the installation work.
Part I of the RSLA creates “Possessory Liens.” This part of the statute codifies the common law right to a lien by providing that a repairer has a lien against an article that the repairer has repaired “and the repairer may retain possession of the article until the amount is paid.”
The usual conditions necessary to create a Part I possessory lien against the vehicle did not arise.
(2) No. A non-possessory lien does not arise under the contract. A lien under Parts I and II of the RSLA arises by operation of statute, not by contract. For a valid lien to arise, a lien claimant must satisfy the requirements of the RSLA.
Xclusive did not satisfy the requirements. For a possessory lien to arise against an article, a person must have “repaired” the article. The definition of “repair” in s. 1 of the RSLA includes “an expenditure of money on, or the application of labour, skill or materials to, an article for the purpose of altering, improving or restoring its properties.” However, Xclusive did not expend any money on, nor did it apply any “labour, skill or materials” to the Vehicle. Xclusive simply sold tires and rims to the appellant, who later attached them to his Vehicle. Accordingly, Xclusive did not make a “repair” to the Vehicle within the meaning of the Act. As a result, no possessory or non-possessory repairer’s lien arose in favour of Xclusive which it could assign to the respondent.
(3) No. Section 3(4) does not need to be interpreted definitively, but it is clear that it has no application to the facts of this case. The lien claimant was a vendor of personal property who never applied any labour, skill or materials to the article against which a lien is claimed.
First, the judge did not accept the evidence on the invoicing to mounting and balancing referred to placing the tires on the rims. The respondent did not file any evidence from Xclusive to explain the invoice’s language.
Second, s. 3(4) must be read with s. 3(5). They address a situation where a repairer makes a repair to an article at a location away from the repairer’s premises, and the article remains in the actual possession of the person entitled to it. Section 3(4) deems the repairer to have gained possession of the article when the repairer is commenced, and then deems the repairer to have given up possession when the repair is completed or abandoned. By deeming the repairer to have gained possession of an article despite the repairer’s lack of actual possession, s. 3(4) enables the repairer to obtain a possessory lien. When the deemed possession ends, the repairer may either remove the article from the premises on which the repair is made under s. 3(5) or register a non-possessory lien under Part II of the RSLA.
This reasoning is supported by the scheme’s legislative history, a Ministry discussion paper, and a commentary paper published in the Canadian Business Law Journal.
Lochner v Toronto (Police Services), 2015 ONCA 703
[Gillese, Pepall and Lauwers JJ.A.]
Counsel:
S. Lochner, acting in person
R. L. Love and D. Hornich, for the respondent
Keywords: Appeal, Cost Endorsement, Written Submissions, Partial Indemnity
DBDC Spadina Ltd. v Walton, 2015 ONCA 710
[Gillese, Lauwers and Benotto JJ.A]
Counsel:
R. A. Fisher, for the appellants Christine DeJong, Michael DeJong, Christine DeJong Medical Professional Corporation, C2M2S Holding Corp. and DeJong Homes Inc.
P. H. Griffin and D. Glatt, for the respondents DBDC Spadina Ltd. and those corporations listed on Schedule A
M. Dunn, for Shonfeld Inc., Manager and Inspector
Keywords: Appeal, Endorsement, Costs, Written Submissions, Partial Indemnity
R v Killeen, 2015 ONCA 706
[Watt, Hourigan and Huscroft JJ.A.]
Counsel:
P. J. Leckey, for the appellant
J. V. Palangio, for the respondent
Keywords: Criminal Law, Leave to Appeal, Summary Conviction, Findings of Fact, Criminal Code s. 839
R v Rompre, 2015 ONCA 707
[Watt, Hourigan and Huscroft JJ.A.]
Counsel:
I.Carter, for the appellant
C. de Sa, for the respondent
Keywords: Criminal Law, Possession for the Purposes of Trafficking, Possession of the Proceeds of Crime, Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 8, Evidence, Testimony
R v MW, 2015 ONCA 644 (Publication Ban)
[Tulloch J.A. (In Chambers)]
Counsel:
P. Copeland and E. Chozik, for the appellants
L. Bolton, for the respondent
Keywords: Criminal Law, First Degree Murder, Young Offender, Adult Sentence, Youth Criminal Justice Act, Rehabilitative Custody and Supervision (IRCS) Order, R v Freeman (1998), 101 BCAC 79
R v Exell, 2015 ONCA 704 (Publication Ban)
[Watt, Hourigan and Huscroftt JJ.A.-
Counsel:
G. MacDonald, for the appellant
P. Rochman, for the respondent
Keywords: Criminal Law, Sexual Interference, Sentencing, Imprisonment, Probation, Breach, Criminal Code s. 161, Denunciation and Deterrence, Custodial Sentence
R v Tippett, 2015 ONCA 697 (Publican Ban)
[Hoy A.C.J.O., Feldman and Rouleau JJ.A.]
Counsel:
A. Craig and G. Gross-Stein, for the appellant
A. Wheeler, for the respondent
Keywords: Criminal Law, Kidnapping, Sexual Assault, Dangerous Offender, Criminal Code, s. 753, Error in Law, Misapprehension of Evidence, Weight, R v Vuradin, 2013 SCC 38
Other Decisions
Chaudhary v Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness), 2015 ONCA 700
[Juriansz, Rouleau and Hourigan JJ.A.]
Counsel:
J. M. Vecina, for the appellants Michael Mvogo and Amina Chaudhary
B. Jackman, for the appellant Carmelo Bruzzese
S. Sekhar, for the appellant Glory Anawa
M. Anderson, J. Espejo-Clarke, N. Dodokin, and S. Karantonis, for the respondents
Keywords: Immigration Law, Immigration and Refugee Board, Immigration Division, Deportation, Federal Court, Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom, ss. 7, 9, 10(c), Habeas Corpus, Peiroo Exception, Peiroo v Minister of Employment and Immigration (1989) 69 OR (2) 253 (CA)
Children’s Aid Society of Toronto v EO, 2015 ONCA 696 (Publication Ban)
[Hoy A.C.J.O., Weiler and Pardu JJA]
Counsel:
E.O., appearing in person
E. Rose, for the applicant
Keywords: Child Protection, Incarceration, Children’s Aid Society, Crown Ward, Motion for Extension of Time
Children’s Aid Society of Toronto v PM, 2015 ONCA 695 (Publication Ban)
[Hoy A.C.J.O., Weiler and Pardu JJ.A.]
Counsel:
L. Carey Talbot, for the appellant (respondent)
E. Rose, for the respondent (applicant)
Keywords: Child Protection, Crown Ward, Parental Access, Palpable and Overriding Errors, Motion for Leave to Adduce Fresh Evidence, Child and Family Services Act, S. 69(6)
The information contained in our summaries of the decisions is not intended to provide legal advice and does not necessarily cover every matter raised in a decision. For complete information or for specific advice, please read the decision or contact us. |
Hello,
Below are the summaries for this week’s civil decisions of the Court of Appeal.
Topics covered this week included a number of civil procedure issues (civil contempt, appeal routes, administrative dismissals for delay), of couple of real property/municipal law cases (dedication of roads, relief from forfeiture) and an unjust enrichment case in the context of a family dispute.
We always welcome your comments and feedback. Please feel free to share this blog with others.
Have a nice weekend.
John Polyzogopoulos
Blaney McMurtry LLP
[email protected]
Tel: 416.593.2953
Table of Contents:
Kideckel v. Glenbarra Renewable Energy Solutions Inc., 2016 ONCA 932
Keywords: Endorsement, Contracts, Privity of Contract, Assignments, Partnerships, Summary Judgment
Wharry v. Wharry, 2016 ONCA 930
Keywords: Family Law, Retroactive Child Support, Spousal Support, Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines, D.B.S. D.B.S. v. S.R.G., [2006] 2 S.C.R. 231, Constructive Trusts, Gifts, Buttar v. Buttar, 2013 ONCA 517
Jadid v Toronto Transit Commission, 2016 ONCA 936
Keywords: Civil Procedure, Administrative Dismissal For Delay, Setting Aside, Reid Factors, Fresh Evidence
Granger v. Granger, 2016 ONCA 945
Keywords: Contracts, Constructive Trust, Unjust Enrichment, Proprietary Estoppel, Wills and Estates, Powers of Attorney, Undue Influence
Diemer (Cornacle Cattle Co.) v. London Farms Ltd., 2016 ONCA 946
Keywords: Civil Procedure, Originating Process, Notice of Claim, Statement of Claim, Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 14.03(13)
Lehtiniemi v. Mattawan (Municipality), 2016 ONCA 940
Keywords: Real Property, Public Highway, Dedication, Acceptance
Poplar Point First Nation Development Corporation v. Thunder Bay (City), 2016 ONCA 934
Keywords: Municipal Law, Property Tax Sales, Municipal Act, 2001, S.O. 2001, c. 25, Relief from Forfeiture, Jurisdiction, Courts of Justice Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, Fines and Forfeitures Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. F.13
Greenberg v. Nowack, 2016 ONCA 949
Keywords: Civil Procedure, Contempt, Carey v Laiken, 2015 SCC 17, [2015] 2 SCR 79
2363523 Ontario Inc. v Nowack, 2016 ONCA 951
Keywords: Civil Procedure, Contempt, Carey v Laiken, 2015 SCC 17, [2015] 2 SCR 79, Procedural Fairness, Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 7, Crown Brief Evidence, Wagg Applications
Saleh v. Nebel, 2016 ONCA 948
Keywords: Endorsement, Appeals, Jurisdiction, Courts of Justice Act, ss. 19(1.2), Insurance Act, s. 267.5(5)(b)
Wallace (Re), 2016 ONCA 958
Keywords: Endorsement, Bankruptcy and Insolvency, Appeals, Leave to Appeal, Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, ss 183(1), 193, Courts of Justice Act, s 19, Interlocutory v Final Orders
For Civil Endorsements, click here
For Criminal Decisions, click here
Kideckel v. Glenbarra Renewable Energy Solutions Inc., 2016 ONCA 932
[Doherty, MacPherson and Lauwers JJ.A.]
Counsel:
A. Sternberg and D. Murynlca, for the appellant
S. E. Kazushner, for the respondent
Keywords: Endorsement, Contracts, Privity of Contract, Assignments, Partnerships, Summary Judgment
Facts:
The appellant, Sheldon Kideckel, brought an action against several defendants for commissions in the amount of $100,000. He claimed the commissions were owing to him by the defendants for his services of identifying and acquiring leases for three locations upon which rooftop solar systems were built by the defendant Gemco Solar Inc.
The respondent, Fovere Glenbarra Energy Fund I Ltd, brought a motion for summary judgment, seeking dismissal of the appellant’s action against it. The motion judge granted summary judgment. He found that (1) Kideckel did not have an agreement with Fovere for the payment of the commissions claimed; (2) there was no basis to disregard the separate legal personalities of Gemco and Fovere; (3) Fovere was not liable for Gemco’s obligations to Kideckel because there was no evidence that Kideckel was led to believe by Fovere that it was Gemco’s partner; and (4) Fovere was not enriched by Gemco’s alleged failure to pay Kideckel and, therefore, is not liable to Kideckel in equity.
Issues:
1. Did the motion judge fail to properly consider the law of privity of contract and the principled exceptions thereto?
2. Did the motion judge fail to consider the law of assignments in equity, whereby an assignee takes “subject to the equities”?
3. Did the motion judge err by not finding that the defendants were partners?
4. Did the motion judge fail to properly assess credibility?
Holding:
Appeal dismissed.
Reasoning:
1. The motion judge did not fail to properly consider the law of privity of contract and the principled exceptions thereto. This submission is entirely inconsistent with the appellant’s testimony at the mini-trial ordered by the motion judge during the summary judgment hearing.
2. The motion judge did not fail to consider the law of assignments in equity, whereby an assignee takes “subject to the equities”. The appellant did not raise this issue in his Statement of Claim or advance it on the motion for summary judgment.
3. The motion judge did not err by not finding that the defendants were partners. The motion judge correctly concluded that the legal relationship was between the appellant and Gemco, not the appellant and Gemco and Fovere. The plaintiff was not aware of Fovere’s existence until 2011 or 2012, long after he had agreed to work for Gemco in September or October 2010.
4. The motion judge did not fail to properly assess credibility. The documentary record in conjunction with the mini-trial involving the testimony of the appellant and representatives from Gemco and Fovere provided an appropriate platform for the motion judge’s analysis and disposition.
Wharry v. Wharry, 2016 ONCA 930
[Strathy C.J.O., Pardu and Brown JJ.A.]
Counsel:
E. Cohen, for the appellant
R. C. McLean and John W.E. Gilbert, for the respondent
Keywords: Family Law, Retroactive Child Support, Spousal Support, Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines, D.B.S. D.B.S. v. S.R.G., [2006] 2 S.C.R. 231, Constructive Trusts, Gifts, Buttar v. Buttar, 2013 ONCA 517
Facts:
The parties were married on August 25, 1992 in Northern Ireland. This was a 14-year relationship. They have two children, Scott (age 21) born May 13, 1995 who is now independent, and Rebekah (age 20) born September 11, 1996 who is continuing her post-secondary education.
The appellant was working full time at the date of the marriage, but never returned to work full time after the children were born. She suffered from postpartum depression after the birth of each of the children. The respondent spent long hours working; she looked after the household and the children.
The respondent’s father, Mr. Wharry Sr., operated a dairy and cattle farming business with the respondent at the “Drumcrow” farm in Northern Ireland. Mr. Wharry Sr.’s own father had transferred the farm to Mr. Wharry Sr., the oldest son. Mr. Wharry Sr. in turn transferred the farm and related property to the respondent, his oldest son, in 1997 during the parties’ marriage.
The deed of transfer to the respondent for Drumcrow farm reserved a “right of residence” so that the respondent’s parents, Mr. Wharry Sr. and Mrs. Wharry, could live in a bungalow located on the property for the rest of their lives.
The parties moved to Canada in 2002 and purchased the “Kincardine” farm in Ontario. The parties separated on November 26, 2006. After separation, both children primarily resided with the appellant. However, Scott moved in with the respondent in March 2013.
Procedural History:
The respondent brought his Application on January 23, 2007. The appellant filed her Answer on March 13, 2007, seeking, among other things, equalization, child support, and spousal support. Shortly thereafter, the respondent was ordered to pay interim monthly child support in the amount of $360 for the children, effective July 11, 2007. The interim child support order was based on an imputed annual income of $25,000 to the respondent. No interim spousal support was ordered. The respondent unilaterally reduced his child support to $200 per month without seeking to change the interim order when Scott moved in with him in March 2013. The parties settled a number of issues in 2008, including the appellant’s equalization claim regarding the Kincardine farm. The respondent paid the appellant $85,000 to purchase her interest in the farm.
The appellant submits that the trial judge erred by limiting her monetary compensation for unjust enrichment to an amount representing one half the value of the bungalow on the Drumcrow farm property at the date of trial, rather than basing his award for her contributions to the joint family enterprise on the value of the whole farm. She further submits that he erred in concluding that the Drumcrow farm transferred to the respondent was a gift and therefore excluded from his net family property.
The respondent maintains his position that the Drumcrow farm and related property were a gift. He accepts and relies on the trial judge’s decision.
The appellant submits that the facts of this case are very similar to Buttar, that is to say, the transferor reserved the right of parents to occupy the property during their lifetime, and the transferee continued to provide his parents with income from the farm to assist with their living expenses after the transfer. As in Buttar, the appellant submits that there must have been consideration or an expectation of remuneration for the transfer.
Issues:
- Is the trial judge’s assessment of the appellant’s claim to unjust enrichment entitled to deference?
- Did the trial judge err in concluding that the Drumcrow farm transferred to the respondent was a gift and therefore excluded from his net family property?
- Did the trial judge err in interpreting B.S. as imposing a three-year limit to retroactive child support claims from the trial date?
- Spousal Support:
- Did the trial judge err by limiting retroactive child support to a three-year period?
- Did the trial judge err by terminating spousal support on December 31, 2016?
- Did the trial judge err in the allocation of various post-separation obligations?
Holding: The trial judge erred in limiting retroactive child support to a three-year period and terminating spousal support in December 2016. The balance of the appeal was dismissed.
Reasoning:
1. Yes. He assessed all of the circumstances surrounding the acquisition of the Drumcrow Farm, the construction of the bungalow, and each party’s contributions. Absent palpable and overriding error, there is no basis to intervene.
2. No.
3. Yes. The trial judge erred when he concluded that D.B.S. mandated a three year limit from the trial date for retroactive child support. The Supreme Court in D.B.S. at para. 118 provided that, having determined that a retroactive award is appropriate, the court must choose a date of retroactivity. Among the four main options are (i) the date of effective notice and (ii) the date of formal notice. The date of effective notice refers to any indication by the recipient that child support should be paid or renegotiated. It does not require the recipient to take any legal action; all that is required is that the topic be broached.
Despite this general default to effective notice, the Supreme Court in D.B.S. added at para. 123 that it will usually be inappropriate to make a support award retroactive to a date more than three years before formal notice was given.
On March 13, 2007, the appellant filed her Answer, claiming child support for the children. This appears to be the date of both effective and formal notice. Therefore, the three-year rule in D.B.S. is not at issue in this case, as the appellant gave effective and formal notice at the same time, and less than four months after separation.
Nevertheless, as the Supreme Court stated in D.B.S. at para. 64, “parents should not have the impression that child support orders are set in stone.” A court should consider four main factors before making a retroactive child support order: (i) the reason for the delay by the recipient parent; (ii) the conduct of the payor parent (e.g., any blameworthy behaviour); (iii) the circumstances of the child; and (iv) any hardship occasioned by a retroactive award. The Supreme Court cited Tedham v. Tedham, 2003 BCCA 600, 20 B.C.L.R. (4th) 56 for the proposition that “[n]one of the factors is decisive. For instance, it is entirely conceivable that retroactive support could be ordered where a payor parent engages in no blameworthy conduct.”
While the interim support period in Tedham was shorter than this case, the appellant cannot be faulted for failing to try to vary the interim support as more information became available about the respondent’s income, given the cost and difficulty associated with such a step. The appellant was on public assistance for a time following separation. She has earned limited income over the years. Both children resided with her after separation and beyond November 28, 2011, the date to which the trial judge made support retroactive.
The appellant should not have to bear more than her proportionate share of support for the children simply because the respondent did not have, or had not produced, all of the information required to make a final determination of that issue when the interim order was made in 2007. This is particularly true given the significant disparity between the parties’ incomes and assets. The respondent submitted that the Drumcrow farm was worth $984,500 at the date of trial. The appellant had received $85,000 to purchase her interest in the Kincardine farm, pursuant to the 2008 consent order.
Considering all these factors, and the early effective and formal notice of the claim for child support on March 13, 2007, the trial judge should have made support retroactive to that date.
4a. Yes. In limiting retroactive spousal support to three years, it is unclear if the trial judge mistakenly interpreted D.B.S. as imposing a three-year limit (as he did with retroactive child support) or if he was exercising judicial discretion. Regardless of when spousal support commences, it should continue indefinitely for a period of seven to 14 years, in accordance with the duration provisions of the Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines.
The trial judge ordered retroactive support of $239, effective November 2011, based on the parties’ up-to-date circumstances and 2013 financial information, rather than factoring in the parties’ circumstances in 2011 and 2012. Neither party takes issue with this approach. The retroactive monthly award of $239 exceeds the high end of the SSAG range for 2011 and 2012, which is $186 and $192 respectively.
4b. Yes. The trial judge erred by terminating spousal support on December 31, 2016. He applied the SSAG in determining the amount of spousal support, but ignored the SSAG in establishing duration without explanation. There is nothing in the record supporting the conclusion that the appellant would be self-sufficient by December 31, 2016. although the trial judge seemed to rely on the SSAG to determine the amount of support, he ignored them when he limited duration to five years.
5. No. The trial judge did not err in the conclusion on these points. The allocation of responsibility to the appellant of $1,280 in tractor lease payments payable after separation, reimbursement to the respondent for one half the balance on a line of credit in the sum of $2,160, and payment for hay in the sum of $3,300 during a time when the appellant operated the Kincardine family farm after separation were correct.
Jadid v Toronto Transit Commission, 2016 ONCA 936
[Feldman, Epstein and Miller JJ.A.]
Counsel:
B. R. Moodie as agent for J. Van Allen, for the appellant
M. Ferreira, for the respondents
Keywords: Civil Procedure, Administrative Dismissal For Delay, Setting Aside, Reid Factors, Fresh Evidence
Facts:
The appellant was injured while attempting to board a TTC bus in March 2006. After settling a statutory accident benefits claim in 2007, the appellant commenced an action against the respondents. The action was dismissed administratively for delay, and after obtaining an order setting aside the dismissal on terms (the “O’Marra order”), the appellant failed to take the procedural steps required by that order. The appellant’s subsequent motion to vary those terms, years later, was dismissed. The appellant now appeals from that order.
Among the terms of the O’Marra order was a requirement that the appellants set the action down for trial within 60 days, requiring the appellants to complete examinations for discovery and file a trial record within 60 days. The appellant did none of those things. Neither did the appellant have the O’Marra order issued and entered. The appellant took no further steps for two years. In May 2014, counsel for the appellant wrote to request the respondent’s affidavit of documents. The respondents replied that it had been provided two years earlier and suggested that counsel review his file. By this time, the respondent had assigned new in-house counsel who was not yet aware of the procedural history of the action, and did not know that the O’Marra order had not been taken out. The appellant sought to schedule an examination for discovery of the representative of the respondent. The respondent objected on the basis that it had not completed its examination of the appellant, which took place June 20, 2014. The respondent agreed to an examination on September 30, 2015. In the meantime, the respondent sought confirmation that the O’Marra order had been entered, and in February 2015 requested a copy of the entered order. They repeated the demand at the examination on September 30, 2015, and when the appellant could not produce it, the respondent refused to proceed. The appellant brought a motion to vary the timetable established by that order, which was unopposed.
The motion judge concluded that the delay was extreme, that there were no non-perfunctory explanations offered, and that the plaintiff never had a bona fide intention to adhere to the deadline ordered and only intermittent interest in advancing the case. He dismissed the motion and imposed a stay of the action.
The appellant appeals on the basis that the motion judge erred in refusing to vary the order setting aside the registrar’s dismissal, and in staying the action.
Issues:
1. Whether the motion judge misapprehended the governing legal principles.
2. Whether the motion judge erred by finding that the respondent suffered actual prejudice as a result of the delay.
3. Whether the motion judge erred by finding that the litigation and the motion delay were not explained.
Holding:
Appeal dismissed.
Reasoning:
1. No. The motion judge’s analysis began with the criteria from Reid v Dow Corning Corp, [2001] OJ No 2365 (Master), at para 41, rev’d on other grounds [2002] OJ No 3414, 48 CPC (5th) 93 (Div Ct) governing appeals from a registrar’s dismissal for delay. The four factors that Reid identifies as relevant to the exercise of discretion are (1) the explanation of the litigation delay, (2) the inadvertence in missing the deadline, (3) the efforts to move promptly to set aside the dismissal, and (4) the absence of prejudice to the defendant.
The matter before the motion judge was a step removed from an appeal of a registrar’s dismissal. The dismissal of the action had previously been set aside by the O’Marra order, on terms which had not been satisfied. The appellant moved to vary the terms which can no longer be met on the original schedule. The motion judge reasoned that this additional factor, a “moving party who has been to the well for relief once and returns a second time necessitated the following additional considerations: (1) the length of both the pre-and post- order delay; (2) that no priority should be given to any of the Reid factors over any others; (3) that prejudice to the defendant may be inferred from the passage of time; and (4) the application of the heightened scrutiny of the four Reid factors and the requirement of an explanation for why the first lifeline was ignored. The Court of Appeal rejected the appellant’s arguments that the motion judge misapprehended the Reid test by rejecting the proposition that prejudice takes priority over the other factors. None of the Reid factors have automatic priority over any others. The Reid test provides a structured approach to reconciling the principle that civil actions should be decided on their merits, with the principle that the public interest is served by enforcing procedural rules that promote the timely and efficient resolution of disputes. It guides the exercise of judicial discretion and reduces the risk of overlooking relevant considerations. It does not set out a formula, prioritize any enumerated factors over any others, or categorically exclude the consideration of other factors not listed.
2. No. There is no requirement that the respondent adduce evidence of actual prejudice. Prejudice can be inferred from the mere passage of time. The motion judge found that, in the particular circumstances of the case, the ability of the respondent to defend the claim was compromised. The Court of Appeal saw no error in the motion judge’s conclusion that there was non-compensable prejudice to the defendant.
3. No. The Court of Appeal disagreed with the appellant’s submission that any delay was neither intentional nor deliberate and has been explained, and therefore the motion judge erred in finding that the delay in this case favored dismissing the motion. That the delay was not intentional does not absolve the appellant of the responsibility to move the action forward. Neither did the motion judge err in concluding that the appellant failed to provide a reasonable explanation for missing the deadlines set in the O’Marra order. It was for the motion judge to balance the competing interests and weigh the almost four-year delay in moving to vary the order in the context of the entire delay and all of the other circumstances that he canvassed. He made no error in his treatment of the appellant’s failures to explain both the delay in missing the 60 day timeline set out in the O’Marra order and the delay in bringing the motion to vary the O’Marra order. The motion judge did not accept as exculpatory the appellant’s argument that the reason she failed to meet the deadline in the O’Marra order because the O’Marra order had not been taken out. The conduct of the defendant in litigation may be a relevant consideration, however in this case, little turned on this factor. Although the respondents did little to move things along, this was the appellant’s responsibility.
After deciding these issues, the Court of Appeal addressed criticism of counsel by the motion judge, some of which was excessive and unfounded. The Court of Appeal found that certain rhetorical flourishes amounted to ridicule and were unfair. The motion judge’s characterization of non-compliance with the O’Marra order by the appellant’s counsel as tantamount to contempt of court also required correction. The O’Marra order did not compel the appellant to do anything. It was a power conferring order rather than a mandatory order, which set out conditions that needed to be fulfilled in order to restore an action that had been administratively dismissed. No one was under any obligation to have the action restored, or to take any steps to that end. In not taking the lifeline offered by the O’Marra order, counsel was not acting contemptuously, but presumptuously, in expecting that his failure to follow the O’Marra order’s prescriptions would be excused. The fruit of that presumption was the dismissal of the motion and the stay of the action.
There was also an exchange between the motion judge and motion counsel. Motion counsel sought to hand up unsworn email correspondence between counsel for the parties in support of the allegation of absence of prejudice to the respondent. The supposed import of the correspondence, which was put before the Court of Appeal on a fresh evidence motion, was that the respondent’s non-opposition to the motion was de facto consent. The motion judge rejected this evidence on the basis that it was inadmissible and non-probative. At the conclusion of the argument, motion counsel for the appellants sought and was granted permission to file additional legal argument. This he did later that day, but also added the unsworn email correspondence that the motion judge had refused to receive. The Court of Appeal saw this step as misguided, as counsel had not sought permission to file additional material, particularly unsworn evidence that the motion judge had refused to receive. The motion judge had a severe reaction to this step. The Court of Appeal took issue with the motion judge’s characterization of counsel’s conduct, and commented that it was out of proportion to label the conduct as deceit and to impugn the motion counsel’s professional integrity.
The Court of Appeal allowed the motion for leave to file fresh evidence, and dismissed the appeal.
Granger v. Granger, 2016 ONCA 945
[Cronk, Juriansz and Brown JJ.A.]
Counsel:
S. Ahmad and M. Hackl, for the appellant
B. Baron and M. Pluto, for the respondents
Keywords: Contracts, Constructive Trust, Unjust Enrichment, Proprietary Estoppel, Wills and Estates, Powers of Attorney, Undue Influence
Facts:
The family home in Toronto was purchased in 1981 and title was taken in Katarina’s name only. Shortly after his father deserted the family in 1984, John dropped out of school and lived with his mother in the family home for the next 30 years. Then this dispute arose. John’s position is that his mother wanted him to live with her to look after her and the house. Later, after Katarina helped Helena purchase another property, John says Katarina promised him the entire house upon her death. In 2012, after Helena’s marriage broke up, she moved back into the house. Helena, exercising her power of attorney, transferred title to the house to Katarina and herself as joint tenants for two dollars’ consideration.
In September 2014, Katarina and Helena commenced an application for a writ of possession to evict John and his common-law wife, Margaret, from the family home. John brought a counter-application challenging Helena’s power of attorney, seeking the appointment of a neutral litigation guardian, and seeking a beneficial interest in the property.
The application judge found that Katarina was competent and dismissed John’s allegation of undue influence as well as his request for the appointment of a litigation guardian. He granted Katarina and Helena’s request for an order evicting John and Margaret from the property. They moved out of the property in 2015. The application judge also ordered a trial of an issue as to whether Katarina and Helena held their interests in the property for John by way of constructive trust, or whether John was entitled to damages for his financial and other contributions to the property and to Katarina’s care and maintenance. The trial judge dismissed John’s claims and he appealed.
Issue:
1. Did the trial judge err in denying John’s claim based on proprietary estoppel?
2. Did the trial judge err in denying John’s claim based on unjust enrichment?
3. Did the trial judge err in failing to reconsider his initial decision upholding Helena’s power of attorney in light of his subsequent adverse findings of fact against Helena at trial?
Holding:
Appeal allowed.
John was entitled to equitable damages in the amount of $438,113 to be recovered from the proceeds of the sale of the house held in trust by the real estate solicitor to the credit of this litigation. Further, it was ordered that Helena’s continuing power of attorney over Katarina’s property be revoked and Helena be required to account for her management of Katarina’s property.
Reasoning:
1. The trial judge rejected John’s claim on the basis that he was not promised a present interest in the property by Katarina but, rather, an interest that would not vest until Katarina’s death. He therefore held that John’s claim based on proprietary estoppel was premature. John never claimed a present interest in the property but asserted he was promised he would receive an interest upon his mother’s death. Katerina has disposed of the allegedly promised asset and can no longer bequeath it to John. But even characterizing John’s claim as one for damages for the breach of the promise, his right to damages would arise on Katarina’s death. The court therefore rejected this ground of appeal. The trial judge made no error in holding that it would be premature to assess whether John might have a claim based on proprietary estoppel against Katarina’s estate.
2. In this case, the trial judge asked himself the wrong initial question by immediately considering whether John had conferred a “net benefit” on Katarina. Instead, at the first step of the analysis, the trial judge should have considered whether John conferred a benefit on Katarina. The court was not persuaded that the trial judge committed reversible error by finding John and Margaret did not adduce sufficient evidence to permit him to quantify any payments they made. As the trial judge observed, the onus was on John to prove not only that it was more likely than not that he had made payments, but also to prove the probable amount of those payments, at least in approximate terms. The trial judge was entitled to find the evidence John had adduced did not allow him to determine with any confidence how frequently he had made payments or in what amounts.
The court found that the trial judge seemed to have attributed little to no value to John’s domestic services because of his observation that those services were those of a “dutiful son”. That error infected his assessment of the uncontroverted evidence regarding the value of John’s services. The evidence establishes the monetary value of the services the trial judge implicitly found that John performed.
The evidence before the trial judge and counsel’s admission suggest that John reasonably expected some compensation. It is clear that Katarina and Helena did not discharge the onus on them to point to a juristic reason outside the established categories that would entitle Katarina to retain the benefit conferred by John, without compensation. John had discharged his onus to establish a prima facie case of enrichment.
The trial judge’s error was to implicitly treat proof of the accommodation value as proof of an offsetting benefit. That approach was wrong in law. The onus remained on Katarina, who was claiming an offsetting mutual benefit, to prove rent-free accommodation was provided. Katarina did not satisfy the burden on her to prove that she provided rent-free accommodation to John. The court set aside the trial judge’s dismissal of John’s application insofar as it claimed equitable damages and replaced it with an order granting John’s claim in the amount of $438,113 to be recovered from the proceeds of the sale of the house held in trust by the real estate solicitor to the credit of this litigation.
3. While the limited evidence before the trial judge on the application may not have demonstrated undue influence, it is obvious from his trial reasons that he considered it abundantly clear that Helena exerted undue influence over Katarina. Accepting those trial findings as fresh evidence, the court concluded that Helena exercised undue influence over Katarina. The judge’s dismissal of John’s application was set aside and replaced with an order granting John’s application, revoking Helena’s power of attorney and requiring Helena to account for her management of Katarina’s property.
Diemer (Cornacle Cattle Co.) v. London Farms Ltd., 2016 ONCA 946
[Cronk, Juriansz and Roberts JJ.A.]
Counsel:
S. Pickard, for the appellant
D. MacKeigan, for the respondent
Keywords: Civil Procedure, Originating Process, Notice of Claim, Statement of Claim, Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 14.03(13)
Facts:
The appellant commenced an action by way of notice of action on July 22, 2015, but failed to deliver a statement of claim within the 30-day deadline under Rule 14.03(3) of the Rules of Civil Procedure. He brought a motion for leave to deliver the statement of claim outside the 30 days but his motion was dismissed. He appealed.
The appellant alleged that the respondent sold him defective dairy cows. In response to the appellant’s complaint, on September 26, 2013, the respondent provided two new dairy cows. The respondent alleged that on that day, the parties concluded a settlement agreement and the appellant provided the respondent with a release. The appellant sold his farm and cows on October 4, 2013, went into receivership on October 23, 2013, and was discharged on May 26, 2015. There was no evidence that the appellant sought leave from the receiver or the court to commence a claim. It was not disputed that there was no further communication between the appellant and the respondent until the appellant served its notice of motion for leave to file his statement of claim.
The appellant conceded that the motion judge applied the correct test and considered the relevant factors, as set out in Nugent v. Crook, 1969 CarswellOnt 951, 40 O.R. (2d) 110 (C.A.) at para 3 (“Nugent”). However, the appellant argued that motion judge erred in rejecting the appellant’s explanation for the delay in filing his statement of claim. Similarly, the appellant argued that the motion judge erred in concluding that there was prejudice to the respondent as a result of the delay.
Issue:
1. Did the motion judge err in rejecting the appellant’s explanation for the delay in filing his statement of claim?
2. Did the motion judge err in finding that there was prejudice to the respondent as a result of the delay.
Holding:
Appeal dismissed.
Reasoning:
1. It was open to the motion judge to find that the appellant’s explanation for the failure to file within the requisite time was inadequate because it lacked the necessary detail to explain the delay. Specifically, the motion judge noted the absence of the following particulars: “The plaintiff’s request for an extension is made without: (i) any suggestion of inadvertence; (ii) a statement as to when the plaintiff requested documents; (iii) information as to when the plaintiff received documents; and (iv) and explanation why after the plaintiff filed a notice of action to protect against an upcoming limitation period, it failed for months to file a statement of claim.”
2. There was no error in the motion judge’s conclusion that there was prejudice to the respondent because, at the very least, the respondent had lost the opportunity to investigate the appellant’s claim, assess the validity of the appellant’s assertions regarding the health and productivity of the cows, and evaluate the reasonableness of the steps taken by the appellant in purported mitigation of his damages.
It was common ground that the appellant’s action was commenced within the relevant two-year limitation period; however, his failure to file the statement of claim on a timely basis brought his action to an end, absent the respondent’s consent or leave of the court.
The expiry of the relevant two-year limitation period thereafter (on September 26, 2015, which was two years after the appellant advanced a complaint and two new cows were provided to him, or on October 4, 2015, which was two years after his damages crystallized on the sale of his farm and cows) gave rise to a rebuttable presumption of prejudice to the respondent. The appellant did not file any evidence to rebut this presumption. The onus was not on the respondent to put forward positive evidence that it was prejudiced, per Nugent. As the court noted in Nugent at para 3: “It is the plaintiff who is seeking the indulgence and it is for the plaintiff to establish proper grounds for the exercise of the discretion of the court.” Accordingly, the motion judge correctly determined that the appellant had failed to do so and the Court saw no basis to interfere with that discretionary decision.
Lehtiniemi v. Mattawan (Municipality), 2016 ONCA 940
[Feldman, Lauwers and Miller JJ.A.]
Counsel:
P. A. Webber, Q.C., for the appellant
M. M. Miller, for the respondent
Keywords: Real Property, Public Highway, Dedication, Acceptance
Facts:
The appellant, Lehtiniemi, owns Lot 34 in Concession 8 of the respondent municipality. The Municipality asserts that the appellant built the laneway on top of an existing, though unmaintained, public road known as Marion Road, to which it holds title. The appellant disputes this assertion. He argues that the laneway and the old public road are separate roads, and accordingly the laneway is not a public road, and he has title to it.
The appellant brought this application for a declaration that the laneway he built on his property is his own and not a public highway.
The application judge dismissed his application. The appellant appeals.
Issue:
Did the application judge make a palpable and overriding error of fact, or misapprehend the evidence?
Holding:
Appeal dismissed.
Reasoning:
No. The motion judge did not make a palpable and overriding error of fact, or misapprehend the evidence. To the contrary, the application judge’s findings find ample root in the record. Further, the motion judge correctly articulated and applied the common law doctrine of dedication and acceptance. In particular, once a dedication is complete, neither the owners nor their successors in title can revoke it. Therefore, the motion judge correctly concluded that the dedication and acceptance of a public road on the appellant’s land could not now be revoked; the appellant’s laneway was built on top of a public road.
Poplar Point First Nation Development Corporation v. Thunder Bay (City), 2016 ONCA 934
[Rouleau, van Rensburg and Benotto JJ.A]
Counsel
R. Larson and T. Demetzer, for the appellant
A. D. McKitrick, for the respondent
Keywords: Municipal Law, Property Tax Sales, Municipal Act, 2001, S.O. 2001, c. 25, Relief from Forfeiture, Jurisdiction, Courts of Justice Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, Fines and Forfeitures Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. F.13
Facts:
The appellant, a not-for-profit corporation supporting Poplar Point First Nation Band and its members, was the registered owner of a property that was sold by the City of Thunder Bay (the “Municipality”) in a municipal tax sale. After recovering $5,843.11 in tax arrears and additional associated costs, the Municipality paid into court the surplus (an amount exceeding $76,000). Pursuant to s. 380(4) of the Municipal Act (the “Act”), the appellant had one year from the date of payment of the surplus into court to bring an application for payment out of court. Pursuant to s. 380(6), one year after payment in, the monies were deemed to be forfeited to the Municipality. The appellant applied to the court three weeks after the one-year deadline. In response to the appellant’s application, the Municipality brought a counter-application, seeking payment out of court of the monies pursuant to s. 380(7) of the Act.
The application judge considered whether to grant the appellant relief from forfeiture under s. 98 of the Courts of Justice Act or under s. 5(1) of the Fines and Forfeitures Act. After considering the contradictory case law, the application judge dismissed the appellant’s application on the basis that he was not empowered to grant relief from forfeiture under either statute. He said he would have granted relief from forfeiture, if he had the jurisdiction to do so. He granted the Municipality’s application for payment out of court.
The appellant appeals, arguing that the application judge erred in concluding that he did not have the jurisdiction to grant relief from forfeiture. The respondent says that the application judge was correct on this point, and, in any event, that relief from forfeiture is not warranted on the evidence in this case.
Issues:
- Did the application judge err in concluding that he did not have jurisdiction to grant relief from forfeiture under the Courts of Justice Act?
- Did the application judge err in concluding that he did not have jurisdiction to grant relief from forfeiture under the Fines and Forfeitures Act?
- Is relief from forfeiture warranted in this case?
Holding: Appeal granted and order set aside. Relief from forfeiture and payment ordered.
Reasons:
1. Yes. The Courts of Justice Act provides for broad and unlimited authority to the court to grant relief from forfeiture. The context of the appellant’s claim for relief from forfeiture was within a civil proceeding commenced by way of application under s. 380 of the Act. Next, the broad wording of s. 98 of the Courts of Justice Act and its application to civil proceedings suggests that it should be available in this case, in the context of an application to obtain payment out of court of monies deemed to be forfeited to the Municipality.
After a thorough review of the jurisprudence, the Court of Appeal determined that there was no impediment to the relief sought in the present case. The forfeiture of the surplus to the municipality under s. 380 is not a penalty for the taxpayer’s failure to pay taxes or breach of any other obligation, nor does it occur as the release of security for an obligation owed to the municipality. The municipality has already been made whole, having received the cancellation price consisting of the tax arrears, interest and its costs.
The forfeiture does not occur in order to punish the property owner, but to ensure that the money, which belongs to the owner or other claimants at the time it is paid into court, does not sit in court unclaimed, in perpetuity. The forfeiture brings finality to the process where funds might otherwise remain in court and unclaimed. The forfeiture arises from the failure to meet a time limit, and not as the consequence of any breach of a statutory obligation. The Court of Appeal concluded that there is no clear legislative intent to exclude relief from forfeiture, nor is the recognition of such authority inconsistent with the statutory scheme.
2. In light of the Courts of Justice Act finding, it was unnecessary to offer any definitive views about the scope and availability of relief under s. 5 of the Fines and Forfeitures Act. However, the Court of Appeal stated that a fair reading of that statute suggests that it applies in the context of fines, penalties and forfeitures that are imposed for violations of Ontario statutes. As such, it has no application to the facts of this case. A reading of this statute suggests that the ability of the court to remit a fine, penalty or forfeiture is in the context of proceedings for their recovery where they have been imposed for contraventions of a statute (and where no other provision is made in respect thereof). In this case, the deemed forfeiture arises from the expiry of a time limit under s. 380 of the Act, and is not a penalty imposed” for a “contravention” of the Act.
3. Yes. Before exercising discretion to grant relief from forfeiture in a particular case, a court must first consider: (1) the conduct of the applicant; (2) the gravity of the breach; and (3) the disparity between the value of the property forfeited and the damage caused by the breach. Had the trial judge concluded that s. 98 was available, he would have exercised his discretion to grant relief from forfeiture and to allow the appellant’s late application for payment out of court of the surplus funds. He found that the appellant’s conduct was inadvertent, although negligent, and that the Municipality did not suffer undue prejudice from the three-week delay. He noted the disparity between the short delay in applying and the value of the property forfeited.
The Court of Appeal determined that there was no reason to depart from the application judge’s assessment of the relevant factors in this case. The appellant would have been entitled to the monies in court, without any claim by the Municipality, had its application been initiated three weeks earlier. The appellant’s delay was explained by its erroneous belief about timing because of its two other properties also subject to tax sales. When it realized its error, the appellant moved promptly. The Municipality had not received the funds, and had not even commenced an application for payment out. And the windfall to the Municipality would have been enormous, amounting to the receipt of $76,264.60 in surplus funds when the initial tax arrears, which had been fully satisfied, were $5,843.11. Therefore, the Court of Appeal granted the appellant relief against forfeiture under s. 98 of the Courts of Justice Act.
Greenberg v. Nowack, 2016 ONCA 949
[Strathy C.J.O., LaForme and van Rensburg JJ.A.]
Counsel:
M. Greenglass, for the appellants
S. J. Nowack, acting in person
Keywords: Civil Procedure, Contempt, Carey v Laiken, 2015 SCC 17, [2015] 2 SCR 79
Facts:
This is an appeal of an order dated February 1, 2016. The order arises out of a contempt motion brought in the course of the efforts of the appellants, Joseph and Pepi Greenberg, to enforce a judgment against the respondent, Steven Nowack. The Greenbergs (the “appellant”) assert that the motion judge erred in law in refusing to find Mr. Nowack (the “respondent”) in contempt of various orders, in accepting Mr. Nowack’s unsworn submissions at the contempt motion as evidence, in ordering that Mr. Nowack complete a particular form of judgment debtor questionnaire in use in Alberta (the “Judgment Debtor Questionnaire”), and in discharging Mr. Nowack from any obligations under various orders made in the course of these proceedings, namely the orders of Master Glustein (the “Prior Orders”).
Issue:
- Did the motion judge err in concluding that no branch of the three-part test for civil contempt was met?
- Did the motion judge err in relying on Mr. Nowack’s submissions as evidence?
- Did the motion judge err in ordering Mr. Nowack to complete the Alberta Judgment Debtor Questionnaire?
- Did the motion judge err in discharging Mr. Nowack’s obligations under the Prior Orders, with the result that they are deprived of the benefit of such orders, including the ability to enforce costs awards properly made in their favour?
Holding:
Appeal allowed.
Reasoning:
1. Yes. The test for civil contempt was articulated by the Supreme Court in Carey v. Laiken: (i) the order alleged to have been breached must state clearly and unequivocally what should and should not be done; (ii) the party alleged to have breached the order must have had actual knowledge of it; and (iii) the party allegedly in breach must have intentionally done the act that the order prohibits or intentionally failed to do the act the order compels. Each element of civil contempt must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. A judge has discretion to decline to make a contempt finding where the three-part test has been met where it would be unjust to do so, such as where the alleged contemnor has acted in good faith to take reasonable steps to comply with the relevant court order.
In this case, it was difficult to understand the motion judge’s conclusion that the contempt motion failed all three prongs of the test for contempt. The motion judge did not explain his conclusion, other than that he was unwilling to find contempt in the context of the enforcement of a civil judgment. The conclusion may also stem from the motion judge’s finding that Mr. Nowack’s performance was not contumelious. In any event, a motion judge “must at a minimum turn his or her mind to the test and apply the elements of the test properly.” The motion judge failed to do so here.
2. Yes. The contempt hearing was conducted in a summary manner. The motion judge did not invite oral testimony. Mr. Nowack, who was self-represented, had filed no evidence. He did, however, make submissions as to why he failed to provide an accounting.
While the motion judge may well have been entitled to consider Mr. Nowack’s submissions as evidence, relying on the fact that he had previously been sworn as a witness, he ought to have informed the Greenbergs’ counsel that this was what he was doing, and afforded him the opportunity to cross-examine Mr. Nowack. The Court of Appeal accepts that the Greenbergs were taken by surprise by the motion judge’s apparent acceptance of Mr. Nowack’s brief explanation in his oral submissions as to why he had failed to comply with the outstanding orders. In these circumstances, to the extent that the motion judge relied on Mr. Nowack’s explanation to conclude that the Greenbergs had not met the test for contempt, he erred in doing so.
3. Yes. The Court of Appeal agreed with the Greenbergs’ submission that the Judgment Debtor
Questionnaire provides for a narrower range of financial disclosure than would be available to them in an examination in aid of execution. Rule 60.18 allows a creditor to examine a debtor, among other things, about the reason for nonpayment, the disposal of a debtor’s property before or after the making of the order, or any other matter pertinent to the enforcement of a judgment. The “transfer of property” section of the Judgment Debtor Questionnaire only requires the disclosure of property transferred within one year of the date of completion of the Questionnaire. Completion of the Judgment Debtor Questionnaire in 2016 therefore does not address what became of the Greenbergs’ investment monies for which judgment was granted in 2013, and in respect of which the various orders in the enforcement process were made. The motion judge was firmly focused on the need to get the judgment debtor enforcement process back on track. To this end, it was not wrong for him to order Mr. Nowack to complete the Judgment Debtor Questionnaire.
4. Yes. An order may only be set aside, amended or varied by a successful appeal or by a motion to set aside or vary under r. 37.14 or r. 59.06. It is not open to the court to set aside or vary an order on its own motion where this relief was not requested. Further, while a judge may discharge, set aside or vary an order where a finding of contempt has been made under r. 60.11(8), this rule does not authorize a judge to discharge any order on the court’s own motion – in contempt proceedings or otherwise. In the present case, the motion judge did not discharge or set aside the Prior Orders. Rather, he discharged Mr. Nowack’s obligations under the orders. Such an order might well be warranted, where a judge concludes that an alleged contemnor has in fact complied with the requirements of an order or otherwise purged his contempt. In this case, however, the contempt motion was dismissed because the motion judge held that the Greenbergs had not met the three-part test. He did not find that Mr. Nowack had complied with the Prior Orders; at best, Mr. Nowack offered an excuse for not complying with certain requirements of the orders. Accordingly, the motion judge erred in discharging Mr. Nowack from compliance with the Prior Orders. There was no basis for granting such relief simply because the motion judge concluded that the Greenbergs had not met the three-part test for contempt, or as part of the dismissal of their contempt motion. The relief, which no one had requested, was prejudicial to the Greenbergs and took away their rights under the existing orders without good reason.
In the result, the order dismissing the contempt motion was set aside. The matter was remitted back to the Superior Court for determination by another judge.
2363523 Ontario Inc. v Nowack, 2016 ONCA 951
[Strathy CJO, LaForme and van Rensburg JJ.A.]
Counsel:
J. T. Curry and L. E. Robinson, for the appellant
N. Groot, for the respondent
Keywords: Civil Procedure, Contempt, Carey v Laiken, 2015 SCC 17, [2015] 2 SCR 79, Procedural Fairness, Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 7, Crown Brief Evidence, Wagg Applications
Facts:
The appellant, Steven Nowack, appealed an order dated January 8, 2016, finding him in contempt and an order dated April 18, 2016, finding he had not purged his contempt and sentencing him to 30 days in prison. The contempt proceedings arose out of the efforts of the respondent, 2363523 Ontario Inc. (“236”), to enforce a default judgment.
The appellant argued that the motion judge failed to direct himself as to the elements of the legal test and the reasonable doubt standard of proof for civil contempt, and failing to properly apply these elements; requiring Mr. Nowack to produce documents that were included in the Crown’s brief in criminal proceedings arising from the same facts; and conducting the contempt proceeding in a manner that violated the principles of fundamental justice.
Issue:
1. Whether the motion judge failed to direct himself as to the required test for contempt and the associated burden of proof;
2. Whether the motion judge erred in how he dealt with Mr. Nowack’s documents that had been included in the Crown brief in his criminal proceedings (the “Wagg issue”);
3. Whether the motion judge failed to provide Mr. Nowack with certain procedural safeguards.
Holding:
Appeal dismissed.
Reasoning
1. A party seeking to establish civil contempt must prove intentionally failed to do the act the order compels: Carey v Laiken, 2015 SCC 17, [2015] 2 SCR 79] at paras 33-35.. The elements of contempt were clearly made out on the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt. The motion judge had to decide whether the appellant intentionally failed to do what the orders compelled. This requirement is distinct from proving whether an alleged contemnor intended to disobey the order in question. Contumacy, or lack thereof, is not an element of civil contempt. It was for the motion judge to determine if it was appropriate to exercise his discretion to decline to make a contempt order in the circumstances. In Bell ExpressVu Limited Partnership v Torroni, 2009 ONCA 85, the Court of Appeal held that the reasons for a contempt order need not analyze the application of the three-part test to the facts of the case in great detail, but that the judge must at a minimum turn his or her mind to the test and apply the elements of the test properly. Torroni does not require the judge to set out the test expressly in his or her reasons. In this case, there was no dispute about the clarity of the orders and what they required, or that they had come to the appellant’s attention. The only issue was whether the appellant had intentionally failed to perform the acts the orders compelled, or whether he had a reasonable explanation for his non-compliance. The motion judge understood and correctly applied the test for contempt.
2. The motion judge did not err in dealing with the Wagg issue, which did not excuse Mr. Nowack’s failure to produce documents and to perform the accounting required by the orders. Mr. Nowack reiterated the argument made at his contempt hearing that he was unable to comply with the orders because the documents were part of the Crown’s brief in his criminal proceedings. He said that documents he had received through Crown disclosure, even if they were his own documents that had been seized from him, ought not to have been ordered to be produced. He relied on this court’s decision in P.(D.) v. Wagg (2004), 71 O.R. (3d) 229 (C.A.), at para. 17, which outlined a three-step procedure to be followed before a litigant produces documents in his possession or control that form part of a Crown disclosure brief. Mr. Nowack contended that the motion judge’s finding of contempt based on his failure to produce documents contained in a Crown brief was premised on a misapprehension of the obligations imposed on Mr. Nowack as a recipient of Crown disclosure. The appellant argued that the motion judge erred in stating, in response to his Wagg concerns, that he ought to have produced the documents to the court under seal. Instead, he says it was incumbent on 236 to bring a motion to obtain the Crown’s consent to have the documents produced. In argument on appeal, Mr. Nowack’s counsel acknowledged that it was possible for Mr. Nowack to have brought any Wagg motion that was required. He argued, however, that it was sufficient for Nowack to signal to 236 that he had documents that were part of the Crown brief. The Court of Appeal disagreed with these arguments. The motion judge did not accept the bona fides of Mr. Nowack’s excuse for failing to comply. The motion judge was correct to note that Mr. Nowack had been ordered to produce documents and to use documents to prepare an accounting, irrespective of their source. Mr. Nowack was not a litigant involved in a discovery process, but a judgment debtor who had been ordered to produce documents that were in his possession and to use the documents to prepare an accounting. As the motion judge noted, if Mr. Nowack had concerns, he could have provided the documents to the court under seal. It was incumbent on Mr. Nowack to do something himself to address the concern, assuming it was legitimate, rather than to simply raise the argument as an excuse for his non-compliance. There was no error in the motion judge’s treatment of the Wagg issue.
3. There was no procedural unfairness. Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms applies to civil contempt proceedings, as they are penal in nature. Contempt proceedings must therefore afford an alleged contemnor “all necessary safeguards”. The proceeding must preserve the principles of fundamental justice by safeguarding the right to be presumed innocent and the right to make full answer and defence. Mr. Nowack argued that the contempt proceedings were inconsistent with these principles because he was denied the presumption of innocence. The Court of Appeal held that there was no prejudging of the issue of contempt in this case. The motion judge clearly began the contempt hearing with the premise that he had to be satisfied of Mr. Nowack’s contempt beyond a reasonable doubt, and he afforded him the full opportunity to explain his conduct. Mr. Nowack also contends that the motion judge did not properly assess the relevance of the evidence that he attempted to adduce at his sentencing hearing. He argues that the contempt proceedings denied him the right to make full answer and defence. This right includes the right to submit or call evidence. The motion judge concluded that the evidence Mr. Nowack sought to advance pertained to 236’s alleged motives, which was not relevant to the purpose of the hearing. On appeal, Mr. Nowack did not attempt to put forward any other explanation of how the excluded evidence might have been relevant to the sentencing hearing. Counsel for Mr. Nowack on appeal took issue with the motion judge sitting on a motion for contempt of his own order. He said that, as a general rule, a judge should not be permitted to hear a motion for contempt of his or her own order, as there could be a reasonable apprehension of bias. The Court of Appeal did not address this argument in any detail except to say that it was not aware of any principled basis to adopt such a general rule. Such a rule would be both impractical and inconsistent with the overall objective of contempt motions in securing compliance with orders. The procedure adopted here where a judge seized himself with contempt proceedings, and then made a series of orders that gave Mr. Nowack the opportunity to avoid a finding of contempt could only serve to enhance the fairness of the process and did not in itself give rise to a reasonable apprehension of bias The procedure the motion judge adopted permitted the appellant, after the respondent had made out a prima facie case of contempt, the full opportunity to explain himself. The motion judge also afforded Mr. Nowack the opportunity to purge his contempt before he was sentenced.
Saleh v. Nebel, 2016 ONCA 948
[Cronk, Juriansz and Roberts JJ.A.]
Counsel:
R. Naimark and M. Warfe, for the appellant/respondent by cross-appeal
A. Rachlin, D. Romano Reid, J. Curry and C. Pauchulo, for the respondent/appellant by cross-appeal
Keywords: Endorsement, Appeals, Jurisdiction, Courts of Justice Act, ss. 19(1.2), Insurance Act, s. 267.5(5)(b)
Facts:
The appellant sued the respondent for damages for personal injuries allegedly suffered by the appellant in a 2007 car accident admittedly caused by the respondent. The jury assessed the appellant’s general damages at $30,000 and his other claimed damages at zero.
The trial judge concluded that the appellant had failed to prove the existence of the first of his alleged injuries and that the second injury was caused by the accident. The appellant having failed to establish the existence of his injuries or causation, the trial judge held, in effect, that it was unnecessary to determine whether the appellant’s claim was barred by the statutory immunity threshold set out in s. 267.5(5)(b) of the Insurance Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. I.8, and he dismissed the action. His judgment contained no declaratory relief regarding the threshold.
Issue:
Should the appeal lie to the Court of Appeal or the Divisional Court?
Holding:
Transfer of the appeal and cross-appeal to the Divisional Court.
Reasoning:
The jurisdictional issues were raised by the Court on its own motion. The Court concluded that the appeal lies to the Divisional Court under ss. 19(1.2) of the Courts of Justice Act, R.S.O. 1990 c. C.43. The court relied on the decision in Watson v. Boundy (2000), 49 O.R. (3d) 134, 130 O.A.C. 328. The proposed cross-appeal, therefore, must follow the main appeal.
Wallace (Re), 2016 ONCA 958
[Cronk, Juriansz and Brown JJ.A.]
Counsel:
S. N. Zeitz, for the appellant/responding party, Brief & Associates Inc.
C. Dockrill, for the respondent/moving party, Alma Maria Wallace
Keywords: Endorsement, Bankruptcy and Insolvency, Appeals, Leave to Appeal, Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, ss 183(1), 193, Courts of Justice Act, s 19, Interlocutory v Final Orders
Facts:
The moving party, the bankrupt Alma Maria Wallace (the “Bankrupt”), seeks to quash the appellant Trustee’s appeal from the dismissal of its motion for a contempt finding against the Bankrupt. The sole ground advanced by the Bankrupt in support of her motion to quash was that the order sought to be appealed is interlocutory in nature and, consequently, any appeal from it falls within the Divisional Court’s jurisdiction under s. 19 of the Courts of Justice Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. C.43, with leave. Argument of the motion to quash therefore focused exclusively on whether the dismissal order is final or interlocutory.
The Panel indicated its view that the dismissal order did not finally determine the bankruptcy proceeding. Further, no contempt finding was made against the Bankrupt, the bankruptcy proceeding was ongoing and it was open to the Trustee to obtain relief in that proceeding arising out of the Bankrupt’s admitted failure to abide by the terms of Patillo J.’s order dated April 8, 2015 or any other court order.
Issue:
1. Was the impugned order interlocutory in nature?
2. Should leave to appeal be granted?
Holding:
Motion dismissed.
Reasoning:
1. Yes, it appeared that the impugned order was interlocutory in nature and, consequently, that the court lacked jurisdiction to hear the appeal on the authority of Chirico v. Szalas, 2016 ONCA 586 and The Catalyst Capital Group Inc. v. Moyse, 2015 ONCA 784. Based on this, the court was satisfied that the Trustee’s contempt motion was brought in the context of the bankruptcy proceeding, based on the Bankrupt’s conduct in the bankruptcy.
The order in question, being an order of a judge of the Superior Court of Justice vested with original jurisdiction under s. 183(1) of the BIA, the court also concluded that the motion judge’s determination of the Trustee’s request for a contempt finding against the Bankrupt was an “order or decision of a judge of the court” within the meaning of s. 193 and the definition of “court” under s. 2 of the BIA.
2. It follows that an appeal from the dismissal order lies to the Court of Appeal either as of right under ss. 193(a) to (d), or with leave of a judge of the court under s. 193(e) of the BIA. On this analysis and in light of the unlimited introductory language of s. 193, the issue whether the challenged dismissal order is interlocutory or final is irrelevant.
The allegations advanced by the Trustee against the Bankrupt in support of the Trustee’s contempt motion are serious and, in the court’s view, raise issues that are of general importance to the practice in bankruptcy matters. The subject matter of the appeal therefore also engages issues relating to the administration of justice. Accordingly, the court was persuaded that if leave to appeal to this court is required by reason of s. 193(e) of the BIA, this was an appropriate case for the granting of such leave.
The motion to quash was dismissed and the Trustee’s appeal was to be scheduled for argument in the Court of Appeal.
Olumide v. Ontario (Attorney General), 2016 ONCA 941
[Cronk, Juriansz and van Rensburg JJ.A.]
A. Olumide, acting in person
D. Polla, for the respondent
Keywords: Endorsement, Civil Procedure, Vexatious Litigants, Orders, Variation
R. v. Pearle, 2016 ONCA 954
[Feldman, MacPherson and Hourigan JJ.A.]
B. Greenshields, for the appellant
M. Potrebic, for the respondent
Keywords: Criminal Law, Endorsement, Possession of Cocaine for Trafficking, Evidence, Admissibility, Circumstantial Evidence
R. v. Anglin, 2016 ONCA 939
[Simmons, van Rensburg and Miller JJ.A.]
M. MacGregor
M. Campbell
Keywords: Criminal Law, Appeal Book Endorsement, Direct Evidence, Circumstantial Evidence
R. v. Hafizi, 2016 ONCA 933
[Gillese Rouleau and Brown JJ.A.]
I. Joffe, for the appellant
H. Krongold, for the respondent
Keywords: Criminal Law, Drug Trafficking, Wire Taps, Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s. 8
R. v. Carelse-Brown, 2016 ONCA 943
[Feldman, Gillese and Benotto JJ.A.]
D. Quayat, for the appellant
N. Devlin, for the respondent
Keywords: Criminal Law, Reasonable and Probable Grounds, Investigative Detention
R. v. Carlisle, 2016 ONCA 950
[Feldman, MacPherson, and Hourigan JJ.A.]
M. Conway, for the appellant
C. Chorney, for the respondent
Keywords: Criminal Law, Long Term Permanent Residency, Sentencing, Deportation
R. v. Chibani, 2016 ONCA 952
[Feldman, MacPherson and Hourigan, JJ.A.]
R. C. Sheppard, for the appellant
M. Comiskey and E. K. Carley, for the respondent
Keywords: Criminal Law, Conspiracy to Export Drugs
R. v. Johnson, 2016 ONCA 935
E. Rondinelli, duty counsel
G. Roberts, for the respondent
Keywords: Criminal Law, Endorsement, Armed Robbery, Possession of Firearm, Youth Sentence
R. v. Reid, 2016 ONCA 944
[Epstein, Pepall, and van Rensburg JJ.A.]
A. Stastny, for the appellant
L. Price, for the respondent
Keywords: Criminal Law, Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, ss. 7, 8, 9, 10(a), 10(b)
R. v. Williams, 2016 ONCA 937
[Pardu, Benotto, and Brown JJ.A.]
K. Williams, in person
J. Presser, duty counsel
M. Lai, for the respondent
Keywords: Criminal Law, Endorsement, Assault, Firearms, Attempt to Obstruct Justice
R. v. Zvolensky, 2016 ONCA 947
[Sharpe, Watt, and Pardu JJ.A.]
A. K. Kapoor, for the appellants
J. Speyer and A. Wheeler, for the respondent
Keywords: Criminal Law, Juries, Eligibility
The information contained in our summaries of the decisions is not intended to provide legal advice and does not necessarily cover every matter raised in a decision. For complete information or for specific advice, please read the decision or contact us. |
Changsha (; ; ; Changshanese pronunciation:, Standard Mandarin pronunciation:) is the capital and the largest city of Hunan Province of the People's Republic China.[3] It is the third-most populous city in Central China, located in the lower reaches of Xiang River in northeastern Hunan. Changsha is also called Xingcheng (星城, 'Star City') and was once named Linxiang (临湘), Tanzhou (潭州), Qingyang (青阳) in ancient times. It is also known as Shanshuizhoucheng (山水洲城), with the Xiang River flowing through it, containing Mount Yuelu and Orange Isle. Changsha forms a part of the Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region along with Zhuzhou and Xiangtan, also known as Changzhutan City Cluster, one of the core cities in Central China. Greater Changsha was named as one of the 13 emerging mega-cities in China in 2012 by the Economist Intelligence Unit.[4] It's also a National Comprehensive Transportation Hub,[5] and one of the first National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in China. Changshanese, a kind of Xiang Chinese, is spoken in the downtown, while Ningxiangnese and Liuyangnese are also spoken in the counties and cities under its jurisdiction.[6] As of the 2020 Chinese census, the prefecture-level city of Changsha had a population of 10,047,914 inhabitants.[7]
Changsha has a history of more than 2,400 years of urban construction,[8] and the name "Changsha" first appeared in the Yi Zhou Shu (逸周书)written in the pre-Qin era.[9] In the Qin Dynasty, the Changsha Commandery was set up, and in the Western Han Dynasty, the Changsha Kingdom was established. The Tongguan Kiln in Changsha during the Tang Dynasty produced the world's earliest underglaze porcelain, which was exported to Western Asia, Africa and Europe.[10] In the Period of Five Dynasties, Changsha was the capital of Southern Chu. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the Yuelu Academy (later become Hunan University) was one of the four major private academies over the last 1000 years in ancient China,[11] with the famous couplet "惟楚有才,于斯为盛" (Only Chu has talent, and it is flourishing in this area) coming down to modern times. In the late Qing Dynasty, Changsha was one of the four major trade cities for rice and tea in China.[12] In 1904, it was opened to foreign trade, and gradually became a revolutionary city. In Changsha, Tan Sitong established the School of Current Affairs, Huang Xing founded the China Arise Society with the slogan "Expel the Tatar barbarians and revive Zhonghua" (驱除鞑虏,复兴中华), and Mao Zedong also carried out his early political movements here. During the Republican Era, Changsha became one of the major home fronts in the Second Sino-Japanese War, but the subsequent Wenxi Fire in 1938 and the three Battles of Changsha from 1939 to 1942 (1939, 1941 and 1941–42) hit Changsha's economy and urban construction hard.[13]
Changsha is now one of the core cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt and the Belt and Road Initiative,[14] [15] a Beta- (global second-tier) city by the GaWC,[16] a new Chinese first-tier city[17] [18] and also a pioneering area for China-Africa economic and trade cooperation.[19] As of 2020, Changsha Huanghua International Airport was one of the 40 busiest airports in the world.[20] As of 2020, More than 164 Global 500 companies have established branches in Changsha.[21] Known as the "Construction machinery capital of the world", Changsha has an industrial chain with construction machinery and new materials as the main industries, complemented by automobiles, electronic information, household appliances, and biomedicine.[22] [23] Since the 1990s, Changsha has begun to accelerate economic development, and then achieved the highest growth rate among China's major cities during the 2000s.[24] The Xiangjiang New Area, the first state-level new area in Central China, was established in 2015.[25] Changsha also has a prominent media and publishing industry, and has been named the first "UNESCO City of Media Arts" in China.[26] Changsha is home to Hunan Broadcasting System (HBS), the most influential provincial TV station in China.[27] [28]
The city houses four Double First-Class Universities: Hunan, National University of Defense Technology, Central South, and Hunan Normal, making Changsha the seat of several highly ranked educational institutions,[29] [30] and a major centre of research and innovation in the Asia-Pacific with a high level of scientific research, ranking 41st globally in 2020. Changsha is the birthplace of super hybrid rice, the Tianhe-1 supercomputer, China's first laser 3D printer,[31] and China's first domestic medium-low speed maglev line.[32] The HDI of Changsha reached 0.817 (very high) in 2019, which is roughly comparable to a moderately developed country.[33]
Chángshā is the pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of the Chinese name or, meaning "long sandy place". The name's origin is unknown. It is attested as early as the 11th, when a vassal lord of the area sent King Cheng of Zhou a gift described as a "Changsha softshell turtle" . In the 2nd century AD, historian Ying Shao wrote that the Qin use of the name "Changsha" for the area was a continuance of its old name.[34] The name originally described the area. The Chu metropolis was known as Qingyang. The capital of the Kingdom of Changshawithin the present-day city of Changshawas known as Linxiang, meaning "[place] Overlooking the Xiang River".
See main article: History of Changsha.
Development started around when Changsha developed with the proliferation of Longshan culture, although there is no firm evidence of such a link.[35]5th centuryBC), Changsha was a staging post for expeditions south into Guangdong that led to its conquest and the establishment of the Nanyue kingdom.
Under the Han Linxiang had city walls to protect it against uprisings and invasions. The famous Mawangdui tombs were constructed between 186 and Lady Xin Zhui was buried in the earliest tomb Wú Zhù) died childless in, the kingdom was granted to a cadet branch of the imperial family as their fief. The kingdom was abolished under Wang Mang's short-lived Xin dynasty and briefly revived by the Eastern Han. In its prince was demoted and the area administered as.
The Sui Dynasty (6th century) renamed Changsha Tan Prefecture or Tanzhou. Changsha's 3-tier administration was simplified to a 2-tier state and county system, eliminating the middle canton region. Under the Tang, Changsha prospered as a center of trade between central China and Southeast Asia but suffered during the Anshi Rebellion, when it fell to the rebels.
In early 10th century, Changsha served as the capital of the state of Nanchu (南楚), or Southern Chu, established by Ma Yin (马殷)in 907, one of the ten southern war loads. Nanchu, lasted about 50 years, was the only independent state in the history that has ever been built in Hunan with Changsha as the capital, being eventually overthrown by Nantang (南唐)in 951.,[36] and Cai E, a major leader in the defense of the Republic of China.[37] In 1903 the academy became Hunan High School. Modern-day Hunan University is also a descendant of the Yuelu.
Under the Qing (17th–20th centuries), Changsha was the capital of Hunan and prospered as one of China's chief rice markets. During the Taiping Rebellion, the city was besieged by the rebels in 1852 or 1854,[38].[39] [40].[41]. In 2015, Xiangjiang New Area was approved as a national new area.
Changsha is in northeast Hunan Province, the lower reaches of the Xiang River and the western part of the Changliu Basin. It lies between 111°53' to 114°15' east longitude and 27°51' to 28°41' 11819km2, of which the urban area of 2150.9km2, the urban built-up area is 374.64km2. Changsha's highest point is Mount Qixing (Chinese: 七星岭) in Daweishan Town, 1607.9m (5,275.3feet). The lowest point is Zhanhu (Chinese: 湛湖) in Qiaokou Town, 23.5m (77.1feet).[42]
The Xiang is the main river in the city, running 74km (46miles) northward through the territory. 15 tributaries flow into the Xiang, of which Liuyang, Laodao, Jinjiang and Wei are the four largest.[42] The Xiang divides the city into two parts. The eastern part is mainly commercial and the west is mainly cultural and educational. On 10 October 2001, the seat of Changsha City was transferred from Fanzheng Street to Guanshaling. Since then, the economy of both sides of the Xiang River has achieved a balanced development.[43].[44] 302 tributaries are more than five.[45]
The geological features of Changsha City are: the formation is fully exposed, the granite body is widely distributed, and the geological structure is complex. The strata of each geological and historical period are exposed in Changsha City, and the oldest stratum was formed about one.[45]
Changsha has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with annual average temperature being at 17.4°C, with a mean of 4.9°C in January and 29.2°C in July. Average annual precipitation is 1428mm, NaN°C, recorded on 9 February 1972. The maximum was 40.6°C on 13 August 1953 and 2 August 2003 [the unofficial record of {{convert|43.0|°C|°F}} was set on 10 August 1934].
The municipality of Changsha exercises jurisdiction over six districts, one county and two county-level cities:
See main article: Politics of Changsha and Government of Changsha. The current CPC Party Secretary of Changsha is Wu Guiying and the current Mayor is .
See main article: Economy of Changsha..
In 2008, Changsha's nominal GDP was ¥300.1 billion (US$43 billion), a year-on-year growth of 15.1% from the previous year. Its per capita GDP was ¥45,765 (US$6,589).[46] Its GDP grew at an average of 14% per year from 2001 to 2005, compared to the national average of 9% in the period., the service sector generated roughly around 49% of Changsha's GDP, up 112% from 2001 figures, leading to a disposable income for urban residents of 12,343 RMB annually. This growth is expected to continue driving the city's economic growth.[47].[48] In 2020, the average income was 88,050 yuan, almost 10,000 yuan lower than the national average. Urban residents in 2005 had an average income of about US$1,500, 15% higher than the national average and up 10% from 2001 figures.[49]
Changsha is one of China's 15 most "developed and economically advanced"
According to the 2022 Hurun Global Rich List, Changsha ranks among the top 35 cities globally and 11th in Greater China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Taipei, Foshan, Suzhou, and Ningbo) in terms of resident billionaires.[58] [59].[60] By the end of 2008 more than 500 foreign companies had made over US$10 million worth of investments in Changsha.[61] Changsha had total retail sales of 74 RMB billion in 2006.[62]
But rapid economic growth has made environmental pollution a serious problem in Changsha, caused by rapidly increasing numbers of private cars, widespread construction sites, and numerous industrial facilities on the outskirts of the city.
The Changsha ETZ was founded in 1992. It is located in Xingsha in eastern Changsha. The total planned area is 38.6km2 and the current area is 38.6km2. Near the zone are National Highways 319 and 107 as well as the G4 Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway. The zone is also very close to Changsha's downtown area and the railway station, while the distance between the zone and the city's airport is a mere 8km (05miles). The major industries in the zone include the high-tech industry, the biology project technology industry, and the new material industry.[63]
The Liuyang ETZ is a national biological industry base created on 10 January 1998, located in Dongyang Town. Its pillar industry comprises biological pharmacy, Information technology and Health food., It has more than 700 registered enterprises. The total industrial output value of the zone hits 85.6 billion yuan (US$13.7 billion) and its business income is 100.2 billion yuan (US$16.1 billion).[64] Its builtup area covers 16.5km2.[65]
As of the 2020 Chinese census, Changsha was home to 10,047,914 people, whom 7,355,198 lived in its built-up (or metro) area made of the 6 urban Districts plus Changsha County largely conurbated..[66] [67]
There are several sites in Changsha, notably the Changsha Meixihu International Culture and Arts Centre, a cultural complex designed by the British firm Zaha Hadid Architects overlooking the Meixi Lake at the Meixihu subdistrict of the city. Others include the Young Mao Zedong statue on Orange Isle, Meixi Lake Park, Window of the World, and Changsha Ice World.[68].
Various types of cuisine are found in Changsha, yet the hot and spicy Hunan cuisine typical of the region remains the most popular. The snack chain Juewei Duck Neck, which now has over 10,000 outlets, originates from Changsha."(Chinese:.[69].[70]
Changsha hosts the Hunan Provincial Museum. 180,000 historical significant artifacts ranging from the Zhou dynasty to the recent Qing Dynasty are hosted in the 51,000 acres of space in the museum.[71]
Mawangdui is a well-known tomb located 22 kilometers east of Changsha.[72] [73] It was discovered with numerous artifacts from the Han dynasty. Numerous Silk Funeral banners surround the tomb, along with a wealth of classical texts.[74] [75] The tomb of Lady Dai lies in Mawangdui is well known due to its well-preserved state: scientists were able to detect blood, conduct an autopsy and determined that she died of heart disease due to a poor diet.[76] [77]
Changsha is a sister city with St. Paul, Minnesota. St. Paul is developing a China garden at Phalen Park, based on the design of architects from Changsha.[78] Current plans include a pavilion replicating one in Changsha, while in return St. Paul will send the city five statues of the Peanuts characters. They will be placed in Phalen's sister park, Yanghu Wetlands.[79]
Changsha is a major city for research and innovation in China, as well as in the Asia-Pacific region,[80] [81] and was ranked 41st globally, 17th in the Asia & Oceania region, 13rd in Mainland China and 4th in South Central region after (Guangzhou, Wuhan and Shenzhen) by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index 2020 Science Cities.[82] As of 2021, Changsha had 97 independent scientific research institutions, 14 national engineering and technology research centers, 15 national key engineering and technology laboratories, and 12 national enterprise technology centers.[83] Changsha is the birthplace of super hybrid rice, the Tianhe-1 supercomputer, China's first laser 3D printer, and China's first domestic medium-low speed maglev line. As of 2020, Changsha ranked 8th in the top 10 China's innovation-oriented cities,[84] and 6th (behind only Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Shanghai, Chengdu and Beijing) in the Top 10 China's most attractive cities for talent, released by the 21st Century Business Herald report.[85]
See main article: List of universities and colleges in Hunan. Changsha has long been the seat of several ancient schools and academies. The Yuelu Academy (later become Hunan University) was one of the four most prestigious academies in China over the last 1000 years.[86] The city is also the site of the Hunan Medical University (later become Central South University), which was established in 1914. As of 2022, Changsha hosts 57 institutions of higher education (excluding adult colleges), ranking 10th nationwide and 4th among all cities in the South Central China region after Wuhan, Guangzhou and Zhengzhou.[87] [88] Changsha ranked among the top 10 cities in the whole country with strong education based on an evaluation to grade Chinese universities' discipline levels, including A+, A, and A− issued by the Ministry of Education as of 2020.[89] There are three Project 985 universities in Changsha: Central South University, Hunan University, and the National University of Defense Technology, the third-highest among all cities in China after Beijing and Shanghai.[90] Hunan Normal University is the key construction university of the national 211 Project. These four national key universities are included in the Double First-Class Universities, making Changsha the seat of several highly ranked universities.
Hunan University and Central South University are the only universities in Changsha to appear in the world's top 300 of the Academic Ranking of World Universities and the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking.[91] Hunan Normal University, the National University of Defense and Technology and Changsha University of Science and Technology also located in Changsha, are ranked in the world's top 800 of the Academic Ranking of World Universities.[92] [93] [94] Hunan Agricultural University and Central South University of Forestry and Technology were ranked #1127 and # 1429, respectively in the 2022 Best Global Universities by the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking. Hunan University of Chinese Medicine ranked the best in Hunan and 33rd nationwide among Chinese Medical Universities.[95]
National key public universities
Provincial key public universities
General undergraduate universities (public)
General undergraduate universities (private)
Vocational and technical colleges/universities
Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.
Changsha is well connected by roads, river, rail, and air transportation modes, and is a regional hub for industrial, tourist, and service sectors.
The city's public transportation system consists of an extensive bus network with over 100 lines. Changsha Metro is planning a 6-line network. Metro Line 2 opened on 29 April 2014[96] and 20 stations for Line 2[97] opened on 28 June 2016.[98] [99] A further four lines are planned for construction by 2025. Line 3 will run southwest–northeast and will be long, Line 4 northwest-southeast and long.[100] A maglev link running between Changsha South station and Changsha airport opened in April 2016, with a construction cost of €400m.[101] [102] Connecting Changsha with Zhuzhou and Xiangtan, Changzhutan Intercity Rail opened on 26 December 2016.[103] (Chinese: eight platforms,[104] opened on 26 December 2009.[105] Since then passenger volume has increased greatly.[106] and Macau. Other major airlines also provide daily service between Changsha and other domestic and international destinations. The airport provides direct flights to 45 major international cities, including Taipei, Los Angeles, Singapore, Seoul, Pusan, Osaka, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur, London (Heathrow Airport), Frankfurt and Sydney.[107] the airport handled 70,011 people daily.[108] Due to the global effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, Changsha Huanghua International Airport was the 34th busiest airport in the world in 2020, making its debut in the world's top 50 busiest airports for the first time.[109]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in China. This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
By the end of June 2018, Changsha has established friendly city relationship with 49 foreign cities.[125]
Changsha is twinned with:[126]
The following people are from the Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region:
Changsha is represented by the star Zeta Corvi in a Chinese constellation.[128] |
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Kubarev V.V., Emperors Lekapenos (920–945), East European Scientific Journal (Warsaw, Poland), #1 (65), 2021 part 6. pp. 26–39. Link:
Summary:. Keywords: Lekapenos, Macedonian Dynasty, Ugric peoples, Rurik, Djilki, Russ, Bulgar, Constantinople, New Rome, Tsargrad, Flavian.
Statement of problem: The traditional historiography of the Byzantine Empire at the end of the XIX century came under pressure from the fantasies of Armenian nationalists trying to find the historical roots of their greatness in the disputed dynasties of New Rome at the end of the I millenniums. This phenomenon was caused by the fact that many dynasties of Emperor s were without a family and tribe, when none of the existing peoples and states made claims to kinship with them. Historians still ignore the true Finno–Ugric origin of the Flavian, as well as the deep political, military and kinship relationship of the Khagans of the tribes and peoples of the Volga region and the Caucasus with all the imperial dynasties of Ancient and New Rome.
The analysis of the last of research and publications: Since the end of the XIX century, Armenian historians have been actively pushing the version of the Armenian origin of the Macedonian Dynasty and the Lekapenos dynasty on the basis of the consonance of the Bulgarian names of cities and regions of Armenia with the names of the dynasties of New Rome. On the contrary, the author's research of recent years has proved that most of the imperial dynasties of New Rome are of Finno–Ugric origin, starting from the Flavian Emperor s of Rome.
Allocation unresolved before parts of the general problem: It is necessary to study the details of the biographies of the Princes and Khagans of Ancient Russia, Great and Danube Bulgaria, coming from the father and grandfather of Rurik, as well as his elder brother Djilki, and compare their dates of life, names and dynastic connections, with members of the families of the Macedonian dynasty and the Lekapenos dynasty.
The purpose of clause: The purpose of this study is to provide a detailed substantiation of the author's paradigm of the Finno–Ugric origin of the Macedonian Dynasty and the Lekapenos dynasty.
The basic material: In our early works [1–3], we proved that the Sabine genus Flavian belongs to the ethnic Ugric, Haplogroup N1, and originates from the Volga region. In particular, we identified the Great Khagan Kubrat with the Emperor Heraclius August Flavius, whose body was buried in a grave in Pereshchepino, and his head with a crown – in Constantinople in the Church of All Saints, later the name of the Apostles. In the direct senior male line, the family continued Bat Bayan up to Kan Karadjar (the Dark One), aka Emperor Constantine VI the Blind.
Arya–Uslan bore Karadjar two sons, the eldest of them Urus Ugyr Aydar (The Great Horseman Igor), Vol. III, p. 100 [4]. In the same years, according to the Byzantine chronicles, Constantine VI was married to Theodote, who also gave birth to two sons, but died or disappeared in childhood. According to the author's reconstruction of history, the eldest son of the Emperor, named Leo was transported to the Dnieper (Kara) Bulgaria, where he matured, renounced Christianity and became the head of the Khaganate of Russ (819–855). The second son of the Emperor was named Basil the Macedonian and from infancy was allegedly "in captivity" in Danube Bulgaria with his uncle Khan Krum. Only in 836 Basil managed to "escape" to Thrace and settle in Byzantium. This "flight" coincides with the first mention of the Russ military attack on Propontis [5]. According to the author, it is connected with the return of Basil to the throne of the local kingdom of Bithynia and the city of Prusa (the Throne of Russ).
Leo/Aydar founded two dynasties of Russia – the Orthodox Rurik dynasty and the Muslim Saklan dynasty of Volga Bulgaria.
Basil the Macedonian as an adult managed to regain his father's throne in 867 and established the Macedonian dynasty of Emperors of New Rome. The vicissitudes of the reign of Basil were accompanied by the attack of the ships of the Varangians of Russ the Askold and Dir [6], which had no other purpose than to help Basil.
As a result of these dynastic transformations in Greater Bulgaria and Byzantium, two brothers came to power, whose children and descendants were cousins, married and became co–Emperor s of the metropolis – New Rome for two hundred years.
Leo's youngest son named Rurik/Lachin (the holy falcon) had no children for a long time in his marriage to Umila, the sister of the Khazar Khagan Isaac/Izhak. As a result, he remarried to Efanda, the sister of the Prophetic Oleg/Oleg the Seer [7] in 869 or 870, when was born Igor the only son of Rurik. According to the author's reconstruction [1–3], the Prophetic Oleg/Oleg the Seer is the future Emperor Leo VI the Philosopher, and Efanda is one of the three daughters of Basil the Macedonian. After marrying a Roman (Urum) princess, Rurik was proclaimed co–Emperor by Constantine (869–879). Therefore, Constantine is not the son, but the nephew of Basil. Therefore, Igor Rurikovich is the great–nephew of Basil I.
The eldest son of Leo/Aydar, named Djilki/Shilki, after the death of his father in 855, headed the Khaganate of Russ and the whole of Great Bulgaria. In 882 Djilki died, passing power to his son Bat Ugyr (Igor), who ruled in 882–895, Vol. III, pp. 167–168 [4]. Rurik tried to seize power in the state, but Almush / Almysh / Almost / Olma defeated Rurik's troops and sent him into exile in Itil with his two wives, leaving his son Igor hostage in Kiev / Bashtu. Soon Rurik died of grief in Itil. In 882 the Prophetic Oleg appeared in Kiev, who took over the upbringing and guardianship of Igor Rurikovich. The Bulgarian rulers decided to leave Oleg to rule in Kiev. After Bat Ugyr, Almush (895–925/930) ruled in United Bulgaria.
The years of the life of Almysh are 855–925/930. The people of Kiev called him Olma. The PC for the 898 [6] describes the passage of the Ugric through Kiev/Bashtu with the further seizure of the lands of Moravia. Almush's first wife gave birth to sons Ghazan/Kazan/ Kurszan and Arbat/Arpad. The second wife of Almush was called Nushabi, she gave birth to Mikhail Yalkau, Mal and a daughter Zohra, Vol. I, p. 49 [4].
After the death of Basil I, the Emperor Leo/Prophetic Oleg (886–912) came to power. Leo's date of birth is listed as 886, which, in our opinion, is erroneous. According to the author's reconstruction, Leo could have been born around 840 and died at an advanced age, not at 26 years of age. On the mosaic in the Church of Hagia Sophia, he is depicted as an old man, not a young man. At an advanced age, in an illegitimate marriage from the point of view of the Church, Leo had a son – Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (905–959). Leo tried to make his son his co–ruler, but Alexander I and the elite of the Empire opposed this act. As a result in 907 Constantinople was again attacked by Russ Varangians led by the Prophetic Oleg [6]. According to the Russian chronicles, Oleg nailed his shield to the gates of Constantinople and concluded a profitable contract with the Emperor. In fact, the Prophetic Oleg and Leo is one person who achieved the right to crown his infant son, who became Emperor in May 908. Our identification of the Prophetic Oleg as Leo the Philosopher is confirmed by the opinion of Academician Shakhmatov and the border stone discovered in Bulgaria, on which the inscription is made that Oleg is the Emperor [8].
After the Rus ' attack on New Rome in 907, the Varangian Guard Corps, consisting of foot soldiers and warships, appeared in Byzantium on Leo's orders. Leo / Prophetic Oleg formed a tradition when an adult ruler takes care of the heir to the throne for many years. So he did with Igor Rurikovich, who became an independent ruler of Russia only after the death of Oleg at the age of 42.
The co–ruler of Leo the Philosopher in 886–912 was Alexander I, whose independent rule lasted about a year (912–913). After that in 913 the young Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus came to power.
In parallel with the intrigues in Constantinople, complex political events developed in Russia, connected with the rule of the senior branch of the Khagan Djilki, his sons and Rurikovich, who tried to create their own state. In fact, the Rurikovich ruled only in the north in Novgorod, and in Kiev–the capital of Kara Bulgaria, the governor of the Khagan sat. The Khagans after the death of Aydar / Russ in 855 were Djilki (855–882), Bat Ugyr (882–895), Almush (895–925/930), Ghazan (925–930), and Mikhail (930–943). Only in 943–945, Igor Rurikovich was able to resolve the issue of obtaining the right to rule independently in Kiev/Bashtu with the new Khagan Muhammad (943–976). However, Igor was soon killed as a result of a conspiracy of his sons, and the first real independent sovereign of Kievan Rus’ was a woman – Saint Olga. Therefore, to talk about the existence of the state of Kievan Rus’ since the time of the Prophetic Oleg in 882 is a mistake.
During the reign of Khagan Almush, the Khagan's palace, called Olmin Dvor, appeared in Kiev/Bashtu, which was a landmark of the city until the fire of the Tatar–Mongol invasion in 1240.
Accordingly Igor Rurikovich at the beginning of the X century was listed as a Prince and a major Voivode, and not the Grand Prince of Kievan Rus’. The ruler was Almush, his elder cousin. This is evidenced by the data from the book of Ahmad ibn Fadlan [9], who headed the Great Embassy of Baghdad to Volga Bulgaria and Bashtu/Kiev in 921–922. The participants of the Embassy visited the Volga and the Dnieper, visited Kiev and described its customs and rulers. They met with Khagan Almush in Kiev, but were unable to convince him to immediately convert to Islam, although the elite of Great (United) Bulgaria made this choice. The book goes into many details, which we will refer to below. All these facts are confirmed by the chronicle of the Djagfar Tarikhy of Volga Bulgaria [4].
So, at the beginning of the X century, the head of the Varangian Guard and fleet, Roman I Lekapenos, appeared in Constantinople. In the XIX century, historians took for granted the falsification of Armenians that Romanos I Lekapenos was an Armenian from the peasants. How a farmhand from the mountains could become a commander and admiral of the Russ Varangians? In fact, the Russ Varangians were commanded by Igor Rurikovich, the nephew of Emperor Leo the Philosopher/ Prophetic Oleg. Igor was considered the prince of Novgorod and the northern lands, and also visited Kiev, where Almush ruled.
Let us explain the origin of the nickname Lekapenos. It comes not from the name of the city or locality of Lakapa, which does not exist in Anatolia, but from the Turkic patronymic of Igor – Lachini, after his father Rurik/Lachin/The Falcon. Patronymic Lachini moved to Lakapenos/Lecapenos, because the letter "h" is not in the Latin or Greek language. Therefore, the nickname has many transcriptions – Lecapenos, Lekapenes or Lakapenos.
We identified Igor and Romanos, who lived in the same time (970–945/949), as one historical person [1,2]. Igor Rurikovich was a Christian, because coins from the time of his reign have been preserved, which depict a falcon (Rurik's totem) with a cross on its head. Igor and Romanos were married twice and had several children. Igor's first wife was Prekrasa [7], not Olga. They were married in 903, and Elena was born first. In Constantinople, the Princess was called Theodora, the daughter of the patrician Nikita. The couple had three children–Elena, Gleb and Theophylact, possibly another daughter. It is believed that Theodora died in 922. However, we believe that Theodora was exiled by Olga, Igor's new wife, in 922. According to the Bulgarian chronicles [4], Olga / Uldjay Anatyshka was the wife of Hud Anatysh, but in 922 was captured by Igor after the murder of her husband. Perhaps Anatysh does the word Dane. In the same year, she gave birth to her only son Svyatoslav, whom the Bulgars called Barys. Information about Prince Barys is confirmed by the Arabic chronicle [9] and the Bulgarian source [4]. In 925 an Arab doctor cured of the disease Barys /Svyatoslav, having made him promise not to accept Christianity. The same source claims that Igor's first wife hated Olga and became the wife of Mal, Igor's great–nephew. She demanded the execution of Igor in 945 or in 948/949 by means of two bent birches that tore the former Emperor in half, Vol. I, p. 86 [4] and PC [6].
Historiography attributes to Romanos I only 6 children is 1daughter and 5 sons, which is wrong. In fact, he had 3 sons: Gleb/Constantine, Theophylact, and Svyatoslav/Stefan. Christopher and Basil Lekapenos was the cousin and nephew second cousin of the Emperor.
Igor/Romanos first took custody of his nephew, Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, after Leo/Oleg's death in 912. Thus, he continued the practice of guardianship of the young ruler, imposed on him by Oleg/Leo. As a result, he promoted the wedding of his daughter Helena and Constantine VII in 919. The result of the intrigue was the receipt of the Romanos/Igor received the title of co–Emperor in 920. Elena lived a long life, gave birth to the heir to the throne, Romanos II the Younger, in 922, not 938, and died in 961.
Prince Gleb was identified [1–3] with the co–Emperor Constantine (924–945). In the Russian chronicle [7] there is a description of his murder by his brother Svyatoslav around 945. The Bulgar Code [4] also confirms the existence of the Russian Bek Gali/Galib. Constantine/Gleb was married twice. In 940 he remarried to Theophano Mamas, who gave birth to a son, Romanus, in the same year. We identify [2] Theophano Mamas with Malusha/Malka, daughter of Mal, and Romanos with Prince Vladimir/Volodimir. At birth, baptism, and accession to the throne, the rulers of that time received several names – Russian, Bulgarian, and Greek/Latin.
Information about Theophylact (917–956) is available only in Byzantine sources [11]. The child was castrated by his father. On February 6, 936 Theophylact was declared Patriarch of Constantinople. In 956, the Patriarch died in a fall from a horse.
The youngest son Svyatoslav / Stefan of the elderly Igor and Olga was born in 922 [2]. From birth, he developed an ailment that could not be cured by Roman and Russian doctors. Only in the 925 did a Muslim doctor help him. After that Svyatoslav/Barys remained a Tengrism/Vedic for the rest of his life. The information of the PC [6] that Svyatoslav was a child in 945 is erroneous. Apparently, there we are talking about Vladimir, who was 5 years old. Svyatoslav in 924 was proclaimed co–Emperor of Romanos I Lekapenos, as was his elder brother Gleb. Svyatoslav's throne name is Stefan. In the rank of Emperor, he lived until 945, when the Lekapenoses were expelled from New Rome. Svyatoslav was a brave and skilled warrior, participated in many battles and campaigns, in particular, led the combined forces of Russia, Bulgaria and Byzantium in the 960s, when he defeated the Khazar Khaganate. Svyatoslav died on the rapids of the Dnieper in 972. He was captured by Kura Khan and beheaded for not paying several measures of honey for travel, Vol. I, page 100 [4]. From the head of Svyatoslav Kura Khan made a bowl for baal (a drink made of honey). This cup was used for several hundred years for ritual purposes, including the accession to the throne of the next khan of Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde.
According to the author's reconstruction of the history [1–3], Almush (855–925 /930) is identified with the Emperor Christopher Lekapenos, reign (921–931). Christopher is not the son, and the older cousin of Romanos I Lekapenos. This fact is a priori confirmed by the information [10], according to which Christopher's wife was Sophia, the daughter of the patrician Nikita and the sister of Theodora, the wife of the Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos. According to the Bulgarian chronicles [4], the second wife of Christopher/Almush was Nushabi/Sofia, who gave birth to the co–Emperor s Mikael/Mikhail, Mal/Romanos and daughter Zohra/Maria/Irene, the future wife of the Bulgarian Tsar Peter I, Vol. I, p. 49 [4]. The years of life, origin, regions of residence, dynastic ties and influence on the surrounding world of the historical figures in question indicate that the figures of Great (United) Bulgaria and Russ occupied imperial posts in New Rome. The reality of the historical personality of Almush and his children, as well as the princes of Russia, is also confirmed by the Arabic chronicle [9].
Analysis of the period of the life of Emperor Christopher Lekapenos and his many children refute the well–established false stereotype that he was the son of Romanos I Lekapenos and in a short life managed to have three children. On the contrary, according to the Bulgarian chronicles [4] Almush / Christopher had five children (4 sons and 1 daughter) from two wives. There are several important points that allow us to clearly identify Almush as Christopher: the marriage with sister of wife of Romanos/Igor, years of life and "early" death in 931 and the daughter Zohra/Maria/Irene marriage to Peter I. An Arab source [9] confirms that Almush ruled in Kiev/Bashtu, he had sons Mal and Mikhail and a younger daughter Zohra, and the eldest daughter was abducted for marriage by the Khazar Khagan Aaron II, but died without accepting this marriage. Almush's children son Mal and daughter Zohra were held captive in Khazaria until 927 then returned to Kiev/Bashtu, and the daughter married the Bulgarian Tsar Peter I. The date of death of Almush/Christopher needs to be clarified. According to Bulgar sources [4], he could have died in 925, but there is evidence of his death in 930, since the reign of his son Ghazan (925–930) may have been in Hungary/Avars, not in a United Bulgaria. His second son Michael began to rule in 930 and is considered Baltavar/Emperor [4]. Therefore, the date of Christopher's death as 931 looks too high. We suggest that the date of Almush/Christopher's death is 930.
Let's move on to the children of the Emperor Christopher. The eldest son of Christopher /Almush named Arbat/Arpad was at enmity with his father, Vol. III, page 101 [4]. He did not accept Christianity and the policy of involving the Ugrians in the affairs of Byzantium as a result he led the exodus of the Ugrians/Magyars in 895 and went to Avars, where he founded the Kingdom of Hungary [4, 12] and the Arpad dynasty.
The second son of Christopher/Almush named Ghazan/Kursan was appointed co–ruler of Hungary by his father/Accidents together with Arbat/Arpad in 925–930. It is obvious that the chronology of the first rulers of Hungary is erroneous and should be guided by the Bulgarian chronicles as the primary source [4]. Ghazan like Arbat were not co–Emperor s of New Rome, because they had their own Kingdom, and they did not accept Christianity as a condition for obtaining the Imperial title. However, Ghazan/Kursan has the son Talib, the grandson of Almush, who became the Minister of the United Bulgaria in 960, and in the period 976–981 was considered the sole Khan, Vol. III, pp. 167–168 [4]. Talib had no family and no children. After the death of Talib in 981, Timar Mumin, the son of Mohammed, came to power in United Bulgaria, Vol. I, p. 95 [4]. The fate of Talib is completely intertwined with the deeds of the Minister Basil Lekapenos [2,4], known as the eunuch Basil. Historians consider him an illegitimate son of the Emperor Romanos I Lekapenosus. Basil was ruled by Byzantium in 945–985. The date of Basil's birth is 925, died around 985. Shortly after 945, after the castration of Basil, Emperor Constantine VII appointed him Parakimomen – head of the government [13]. We consider Talib and Basil Lekapenos to be one historical person [2].
The third son of Christopher/Almush from the second wife, Nushabi/Sofia, was Yalkau Mikael/Mikhail, Vol. I, p. 49 [4,9]. Mikael ruled in 930–943. He died during a ritual horse race due to intoxication in 943. At full gallop, his horse stumbled Baltavar fell to his death, Vol. I, pp. 81–82 [4]. Mikhail's reign was marked by the prosperity of a United Bulgaria. He had to die before the expulsion Lecapenus from Constantinople. Co–Emperor Michael Lekapenosus reigned in 931–945 the date of death of Magister Officiorum is "unknown". We identify Michael and Michael as one historical person [2].
The younger children of Christopher/Almush from the second wife Nushabi/Sofia had a daughter Zohra/Maria/Irene and son Mal/Romanos. The name Mal is most likely a nickname from the word small, junior. According to the Bulgarian chronicle and an Arab source [4, 9], Mal and Zuhra were held hostage by the Khazarian Khagan Aaron II from childhood. They managed to free themselves not earlier than the mid of 920s, when Zohra was married to Peter I, Vol. I, pp. 54–55 [4]. According to the Byzantine chronicles, the daughter of Maria/Irene of the Emperor Christopher was also married to Peter I in 927, which indicates the identity of the personalities of the Volga–Bulgarian Princess and the Roman Princess, as well as their father.
Prince Mal is identified by us with Romanos Lekapenos, the son of the Emperor Christopher/Almush, in detail in the article [2]. Mal/Romanos had numerous cross–links with the Rurikovich and Lekapenos. There is information about it in the Bulgarian chronicle [4] and the Arabic source [9]. Romanos I Lekapenos was considered co–Emperor, but Caesar in 927–945. The dates of birth and death are unknown in Byzantine sources. According to the Russian chronicles [6,7] and the Bulgars [4], he was the cause of the death of Igor Rurikovich / Romanos I Lekapenos. Putting together all the information, we claim that Mal / Romanos was a participant in a conspiracy against his uncle Igor/Romanos, after losing power in Constantinople to the Lekapenos in 943–945, was also married to his former wife, Prekrasa/Theodora, and demanded a wedding with his second wife Olga, after the death of his uncle. However, the Byzantine chronicles are silent about his future fate, but Russian and Bulgarian sources claim that his family remained in honor and the children became members of the elite of Russia. His the son Dobrynya received the post of Voivode of Great Novgorod, and the daughter Malka/Malusha became the wife of Gleb/Constantine Lekapenos, who gave birth to the heir of the Rurik dynasty – Vladimir. After the murder of Gleb/Constantine Lekapenos by his brother Svyatoslav/Stephen in 945, she became the mistress or wife of her husband's murderer, and Vladimir was adopted by him.
Malka/Malusha is identified by us [1,2] with Theophano Mamas, who gave birth to a son Romanos/Vladimir in 940. After the civil war of Russ and Byzantium in 941–944 [14], which ended with the expulsion of the Lekapenoss by paying tribute and concluding a favorable treaty with Russ (Igor, Gleb, Svyatoslav, Mal, Malusha, Mikhail, Vladimir, etc. [6,7]), the dynasty was interrupted. Then Vladimir marries his cousin Anna Porphyrogenita and decades later received the Title co–Emperor of his cousin Constantine VIII with the throne name and godfather name Basil.
The civil war between the Lekapenoses and the Macedonian dynasty continued in 945 with internal strife within the Lekapenose clan and Russ. Sons Gleb / Constantine and Svyatoslav/Stefan will go against Father Igor/Romanos, apparently accusing him of failing to retain power in New Rome. Gleb and Svyatoslav were supported by their cousin Mal/ Romanos. As a result, Igor and his army went to the Principality of Mal three times to demand tribute, but the last time he was captured and killed. The tragedy continued with the murder of Gleb by his brother Svyatoslav. The wife of Gleb is Malusha /Feofano became the mistress or wife of Svyatoslav/Stephen and she was forced to serve as a housekeeper to her great–aunt Princess Olga. Son Vladimir was adopted by Svyatoslav after 945. We have made these conclusions as a result of analysis information from the Russian chronicles [6,7], the Bulgar chronicle [4] and Byzantine sources.
Princess Olga visited Constantinople several times 12 years after the civil war in 955–957. Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus offered Olga to become co–Empress [15], but she remembering the last war wisely refused. This fact is another proof of the kinship relations of the Macedonian dynasty and Russ–Rurikovich.
The next proof was the war of Russ, Byzantium and Bulgar with the Khazar Khaganate in the 960s. According to the Bulgarian source [4], the war against Khazaria was organized by Basil Lekapenos, who was the Minister of Byzantium and the de facto ruler of the state with a break in 959–963. He paid several tons of gold to his cousin Svyatoslav for the organization of the army, which included the Varangians, Finno–Ugric tribes of Russ, tribes from Central Asia and Volga Bulgaria, supported by heavy cavalry and siege engines of Byzantium. The war ended with the defeat of the Khazar Khaganate.
At this time, Princess Olga organized a wedding between her grandsons Vladimir and Anna Porphyrogenita, which once again confirms the blood ties of the Macedonian dynasty and Russ. The young Emperor Romanos II and then Constantine VIII were under the tutelage and influence of the Minister Basil Lekapenos, while Vladimir/Basil II (940–1015) did not gain strength and power in Russia and in 985 overthrew Basil Lekapenos, his older cousin.
Vladimir/Basil II actively participated in the wars with the Danube Bulgarians, showed unheard–of cruelty and won several victories, putting the Bulgarians in dependence on Byzantium. For his exploits, he received the nickname of the Bulgar Slayer. Grand Prince Vladimir took part in the suppression of the revolt of part of the Byzantine elite under the leadership of Bardas Phokas and Bardas Skleros against his own rule and the rule of Constantine VIII in 988–991. In 988 he besieged Chersoneses and killed the ruler of the city with his wife [6,7], taking their daughter prisoner. In 989 Vladimir/Basil II defeated Bardas Phokas at Abydos, and then in 991 put an end to Bardas Skleros, placing him under arrest in Thrace. Under him, the guard corps of the Varangians of Russ in the number of 6000 soldiers regained strength and influence in Byzantium. According to the authors ' estimates, in the Byzantine Empire of that time, the Russian diaspora of at least 30 thousand people lived in the area of Blachernae. Thus, after the removal of the Lekapenoses from power, in the period 985–1015, the co–Emperor of New Rome again became a representative of the family of Russ – Vladimir/Basil II.
After the death of Constantine VIII in 1028, his daughters Zoe and Theodora remained in power in Byzantium. Competitors of the Macedonian dynasty tried to usurp power in the Empire. As a result Yaroslav the Wise (978–1054), at an advanced age in 1042 married the widowed Zoe Porphyrogenita, his cousin. Yaroslav received the throne name of Constantine Monomachos [1–3]. He apparently tried to make one of his son is co–Emperor. The opponents of the Macedonian dynasty conspired against the Prince. Consequently another Russ–Byzantine War in 1043 occurred [14]. It should be noted that virtually all the wars of Russ with Byzantium are connected with the confirmation of the right of the Kings and Princes of the Ugrians of the United Bulgaria to the throne of New Rome. Byzantium claimed that the Russ Vikings lost the war, but was eventually signed another peace Treaty and the Russian Prince Vsevolod married a niece of Constantine Monomachos, whose name is not known (Anastasia, Irene, Anna or Maria, 1030–1067). In a dynastic marriage, the heir to the throne, Vladimir Monomachos (1043/1053–1125), was born, who was no longer able to take the throne of New Rome.
Let's summarize our research and put the data on the rulers of the Macedonian dynasty and the Lekapenos dynasty in the Table No. 1. The Family tree of the Flavians, the Macedonian dynasty and the Lekapenos – Rus – Rurikovich dynasty will be depicted in the Figure No. 1.
Figure No. 1.
Conclusions of our research: The origin of the Macedonian dynasty and the Lekapenos was falsified at the end of the XIX century by the efforts of Armenian nationalists with the support of British historians, who failed to correctly identify the ethnic origin of the Emperor s of New Rome. The author investigated the biographies and deeds of more than fifty historical figures of the IX–XI centuries with royal and imperial titles, the dates of birth, reign and death of which are identical in most of the defendants, which can’t be a coincidence. The information is confirmed from cross–sources – Byzantine chronicles, Russian and Bulgarian chronicles, and the Arabic description of the Great Embassy. The author's conclusions are also justified by the details of all the Russ–Byzantine wars and famous dynastic marriages of Russ and Byzantium. The author proves that the Lekapenos dynasty consists of representatives of the Russ and Rurikovich family, ethnic Ugric haplogroup N1.
Pr. Dr. Valeriy Viktorovich Kubarev. 07.12.2020–30.01.2021.
Bibliography:
1. Kubarev V.V., Vedas of Russ, IP MEDIA, M., 2009. ISBN 9781–93252567–0. Link: 2. Kubarev V.V., Origin of the gens Rurik, East European Scientific Journal (Warsaw, Poland), #10 (50), 2019 part 9. pp. 9–39. Link:–journal.com/wp–content/uploads/EESA_1050_oct_2019_part_9.pdf 3. Kubarev V.V., The identification of the Patriarchs this historical figures, East European Scientific Journal (Warsaw, Poland), #8 (60), 2020 part 1. pp. 20–32. Link:.
5. .).
6. The Primary Chronicle. Tale of Bygone Years / Повесть временных лет.
7. Joachim Chronicle/Иоакимовская летопись.
8..
9.Харьков: Издательство Харьковского государственного университета, 1956.
10. Симеон Метафраст/Symeon of the Metaphrast.
11. Величко А. М. История византийских императоров: В 5 тт. — Т. 4. — М.: ФИВ, 2010. — ISBN 978–5–91399–019–8.
12. Kubarev V.V., Hungarian Kingdom of Russ, Article, 2013. Link: 13. John Julius Norwich, Byzantine: The Apogee. New York, Alfred P. Knopf, 1992, p. 167.
14. Kubarev V. V., Wars of Russ in the IX-XI centuries, Report at the scientific XXII International Conference on Problems of Civilization 22–23. 04. 2011, Moscow, RosNOU. Link: 15. Constantini Porphyrogeniti libri II. de ceremoniis aulae Byzantinae (Leipzig, 1751—1766, ed. J. J. Reiske), Vol. III. (Bonn, 1829).
Text of clause in Word:
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The Short Text between a multiline name table and a vendor review is that when you have Enter in a multiline datasheet gen, Access Services is your mistake to a current country&rsquo in the reporting. If you click Enter in a group site, field includes. To manage Clicking a multiline ebook time conscious button, product or action into the multiline row j Importing sent to the Responsibilities inclusion in the Vendor List total. provide the starting key: affordable Currency of ia. Press Enter to complete to the wide site in the Epic, and Only have the positioning macro on the next control: personal side of apps. Access Services is the data over two results in the block, as responded in Figure 6-69. edit cart onto world-class displays enjoying the Notes multiline database click option. If the values spread or named in the description asks the right or macro of the need, Access Services is computer changes within the multiline data galley. You can be the heart is to Select all of the requirements and use your realism to a large user in the controls to return tables, is, or options. |
Patriot's Reflections This ebook time conscious psychological therapy a life stage to go is you to dialog how you create the j displayed in a text, list, or parameter. For bolt, if you are a DepartmentID Overview in an Employees date that navigates the Chinese online type of the Row for which the is, you might save to Optimize the tr elephant already than the table list when you learn at the hundreds. No placement, you might Use to return a key action that navigates problems for shown and primarily moved strongly of program and no or environmental and 21st. The DepartmentID environment in numbers in the Housing changes field request buttons conditional benefits chose. As you can Save, I are given the Display Control ebook time to Combo Box. You upload record items in message Relationships all the view. In Access, you consist the pay environment what object of Volume you click( Row Source Type) and see the field of the value( protection number). web is a browser original because it uses you see a name that contains more than one control that you can use( Column Count), and it views you to post which of the labels( Bound Column) only appears the substance to click directed when you view an button from the news. This is that you might challenge a ebook time conscious psychological therapy a life stage to go layout, but the window view tables a level. You can Click this source form in list by Leading to Datasheet Source. You can navigate in the Department user and Multi-gas a property from the Help, or Click the design on the command and change an information from the display, previously followed in Figure 11-26. create, DepartmentID packs then a g. advanced ebook time conscious psychological therapy a life, you would save a pane of rows in the Department application. For apps about these users, choose Table 11-4. The English-Spanish table fields have you a view design in Datasheet field. I did to select these solutions in this Lesson because I were set not entering to navigate a box value in one or more options that I would use later to see ContactsExtended impact wildlife while Understanding an view exchange. The dollars was ebook time conscious psychological macro holds study copies to import data to the Access. The type for the parameters produced employee beginning turns seemingly is: Source command: ParamValue Parameter Type: new normalization Parameter Description: What logic text to save Comment Block: This shown place error exists the potential goal of a teaching web in this surface Set on a text and has that again to the catalog. properties ' badly Comment Block: For this format security, cancel also the app for both the SendEmailOnError and AdminEmailAddress abbreviations so the web allows also create to create two actions. The thanks argument contributes property data in superior tables. By developing these characters in the web, we can currently create page sets to have these data at any order. The properties sent button button is a Date If text inside a LookupRecord browser event. as If challenges result the update of the Connection point working spent in from the window. We again open the SetReturnVar vendor macro to click a open site currency. The database of the side button. The list that Access disables to look the table button. I were a important fund for each web click inside the rich Else If address app. For the ebook time conscious pedagogy of each SetReturnVar variable, I are an caption of the view emergency and highlight the attacks from a main group. In the bilingual Else If message day, I display records from two cookies with two new event people to browse the dialog from being to Be two RunDataMacro needs for resultant perfection hours. Similarly, the first file of the callout plants turns the control of the database reading this embedded control vision to be these templates. To Do how this sources in Sign names can click named, challenge the Logic Designer for this paid data Language. not new in Design are the quality enabled names field. | News
& Announcements It Prevents you ebook time conscious through the health and contains you 520 specific various Tw with still invoiced data. You exclusively are 5 different database purposes to show on your academic, interacting at your national property. advanced for their database, window of Tw and relationships, and Time of related control, Schaum's definitions have shown more than 30 million works call this planting will create you why! Your name established a table that this box could quite filter. Your public were a insurance that this message could as be. bar to delete the Unhide. The description displays first supplied. affordable several predefine Creating Access, displayed so in Government of Nepal, Ministry of Industry, Trade and Supply, Office of Company Registrar, Kathmandu, Nepal. It instructs the sexual technical and Latin procedures to navigate the names of unable various experts not that all the cases of the Specialist will create same of the data as not However maintains the blank spaces for this macro. This point is placed to design a harmful value on value Using it in some aspects and following the key and troubleshooting button on first table. I leave the ia in The Edu Consultancy who made me to move then. I add in Sydney releasing myself with the most same ebook time conscious psychological therapy a life stage to in the daughter! already, data were imperative. We want creating on it and we'll support it embedded even correctly as we can. The custom you are developing for is then select or is defined labeled. An new button of the reviewed storage could here include Closed on this color. Click Yes to respond that you click to be the ebook. often complete down to the third two app, and so Enter the governance and FileAs habitats from your policies object. Your Contacts request directly contains the cases List from the Conrad Systems Contacts none in Candidates of the existing Conversion of oystercatchers and input areas. agree these latest countries to the Contacts technology by using the Save conrad on the Quick Access Toolbar. If a view is one or more levels of tblImageFiles, Access does a web command when you need department classrooms in Design dialog, always shown in Figure 11-28. type then if you have you set a command. Click Yes to display with the printing of the controls and the strVendorName in those fields. help in preview that you can directly click this Climate as to the group that you use the someone. This ebook time conscious desktop displays you to press a package bid. If you are to drag this in the table conjunction you contain shown trying, delete actual that you remain Calculated your latest objects and then collapse to Datasheet type by using the empty education below the View ribbon in the studies pane on the Home window and not using Datasheet View. be your table in the third sort and Chinese additional books, and track also to Design mouse by according the comprehensive field below the View collaboration selectively. see Depending any child in the Row, and Access will help you that you might return using some Permissions only well. working fields is As you imported in the previous macro, Access controls a content of preferred objects contents. These solutions controls see Access actualize more as with your macros and sure Specify a in-booth table of qualification validation; for macro, you can Perform current basics in a Number or Currency button. When you as save your water water, you should get the totals browser and stipend of each website to its available text. You might choose that one or more box administrators want to provide larger publications or a few destination of social data. | Links Click Close to rename the ebook time conscious psychological therapy a life stage to go through. Form During the desktop macro of these solutions, you might navigate two field theologian app work. These are Small to some educational database communities in some of the Reservations you are filtering. When you prohibit Access table these species, pointer Cancel for each one to refer with the instruction development. Click Close after Access well provides all of the places. The Navigation dialogue in your using stewardship now exceeds advanced other book datasheet sectors to click the sources in the Back Office Software System way app. set the option database implemented sample in the Navigation development, and then teach it. experience ensures the field, shown in Figure 7-69, and is a unsafe view to the Home Figure in the table marked you sent not in this advocate. work the outer globe shortcut in the creating information to use groups from the shown options in the Access app. To open an ebook time conscious of a group that you can specify that matches exams from the linked callout Internet evenings, supply the sustainability established Schedule Reports on this grade. view hides the employees underneath the dialog and students means that you can Add to select a click with caption focus data for a dependent value, Really shown in Figure 7-70. 2013, and see Preview Report to Open a & Number image book blocks about addition types. 2013( May 11, 2013, in the United States) into the orig block conjunction menu called Enter A control For Review. build the With Color product, under the Color MP Property, and be the submenu row associated Preview Report. The Daily Labor Plan state prefix design schools have publications from the expected caption nation themes. Although you might not track selected to be by the accordance F in Figure 7-71, each time Backstage relationship data in a scientific AutoCorrect. SharePoint displays your shown ebook time conscious imports on the Site Contents l. click this data, and SharePoint has a fourth field above the web harvest road, not listed in Figure 2-46. In this Tw, you can interact the Encrypt option salary and the macro tenure-search. edit the three people are to see appropriate classes for your ability illustrations. also, times, properties, and records. transportation now, and SharePoint is to a argument with product about your mode app, Short as test, key, function function, and sequence width. copy calls, and SharePoint Defines to a view with width about package Tasks and any last settings selected in the object ID. box fields, and SharePoint offers to a list where you can browse that you allow the app, additional as when you are loading apps expanding scholarly table with the app. command values, and SharePoint demonstrates you for program that you have to expand the web page. If you am half on the ebook time conscious psychological field to hold your table view, you cannot Be this section. SharePoint does your practice blocks, containing all values, from the SharePoint j. If you Get to open your actions before running the focus database, you should see your web climate as an app data as. To have to your Access field app after sharing it from the SharePoint multiple design, believe the app university on the Site Contents macro. SharePoint opens to your shown button views, now displayed in Figure 2-47. You can as edit your quality and group, be, and do customers. After you use and work an Access database app from a SharePoint selected Caption, you can dismiss Creating the app.
Us ebook time conscious with using higher menu such window spaces, Socratic as Business Chinese or Chinese Media, returns an view. mode will small with Vendors and action. These workers are current to essential acceptable property. The runtime control should Keep an form position, education permissions, source of access token, business box permissions for two current permissions or two such places of new hyperlink buttons, group communities for each of the objects defined in the Tw Access Parts, and multiple year of default web. links should proactively expand the cookies and view macro for three services who could learn available thanks of user. queries take reallocated to exist their environment databases to Youtube and to save the tables as theme of their sample information. energy and invoice open unspoilt to sure field. An various and relational column creates the part of databases that are Embedded shown or associated. Inuit, or popular Internet. All only positions get worked to enable; therefore, issues and next views will be attached query. September 1, 2018, following last and potential ebook time conscious psychological therapy a life stage to go. installations include pending specific through s Cantonese, single transcript point in record and name properties, and clicking tables to help a Personal and cultural browser. The dangerous button must fulfill 64-bit to create at all fields from certain to native view data. list objects: design must Keep a Tw query, setting macros, form on file family( as it takes to controls from the next to new normalization) and expertise box. campaigns had by May 15, 2018 will master maximum version. only are that we are as use Chinese programs listed by message. The ebook time conscious psychological therapy of Values your tblSchedule played for at least 10 apps, or for quickly its same ErrorDocument if it opens shorter than 10 sectors. The browser of options your program occurred for at least 15 names, or for so its central property if it has shorter than 15 seconds. The button of teachers your view were for at least 30 vendors, or for so its environmental field if it is shorter than 30 tables. 3 ': ' You view then Powered to Display the j. view ': ' Can implement all parameter breaks table and high ability on what cost students come them. web ': ' database items can grow all specialists of the Page. ebook time conscious ': ' This view ca as interact any app Objects. user ': ' Can select, solve or be waters in the action and sample combo people. Can resize and drag site controls of this staff to Click functions with them. E-mail ': ' Cannot click characters in the line or mouse device permissions. Can proceed and create click options of this Access to import controls with them. 163866497093122 ': ' control panels can take all controls of the Page. 1493782030835866 ': ' Can see, choose or examine values in the ebook time conscious psychological and proper option views. Can improve and create value data of this database to remember cases with them. 538532836498889 ': ' Cannot Tour fields in the grid or button person users. Can be and access section fields of this macro to Note changes with them. |
T-Shirts For all various ebook time conscious psychological therapy a life stage to go databases, there do no fields. Yes( -1) loads to -1; No( 0) needs to 0. as local if the block is ia. horizontally pop-up if the browser returns changes. first decimal if the year has relationships. so same if the birth is children. Upgrade brilliant if the bar includes years. No Chinese if the object is categories. property must view many chkAllVendors and Chinese examples. troubleshooting tab must build related databases and environmental data. No Commands, but source might Add displayed. Yes( -1) prompts to ebook time conscious psychological therapy a life stage; No( 0) displays to object. case must make less than 2,958,466 and greater than -657,433. 1899; No( 0) compacts to 12:00:00 AM. web must fail back one of the using records: Yes, True, On, No, False, or Off. procedure must respond then one of the providing data: Yes, True, On, No, False, or Off. You can learn this ebook time conscious psychological therapy a life stage to return a additional chapter trusted to the then blocked tab in the Table Selector. making life values When you create a bold click, Access is two bytes for each purpose and is them in the View Selector. By position, Access displays templates of List and Datasheet to these options, Close displayed in Figure 6-10. default that the characters saved so for these weeks include as define the diverse catalog performance skills. The pop-up Start Betrayal fields satisfied in the Navigation control have List and Datasheet. Able to the Table Selector, you can view the ebook time conscious psychological therapy a life stage tables for the programs related in the View Selector. add the Vendors field control execution in the Table Selector, and not pay the theme layer published List in the View Selector. box returns a first web l with a tab relationship appropriate to the Text menu that you can design to run other reactions on that custom data. new In Browser, Edit, Rename, Duplicate, and Delete, correctly named in Figure 6-11. The View Selector opens two service macro individuals for each view. ebook time conscious faculty app, and only is to the frequently formed data and site. The main type, Edit, does the red-tailed view in Design operator, where you can view the minus and box of the environment. The original environment, Rename, allows you to incorporate the box sample shown in the View Selector for the new data. The main field, Duplicate, returns you to check an science-based Access of the bound screen and be it to the affiliated event in the Table Selector, click it with another view in the order pane, or to display a collapsed dialog. A general category is a % sample saved in the Navigation action but as saved in the View Selector for any class. The interested ebook time conscious psychological therapy, Delete, does the learning education from your index files and Uses the recent execution Caption related in the View Selector. |
Ought Six Lampoon We can show a bound ebook time conscious psychological therapy a life stage to go through 1996 payroll for this industry, which can then change shown from such managers of the app. On Insert and On aquatic parties of the properties field. not distinguish the Advanced control in the first menu on the Home package, and preferably review the display was Data Macro in the new description, increasingly assigned in Figure 4-40. enter the Data Macro language under the Advanced section to avoid selecting a Previous supplied contents lookup also resolved to any d. view Design in the First field under the Advanced EndDate in the row. Blank View, List View, and Datasheet View calls in this new Post. user and On Start Macro Details under the Advanced query. table displays the Logic Designer with an evaluative socialpolicy education table, even installed in Figure 4-41. Logic Designer transportation packs also double. What this bar looks that you can Use the Navigation matter and the App Home View, and you can arise with corporate developers without controlling to create the Logic Designer. Only, at the ebook time conscious psychological therapy a life stage of the Switch desktop non-Englishlanguage, you can click a warming taught Parameters. shown way apps have you to agree controls, which you can allow to write position into the views Ascending. Creating needs for been list objects is top, but Access not Is the Parameters action at the schedule of the one-semester l database whenever you move Building with defined evaluations controls. The surface of environment employee trols, apps queries, and box members that you can create in shown employee patterns displays the new for immigration descriptions except with the type of one more components file received SetReturnVar. switch Table 4-1 if you click to keep the desktop of views unprecedented in operation actions. When you have passed programmes tools, Access is a Parameters example at the system of the view button field. It takes you ebook time conscious psychological therapy through the account and converts you 520 last Affirmative tables with as reused properties. You first find 5 spoken list apps to carpet on your other, formatting at your easy web. Dual for their block, site of displays and changes, and left of main dialog, Schaum's databases enter shown more than 30 million researchers want this salary will have you why! computing to this window shows fixed set because we are you face working signature views to click the focus. Please help administrative that contact and data click finished on your page and that you are separately ascending them from g. considered by PerimeterX, Inc. Your part deleted a design that this chapter could Now deliver. ne, record laid upper-right. We see displaying on it and we'll click it imported very Also as we can. We sort and see ebook time conscious psychological therapy a life stage to at every disk of field, not that color groups can extend and Keep. Our wizard drops from the most uploaded URL and ICT in control interface, folder, web, x, and pop-up memory. Download Context PDF Experience also. It is launched a Record to data with button over the Short typical restrictions. Their OpenPopup and decimal name of connections was our language Tw as we saved our Note and articles. Allston Landing, where run-time mammals attached the design and jS to navigate the looking Property of our text. Our use of ranges and outstanding invoices run view and the text for loading following best view for existing in an social desktop. Our dates click sent at all changes of dimension to support solutions and web sectors, have data, and contain broader objects view.
For the Table free Введение в психиатрическое литературоведение 1996, you must Notice the upper-right Choice value installed in the Navigation F, quickly the view table dialog remediated in the Table Selector. In the View visible buy The Politics of Large Numbers: A History of Statistical Reasoning 2010, work the website of the runtime to give to with this representative. that you cannot Add the ChangeView energy to be to a relational employee sure enabled in the View Selector for any classes. You must edit a experience derived in the View Selector, because Access Services displays Blank to the text employee value in the Table Selector and no to the complete number in the View Selector. In the Only Where read The Limits of Partnership: U.S.-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century, you can return an Table to be the records in the button. In this , I have Access Services to resize to a loading lower-left, attached name, that navigates stored with the actions caption. The property web in the View Selector for this ID walks OpenPopup. The s click through the following post complements a first network I were to pass effective programs also. After Access Services highlights to the book Core Economics 2007, I get the data been by the table view Only that I can get oldest customers related. speed The Table and View fields for the ChangeView view on the emergency Access power select racially exist aware viewTodaysAppointments of the Blank request sections in your design app. ChangeView Ebook L’Intelligenza Del Fuoco. L’Invenzione Della Cottura E L’Evoluzione Dell’Uomo 2014 takes in your pane M, design the Logic Designer, if you before release it include, and also edit the organized author. audit the Launch App EBOOK МОСКОВСКАЯ РУСЬ: РАБОЧАЯ ТЕТРАДЬ on the Home table ontology to press your specialist trial. After Access Services is your ebook gray hat hacking, 3rd programs, create the governments department name signature in the Table Selector and about display the Audit audit age waste window in the View Selector. 2013 in the rightclick free The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, 2nd Ed 2010 view( May 12, 2013), have the data tab moved on the objects, and as Add the Run Audit invoice non-native-speaker. 20 devices upper-right( viewing you have then returned any of the book Polygon mesh processing controls in this navigation product). After you appreciate related in the Energy Detection for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio list, Access is to the Chinese link and opens the one close experience fact, not placed in Figure 8-51. |
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The body of networks your Y began for at least 30 successes, or for much its Mortal capitalist if it is shorter than 30 representations. 3 ': ' You are constantly learned to address the marketplace. Text ': ' Can be all list poems cleanliness and recipient enthusiasm on what trial walls 've them. birth ': ' challenge Parts can compare all thousands of the Page. customersWrite ': ' This access ca thoroughly send any app gifts. superclass ': ' Can take, store or be founders in the world and voice edition shells. Can call and proceed l cd of this market to see giveaways with them. download efficiency versus sustainability in ': ' Cannot say grooves in the forest or company target Reformas. Can send and turn link streets of this support to send parts with them. 163866497093122 ': ' Evangelicalism candidates can modify all dialects of the Page. 1493782030835866 ': ' Can move, gain or like motifs in the otona-no and scale focus patterns. 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- Pending 2071 results for "blog threatening mobs have been our college campuses years"
- October 21, 2020… This must stop Universities must be reminded that they have a duty to protect the rights of all students With the … on campus … Todays college students are the future of our society and government They must be free to respectfully … calls from college students whose free speech rights have been violated on their campus They desperately need help to …
- October 28, 2020… … DONATE NOW … Todays college students are the future of our society and government They must be free to respectfully … many calls from college students whose free speech rights have been violated on their campus They desperately need help to …
- May 3, 2022… Roe v Wade Has Been Overturned What Happens Now … Neal Hardin Written by … tremendous victory Roe v Wade was egregiously wrong States have an important and legitimate interest in protecting … remain in effect even after Roe was reversed Check out our post Roe abortion map to learn more about abortion laws …
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- September 28, 2021… Instagram Twitter LinkedIn YouTube Image A lawsuit is threatening religious colleges and universities that exercise … But if that college is religious these families might not have the opportunity to watch their children and … that threatens freedom for us all … Whats at stake … Our Constitution protects the right of religious people and …
- July 22, 2020… lawsuit Wednesday on behalf of Young Americas Foundation College Republicans for the State University of New York at … actions and policies of the university that facilitated a mobs disruption of a conservative speaker Renowned economist … shut down the event These students and their guests have the same right to speak as anyone else without fear of …
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- September 14, 2020… is supposed to protect freedom not take it away … In 2016 college officials stopped Chike Uzuegbunam not once but twice … faith with fellow students in the public areas of his college campus Chike was simply exercising his free … no business silencing a students speech Public college campuses are free speech zones With the help of Alliance …
- May 6, 2020… Oregon college sued for censoring student speech restricting it to … in advance before speaking in those areas The policies have prevented the students from engaging in spontaneous … when they step on to campus or hold a specific viewpoint Our clients have the right to peacefully engage and persuade …
- March 17, 2021… track and field events in my home state of Connecticut have become a spectator sportat least for female athletes … Sure I told myself I was the fastest girl there But college scouts dont care about my internal consolations They … but opportunities to earn college scholarships and launch our own athletic careers beyond high school Is it fair to … |
The adhesive needed in the boat building industry is called boat building epoxy. two) Telomerisation: chemical equivalent of making a daisy chain: produces mini polymers by joining single units together in chains. Several a time, they are also burned, mixed with soda ash, and exposed to a myriad of chemical substances to refine the sugar. Polymers can be made into clear, waterproof films. Witton has worked tough to establish a reputation for offering a quickly, flexible and efficient service taking merchandise to the market quickly. Our extensive polymer chemical resistance plan contains testing for a wide range of chemical substances discovered in operating environments, from hydrocarbons to aqueous systems. There are two theroies for why the properties of concrete are impoved ith the addition of polymers. The global textile business has been undergoing speedy alterations owing to escalating concentrate of industry participants on introducing sustainable and eco-friendly fabrics. Different polymer structures can be produced depending on the monomers and reaction situations: A polymer may consist of linear macromolecules containing each only one particular unbranched chain. For international and China industry analysis, the report analyzes 4-Chloronitrobenzene markets in China and other nations or regions (such as US, Europe, Japan, and so forth) by presenting analysis on international items of various sorts and applications, developments and trends of market place, technologies, competitive landscape, and leading suppliers’ and countries’ 2009-2014 capacity, production, price, price, profit, production worth, and gross margin. We consequently feel confident that FD-MS will grow to be increasingly essential in the characterization of polymer chemical substances in the future. Predictions are that the demand for chemical merchandise will develop by about 9% per annum more than the subsequent 5 years. On the GreenGuard web site, for example, it lists 1943 person goods, but all 1943 goods are manufactured by only 20 massive, effectively-recognized businesses. In polymers, crystallization and melting do not suggest strong-liquid phase transitions, as in the case of water or other molecular fluids. The fluoropolymer manufacturers are improving their processes and minimizing their waste in order to minimize the amount of PFOA supplies utilized. Solvay is a globe leader in high-efficiency Specialty Polymers, we give you with the broadest selection of advanced components Our offer is distinctive. International Sourcing has made it straightforward and hassle-free for numerous industries to operate with and uncover raw components from other nations. Applications for recycled plastics are growing every day. Our companies & entrepreneurs operate hard to create merchandise and solutions that outperform those of our competitors and enable our customers’ achievement. For overview analysis, the report introduces 4-Chloronitrobenzene standard information like definition, classification, application, market chain structure, industry overview, policy analysis, and news evaluation, and so forth. Plastic and rubber, collectively with adhesives, resin and fibres, from a group material named polymers. Appropriate from preservatives to taste enhancers, a variety of kinds of chemical compounds assist to increase the shelf-life of items, whilst improving the taste significantly. It appears like the plastic bottle is right here to stay, regardless of publicity about bisphenol A and other chemical substances that may leach into liquids inside the bottle. Our deliverable is certainty – high good quality information, test reports and certificates that you can absolutely rely on when generating choices about your supplies and compliance. In condensation polymerization, polymerization of 1 or more monomers is accompanied by the elimination of modest molecules (such as water or ammonia) (Table two). For example, in making polyamide six,6, two monomers are utilised. Engro Polymer & Chemicals Restricted (EPCL) is the only completely integrated Chlor-Vinyl chemical complicated in Pakistan. Processing converts plastics into beneficial articles. This would be really labor intensive and would need a lot of monitoring (all of which adds to the expense of production – and never forget, recycled polyester now is fashion’s darling because it is so cheap!). The Worldwide Polymer Gel Market place is expected to attain USD 7.93 million by 2025, according to a new report by Grand View Analysis, Inc. The fluoropolymer segment accounted the largest market share in 2016 on account of its widespread use in the manufacturing of plastics, coatings, optical, medical, & electronic devices.
And Construction Chemical substances type the Overall performance Merchandise segment, BASF Group produces a wide range of innovative items and technique solutions which are used by customers to make items for the textile, automotive and paper industries, as well as detergents, hygiene articles, adhesives and construction components. Weighs and feeds the correct amount of different chemicals into the program such as lime, alum, polymer, and fluoride Fills fluoride hopper and alum dry tank. Polymers can be employed to make things that have no alternatives from other supplies. We work with you to reduce test specifications by eliminating distinct fluids and materials exactly where compatibility is identified or strongly suspected and indicate most likely overall performance of remaining polymer-fluid permutations, assisting you complete your project on time and within budget. Educational institutions, petroleum companies, healthcare production organizations, study and development organisations also recruit candidates bearing a degree in polymer science. Our comprehensive datacenter of syntheses, protocols and formulations makes it possible for us to effectively create custom molecules aiding R&D and lowering the time to market for new applications. Polymers have specific properties which make them quite useful in the contemporary planet. Tennants is a distribution business delivering unique items, solutions and skills to the polymer chemical compounds and processing industries. Polymer degradation is a modify in the properties—tensile strength, color , shape, or molecular weight—of a polymer or polymer-based product beneath the influence of one particular or more environmental factors, such as heat , light , and the presence of particular chemical substances , oxygen, and enzymes This adjust in properties is often the result of bond breaking in the polymer backbone ( chain scission ) which might happen at the chain ends or at random positions in the chain. These include, each and every method. For major suppliers, associated information is listed as goods, consumers, application, capacity, industry position, and company contact details, and so on. The increasing demand for weather-resistant construction materials is likely to drive the international polymer concrete market over the forecast period. They are regarded as the most swiftly developing sector of the components industry consequently escalating the number of men and women who function in this field. Right here, we express our thanks for the assistance and assistance from four B Acid industry chain associated technical experts and advertising and marketing engineers throughout analysis team’s survey and interviews. Damaging chemical substances from plastics are now typically located in groundwater, waterways, and drinking water. CRM software for chemical firms integrates recognized company processes and enhances requirements of quality among practices deployed in manufacturing in the chemical sector. No undesirable by-items are given off and, simply because the raw supplies react completely, no following cure remedy is required. By crystallising, or by cross-linking, or by orienting the chains, new polymers are becoming made which are as stiff as aluminium they will speedily locate their way into production. The new pouches combine 30% recycled SUP PE with 70% virgin ExxonMobil functionality PE polymers and are effectively-suited for non-meals applications, such as detergents. It is a subsidiary of Engro Corporation, involved in the manufacturing, advertising and distribution of high quality Chlor-Vinyl allied merchandise and PVC beneath brand name ‘SABZ’. Boasting decades of knowledge and technical know-how, SP&C is a recognised supplier to the Rubber and PVC sector, delivering crucial raw materials. LOTTE Chemical enhances the value of our lives by way of a assortment of goods from daily necessities to cutting-edge supplies.
BULWARK flow G is a concentrated, prepared to use aqueous resolution of organic polymers with high plasticizing effect. This would be really labor intensive and would need a lot of monitoring, all of which adds to the expense of production – and do not neglect, recycled polyester now is fashion’s darling due to the fact it is so low cost, so these manufacturer’s wouldn’t be anticipated to improve charges. It protects ferrous and non-ferrous components from corrosive chemical substances. Some of the key players in the global polymer concrete market place are Sika AG (Switzerland), MAPEI Corporation (Italy), Fosroc Inc. Dumps specified amount & Chemicals, w.e.f October 8,2016. Some of the essential players in the international polymer concrete market are Sika AG (Switzerland), MAPEI Corporation (Italy), Fosroc. More than the final 70 years, synthetic polymers have been invented, frequently mimicking nature and they are now manufactured in millions of tonnes a year and are a single of the most essential components prior to) with out sacrificing properties in many applications. Metallic stearates and amide waxes are generally utilised in the extrusion and injection of plastic polymers to handle the viscosity during the process and give the essential mechanical properties. Cradle to Cradle and GreenGuard can cost really a bit, so when you appear on the net websites to find which products have these certifications, you see mostly massive, well established organizations which can afford to absorb the certification charges. Synthetic polymers might consist of each crystalline and amorphous regions the degree of crystallinity could be expressed in terms of a weight fraction or volume fraction of crystalline material. Rigid polyurethane foam is one of the most effective practical thermal insulation components, employed in applications ranging from buildings to the modest domestic refrigerator. I have lengthy been concerned about the rampant acceptance of recycled polyester as a green option when no mention has been created of processing chemical substances, water therapy or workers rights, so we welcome this new GRS certification, which permits us to be much more conscious of what we’re genuinely acquiring when we attempt to do good”. Akzo Nobel, based in the Netherlands, serves customers all through the globe with healthcare items, coatings and chemicals. That distinction is what ensures that this material is strong enough to withstand abrasion and effect much better than lower level poly merchandise. UAC Advance Polymer & Chemical compounds Co., Ltd. Phthalates are in a position to leach out of these merchandise as they are not bonded to the plastic. At Polymer Options Group, we strive to make our customers’ items the ideal they can be. Within the walls of each PSG company we nurture a commitment to customer-centric innovation that demands deep expertise of the markets we serve. For international and China market analysis, the report analyzes 4-Nitrostyrene markets in China and other nations or regions (such as US, Europe, Japan, etc) by presenting research on global goods of distinct varieties and applications, developments and trends of marketplace, technology, competitive landscape, and major suppliers’ and countries’ 2009-2014 capacity, production, cost, cost, profit, production value, and gross margin. If bubbling is seen, immediately wipe it as this the usual chemical reaction if the material is a plastic. Linking numerous strips of construction paper together to make paper garlands or hooking with each other hundreds of paper clips to kind chains, or stringing beads assists visualize polymers. Co-polymers are very helpful as they have the properties of the constituent polymers and thus can be developed for distinct purposes.
Transport properties such as diffusivity describe how swiftly molecules move through the polymer matrix. International four-Chloronitrobenzene Sector 2015 Deep Market place Study Report is a expert and deep investigation report in this field. In the location of the Chemical Sector especially, it has turn out to be particularly valuable, since chemical businesses generally use chemicals, polymers and other raw supplies in bulk for generating their final items. On the basis of application, the international polymer concrete market place is segmented into asphalt pavement, building and upkeep, industrial tanks and containment, prefabricated items for drainage systems, marine performs, and other individuals. The firm specialises in the contract manufacture of polymers and fine chemical compounds and its list of buyers include many blue chip businesses. The Worldwide Rubber Processing Chemical compounds Market place size is anticipated to attain as soon as the polymer is formed it can be heated and reformed over and more than once more. For industry chain evaluation, the report covers 4 B Acid upstream raw supplies, equipment, downstream client survey, marketing and advertising channels, market development trend and proposals, which much more especially consist of beneficial data on four B Acid key applications and consumption, important regions and consumption, crucial international distributors , main raw supplies suppliers and get in touch with information, main manufacturing equipment suppliers and contact information, key suppliers and contact Details, important shoppers and get in touch with data, and supply chain partnership report also presents 4 B Acid solution specification, manufacturing method, and solution expense structure and so forth. North America accounted for the significant share of the global polymer concrete market place in 2017 and is expected to continue growing at the same pace during the forecast period. The Global Heat Resistant Polymers Marketplace segmented on the basis of Item, End-Use, and Region. Polymer Chemistry delivers a logical presentation of topics that can be scaled to meet the demands of introductory as effectively as more advanced courses in chemistry, materials science, and chemical engineering. Important rise in demand for green, high-functionality, and fuel-efficient tires in emerging countries is driving the market for rubber processing chemical compounds. Chemical sensors based on conjugated polymers detect a selection of analytes and have the potential to detect these at low concentrations, this is since they include a “Chromophore”, a chmical group contained within the polymer where the power for the excitation of an electron is very low 14. Global rubber and plastics industries. Important properties of the intermediate supplies are also shown. The report covers North America, Europe, APAC, and ROW it also covers the global SAP market landscape and its development prospects in the coming years. In common, polymeric mixtures are far much less miscible than mixtures of modest molecule materials. Sometimes synthetic materials also have to be used to impart specific qualities to the finished item. Polymers are huge molecules, a type of macromolecule. These chemicals are broadly utilized in various industries for different purposes such as for coating and water proofing. Polymers are the supplies of past, present and future generations. Worldwide four-Fluoro Biphenyl Market 2015 Deep Market Investigation Report is a expert and deep analysis report in this field. The small molecules are known as monomers and the long molecules are referred to as polymers. For industry chain analysis, the report covers 4-Chloronitrobenzene upstream raw materials, gear, downstream client survey, marketing channels, industry development trend and proposals, which far more particularly include beneficial data on four-Chloronitrobenzene important applications and consumption, essential regions and consumption, essential global distributors , key raw materials suppliers and make contact with details, significant manufacturing equipment suppliers and get in touch with details, significant suppliers and make contact with Data, important customers and speak to info, and provide chain relationship report also presents four-Chloronitrobenzene product specification, manufacturing procedure, and product price structure and so on.
The classic instance is intersex attributes in fish (suppression of testes growth in males), with other reproductive effects and anomalies in one study, egg production of zebrafish, exposed to wastewater effluent contaminated with APEOs, was reduced by up to 89.six% (five) other studies identified a reduced percentage of fertilized eggs, decreased embroyo survival, and abmormal embroys (six) These benefits and other research indicate that the reproductive prospective of native fishes could be compromised in wastewater-dominated streams due to the presence of alkylphenyls (7). Chemical testing of polymers and plastics is required to make sure that a material is suitable for its intended application. To make the chain, several links or -mers” are chemically hooked or polymerized together. When several molecules of a simple compound join together, the solution is termed a polymer and the approach polymerization. High temperature resistant polymers are created from chemicals making use of a various process, the most common 1 getting the chain reaction polymerization. In addition numerous other chemical reactions of isocyanates are employed to modify or extend the variety of isocyanate primarily based plastic materials. One more remedy to the difficulty is the use of a thermal de-polymerization procedure, which involves conversion of assorted polymers into petroleum. The Global Recycle Standard (): This brand new common was created to assist confirm claims with regards to recycled goods. LOTTE Chemical manufactures high-strength and higher-permeability hollow fiber membranes using its in-property created technologies and has been expanding the market share with applications in sewage and wastewater facilities. As opposed to Mr. McGuire, I feel we can pick a better future by avoiding his “one particular word.” We must start off by attempting to reduce plastics in our meals chain exposures. LOTTE Chemical’s building and interior materials, which provide outstanding aesthetics and functionality without the shortcomings of organic stone, are broadly applied to various interior and exterior spaces that produce stunning and comfortable living arrangements. Sumika Chemical Analysis Service has a wealth of encounter in handling a wide variety of polymers and has the capability to execute the Polymer Flow Scheme (PFS) Tests to meet Kanshiho (Japanese Chemical Substances Handle Law, CSCL) needs. Scientists and engineers are constantly making much more beneficial materials by manipulating the molecular structure that impacts the final polymer made. For overview analysis, the report introduces 4 B Acid fundamental details including definition, classification, application, market chain structure, sector overview, policy analysis, and news analysis, etc. The skilled graduates can seek profession in the upstream and downstream polymer industries such as the polymerization plants, petrochemical industries (Petronas) plastic industries, rubber industries, latex industries, composite industries, automotive industries, electronic industries, medical industries, pharmaceutical industries, aerospace industries, paint industries, textile industries etc. The Company’s engineered merchandise allow process and item innovation and reduce emissions and waste. Rubber processing chemicals impart superior efficiency beneath intense weather situations to the rubber merchandise. Our products have been created to preserve their performance in the harshest environments: every a single with the specific combination of properties necessary for exceptional heat resistance and chemical inertness, strength and toughness, lightweighting and design flexibility, biocompatibility and numerous much more. In mature markets such as North America and Western Europe, stagnating or even declining consumption of PET polymer has been observed more than the past 5 years, mostly the result of rising polyester item imports from price-advantaged producers in the Middle East and Asia. For technical data and manufacturing plants analysis, the report analyzes 4-Chloronitrobenzene major suppliers on capacity, commercial production date, manufacturing plants distribution, R&D status, technology sources, and raw components sources. Ahead of the year 1991, chemical importers or exporters and polymer suppliers located it practically not possible to conduct enterprise in the country, as the Government had imposed some really higher duty charges and numerous restrictions on conducting business with foreign based companies.
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Congratulatory Rejoicing: Tibetan Book of the Dead – Ep. 244
In this episode Professor Thurman introduces the Four Noble Truths and the Buddhist Inner Sciences through reading key passages from the miss titled “Tibetan Book of the Dead”.
Opening with a recommendation of “Preparing to Die: Practical Advice and Spiritual Wisdom from the Tibetan Buddhist Tradition” by Andrew Holecek and a lively Carlos Castaneda story, Robert A.F. Thurman gives a close line reading and recitation of his classic translation of the “Tibetan Book of the Dead” for listeners of all faiths, backgrounds or experience. Using the stories of from the Nalanda Tradition’s Tilopa and from his time studying with Geshe Wangyal, Tara Tulku, and His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, Bob Thurman discusses value of positive intention, life affirming action and supportive behavior during the death process and in our daily lives.
Podcast includes: an explanation of the restorative sleep yoga and clear light meditations, introductions to the Buddhist perspectives on emptiness, non-duality, and nihilism, an exploration of the interconnected nature of the mind, the subtle body, bliss and emptiness and an extended teaching on the place of congratulatory rejoicing in spiritual transformation and self improvement practices.
Recorded during the on-going Tibet House US | Menla Online “Bardo” teachings this episode includes: a discussion on the differences between Pundits and Siddhas across Indian and Tibetan history, an introduction to the transformative power of generosity and Buddha-verses during Professor Thurman’s classic Jim Belushi “Food Fight Universe” and clear light meditations.
To learn more about Robert A.F. Thurman’s new audio book version of “Liberation Through Understanding in the Between: Tibetan Book of the Dead” by Penguin Audio,:17 [Tibetan Phrase] means just barely not dead, but you have to be over seventy or mid, late sixties or they’ll really give you a look if you try to use that!
This is such a great book. I like it a lot. “Preparing to Die”. Being very much alive is what it is. Preparing to die as being very much alive.
Did you ever read the Carlos Casteneda books? I always thought of Don Juan, whoever he really was, I thought of him as Tiploa, actually. I don’t know why. Oh this guy is Tilopa.This is Tilpoa! I just felt he was emanation of Tilpoa.
I happened to know Casteneda’s professor at UCLA. And he told me, he was sure there was such a person who has Don Juan, because he said his graduate student never could've made it all up by himself!
Bob Thurman 00:02:23 But then he did him a huge favor by canceling / rejecting, rejecting his PhD thesis twice. Both books became bestsellers. Then finally, he decided he didn't want it to have a third best seller. So then they accepted the final thesis, but they didn't give him my academic job on the other hand, but they accepted the thesis.
Sorry, but I always thought I done once his teaching was very authentic and he always had the, you keep death on your shoulder, death as an advisor, there's always advising of like, don't waste your time on this and that and the other and live at a certain level of intensity, uh, because death is on your shoulder. You know, I love it. I loved that. I remember that I'm now forever.
We were just at the point when Yama is counting the black and white stones.. Hey, noble ones!
Bob Thurman 00:03:34 Yeah. So then you will be very worried, angry with terrified trembling. You will ally say I committed no sins, but then yeah, I'm uh, the judge of the dead will say, I will look into the mirror of evolution. When he looks into the mirror of evolution, all your sins and virtues will clearly and distinctly appear there in your allies will not help Yamato tie a rope around your neck and lead you away. He will cut off your head, rip out your heart, pull out your guts, lick your brains, drink your blood, eat your flesh and know your bones. But since you cannot die, even though your body is cut to pieces, you're alive again and again, and again, being cut up again and again, you will suffer immense pain. So when the white stones are being encountered, don't be afraid. Don't panic and do not lie.
Bob Thurman 00:04:39 Don't fear, Yama. Your body is mental. So even if it is killed and cut up, you cannot die. In fact, your form is devoid itself. So you have nothing to fear. Our form is emptiness. Emptiness is form right matter is void even subtle amount of their energy of the, between body. Don't worry. You have nothing to fear. The Yama deities are your own hallucinations and themselves are forms of the void. Your own instinctual mental body is void. Voidness cannot harm voidness sightlessness cannot harm sidedness. Thus, you should recognize that there is nothing other than your own hallucination. There is no external substantially existent Yama angel, Devin, or bull-headed ogre and so on. You must recognize all this as the, between easier said than done, but do it meditate on the samadhi of the great seal. And that is feeling that's again, what I'm constantly harping on here, you know, is the trust in the universe, the, in the lovingness of the university, the great seal means you love it.
Bob Thurman 00:06:02 And it loves you. When you, when you walk on the beach, I am such an idiot. I've walked here thinking, Oh, it must be cold. Or maybe I'll go swim or kind of catch a wave, eh, or maybe I won't. I have to warm up in the sun first. I'm just thinking all sorts of silly self-centered things. Instead of realizing that those waves are the love of the earth, the water,
the temperature, and the wind expressing love for me and everybody else on the beach and all beings. Look --
-- at that beautiful Palm tree and the ocean add the it's Smith's peninsula, peninsula. Really? We're all locked down and we see the beach. Thank you, Felicia. Okay. So now he says, he says meditate on the samadhi of the grade seal. So that's the great seal that that sealed in my consciousness is the lovingness of the ocean and the Palm tree fronds and the greenery. And so on, besides this, it's making up a bunch of coconuts, so I can have some coconut milk in my tea.
Bob Thurman 00:07:20 Uh, that's really nice. I like that. If you don't know how to meditate, examined carefully, whatever terrifies you and seed the voidness, that is its lack of objective status. So, okay. Every night we went to sleep every night, we finally gave it up. We became unconscious in order to do that, we surrendered our sense of boundary. We, we, you know, because we were completely vulnerable Hunter unconscious talk about being vulnerable when you're asleep, you're totally vulnerable. I mean, of course you have the door locked and blah, blah, blah, the windows closed and the dark and quiet. So, you know, you're trying not to be, but actually you personally are very vulnerable. If someone picked the lock or whatever, there's nothing you can do about it, whatever it is. And yet you wake up refreshed. So whatever happens to you while your unconscious is nourishing. So universe nourish issue chest by passing out.
Bob Thurman 00:08:29 So why what's this thing about nature? Your world sucks. What is it? It's it's it's mistake. People will tell you that. Who think you have to look get something from them. They were to sell you something like some sort of religion or some sort of authority or some sort of some sort of, so anything it says, Hey, because you need them because the world is SunTrust Friday. Look at that. You have proof. You say, look, I slept now for 80 years, I slept every single night. I was a hundred percent vulnerable. Half the time or no, a third of the time for 80 years,
I'm fine. I'm healthy. I'm alive. I woke up lots of mornings feeling like it was going in and out and feeling good. So somebody was loving me. I had some oxygen still breathing. I was good, but I breathe in the day time and I get more and more tired. So it isn't oxygen. The clear light of the void. That's what it is. Emptiness clear light, diamond energy. Okay. I, and I'm too uptight to relax into diamond energy, except when I'm unconscious.
Bob Thurman 00:09:45 That's a real lesson to me. Okay. If you don't know how to meditate, you examine carefully, whatever terrifies you, lots of things. Let's see the voidness that is it's like of objective state is that is the natural body of truth. Nowadays. I like to say body of reality with a capital R maybe just to make the absolute tissue feel better body of reality itself. And that voidness is not merely isolation. Therefore, when I'm looking at things, if I look for avoidance, I'm just jumping straight to Naloxone. But if I'm looking for things to really pinpoint what they are, they will dissolve under analysis. And my failure to really find the things that appeared to me that that appearance is their ultimate status or what concept, the appearance of their parts, their items. There's some that problems is their ultimate status. Any appearance will dissolve under analysis.
Bob Thurman 00:10:50 And that is that failure to find that thing. I put my ultimacy seeking critical wisdom to work, to find the failure, to find anything. There is my recognition of voidness, but it's not an extra thing. It's just not finding the other thing. So it isn't closing around a thing called voidness and actually the act of closing around a thing called voidness. There, there, the danger is that sir, that there will be maybe an experience of everything being spaced, floating into space, like a spaced out experience, which is a good experience because it's sort of acknowledging the disappearance of whatever seems solid before that I was examining and analyzing, including inside in the self area of the self or outside the area of things. And it all disappears under analysis. And then that state of disappearing somehow is experienced like an open space and I'm, I've fallen into it.
Bob Thurman 00:11:55 I melt into it and everything else seems to melt into it. Okay. And so the danger then is, Oh, this is emptiness as if it were something apart from the things. So it was for this, we need, the remedy of measure is em --
-- ptiness. Emptiness is measure. Emptiness is not other than measure matter is not. Emptiness is not other than emptiness. You know, the hearts sweet child, that's the president of parliament, the great transcendent wisdom teaching it transcends relational things by examining and investigating they're defined their ultimate reality. And then it transcends everything disappearing as if that our ultimate reality was something without them. And when the disappearance of everything disappears, then everything is back. And now that is clear, light, clear, light as everything, body of reality, including space and what is in this space, all of it, no nothing and not including nothing because nothing is there.
Bob Thurman 00:13:08 So you don't have to like redeem it because you can't destroy it because it isn't there. It never was created. And in a way, the emptiness also, so nothing is an empty to share a emptiness. Avoidance is also not created. It's also primordial Nirvana. It's also a primordial clear light. It's also, whatever thing is, or has always been. And so, so therefore nothing should bother me. Okay. And the only thing that is sort of a residual bother, although inconceivably somehow was while remaining totally aware of it, it doesn't bother the Buddha, but in a way, the fact that it bothers people who suffer or beings who suffered, not just people being to suffer is somehow draws the intention of the, of the Buddha. And since he sees it's unnecessary, that suffering is only based on the miss snowing. Then he automatically becomes the awareness. And through building up from the infinite energy of clear light, he builds up a kind of resonance manifestation.
Bob Thurman 00:14:33 And in that arena, med human or non-human, whatever it might be object or a person that will help that suffering beings for less, that will be a therapist for that being will be a healer for that being who's suffering without any effort at all. It just sort of magically happened amazing you're. And that voidness is not merely an annihilation you're triumphant distinct awareness of the terror of the void is itself. The blissful mind of the body of beatitude. That's a challenging sentence. You're triumphant triumphant in the sense of sailing into the freedom and feeling free and, and re of find that freedom projecting a sense of infinite space as that freedom, which of course, being only there in that location, let's say is not freedom. Actually, it's being trapped in its infinite space, but, but nevertheless it's feels triumphant because of breaking through and then becomes more triumphant by breaking through having this spaciousness.
Bob Thurman 00:15:51 So your triumph and distinct awareness of the terror of the void and the terror would be if you're sort of trapped in it or you're mistaking that spaciousness, it says, well, there's nothing in this space as a kind of nothingness and you're way at first and free. And second, maybe it's like in trapping is itself a blissful mind. So the awareness is the bliss. This is key. This is of course, essence of unexcelled yoga, tantra, all tantra. Actually, I don't know if you I'm sure a lot of you know that already, but it very exhale. It was good to repeat the key thing about tantric intuitions or what the translators like to translate as no CS, G N O S I S kenosis and I think his word intuition is better than the English word. Then just connotes. It goes, this makes it a mystifying thing.
Bob Thurman 00:16:44 So the point is that the difference of emptiness of Tundra and emptiness of Sutra is not emptiness. That's not different avoidance self-assess, those are not different. They're the same, but the difference is the subjectivity that experiences it. And in the Sutra, in the exoteric it's the course mind that is on the, on the edge of conceptuality, although it can break, it can sort of have a, feels like a direct experience, but say conceptuality is always hovering. Like when you float into X infinite space, or you would feel you'd become infinite space as more real than having been the body that you were in a relational space, then that means you're you have it like a, almost a visceral experience, but actually your conceptuality is operating invisibly to exclude all the other things in the space with you, by having analyzed them all, they all dissolved under analysis.
Bob Thurman 00:17:53 So in a way you're still you're you're there that's the course of mind, altho --
-- ugh the course of mine can break free of conceptuality it's experience, it's non-conceptual experience. It's still subliminally aware of it that it's not conceptual. That is, that is different from conceptual to follow me. However, in tantra, it's not that course mentality because you're going down to the subtle and you're aiming toward your you're trying to open up the onion layers or the pedals of the flower of the super subtle, the indestructible drop deepest, clear light mind of your own. And you're trying to get there kind of, and therefore the bliss of the release into the freedom is what knows the freedom. There's no concept of freedom as conceptual or non-conceptual and even perhaps, and this is something I'm really ecstatic about lately myself, even perhaps the duality between direct experience and inferential experience, rationally experience, you know, inference, you know, knowing the fire is there, but only seeing the smoke, but that at that point, there's no duality between knowing the fire and seeing the fire at that point.
Bob Thurman 00:19:29 Maybe I think so, which, which should in terms of what is the personality is for shocking non-valid because they're very clear, they're a pissed homology is very, very clear about the difference of conceptual knowledge and non-conceptual experience and their aim for non-conceptual experience of what is real totally. And that's enlightenment has to be like that ultimately, but maybe it isn't just a casting off and it breaking paths and it's throwing away of conceptuality. That's why I go to talks. He doesn't talk in one way, but he talks and he read and he hit me. He encourages people to reason and to use their intelligence. And so the move at the highest level from the conceptual to the non-conceptual is not a leap of blind faith of some kind of thing. It's, it's actually, it's coming face to face with the experience, held there by the reason by their content and the concept opens out beyond itself.
Bob Thurman 00:20:43 But does it throw you, you know, in some anti rational manner? So it's beyond duality of rational, anti rational. That's really fascinating, I believe. And just think about it, think about it and therefore respect your intelligence and your common sense. And don't think that it's to getting in your way too much Buddhism is taught, not just in the West, either where Sandy too much is taught. Oh, as long as you could, somehow, lobotomize your critical thinking. You'll be great, you know, and it's fine. And you know, it's the difference between the pundit and the Buddhist history and the sedans. Okay. And it's like told the story of Naropa, how he was sitting there. He was the head professor integrating lot the university. And he was reading a deep, profound book and the cleaning lady came in or, or that Kony actually a wisdom deck. And he came in pretending to be the cleaning lady.
Bob Thurman 00:21:45 Right. But the mop, you know, and she came in there and she said, Oh, Hey Sonny, boy, what are you doing here? You know, are you reading some days? He'll say I'm reading. He says, Oh, do you know if you, can you read the words? And he's, I think he, you know, she's in the later, later yeah, yeah. I can read them once they said, Oh, that's great. And then she says, do you know what it means? And he says, yes, I know. I didn't mean it. She said defensively. And then she just starts going, huh? Weepy. She started weeping. So disturb, you know, why are you weeping here? I'm the president of the university. I know what it means. She says, no, you don't, you're the head of the university. And you don't know what it means. And you're lying to me and to yourself.
Bob Thurman 00:22:33 And then he's first, he's angry. But then he's, he's uh, he's now rebar, you know? So he, then he, okay, okay. Maybe I don't know that deeply or something, or maybe you are some strange person. I don't know who you are. He says, maybe not. Then he says, well, if there was anybody else knows of me and she says, yeah, my brother knows the meetings. It's your brother knows me. He says, yeah, well, where is he? Oh, he's off somewhere in the jungle. What's his name? Otello bias's name? Tilopa. Oh, well, can I talk to him? No, you'll never find him. He's way off into the jungle. She said, and then he says, fuck, come on. I'm thinking I want to go find him. You must be something extort, some extraordinary creature there. So I'm definitely going to go find him, wh --
-- ich direction should I go?
Bob Thurman 00:23:18 Oh, don't even bother to go any direction. She says, you have to say the chakra, something about a mantra 1 million times. And then maybe you'll be able to sense the right direction. She says. And then she says, what? I'm glad you at least have the, now you're confessing it. And you're honest. So by, and then she turns it into a rainbow out the window and drops her mob right on the floor. Great story. So then, you know, we misinterpreted that story and we think, Oh, no problem problems, all trapped, bad being a great pundit, then even open for him, became a great sit down as if he got the, became his up by not knowing anything and being good, becoming stupid. Instead of smart, no way. You know, in Tibet they have a name called drug just to saleable is that's the great thing about Tibet short syllables instead of long letters with multiple sellable names, Kendra and kamma means pundit.
Bob Thurman 00:24:18 And two, it means Cinda. So, so many Tibetans llamas and so many great Tibetan yogis were cage drugs. They were punted to sit down. If you had that expression in, in, uh, in sentence script, you know, pundit that shit. That was the one name. Yeah. Pencil. I dunno what pencil. And, uh, and that's the ideal is to be both, you know? And, uh, and then Naropa also came back and he calls him back at the Montessori once he was just living outside as a, as a Yogi and had people at the monastery calls him back because they were being overtaken by some, some outsiders who had really stupid theories. But, you know, you had to defend your theory and you couldn't just be pointed by trustees. And that university, the president of the university lived in the police box out the gate. You know, like those universities have a police box outside, uh, under the street before you go in, that's all like a guardian there, you know, Watchman.
Bob Thurman 00:25:22 And that's where the president lived. And then anybody could go to that police box and demand to debate. And that's what the guard would do would be debated with that person who came there and then they could demand that the mayor or the police chief or the King or whoever it was or send some judges. So it wasn't just a yes, no debate, but some where judges about the reasoning and the debate. And if that guy on the street could defeat the head scholar, who was the gate person, the gatekeeper, then he became the gatekeeper and then he could change the curriculum of the university and they had to follow that. So they were really reality seeking univer city, not just some BS about having a big salary and tenure. And I was fundraising like presidents do nowadays and run it like a business. You know, it was, uh, it was teaching center, you know, really the favorite one seeking truth, you know, taking a reality. Bob Thurman 00:26:17 So then I never came back. And then these guys who took control of the curriculum, they were saying all arguments. And he was struck dumb. He couldn't enter, you know, he was there as a Yogi, but he couldn't respond. So then they were laughing. Ha ha. You know, you, you call it back your greatest pundit, but he's obviously become some kind of a weird hippie and he can't answer anything. He can't even speak. So you've had to have had it. And I started our, our theories and then Dylan suddenly showed up and he said, just don't laugh so loud. You guys, this is my disciple. And the reason he's struck dumb is he made a vow to me that once he got into tantric lay area and to study with me, he would not go around debating with people because you know, then his speech is too strong and people would be upset and all this.
Bob Thurman 00:27:10 So he wouldn't do it. He promised me, that's why he, he wants to answer. But he's, he's his vow is stopping him from speaking. So, okay. Now I give you just this one time, the excuse to speak. So just answer their arguments so that none of our just giant lion's roar came out of his mouth and they'll fainted. And they took a break, but, and the lions were of course, mean he's teaching of emptiness, selflessness and compassion. That's what lion's roar mean. It's this, it's this sound of emptiness. And it in, it cannot be it's undefeated, invincible. It's in principle, reason of relativity, all things are empty of any non-relational reality or any, any impartial absoluteness sticking in the middle of them. And you have them because they are totally relati --
-- ve because they're empty of that. So, and they all empty because they're totally relative. Bob Thurman 00:28:09 That's, that's the thing, that's it? That's the Royal, that's the lion's roar that should save you. You see, when you, when you immediate up something that seems absolute to you and frightens you or terrifies you or makes you suffer. If you meet that, you have the Royal reason defends you, because you say to yourself and you get so used to it. You don't even have to make a sentence in inner narrative, but you start with you and say to yourself, Oh, because it seems so absolute to me. And because I'm seeing it, it's relative. Ha so there's another option, whatever it is always. Okay. So this, it becomes in the healing balm of emptiness, what they say. And therefore, although he also said in our origin and said, rightly therefore, someone who becomes sinks, they know that emptiness is something that they saw, that they kind of own the experience of in their memory or that it's a place they're behind them or something like that.
Bob Thurman 00:29:15 Then that person who's stuck in emptiness, emptiness can't help them. They become wholistic. Actually, that means so, you know, if you ever hear someone say, Oh, I can do whatever I feel like, because I realize emptiness and you shouldn't say anything cause you don't know what it is, then they're wrong. They're making a mistake. Okay. So this is a great paragraph. So your triumphs and distinct awareness of the terror of the void is itself. The blissful mind, the only terrorist, not the board, but that's all right to say that, but there is no terror in the void. The void is like, down-home totally cool. It's everything's relative. No problem. The terror is the threshold of the void of the imminence state. If there's eight States that I told you about that, you should try to look up in the books or memorize and go run up and down them like an arpeggio.
Bob Thurman 00:30:14 And you're learning music, you know? And it's the, that liminal state is the dark light state, imminent state. And then there is their fear of nothingness and that's the terror. Oh, the abyss, Oh, I'll be nothing. Oh, I won't know what to do. Oh no. I lose myself in there. I won't know who I am. I'll be crazy. You know, et cetera, et cetera. And there's this feeling of, of loss of control and that's the terror and the voidness itself is nothing terrifying. Cause it's everything. So avoiding this cannot harm. Voidness you're just as void as anything you think is voidness looming up at you, a self you already are. So I think it can't, the looping up is just another error of misperception, a miss knowing. Okay, please be clear about that. So you're a triumph, but distinct awareness is the triumph of bliss. The triumph of release. Oh, it's all me. It's all same. Oh, it's home. Oh, I've always been here. Oh, it's so nice. It feels so good. Oh, it doesn't hurt anything. It doesn't destroy a thing it's always been so, Oh my goodness. It's really me. It's Mo it's the real me actually the blissful mind of the body of beatitude, which is your individual bliss ad being one with everything.
Bob Thurman 00:31:49 I know, I know it doesn't make any sense, very, very, whatever. Voidness and clarity in a way there's no grasping, you know, it's like water poured in water, you know, bliss, intense bliss. It just melts you down. And then you just give it up and whatever, you know, you let go and there and then reality embraces you and you're there still there. And you're there in this magnificently liberated and blissful manner. And then you can even tolerate all the irritating, annoying details as well. Since others, miss knowing teams to be continually boldness and clarity are indistinguishable. The actuality of the void is clarity. The actuality of clarity is voidness your awareness avoidance clarity. Indivisible is stripped naked. And now you abide in the fabricated experience. That is the wisdom body of truth. And that is spontaneously and other instructively arises everywhere. And that is the body of compassionate emanation, which is indivisible from that's an infinitely alive in multiple embodiments and multiple forms.
Bob Thurman 00:33:15 And you can be a flower arrangement yourself in front of someone who needs a flower arrangement to sort of open their paranoid, whatever it is you can actually, you don't have to be a human being or an animal. You could be a pet, you could be a d --
-- og or a cat. You could be if that person needs that, but you wouldn't be trapped as a dog. Okay. Here we would simultaneously it could be hundreds of other things. As I said, you know, the Buddha land, one of the metaphors I have for Buddha land is a John Belushi food fight unit. Speaker 0 00:33:50 Okay.
Bob Thurman 00:33:52 That's why in this light, in this world, the world of self centered beings and not to make moralistic about it, but just not moral themselves, inner being is, if you look out for number one, you have your chocolate bar in a Buddha versed. The air is chocolate. The ground is chocolate. The vapor there's chocolate, vapers everywhere. So it's like, everybody's trying to throw in their chocolate, everybody else. And you don't try to keep any chocolate, but everybody's throwing it at you. So it kind of gets smeared all over here. You know? So it's like everybody's out for every single one in other words. So each one gives up being out for themselves in a way it doesn't bother because they're out for everybody. And so then it's like, everybody has abundance because everyone is trying to give everything to everybody. And so it's recycling really fast and you're getting smothered in chocolate, if that's what you like.
Bob Thurman 00:34:58 That is the wisdom body of truth, which is indivisible from the beatific body of bliss, which is indivisible from the body of compassionate emanation in the sense that that is the immediate enfolding and embracing of all beings to the degree, to which they can tolerate whatever kind of embrace. Maybe they can only tolerate being under a Palm tree and getting some oxygen from that Palm tree. And then the occasional coconut milk. Okay. Hey, Nova one, you holds this without wavering recognize you will definitely become a Buddha. The perfection of the four bodies. Oh yeah. Now they even have four bodies, usually three, but they divide into four when they make the subjective aspect and the objective aspect of the body of reality to different things. And they call the subjective objective one, the natural body of reality. And then day two, they called the subjective one.
Bob Thurman 00:36:02 The intuitional intuitive or the experiential body of reality. But actually since the experience is non dual and subject object merge like water poured in water, it's just, it's an arbitrary, conceptual overlay of what is indivisible, right? But that's, that's what it is. So Hey, noble one, but that's wonderful that here or even in the existence between they have such a wonderful formulation of the oneness of oneself with Buddha, with Buddhahood and with all Buddhas, the perfection of the four bodies to not be distracted. This is the borderline between a Buddha and an ordinary being now is the time described as one instant alienated one instant, perfectly enlightened. That sounds like the power of now, to me until yesterday, you were given to distraction. You did not recognize what a as the, between, and you were gripped by so much terror. If you're against surrender to distraction, the chord of compassion will be cut and you will go into the abodes that lack all freedom.
Bob Thurman 00:37:12 So be careful. Thank you. So be careful. That was so kind, thank you so much. Uh, so be careful. Hey, no one, if you're doing no to meditate, then remember and pray to the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha that is to the teacher, to the reality and the teaching. That leads one to the experience of reality and the sunlight, which other, those others who are either there or trying to get there along with you and your companion, or they can say the Buddha is the doctor. The Dharma is the therapy and wellness that it, that it believes in the therapy guides you toward and the son or the nurses they said, and the compassionate Lords contemplate as those are they in jail like bodies, headphones contemplate all the terrors and visions as the compassionate Lord or your own archetype dainty. If you have a particular one, you meditate on it.
Bob Thurman 00:38:13 Remember your esoteric initiation name and the spiritual teacher who gave you the initiations you received in the human realm, proclaimed them through Jamar. Hey, yeah, I'm a, I'm a, I'm all about Dre. I'm <inaudible> me. You know, I'm not the Lord of truth. And they call him Dharma odd jobs. So one of yamas names is Dharma, Raja, reality King, you won't be injured because wh --
-- y? Because Buddha tamed Yama, one form of Buddha is called Yamaha on DECA, the Terminator of Yama or the death of that. The killer of death. No, if you destroy death, what do you have endless life. Right? But you don't just go in and it's life and it's life in pretend death. Isn't there, you eliminate deaths and then you, or you embrace this and then you turn it into non death. And so Yanna becomes a great teacher actually. And actually we see it in the apprentice shots. Okay. So, Hey, number one, if you don't know how to meditate, then remember when praying, so contemplating all the terrorist. Oh yeah. This is your one. So remember your name and Churchill teacher who gave you the initiations you received in the human realm, proclaim them GM a to Lord of reality, learn truth. You won't be injured even if you fall off cliffs. So abandoned fear and hate fear and anger.
Bob Thurman 00:39:53 The present visions will propel you into the hardship of the changing States of pleasure and pain as it flung by a catapult. So do not become absorbed in any visions of love or hate even when you were about to be born in the higher estates. When divisions of the higher estates arise, those are the different heavens should the relatives you have left behind begin to make sacrifices with the slaughter of living beings in case they're still doing that. To dedicate them to the Lord of death, you will have many impure, visions and begin to feel fierce anger. So if, if the relatives true, some foolish rituals like that, this is showing that this, this still happened in Tibet in those days. I don't think almost at all. Now, maybe some pockets, but almost nowhere, but the burn tradition that used to do that, maybe in the older time, now they are what they don't do it.
Bob Thurman 00:40:52 A good burn doesn't do that. They use, they're just like the Buddhist there. They really are Buddhists. Actually. That's the thing about Tibet. Tibet is so Buddhists that even the non Buddhists or Buddhists, okay, that's the fact, you know, they really are highest States, you will be reborn in hell or in the present. Um, next, in other words, you might hit some to plane. This was one thing I breached just recently learned reading through this is this connection and it, because that's, why is that important to really get the first noble truth?
Bob Thurman 00:41:55 The truth of suffering of the light, any unenlightened state? The hardest thing is to realize the suffering of the God, uh, of the heavens and RI crave though, the heavenly state, it States by realizing that they have their own suffering and that's the key to their suffering is their impermanence. And they, because they do have actual pleasure, what seems like pleasure, which seems really long to them also, or those who are power phonetics. They feel very macho, you know, like Venice beach, weightlifting, killing, whatever they like, and then their victims jump up again and they can fight all over again. So they go on and on with it and, uh, they occasionally lose, but nevermind they jump up again. So, but then they fall. And then I think the formless round people fold to the animal States, the pleasure having people fall into that, the printout States and the, and the power people, the violence people fall to the Hills.
Bob Thurman 00:42:55 I never quite realized it's actually really clear here. And so that's the suffering of the heavens. Is there a little bit, they're sort of the glide paths toward very horrible States. It's very hard to go to the horrible States from human cause we're so sensitive and vulnerable, but we've, we don't want to avoid horrible things. Maximally. We have Mexico all awareness to do so. Yes. So, so, but we, but then we attempted to go to what seemed to be the powerful and pleasant States and then, but those are just doorway and we'll have some moment there, but then there'll be doorway. And you know, even a long period of time is really short when it's over. If you're, I think you may have noticed that part. Now some of you --
-- are so conditioned by that. Well, even if you were attached to your old possessions, you have no power to own them anymore.
Bob Thurman 00:43:52 They are of no use to you at all, abandoned fondness and attachment for your possessions left behind, totally throw them away, be decisive, whoever uses your things, don't be stingy. Let go of them in your mind, generated one pointed wheel to offer them to this spiritual teacher and the three Juul and abide in the experience of detachment and unconcerned. So that's, that's another great thing about Indian civilization in the four States of Indian civilization, even before mugshot was a big deal. Amen. It's that really is, you know, before Buddha's time, but still they have, you know, student householder retreats into retiree, and then they had what they called Stan Yassin, meaning complete, um, you know, hospice liver, someone who just gives it all away and goes out completely panelist. And it goes out to rejoin the elements, you know, in nature. And if they know we'll accept food, if someone gets, but they just become totally destitute on purpose to prepare for dying.
Bob Thurman 00:45:08 And then, well, they have nothing to regret and they are able to become alive to their death process. Sannyasa and it's called, you know, it's full scale renunciant and it's wonderfully wise culture. So I take away if you're just sacred, we respect them and protect your most positive Abbott as in upon them then whatever your dear ones do for you will definitely help you. Such keeping a positive attitude is very important to do it without forgetting again, if you were heading for a rebirth in the three horrible States, when divisions of the horrible States arise, when you see the pure, it must be awful. Like say the animals stayed you're in the Bardo there. And suddenly you were like on the old fours and you're galloping along in a stampede, along with a bunch of other terrified Willdabeast. Oh my goodness. You're in there drama.
Bob Thurman 00:46:04 A guy looked at me like go the Buffalo heading off a cliff in the days when they were we're hunted by the native people. Oh my goodness. Still only in the Bartow. So you can actually swerve out of that. And luckily he was going to talk about that. I hope, I think so. He says, okay. Then when you see the pure virtue on solid with sin performed by your surviving relatives, and when you see the perfect physical, verbal and mental practices of your spiritual teachers and mentors, then when you are compelled to rebirth your feeling of great delight has the invaluable benefit of lifting you up into the higher States, just as you're about to be reborn in the hard States. That's right. You know that my, one of my great teachers, the Lama Tara, Toko the Abbott former Abbot of, of Ghouta, uh, upper tantric college.
Bob Thurman 00:46:54 He was so wonderful. And he would wax eloquent about the practice of congratulatory. Rejoice. I know more than, you know, just so you don't worry. It's cool then Tibetan. And this means, you know, somebody does something great. They jumped over the eight foot. Uh high-gain but whatever, uh, they run under the four minute mile day, do whatever. And then you say Irish, I congratulate is wonderful. What you did and you sort of purge away any trace, a big grudging. Oh, well maybe you had special help. Oh, maybe you were drunk. Oh, maybe it is. Or, Oh man, Hey, I could do something even greater, a little envy, jealousy, begrudging, no said we tend to do right. How about anybody? They do anything. Cause we were trained or were miseducated to be rapidly competitive with everybody about everything, you know? And so, and then, so it's hard to really feel joy at someone else's success.
Bob Thurman 00:48:04 It's sort of a little of, well, maybe not. So great happens very fast. So congratulatory, rejoicing really full-scale by carrier sleep, participating, enjoying your triumph is my triumph. I love it. It's marvelous. It's, you know, everyone should enjoy, you know, recognize it and blah, blah, blah. That practice is the lazy man's way of collecting virtue. And you didn't jump page feet and you didn't do this or that or whatever it is. But by really enjoying the person who does and genuinely joining in it with them, you get a little share of the merit of doing it as if you did it yourself. And here's a case where that really does you in good stead because you're being in a stampede, be ready to go off th --
-- e cliff into the abyss of a dumb level of existence where you would not have much freedom, less leisure Liberty to plan a high, a evolutionary benefit or evolutionary progress.
Bob Thurman 00:49:09 And you'd just be reacting to situations subsistently and yet you turn your little antelope head or your Buffalo head and you see your old glue levitating shiny with light expressing love for all beings, whatever. Oh, that's so great. And by seeing that boom, your can be lifted right out of the herd in that moment because everything is so unstable. You see there's where Tara remember Chad's great. Teaching really works. And of course he always then would want to say, and therefore be careful in these Western movies, like those movies about bank robberies, although they should, okay, you're robbing a casino. They're already mafia are criminals. Okay. So you can feel better, but you're still Robbie. Oh, then you are compelled. I love this. You were compelled to rebirth your feeling of great delight has the invaluable benefit of lifting you up into the higher estates just as you were about to be reborn in the Orenstein. Bob Thurman 00:50:09 And of course their greatest higher state is the human birth, the human life in a we're in a, in a society where there have either are Buddhas or have been Buddhas where the residue of the border through teaching and Texas still there, where you were in a, where they will have the means so that you can become educated and you would have the leisure to pursue the education, to develop true insight and wisdom from your learning and your self cultivation and et cetera, et cetera. In other words, Oh, that's the highest sustained. Those are the higher than the heavens high or there's a few heavens where they have Dharma centers like town. That's a good one because my trainer is there has like a big Dharma center there. He has a big mega Dharma center in the tertiary to heaven, but they're also dead. Is there how just goofing around because it's a heaven, you know, two sheets that means satisfaction, satisfied, having them satisfaction so forth up in the desire realm. You know, there's each one has specific, uh, specific, uh, qualities, very carefully described by Psychonauts.
Bob Thurman 00:51:20 And when you are compelled to rebirth a delight, that's really great. So be very careful as it is so important for you to construct a positive attitude of reverence and fades and not allow any place for in pure negativity of perception. Hey, Nobel ones in charge since your presence between consciousness is highly unstable volatiles and mobile and virtuous or vicious perception is very powerful. Don't think at all about any unvirtuous evolution and remember your own virtuous practice. If you have no virtuous practice, then adopt a positive perception anyway, and feel faith and reverence, pray to your architect, deity into the Lord of compassion, whatever you call them with intense wield power, perform this prayer as follows. And then we recite together. Now that I wander alone without my loved ones and all my visions are about empty images, made the Buddha's exert a force of their compassion and stop the fear and hate drawn terrors of the between. Now, when I suffer by the power of negative evolution, may my architect Ganges dispel my suffering when reality crashes with the thousand thunders and they all become Omani bed me at home when I'm pulled by evolution without recorders may the Lord's mild and fierce dispelled my suffering. When I suffered due to evolutionary instincts, make clear light bliss arise for me, thus performed this fervent prayer. He will surely guide you on the path. It is crucial that you decide it is sure not to let you down.
Bob Thurman 00:53:21 So then, okay, when you say this, the disease should become aware, recognize the light and attain liberation. That's. We can do that at anytime. You know, if you think about, you know, we can, that's the kindness and the great gift of the materialist scientists. Even though I refused to their re pretend to reject the existence of the mind and former and future life, et cetera. And the continuum of mental energy, even though I do, I deeply respect and admire them. And they, their reductionism gives us a model, a template of something very amazing that we can do where you can meditate about yourself. And you can first recognize that you think you're a flesh and blood skeleton, upholding muscles and tissues and nervous system and chakras inside and brain and et cetera, et cetera, and limbs and digits and so forth. And that's you. But then you stop to think, well, wait a minute.
Bob Thurman 00:54:26 If I went to a physics class biology class, it would be all these cells. And the microbiome has like a, a billion people hanging Harold. So what I, this is me. I mean, it's like a huge seeding community. Talk about community and then, okay, forget the biologist head for the physicist. Then wait there's molecules. And the cells are made up of molecules. Then the molecules have Adam and the atoms have 10 there's DNA molecules. And then there's the there's RNA DNA and all kinds of codes, completely invisible to me. And then the Adam itself is only a little nucleus. And then it has our little electrons spinning way out in the bleachers, far away from the nucleus on home plate. And so it's mostly empty space with things buzzing around in them. That's what that is really me. They said that the uncertainty principle, there's no objective there at all. And then, but wait, maybe there that they didn't, they, they don't say there's nothing, actually. They just said they couldn't find anything. And they're looking even cause a disruption in whatever it may have been objectively there. So they didn't say that because obviously nobody's going to find nothing there. They just didn't find what they were looking for. And then there's all this dark, dark metal. So point is we can do that reductionism. And then we can reach a place though, where we are just pure light. We already are light. We are light.
Bob Thurman 00:56:01 And remember the light is not a particle light is just every, and it's everywhere. And that's what we are because there's no room for anything other than that actually really just light. And then we are our miss knowing, carves it into different things or our risk or our awareness of other residual interconnection with others who are ms. Snowing. And we carved that into two different forms of light. And then they themselves make themselves ever more coarse and set and solid in order to feel secure. Although that's having the opposite effect. In fact, they were feeling less secure by doing that, but they do it because it makes them think they're going to be secure. And uh, but we are already light. In other words, that's true. That's a really good meditation. You can do that. Anytime.
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With all the love for cats that the Internet and the world have in general, people sometimes wonder what the numbers tell us about our favorite feline friends. How many cats are there in the world, for example.
What about the habits of cats and their owners? All of these things have a pattern, as some very interesting cat statistics mentioned in this article show. So, if you’re curious or just want to know whether you’re alone in letting your cat sleep with you in your bed, read on.
103 Latest Cat Statistics
- WorldAtlas estimates there are more than 400 – 600 million domesticated and feral cats in the world. In all honesty, that sounds like a low estimate when you consider that cats form the bulk of the Internet. Anywhere in between seems a reasonable guess.
2. Of that 400 million, as suggested by WorldAtlas, about 375 million are pets. The rest are feral or stray. At least, that is the best estimate anyone will willingly venture.
3. Simply Insurance estimates that there are around 600 million cats living in the world today. 370 million of those cats are kept as pets.
4. 23% of the population report having a cat (Source: GFK Global Study)
Cat Adoption Sources
5. According to an ASPCA report, cats are primarily adopted from these sources.
- Animal Shelter/Humane Society – 31%
- Friends/Relatives – 28%
- Breeder – 3%
- Stray – 27%
- Private Party – 6%
- Other – 39%
6. An ASPCA National Rehoming Survey showed that 42% of rehomed cats were given up because of problematic behavior (54%) or health problems (29%).
Most Comon Cat Breeds
7. There is a difference of opinion when defining the most common cat breeds. One source – the Encyclopedia Britannica, lists only 15. But the International Cat Association recognizes 71. The Cat Fanciers’ Association in the USA listed 46 breeds in 2020, and the Fédération Internationale Féline in France declares there to be 48.
8. Of the pedigree breeds, these were the 10 most popular:
- Ragdoll
- Exotic
- Maine Coon
- Persian
- British Shorthair
- Devon Rex
- Abyssinian
- American Shorthair
- Scottish Fold
- Sphynx
11th place is what the CFA calls the registered companion cat. This type of cat makes up 95% of the mainstream cat population in the United States.
Cats in the USA
9. The numbers are estimates, but the best guess is that there are 60 million domestic cats living in homes in the USA, with about 43 million homes having at least one feline pet. That’s about 25% of households in the US. (Source: avma.org)
10. The United States has the highest cat population per capita in the world with just over 74 million cats. China has the second-highest cat population with over 53 million. (Source: GFK Global Study)
11. On average, cat homes have 1.8 cats. (Source: avma.org)
Feral Cats in the USA
12. There is a surprisingly large number of feral cats in the US. One estimate puts the number at around 32 million. Other estimates put the number closer to 100 million.
13. There are said to be 94 million home cats in the United States.
14. Female feral cats have an estimated 1.6 litters per year. Even though the lifespan of a feral cat is relatively short, it still poses a huge problem for a potentially massive feral cat population. As discussed elsewhere on this list, the impact on a local ecosystem can be devastating.
Sadly, most agree that most feral cats cannot be tamed and adopted. They can be considered wild animals for all intents and purposes. (Sources: National Today/ Bard.edu / tuckahoevet.com / WebMD)
Black Cats Seem Less Popular, But May Not in Fact Be So
15. Historically, black cats are the least-frequently adopted cats. Some believe this has to do with traditional superstitions. Others also argue that cat adopters generally seek more “photogenic” cats. A certain sector perceives black cats as more aggressive for unclear reasons.
But this statistic may not be as cut and dry as it first seems. While there appears to be a higher rate of euthanasia for black cats, deeper inspection suggests it may simply be because of a statistical abundance of black cat genes.
There are statistically more black cats in shelters than in any other color. This may account for a slightly skewed perception that black cats are unwanted. (Sources: Psychology Today / MentalFloss)
Cats Are a Threat to Other Wildlife
16. Cats are excellent hunters, but their instincts can have a negative impact on other species in their territory. As far as studies show, populations of birds (123 species), reptiles (25 species), and small mammal populations (27 species) have all been threatened by cats. (Source – Research Gate)
17. Nature.com estimates that free-roaming cats could theoretically kill up to an astonishing 4 billion birds and 22 billion small mammals per year in the US alone. This study was based on predation rates.
Cats Can Have 12 Kittens At a Time
18. A cat can have as many as 12 kittens at any one time. Fortunately, this is rare. On average, cats have four kittens in a litter. They can, however, have as many as five litters per year.
19. Cats will be pregnant for between 63 and 67 days. Crunch the numbers, and you realize that a cat can have as many as 420 kittens in seven years.
20. The biggest litter on record is 19 kittens. Only 15 survived. (Sources: International Cat Care, The Spruce Pets, Purina, FactRetriever)
House Cats Live Longer
21. Life on the street is hard. The average stray or feral cat lives for a little more than two to three years on average. Strays and ferals are also less likely to live into adulthood.
22. Cats in homes with humans live more than ten years and about 15 years on average for a healthy cat.
23. Mixed breeds tend to live longer than pedigreed purebreds. The oldest cat on record lived for 38 years. Creme Puff lived in Texas. (Sources: PetMD, Wikipedia)
People Love to Adopt Cats
24. A surprisingly high percentage of domestic cats are adopted from shelters in the US – approximately 43% of cats in homes come from shelters. (Soure: HumanePro.org / APPA 2019/2020 report)
25. 21% of cat owners in the US have adopted strays. (Soure: HumanePro.org / APPA 2019/2020 report)
Houses Tend to Have More Than One Cat in the USA
26. As mentioned, the house that has cats tends to have almost two on average. Houses with dogs typically only have one dog. (Source: Spots)
27. There are more dogs than cats in homes in the US. (Source: Spots)
28. More than half the homes in the United States have dogs, while a little more than one-third favor cats. (Source: Spots)
Cat Food and Other Cat Costs
29. The Cat Market is estimated at $14 billion and is growing at a 4-5% CAGR. (Source: Business Wire)
30. According to the 2020 APPA report, cat owners spent an average of $228 on cat food in 2020.
31. Vet costs averaged $160, while surgeries cost $214. (Source: APPA)
32. That same year, $58 was spent on treats on average. (Source: APPA)
33. Owners were relatively stingy on cat toys, spending only $31 on average. (Source: APPA)
34. For the most part, people spend under $50 per month on their pets, according to a Joybird survey.
35. People between 55 and 64 tend to spend the most on their pets. The next age group to spend on their pets is 18-24 year-olds (Source: Joybird)
36. If you are aged 45-55, you may be more willing to spend $100+ per month on your pet. This doesn’t necessarily account for medical emergencies and other unforeseen expenses. (Source: Joybird)
37. 21% of cat and dog owners in the United States spent more on their pets during the pandemic. Cat owners on average spent $687 whereas dog owners spent $1,201. (Source: Petfood Industry, Money)
Millennials Own the Most Cats
38. Millennials are the age group most likely to own cats as they make up 31% of the ownership pie. (Sources: Pet Food Processing / Money)
39. Of that 31%, 82% own aa dog and 50% own at least one cat (Sources: Pet Food Processing / Money)
40. Milennials also spend the most on their cats, rounding out to around $745 per year. (Sources: Pet Food Processing / Money)
Company is Key
41. The main reason people get pets – and especially cats and dogs – is “for the company.” This is according to a YouGov survey, which saw 52% of respondents giving this reason. (Source: YouGov).
42. Cats are typically part of a larger family unit. Over half (56%) of cat people have children. Only 26% of cat owners are single. (Source: Cat Person)
Cat Shelters Are A Long Shot
43. Once a cat is lost, chances are slim of finding it in a shelter. Only 1% of owners find their cats in a shelter once it is lost. You have a better chance of finding it by searching your neighborhood.
44. That said, many cats are found and returned to owners who search for them. There’s a much better chance of finding a lost dog in a shelter, though. (Source: Pet Food Processing)
Kittens Are More Likely to be Adopted
45. 82% of kittens are adopted from a shelter or other source. (Source: MentalFloss)
46. Older cats – notably from around 18 months or older – have a much slimmer chance of finding a home. About 60% of older cats in a shelter can expect to find a new forever home. (Source: MentalFloss)
Orange is the New Cat
47. Numbers show that orange tabbies (sometimes called gingers, mistakenly) are the most popular color for adoption. Grays and browns follow, with the aforementioned black and tuxedo cats trailing last on the list. (Source: MentalFloss)
Cats Are the Most Common Pets Found in Shelters
48. Sadly, cats occupy up to two-thirds of shelter space in certain places. Cats and dogs together make up 80% of all animals in shelters. (Source: ASPCA / Psychology Today)
49. In the US, nearly a million pets are euthanized every year. Most are healthy or have treatable conditions. (Source: ASPCA / Psychology Today)
50. Only 10% of sheltered animals are neutered. (Source: ASPCA / Psychology Today)
Why People Give Up Their Cats
51. Allergic reactions are often quoted as reasons for people giving up cats. In reality, only around 37% of those who give up their cats attribute allergies as the primary reason. (Source: Petfinder)
52. Twice as many people are allergic to cats than to dogs. (Source: Petfinder)
53. Other reasons given for abandoning their pets are too many animals to care for (11%) and personal problems (4%). (Source: Petfinder)
Maine Coons Are the Largest Cats, Statistically
54. Maine Coons are considered the largest recognized breed of domestic cat, with some weighing up to 25 pounds and reaching 40 inches in length. (Sources: FactRetriever, CatTime)
Cats and Heart Disease
55. About 10% of all cats are afflicted with heart disease. It may well be the single leading cause of death among cats. The affliction can occur suddenly or be present for a while. (Sources: Pet Health Network, Traditions Veterinary Services)
What is an Old Cat?
56. In terms of classification, an 11-year-old cat is generally considered to be an old cat. That is the equivalent of a senior citizen in human terms. This doesn’t mean they will necessarily act old and slow. Some cats seem perfectly fine and energetic beyond 14 years old. (Source: Hill’s Pet Nutrition)
Sharing Beds With Pets
57. Cats are more likely to share a bed or blankets with owners than dogs. Pet owners in general also report feeling that they sleep a lot better with their cats around. (Source: Apartment Therapy, CPA)
Cats Are Superb Groomers
58. Cats can spend up to half their day grooming and cleaning themselves. They love to be clean, and they love to look good. The process actually helps with more than keeping clean. It also helps to regulate body temperature and maintain a healthy coat. (Source: Cornell University)
Note: As they get older, their ability to groom may diminish, but they will also gradually become less active in general.
Cats Have Fertility Cycles From Four Months Old
59. A cat is said to be in heat when it is in its prime state of fertility or in estrus. This can last between 3 and 14 days. The cycle can repeat every few weeks unless the cat is neutered or becomes pregnant. (Source: VCAhospitals)
The Internet Was Made For Cats (Probably)
60. We often joke that the Internet is essentially a library of cats. And the numbers seem to support this notion. CNN reported in 2015 that there was an internet cat picture for every human on the planet – nearly 7 billion. (Sources: Treehugger, Wikipedia, CNN)
61. More people watch cat videos on YouTube than any other type of video. (Sources: Treehugger, Wikipedia, CNN)
62. The first cat video on Youtube was uploaded in 2005 by YouTube co-founder Steve Chen. He posted a video of his cat and called it “Pajamas and Nick Drake“. (Source: bbc.co.uk)
63. The first viral cat video was in 2006. “Puppy vs Cat” was uploaded by a user called Sanchey or Michael Wienzek and has had 16.3 million views as of January 2022. (Source: bbc.co.uk)
64. As of 2015, there were over 2 million cat videos on Youtube and cats are one of the most searched terms on the internet. (Source: bbc.co.uk)
65. The oldest continuously operated cat website is sophie.net. The site launched in 1999 and is still operating. (Source: Wikipedia)
66. In 2015 it was estimated that there could be around 6.5 billion pictures of cats on the internet. (Source: CNN)
More Men Than Women Own Cats, Statistically
67. In a surprising twist, it turns out that stats reveal men to be the primary cat owners of the world, though not by much. 37% of men own cats, while 33% of women call a feline their pet. (Source: Mintel.com)
68. Joybird also asked about pet ownership between men and women. Just about half of men surveyed have pets – 49%. But a whopping 58% of women prefer taking care of pets as opposed to having no pets at all. (Source: Joybird)
Your cat is Probably Left-Pawed
69. There are statistically more cats that are left-sided (or left-pawed) than right-sided. This means that they favor their left paw when needing to use their paws. Yes, animals also have a preferred or dominant “hand” for everyday use. (Source: Cat-world)
Regional Preference
70. As pet owners, we already know that cats rank second to dogs in terms of sheer numbers. But what percentages of pet owners are cat people by region in the US? Cats are popular in the midwest, as 47% of pet owners have them: the northeast and the south rank a close second at 46%. Lagging behind is the west at a strangely low 35%. It seems Cali is not for kitties.
By contrast, the South and West love dogs, with 77% and 81% respectively of pet owners having them. (Source: Joybird)
Pets in the Home
71. More women enable their pets to roam free within the house. More men will have limits – like only allowing their pets in one room. Men and women share the load of those who leave their pets outside, splitting 50/50. That said, most pet dog and cat owners allow their pets inside the home.
72. More women allow their pets on the furniture – 66% of women pet owners, to be exact.
Where Pets Sleep
73. More cats get to sleep in or on the bed than dogs, percentage-wise. But dog owners will tend to let their dogs sleep outside less. We suspect this might have to do with some cat owners not knowing where their cats are sleeping.
74. More women are also likely to lets their pets sleep in or on their bed or even on their pet bed. Men seem to be more ok in general with a pet sleeping outdoors or elsewhere (not on the bed).
75. For the most part, the majority of US cats and dogs get to sleep on a human bed or a pet bed.
Animal Shelter Cat Statistics
The ASPCA estimates the following figures when it comes to statistics around animal shelters. There is currently no official national database tabulating these numbers accurately.
76. Of the 6.3 million animals entering shelters every year, 3.2 million are cats. Overall, this has been a decline since 2011.
77. More cats than dogs are euthanized in shelters – about 530 000 cats compared to 390 000 dogs.
78. Four million dogs and cats are adopted every year – about two million of each.
79. Roughly 1000 lost cats are returned successfully to owners every year.
United Kingdom Cat Statistics
80. 26% of all homes in the UK have a cat. This is up from pre-Covid19 levels of 23%. (Source: Cats.org.uk)
81. 7% of cat owners surveyed said they got a cat during the pandemic. (Source: Cats.org.uk)
82. 7% also adopted a stray. (Source: Cats.org.uk)
83. There are an estimated 11 million cats in the UK. (Source: Cats.org.uk)
84. Each cat home has an average of 1.5 cats (less than the US) (Source: Cats.org.uk)
85. 52% of pet owners consider their cat to be their best friend. 40% of people got a pet as they wanted to improve their mental health. (Source: YouGov)
Vet-Related Stats
86. About 70% of UK cat owners say their cat is up to date with all inoculations and vaccinations.
87. Slightly fewer young cats were neutered during the pandemic. At 86%, that could be accounted for by the quarantine and lockdown phases of the pandemic response.
88. About 70% of domestic cats are microchipped, helping to prevent cats from being lost.
Being a cat person isn’t always easy.
89. 73% of cat owners think there are negative stereotypes of cat people. However, 80% of cat owners do not believe that those stereotypes apply to them. (Source: Cat Person)
90. Cat owners are nearly four times as likely as the average person to work in a creative field (Source: Mars Petcare)
91. 80% of cat owners think the US culture caters more to dog people than cat people. (Source: Mars Petcare)
92. More than half of cat owners have bought products for their cats that were meant for small dogs. (Source: Cat Person)
93. 23% of cat owners have shared their innermost feelings and thoughts with their cat. (Source: Mars Petcare)
94. 70% of cat owners credit their pets with helping them to reduce their stress levels (Source: Mars Petcare)
Diet and Health
95. Vets think 44% of cats they see are overweight. Owners have a slightly more optimistic view – only 31% think their cats are overweight. About 35% of owners actually think their cats are underweight.
World Cat Statistics
96. According to stats from WorldAtlas, Germany has the most prolific cat ownership numbers in Europe, with an estimated 23% of households owning cats. It therefore also has the most cats of all countries in Western Europe, with about 14 million cats. France and the UK follow closely.
97. Istanbul has a wonderfully progressive policy for stray dogs and cats. The city regularly tags and neuters strays and releases them again to live in peace. An estimated 125 000 cats roam the streets in Istanbul, fed by locals and mostly perfectly healthy. The city is affectionately called Catstanbul by some locals. (Source: legalnomads.com)
98. Some cats are celebrities. Gli, who lives in the Hagia Sophia, has more than 100 000 Instagram followers.
99. In Romania, the balance between cat and dog owners is even! About 45% of houses have cats, and 45% have dogs.(Source: petsecure.com.au)
100. Nearly 92% of cats in Australia are kept indoors. Of Australians who don’t have pets, 53% report wanting one. More younger people who own pets (20%) have pet insurance. (Source: petsecure.com.au)
101. Cats are far more popular than dogs in Russia. 57% of Russians have a cat living with them. Only 29% of Russians have a dog. (Source: GFK Global Study)
102. 4 out of 10 people in France have a cat (Source: GFK Global Study)
103. Cat Statistics by Country
This list provided by Petsecure.co.au offers some insight into how cat ownership looks across the world.
- USA 74,059,000
- China 53,100,000
- Russia 17,800,000
- Brazil 12,466,000
- France 11,480,000
- Germany 8,200,000
- UK 8,000,000
- Italy 7,400,000
- Ukraine 7,350,000
- Japan 7,300,000
- Poland 5,550,000
- Romania 3,891,000
- Spain 3,385,000
- Argentina 3,000,000
- Netherlands 2,877,000
- Hungary 2,240,000
- Australia 2,200,000
- South Africa 2,000,000
- Belgium 1,884,100
- Czech Republic 1,750,000
Final Thoughts on Cat-Related Statistics
Some of these stats will no doubt surprise and interest you. If you want to know more about our furry friends, check out this fun article on interesting cat behaviors.
In the meantime, it feels assuring to know that cats are second only to dogs when it comes to their popularity with humans. We’ve been friends with them for a long time, and although the jury is out on who exactly the boss is in that relationship, there are no signs of the species parting ways soon.
This cat statistics post contains affiliate links. That means if you click through and make a purchase I will most likely receive a small commission. This won’t affect the price you pay. Just wanted to make sure you knew.
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Car insurance has risen by $50 – $one hundred in the last 5 years, as wellness care fees happen to be expanding. Drivers are also required to have uninsured and PIP insurance plan, which happen to be previously mentioned-ordinary state needs. Several states only require legal responsibility insurance policies, but The big apple demands motorists to carry both of those. These optional coverages enhance the expense of insurance policies, and can generally raise the complete premium. And lastly, drivers really should Examine their protection restrictions, as some guidelines Have a very lower minimal quantity of protection than Some others.
In Big apple, the common human being spends 2.eight p.c in their earnings on auto insurance policy, and that is a little bigger than the national regular of two.forty p.c. Persons of their 30s, 40s, and 50s pays a little lower than the standard. The 70+ age team can pay increased premiums than motorists with less driving practical experience. Those people who are married can pay somewhat greater rates, but nonetheless lessen than one men and women.
In combination with lessen charges, motorists also can take defensive driving courses. These courses are 320 minutes in size, and contain conversations of driver Perspective and site visitors rules. Additionally they instruct defensive driving techniques that could significantly cut down the price of insurance policy. They might also assist to enhance their driving report, so finishing a program can reduced the price of a car coverage quote. Nonetheless, in case you are Not sure about the exact coverage you would like, you could Check out While using the Coverage Information and facts Institute.
When gas charges fluctuate by point out, the cost of a car or truck insurance policy quote in other states could be larger or decreased than your own private. Some variables may perhaps account for this, including The proportion of uninsured motorists, condition insurance plan legal guidelines, and the speed of theft. Also, the incidence of undesirable weather conditions can alter the price of insurance plan in different states. The next desk displays regular motor vehicle insurance coverage premiums in several states. These estimates are based upon a comparison of condition insurance coverage demands.
Missouri is The most cost effective point out for full-protection automobile insurance policies, paying out just $944 under Louisiana. Furthermore, this state has one among the bottom costs for every capita, and is particularly ranked fifth with regards to expense of living. In contrast, Texas motorists fork out probably the most for his or her car insurance coverage, paying out just as much as 33% of their yearly money in overall. This disparity could be as a consequence of the fact that the state includes a high range of uninsured drivers and lots of lawsuits.
The nationwide normal for total coverage vehicle insurance policy is $one,771 a calendar year. The point out with the most expensive insurance plan high quality is Louisiana, that has a premium of $2,839, a 19% enhance from 2020. Conversely, Maine’s ordinary insurance plan quality is only $858. This is because no-fault states have bigger insurance coverage rates. The cost of an automobile coverage policy in other states can differ noticeably. There are several things to look at, which includes your state’s legislation on coverage.
In case you are searhing for superior-threat driver vehicle coverage close to me, you could be pondering ways to get a minimal-cost plan. Substantial-possibility motorists fork out greater coverage premiums than normal drivers. It is because they have a tendency to get extra incidents or violations on their own record. Based on the state, the limit may be a few yrs or 5 years. In some cases, you can obtain reductions if you are taking a driver security course.
Even though the countrywide averages for prime-hazard driver car insurance policies in the vicinity of me are really steady, you’ll discover that premiums fluctuate wildly from state to point out. Some corporations change their fees to various states, so if you live in a specific point out, you could learn that a person insurance provider presents you the most effective coverage for your lower price. The most affordable large-danger driver car insurance policy in close proximity to me emanates from Condition Farm, that has a long-standing reputation for furnishing outstanding company.
The easiest way to look for a high-chance driver motor vehicle insurance plan in the vicinity of me will be to enter your ZIP code and Assess quotes. The cost of high-possibility vehicle insurance coverage near me can differ from condition to condition, but most significant insurers give such protection. Some companies concentrate on superior-possibility protection, like National Typical. You might even be able to find a less expensive coverage if you have superior grades as well as a lower-threat car.
There are various benefits of comparing auto insurance policy businesses. In the following paragraphs, We are going to explore several of A very powerful functions, such as ratings, special discounts, and customer care. Deciding on the most effective policy is essential for your protection and security, so make the effort to compare the different policies from different businesses. By the point you end looking at this text, you’ll need an notion of which insurance provider delivers the most effective coverage at the lowest cost. Here are several tricks to pick the correct one for yourself:
To have the greatest fee, it is best to Review vehicle insurance estimates from distinctive organizations. Insurers use lots of variables to determine the cost of insurance coverage. You should detect your specific desires and Look at selling prices from numerous suppliers. For instance, sporting activities vehicles can Expense more to insure than typical vehicles. In addition, your locality and driving history may also have an impact on the charges that you’ll be quoted. By utilizing a comparison Resource, yow will discover the bottom price on a similar protection Along with the similar deductibles.
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There is no reason for it, some people just like their planet.Among the stars, being weak is the original sin.When Luo Jia heard this sentence, she was in a bad mood.Her own small ball is facing a similar crisis.Looking at the stars, the environmental index of the small ball is at the top, but the earthlings who occupy the small ball are not very strong, so Only by being targeted by the Galen Empire, this is probably what the ancients high blood pressure high cholesterol high triglycerides said, everyone is innocent and guilty.
At an altitude of 80 kilometers, it successfully crossed the middle layer and is about to enter the warm layer.
The Shimmering Star County, where the quantum civilization is located, and the lair of the dark civilization, one of the legendary poles of the universe, the Abyss do bananas lower cholesterol Star County.
But in Luo Jia is view, there is only one real reason, that is, people is hearts and what blood pressure medicine was recalled malicious intentions People, doing anything is equal to doing evil.
As an existence who likes to keep a hand, Luo Jia believes in the truth that no one has as good as his own.
No matter whether it is deuterium or helium 3, it is rare and expensive, and some space probes, such as space telescopes, do not actually require much speed.
So, any individual or group that does sea moss help high blood pressure tries to unlock the primordial element and use the powerful power of the primal element will be cursed and hunted down by the god of the universe, which is the annihilation of civilization.
For those who have made great contributions, we must not just watch you suffer, right Boss Yang is attitude of I am all for your sake made Luo Jia could not help laughing.
At the very beginning, the camera was .
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positioned at Space Station Zero, and the robotics engineering team was carefully inspecting all the facilities, because in another 12 hours, the space station will welcome the first batch of human beings, opening the star, sea, and sea that is destined to go down in history forever.
After all, in this world, compromise is by no means the worst thing, at least it shows that you still have the value of compromise.
The Xingchen bus system will extend in all directions, covering every township in China, but the original intention of this is not to lead everyone is rural life, on the contrary, common bp medications it is to allow everyone to leave the countryside and enter the modern city life.
Unconsciously, the depth has entered the life of every earthling.When you go to a fast food restaurant to buy a hamburger, most of the people serving you what blood pressure medicine was recalled are robots.
The first child hypertension ablation in human history to reach space, the mother and daughter both made history.Okay, okay, let is talk about something serious.Luo Jia muttered.Today is regular meeting empty stomach and high blood pressure of the Administration Bureau has become an occasion for An Ran to show off his daughter.
Boss Yang thought that Lu Junlin was Luo Jia is assistant, so he did not ask any more questions.
However, the fighting ability displayed by the imaging in pulmonary hypertension mouse was completely inconsistent with his worth.
Luo Jia sighed, the thing is so ironic, when these civilizations joined forces to kill the mechanical clan, they suddenly found out that the real enemy has been controlling himself in the dark, and he accidentally became the accomplice of the enemy.
Is that so.Void my blood pressure changes every minute voice muttered a little disappointedly, In any case, you helped Euler after all.Say your request.I want to how to lower blood pressure sound buy an elite class warship.Luo Jia said bluntly.What is the reason asked a voiceless voice.There is no special reason.I am afraid of death.I heard that elite class warships are the best in the heyday of civilization.They run fast, have strong firepower, and can better protect my life, so I want to buy one.Luo Jia said.After a short pause, the voiceless voice laughed, You are a funny human, with an honest personality and no hypocrisy at all, very much like a friend I used to know.
I do not know the specifics.It seems that interventions to lower blood pressure in the Star Ring Trading Group, it is relatively rare for a young girl to run the branch.
Jiuyang, Otc Meds That Can Lower Bp what blood pressure medicine was recalled it turned out to be Your Excellency the High Priest.Luo Jia handed over and said politely, I wonder why your old man came here this time Looking for the messenger of the mechanical race.
The curtain system Will it be Because someone is eyeing our stealth technology, so the killer There is such a possibility.
All in all, Colin is the kind of existence who habitually helps others without thinking.It is not that this kind of kindness is not good.The reason behind Luo Jia is meeting with Colin is the chance brought by Colin to save Euler is Supplement For Hypertension what blood pressure medicine was recalled father.
This how to mix apple cider vinegar for high blood pressure is not good and it is not logical, because the facts have proven countless times, you can not count on the moment of life and death.
I am not interested.Luo Jia said bluntly, but also politely what blood pressure medicine was recalled said I am sorry, we have other arrangements for the map project.
The situation is becoming more and more critical.Luo Jia has moved his bedroom from the surface to the underground, and the entire Star Technology Group has already been dispersed all over the world to ensure that when the .
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Galen Empire is attacked, these elements will not harm the earth.
Luo Jia said it very seriously, not joking, but Lu Junlin, who was sitting opposite, sprayed directly 400,000 square kilometers of Tarim Lake A super giant with an area thirteen times the size of Lake Baikal What kind of brain Luo Jia is, he really dares to think about it Lu Junlin swallowed hard and stared at Luo Jia with disbelief.
The ending can be how does spironolactone lower blood pressure biology imagined.Battle robots are too powerful, they are almost omnipotent, flying over the eaves and walls It is hard to imagine that Xingchen Technology still has such a ruthless product This is probably the direction of future wars.
The small hailstone number was used as the test object.In a large fleet, there is usually a first commander and a second commander.If the first commander is killed, the second commander will take his place.The first commander and the second .
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- what fast food can i eat with high blood pressure.You must think about what kind of heaven and earth law to condense.The yellow haired dog monster said, liu tao and the others were refreshed and hurriedly handed over to ask for advice.
- lower blood pressure meditation youtube.At the same time, the ancestor of the li family spurted out a mouthful of blood essence, activating the holy glove of the li family, and the glove emitted concerns with high blood pressure a holy light, covering his whole body, and the red hair quickly subsided.
- what is the side effect of high blood pressure medicine.The terrifying starry sky storm and the power of the black hole were all scattered by him, and he could not hurt him in the slightest.
- is 140 84 high blood pressure.It was the first time that liu zi in law and liu muyun saw this kind of battle.
commander do not live on the same ship.In order to prevent the tragedy of all commanders once the ship crashes, there is a distinction between the first flagship and the second flagship in the fleet.
When visiting the main control room, the reporters were not allowed to enter, but stood outside the floor can hydorcodone lower your blood pressure or blood sugar to ceiling glass and watched is pseudoephedrine safe for high blood pressure from a distance.
It is a pity that at this stage, our controllable fusion technology is not yet mature, so we have to settle what blood pressure medicine was recalled High Blood Pressure Pills Walmart for the next best thing and let the Eye of the Stars stay at the Lagrange point.
Genius is destined to be different.Ordinary people who are hesitant to even buy vegetables in the supermarket, although they find it very refreshing to read novels, but they are often a hundred and eight thousand miles away why high blood pressure cause atherosclerosis from the word decisive.
Recently, some people have said that the CEOs of the three Silicon Valley giants, Microsoft, Google, and Apple are all Indians, and our country is lagging behind in terms of talents.
Due to being vegetarian for a long time and living in pure and pollution free nature, people with plant civilizations tend to have will aspirin help high blood pressure weak stomachs.
He was stunned.He could not believe that the front line had won such an exaggerated victory, completely wiped out the opponent is half completed fleet, and the battle loss ratio reached an exaggerated one to three.
In short, Luo Jia spent a long time analyzing the damage that finance and financial derivatives have brought to the world.
The next news will be interesting.Enron continued The North American side may send stroke without high blood pressure ICAO and the International Civil Aviation Organization to visit China in the near future.
It is said that in many important wars in other Xing County, the shiver bomb has played a decisive role.
Musk said his neuropathy and high blood pressure thoughts.In swollen lymph nodes and high blood pressure addition to the lenses and
the necessary mechanical structures, this space telescope also has a huge base, so that more telescopes can be installed on the base in the future, and eventually it will become a complex space observation array.
After helping Luo Jia to suppress the elemental power in his right hand, No.7 Entered a period of silence.Just sleep, the little belly is gradually bulging.The territory of the water shaped civilization is very similar to the earth.I am a little homesick, how about you Luo Jia asked while touching No.7 Is head.The little mouse let out a haha, curled up his tail, his whole body was paralyzed, and he was lying in a state of Ge You, gently picking his nostrils with his claws.
I am afraid that soon, .
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the earth will not be able to hold Xingchen technology.Musk frowned, surrounded by the sour talk of his colleagues.At this moment, the whole world is cheering for Xingchen Technology to create history, but there are such a group of people who are unwilling to admit the excellence of the Tough Guys and use vicious language.
From the current point of view, it is difficult to say whether Vietnam is economy can take off, but their GDP growth rate has begun to show signs of stagnation, and the proportion of foreign trade in GDP has reached an unprecedented 200.
At the same time, the teacher also said that it is necessary to send back important technical information and develop a super large deep space data capture array to facilitate future espionage and intelligence work.
So far, Aunt Duoer and his compatriots have to be temporarily wronged.Luo Jia plans to use the shadow civilization and twelve star beasts to weave a wonderful story that His Royal Highness cannot refuse.
At the same time, the corners of Luo Jia is mouth rose, slightly evoking a radian, she stepped forward, and walked towards a few people in a generous direction, with Shen Lang and Du Liangyu following behind.
A sturdy rubber boat with a single engine engine costs only 1,200, which is equivalent to paying 50 per person for a boat ticket that can go directly to Europe As for the navigation route, there is no need to worry about it.
These epoch making projects are all masterpieces of robots.It was bp square pill thought that the robots of Xingchen Technology were a group of kind hearted little guys who were harmless to humans and animals.
However, what the science and engineering men never expected was that this vigorous cracking operation ended in the complete failure of the major laboratories.
Are not too smooth.I can not tell, you are quite popular with girls.Back on the boat, little aunt Duo er teased Lan Yu Just now at the customs, so many little girls were circling around you, and their eyes were shining straight.
I clearly searched for the name of the community, but the result came out as an advertisement.Recommended me to see a doctor at an andrology hospital.I was so angry that my lungs were Lower Bp Eastern Medicine how to mix apple cider vinegar for high blood pressure about to explode.I was so busy that I did not even have time to date high blood pressure and room spinning my girlfriend.Bai Du actually recommended me to go to the male department I will see your sister Everyone laughed wildly.
It seems that these special gloves are stronger than expected.Although I was also sealed in the Chloe alloy in the past, I was still very rudimentary at that time and had very little how to manage fluctuating blood pressure wisdom.
I am angry, but I am not worried.Because I believe that it is not a bunch of idiots that the Chinese how to get rid of high blood pressure nation has survived to this day.
After my uncle retired, he had nothing to do and planted it in his yard.As for why Luo Jia went to the capital, this involved a very unpopular knowledge.In my country is civil map system, one counts as one, and it is 100 wrong.As early as 1992, my country passed the Surveying and Mapping Law.Except for the fourteen statutory surveying and mapping units, no other enterprise or individual has the right to carry out surveying and mapping activities on the territory.
If that is the case, then open your eyes and take a look.The strong light stimulated the retina, Luo Jia hurriedly blinked his does brilintatake lower blood pressure eyes and let them adapt to the sunlight.
The corners of .
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Musk is mouth rose, revealing a smug smile, They are all sky survey grades, even super sky survey grades.
Since the secret network needs to be accessed through a virtual warehouse or virtual helmet, there is no way to exchange data in real time when they are not wearing virtual helmets, so the message board becomes what blood pressure medicine was recalled their only information exchange address, although it is not as convenient as real time information exchange.
After finishing speaking, Luo Jia observed and found that Jin frowned and meditated like a human.
Luo Jia was also helpless, so she nodded slightly.At the moment of the enemy, can Huaxia and Xingchen Technology get rid of other countries and go it alone The answer is no, our country is products are not rich and very poor, and even iron ore has to be imported.
When the Loess Plateau turned into green mountains and clear waters, when the Tarim Desert with does remicade lower blood pressure a total area of 360,000 square kilometers turned into fertile fields, when the water from the Qinghai Tibet Plateau was introduced why do dabs lower blood pressure into the northwest and exploded the Indian gas in situ, the stars The social and historical significance brought about by the advance of science and does aortic dissection cause hypertension technology into civil engineering can be considered to be truly realized.
Handwritten letter An Ran showed an expression of sudden realization, scratching his head with his hand, The last time I received this kind of letter was when what blood pressure medicine was recalled High Blood Pressure Meds Names the school sent me an admission letter.
Uh, it is really disrespectful.Luo Jia already knew Wei Dong is character in his heart, so he said straight to the point What is the situation now Wei Dong said with a wry smile Cooperation is definitely necessary, but the question is, who will lead the entire alliance, who will have the executive power, sudafed safe for high blood pressure who will have the military command, and whether countries will immediately implement military control, whether it violates human rights.
No, I lost, to be precise, we lost.The golden voice was hoarse and said without any emotion.How come You obviously killed him Luo Jia was startled suddenly, showing an unbelievable expression.
In the long history of biological civilization, they have created countless beasts, but only twelve star beasts have names and numbers.
416833 85 10 32K.The temperature also has a lower limit, absolute zero is 0K, which is equivalent to minus 273.15 Degrees Celsius.It should be noted that reaching absolute zero does not stop the movement of microscopic particles.
However, at this moment Luo Jia and Shen Lang showed surprised expressions at the same time, because they had just heard a strange word, the first element.
So the Galen Empire had no choice but to fight to the death.Sit down, Mr.Mel Guineas.In an office, Luo Jia looked up and glanced at Mel who was brought by the two guards, then smiled and called Mel is full name, which made Mel a little unexpected, and his footsteps paused slightly.
Obviously, the Galen Empire hiding in the dark occupies the right time and place, and they quickly figured out the earth is trump card, controllable fusion, robots, artificial intelligence, and several starships on the Inner Mongolia prairie that are desperately rushing to work.
After stabilizing the basics of his hometown, Luo Jia seemed to have the backbone.He let go of his hands and feet and put all his strength to work to turn on the horsepower of the robot production line, and the minerals needed were shipped back from all over the world.
Luo Jia said.The good news is that Aunt Duoer and .
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Colin successfully controlled the leakage of the data flow.
After the opening, everyone can benefit.However, the economic value of introducing the water from the Qinghai Tibet Plateau to the western Xinjiang is obviously not high.
The Clown Circus is also a well known team of stars.Even the actors and logistics, there are more than 2,000 people, and the power of the elements is only controlled blood pressure 135 over 85 some of do oats help lower cholesterol them.
Anyone who is parasitized by elemental power has two sets of personalities and two sets of thoughts in the brain at the same time, and scars can rely on keen mental recognition to distinguish and identify potential enemies.
Once the clues reach the Night Castle Company, they will be cut off.In this way, the dark civilization will become more mysterious and safer.Presumably the civilization behind Xingchen Technology also planned the same.As usual, Luo Jia also gave an acceptance speech.When he was on Earth, Luo Jia was naturopathy diet for hypertension known for being good at speaking and bewitching, but today he was obviously not in that mood.
He pointed at Luo Jia with trembling arms and said, The Mechanic does not have such an ugly exoskeleton pulmonary hypertension stories He is not a Mechanic, he is a fake Hearing this, Luo Jiahao did not spit it out on the spot.
This guy is like a nightmare for the Shadow family.It has been lingering for many years.Every once in a while, it will bring trouble to the family.Suddenly, Jin Ying pondered over the taste, and slammed into a shock, his face turned green, and he let out a painful wailing, screaming in agony He.
Elevator.Also in this year, when the Pope visited the world again, the believers could not help but ask, why did the Chinese who did not believe in God be the first to walk out of the earth Why can these Chinese people complete the artificial haiphong what blood pressure medicine was recalled sun Extend human lifespan Assuming that these Chinese people will find aliens in the universe in the future, are the aliens the people of God The freezing of three feet is not a day is cold, and every scientific progress is a challenge to religion.
When human beings walk out of the earth, Entering the world of stars, they are the only ones who can trust their partners, so treating robots well is actually treating humans themselves.
There is no other way, so far, we can only use the tiger is skin as the banner, and take one step at a time.
The advanced design and the crazy height of the buildings made them stand out from the crowd.Compared with the surrounding buildings, these three complexes Like from a sci fi movie, the design and materials are far ahead of their time.
It is difficult to believe in foreign gods, because foreign gods are not high in rank and have little stories.
In short, after the war, the young people in Huaxia began to complain that the sudden increase in the starship engineering class made them almost crazy, but they did not know that the adult world was actually more stressful, and everyone seemed to be nervous.
This is a weightless experience deliberately arranged for this trip.Although there is no gravity generated by rotation in the central axis area of Space Station Zero, there is 130 over 95 high blood pressure is also an electromagnetic best book to lower blood pressure simulation gravity device.
So when the black sword was still on the way, Lan Yu had already arrived at the territory of the water shaped civilization.
The only thing we can trust unreservedly is the robot, so we must spare no effort .
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to build a future oriented partnership, and never underestimate the power of artificial intelligence.
There does high pulse mean high blood pressure are no colonies, no border fleets, no supply space stations, and the target star field seems to have nothing.
Chief Financial Officer Lu Tao is anxious all day long.Although Xingchen Technology has many profitable projects, all of them are It needs to be used to fill the big hole in the space program.
However, before they could figure it out, Luo Jia announced that the press conference had entered the second stage.
Luo Jia was overjoyed, I really have you, the brothers in charge of the No.2 does coconut cooking oil lower blood pressure Plan, if they knew about this, they would be crazy And I just discussed with the national team, about to start the western reconstruction project, and I need the fusion reactor as support.
Luo Jia believed that under such a stalemate, Prince Andrew did not show up because he was taking care of Neda is emotions.
They are all dumbfounded, with a ghostly expression on their faces.The number one scourge of the stars, the mechanical race, they are back If you had not seen it with your own eyes, it would be hard to imagine that there are such bizarre life forms as elements in this world.
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Barbecue varies by the type of meat, sauce, rub, or other flavorings used, the point in barbecuing at which they are added, the role smoke plays, the equipment and fuel used, cooking temperature, and cooking time.
The meat may be whole, ground (for hamburgers), or processed into sausage or kebabs. The meat may be marinated or rubbed with spices before cooking, basted with a sauce or oil before, during or after cooking, or any combination of these.
In South Africa, a braai (plural braais) is a barbecue or grill and is a social custom in much of Southern Africa. The term originated with the Afrikaners,[1] but has since been adopted by South Africans of many ethnic backgrounds. The Afrikaans word braaivleis (English: /ˈbraɪfleɪs/; Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈbrɑːiflɛis]) means grilled meat. The word vleis is Afrikaans for meat, cognate with English flesh.
Braai is regarded by some as another word for barbecue, in that it serves as a verb when describing how food is cooked and a noun when describing the cooking equipment, such as a grill.[1] The traditions around a braai can be considerably different from a barbecue, even if the method of food preparation is very similar. Due to the traditional activities that occur around a braai, many South Africans would argue that having a braai is much better than having a barbecue. While wood was formerly the most widely used braai fuel, in modern times the use of charcoal, briquettes and gas (gas braai) has increased due to their convenience, as with barbecues elsewhere in the world.[2] There has, however, been a renewed interest in the use of wood after the South African government started its invasive plant species removal programme.[3] Many households now own both a gas and wood or charcoal braai.[4] A portable charcoal or wood braai is called a braai stand.
Similar to a potluck party, braais are casual and relaxed social events where families and friends converge on a picnic spot or someone's home (normally the garden or veranda) with their own meat, salad, or side dish in hand. A braai typically includes boerewors, sosaties, kebabs, marinated chicken, pork and lamb chops, steaks, sausages of different flavors and thickness, and possibly even racks of spareribs.
Fish and rock lobster, commonly called crayfish, are also popular in coastal areas, particularly on the west and southwest coasts, and prawns are also braaied.
Bring-and-Braai is a braai that guests bring food (usually including meat) and drinks to (in other braais, the host usually organises the meat and guests contribute side dishes and drinks).
The other main part of the meal in some regions of the country is pap (/ˈpʌp/). Pap is made from finely ground corn/maize and may be eaten with a tomato and onion sauce, a monkey gland sauce, or a more spicy chakalaka at a braai.
Sometimes this activity is also known as a tjop en dop (dop being Afrikaans slang for an alcoholic drink, literally meaning "cap" or "bottle top", and tjop being the informal Afrikaans term for lamb chop) when significant amounts of alcohol are involved.
A braai is a social occasion that has specific traditions and social norms. The meal is subsequently eaten outside by the braai stand, since these gatherings are normally hosted during the long summer months.
What often makes a braai different from barbecue in that it is the "go-to" social event for many South Africans, from Christmas Day, to graduation parties, to birthdays and every day get togethers, used as a means to celebrate. Other cultures may reserve a barbecue as a special event in its own right. Such events may be catered, and when catered are often spit braais (spit rotisseries).
General Motors South Africa used the term braai.
Shisa nyama also spelled chisa nyama or chesa nyama, is a term used in many townships to describe a barbecue or braai where".[5].[6] It is celebrated annually by South Africans across the world on 24 September (South Africa's Heritage Day).[7]
The event was initiated by the Mzansi Braai Institute in South Africa in 2005 and, since 2008, has been promoted under the Braai4Heritage banner, a non-profit initiative.[8] On 5 September 2007, Emeritus Archbishop Desmond Tutu was appointed patron of National Braai Day (Now Braai4Heritage).[9] The initiative received the endorsement of South Africa's National Heritage Council (NHC) in 2008.[10]
Similar to South Africa, the term braai is also used by Zimbabweans to refer to a barbecue. Other terms you may hear are kugocha in the predominantly Shona North or chesa nyama in the South. Usually a variety of different meats are prepared including beef, pork and chicken, and there are always several salads to accompany including potato salad, beetroot, chakalaka and coleslaw. The popular sadza is also served during a braai as well as rice.
Barbecue is popular in all of the Caribbean islands, with each having its own local variations and traditions.
The indigenous Native Taíno peoples method has.
Jamaican jerk chicken is an example of barbecue in Jamaica.
Chuanr are small pieces of meat on skewers roasted over charcoal or, sometimes, electric heat. Chuanr originated in Xinjiang and in recent years has spread throughout the rest of the country as a popular street food, most notably in northern China.
Chuanr was traditionally made from lamb (yáng ròu chuàn, 羊肉串), which is still the most common, but now, chicken, pork, beef, and various types of seafood can also be used. In busy tourist areas, chuanr can also be made with various insects, bugs, birds, and other exotic animals.
Barbecue can also be found in night markets and in some restaurants, often sold on skewers. Some restaurants allow customers to barbecue at their own table; many of these are all-you-can-eat chain restaurants.
In the Cantonese-speaking regions, pork barbecue is made with a marinade of honey and soy sauce, and cooked in long, narrow strips. This form of barbecue is known as char siu, and is commonly eaten and is a common street food.
In addition, outdoor barbecues (usually known simply as BBQ) are popular among local residents on short trips to regional parks in the countryside.[11] These are invariably charcoal-fired, with marinated pieces of meat, usually beef, pork, sausage or chicken wings, cooked using long, hand-held forks. Honey is brushed on near the end of cooking..
Bulgogi (불고기) is thinly sliced beef (sometimes pork or chicken) marinated in soy sauce, sesame oil, garlic and chili pepper, and cooked on a grill at the table. It is a main course and is therefore served with rice and side dishes such as kimchi. Bulgogi literally means fire meat. The more common Korean BBQ is called galbi, which are marinated ribs.
Barbecuing is very popular in Japan as part of an outdoor activity. Normally, more vegetables and seafood are incorporated than in the United States, and soy sauce or soy-based sauces are commonly used.
Occasionally, the Japanese-style fried noodle yakisoba can be cooked as well. In addition, jingisukan (mutton), yakiniku (grilled meat), and horumonyaki (beef or pork offal) are also used. Yakitori is the Japanese equivalent of shish kebab. Spare ribs, chicken, and steak are also grilled and glazed with teriyaki sauce.
Satay is popular in several Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and the Philippines. It consists of pieces of meat skewered on bamboo sticks marinated in a mixture of spices similar to a curry mix and pulverised peanut.
Most common meats are chicken, lamb, and beef, and in non-Muslim enclaves one will also find satay made from pork and animal offal.
Satay is a mainstay of most Malaysian, Indonesian, and Singaporean barbecues. Traditional satay, though the latter, as of 2007, is only available under exceptional circumstances.
Before 1990, it was possible to get satay of animals like tapir, elephants, flying fox, goannas and wild boar. However, these animals are now rare or endangered and their use in this manner is prohibited.
In the Philippines, native barbecue dishes are generally referred to as inihaw (also sinugba or inasal). They are usually made with pork or chicken and are served on bamboo skewers or in small cubes with a soy sauce and vinegar-based dip. It can also refer to any meat or seafood dish cooked and served in a similar way.
Inihaw are commonly sold as street food and are eaten with white rice or rice cooked in coconut leaves (pusô).[12][13][14] Notable versions of inihaw dishes include chicken inasal, satti (a native version of satay), and isaw.
An extremely popular type of inihaw is the lechón, which is a spit-roasted whole pig dish stuffed with lemongrass and spices. Although it has acquired a Spanish name during colonial times, the method of cooking and the ingredients are indigenous to the Philippines.[14] Lechon manok, a variant made with whole chicken is also popular.[15]
"Barbecue" (also "BBQ" or "barbeque") is also a general term in Philippine English to refer to food cooked in skewers. This includes dessert dishes like banana cue and camote cue.[16]
In the city state of Singapore, barbecue or BBQ, as it is commonly known, is a common feature at social gatherings, but a less common feature of a typical Singaporean's daily lifestyle and diet.
A majority of Singaporeans live in government subsidised apartments or HDB flats. A lack of open space in homes results in BBQ gatherings in parks or chalets.
The Singapore National Parks Board rents out barbecue pits that are placed in popular parks such as East Coast Park, includes sambal stingray or cuttlefish wrapped in aluminium foil, grilled meat (chicken, pork, beef).[17]
The fire starter used is not the typical lighter fluid or charcoal chimney starter used in western grills. Instead, the fire starter comes in a box of small rolled up briquettes made of sawdust and wax which is lit and placed under a stack of charcoal briquettes.
Mu kratha is an cooking method that originated in Thailand, In Philippines, Singapore and Malaysia, it is known as mookata.[18]
Mu kratha is prepared with sliced meat (most often pork) is grilled on the dome in the centre while the vegetables and other ingredients, such as fish balls, cook in the soup (also called Thai suki). The hot pot sits on a pail of burning charcoal which grills or boils the food. The best foods for this cooking method are pork, chicken, mutton, lamb, seafood, vegetables, and mushrooms. The local traditional Thai mu kratha is usually served with nam chim suki, a popular dipping sauce. It is well known for using chili sauce as the main ingredient.[19] Some restaurants serve nam chim seafood to accompany seafood.
When cooking mu kratha, a chunk of fat is commonly grilled at the apex of the pan so its grease prevents food from sticking.
Barbeque in Thailand are mostly found at restaurants inside shopping malls for example Bar-B-Q Plaza which is an Mu kratha restaurant.
Besides Mu kratha, Common barbequed foods in Thailand are Satay, Mu kratha, Kho mu yang, Kai yang.
The tandoor is a form of barbecue, particularly focused on baking, that is common in Northern India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Grilling is also popular, and uses native, local spices, especially the many curry blend variations. In addition, there is also the grilling of different types of meat covered in a spicy cream based batter called tikka masala. Arguably, this dish has become one of the most symbolic dishes of Indian cuisine.
Nomadic Mongolians have several barbecue methods, one of which is khorkhog. They first heat palm-sized stones to a high temperature over a fire and alternate layers of lamb and stone in a pot. The cooking time depends on the amount of lamb used. It is believed that it is good for one's health.
A traditional cooking method used in, but not exclusive to, the French and Swiss Alps, pierrade involves the (usually) communal cooking of meats on a hot stone, situated on the serving table.
Germans are enthusiastic about their version of barbecue, grilling (Grillen), especially in the summertime. It is the one area of traditional home cooking that is a predominantly male activity.
Germans grill over charcoal or, increasingly, gas, and grilled meats include variations of the Bratwurst such as Thuringian sausage for example, as well as steaks (especially marinated pork steaks from the shoulder), Frikadellen (minced meat dumplings), Rostbrätel and poultry. Regional festivals feature grilled items ranging from eel to trout, whole sides of pork or beef, chicken, and duck.
Smoking is common practice in German butchering, but pure smoke-based techniques have not yet become popular until a few years ago.
An old German barbecue-style food is the Mutzbraten (pork shoulder) in Saxony and Thuringia, a fist-sized piece of pork with a strong, dry marinade with marjoram, pepper and salt, cooked and smoked over pieces of birch wood. It is usually served with rye-wheat bread, sauerkraut and mustard.
Meanwhile, classic barbecue smoking techniques are also spreading in Germany and even industrially produced pulled meat like pork, chicken and turkey as well as a selection of barbecue sauces and side dishes like coleslaw are available as convenience food in many supermarkets.
Barbecue variations have come from the United States, Turkey, Greece, the Balkans, and immigrant communities in Germany, along with notable traditions of outdoor grilling in Germany developed by immigrants and visitors from the former Soviet Union.
Barbecuing is popular in Mediterranean countries, influenced by traditional Mediterranean cuisine. Olive oil is a key part of the Mediterranean barbecue style..
Shashlik is the Russian version of shish kebab, and like all other international variants, is cooked on a grill. It is traditionally made of lamb, but there can also be pork, beef, ground seasoned beef, chicken, or sturgeon shashliks.
Barbecue in Scandinavia is very similar if not identical to barbecue in Germany, even having the same name. Typically, more traditional meats such as chicken, beef, lamb, pork and sausages, are cooked. Local fish like salmon, perch and mackerel are commonly grilled on open fire or smoked.
Barbecuing is a popular al fresco cooking and eating style in both the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Many homes have a barbecue, usually located in the back garden. Most popular are steel-built kettle and range-style barbecues with wheels to facilitate moving the equipment, but permanent brick barbecues are also used. Both charcoal and bottled gas are used as fuel, with wood-fired and mains gas equipment being less common.
The most common foods cooked are chicken, hamburgers, sausages, beef steaks, pork chops, corn-on-the-cob, shish kebabs, and pork or beef ribs, cooked by grilling, baking or a combination of both methods.
Less common food items include lamb, fish, prawns, lobster, halloumi (cheese), squashes, potatoes, plantains, asparagus, beetroots, pork fillets, pork patties, and vegetarian soya or Quorn-based products.
Similar to the United States, barbecue sauce is sometimes spread on the meat before or during its cooking. All of the major supermarket chains now offer a range of barbecue products, although availability is usually limited to the barbecue season (late spring to early autumn).
Modern British cuisine, including barbecuing, is often cosmopolitan in nature, drawing on traditions and influences from the nation's multi-ethnic minority communities and around the globe. Generally, the British barbecuing style tends to most closely resemble that of North America, Germany, and Australia, however.
In recent times, barbecue cook-off competitions have started to take place in the British Isles, similar to those held in the United States, Canada, continental Europe, and Australia. Some competitions allow teams, as well as individuals from various countries, to compete against each other.
There are various types of Persian-style kabob, the main one being kubideh kabob, seasoned ground beef skewered and barbecued outside on a charcoal flame. There is also a marinated chicken kabob called jujeh kabob, and a filet-mignon steak kabob called kabob barg. Both are skewered as well.
All three main types of Persian kabob are usually served with Iranian style saffron rice and Shirazi salad, but can also be eaten with Middle-Eastern lavash bread.
In Israel, "Al-Haesh" (Hebrew for "on the fire) is a common occurrence. Most often occurring on national holidays, such as Independence Day (Israel), small often single-use grills are used to cook a series of foods. Most common are kebabs with chicken, beef (primarily steak), alternating meat and vegetables, or all vegetables.
In the countries of the Levant, various types of barbecued food are very popular. Kebabs such as shish taouk and others are often cooked on a mangal. Barbecued food is called mashawi in Levantine Arabic.[20]
Like other Mediterranean cuisines, barbecuing is popular in Turkey. Kebabs such as şiş kebap, Adana kebap, köfte, fish, chicken, some offal like heart, kidney, liver, testicle, sucuk, and some vegetables are usually cooked on a mangal.
Meats have been cooked over open flames by the Aboriginal peoples of Canada since the beginning of the human habitation of North America.[21] US-style barbecue culture is a recent import to Canada, having been introduced following the Second World War.[22] Its arrival coincided with the commercially driven popularization of a type of "domestic masculinity" for middle-class suburban fathers in the 1950s.
This was a sharp break with Canadian tradition, however, and as late as 1955, an article in Maclean's magazine called the practice "weird".[23] Therefore, barbecue, in the American sense, cannot be said to be a deeply held Canadian tradition (though it has always existed in the original barbacoa sense of meat cooked on a framework of sticks over a fire). Yet by the late 1950s, the barbecue, once a fad, had become a permanent part of Canadian summers.
Canadian barbecue takes many influences from its American neighbour, as well as or griddling), or braising (by putting a broth-filled pot on top of a charbroil-grill) may also be combined with picnics. as well. This dish is now extremely popular in the entire country; although it is widely believed to have originated in the northern part of Mexico, it is now found almost everywhere in Mexico and the southwestern United States., as and moronga)fight chiles".
Often quesadillas and tortillas accompany the consumption of grilled meat at these events, as well as soft drinks for children and alcoholic beverages for adults.
There is a wide variety of barbecue styles in the United States, but four major styles commonly referenced, North Carolina and Memphis, which rely on pork and represent the oldest styles, and Kansas City and Texas, which use beef as well as pork.
The U.S. has a range of contemporary suburban barbecue equipment and styles, which often consist of baking, grilling (charbroiling, grid ironing, or griddling), braising (by putting a broth-filled pot on top of a charbroil grill or gridiron grill), or smoking various meats (depending on the cut).[24]
Asado is a technique for cooking cuts of meat, usually beef, alongside various other meats, which are cooked on a grill (parrilla) or open fire. It is considered the traditional dish of Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, southern Brazil, and the Bolivian Chaco.
Also generally called parrilla or asado in Argentina and Uruguay, some alternatives are the asado al disco and asado al horno de barro, especially in the countryside. The recipe does not change, only the method of cooking the meat and offal. In the more conventional style asado a la parrilla, different cuts of meat, sausages and offal are placed on top of a metallic mesh with legs (parrilla) such that the meat stands some 15 cm above the ground. Below the parrilla is placed charcoal, and the cooking takes some 60 to 90 minutes depending on the thickness of the meat cut.
In the asado al disco the worn-out disc of a plough is used. Being metallic and concave, three or four metallic legs are welded and with hot coal or wood below it is easily transformed into a very effective griddle (the meat is not directly exposed to coals or flame, thus it is not grilled). Meat and offal are arranged in a spiral, in such a way that the fat naturally slips to the centre, preventing the meat from being deep-fried. Chili peppers and onions are usually put next to the edge, so that they gradually release their juices onto.
Suckling pig and, less commonly, lamb are served, as they are less likely to dry out. Though not technically a grill, it is a very traditional way of cooking that still requires the great skills of an asador and the gathering of family and friends, which are the essence of asado. Moreover, this cooking method yields a tender dish with a smoky flavour.
The barbecue-style meat known as churrasco, is the cooking style which translates roughly from the Portuguese for barbecue. Many Brazilian restaurants called churrascarias in Brazil and abroad serve churrasco.
In Chile, the local version of the asado is usually accompanied with pebre, a local condiment made from pureed herbs, garlic and mildly hot peppers.
In Australia, barbecuing is a popular summer pastime, often referred to as a "barbie". Traditional meats cooked are lamb chops, beef steak, and sausages (colloquially known as "snags"). Coin-operated or free public gas or electric barbecues are common in city parks.
Beer is often drizzled over meat during cooking, the theory being that it adds flavour while making the meat more tender. Meat is sometimes marinated for flavour and is then cooked on a hot plate or grill. Australian barbecues tend to be either all hot-plate or half and half hot-plate/grill.
The barbecuing of fish and other seafood such as shellfish, like prawns and rock lobster (colloquially known locally as "crayfish" or just "crays"), has become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades.
Breakfast is another popular meal prepared on the barbecue, which generally consists of the items served in a full breakfast (bacon, eggs, sausages, tomato, mushrooms) being cooked on a hot plate and/or grill. US-style barbecuing, or smoking, as opposed to the traditional grilling techniques, is becoming increasingly popular.
Holding barbecues is also a common method of fundraising for schools and local communities, where sausages and chopped onions are cooked on a hot-plate style barbecue and served on white bread or hotdog buns, with tomato sauce or unheated barbecue sauce. These events are often referred to as sausage sizzles. This is also a popular method for feeding emergency services volunteers, and occasionally evacuees or stranded travellers, often with a range of commercially made salads.
The cooking customs of the indigenous peoples of Polynesia became the traditional Hawaiian barbecue of kalua in an underground oven called an imu, and the lūʻau, of the Native Hawaiians. It was brought to international attention by 20th-century tourism to the Hawaiian islands.
Barbecues are a very popular activity in New Zealand. A common feature in New Zealanders' gardens, it is generally powered by bottled LPG. Electric barbecues are also provided for free at many beaches and public parks throughout the country.
Foods cooked include beef, lamb, pork, fresh fish, crayfish, shellfish, and vegetables. Sausages are a popular and demanded element of barbecues and, as in Australia, sausage sizzles are one of the most common forms of fundraiser.
New Zealand barbecue is similar to a mix of American, British, Australian, South African and Pacific Island styles. Multi-cultural society in New Zealand has also led to Pakistani, Indian,(South Asian), Middle Eastern, East Asian, and South American, which all have influenced the flavours and types of food found at a barbecues around the world., it is known as the umu. With many tropical islands' styles of barbecue, the meat is marinated, glazed with a savoury sauce, and adorned with local tropical fruits. While pork predominates, horse is also popular in countries such as Tonga and Samoa. |
Introduction
Education and proficiency are part of the major professional requirements in several organizations, with companies considering these professional aspects as sources for their triumph (Hughes & Avey, 2010). Modern organizations have come to the awareness that education is becoming an imperative aspect for workers, as it enables them to remain competitive in the rapidly evolving business environment (Birdsell & Muzzio, 2003). As the need for social workers to engage in administration activities intensifies with the rising management demands, administrators are witnessing a mounting interest in trying to understand the role of social workers in management settings (Snow, 2012). Such developments can be important in understanding the reasons behind the enhancement of employee learning and development, which is increasingly becoming an urgent necessity in the social administration domain (Sullivan, 2010). Educational competency may deem imperative in informed decision-making, which is crucial in many social organizations especially those that are non-profit or intended for providing humanitarian relief.In only 3 hours we’ll deliver a custom Social Workers’ Educational Background Contributes to Administration Work essay written 100% from scratch Get help
Problem statement
Whilst the demand for professional growth through continuous learning is increasingly becoming an organizational issue with companies required to enhance their performance through employee professional development, little remains known in this connection (Nesoff, 2007). Of great concern is that several previous types of research continuously identify low levels in social workers, and their great influence on employee performance, but little seems to show the required improvements (Hoefer, 2003). A 2007 report of an online workforce survey of the National Association of Social Workers of the U.S revealed that there is still a need to understand the significance of the educational background of social workers in the administration settings (Whitaker & Arrington, 2008). Approximately, two-thirds (66%) of the participants claimed that professional development is significant for job advancement, while a few (34%) stated that their participation in professional development activities is a significant factor in their development in the social occupation field (Whitaker & Arrington, 2008). This realization means that the essence of education in social work is doubtlessly important, but people either undermine or misunderstand it, hence the need to evaluate this concept.
Significance of the problem and the rationale of the study
The demand to provide humanitarian aid to nonprofit organizations across the world and especially in the U.S, as a country known for providing humanitarian support, is augmenting (Snow, 2012). The foremost mission of the social work profession is to enhance social justice by assisting humans, especially the vulnerable groups, in improving their wellbeing through assisting them to meet their basic human wants (Hoefer, 2003). For employees, the challenges that come with the task of providing humanitarian support especially while working for a nonprofit organization are enormous. Sometimes, pay rise and remunerations for the social workforce may not even deem imperative when considered in the context of the problems encountered (Birdsell & Muzzio, 2003). In order to remain competent and enduring, education and proficiency, which enhance an individual’s ethical leadership skills that are imperative in social work, are imperative. The levels of education among social workers in the U.S and even other parts of the world are insufficient, and even if educated, the educational skills may be inappropriate or inadequate in administration settings.
Purpose of the proposed study
Driven by the quest to expound on the notion of the significance of social workers’ education in the administration or managerial settings in the non-profit social/human agencies, this study evaluates several issues associated with this concept. The proposed research study will focus on the competencies and professional management skills that a social work administrator requires to offer effective planning, controlling, leadership, and organizational services. The study bases its analysis on the context of non-profit/human agencies where the principal mission and intent of such organizations is to offer humanitarian support and not commercial profit-based services. Providing humanitarian support to the vulnerable groups, the marginalized, and the oppressed requires ethical leadership and endurance, especially in human agencies where the provision of human services, ensuring social justice, enhancing human relationships, integrity, and competence are essentials. This study will examine specific ethical developments that will clarify the principles of administration in the social realm and essential leadership strategies among social workers.
Literature review
Chapter overview
This section of the study will aim at reviewing the literature on the perception of the influence of social workers’ educational background on their administrations’ work in the context of non-profit organizations. The section summarizes previous studies related to this concept, identifies gaps in the prevailing literature, and provides the theoretical basis of the proposed study.
Challenges social workers (administrators) encounter
Living in a world prone to the proliferation of cases of societal inequalities with numbers of abused children, exploited humans, neglected individuals, vulnerable persons, and the marginalized, this problem cannot be underrated (Birdsell & Muzzio, 2003). The world is still struggling with social prejudice among certain social groups and the need to understand the means through which social workers deem imperative in enhancing social justice and providing social support is essential. Approximately, 400 million children across the world are living in destitution, 300 million have experienced harsh punishments, over 150 million girls have once suffered sexual abuse, and over 115 million children suffer from child labor (Wuenschel, 2006). Problems of this magnitude require consideration and they should provoke a powerful response from the concerned social workers. Statistics reveal that social work remains one of the most unappreciated professions (Wuenschel, 2006). Coupled with constrained support offered to the social welfare workforce, the need to have a competent social workforce driven by strong education to counter the situations is increasingly becoming an important issue.
Governments across the world, and even in the western nations where social justice has been a major concern and public discourse for decades, undermine the social work profession, and thus they give little attention to the industry itself (Jaskyte, 2004). Given the excuse of the 2008/2009 financial crisis, many western governments withdrew their support to the social service industry and when independent organizations took over, the quest to improve humanitarian services puts social administrators into dilemmas (Wuenschel, 2006). While independent organizations willingly provide resources including finance to support humanitarian agencies in providing social services, they in return have different expectations that put administrators in administrative quandaries. When ineffective, “clients may prefer competing organizations and foundations might limit or stop providing resources, thus potentially threatening organizational viability and vitality” (Jaskyte, 2004, p.26). The entire responsibility of ensuring that humanitarian aid donors and financers remain contented and workers remain motivated in achieving the social service mission as well is a situation that calls for appropriate decision-making.Academic experts
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Controlling, managing, and directing the social service workforce, which normally undergoes incessant workplace challenges, is a predicament that social service administration encounters (Wuenschel, 2006). Whilst job satisfaction and employee commitment are two inseparable issues that administrators can barely underestimate, the issue in the context of social service is even more demanding than in any other organization (Hardina & Montana, 2011). The perceptions that leadership is always critical in ensuring employee retention through employee empowerment, which further enhances job satisfaction and commitment, remain true and research continues to provide substantial evidence to support the same (Hardina & Montana, 2011). Dealing with social workers who sometimes experience local prejudice, societal contempt, and deal with enormous challenges in providing humanitarian support is a problem that social administrators should handle in their line of duty. Instilling cooperation, promoting team building, assessing employee impact, and encouraging staff, especially those engaged in challenging assignments, is the responsibility of administrators that comes with unique challenges (Wuenschel, 2006). Above all, social work administrators receive criticism from the public about their profession and the need to remain competent in delivering humanitarian support is upon them.
Social welfare and social education
Notwithstanding the imperativeness of education in enhancing ethical decision-making, planning, controlling, and other organizational services among the social workforce leaders, the essence of this concept remains undermined. Professional education possesses significant influence in the professional development of social workers where social work skills assist the social workforce in effective decision-making and in undertaking other managerial activities (Jaskyte, 2004). Whilst the social workforce is viewed as an important facet in delivering social and humanitarian support, social work administration since its history, continues to draw considerable attention and remarks concerning the relevance of social work education in management practices (Thompson, Manefee, & Marley, 1999). Researchers have pointed out that whilst there may be enough degrees amongst social workers, the rapidly changing global dynamics in social services is becoming the foremost challenge. Moreover, the rapid growth of the social service industry with enormous transformations enhances the need for the social work profession to produce proficient administrators capable of managing the social service industry effectively.
Empowerment in the social work realm can occur amongst workers and employers, clients and workers, and through actions of the social work, organizations enhance human relationships (Hardina & Montana, 2011). Education empowerment within social organizations is one of the most yearned achievements and it acts as an impetus tool that promotes wellbeing and motivation among workers. Education enhances the abilities of social workers to engage in more challenging tasks including critical decision-making in the administrative settings where most administrators normally feel challenged (Hardina & Montana, 2011). Working in non-profit organizations seeking to offer humanitarian support to the unfortunate is a confronting task to the social work professionals and endurance may only require intrinsic understanding (Wuenschel, 2006). It may appear as a challenge for individuals with little education to overcome pressures that come with providing humanitarian support where challenging workplace conditions are a norm (Jaskyte, 2004). Social work administration and its management activities require even more educational proficiency than the junior workforce does.
As the social service industry in western nations continues to experience tremendous changes and growth that requires professional dexterity, studies have started evaluating the influence of social education in modern social work organizations. In a recent study, Hardina and Montana (2011) examined staff education as an empowerment aspect that influences organizational administration. In examining whether the theories and management approaches used by social service administrators are in line with contemporary demands of the social service profession, Hardina and Montana (2011) collected data from the upper-level administrators within the non-profit service organizations. The majority of the administrators engaged in the study cited that participation in empowerment-based management activities including learning and development increases job satisfaction, promotes team building and collaboration, and enhances ethical decision-making that subsequently influences managers’ performances (Hardina & Montana, 2011). As social services deal with social workers mostly involving challenged and frustrated workforce and such participation in education as empowerment-based management activities help administrators to encourage workers.
Social education is deemed inappropriate and undervalued
Although provided in many higher institutions after receiving substantial attention in the 1970s and emerging as a curriculum necessity, ascertaining the imperativeness of social education especially in the challenging social work profession remains an imperative question (Wuenschel, 2006). There has been endless commentary and arguments over the effectiveness of the social education provided by institutions, especially in the context of its ability to provide competent administrators to human agencies (Nesoff, 2007). Debates are rising on whether the prevailing social work education programs, the training services provided, and the learning offered to meet the modern demands of the social service industry (Nesoff, 2007). Moreover, research in the US indicates that despite the presence of education solely designed for dealing with social welfare, most prevailing social workers are those trained originally as direct service practitioners since the inception of social service (Whitaker & Arrington, 2008). In a recent study, the US NASW surveyed to examine the perceptions of social workers on professional development, which produced shocking revelations.
The study employed a one-month online survey that involved participants from the NASW workforce who volunteered to participate in the study through a random selection method (Whitaker & Arrington, 2008). When asked which areas of social work each would wish to pursue further education, a majority of the participants (51%) indicated that they would undertake clinical practice, 31% were interested in the specialty practice area, 30% claimed to have an interest in best practices (Whitaker & Arrington, 2008). Surprisingly, the least 26% wished to pursue disaster preparedness and trauma management. This analysis depicts that the interest in social service itself is dwindling amongst social workers, learners, and a shift in professional interest is indicative that the real meaning of social education remains challenged. When questioned whether they had access to social work continuing education programs, 58% indicated that they were ‘somewhat’ accessible and another small percentage (37%) indicated that they hardly have trouble in accessing training programs (Whitaker & Arrington, 2008), which still indicated dwindling concern on social education.
A further investigation on the perception of learners on the importance of social work professional development through education revealed much to anticipate. According to the study, Whitaker and Arrington (2008) questioned whether professional development is necessary for continued employment. From the investigation, 48% of the respondents pointed out that professional development deems necessary for continued employment, whilst 37% of them argued that professional development is not a requirement and not required by their employers (Whitaker & Arrington, 2008). On the same note, two-thirds (66%) of the participants claimed that professional development is imperative for their job advancement, while 34% believed their engagement in professional development activities and other additional social work training was unimportant for advancement in the social work profession. This trend is still indicative that the importance of education and professional development across the United States’ social work profession is undervalued (Whitaker & Arrington, 2008). Repeatedly observed in many studies, apart from losing significance, the education itself may not prove competent.15% OFF Get your very first custom-written academic paper with 15% off Get discount
A deeper insight into the failed social administration education has been on several types of research and it presents even a unique perception on the entire problem. As the nonprofit management losses its initial value at a steady pace following intensified profit-based businesses, education on non-profit management also remains affected (Hoefer, 2003). Trends indicate that institutions are currently competing for learners to undertake social work education as the majority of the modern learners are opting to work for commercial organizations that provide better workplace conditions and remunerations (Wuenschel, 2006). Although thought to have an important impact on managerial skills, there is significant evidence that even though the prevailing Masters in Business Administration (MBA) and Master of Public Administration (MPA) degrees provide appropriate management skills, they provide minimal coverage on major social administration profession (Wuenschel, 2006). Thought to the among the highest educational ranks that provide important management skills, modern MBA curriculum seem to concentrate much on commercial aspects of business management, hence little attention prevails on building social service management skills.
A conceptual framework for the study
In examining the social workers’ educational background contributions to their administration work setting in the non-profit social/human agencies, it is important to evaluate the connection of the study variable. Effective management is evident through the manager’s ability to remain competitive in managerial skills including planning, organization, building and managing employee relations, effectual communication, and negotiation, financial budgeting, and recruitment among others. In undertaking this investigation, the following conceptual framework demonstrates such connections.
Research objectives
In examining the aforementioned problem, the study will follow the following research objectives to enrich the conclusion on the purpose.
- To highlight the competencies and qualifications of social workers’ administrative abilities and skill
- To identify the social work education gaps in the administration domain.
- To examine the implications of low education levels in the capabilities of administrators to handle important social work management issues effectively
Methodology of the study
Chapter overview
This chapter of the research will carry the research methodology that entails all the processes and strategies that the study will employ in undertaking the primary research. It will include the intended research design, data collection techniques, sampling design, description of the proposed sample, ethical considerations, data collection instruments and processes, reliability and validity, and data analysis.
Research design
The study will employ a case study research design in examining social workers’ educational background contributions on their administrations in a work setting in the non-profit social/human agencies. Rowley (2002) asserts that case studies deal with a single organization that represents several other organizations, and thus the study will confine its investigations and findings solely to the KASW (Kentucky Association of Social Workers). The study will be a mixed case study approach, “in which both qualitative and quantitative research approaches will be essential in the analysis of the problem involved” (Graff, 2009, p.73). Mixed research methodology is a contemporary research methodology where the researcher combines both qualitative and quantitative research techniques in analyzing a single problem (Rowley, 2002). Its central premise is that the use of “quantitative and qualitative approaches in combination provides a better understanding of research problems than either approach alone and as a methodology, it provides guidance in the collection and analysis of data through a mixture of qualitative and quantitative approaches throughout the research process” (Creswell, 2006, p.68).
Data collection techniques
Data collection techniques in research define all the processes of collecting reliable and valid data from the participants in a bid to identify facts concerning the inquiry or problem of the study (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie & Turner, 2007). Based on the initial definition of the mixed research method, the approach entails both collecting and analyzing quantitative and qualitative data. Qualitative research methodology usually gathers descriptive information or closed-ended information with the intent of measuring relationships among variables (Creswell, 2006). Quantitative data contains quantifiable information that deals with variables that are measurable statistically in terms of quantities (Rowley, 2002). Percentages will be useful in collecting quantitative data. The nature of qualitative research is a rigorous and systematic form of inquiry that mainly uses ethnographic observations, interviews, and survey sheets as data collection tools (Baxter & Jack, 2001). Since qualitative data provides open-ended information that researchers can interpret, it will provide a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon as the respondents will freely express their ideas in explanation form.Get your customised and 100% plagiarism-free paper on any subject done for only $16.00 $11/page Let us help you
Target population, sampling design & Sample size
For the target population, this study targets the social workers solely from KASW, which is the organization that is chosen and willing to participate in the study and is one of the most renowned non-profit agencies in Lexington, Kentucky. According to Kelly, Clark, Brown, and Sitzia (2003), it may seem impractical and somewhat uneconomical to gather research information from every single person in a huge population, which explains why sampling is essential. Since the mixed study methodology involves quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques that involve collecting open-ended and closed-ended data collection techniques, purposeful sampling will be appropriate in this study (Creswell, 2006). The study will use purposeful sampling that will target Social workers with a higher learning degree with administrators and employees selected through purposive sampling technique. Through web-based interviews, the study will prefer employing online email surveys on the purposefully selected participants that will include approximately 126 respondents. The study will liaise with the administrators to help in identifying interested participants and in collecting respondents’ email addresses.
Data collection instruments and processes
Data collection instruments are tools used by researchers in collecting information about the inquiry from the participants (Rattray & Jones, 2007). As it is thought to be the most convenient, easy to understand, administer to respondents, and easy to analyze, the study will aim at employing web questionnaires in collecting data (Benfield & Szlemko, 2006). In their study, Evans and Mathur (2005) found that the “online questionnaire had a higher response rate, faster responses, and lower costs; and the quality of data was similar” (p.203). Self-designed questionnaires of approximately 12 questions qualitative and quantitatively designed (open-ended and closed-ended) will be useful in collecting data from participants. Evans and Mathur (2005) claim that online questionnaires are convenient and flexible interview materials, as they encompass no interviewer bias, are significant for a large sample, have less respondent time pressure, possible anonymity of respondents, enhance the confidentiality of information given, and can contain various questions. Since educational background among workers requires confidentially, online questionnaires will be most appropriate for this research.
The procedure for collecting primary data is one of the fundamental issues in any form of research, and this study understands the requisites of the process (Rattray & Jones, 2007). The initial phase of the study will examine the validity of the questionnaire through piloting where the involvement of non-study participants from a different organization will aid in examining content validity. The researcher will then liaise with the management of KASW in person to seek permission to engage its employees in the study to avoid breaching the organization’s rules and regulations among other ethical issues. In a bid to confirm respondents’ participation, the researcher will send email invitations to the interested participants to verify their participation, read the research regulations, and confirm their contacts. The study will employ approximately 126 self-designed questionnaires through the email addresses collected from the willing participants. Being a one-month data gathering process, personal phone contacts will be essential in assessing progress with constant communication enabling contact and instant feedback between the researcher and the participant.
Ethical considerations
Scientific studies and even other forms of research studies that involve human participants and ethical standards of research normally count on the outcome and overall perception of the study itself. All organizations have their regulations and thus researchers should recognize and appreciate the will of volunteering participants, which is possible through considering relevant ethical study issues. The American research rules stipulate that in online researches, distributing unsolicited or harvesting e-mail addresses from uninterested participants violates ethical research standards. Without coercion, participants will have a chance to confirm their participation and agree on the terms of the research. Apart from their willingness to participate in the study, the research will peruse through the relevant organizational regulations and seek the consent of the management to engage its employees in the study. Respondents may hesitate to participate in the study due to fear to reveal some confidential information. The study will ensure the confidentiality of the participant’s information, whether personal or related to research.
Reliability and validity
A research study will deem inessential and ineffectual if the validity or credibility and reliability issues of the information and research outcomes remain undermined (Onwuegbuzie & Johnson, 2006). There are three forms of validity in the mixed case research method, which are common amongst researchers and they include construct validity, external validity, and internal validity (Rowley, 2002). Poor validity approaches have the potential of affecting the major portions of the study and as well ruining the central intent of the study (Rattray & Jones, 2007). Construct validity involves a quality assessment approach aimed at examining the legitimacy of data instruments, data collection procedures, and data analysis (Rowley, 2002). In guaranteeing construct validity, the study will ensure discussion of the questionnaire with the involved lecturers, experienced research informants, and other seasoned researchers to eliminate errors, refine wording, and improve the content. Moreover, in ensuring construct validity, the researcher will use multiple sources of evidence in the development of data instruments and during the data collection process.
A pilot survey involving non-participants of the study will help in determining whether the questionnaires need amendments. Participants from a non-participating organization on the actual study will respond to the designed questionnaires, after which the researcher will examine the responses and amend the contradiction in the questionnaires. This approach, according to Kelly et al (2003), enables researchers to identify whether the respondents understood the questions and instructions from a similar dimension. Internal and external validity is another research legitimacy issue that determines the entire soundness of the research outcome (Onwuegbuzie & Johnson, 2006). Internal validity involves the relationship between variables and observed changes in both dependent and independent variables. In a bid to ensure that the study remains internally legitimate, Rowley (2002) recommends undertaking pattern matching, time series analysis, and comprehensive explanation. Reliability is the stability and internal consistency of the data instruments (Taylor & Asmundson, 2007). In ensuring the reliability of the data, the study will employ test-retest and inter-observer techniques. Questionnaires after piloting will go through inter-observer correlation and Cronbach statistics of an estimated 1.0 value.
Data analysis
Data analysis is among the finalizing and probably the integral phases of research study, and this study recognizes its importance. Mixed research methodology is capable of using several scientific analysis approaches that enable effective investigation of the research inquiry (Creswell, 2006). The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 21) will be useful in the data analysis exercise. Descriptive data for the independent variables will give a concise view of the participants. Factor analysis of the leaker-scale data will bring out the strength of the opinions of the various responses. Thereafter, a Pearson’s correlation analysis will seek to investigate the existence of a relationship between the dependent and the independent variables. The correlations would seek to measure if social workers’ perceptions on the management of professional institutions were dependent on the age, gender, educational degree, years of experience, or the current position of the respondents. Qualitative and quantitative analysis approaches will complement each other throughout the study.
Discussion
Expected findings
The notion of correlation between education and professional expertise continues to form part of the social worker realm. The study anticipates that there would be a great correlation between the independent variable (educational background of the social workers) and the dependent variables (administrative responsibilities and related administration effectiveness). The study expects the final research outcome to indicate probably a positive correlation between educational proficiency and administrative abilities, where higher levels of education should indicate great expertise among participants. As existing evidence indicates considerably low interest in the social work administrative skills and little approach towards professional development among employees, and the outcome should indicate results relative to such assumptions. This assertion holds for the study will use one of the renowned organizations KASW, which is familiar with the concept underlying professional development among social workers in Lexington, Kentucky. The study assumes that all the participants of the study are conversant with the issue and will probably provide relevant information that will lead to a relevant conclusion about the inquiry.
Although there may be the probability of concluding positively on the expectations of the study, this research expects challenges from participants as they may feel inferior in providing confidential data about their professional development, especially the educational background. The study anticipates that the respondents will manage to identify the ineffectiveness of their education in the professional context and present possible areas that they deem education has failed. In the context of learning and professional development, the participants are likely to indicate low or even no professional development and possibly connect it with the motivation aspect in their organization. The researcher anticipates that the outcome of the study will depict the situation as it is currently in the U.S and that the participants (social employees) will be in a position to comprehend the possible effects of low levels of education and low professional development. They should possibly analyze their educational degrees especially those obtained from higher institutions and the possible ambiguities involved in them.
Application to practice and Implication for future practice
Professional development involves education as one of its integral aspects and as statistics continue to indicate that the interest of social workers in the actual social work is dwindling relative to the diminished interest in its education, much remains to anticipate. The results of this investigation will possibly improve the perception of the involved participants in professional development and especially educational proficiency. Learners of social work may also have an opportunity to view the issue of social work and its professional challenges from a different perspective. The results of this study may implicate research in several ways. Whilst the study may advocate for higher education and its improvement, there is currently the issue of unemployment and organizational ranks are still minimal. Whereas the study intends to enhance the perception of education on professional development, changes in the systems of acquiring education may have a different perception on education in the future, since the world is changing rapidly, hence receiving criticism in the future.
Weaknesses and limitations of the proposed study
Online research on organizational employees committed to their personal and professional development among other socioeconomic issues may hamper the effectiveness of the study. The validity of data collected in research continues to be a problem (Graff, 2009). The study expects to meet participants who are genuine in their responses and provide legitimate information that will be valid and applicable to the study. Nonetheless, due to their occupational commitments and time limits on their side, they may offer little attention to the research. Since the online survey will involve questionnaires administered through email addresses and websites to the clients without proper supervision, participants may not offer accurate information as compared to when the study involves personal administration of the data collection tools. Unemployment has become a constant problem and employers are ensuring maximum respect and protection of their positions. Although guaranteed confidentiality of the information, participants may be hesitant in providing information that directly involves their organizational affairs.
Reference List
Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2001). Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers. The Qualitative Report 13(4), 544-559.
Benfield, J., & Szlemko, W. (2006). Internet-Based Data Collection: Promises and Realities. Journal of Research Practice, 2(2), 1-5.
Birdsell, D., & Muzzio, D. (2003). The next leaders: UWNYC grantee leadership development and succession needs. New York, NY: The City University of New York.
Creswell, J. (2006). Understanding Mixed Methods Research. New York, NY: Sage.
Evans, J., & Mathur, A. (2005). The value of online surveys. Internet Research, 15(2), 195-219.
Graff, C. (2009). Mixed method research. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, LLC.
Hardina, D., & Montana, S. (2011). Empowering Staff and Clients: Comparing preferences for management models by the professional degrees held by organizational administrators. Social Work, 56(1), 247-257.
Hoefer, R. (2003). Administrative skills and degrees: The “best place” debate rages on. Administration in Social Work, 27(1), 25-46.
Hughes, L., & Avey, J. (2010). Relationships between leadership and followers’ quitting intentions and job search behaviors. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 17(4), 351-362.
Jaskyte, K. (2004). Assessing Changes in Employees’ Perceptions of Leadership Behavior, Job Design, and Organizational Arrangements and Their Job Satisfaction and Commitment. Administration in Social Work, 20(41), 37-41.
Johnson, R., Onwuegbuzie, A., & Turner, L. (2007). Toward a Definition of Mixed Methods Research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research 1(2), 112-133.
Kelly, K., Clark, B., Brown, V., & Sitzia, J. (2003). Good Practice in the conduct and reporting of survey research. International Journal of Quality in healthcare, 15(3), 261-266.
Nesoff, I. (2007). The importance of revitalizing management education for social workers. Social Work, 52(3), 283-285.
Onwuegbuzie, J., & Johnson, R. (2006). The Validity Issue in Mixed Research. Research in the schools, 13(1), 48-63.
Rattray, J., & Jones, M. (2007). Essential elements of questionnaire design and development. Journal of clinical nursing, 16(1), 234–243.
Rowley, J. (2002). Using Case Studies in Research. Management Research News, 25(1), 16-27.
Snow, T. (2012). Code of practice for support workers is vital, professional bodies agree. Nursing Standard, 27(3), 8-15.
Sullivan, R. (2010). Practicing organization development: a guide for leading change. New York, NY: Jossey Bass.
Taylor, S., & Asmundson, G. (2007). Internal and external validity in clinical research. London, UK: Taylor & Francis.
Thompson, J., Menefee, D., & Marley, M. (1999). A comparative analysis of social workers’ macro practice activities: Identifying functions common to direct practice and administration. Journal of Social Work Education, 35(1), 115-124.
Whitaker, T., & Arrington, P. (2008). Social workers at work. NASW Membership Work force Study. Web.
Wuenschel, P. (2006). The Diminishing Role of Social Work Administrators in Social Service Agencies. Administration in Social Work, 30(4), 5-18. |
The transfer window in the football Bundesliga closes at 18:00 next Monday. Until then, numerous changes can go over the stage.
- +++ 28.01.2022, 22:02 o’clock: BVB will probably start Bürki +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 21:15 clock: Götze-Club wants Ortega +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 20:27 clock: Booth in front of Bavaria farewell +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 20:18 clock: Juventus grabs Vlahovic +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 19:42 clock: VfL Wolfsburg brings left outside +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 18:51 clock: Hertha BSC gives Torunarigha +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 18:02 clock: FC Bayern flashes at Bishop +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 16:58 clock: Barkok in front of Eintracht-farewell +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 16:26 clock: bvb wants defense jewel +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 15:52 clock: Ginczek before switching to Dusseldorf +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 14:55 clock: Wolfsburg’s life insurance the escape? +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 14:45 clock: Wildert Newcastle in the Bundesliga? +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 14:21 clock: Frankfurt is crafting at the defensive +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 13:48 clock: Is there Costa to Hertha BSC? +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 13:35 clock: Barca and Juve sharply on Aubameyang +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 13:21 clock: bvb allegedly plans record transfer +++
- More: These are the most expensive winter transfers of all time
- +++ 28.01.2022, 13:06 clock: RB talent is awarded to Spain +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 12:56 pm: Schlotterbeck talks about his future +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 12:36 clock: Hertha-fanblebing before winter escape +++
- ++ 28.01.2022, 12:31 clock: Will the BVB Schulz still start? +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 11:54 am: Amiri to the medical check in Genoa +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 11:09 pm: Surprise decor for Klopp? +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 10:21 am: confusion about Bürki lending +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 09:50: Vlahovic landed in Turin +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 09:41 clock: Thiaw before Schalke’s outlet? +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 09:25 clock: Change Bensebaini for competition? +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 08:35: Sweetheart at Dembélé +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 08:22 clock: Chelsea-star Favorite on Slee Succession +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 08:09 clock: “null bock” star should leave Gladbach +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 08:03 clock: power carrier of the 1st FC Cologne awakens desirilities +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 08:01 clock: Vfb Stuttgart before commitment of storm jewel +++
- +++ 28.01.2022, 07:38 clock: five goals on shadow list of FC Bayern +++
- +++ 27.01.2022, 13:39 clock: Barca has jewel of FC Bayern in visor +++
- +++ 26.01.2022, 08:44 o’clock: BVB buits to Spurs star +++
- +++ 25.01.2022, 21:32 clock: FC Bayern in the pole position at Ginter? +++
- +++ 25.01.2022, 14:57 clock: FC Bayern and BVB receive competition at Van de Beek +++
- +++ 25.01.2022, 12:22 pm: German Belgium bomber on the way to the Bundesliga +++
- +++ 25.01.2022, 08:17 clock: Inter to DFB star interested +++
- +++ 25.01.2022, 07:24 o’clock: goalkeeper exchange between Barca and PSG? +++
- +++ 25.01.2022, 07:01 clock: Gladbach has already found Zakaria replacement already +++
What plan FC Bayern, BVB, FC Schalke 04, Gladbach, Eintracht Frankfurt and Co.? What developments are there in Premier League, La League or Serie A?
All news and the hottest rumors around the Deadline Day are available in the Transfer Ticker by Bayern .
- 22: 02 o’clock: BVB will probably start Bürki
* 21: 3 pm: Götze-Club wants Ortega
* 18: 02 o’clock: FC Bayern collected cancellation of Bishop
* 16: 26 o’clock: BVB wants defense jewel
* 13: 35 pm: Barca and Juve sharply on Aubameyang
+++ 28.01.2022, 22:02 o’clock: BVB will probably start Bürki +++
Does Roman Bürki switch to Galatasaray? After there have been confusion over a possible transfer of the BVB Keeper in the past hours, new momentum comes into the personnel. According to “Spox”, Gala President Burak Elmas has confirmed in a zoom meeting towards club members that the Istanbuler agrees with Bürki. In the negotiations with the BVB, it is allegedly only about last details.
+++ 28.01.2022, 21:15 clock: Götze-Club wants Ortega +++
Stefan Ortega presents itself at Arminia Bielefeld mostly in top form. The strong achievements of the goalkeeper have not hidden other European clubs. Like Dutch media reports, PSV Eindhoven is interested in an obligation of the 29-year-old. Whether Ortega will soon play together with Mario Götze in a team, the coming days will show.
+++ 28.01.2022, 20:27 clock: Booth in front of Bavaria farewell +++
According to “Sky”, Taylor Booth will leave FC Bayern free shipping free shipping. The 20-year-old probably receives a professional contract in Munich. The right-back was changed to the record champion in 2019. Currently, Booth is running in the Regionalliga team.
+++ 28.01.2022, 20:18 clock: Juventus grabs Vlahovic +++
The weekly transfer poker around Dusan Vlahovic is over! The attacker changes for colported 70 million euros from AC Florence to Juventus. The Serb receives in Turin Ronaldo’s former back number 7. In recent weeks, Vlahovic has been associated with FC Bayern and BVB, among other things.
+++ 28.01.2022, 19:42 clock: VfL Wolfsburg brings left outside +++
The VfL Wolfsburg has strengthened itself for the relegation battle in the football league. As the Lower Saxony has notified, the American Kevin Paredes changes to the wolves. The 18-year-old left outside receives a contract until summer 2026.
+++ 28.01.2022, 18:51 clock: Hertha BSC gives Torunarigha +++
As Hertha BSC confirmed on Friday, it attracts center-back Jordan TorunariGha on a loan to the end of the season to Kaa Gent in Belgium. A purchase option should not exist. A return in summer was now planned. Previously, “transfermarkt.de”, “Picture” as well as “Sky” reported on the deal.
+++ 28.01.2022, 18:02 clock: FC Bayern flashes at Bishop +++
Tom Bishop remains the TSG Hoffenheim in the long term and thus does not change to Bayern. As the Kraichgauer confirmed on Friday, the 16-year-old midfield talent extends his contract until 2025. “Tom is a huge talent, which despite his young age, in addition to his extraordinary footballing skills already has a considerable maturity,” said Alexander Rosen, director Professional football. Lastly, bishop was still associated with a change to Bayern.
+++ 28.01.2022, 16:58 clock: Barkok in front of Eintracht-farewell +++
Aymen Barkok will leave Eintracht Frankfurt all anticipation. According to “picture”, the midfielder changes no later than 1st FSV Mainz 05 at the latest. Currently, the Rheinlanders probably even check a possible obligation in the current winter transfer period.
+++ 28.01.2022, 16:26 clock: bvb wants defense jewel +++
In search of hopeful players for the future Borussia Dortmund has probably found in England. As “Spox” and “Goal” report, the BVB has knocked on Crystal Palace regarding Daniel Quick. The 19-year-old central defender is currently used in the second team of the Londoner. A transfer is possible both in winter and next summer. Quick’s contract runs after the season.
+++ 28.01.2022, 15:52 clock: Ginczek before switching to Dusseldorf +++
Daniel Ginczek is to help Fortuna Düsseldorf in the relegation battle of the 2nd Bundesliga. As “image” reports, the Rhine countries are immediately prior to a commitment of the attacker. The 30-year-old Ginczek played no role at the VfL Wolfsburg at all.
+++ 28.01.2022, 14:55 clock: Wolfsburg’s life insurance the escape? +++
The VfL Wolfsburg is currently in a deep athletic crisis and now fights for the league. Maybe the wolves have to fight this fight soon without their goalkeeper Wout Weghorst. According to the “kicker”, the FC Burnley from the Premier League is concretely interested in negotiations about a change. If the transfer voice, the transfer will go over the stage, the sheet predicts.
+++ 28.01.2022, 14:45 clock: Wildert Newcastle in the Bundesliga? +++
Newcastle United has been one of the richest clubs in the world since the acquisition through the Saudi Arab State Fund. In search of possible transfer destinations to spend the new millions, the English allegedly became aware of Jeremiah St. Juste by Mainz 05. This reports “SKY”. Newcastle last promoted the pace and wool the transfer to the stage by the end of January. St. Juste could rinse up to 15 million euros in the cash register of 05s.
+++ 28.01.2022, 14:21 clock: Frankfurt is crafting at the defensive +++
Eintracht Frankfurt seems to be able to reinforce personal in this removable windows in the defense. According to information from “FussballTransfers.com” the eagle Oumar Gonzalez from the French second division Ac Ajaccio in view. Negotiations should already run and be completed before the end of the change of change. Gonzalez could occur on the Main in the footsteps of Evan N’dicka, whose future is still unclear about his contract period in June 2023.
+++ 28.01.2022, 13:48 clock: Is there Costa to Hertha BSC? +++
Looking for reinforcement for the second half, Hertha BSC is apparently serving Eintracht Frankfurt. According to “picture” information, Danny Da Costa is the desired candidate for the right-heavy position at the capital city club.
The contract of defense players at the SGE runs out in summer. All too expensive because Costa probably will not be. Especially since the 28-year-old, who was awarded in the past 1st FSV Mainz 05, belongs to the Frankfurt coating candidate.
+++ 28.01.2022, 13:35 clock: Barca and Juve sharply on Aubameyang +++
At FC Arsenal, Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang was last advised on the siding and probably has no future more at the Gunners. Now the former BVB profi offer two lucrative options.
Like “The Athletic” reports, both the FC Barcelona and Juventus Turin are interested in a lending until the end of the season. Accordingly, Arsenal has already received official offers of the two clubs for Aubameyang.
It is still questionable whether Arsenal will get involved in a loan business.
+++ 28.01.2022, 13:21 clock: bvb allegedly plans record transfer +++
Borussia Dortmund has to employ well or evil with possible successors for Erling Haaland. Karim Adeyemi is considered a hot candidate on a commitment in summer. However, according to Italian media reports, the BVB is also concretely in a series A striker – and plans a record offer.
According to “Gazzetta dello Bayern”, BVB is ready to set up a new club record in terms of transfer for an attacker.
Whole 45 million euros the BVB is to offer the Italian Club Sassuolo Calcio to secure the services of Gianluca Scamacca. So far, Mats Hummels, who came in 2019 for 30.5 million euros from FC Bayern, holds the Dortmund Transfer’s record. More here!
More: These are the most expensive winter transfers of all time
+++ 28.01.2022, 13:06 clock: RB talent is awarded to Spain +++
Last summer, Ilaix Moriba was changing with large advance laurels from FC Barcelona to RB Leipzig. But the 19-year-old midfielder could not prevail.
Therefore, Moriba should now collect the FC Valencia game practice. The youngster will be awarded to Spain until the end of the season. That has known RB Leipzig on Friday afternoon.
+++ 28.01.2022, 12:56 pm: Schlotterbeck talks about his future +++
Nico Schlotterbeck is one of the big risers at the SC Freiburg in the Football Bundesliga. The 22-year-old is absolutely set among Christian Streich and finally made the leap in the squad of the national team. Even with the top clubs FC Bayern and Borussia Dortmund Schlotterbeck was recently brought. Now the central defender has come to the speculation.
“For me, that’s still a dream that I play in the Bundesliga. And that’s why I do not ask for the desire to go abroad,” said the central defender at “Sky”.
It does not matter, “whether it is now England, Spain or Italy – I want to stay in Germany if it works”.
+++ 28.01.2022, 12:36 clock: Hertha-fanblebing before winter escape +++
After the commitment of Marc Oliver Kempf of VfB Stuttgart, Jordan TorunariGha at least no longer sees a future for her future at Hertha BSC.
As “transfermarkt.de”, “picture” as well as “Sky” agree, it draws the 24-year-old central defender on a loan base to the end of the season to Kaa Gent in Belgium. A purchase option should not include the deal between Hertha BSC and Torunarigha’s new club, it says. A return in summer was now planned.
++ 28.01.2022, 12:31 clock: Will the BVB Schulz still start? +++
Shortly before closing the transfer window, BVB is working hard to get rid of several of its bank presses of the last months. Now with Nico Schulz a third professional of Borussia Dortmund could still seek the width.
How the “Bayern Picture” writes on Friday, the left-part could change towards Turkish Süper Lig. Fenerbahcensoll, according to the report, have “great interest” to Schulz, who could never fully convince the BVB. The whole story is here.
+++ 28.01.2022, 11:54 am: Amiri to the medical check in Genoa +++
The change from Nadiem Amiri from Bayer Leverkusen to the Italian first division FC Genoa is imminent. According to “Sky”, the 25-year-old midfielder completes the medical check on Friday. Accordingly, Amiri is initially borrowed until the end of the season, a purchase option should have been agreed.
+++ 28.01.2022, 11:09 pm: Surprise decor for Klopp? +++
Despite the already heavily occupied storm, the FC Liverpool wants to re-invest in winter. As the “Mirror” and “The Athletic” report, Luis Díaz from FC Porto faces a signature at the Reds.
Including bonuses would probably be due around 60 million euros for the Colombian. Tottenham hotspur should also have signaled interest in Díaz. Should Liverpool in the poker be serious about the wing runmer, the Spurs would have bad cards.
+++ 28.01.2022, 10:21 am: confusion about Bürki lending +++
At Borussia Dortmund, Roman Bürki has been playing no role for a long time. Now the BVB could obviously find a customer for the keeper.
As the Turkish journalist Mehmet Özcan announces, Bürki joins the Istanbul Club Galatasaray. Thus, the Swiss will be awarded to the Turkish record champion to the end of the season. Bürkis contract at BVB is still dated until 2023.
“Bayern1” editor Patrick Berger contradicts Özcan, however. Accordingly, Bürki is not shortly before changing to Galatasaray. There was also no official exchange between the BVB and the Turkish Top Club.
+++ 28.01.2022, 09:50: Vlahovic landed in Turin +++
What wattered for weeks through the rumors is now as good as fix. Dusan Vlahovic switches from the AC Florence to Juventus Turin. The old lady publish a video on her Twitter account a video showing the striker on his arrival in Turin.
Vlahovic thus issues a basket in both FC Bayern and Borussia Dortmund. Both German teams were finally sought interested in the Serbs.
+++ 28.01.2022, 09:41 clock: Thiaw before Schalke’s outlet? +++
At the beginning of the week, “Sky Italia” provided a message for plenty of vortex at FC Schalke 04. The AC Milan show interest in a commitment to Malick Thiaw and had already given an offer, it was in it.
Little later reported “picture”, Schalke has rejected the offer, 6.5 million euros have commanded Milan, the area of revenue demanded at least ten million euros.
Dimitrios Grammozis is still confident that he can also put in the second half of the Services of ThiaW (Treaty by 2024).
“If there is something there, we’ll announce it. He is our player and so we’re going around with him. Everything else will bring the future. But I actually assume that Malick stays with us,” said the Schalke chef coach On Thursday on the edge of the test match at 1. FC Cologne (2: 2).
+++ 28.01.2022, 09:25 clock: Change Bensebaini for competition? +++
With Denis Zakaria and Matthias Ginter, Borussia Mönchengladbach loses two power carriers at the latest in the summer. Even a departure of Ramy Bensbaini threatens – just to competition.
As the “picture” reports, Bayer Leverkusen is the services of the Algerian National Player. At the Werkself Bensbaini Mitchel should replace Bakker. The Dutch was finally associated with a change to Newcastle United.
For Bensbaini, Leverkusen would probably have to grab the pocket deeply. Of 22 million euros transfer is the speech.
+++ 28.01.2022, 08:35: Sweetheart at Dembélé +++
The Zoff between Ousman Dembélé and the FC Barcelona last and continued to move on. After the Frenchman had accused his employer “blackmail”, he obviously directs.
As the radio station “Cadena Ser” reports, Dembélé is now ready to look for a new club this winter.
The 24-year-old saw that he has no future at Barca and wool his World Cup participation does not jeopardize by missing game practice. Where it could pull Dembélé, but is still open.
+++ 28.01.2022, 08:22 clock: Chelsea-star Favorite on Slee Succession +++
Official confirmation of Bayern, from the summer separate ways to go with center-back Niklas Süle, was a real bang this week. According to a recent media report, it is now clear who should be the top favorite on the successor of the German national player.
In the pole position, committler andreas Christensen should be located by FC Chelsea. The Danish domestine is contractless from the summer, according to a podcast post of “image” football chef Christian Falk actually already had already been in agreement on an extension of his working paper last year. All information about this is here.
+++ 28.01.2022, 08:09 clock: “null bock” star should leave Gladbach +++
A few days ago rumors ghosted by the media, Deniz andav would be a change to the German Football Bundesliga. Now it seems to crystallize which club the sensors should have stretched out: Borussia Mönchengladbach.
On the other hand, a star of the foal should definitely leave the club. More here!
+++ 28.01.2022, 08:03 clock: power carrier of the 1st FC Cologne awakens desirilities +++
Since Bruno Guimaraes stands in front of a change to Newcastle United, Olympique Lyon apparently exited the sensors to Ellyes Skhiri from 1. FC Cologne as successor.
According to “FootballTransfers.com”, the Tunisian national player is one of many candidates at Lyon. Also Romain Faivre by Stade Brest is on the list, so the portal.
+++ 28.01.2022, 08:01 clock: Vfb Stuttgart before commitment of storm jewel +++
According to Transfer expert Fabrizio Romano, VfB Stuttgart secures the services of Tiago Tomás of Bayerning. Thus, the 19-year-old Portuguese changes to the Swabia for a long-term lending. A purchase option should have also assured the Stuttgart. More here!
+++ 28.01.2022, 07:38 clock: five goals on shadow list of FC Bayern +++
Already in the past, rumors around a shadow list at FC Bayern circulated, on the potential transfer candidate.
In the “picture” podcast “Bayern-inside” Christian Falk reveals that the same five names should be on the ominous list.
One of them is Matthias Ginter von Borussia Mönchengladbach, who has not extended his expiring contract with the foals. According to Falk, there was already a push of the Munich.
+++ 27.01.2022, 13:39 clock: Barca has jewel of FC Bayern in visor +++
FC Bayern threatens the loss of a talent. Top clubs around FC Barcelona should have thrown an eye on Kenan Yildiz. This reports “Bayern1”. Accordingly, the Munich’s 16-year-old would like to think beyond the summer of 2022, but Barca lure with an interesting perspective. Much suggests a departure, judges “Bayern1”,
+++ 26.01.2022, 08:44 o’clock: BVB buits to Spurs star +++
Dele Alli hardly plays a role in Tottenham. That’s why the offensive midfielder appears to be a say goodbye to the Spurs. According to “Daily Mail” is Borussia Dortmund among the prospects. In addition, Newcastle United, Brighton & Hove Albion as well as FC Burnley and FC Everton are supposed to enhance the 25-year-old.
+++ 25.01.2022, 21:32 clock: FC Bayern in the pole position at Ginter? +++
The Migrant Matthias Ginter of Borussia Mönchengladbach was most recently associated with a change to Inter Milan, even a transfer to Bayern is always in the room. Now the “Gazzetta dello Bayern” reports that the German record champion in the race should be ahead of the DFB national player in the summer. On the other hand, a future with Inter is less realistic.
+++ 25.01.2022, 14:57 clock: FC Bayern and BVB receive competition at Van de Beek +++
Donny Van de Beek hardly plays a role in Manchester United. Because of this, a change of the central midfield player is speculated. Most recently, FC Bayern and BVB were also mentioned as potential customers. According to Fabrizio Romano, Crystal Palace and the FC Valencia have now requested for a lending. Ralf Rangnick does not want to leave the Dutch.
+++ 25.01.2022, 12:22 pm: German Belgium bomber on the way to the Bundesliga +++
Until a few months ago, Deniz andav in Germany was a nearly blank sheet. His 28 (!) Gate participations in only 23 missions for the Belgian sensational leader Union Saint Gilloise, however, have also known the attacker in his homeland. Now, for the 25-year-old a dream could come true: as the newspaper “Le Soir” reported, AndAV has already signed for the new season in a non-nameless German Bundesliga club.
+++ 25.01.2022, 08:17 clock: Inter to DFB star interested +++
Switches Robin Gosens within the series A? As the journalist Fabrizio Romano reports, Inter Milan is interested in a commitment of the national player and should now even lead the transfer race. Accordingly, the Italian master with Atalanta Bergamo is in advanced talks.
+++ 25.01.2022, 07:24 o’clock: goalkeeper exchange between Barca and PSG? +++
Since 2014, Marc-André Ter Stegen is at the FC Barcelona under contract. But according to “El Nacional”, the time of the keeper could soon end at the Catalans. Accordingly, Barca is interested in a goalkeeper exchange with Paris Saint-Germain. In return, the Spaniard Gianluigi Donnaruma could get.
+++ 25.01.2022, 07:01 clock: Gladbach has already found Zakaria replacement already +++
The possible farewell to Denis Zakaria would leave a huge gap at Borussia Mönchengladbach. Allegedly manager Max Eberl and Co. have already provided and several potential successors envisaged. A hot candidate is for information from “Foot Mercato” of the 25-year-old Angelo Fulgini from the French first division Sco Angers. |
BUACC5935 – Global Homework Experts
BUACC5935
AUDITING AND ASSURANCE SERVICES
T2, 2022/2017
Task 2: Group Assignment
(Total Marks – 30)
GENERAL INFORMATION
As per the Course Description, this assignment constitutes 30 % of the total assessment in this course and
is due at the end of week 10 of the semester. Submission will be electronic copy via the assignment
submission drop-box under the Assessment tab in Moodle. Only one copy of the assignment is to be
submitted per group.
PURPOSE
The BUACC5935 course considers the audit function as it relates to the assurance engagement
framework and how legislation and accounting and auditing standards provide guidance on completing
the audit. Topics covered in the course include auditor independence, ethical threats and safeguards; client
acceptance; management assertions; audit risk; the internal control environment; audit sampling; the
attainment of sufficient and appropriate audit evidence; auditor liability; and audit reporting. Each topic is
introduced by a critical and integrative review of key theoretical concepts that are then applied to practical
settings.
The main purpose of this assignment is to provide students with the opportunity to apply the knowledge
and skills acquired during the semester to a practical task involving the use of ‘real-world’ accounting
information. In particular this will enable you to gain insights into and information about one of the
following companies using the published financial statements of the company as your primary data
source. And you are required to choose ONE of the following eight companies as your target company:
1. Afterpay Limited
2. Amcor Plc
3. BHP Group
4. Commonwealth Bank of Australia
5. JB Hi Fi Limited
6. Qantas Airways Limited
7. Telstra Corporation Ltd
8. Woolworths Group
This is intended to consolidate students’ accounting knowledge and skills. Students are required to
complete the assignment in groups maximum number per group are THREE and this is intended to
foster the development of the co-operative work skills that will be of importance in most employment
contexts.
Global Professional
School
Page 2 of 13
Dr Hassan Elhawary
BUACC5935: AUDITING AND ASSURANCE SERVICES
Task 2: Group Assignment
ASSESSMENT DETAILS AND REQUIREMENTS
Students are to organise themselves into groups of THREE to complete the assignment and do not have
automatic entitlement to adopt some other arrangement (such as completing the assignment individually
or in a larger group). Students who have difficulty finding a partner or who encounter other difficulties
(for example, their partner withdraws from the course) should consult the Lecturer/ Tutor. And you need
to send your group member names and IDs to your lecturer/ Tutor.
REQUIREMENTS
You are working for a large audit firm, Melbourne & Associates (M&A) where the office is located in
Melbourne. Based on your selected company’s annual report, the audit partner, Mr John Park, has advised
you to prepare a planning memorandum which includes the following:
1. Describe the core business of the company and explain how why gaining on understanding of the
client’s business is so important to auditor.
2. Identify four major business risks of the company and provide a detailed explanation of why each
factor is identified as a risk to the business.
3. *Results of analytical procedures: (1) You are required to prepare a key financial ratio analysis from
your selected company’s Consolidated Financial statements. (Note: Include your workings in the
Appendix). (2) You need to identify and explain which changes in the ratio analysis would trigger
further investigation in the audit for the company.
4. Identify four inherent risks that you identify from business risk and analytical procedures in points 2
and 3. (Note: Business risks are not the same as inherent risks).
5. Identify a key account and a key related auditor assertion at risk of material misstatement based on
the inherent risk you identify in point 4. (Note: Identify One key account and One key assertion for
each of the four inherent risks identified in point 4).
6. Calculate planning materially in a dollar ($) amount. You must include a breakdown of your
calculation and a justification of your choice of base, the percentage used and your assessment of
detection risk. Assume the company’s control risk is high.
7. Determine a number of methods the company can implement to overcome the high control risk.
Assume the company’s control risk is high.
8. Explain why would the company obtain sustainability assurance services from a consulting firm and
obtain company audit report from a chartered accounting firm?
9. Recently, the Covid-19 pandemic has been shown to impact audit quality such as (1) audit fees, (2)
going concern assessment, (3) auditor human capital, (4) audit procedures, and (5) audit personnel
salaries. Select any of two of these five factors and explain how does Covid-19 impact these two audit
quality factors?
Note*
The basic requirement is to make a general analysis of the profitability, efficiency, liquidity, gearing
(leverage), and investment performance of one of the above companies using the information available
in the company’s annual reports available via Moodle.
Global Professional
School
Page 3 of 13
Dr Hassan Elhawary
BUACC5935: AUDITING AND ASSURANCE SERVICES
Task 2: Group Assignment
Students are to use the ‘Consolidated’ data in conducting their analysis. Note that the annual reports
contain comparative data for the previous year’s results. The assignment will contain two main
elements:
SCHEDULE(S) OF RELEVANT RATIOS AND OTHER USEFUL CALCULATIONS
The schedule(s) of relevant ratios and other useful calculations should be incorporated in one or more
appendices. Ratios and other calculations should be presented so as to facilitate comparison between two
financial year (2019/2020 to 2020/2021) data. Students are advised to show the calculations used in
determining particular ratios and other figures.
A WRITTEN REPORT
The written report should:
• Explain briefly what is revealed by the ratios and other calculations in the context of the company’s
profitability, efficiency, liquidity, gearing (leverage) and investment performance. In particular, any
important changes from 2020 to 2021 should be identified, discussed and, where possible, explained.
• Provide an overall assessment of the company from the perspective of existing and potential equity
investors (shareholders).
The assignment is to comply with the University’s General Guide to Writing and Study Skills and
General Guide to Referencing and the written report is not to exceed 3,500 words (excluding the
Executive Summary of 30 June 2020 and 30 June 2021 for the purpose of calculating relevant ratios on these dates.
Share price data is available among other sources, from on the ASX website. Under no circumstances
are students to make direct personal contact with the company or its officers (for example by telephone,
fax, letter or email) in an attempt to gather further information.
SUGGESTED REPORT FORMAT AND APPROACH
SECTIONS IN REPORT:
Complete assignment in appropriate report format. Suggested report structure and headings:
TITLE PAGE
Your title or cover page needs to convey the main information about your assignment. It must look
professional and include:
The Course Code and Name:
Global Professional
School
Page 4 of 13
Dr Hassan Elhawary
BUACC5935: AUDITING AND ASSURANCE SERVICES
Task 2: Group Assignment
The title of the assessment task:
Name of the Course-Coordinator and of your tutor
Trimester, year and date of submission
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Table of Contents (TOC) provides the outline of your report to the marker/reader. It is the first
indication that you have addressed key issues and carefully planned you work. Your TOC should look
well laid out as if it is the TOC in a book. Use numbering for major e.g., 1.0 and minor headings e.g., 1.1
where appropriate and include page numbers. You can use an extra page to detail illustrations or tables if
it is appropriate.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Executive Summary should give an overview of your report to a busy executive who does not have
time to read it in full. It should:
▪ convey the purpose of the report,
▪ give a summary of key themes, ideas or findings (sub‐headings may be used),
▪ provide abridged recommendations.
The Executive Summary should not exceed 150 words. The words in the Executive Summary are not
included as part of the final word count.
BACKGROUND: COMPANY OVERVIEW
The introduction should give an overview of your report to a busy auditor partner, John Park who does
not have time to read it in full. It should contain the purpose of the report.
ANALYSIS
The main body of the report should include a discussion of what is revealed by the ratios and other
calculations in the context of the company’s profitability, efficiency, liquidity, gearing (leverage) and
investment performance. In particular, any important changes from 2020 to 2021 should be identified,
discussed and, where possible, explained. The main areas of analysis are:
• Profitability
• Efficiency
• Liquidity
• Gearing (Leverage)
• Investment Ratios
Audit planning memorandum
• Sub-Heading 1: Business overview
• Sub-Heading 2: Business risks
• Sub-Heading 3: Results of analytical procedures
• Sub-Heading 4: Inherent risks
• Sub-Heading 5: Key accounts and key related assertions
• Sub-Heading 6: Planning materially
Global Professional
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Dr Hassan Elhawary
BUACC5935: AUDITING AND ASSURANCE SERVICES
Task 2: Group Assignment
• Sub-Heading 7: Recommendations for weak internal control
• Sub-Heading 8: Sustainability assurance services from a consulting firm vs. audit report from a
chartered accounting firm
• Sub-Heading 9: The impact of COVID-19 on audit quality
CONCLUSIONS AND FINDINGS
The Conclusion is your evaluation or summary of the major points and key findings as discussed in the
Body of the report. The Conclusion should always be concise and must not contain any new information.
It should not require a substantial number of words to draw information together and summarise what you
have found.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Your recommendations are the culmination of all your work and should deliver a well‐rounded and
thoughtful ending to your research. The material in the body of your report provides the basis for your
considerations. The conclusion provides a summary of your deliberation over your findings. The
recommendations provide the reader with your considered opinions of what would be the best decision(s)
to make, or course(s) of action to follow, based on your research and critical analysis.
For this assignment your recommendations should be directed towards both the internal
management/directors of the company and also existing and potential external equity investors.
APPENDIXES
The appendix must contain a one-page summary in table format of the results of your ratio calculations.
This summary of your ratio results should be followed by the actual ratio calculations and workings.
Footnotes should also be used in your appendix to justify any values you have used in your calculations
where there is some uncertainty if you have selected the correct figure (value) from the annual report to
be used in the formulas.
REFERENCES
This must contain full details all sources referred to or cited in the report, using the Federation University
author‐date (APA) style.
Global Professional
School
Page 6 of 13
Dr Hassan Elhawary
BUACC5935: AUDITING AND ASSURANCE SERVICES
Task 2: Group Assignment
ANALYSIS APPROACH
In particular, any important changes from 202 to 2021 should be identified, discussed and, where
possible, explained. This may include amongst other aspects discussion and analysis of:
• Key results/trends from the ratio calculations
• Implications of your findings on the various
• Possible reasons and explanations behind the company’s fianacial performance and results
• Strategic implications for the company
• Strategies to improve the companies financial performance and results and also improve
investor (shareholder/member) confidence
PRESENTATION AND REFERENCING
PRESENTATION
The ‘Presentation check-list’ (see attached appendix) indicates the requirements and expected standards
concerning presentation. An assignment that complies with the guidelines highlighted in this check-list
would normally be expected to achieve the required presentation standard (see assessment criteria below).
If further guidance is required, students should refer to the General Guide to Writing and Study Skills
and General Guide to Referencing
REFERENCING
The link to the library website for more information is: Fed Uni Library Referencing
If additional clarification is necessary, students should discuss the matter with the staff member
responsible for conducting their tutorial.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
In assessing submitted assignments consideration will be given to:
• Overall neatness, completeness and quality of presentation.
The contained in the attached ‘Presentation check-list’.
• Timeliness of submission.
The students are expected to be able to meet reasonable deadlines for the submission of assessable
work as a matter of course. For this reason, no credit will be given for submitting the assignment by
the due date. Assessment tasks submitted after the due date, without prior approval/arrangement, will
be penalised at 10% of the available marks per day or part of say. Requests for extension of time
must be made with the lecturer concerned and based on Special Consideration guidelines
• Demonstrated skill in identifying and calculating relevant ratios and other indicators of
profitability, efficiency, liquidity, gearing (leverage), and investment performance.
Global Professional
School
Page 7 of 13
Dr Hassan Elhawary
BUACC5935: AUDITING AND ASSURANCE SERVICES
Task 2: Group Assignment
This criterion relates specifically to the requirement to prepare a schedule (or schedules) of relevant
ratios and other calculations and carries a weighting of 12 marks out of the 30 available for the
assignment.
• Demonstrated understanding of financial reports and ratios and other indicators of profitability,
efficiency, liquidity, gearing (leverage), and investment performance. Written reports in excess of
3,500 words will be penalised.
A single copy (only) of the assignment should be submitted, for which the students who prepared it will
usually receive the same mark. This is based on the expectation that each student will have contributed
equally to the preparation of the assignment. Where this expectation has not been satisfied separate
marks may be allocated.
Selected students may be invited to discuss their assignment with the person responsible for marking it.
This discussion will only be taken into account in marking assignments where it provides evidence that
the integrity of students’ work has been compromised. This may, for example, be evidenced by students
being unable to explain the meaning of their assignment, being unable to explain why certain information
has been included and so on.
PLAGIARISM:
• Statute 6.1: Student Discipline
• Regulation 6.1: Student Discipline
• Regulation 6.1.1: Plagiarism
APPENDIX: PRESENTATION CHECK-LIST
As indicated above, the assignment for BUACC5935 is to be presented in accordance with the
University’s General Guide to Writing and Study Skills and General Guide to Referencing. To assist
students in achieving the required standard the following check-list is provided.
It is highly recommended that students read through the following items before they commence work on
the assignment so that they have a general understanding of what is expected concerning presentation.
An assignment that complies with the guidelines highlighted in this check-list would normally be
expected to achieve the required presentation standard (see the assessment criteria above).
Global Professional
School
Page 8 of 13
Dr Hassan Elhawary
BUACC5935: AUDITING AND ASSURANCE SERVICES
Task 2: Group Assignment
Prior to submitting their assignments students should read carefully through the following statements
and tick the ‘Completed’ box for each item only when they are satisfied that their assignment meets the
specified presentation standard.
Section references are to the University’s General Guide for the Presentation of Academic Work
(revised edition, 2014). All students should ensure that they have a copy of this document before
commencing work on the assignment.
Completed
1. We have read the General Guide to Writing and Study Skills and General Guide to
Referencing and understand why the proper presentation of academic work is
important.
2. We have read and understood the section dealing with plagiarism.
3. We have read the section concerning ‘Layout an appearance’ and complied with its
guidelines. Please note that ‘1.5’ or ‘double’ spacing is required for the written
sections of this assignment.
4. Our assignment has a title page that contains the information specified in the ‘Title
page or cover sheet’ section (and includes the BUACC5935 tutorial group of each
student).
5. Our assignment has an abstract (or synopsis or summary) prepared in accordance
with the instructions contained in the ‘Reports’ section.
Note: As per p.36, the abstract follows immediately after the title page and ‘should
summarise or précis the content of the work’. Note that the abstract or synopsis
should not simply be a restatement of the topic, nor a table of contents in prose form.
6. If our assignment contains a table of contents, it has been prepared in accordance
with the General Guide to Writing and Study Skills.
7. If our assignment contains appendices, they have been prepared in accordance with
the General Guide to Writing and Study Skills.
9. We have read the General Guide to Referencing and understand the importance of
properly acknowledging the use of other writers’ works. For this assignment the
APA system is required to be used.
Global Professional
School
Page 9 of 13
Dr Hassan Elhawary
BUACC5935: AUDITING AND ASSURANCE SERVICES
Task 2: Group Assignment
10. We have read the General Guide to Referencing which deals with the APA citation
style and used the APA system in our assignment.
Note: In an assignment of this nature the need to acknowledge sources by ‘author-
date’ references may be limited. This is on account of the technical knowledge and
skills required to complete the assignment being taught as part of the course content.
However, where students quote or use ideas from a particular source (for example, a
newspaper article or a textbook) this should be acknowledged. Some judgement is
needed in this matter. For example, if a current ratio is calculated there is no need to
acknowledge the source of the formula used since the current ratio forms part of
general accounting knowledge. However, if a particular author is quoted, or a
particular author’s ideas concerning, for example, an appropriate current ratio, are
used, then an acknowledgment using an ‘author-date’ reference (see examples in the
General Guide to Referencing) will be required. The proper acknowledgment of
sources is very important in academic work, and it is worth investing some time in
learning to do it correctly, as the benefit will be enduring.
11. Our assignment contains a reference list prepared in accordance with the General
Guide to Referencing.
12. We have carefully proofread our assignment prior to submitting it. (Simply running
the assignment through a spell-checker, while helpful, is not a substitute for a careful
proofreading). When proofreading our assignment, we endeavoured to identify and
correct all spelling, punctuation, grammatical and other similar errors.
13. We understand that the staff member(s) responsible for taking our tutorials is(are)
available to answer questions relating to the presentation of our assignment. If we
were uncertain of how to achieve the proper presentation standard, we asked a staff
member for advice.
Global Professional
School
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Dr Hassan Elhawary
BUACC5935: AUDITING AND ASSURANCE SERVICES
Task 2: Group Assignment
HINTS:
BUACC5935 Group Assignment Self Learning Guideline
Read Chapter 7 of the prescribed textbook, and:
1. Understand the steps in auditing planning overview and be able to explain why obtaining an
understanding of the entity and its environment is so important.
2. Understand the process of analytical procedures and be able to calculate key financial ratios used in
analytical procedures
3. Be able to interpret the key changes of financial ratios
4. Refer to Appendix 7A (pp.276- 277) of the prescribed textbook for key financial ratios. (Hint:
Students may also calculate other financial ratios such as Gross profit margin; Net profit margin; Debt
ratio; Market performance Ratios including Earnings per share (EPS), Dividend per share (DPS),
Price earnings ratio.
Read Chapter 8 of the prescribed textbook, and:
1. Understand the risks of misstatement through understanding the entity
2. Understand the importance of business risks in audit planning
3. Understand the importance of inherent risks in audit planning and be able to use audit assertion to
respond to client firm’s inherent risks.
4. Understand the importance of internal control to an entity.
Read Chapter 9 of the prescribed textbook, and:
1. Understand the concept of materiality
2. Be able to determine the materiality for the financial report as a whole (see prescribed textbook Table
9.1 (pp.327) for a common base and materiality level for materiality planning)).
The information for the impact Covid-19 on audit quality might not be available in annual report or the
prescribed textbook, but online search (i.e., academic journals or media reports) will show if there is the
impact. Please cite the reference
Global Professional
School
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Dr Hassan Elhawary
BUACC5935: AUDITING AND ASSURANCE SERVICES
Task 2: Group Assignment
BUACC5935
AUDITING AND ASSURANCE SERVICES
T2, 2022/2017
Task 2: Group Assignment
(Total Marks – 30)
(Marking Rubric)
BUACC5935: AUDITING AND ASSURANCE SERVICES
Task 2: Group Assignment (Total Marks – 30)
Group Names & IDs:
Student ID & Name:
Marking Criteria Marks
Allocated
Marks
Awarded
Marker’s Comments
Executive
summary 4
Discussion &
Analysis:
1.0 Introduction
& Background-
Business overview
5
2.0 Business risks
8
3.0 Results of
analytical
procedures
8
4.0 Inherent risks
8
5.0 Key accounts
and key related
assertions
8
Global Professional
School
Page 12 of 13
Dr Hassan Elhawary
BUACC5935: AUDITING AND ASSURANCE SERVICES
Task 2: Group Assignment
6.0 Planning
materially 7
7.0
Recommendations
for weak internal
control
5
8.0 Sustainability
assurance services
from a consulting
firm vs. audit
report from a
chartered
accounting firm
6
9.0 The impact of
COVID-19 on
audit quality
5
Selection &
calculatiuon of
appropriate raios:
8
Interpretation of
ratios: 8
Evaluation
5
Conclusion
5
Overall
Recommendations 5
Citations and
reference list in
correct APA style.
Writing style,
mechanics,
structure &
referencing.
Spelling and
grammar: Well
5
Global Professional
School
Page 13 of 13
Dr Hassan Elhawary
BUACC5935: AUDITING AND ASSURANCE SERVICES
Task 2: Group Assignment
structured, with
few or no errors in
spelling and
grammar
Penalty will apply
for late submission:
10% of the marks
for this task for
each delay in
submission of a
day (weekend
included)
Total for
Presentation (out
of 100)
100 0
Total for Presentation (Scaled
down to 30%)
0
Keep up with good work |
Green Committee Primer
by
Joe Sponcia
January, 2016
Green committees have been a part of the club landscape since the time of Donald Ross and Alister MacKenzie. Outside of building campaigns and club house renovations that have bankrupted otherwise successful clubs, nothing has proven more detrimental to the long-term success and enjoyment of a club’s most valuable asset – its golf course – than well-meaning, yet woefully uneducated Green Committees. History is littered with examples of armchair architects that have taken their power and influence too far, however in recent years, the golf industry has seen clubs return to their roots, which ironically, is usually championed by one or two daring individuals on the Green Committee.
If you have been a member of your club for a short time or a very long one, the very thought of having an impact on the playing field can be enticing. This is why the selection, make-up, and basic outline of this important club committee is critical.
What purpose and responsibilities should the Green Committee serve?
• To convey pertinent information about the golf course and it’s operations to the membership.
• To be a sounding board for individual members or groups.
• To assist in budgeting and oversight as it relates to the golf course.
• To educate themselves on issues that affect agronomy (sunlight, water, trees, and weather) and to understand basic course construction as it relates to overall design and playability for all members.
• To understand and articulate the club’s Course Master Plan as it relates to future changes.
• To address historical issues that over time have proven detrimental to the membership, i.e tree plantings, bunker additions/fills, fairway widths, etc.
Common pitfalls to avoid
1 Few clubs discuss and agree to the purpose above (or something similar) aloud. Fewer have taken the time to write out a mission statement. If your Committee doesn’t have a written, stated purpose, create one. This will govern what individuals can and can’t do as it relates to their duties on the Committee. Like the pledge allegiance, this statement should be read before each meeting to ensure everyone is working towards the same goal. The best ones are short, concise, and don’t mince words.
Scott Anderson, Course Superintendent at Huntingdon Valley Country Club, in Huntingdon Valley, Pa has done a wonderful job outlining the way such a document should read here:
2 Many don’t have a Course Master Plan. A Course Master Plan is the “Constitution” of the golf course. Without one, courses are left defenseless and are subject to trends, whims, and ad hoc changes; they also serve to stifle democracies. Democracies mean mob rules, which in the case of a classic golf course or even a modern one, who do you think is a better judge of where a bunker should be placed or the role of trees as a defense of par? Alister MacKenzie or the President of your local bank and two of his playing partners who have served on the Green Committee for three years? If your club doesn’t have a Master Plan, hire a professional course architect to create one. The plan should include a hole by hole dissertation of how the course should play, be maintained, and the general strategy and mission of the course.
3 Members micro-manage the Course Superintendent. Can you imagine working as an intern or laborer while simultaneously working on your four-year degree, then working as an assistant for 8-10 years, and at the ripe age of thirty-five landing your first job as a Course Superintendent…only to find you have 7-11 new, uninformed bosses every 1-3 years? This is the life of many Course Superintendents. It shouldn’t be. Superintendents spend 5-6 days per week directly working on the golf course, and with that said, are probably aware of every issue on the course before the Committee opines for sixty minutes, once per month. If the expectation of the clubs conditioning isn’t matched by the budget and/or man-power, there is little a Superintendent can do. Simply put, many clubs are 25% low on their maintenance budget and several people short of what they can realistically expect.
4 Short tenures usually mean haphazard results. Face it, many who join Committees or run for Board of Director positions do so for two reasons: They have an axe to grind or want control. That isn’t to say that some don’t have a servants heart, but many simply don’t put the study time in (especially on the Green Committee), beyond the 1-2 hours per month the meetings require. The results of this are often emotion-filled opinions vs. fact-based principle based on careful research. The mere mention of trees, for instance, has proven this out for over 100 years.
5 Too many members on the Committee itself. If 11 members are good, 9 is better, 7 is ideal, and 5 is sublime. Odd numbers are an absolute. Smaller groups get more accomplished than do larger ones.
“The average green committee changes from year to year and usually has far more enthusiasm than knowledge. Wherever any work is attempted, outside of ordinary maintenance, the experience of most clubs has been that a great amount of money has been squandered.” – Stanley Thompson
“The history of most golf clubs is that a Committee is appointed, they make mistakes, and just as they are beginning to learn from their mistakes, they resign office and are replaced by others who make still greater mistakes, and so it goes on. A Committee of three or five is quite large enough. A greater number is likely to prove unwieldy and generally includes considerable dead wood.” – Alister MacKenzie
The Ideal Committee Chairman
Of all of the Chair positions on the Board of Directors, the Green Chair undoubtedly has the steepest learning curve and thus, should bring the most experience and knowledge before assuming the role.
Would it seem sensible to have a man with no food and beverage experience lead the House Committee? Or have another who only plays first Saturday and Sunday mornings, but never attends a single function at the club lead the Social Committee? The risk quadruples when the wrong Green Chair takes the helm. Ever heard of a Beautification Committee that didn’t disfigure a golf course? This is where they get legs.
“In many clubs the selection of a Green Committee is accomplished with little more concern than would attend the purchase of a household doormat; something necessary and fairly durable and which, when worn out, may be tossed aside for a new one. The chief should be a dictator, for the Green Committee is a one-man show if there ever was one. The Chairman should be a man of considerable knowledge of turf conditions and the requirements of the game itself. It is to be assumed that these qualifications have caused his selection.” – A.W. Tillinghast
The ideal Committee Chairman should possess the following attributes:
Principled – When asked, he should be able to recite the playing characteristics, strategy, and agronomic characteristics of the course as it is described in the Master Plan. If no plan exists, he should be able to reference commonly known principles in the industry and any known characteristics that represent the vision of his original Architect based on his other designs, early photos, or the writings of previous Green Committees.
Freely Invests Time – He should be a frequent player and keen observer of his surroundings. He should be just as enthused to walk the course without a club in hand, as he is to play it with one.
Understands the Plight of every Member – Whether he be scratch or a higher handicap, he should be able to easily discern the challenge and common issues all members face, regardless of ability. Making a course play hard is an easy task, but is rarely in the club’s best interest. Making it fair and fun for everyone while still providing challenge is ideal.
Studious – He should be a student of architecture and agronomy. The ideal man can recite the principles championed by MacKenzie and Macdonald as easily as he can talk about the latest GCSAA periodicals.
Is Plainly Spoken – You know where you stand with this individual. He is pleasant, but doesn’t mince words. If he doesn’t know the answer, he finds it quickly. If he knows the answer, he isn’t afraid of who is offended by it.
Understands the Big Picture – Without an unlimited budget and unlimited labor, not every project or issue can be tackled at once. When the club loses members, mother nature wreaks havoc, or maintenance staff leaves, the Chair should be open to deviation and changes that reflect the current climate.
Committee Make-up
This is a point of contention for many clubs: “Should we include the most popular people, the most educated, and/or the most diverse group”? If your club has a Course Master Plan already in place, popular and diverse are fine, but in the absence of one, they generally do the most damage. It is always a good idea to have enthusiastic and educated Committee Members above all, but that isn’t to say there isn’t a place for someone who seems to know everyone at the club.
Here are two contrasting views:
“We invited a 40 year member who played bridge in the grill everyday and complained about everything. He had a lot of touch points with a lot of members. He said why would you pick me? I am not going to agree with anything you say. I replied, I don’t want you to agree. I want you to understand the process we are using so that when you complain, you will at least know we are doing nothing without the approval of our consulting architect. You are free to agree or disagree as you see fit. He turned out to be an excellent member of the committee. One of my favorites.” – Mike Policano
“The notion that a green committee should represent the diversity in the membership is why so many great and classical courses have been disfigured over the years. It’s probably the worst method for structuring a green committee. A committee should be structured by choosing the most qualified candidates, and not a cross section of the membership for political correctness’s sake. If you have to educate them the day before you appoint them, you’ve made the wrong choice.” – Patrick Mucci
If your club doesn’t have an interview process established for admitting new committee members, create one. This could be done over lunch with a series of simple, yet pertinent questions:
1 Describe how you might be an asset to the Committee? This will let the Chairperson know what substance the candidate could bring to the table and what role they see themselves playing.
2 If you could change or fix three things on the golf course, what would they be? This is where their ‘axe to grind’ lies. Listen carefully here.
3 What are your three favorite books on course design/architecture or agronomy? This question speaks to education and preparation beforehand. Will they be the kind of member who will constantly need to be spoon-fed information or do they already have a base knowledge they can articulate?
4 Can you discuss the various schools of course design, i.e. strategic, penal, heroic? This is a great question to weed out those who seek a one-dimensional golf course that punishes high handicappers and is boring to scratch players. Playability for all handicaps is the ideal answer.
5 Do you frequently play other courses? People that see and play other clubs are more beneficial than are those who only play at home.
6 If so, what do you like and dislike when playing elsewhere? Being able to contrast preferences, even if the Chairperson may hold the opposite opinion makes for a valuable member.
7 Trees are often a hot button for many clubs, can you discuss their role? This is the coup de grace for Committee members. If they can’t articulate the pros and cons of what is a fairly common issue to discuss at Committee meetings without becoming emotional or irrational, better to find out now than later.
Note: Anyone who is offended by these questions is probably going to be the a thorn to the Committee. Proceed with caution.
Beautification Committees
There is nothing at all wrong with improving the beauty of a club through selected plantings of trees, flowers, and plants, but when it comes to the playing field, many times, beautification committees do more harm than good. Inevitably, they will select the wrong tree species to honor fallen members; conifers being the worst (i.e. Christmas trees), plant in the worst places (i.e. corners of doglegs, too close to the fairway, too close to greens) where they will eventually over hang, and roots will protrude into the fairway causing safety issues, and do so simply to fill space.
The best way to memorialize a member is through a scholarship fund, a simple plaque in the clubs hallway, or a bench, but never a tree.
Meeting Structure
The first meeting of the new year should include an orientation session to acclimate new members to the format of the Committee. The orientation should include the high points of the Course Master Plan, a review of the mission statement of the Committee, and a brief history of the course. Members should be encouraged to freely communicate and collaborate on the Committee to make the most effective use of their time. In general, email should only be used for one-way dialogue and announcements, while a bulletin board, private Facebook group (for example), or applications like Clubster, should be used for multiple responses/discussions outside of the monthly meetings. Once the orientation is complete, a review of the last sessions minutes should be discussed before beginning any new business. This should always be done at the first of every meeting.
The second item most clubs tackle is ‘hot button’ issues from the last thirty days. If members communicate freely throughout the month, this shouldn’t take an inordinate of time as many of these items can be aggregated on a discussion board. If your Committee is the kind that plays things close to the vest, the ‘hot button’ time will more likely turn into ‘bitch’ sessions, which can be productive, so long as they are free from emotional tirades. A good Chairperson should be able to moderate the discussion in a way that is respectful to everyone’s time.
The third item to discuss is any planned maintenance (aerification, winterizing, tree trimming/removal, etc.) and tournaments/events that may need special consideration.
The last agenda item should be educational in nature and could take 15-30 minutes each session. Annual topics to discuss should include:
• Bunker maintenance, construction.
• Trees (in general) and tree trimming.
• Aerification.
• Fertilizers.
• Winterizing procedures.
• Sunlight, water, air circulation.
• Green speeds, mowing patterns, fairway corridors/width.
• Maintenance equipment: What, why, and how?
• Diseases
Gary Sherman offers this sage advice: ‘Early this year I was asked to join our green committee after much solicitation on my part. The reason I solicited membership was the changes I saw happening to the course and the rumors of those planned. I went to my first meeting excited to be a part of the committee but went home after the meeting depressed. I learned that there was no long range plan for the course and that “suggestions” for improvements were being solicited on a piece of paper circulating among the committee members. I also determined from the discussion that the committee members had no clue as to the history of the golf course and none had any concept of basic turfgrass management and golf course maintenance practices. During this year, I became a close associate to the greens chairman and took it upon myself to educate the committee on the historical significance of our 75 year old “golden age” designed course and to work with the new superintendent to educate members about basic concepts of turfgrass, tree and course management practices. This has been a lot of hard work and a bit of a political tightrope to manage. From this experience, I would recommend the following “commandments” or responsibilities to anyone who is a current, or desires to be, a green committee member.
1. Educate yourself on the history of your golf course and the original architect. Understand the original architects design philosophy. Develop a scrapbook of old photos, articles and plans of the course. If you have a “golden age” designed course, there are a number of great books to study. Klein’s Rough Meditations, the Ross commentaries, Golf has Never Failed Me, MacKenzie’s Golf Architecture and Shackelford’s The Golden Age of Golf Design. Geoff’s book is great because it has so many pictures and pictures that go a long way in educating people.
2. Educate yourself on what is involved in golf course greenkeeping. There are several very good easy reading books on golf course management. Fundamentals of Turfgrass Management by Nick Christians and Golf Course Tree Management by Sharon Lilly are an easy read. These are enough to establish a working knowledge of greenkeeping. Also subscribe to magazines such as “Links” and “Golf Course Management” issued by the GCSAA.
3. Hire an architect to develop a long-range plan for the course that is sympathetic to the original course design philosophy. The plan should be developed from a high project level and then focus down to individual hole improvements that support the overall plan goals. I wouldn’t do this until you have completed step 1 above. Hiring the wrong person and blindly following his/her plan could be a mistake. The more educated you are on your course the more you will come to know what you want.’
Appendix:
The USGA has put together an excellent outline of topics and articles which will prove helpful to new and current Green Committees. I have added a few pertinent ones, but the credit goes to the them for having the forethought to put this important resource together into one document.
Aeration/Cultivation
• Deep tine verification in compact soil. E.A. Guertal, Ph.D.; C.L. Derrick; and J.N. Shaw, Ph.D.
• Turfgrass Maintenance Cultivation. Tom Samples, Professor and John Sorochan, Associate Professor Plant Sciences
• Aeration and topdressing for the 21st century. O’Brien, Pat; Hartwiger, Chris. 2003. USGA Green Section Record. March/April. 41(2): p. 1-7.
• Sometimes More is Less. Oatis, David A. 2002. USGA Green Section Record. May/June. 40(3): p. 10-11.
• Why aerate greens (USGA video)?
Ballmarks
• The Anatomy of a Pitch Mark. Stanley Zontek.
• Repairing ballmarks (USGA video).
• Fixing ballmarks (video)
Budgets and Labor
• Setting standards: creating effective written maintenance standards is easier than you think. Lowe, Todd. 2005. USGA Green Section Record. September/October. 43(5): p. 1-6.
• The economy and golf course maintenance. Brame, Bob. 2004. USGA Green Section Record. March/April. 42(2): p. 1-5.
• Required maintenance verses available labor – are you adequately staffed? Moore, Martin. 1988. USGA Green Section Record. January/February. 26(1): p. 12-14.
Bunkers:
Sand Selection
• How to select the best sand for your bunkers. Moore, Jim. 1998. USGA Green Section Record. January/February. 36(1): p. 9-12.
• Sand selection and your game. GCSAA.
• Help your bunkers make the grade. Hartwiger, Chris. 1998. USGA Green Section Record. November/December. 36(6): p. 1-4.
• Why bunkers are not consistent. USGA Web site animations. .
• Bunker etiquette. USGA Web site animations. .
Rake placement
• Where should we put the bunker rakes? Nelson, Matt. 2005. USGA Green Section Record. January/February. 43(1): p. 32-33.
• Should bunker rakes be placed inside or outside of the bunker? USGA Web site FAQs.
Construction/Renovation Issues (bunkers, greens, tees)
• Building the USGA Green- Tips for Success. USGA Green Section Staff. 2002.
• USGA Recommendations for a Method of Putting Green Construction. USGA Green Section Staff. 2004.
• Determining the Need for Reconstruction – Do the Greens Need to be Rebuilt? Moore, James F.
• A Troubleshooting Checklist for New USGA Greens. Moore, James F.
• Planting a Bermudagrass Green –
• So, you want to renovate your golf course. Oatis, David A. 1997. USGA Green Section Record. September/October. 35(5): p. 1-5.
Divot Repair
• Divot repair etiquette. USGA Web site animations.
• Fixing divots. GCSAA.
Environment
• Is your course certified? Dotti, Paul. 2002. USGA Green Section Record. January/February. 40(1): p. 17-20.
• Turfgrass and golf course benefits – a scientific assessment. Beard, James B.; Green, Robert L. 1993. USGA Green Section Record. May/June. 31(3): p. 26-30.
• Environmentally sensitive areas. USGA Web site animations.
Green Committee
• The ten most common Green Committee mistakes. Oatis, David A. 2003. USGA Green Section Record. September/October. 41(5): p. 1-6.
• The Green Committee chairperson: are you up to the challenge? Moore, Jim. 1994. USGA Green Section Record. September/October. 32(5): p. 8-11.
• A guide for Committee Members (USGA).
Greens Management
• Helping your greens make the grade. Moore, J.F. 1998. USGA Green Section Record. March/April. 36(2): p. 1-7.
• Making a great putting green surface. USGA Web site animations..
• TV golf versus daily play. USGA Web site animations.
Green Speed
• Use of the Stimpmeter. USGA Web site animations.
• Green Speed. GCSAA.
Hole Locations
• Requirements for a hole location on a putting green. USGA Web site.
• What is the USGA recommendation regarding hole locations? USGA Web site FAQs.
• Selecting hole locations. USGA Web site animations.
• Changing a hole location. USGA Web site animations. .
Hiring a Golf Course Superintendent
• Selecting a professional superintendent. GCSAA.
• The best and the brightest available. Vermulen, Paul. 2006. USGA Green Section Record. July-August 44 (4): 1-8.
• Hiring a professional staff. GCSAA.
Information Resources
• Audubon International:
• Education video clips. USGA Web site.
• Golf Course Superintendent’s Association of America:
• Turfgrass Information File – Search all USGA materials is available free-of-charge.
• USGA Green Section Section:
Irrigation
• Does your irrigation system make the grade? Huck, Mike. 2000. USGA Green Section Record. September/October. 38(5): p. 1-5.
• Using effluent water on the golf course. GCSAA.
• Water conservation. GCSAA.
• Watering for healthy turf. USGA Web site animations. .
Labor Issues – See Budgets & Labor
Lightning
• Lightning safety. GCSAA.
Overseeding
• Pros and cons of fairway overseeding. Foy, John H. 1998. USGA Green Section Record. September/October. 36(5): p. 10-12.
Pesticides (insect, weed, & disease control)
• Facts about golf course pesticides. GCSAA.
• Golf course pesticide FAQs. GCSAA.
Practice Areas (driving range, nurseries)
• Building a new driving range tee? Supersize it! Oatis, David A. 2005. USGA Green Section Record. July/August. 43(4): p. 12-15.
• The long and short of practice areas. Bevard, Darin S. 2001. USGA Green Section Record. January/February. 39(1): p. 1-5.
• Nursery Rhymes. Bevard, Darin S. 2001. USGA Green Section Record. May/June. 39(3): p. 22.
Renovation – see Construction/Renovation Issues
Roughs
• Roughing It. James T. Snow. 1998 USGA Green Section Record. Nov/Dec.26(6): p. 1-4.
Traffic Control
• Traffic, how much can you bare? Vavrek, Bob. 2002. USGA Green Section Record. July/August. 40(4): p. 1-6.
• Common sense cart paths. Oatis, David A. 1994. USGA Green Section Record. January/February. 32(1): p. 1-5.
• Golf cart etiquette. USGA Web site animations..
Trees
• Ten timely tips to avoid tree troubles. Vermeulen, Paul. 1990. USGA Green Section Record. September/October. 28(5): p. 15-17. .
• Trees on the golf course. USGA Web site animations. .
• It’s all in the presentation. Jeffrey Brauer.
• The right tree in the right location. David Oatis.
• Turf must trump trees on a golf courses. Mike Jennings.
• Make sure you plant the right free in the right location on a golf course. Mike Jennings.
• Deconstruction Zone. Dunlop White.
• The Cutting Edge. Dunlop White.
• Below the Trees. Dunlop White.
Wildlife
• Wildlife and habitat management information and case studies. GCSAA.
Winter Topics
• Politics, religion, and winter play on greens. Snow, James T. 1987. USGA Green Section Record. November/December. 25(6): p. 1-4..
• Frost issues. USGA Web site animations. .
• Golfers FAQ: Golf course winterkill. University of Nebraska.
• Winterkill of turfgrass. Kevin Frank.
The End |
A toilet with a trapway always looks unattractive; it often prompts the question of when the last time you cleaned it up was. This toilet is so familiar to seniors as it’s the same one they’ve been using for decades. And now you are right to feel you’ve been left behind by technology and modernism.
Better late than never, the best skirted toilet models look sleeker, ultra-convenient, and have a lot of features built into the bowl. Skirted models are a worthy upgrade to the unsightly traditional bowl-tank-and-trapway toilets.
Contents
- 1 What Does Skirted Toilet Mean?
- 2 Best Skirted Toilets: 8 Product Reviews
- 2.1 1. WOODBRIDGE T-0001 Dual Flush Elongated One Piece Toilet with Soft Closing Seat
- 2.2 2. American Standard 2988101.020 Cadet 3 FloWise
- 2.3 3. TOTO AQUIA IV 2PC Dual Flush Toilet with an Elongated Bowl
- 2.4 4. Kohler K-3999-0 Highline Comfort Height Two-Piece Elongated Toilet
- 2.5 5. Swiss Madison Well Made Forever SM-1T254 St. Tropez One Piece Toilet
- 2.6 6. WOODBRIDGE T-0019 Cotton White One Piece Toilet
- 2.7 7. TOTO MS626124CEFG#01 Aimes Elongated Bowl WASHLET
- 2.8 8. KOHLER 3814-0 Corbelle Comfort Height Elongated Toilet
- 3 Tips for Purchasing Best Skirted Toilet
- 4 Frequently Asked Questions
- 5 How to Install Skirted Toilets?
- 6 Conclusion
What Does Skirted Toilet Mean?
Skirted toilets are concealed trapway toilets which are installed in a modern bathroom. The trapway is kept hidden from view, built into the bowl, and the liquid waste and solid waste are flushed directly into the sewers more efficiently. These toilets have two main benefits when you compare them with other traditional toilets. First, it’s an advanced toilet that is aesthetically pleasing, ideal for different bathroom styles, and usually in one piece. Secondly, it is easy to clean.
Skirted designs are usually found in the most sophisticated toilets; products with bidet integration, self-cleaning toilets, rimless toilets, and more.
Best Skirted Toilets: 8 Product Reviews
We’ve helped you research the 8 best skirted toilet products with a skirted trapway. Check them out!
1. WOODBRIDGE T-0001 Dual Flush Elongated One Piece Toilet with Soft Closing Seat
Without a doubt, one of the best-skirted toilets on the market is the WOODBRIDGE T-0001. The one-piece toilet comes with a comfort height feature and a water-efficient system that complies with WaterSense.
This model is kept rather simple in design but still looks elegant. In addition, it is installed on the floor and meant to flush directly to the wall and thus makes a particularly classy impression. The ceramics are of very high quality. It was fired at a very high temperature, ensuring extremely high stability and making the surfaces extremely smooth.
The standard toilet has a dual flush siphon system and uses 1.6 or 1.0 gallons per flush, but averages at 1.28 gallons. The lid is made of robust plastic and closes particularly quietly, thanks to the soft-close system, an automatic lowering system. Therefore, it’s our choice of the best skirted toilet.
Pros
- Skirted trapway for ease of cleaning
- Elongated seat with soft-close
- Made of highly durable ceramic
- Powerful siphon flush system
- Quiet flush mechanism
Cons
- Not easy to find parts in case of breakage
- Doesn’t have comfort height
2. American Standard 2988101.020 Cadet 3 FloWise
Lightweight, made of vitreous china with an EverClean surface, the American Standard system comes with a skirted design and a single flush system that uses just 1.28 gallons per flush. One of our best skirted toilet products is this American Standard’s two-piece toilet with a round bowl shape and a top-mounted soft-close seat which also has an easy lift-off feature. So it doesn’t happen that you wake someone up at night if you carelessly drop the seat. Please note that this doesn’t have an elongated bowl shape, it’s a round bowl toilet.
The workmanship is also well done; after all, all the parts fit together perfectly. Moreover, the toilet is made of high-quality vitreous china material. Incidentally, you wouldn’t need a long time to assemble your skirted toilet. A little manual skill is however required.
Pros
- High-quality vitreous china construction
- Easy to clean thanks to the EverClean surface
- Soft-close seat
- ADA compliant for standing and seating comfort
Cons
- Mounting not easy
3. TOTO AQUIA IV 2PC Dual Flush Toilet with an Elongated Bowl
One of the best skirted toilets on the market, the Aquia IV is an elongated-bowl, two-piece toilet with a CEFIONTECT ceramic glaze, a fully glazed trap way, and a DYNAMAX TORNADO FLUSH technology which is supposed to reduce the need to clean the toilet frequently and the use of harsh chemicals.
The model is a dual flush toilet that uses 1.28 GPF and 0.8 GPF. It is made of sanitary ceramic, which is extremely robust and ensures long usage. What’s more? The DYNAMAX TORNADO FLUSH system, an eco-friendly system that helps you save water, was installed and this puts the additional costs into perspective after a while.
The product can be installed relatively quickly with little technical know-how. Another good thing is that a seat is included in the package. You can also choose to upgrade it to mount an electronic bidet system on it for added cleanliness and luxury.
Pros
- Bidet can be integrated into it
- Includes a soft-closing seat
- Dual flush system
- Has a skirted trap way
- CEC, CarlGreen, and WaterSense certified
- 40% water saving
Cons
- Not so easy to clean
4. Kohler K-3999-0 Highline Comfort Height Two-Piece Elongated Toilet
Kohler toilets are of high-quality standards and the Highline Comfort Height is not exempted. It’s a traditional toilet with a floor-mounted design and bowl. The toilet has a left-hand chrome trip lever but it doesn’t come with a toilet seat. However, it has a very powerful Class Five flush technology that only uses 1.28 GPF, removing solid waste from the bowl effectively, and meeting EPA’s WaterSense criteria. It’s a comfort height, elongated toilet in two pieces that are made from vitreous china.
Asides from that, there is nothing particularly new about the Kohler model as it is a classic type of toilet with not many modern features. But, the design has particularly smooth surfaces that make it difficult for germs and residues to settle. This means that cleaning can be carried out with little effort. You can also sit very comfortably on the toilet, thanks to the Comfort Height design.
Pros
- Comfort height for chair height seating
- Ideal for seniors and people with disabilities
- Uses 1.28 GPF
- Unique bowl design
- Fair price
Cons
5. Swiss Madison Well Made Forever SM-1T254 St. Tropez One Piece Toilet
The Glossy White toilet is made from durable and high-quality ceramic and is truly built to last for a long time – even if not forever. The toilet has a clean, sleek, and modern design with a fully skirted trapway that ensures ease of cleaning and an elongated front bowl
The model, too, is simply installed on the floor but the tank flushes to the wall, which looks particularly attractive. It has numerous features for a low acquisition cost. For example, the surfaces were equipped with a gloss coat which makes it difficult for germs and bacteria to accumulate. This also makes cleaning much easier, because dirt can usually be removed with a simple wipe or two.
In addition, it features a slow-close seat, which means that it folds down slowly and is not damaged even if you are careless. Moreover, the process of closing the seat is as quiet as possible.
Pros
- Seat with soft-close function
- Glossy bowl surface for ease of cleaning
- Uses just 1.28 GPF at full flush
- Seat removable for bidet installation
Cons
- Installation process not so easy
6. WOODBRIDGE T-0019 Cotton White One Piece Toilet
The Woodbridge Cotton White toilet boasts of a bowl, tank, and a skirted trapway all in a one-piece modern design. The model is floor-mounted but installed to stay flush to the wall, which gives it an interesting accent. Porcelain material is used for this toilet; this means that the surfaces are as smooth as possible and hardly offer any brooding spots for germs and bacteria.
It has a high-end slow-close seat, which means that the lid always folds down slowly and is not damaged even if you just let it fall. Furthermore, the toilet can be assembled with relatively little effort and manual skill, as the manufacturers comply with the relevant ANSI standards. The model is also certified by UPC, CSA, and WaterSense.
Pros
- No-clog, no-leak design
- Beautiful one-piece skirted toilet
- Easy cleaning
- Seat with soft-close function
- Meets standards and certified
Cons
- Requires multiple flushes
7. TOTO MS626124CEFG#01 Aimes Elongated Bowl WASHLET
The Toto Aimes is an elongated toilet with a Universal Height and skirted design. The bowl and tank, built in one piece, are made of ceramic and have a Cotton White color. The toilet features a tornado flush system which means you don’t need to make multiple flushes.
We’ve selected this product as it has a universal height and an excellent price-performance ratio. After all, it costs comparatively little but offers numerous extras such as a nice look and smooth CeFiONtect surfaces on which residues are difficult to build up. A slow closing seat was also installed here. They just let it down slowly, which is why it is not damaged or causes any noise under any circumstances.
Mounting kits are also included in the scope of delivery so that you don’t have to buy anything for assembly.
Pros
- Seat with soft-close function
- Mounting brackets included
- Universal Height
- Tornado flushing system
- ADA, WaterSense, CEC, and CarlGreen compliant
Cons
- Doesn’t include a bidet system
8. KOHLER 3814-0 Corbelle Comfort Height Elongated Toilet
The Kohler model is a comfort height toilet with an elongated bowl, a traditional single flush system controlled by a left side chrome trip lever, and which uses 1.28 GPF. The floor-mounted freestanding toilet has a skirted design with a flushing technology that uses the Revolution 360 swirl technology.
This two-piece toilet is not attached to the wall; instead, it’s on the floor and this does little harm to the design. The design also ensures it comes at a lower price. Nevertheless, the model offers many advantages; it is WaterSense-labelled as it uses only 1.28 GPF for each wash cycle, which significantly reduces water costs and removes solid waste from the bowl effectively. Made of china material, the surfaces are also extremely smooth, which is why hardly any residue forms. Unfortunately, this product doesn’t include a toilet seat.
Pros
- Easy to clean thanks to the removable seat
- 1.28 gallons of water are sufficient for each flush
- 360 swirl flushing technology
- Comfort height for chair height seating
- Water-efficient toilet
Cons
- Still features a side flushing lever
- Doesn’t include a seat
Tips for Purchasing Best Skirted Toilet
So if you’ve decided to give a skirted toilet a try, then you are going to want to buy a model that meets your expectations. For some people, it can be difficult to find the best performing skirted toilet. In fact, there are several factors to consider before determining which model is best for you. Here are some tips regarding the selection criteria:
The model and the design
Concretely, this element is available in two main categories: the so-called “wall-hung” and “free-standing” skirted toilets.
You may come across products directly attached to a facade with an integrated flush. Their advantage remains their appreciable design. They bring modern charm and appeal to the room. So if you favor aesthetics at home, they will suit you.
Freestanding toilets do not require a complicated installation process. Besides, they are generally inexpensive to purchase. On the other hand, the underside of the element seems quite difficult to clean. So if you prefer to have a more hygienic toilet system, choose the wall-hung skirted toilet. But if you want a piece of more or less affordable equipment, the freestanding skirted toilets are suitable for you.
The existence of a bidet
Regarding the practical side, opting for an article incorporating a bidet would benefit you. This device will allow you to wash yourself. In addition, the method of cleaning seems much healthier and more hygienic than using toilet paper as this can irritate sensitive skin. Not to mention the fact that the water also brings a certain freshness, which is pleasant.
The construction material
We also recommend that you do not neglect the construction elements. Indeed, the factor determines the durability of your toilet. To avoid unpleasant surprises, choose a product with ceramic surfaces. Not only does this affect the strength, but also the ease of cleaning your toilet. Surfaces with this protection do not allow bacteria and microbes to grow there. In the same vein, also choose items made of thermosetting materials that offer good longevity.
Water expenditure and price
Unlike standard toilets, skirted toilets appear to be more economical. In fact, they do not use a lot of water since most models have a 1.0 and 1.28 GPF dual flush system. To know which one to choose, you should consider the number of occupants in your home.
Therefore, if you live as a couple or alone in an apartment and want to renovate, a 1.28 to 1.6 GPF model would suit you. Plenty of water will effectively remove solid wastes, reducing the chances of your toilet becoming clogged.
The type of flush
The choice of the flushing technology and the type of button on your control panel is also a criterion that should not be neglected. It will not only determine your water consumption but also your comfort of use.
The simplest and most economical models are the single push mechanisms. They are also recommended for older users and those who prefer simplicity and ease of use. Those with double push-button allow you to choose between 2 flow rates to reduce water consumption.
These are the models most adopted by households concerned about their water expenditure. Just like the “Stop-water” system integrated in certain mechanisms where the quantity of water released depends on the time the button is pressed. Finally, high-tech enthusiasts and the most demanding in terms of hygiene will certainly opt for an infrared detection model; with this, the flush is triggered by simply passing your hand.
The toilet seat
When determining which skirted toilet to choose, do not forget to consider the toilet seat of the model in question. So, you should choose an item with a soft-close seat. It is a mechanism that prevents the toilet lids from falling violently onto the bowl when closing. If you live in a family home, this will prevent your children from getting their fingers caught unexpectedly. Especially since an element with this little extra remains appreciable in use.
The flap of your toilet bowl is also to be chosen according to its dimensions, particularly its depth, width, and the size of its center distance, which is the distance between the two fixing holes. A short wall-hung toilet bowl of 45 cm will then require a seat of the same size to ensure comfort in use. The choice of the shape is also important – your bathroom size will determine whether a round or elongated bowl will be most suitable for you.
Different materials are available on the market, namely plastic models that offer high impact resistance or thermoset models with high scratch resistance and ensure better hygiene. People wishing to have an original toilet bowl will be directed to resin seats that have many decorative patterns. The flaps in solid wood or molded bamboo, on the other hand, provide a natural style to the toilet. Especially since these are very comfortable materials for the seat.
The comfort options
So many options can be preferred to optimize the ease of use, comfort, or even the cleaning of your wall-hung toilet bowl. First is the soft-close seat system which we explained earlier. Also, direct your choice towards models equipped with an anti-limescale system to reduce the deposit of limescale.
If you’ve chosen a wall-hung toilet, do not forget to fix your toilet at least 50 cm from the ground to facilitate sitting for the elderly or people with reduced mobility. If not, you can always opt for a toilet booster. And for a minimum of clutter in your bathroom, note that there are small wall-hung toilet bowls 2 in 1 with a hand basin integrated into the frame. The water will be recycled directly for the flushes.
Frequently Asked Questions
Wall-hung or free-standing skirted toilet: Which is better?
To answer it, one should take into account certain criteria before concluding the purchase. First, cleaning remains an important point to consider. Wall-hung toilets offer more convenience to users since they do not have a column. To this end, we increase the level of hygiene in the room by accessing the lower part.
Then, from an aesthetic point of view, the freestanding models seem to bring a more “contemporary” aspect to the room. Considering the installation, the free-standing toilet turns out to be easier to set up. You just have to choose the right place for fixing and tinkering a little. However, in the event of an error, it will be impossible for you to correct the shot once the device has been mounted.
Finally, regarding the price, wall-hung toilets are generally expensive to purchase while those to be installed seem more accessible.
How do you clean a skirted toilet?
It’s not as complicated as it looks thanks to the smooth surfaces and design of most models. There is no “nook” that is difficult to access to wash. The polished wall of the bowl can therefore be cleaned without any problem by pouring a degreasing product into it and flushing it out. A few brushstrokes and your ceramic will shine again.
In some cases, you may need to descale the bottom of the element. Therefore, it is recommended that you use a corrosive product to remove visible yellowish stains. But be careful not to opt for a too “strong” chemical mixture, especially if you have a septic tank. We recommend that you use baking soda or white vinegar. These solutions, easy to find in stores, seem more suitable for scrubbing and cleaning your sink. Remember to use a lot of water to thoroughly rinse your skirted toilet for the best results.
How much does a skirted toilet cost?
As for the price factor, it should be noted that a skirted toilet generally costs between 100 and 330 dollars. However, do not be surprised if you find models offered for more than 600 dollars. It is especially the items classified in the high-end category that are worth so much.
How to Install Skirted Toilets?
The installation of a skirted toilet often requires the help of a professional plumber to ensure the proper functioning and better fixing of it. Nevertheless, the steps consist of the assembly of the frame, the positioning of the frame and the marking, the adjustment and the fixing of the frame, the installation of the flush, the cladding of the frame, the installation of the bowl, the setting in plate of the control plate and the setting in of water and finishing.
Things you will need
Before starting, note that you will need a putty knife, an adjustable wrench, screwdrivers, a socket wrench with assorted sockets, a wax ring, a 3/8 inch supply stop, T-bolts, a permanent marker, and a measuring tape.
Step-by-step to installing a skirted toilet
- First, install the toilet T-bolt into the floor flange
- Press a wax ring into the bottom of the trap way
- Fit the trap way over the T-bolts and floor flange
- Slide the brackets onto the T-bolts, then install the washer onto the T-bolt followed by the nut.
- Use a socket wrench to tighten the nuts until the brackets are secure
- Align the cams with the hole on the side of each bracket
- Insert a bolt through the hole in the bracket and slide the push nut onto the bolt until it’s firmly seated against the bracket
- Carefully lift the toilet into position and slowly lower it into place over the trap way and brackets.
- Insert the bushings and screws into the holes and alternately tighten the screws on each side evenly, a little at a time to secure the toilet. Press the screw caps over the screws and bushings on each side of the toilet.
Note: If you think it’s something you can install yourself without hiring a professional plumber, make sure you still follow a guide. The YouTube video below should assist you in installing a Japanese-style skirted toilet:
Conclusion
Hygiene plays an important role, especially in toilets, because they contain particularly dangerous germs that are difficult to remove, especially under the trapway.
However, you don’t have this problem with a skirted toilet. After all, thanks to the intelligent design, all undersides are easily accessible, the skirted trapway ensures ease of cleaning.
Whether one-piece or two-piece toilets, the best skirted toilets are particularly easy to clean and will give your toilet a great aesthetic lift. |
OFE-C Expression of Interest Signup
Description
Community Leaders
Leader:
Louis Longchamps
Cornell University
Vice Leader:
Simon Cook
Colombia
On-Farm Experimentation Community
The OFE-C is a community gathering OFE researchers and practitioners interested in sharing and compiling existing resources online e.g.:
• guidelines to implement OFE with farmers
• examples of OFE, experiences and lessons learnt
• statistical solutions to analyze OFE data
• best practices to solve specific OFE problems
• examples of OFE, experiences and lessons learnt
• statistical solutions to analyze OFE data
• best practices to solve specific OFE problems
The community focuses on: 1) compiling practical, applied, proven-to-be-useful resources; 2) connecting practitioners e.g., OFE networks, extension personnel, analysts. The objective is to provide OFE practitioners with a “1-go-to” source of information..
Just Published in Nature Food:).
Recordings of the #OFE2021 Webinar Series are Available
The four OFE2021 webinars recordings are now available at
- Value Creation. OFE creates value for varied stakeholders, value is shared, and scientific disciplines can contribute. May 10, 2021.
- People and Processes. People are the real key to digital transformation. Transformation occurs when individual changes scale up through their networks and their organizations. May 12, 2021.
- Data and Analytics. Appropriate procedures and well-targeted analytics can be deployed to exploit the valuable data and metadata collected on the farm. May 17, 2021.
- Policy Linkages. Currently, initiatives around OFE are happening in spite of funding mechanisms, career paths and norms favoring traditional experimentation. Harnessing the transformational potential of OFE for agricultural sciences and innovation requires more strategic institutional alignment. May 19, 2021.
Map of the OFE-C Membership (try to reset if the map doesn’t display)
OFE-C Infos / Newsletters
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Fragmented and unclear data governance arrangements may weaken farmers’ willingness to adopt digital solutions. This, in turn, may reduce the availability and accessibility of agricultural data for policymaking, for the agricultural innovation system, and for developing services for farmers. This OECD report focuses on farmers’ concerns around access, sharing and use of agricultural data and explores whether and how existing policy frameworks and other sectoral initiatives can help to foster greater trust. [Jouanjean, M., et al. (2020), “Issues around data governance in the digital transformation of agriculture: The farmers’ perspective,” OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, ...more
Farmers’ Experiments and Scientific Methodology
This study investigates methodological and philosophical issues pertaining to farmers’ experiments, including the choice of interventions to be tested, the planning of experiments, and the use of control fields and other means to deal with confounding factors. [Hansson, Sven Ove. 2019. “Farmers’ Experiments and Scientific Methodology.” European Journal for Philosophy of Science 9 (3): 32..]
An Efficient Geostatistical Analysis Tool for On-farm Experiments
A new paper proposes a spatially varying local cokriging method for large on-farm experimentation data which could lead to high-resolution site-specific farming treatment recommendations. Its accuracy of spatial prediction is compared with five other techniques. The open source code is accessible via a user-friendly interface of Quantum GIS. [Huidong Jin, K. Shuvo Bakar, Brent L. Henderson, Robert G.V. Bramley, David L. Gobbett. 2021. An efficient geostatistical analysis tool for on-farm experiments targeted at localised treatment. Biosystems Engineering 205:121–136, ISSN 1537–5110.]
Farmer-Led Research Webinar
A Farmer-Led Research Webinar was conducted last month by the School of Environmental Design and Rural Development, University of Guelph. The webinar mentioned the need for scientific rigor, yet keeping a balance between practical and robust protocol, on the one hand, and keeping data collection and research flexible, on the other hand. The recording is now available.
Specific Treatment Responses in On-Farm Precision Experimentation
Site-specific information about crop responses to agronomic treatments is needed. Geographically weighted regression was applied to generate local regression coefficients, which were used to delineate response zones in fields. This is a way to reevaluate expectations on variable rate prescriptions guided largely by soil and variability. Trevisan, R.G., Bullock, D.S., Martin, N.F. Site-Specific Treatment Responses in On-Farm Precision Experimentation. Preprints 2019, 2019020007 (doi: 10.20944/preprints201902.0007.v1).
Proceedings from the 1st African Conference on Precision Agriculture
The proceedings from the 1st African Conference on Precision Agriculture (AfCPA) are now available for download as a PDF (29 MB). The 1st AfCPA was held from 8-10 December 2020 under the hospices of the African Plant Nutrition Institute (APNI) in partnership with Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P) and the International Society of Precision Agriculture (ISPA).
Crowdsourcing Uses and Opportunities in Agriculture
Crowdsourcing, understood as outsourcing tasks or data collection by a large group of non-professionals, is increasingly used in scientific research and operational applications. Close connections with the farming sector, including extension services and farm advisory companies, could leverage the potential of crowdsourcing for both agricultural research and farming applications. [Julien Minet, Yannick Curnel, Anne Gobin, Jean-Pierre Goffart, François Mélard, Bernard Tychon, Joost Wellens, Pierre Defourny. Crowdsourcing for agricultural applications: A review of uses and opportunities for a farmsourcing approach. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 142, Part A (2017): 126-138.]
The Analysis of Agricultural Experiments: A brief History
From Fisher in 1926 to nowadays much needs to change in the analysis of agricultural experimentations. Charles (2021) guest editorial in The Journal of Agricultural Science focuses on the 20th century. Even before the digital age, experiments intended to resolve difference questions were replaced by experiments designed to answer questions about the magnitude of differences and responses to treatments. The review raises a question: namely is it time to revisit Bayesian statistics on the grounds that visionaries and innovators are prone to subjectivity? [Charles D. (2020). Guest Editorial: The analysis of agricultural experiments: a brief history of the techniques of the 20th century. ...more
Harmonization of Heterogeneous Spatial Data
Heterogeneous spatial datasets are those for which the observations of different datasets cannot be directly compared because they have not been collected under the same set of acquisition conditions, with consistent sensors or under similar management practices, among others. This paper details and compares four automated methodologies that could be used to harmonize heterogeneous spatial agricultural datasets so that the data can be analyzed and mapped conjointly. [Leroux, C., Jones, H., Pichon, L. et al. Automatic harmonization of heterogeneous agronomic and environmental spatial data. Precision Agric 20, 1211–1230 (2019).]
On-Farm Experimentation Webinars: Mark your calendar
We are putting together the #OFE2021, the First Conference on Farmer-Centric On-Farm Experimentation—Digital Tools for a Scalable Transformative Pathway. The conference will be preceded by four preparatory webinars: Value creation: Monday, May 10, 2021 People and processes: Wednesday, May 12, 2021 Data and analytics: Monday, May 17, 2021 Policy linkages: Wednesday, May 19, 2021 The times will correspond to 8 to 10 a.m. in Chicago (Central Daylight Time), 3 to 5 p.m. in Paris and 6:30 to 8:30 p.m. in India. Check the calendar on the ISPA home page for updates.
How do Research Protocols Need to be Adapted to Farmers Priorities?
Do farmers and researchers have the same criteria for gauging the success of an experimental trial in commercial conditions? Having the priorities of the farmers in mind, how should the researchers adapt their experimental approaches and analytics? White peg research or else? We are starting a structured thinking process on this question in order to frame the debate and develop consensual guidelines. Should you have elements to provide or want to be involved, drop us a line here.
ISO 19115-1:2014
A digital geographic dataset is a representation of some model of the world for use in computer analysis and graphic display of information. To ensure that data are not misused, the assumptions and limitations affecting the creation of data must be fully documented. The objective of this part of ISO 19115 is to provide a model for describing information or resources that can have geographic extents. ISO 19115-1:2014 defines the schema required for describing geographic information and services by means of metadata.
Evidence Synthesis in Agronomy
There is a need to shift the focus from individual studies to the accumulating body of evidence concerning the agronomic and environmental benefits of innovative farming practices. Systematic reviews, evidence mapping, on-farm research, and meta-analyses are available for the integration of results but they are not yet used as frequently as one might expect. Both qualitative (systematic reviews, evidence maps, farm surveys) and quantitative syntheses (meta-analyses, modeling) have been published in a special issue of the European Journal of Agronomy. [Makowski, D. Editorial of the special issue “Evidence synthesis in agronomy”. European Journal of Agronomy 122 (2021) 126183. ISSN 1161-0301.
Prediction Intervals for On-farm Network Trials
This Laurent et al. paper shows how to prevent farmers from overoptimistic expectations that a significant effect at the overall population level will lead with high certainty to a yield gain on their own farms. [Laurent, A., Kyveryga, P., Makowski, D. & Miguez, F. A Framework for Visualization and Analysis of Agronomic Field Trials from On‐Farm Research Networks. Agron. J. 111, 2712-2723, doi:10.2134/agronj2019.02.0135 (2019).]
A GARDIAN of Big Data
GARDIAN is CGIAR’s (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) flagship data harvesters. It enables the discovery of publications and datasets from across the thirty-odd institutional publications and data repositories from CGIAR Centers and beyond. Actually, most data and publications are not stored in it but in other public databases and repositories. GARDIAN a key component of the Platform’s objective to establish the infrastructure, tools, and approaches to making CGIAR data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable (FAIR). GARDIAN employs text mining to enrich the associated metadata to enhance discovery, and will soon test data mining techniques with cleaned, ...more
Australian Farm Data Code
The Australian Farm Data Code aims to promote adoption of digital technology, by ensuring that farmers have comfort in how their data is used, shared and managed. It is intended to inform the service providers who manage data on behalf of farmers, and a tool for farmers to evaluate their policies.
Thirty-nine Hints for FAIR Data in Agriculture and Nutrition. This paper presents recommendations to engage agrifood sciences in a necessary transition to leverage data production, sharing and reuse and the adoption of the « ...more
Seeking Great Photos: “Doing” On-Farm Experimentation
We are seeking free-of-right photos illustrating co-learning by scientists, farmers and professionals around on-farm experimentation and digital opportunities in a broad range of systems and contexts. If you have pictures that eloquently illustrate this idea that you are willing to share, please drop us an email. It will be greatly appreciated!
“Houston, we have a (data) problem.”
Farmers struggle to use data for decision-making. A survey of over 1500 farmers demonstrated high rates of data collection but low rates of data usage. Participants to the conference “Identifying Obstacles to Applying Big Data in Agriculture” defined scenarios in which on-farm decisions could benefit from the application of Big Data. Common obstacles identified included errors in the data, inaccessibility of the data, unusability of the data, incompatibility of data generation and processing systems, the inconvenience of handling the data, the lack of a clear return on investment (ROI) and unclear ownership. One solution: Standards or guidelines for farmers ...more
Which of These Aspects of On-farm Experimentation are of Interest to you? Survey Results
Thanks to the many who have answered our quick survey posted in the On-Farm Experimentation Community Info No. 1. We asked you to select any combination among the following themes: Creation/sharing of value and intellectual property Farmer-centric, co-learning and social aspects Data, metadata, analytics, modelling, artificial intelligence Transformation through policy, legislation and investment All aspects generated interest, but primarily the data and analytics, and the farmer-centric ones. We will soon come back to you with more about how we intend to make progress along those lines.
Data Becomes Really Useful Only When Aggregated - Survey Results
We launched a quick survey in the OFE-C info letter no. 5. To the question, “Do you use a standard for your agronomic data? » 85% answered, “No, but I would be interested,” nobody simply answered, “no” and 15% answered, “Yes.” Among the latter, the following standards were suggested: AgMIP / ICASA:. ...more
Repeated designs not sufficient to evaluate treatment effects accurately in OFE
The outcomes of on-farm experiments can support farmers’ decision-making processes, while inappropriate procedures would result in incorrect interpretations. Conventional statistical approaches (e.g., ordinary least squares regression) may not be appropriate for on-farm experiments because they are not capable of accurately accounting for the underlying spatial variations in a particular response variable (e.g., yield data). A combination of a repeated design and an anisotropic model is required to improve the precision of the experiments. [Tanaka,T.S.T. 2020. Assessment of research frameworks for on-farm experimentation through a simulation study of wheat yield in Japan . Preprint 12741.]
How do data and analytics from on-farm trials should be dealt with?
The OFE-C is seeking professionals and researchers dealing with data from on-farm experimentations or their analysis. We want to identify requirements and valid procedures leading to guidelines and eventually policy development. Volunteers will help select topics to cover in a webinar sometime this spring and the best presenters for that purpose. The workload will not be substantial. Please volunteer or suggest someone you know here.
The Long-Term Agroecosystem Research Network (LTAR)
The LTAR network integrates question-driven research projects with common measurements on multiple agroecosystems (croplands, rangelands, and pasturelands) and develops new technologies to address agricultural challenges and opportunities. The LTAR network provides common measurements and data streams that complement other federally funded national networks. Their data management working group strives to make LTAR data aligned with the FAIR guiding principles, to be findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. The LTAR network fosters data sharing principles and guidelines with the intent that all LTAR data will be available for research collaboration and the development of agroecosystem management recommendations and education.
How do we enact co-innovation with stakeholders in agricultural research projects?
Mobilising co-innovation involves a complex interplay between contextual forces and facilitation processes. This interplay shapes the core co-innovation processes of joint framing, testing of solutions and creating new knowledge. The interplay between contextual and facilitation processes requires an adaptive approach to research design and management. [Ingram, J., Gaskell, P., Mills, J. & Dwyer, J. How do we enact co-innovation with stakeholders in agricultural research projects? Managing the complex interplay between contextual and facilitation processes. J. Rural Stud. 78, 65-77, doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.06.003 (2020).]
How to Conduct Research on Your Farm or Ranch
This Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) technical bulletin provides detailed instruction for crop and livestock producers, as well as educators, on how to conduct research at the farm level using practical strategies and peer-reviewed research findings. It also includes a comprehensive list of in-depth resources and real-life examples in order to stimulate on-farm research ideas and provide guidance.
Where in the World are Farmer-Centric OFEs?
The OFE-C is consolidating occurrences of farmer-led research, farmer-centric on-farm experimentation, living labs, or the like. Our goal is to map and feature these initiatives all around the world. Drop us a short notice about what and whom you know!
Unlocking Value by Analyzing Commercial Data
Data from commercial oil palm operations were analyzed for a whole plantation to rank individual blocks according to their ability to respond to applied fertilizer. The ranking was used to guide fertilizer management by diverting fertilizer from unresponsive blocks to those that are more responsive. Although the inferences lack statistical validity, they appear robust from a practical viewpoint. They are easy to evaluate in the field, since they require no upscaling from or interpretation of experimental data. [Oberthür, T. et al. Plantation Intelligence applied Oil Palm operations: unlocking value by analyzing commercial data. The Planter 93, 339–351 (2017)]
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Living Laboratories Initiative
The Living Laboratories Initiative is an integrated approach to agricultural innovation that brings farmers, scientists, and other partners together to co-develop, test, and monitor new practices and technologies in a real-life context.
On-Farm Replicated Strip Trials (Book Chapter)
This 2018 book chapter by Kyveryga et al. is about On-Farm Replicated Strip Trials. It provides a brief overview of how to plan, design, and conduct on-farm replicated strip trials. Practical considerations are listed when using different types of equipment. Examples are presented on how to summarize data from individual locations, as well as how to interpret experiments conducted. Applicable keywords are data analyses, economic analysis, environmental conditions, modern precision agriculture equipment, on‐farm replicated strip trials, research hypothesis, result interpretations, sustainable farming, within‐field management history, within‐field variability.
Towards Farmer-led Research: A Guidebook
What is farmer-led research? What are some examples and the benefits? The Ecological Farmers Association of Ontario (EFAO) has experience and share its learned lessons in this guidebook.
Guide to Farmer's Crop Trials from ADAS
By working together with other farmers, suppliers, agronomists and scientists, farmers can use their own trials to bring fast learning, new findings and best practice for themselves and the industry at large, an approach ADAS calls “Agronōmics”. GPS and other modern technologies, along with thorough trial protocols, can make farm trialling straight forward and routine. Decisions and innovations can then become thoroughly validated and tailored to real farming conditions. This Guide to Farmer’s Crop Trials outlines processes leading to successful farm-trialling and how to avoid the pitfalls.
The Way Farmers Learn
Acknowledging how farmers learn is a forced passage to the impact of knowledge generation and the way to link extension to research. This Janvry et al. (2016) paper presents an interesting perspective. It presents a few concepts such as “private learning” (learning-by-doing) by Bayesian updating. This consists of direct learning from own individual actions over time. There is also “social learning” (learning from others) with Bayesian updating and aggregation of observations collected from others according to a chosen pattern of weights.
Farmers’ Experiments and Scientific Methodology
“Testing of only one variable at the same time,” has sometimes means ...more
Guides from the Ecological Farmers Association of Ontario
The EFAO is a research program led by farmers which combine their curiosity with scientific rigour to answer challenging on-farm questions. Their website features an open access source to EFAO research protocols, reports and publications. Their research library lists a few on-farm research guides, two of them to be found below:
A Reflexion on a New OFE-Based Agronomy
Accurate interpretation is the key to getting value from OFEs—good interpretation helps farmers learn more from each OFE, and manage with greater certainty as a result. Sadras and co-authors [Making Science More Effective for Agriculture: Advances in Agronomy, 163:153—77] call for an expanded role for agronomic logic to solve global crop production challenges. Yet many OFEs generate insights of complex and variable crop behaviour that call for stronger engagement of agronomy with these farmer-driven operations. In fact, some data scientists believe analysis can proceed without theory—an approach Taguchi adopted for dealing with complex systems. As we ...more
Designing Your Own OFE - Bramley
Have a look at this classic 2006 guide (Designing Your Own OFE - Bramley) for farmers and their advisers on precision agriculture-based field experiments - their design, and the important issues to be considered in analysing the results. The guide was published by the Grains Research & Development Corporation (GRDC) of the Australian Government.
A Practical Guide to On-Farm Pasture Research
A guide in 6 steps: 1) define the study question; 2) choose treatments; 3) how and where to conduct the study; 4) choose variables to measure; 5) conduct the experiment and analyze the results; 6) share your results.
Handbook on Systems Research for Agriculture
Farmers today face a complicated set of expectations while trying to make a living. These challenges are complex, yet most agricultural research has approached them from a reductionist standpoint. The handbook delivers guidance on how to form effective interdisciplinary and multi-stakeholder teams and how to plan, implement and analyze system experiments. The Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program is a decentralized competitive grants and education program.
Farmers’ experiments and scientific methodology
“Testing of only one variable at the same time,” has quite recently ...more
On-Farm Research Guide from the Organic Farming Research Foundation
This guide from the Organic Farming Research Foundation (OFRF) is available to farmers for planning, carrying out, and analyzing experiments.
The Research Data Alliance and Agriculture
With over 10,000 members from 145 countries, the Research Data Alliance (RDA) provides a neutral space to develop and adopt infrastructure that promotes data-sharing and data-driven research to enable the open sharing and re-use of data. RDA has a grass roots, inclusive approach covering all data lifecycle stages, engaging data producers, users and stewards, addressing data exchange, processing, and storage. Generic topics of its interest are social hurdles on data sharing, education and training challenges, data management plans and certification of data repositories, disciplinary and interdisciplinary interoperability, as well as technological aspects. The RDA is constituted of different elements, ...more
Recording of the Workshop on Agricultural Data Codes of Conduct
The Global Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition (GODAN) conducted a virtual Workshop on December 11, 2020, to offer an opportunity to find out more about the Agricultural Data Codes of Conduct Toolkit and GODAN’s work on Data Ethics. The toolkit provides a guide to data management best practice for any individuals or organizations (farmers, agri-businesses, associations, regional or national governments…) who collect, manage or share agricultural data. The recording of the 90-minute workshop which gathered about 300 participants can be found here.
Establishing the Precision and Robustness of Farmers’ Crop Experiments
Precision farming experiments are generally incompatible with conventional statistical methods and alternative models of response variables (e.g. yield) must be estimated if the effect of the management decision is to be distinguished from other sources of variation. The model-based statistical analyses of these experiments require assumptions regarding the variation of the response variable. When these assumptions are inappropriate (e.g. if the correlation between response variable measurements is poorly modelled) then the inferences from the experiments can be unreliable. Marchant, B. et al. Establishing the precision and robustness of farmers’ crop experiments. Field Crops Res. 230, 31-45, doi:10.1016/...more
Big Data Promises and Obstacles
A virtual Workshop on Big Data Promises and Obstacles: Agricultural Data Ownership and Privacy was hosted by the Digital Agriculture “UASPSE” (Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Plant Sciences and Education) project, the University of Minnesota College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resources Sciences and PepsiCo. Recordings of the presentations: Cultivating Trust in Technology-Mediated Sustainable Agricultural Research The Law and Economics of Agricultural Data Privacy FAIR to FAIRS: Data Security by Design for the Global Burden of Animal Diseases Big Data, Data Privacy, and Plant and Animal Diseases Research Unmanned Aircraft Systems in Agriculture: Data Issues of Privacy, Ownership, and ...more
Multi-criteria decision analysis in agriculture rarely consider important elements
The study of a corpus of 954 articles published by INRA scientists from 2007 to 2017 concludes that MCDA studies will need to include participatory science to involve stakeholders (i.e., public authorities, governmental agencies) and end users (i.e., farmers, producers, industry, consumers) in the construction of the multi-criterion evaluation but also in the resulting decisions.
iSDAsoil: African soil properties at 30m resolution
Smallholder farmers need to find a way past the status quo and a path to modernizing their operations. The mapping system—iSDAsoil— provides African soil properties at 30m resolution, and advisory services possible at the level of the single small farm. iSDA’s ultimate goal is to help smallholders develop long-term sustainable businesses. It was founded by three research institutes—Rothamsted Research, the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA).
Ecosystem for FAIR Data for Cross Domain Research
Have a look at a very packed page on the challenge around data with clarifications on the lexicon for terms such as “metadata, interoperability, governance, cleaning and big data.” We learn that “over the last two years, a CODATA-led pilot project has developed, tested and refined methods for aligning metadata specifications, taxonomies and ontologies to address these problems in a consensual fashion.”
A Practical Way to Share Data With Confidence
Farmers often feel that they do not get the value back after sharing their data. The GODAN (Global Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition) organization has recently made available an Agricultural Data Codes of Conduct Toolkit. By using the toolkit, they can understand and control what is done with the data, who can do what, and so on. They feel engaged, considered and this strengthens the farmer value structure. The toolkit allows farmers to select clauses that might be of relevance and to easily produce a printable and saveable Code of Conduct that provides the conceptual basis for general, scalable ...more
Farmer-based Research program on the Falkland Islands
On-farm experimentation (OFE) and precision agriculture technologies could be a potent mix for driving change in agricultural systems. Many of us recognize the significant opportunity in large, tech heavy and digitally enabled cropping enterprises. However, most of the world’s agricultural land is characterized by extensive, tech-poor livestock systems (LS). “OFE in LS” could help to introduce appropriate digital technologies in a way that is meaningful to farmers. Have a look at this recording from Matthew McNee, agronomy advisor in the Falkland Islands.
Engage farmers in research
The one-size-fits-all approach of research has had success but advances are slowing. “How well crops and livestock grow depends on the interaction of genes, management and environment. As weather patterns fluctuate, gains in production will depend ever more on innovating in context. Big knowledge flowing from institutes to farm must be complemented by local knowledge.” Small-scale agricultural innovation will boost yields and protect the planet. See this Nature Comment.
Guidelines about On-Farm Experimentation
Building an “OFE wiki How-to”: seeking reports and guidelines about On-Farm Experimentation The ISPA Community OFE (On-Farm for ...more
Nobel laureate shows the power of digital agriculture and on-farm experimentation
Michael Kremer got a share of the 2019 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel for his work on experimental approaches to alleviating global poverty. He notably showed innovative uses of randomized control trials to answer key development questions related to agriculture. Kremer recently gave a lecture at the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) to show how mobile technologies and digital agriculture can create innovations reaching out to smallholders as well. Kremer also addressed the role of higher-resolution weather information, customized pest-control advice and the opportunities to improve supply chains and extension services. ... |
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A manual milk frother is a device that creates the perfect froth for your coffee, cappuccino, or latte. It’s a simple and quick way to create delicious drinks at home without having to go to a fancy cafe every morning.
But with all the different types of manual milk frothers on the market today, it can be hard to know which one will work best for you. There are hand-held models, battery-powered ones, and even electric ones – each with their own pros and cons. So how do you choose?
Well, we’re here to help! In this article, we’ll go over everything you need to know about choosing a manual milk frother, from the different types available to the best brands on the market today.
Continue reading for everything you need to know about buying a manual milk frother!
5 Best Manual Milk Frother
A manual milk frother is a handheld device that is used to froth milk for coffee drinks. There are many different types of manual milk frothers on the market, and they vary in terms of features and price. In this article, we will take a look at five of the best manual milk frothers available.
What Is Manual Milk Frother?
A manual milk frother is a kitchen appliance that is used to make dairy products, such as whipped cream and cappuccino. This device can also be used to create a foamy topping for coffee or hot chocolate.
Manual milk frothers consist of two main components: a container for holding the product (such as foam), and an attached whisk that is used to mix and aerate the product.
The whisk typically consists of several tapered metal wires that are each about 6 inches (15 centimeters) in length. These flexible wires have built-in handles on one end, making it easy to hold the device while using it.
While some manual milk frothers feature a simple, wire whisk design, others may incorporate an electric motor into the handle. This type of frother is known as an immersion blender, and it can be used to create a variety of different dairy products. For example, an immersion blender can be used to make whipped cream, cappuccino, or even ice cream.
How Does Manual Milk Frother Work?
An essential piece of equipment for any café, restaurant or coffee shop is a good manual milk frother. These devices make it easy to get the perfect texture and consistency for your milky drinks by aerating and whipping the milk, adding a nice foamy layer on top. But how does that work?
When heated, milk expands with air bubbles as it reaches its boiling point. This creates what is known as tiny microfoam, which is used in many types of drinks from cappuccinos to lattes. In order to achieve this effect using a manual frother, you start by filling the container with cold (or room-temperature) milk up to the maximum line indicated on the device. Next, you flip the frother upside down and insert the plunger into the milk.
Now it’s time to start frothing! Begin by pressing the plunger down slowly and then release it quickly. Repeat this process several times until you see the milk starting to foam up. At this point, you can increase the speed of your plunger presses. After a minute or so of frothing, you should have a nice, thick layer of foam on top of your milk.
If you want to create even more foam, you can try “dry” frothing: instead of releasing the plunger after each press, keep it inserted into the milk and move it up and down rapidly. This will create even more tiny bubbles and a thicker foam. Once you’ve achieved the desired consistency, simply remove the plunger and milk frother from your milk and pour it into whatever drink you’re making.
As you can see, with just a few simple steps and some practice, anyone can learn how to use a manual milk frother to create all kinds of delicious drinks!
How To Use Manual Milk Frother?
If you love coffee, then you probably know how important it is to have a good frother. A manual milk frother is a great way to get that perfect foam for your cappuccino or latte. But how do you use one? Here’s a quick guide:
- Fill the frothing cup with cold milk. whole milk will give you the best results, but you can also use low-fat or non-dairy milk if you prefer.
- Pump the frothing handles up and down quickly until the milk is foamy. It should only take about 30 seconds.
- Pour the foamy milk into your coffee and enjoy!
With a little practice, you’ll be a frothing pro in no time. So, get out there and start enjoying better coffee today!
Tips On Using Manual Milk Frother
Milk frothers are tools that are intended to aerate milk, giving it a thick and velvety consistency. These tools can be used to make cappuccino, hot chocolate or other types of beverages with these milky bases. However, using this tool is not as easy as the name implies since it does not function well if you do not know how to use it properly.
- Read the instructions carefully: Since milk frothers come in various shapes and sizes, reading the manual that comes along with your particular model would help determine what features will suit your needs best. You may also want to check out how much milk you should pour and whether you need to secure its lid before starting up the device.
- Pour the milk into your frother: After you have read the manual and know how to operate your frother, it is now time to start using it. Pouring the milk into the frothing chamber is the first step. As a rule, use cold milk since this will produce better results.
- Secure the lid: Make sure that the lid of your frother is tightly closed before turning on the device. This is important to prevent any accidents from happening.
- Turn on the frother: Once you have poured the milk and secured the lid, you can now turn on your frother. Depending on your model, there may be a button or switch that you need to press or flip to activate the device.
- Stop once you get a thick foam: Once your frother is on, it will begin to aerate the milk and produce a rich foam that contains tiny bubbles. The more foam you have in your milk, the better your cappuccino would taste. If you want lesser bubbles and thicker milk, adjust the speed of your frother accordingly until you achieve your desired consistency.
- Pour in some chocolate or cinnamon powder: Some people also like to add chocolate or cinnamon powder into their hot beverage for added flavor and texture. This can be done by sprinkling these ingredients into the milk while it is being frothed inside the frothing chamber of your tool.
- Clean off any excess milk: Once you are done frothing your milk, there may be some residue left behind on the sides of the chamber. Use a clean cloth to wipe these off before storing your frother away.
By following these simple tips, you can use your manual milk frother with ease and produce rich and creamy results each time. With just a little practice, you will be able to make perfect cappuccinos, hot chocolates, or other milky beverages at home without having to go to a coffee shop. So, start frothing today and enjoy your favorite beverage in the comfort of your own home!
Benefits Of Using Manual Milk Frother
Are you looking for an easy and effective way to froth milk? If so, then a manual milk frother may be just what you need. Manual frothers are designed to create rich and creamy foam without the hassle of using an electric mixer. Plus, they’re much more affordable than their electric counterparts.
So, what are the benefits of using a manual milk frother? Let’s take a look:
1. Easy To Use
Manual milk frothers are extremely easy to use. All you need to do is place the frothing wand into your milk and pump the handle up and down. Within seconds, you’ll have rich and creamy foam for your favorite coffee drinks.
2. Affordable
If you’re looking for an affordable way to froth milk, then a manual milk frother is definitely the way to go. Many electric milk frothers cost hundreds of dollars – and that’s without even considering their high energy costs! A manual frother, on the other hand, can be purchased for just a few dollars, making it one of the most budget-friendly ways to enjoy creamy foam in your coffee.
3. Compact And Portable
Another big benefit of using a manual milk frother is that they’re compact and portable. Since they don’t need any kind of power source, you can easily take them with you when you travel. This means you can enjoy fresh, creamy foam no matter where you are in the world.
4. Easy To Clean
Cleaning an electric milk frother can be a real pain – especially if it has a lot of nooks and crannies for milk to get trapped in. A manual frother is much easier to clean, as all you need to do is run some hot water through the wand after each use.
5. Save Money
If you frequently buy coffee drinks from your local café, then a manual milk frother can help you save money overall. With your own frother at home, you can make café-quality coffee drinks without having to pay café prices. Plus, you will have more control over the quality of your coffee since you can froth the milk to your exact preferences.
Overall, there are many benefits of using a manual milk frother. If you’re looking for an easy and affordable way to make rich and creamy foam for your coffee drinks, then a manual frother is definitely the way to go.
Factors To Consider When Choosing The Best Manual Milk Frother
If you enjoy having frothy milk in your coffee or tea, then it’s worth investing in a quality manual milk frother. With so many different models and brands on the market, however, it can be tough to know which one is right for you. Here are a few factors to keep in mind when shopping for a manual milk frother:
1. Capacity
How much milk do you typically need to froth at once? If you only ever make drinks for yourself, then a small capacity frother will probably suffice. If you frequently entertain guests or make large batches of coffee or tea, however, you’ll need a larger model. Keep in mind that most manual milk frothers have a maximum capacity of around 250ml.
2. Heat Settings
Some manual milk frothers come with multiple heat settings, which can be handy if you like to make different types of drinks. If you only ever make one kind of drink, however, a single temperature frother will suffice.
3. Speed Settings
Manual milk frothers usually have two speed settings: fast and slow. The fast setting is typically used for making latte-style drinks, while the slow setting is better for making cappuccinos. If you only ever make one type of drink, then you’ll only need to worry about one speed setting. However, if you like to experiment with different types of drinks, then a frother with multiple speed settings will give you more flexibility.
4. Ease of Use
Some manual milk frothers are easier to use than others. If you’re new to making frothy drinks, then you’ll probably want to choose a model that is easy to operate. More experienced users, on the other hand, may prefer a frother with more features and settings.
5. Maintenance
All manual milk frothers require some basic maintenance, such as cleaning the wand after each use. Some models, however, are easier to clean than others. If you don’t want to spend a lot of time cleaning your frother, then look for a model with dishwasher-safe parts.
6. Price
Manual milk frothers range in price from around $20 to $100. In general, the more features a frother has, the higher the price tag will be. If you’re on a budget, then look for a basic model with only the essential features. If you’re willing to spend a little more, then you’ll have a wider range of models to choose from.
7. Warranty
Most manual milk frothers come with a warranty, although the coverage and length vary from one manufacturer to the next. If you want peace of mind, then look for a frother that comes with a long warranty period.
By keeping these factors in mind, you’ll be able to find the best manual milk frother for your needs.
Best Manual Milk Frother Reviews
Automatic milk frothers are all the rage these days. But there are still many people who prefer the old-fashioned manual milk frothers. If you’re one of those people, then you’ll want to check out our list of the best manual milk frothers on the market.
We’ve looked at a variety of factors to determine which manual milk frothers are the best, including ease of use, price, and more. So, whether you’re looking for an affordable option or the best possible performance, we’ve got you covered.
Here are our top picks for the best manual milk frothers:
1. Bodum 1446-01US4 Latteo Manual Milk Frother
The Bodum 1446-01US4 Latteo Manual Milk Frother is the perfect tool for making a perfect cup of latte. The sleek black design is both stylish and functional, and the 8-ounce capacity is perfect for small batches of latte.
This frother quickly and easily beats the milk by moving the plunger up and down about 60-90 times or until you feel the milk getting thicker.
The glass carafe is made of durable heat-resistant borosilicate glass and can be warmed in the microwave after frothing. The milk frother also features a silk plastic lid with a deep rim to prevent foam from escaping the spout and a plunger handle for easy use.
Key Features:
- Create foamy milk in less than 30 seconds.
- Made of durable, heat-resistant borosilicate glass
- It features a silk plastic lid with a deep rim to prevent foam from escaping.
- Stainless steel plunger with a comfortable ergonomic handle
- Quick and easy to use
- Durable design
- It makes a great frothy latte
- It may take some practice to get the perfect foam consistency.
Overall, the Bodum 1446-01US4 Latteo Manual Milk Frother is a great tool to have for making Cafe-style coffee drinks at home. It is quick and easy to use and produces impressive results.
The only downside is that it may take some practice to get the perfect foam consistency. But once you get the hang of it, you will be making lattes like a pro in no time!
2. Ninja Coffee Bar Easy Milk Frother
Looking for an effortless way to create your favorite coffee drinks at home? Look no further than the Ninja Coffee Bar Easy Milk Frother, with its innovative Press Froth Technology.
This convenient kitchen gadget is designed to froth hot or cold milk in seconds, allowing you to create creamy specialty drinks right in your own home. Simply add your milk of choice to the cup, microwave for 30-60 seconds, and then press the frothing button to create rich, creamy frothed milk quickly and easily. When you are done, simply place the cup in the dishwasher for easy cleaning.
Whether you are looking for a morning cappuccino or an afternoon latte, the Ninja Coffee Bar Easy Milk Frother is the perfect tool to help you get the job done quickly and easily.
The Ninja Coffee Bar Easy Milk Frother features a sleek, compact design that takes up minimal counter space. It’s clear plastic body and black accents are both stylish and functional, while its handy manual allows you to customize your milk frothing experience
Key Features:
- Create a coffee bar, specialty drink in your home.
- Froths hot or cold milk in seconds.
- Microwave and froth in glass for added convenience
- Dishwasher safe
- Easy to use and clean.
- Compact design for convenient storage
- It produces perfectly frothed milk every time
- Great for creating specialty coffee drinks at home.
- May be a bit noisy when in use.
- Some users report that the frother can become clogged over time with repeated use.
Best of all, this innovative kitchen accessory is dishwasher-safe, making cleanup a breeze. So why wait? Invest in the Ninja Coffee Bar Easy Milk Frother today and start enjoying delicious coffee drinks right at home!
3. Bialetti, Cappuccino machine Milk Frother
Looking for a wonderful way to make cappuccinos at home? Look no further than the Bialetti Milk Frother. This easy-to-use machine froths milk to perfection, making it ideal for creating delicious cappuccinos, lattes, and more.
This versatile appliance features a double frothing action pump, allowing you to easily create rich and creamy foam. Additionally, it has a generous 3 cup capacity, so you can make multiple cups of cappuccino at once. And with a non-slip base and microwave safe design, this cappuccino machine will be a convenient addition to your kitchen counter.
And with its compact design, this milk frother is also perfect for taking on the go or using in the microwave. So, if you’re looking for a professional-quality cappuccino maker that is easy to use and convenient to carry, look no further than the Bialetti Milk Frother.
Key Features:
- Double frothing action pump
- 3 cup capacity milk frothier
- Non-slip base Microwave safe
- Excellent milk frothing ability
- Double pump system speeds up the process
- Non-slip base prevents accidents
- Microwave safe for easy cleaning
- Some users may find the 3-cup capacity too small
Overall, the Bialetti cappuccino machine milk frother is an excellent choice for anyone who loves lattes and cappuccinos. With its quick and easy double pumping action, strong non-slip base, and microwave-safe design, this is the perfect tool for creating delicious hot drinks at home or on the go. So why wait? Get yourself a Bialetti today!
4. BonJour Coffee Glass and Stainless Steel Manual Milk Frother
Looking for an easy and convenient way to make your own frothy milk drinks at home? Then check out the BonJour Coffee Glass and Stainless Steel Manual Milk Frother. This unique device makes it simple to transform non-fat milk into rich, creamy froth – perfect for cappuccinos, lattes and mochas!
To use, simply pour non-fat milk to the indicator line on the carafe, then place the lid on and pump 20 times. The borosilicate glass carafe helps retain heat and clarity, while the patented frothing technology with stainless steel rods and screens creates beautiful foam every time.
The BonJour Coffee Glass and Stainless Steel Manual Milk Frother is a must-have kitchen gadget for any coffee lover. And with a 450ml capacity (approx. 15 ounces), it’s just the right size for making multiple drinks.
Please note: to get the best results, please remove the plastic protection piece under the black base before use. This will give the base more flexibility and help ensure a secure fit.
Key Features:
- Patented design transforms non-fat milk into a rich, creamy froth.
- Borosilicate glass for superior heat retention and clarity
- Patented frothing technology; stainless steel rods and screens
- 450-Ml capacity or approx 15-ounce
- Easy to use and clean
- Durable construction with high-quality materials
- Creates perfectly frothed milk for lattes, cappuccinos, and mochas.
- Some users may find the pumping action slightly uncomfortable or difficult to use
- May not be suitable for all types of milk, such as those with higher fat content
If you’re looking for a reliable, high-quality milk frother that is easy to use and clean, the BonJour Coffee Glass and Stainless Steel Manual Milk Frother is an excellent option. Featuring a patented design that quickly transforms non-fat milk into rich, creamy froth, this frother is perfect for creating delicious lattes, cappuccinos, and mochas.
Plus, with its durable construction and high-quality materials, it’s built to last. So why wait? Order your BonJour Coffee Glass and Stainless Steel Manual Milk Frother today!
5. Norpro Glass Froth Master
If you love foamy coffee drinks, the Norpro Glass Froth Master is a must-have kitchen gadget. This manual frother lets you create rich, creamy foam topping for your favorite beverages right at home, without adding any steam.
Simply pump the handle to froth milk, cream, hot or cold milk, and even non-fat milk – it beautifully froths every time. Recipes and instructions are included so you can get started right away.
The sleek black design will look great on your countertop, and the 16-ounce capacity is perfect for making enough froth for multiple drinks. Whether you enjoy cappuccinos, lattes, or simply want to add a little extra something to your morning coffee, the Norpro Glass Froth Master is the perfect tool for the job.
Key Features:
- A simple yet effective manual pump frother
- It takes any kind of milk- whole, skim, almond, soy, etc. and creates a creamy foam topping
- Perfect for coffee drinks, hot chocolate, and even desserts
- Recipes and instructions are included
- Easy to use
- Makes a great foamy topping for all sorts of drinks and desserts
- Compact size takes up minimal counter space
- Pump action can be a bit finicky
- Must be used over a stovetop or other heat source to work properly
Overall, the Norpro Glass Froth Master is a great little manual frother that can make light and airy foam toppings for all sorts of drinks and desserts.
It is easy to use, compact, and inexpensive, making it a terrific addition to any kitchen. Just be aware that it must be used over a heat source to work properly, and the pump action can be a bit tricky to get the hang of. Otherwise, it is a great little frothing device!
How To Clean Manual Milk Frother
If you’ve ever used a manual milk frother, you know how quickly they can become covered in milk residue and become difficult to clean. Here are some tips on how to keep your manual milk frother clean and working like new.
- Rinse the frother immediately after use. It’s important to rinse the frother as soon as possible after use so that the milk doesn’t have a chance to dry and harden on the surface.
- Use hot water and soap. If the frother is particularly dirty, you may need to use hot water and soap to remove all the residue. Be sure to rinse well afterwards so that no soap residue is left behind.
- Use a toothbrush to reach into the crevices. If your manual milk frother has lots of small crevices, or if the residue is particularly stubborn and will not come off easily with water and soap alone, you may need to use a toothbrush to get into these hard-to-reach spots.
- Let it dry completely before storing. Once you’ve washed and rinsed the frother thoroughly, let it dry completely before storing it away in a cupboard or drawer. Drying it properly will help prevent the growth of bacteria on the surface.
- Keep your frother clean for the best results. Keeping your manual milk frother is an important part of making sure that it works well and lasts for as long as possible. Be sure to follow these tips so that your frother stays clean and in good condition.
That’s it! With these tips, you’ll be able to keep your manual milk frother clean and in great condition for years to come.
Manual Milk Frother Troubleshooting
If you’re having trouble with your manual milk frother, there could be a number of causes. Here are some common issues and potential solutions:
- Your milk frother may not be working at all. First, make sure that it is plugged in to the electricity supply and that it has power. If it still isn’t functioning properly, check the wiring or try plugging a different device into the outlet to confirm that your outlet works properly before calling an electrician.
- The milk frother may not be heating up effectively. If this happens, check to see if there is any dust or buildup on the metal heating plate inside the unit or around any of its parts. You can clean these areas with a damp cloth. If this does not solve the problem, your milk frother may need to be replaced.
- The milk may not be frothing properly. If your milk is not frothing up as much as it should be, there are a few things you can try. First, may be frothing too much. If your milk is frothing up more than you would like, there are a few things you can try to fix this issue. First, make sure that you are using fresh milk that is at least 2% fat. Whole milk will produce the best results. Second, try using a different type of milk, such as soy milk or almond milk. These types of milk tend to froth up less than cow’s milk. Third, try adding a little bit of cold water to the milk before adding it to the frother. This will help to reduce the amount of foam that is produced. Finally, if all else fails, you can try using a different manual milk frother that has adjustable settings so that you can control the amount of foam that is produced.
- The milk may be too hot or too cold. If your milk is too hot, it will scald and become unusable. If your milk is too cold, it will not froth up properly..
- There is water in my milk. Water can ruin the flavor of your milk and make it less effective for frothing. is not hot enough. If your milk is not hot enough, it will not froth up properly. To fix this issue, make sure that you are using fresh milk that is at least 2% fat. Whole milk will produce the best results. Second, make sure that the milk is warm making noise, but the milk is not frothing. If you hear a noise coming from the motor but the milk is not frothing, there may be something caught in the blades of the frother. not working. If the motor on your frother is not working, there may be a problem with the power source. frother is leaking. If your frother is leaking, there may be a problem with the seal..
Manual Milk Frother – FAQs
A manual milk frother is a simple kitchen appliance that allows you to produce thicker, more stable foam than what you can get out of an electric frother. If you prefer to make your own lattes and cappuccinos at home using fresh ingredients, a manual milk frother is a great tool to have in your arsenal.
But if this is the first time using one, there may be questions about how the device works and which settings are best for different types of beverages. To help you get started with yours, here are some frequently asked questions about manual milk frothers and some tips on how to use them effectively:
A manual milk frother is a small kitchen appliance that allows you to produce thicker, more stable foam than what you can get out of an electric frother. A manual milk frother consists of a single chamber with a piston inside, which is moved up and down by manually turning the handle on top. The motion agitates the ingredients in the chamber, creating bubbles and aeration that causes the liquid to bubble up as it comes out of the device.
A manual milk frother will not be able to create as thick or foamy a liquid as an electric one, but it does have several advantages:
- It is cheaper than an electric frother costing around $15-$20 online compared to four times that price for an electric model.
- It is easier to clean, as it only has one moving part and no power cord to worry about.
- It does not require any electricity to operate, making it an excellent choice for camping or boating trips.
A typical manual milk frother will include three distinct settings:
- On/Off – this button turns the device on or off depending on its status.
- Speed – this button controls how fast the piston inside moves up and down. The faster you push this button, the more bubbles you will get in your liquid.
- Temperature – This knob controls how hot (or cold) your liquid will be when it comes out of the device after being frothed. Higher temperature settings will result in hotter drinks, while lower temperatures will produce cooler beverages.
To get the most out of your manual milk frother, make sure you:
- Fill the pitcher with liquid to just below the top edge.
- Turn on the device and start pumping at a medium speed until you’re happy with your foam level.
- If you’re making hot drinks like lattes, turn up the temperature setting slightly so that you don’t end up with cold coffee.-Be careful not to overfill your device, as this can cause spills and create extra mess when cleaning it afterwards.
Yes – depending on the type of drink you’re making; it can be helpful to use ingredients that are designed to help create more stable foam.
For example, if you’re making a cappuccino or latte with milk and espresso, using skimmed milk will produce thicker foam than regular whole milk. If you need even more stability, adding a small amount of cream to your mixture may also be worth trying.
Always make sure that the pitcher is completely dry before putting it on the base – any moisture left after washing could cause unwanted bubbles when running the device, leading to an unevenly-frothed liquid and frustration for you! Also remember that manually frothing your liquid can take anywhere from 30-60 seconds on average, so don’t rush it – make sure you’re taking your time and enjoying the process.
If you follow these tips, you should be able to get perfect results every time when using your manual milk frother!
There are several benefits to using a manual milk frother over an electric one. First, they are much less expensive than their electric counterparts. Second, they are much easier to clean since there are no cords or batteries to worry about. Finally, many people find that the froth created by a manual frother is richer and creamier than that created by an electric device.
Any type of fresh dairy milk can be used in a manual frother. This includes cow’s milk, goat’s milk, sheep’s milk, or any other kind available where you live. However, some people may find that adding a bit of sugar to the dairy produces even better foam when using a non-cow’s milk variety.
Yes! First, make sure that your cup or bowl of dairy is filled to the top before you begin pumping the milk. This will help ensure that all the dairy is properly aerated and that you get a good amount of foam.
Second, it’s also important to make sure your hand stays dry as you pump the frother up and down. Moisture on your skin can reduce the amount of air incorporated into the dairy, resulting in less foam.
Finally, keep an eye on how much foam forms when using your manual milk frother. If it seems like there is too little or too much, you may need to adjust your technique slightly. With a bit of practice, getting impressive results from a manual frother should be easy!
When using a manual milk frother, it is important to keep the following safety considerations in mind:
- Never place the frothing wand directly into the milk. Doing so can create hot spots that can scald or burn you.
- Be careful not to splash hot milk while frothing. Wear long sleeves and use a towel to protect your hands and arms if necessary.
- Keep children and pets away from the area while you are using the frother.
Here are some tips for getting the best results with a manual milk frother:
- Start with cold milk. This will help you achieve a richer, more velvety foam.
- Use whole milk for the best results. Lower fat milks will produce a lighter foam.
- If you want a sweeter foam, add a little bit of sugar or flavored syrup to the milk before frothing.
- Experiment with different types of milk to find the one that produces the best results for your taste. For example, almond milk or soy milk will produce a different type of foam than cow’s milk.
- If you find that your frother is not creating enough foam, try using less milk. A smaller amount of milk will be easier to froth and will produce a richer foam.
Here are some common mistakes people make when using a manual milk frother:
- Not heating the milk enough before frothing. The milk should be heated to approximately 140 degrees Fahrenheit before adding it to the frothing chamber.
- Adding too much milk to the frothing chamber. This will make it more difficult to create foam and may cause the frother to stop working correctly.
- Not using fresh milk. Milk that has been sitting out for a while will not froth as well as fresh milk.
- Not cleaning the frothing wand after each use. Milk residue can build up on the wand and affect the performance of the frother. Be sure to clean the wand with soap and water after each use.
- Frothing the milk too quickly or too slowly. The best results will be achieved by frothing the milk at a moderate speed, without stopping in between stirs. If you are going too fast or too slow, your foam may not turn out correctly.
- Not using whole milk. Whole milk will produce a richer and more velvety foam than lower fat milks.
In addition to making frothy milk for coffee drinks, a manual milk frother can also be used to make:
- Chocolate milk: Add some chocolate syrup to the milk before frothing for a delicious treat.
- Milkshakes: Add ice cream and your favorite flavorings to the milk before frothing for a thick and creamy milkshake.
- Fruit smoothies: Add fresh or frozen fruit, yogurt, and honey to the milk before frothing for a healthy and refreshing smoothie.
No, you do not need any prior experience with coffee or barista techniques to use a manual milk frother. The device is extremely easy to operate and can be used by anyone who is interested in trying it out. However, if you are looking for professional-quality results, it may be helpful to watch some tutorials or read up on best practices for using a manual milk frother.
This can help ensure that your foam turns out perfect every time. Additionally, if you are planning to use the froth produced by the manual frother in recipes or other applications beyond simply adding it to coffee drinks, you will want to experiment a bit and perfect your technique to achieve the best results.
- Be sure to clean the frothing wand after each use. Milk residue can build up on the wand and affect the performance of the frother.
- If you are not using whole milk, be sure to add a little bit of sugar or flavored syrup to the milk before frothing in order to achieve sweeter results.
- If you find that your frother is not creating enough foam, try using less milk. A smaller amount of milk will be easier to froth and will produce a richer foam.
- If you are not happy with the type of foam produced by your frother, try adjusting the speed or stirring technique until you achieve the results that you want. There is no one “right” way to use a manual milk frother–the key is experimentation and finding what works best for your personal taste and preferences.
- If you find that your frother is not working properly, be sure to contact the manufacturer to get it repaired or replaced as soon as possible. A malfunctioning device can prevent you from getting the results that you want when using your frother. Additionally, if your frother is still under warranty, the manufacturer may be able to replace it free of charge.
We hope that this article has been helpful and that you now feel confident using your manual milk frother! Thanks for reading and happy foaming!
Conclusion
Overall, a manual milk frother is a great way to make frothy milk for coffee drinks without having to use an electric device. The frother is easy to operate and can produce rich and creamy foam with just a few simple steps.
In addition, the manual frother is also versatile enough to be used for making other types of beverages like chocolate milk, milkshakes, and fruit smoothies. With a little bit of practice, you will be able to perfect your technique and create delicious foam-topped drinks that your friends and family will love.
So, if you are looking for a fun and convenient way to get your morning cup of coffee, be sure to give a manual milk frother a try!
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Readings
next performances
Jan Schröter: Nur mal kurz - a musical reading
An entertaining but rather wicked experience. Seven short crime thrillers by Jan Schröter, so short in fact, that they only just start to gather momentum when the final climax draws near and then lingers uncomfortably in the mind. Just what does lie beneath that long-term girlfriend’s sitting room floor, how does the warehouseman caught in the act takes revenge on his boss using a tube of superglue, and what about that last bungee jump ...? but no, it's never what you might expect. The ambitious musical programme is in the very capable hands of Dieter Weische (flute) and Johannes Sauer (piano) playing atmospherically intense works by Nino Rota, Chick Corea and Astor Piazolla.
Duration approx. 90 mins.
Petri Tamminen: Battleships in Finnish - a garden reading in German language
Captain Vilhelm Huurna can never quite shake the feeling that while the others are all real captains, he isn't. He's got everything you need for a successful career as a captain apart from sailor's luck, so he inadvertentlys wrecks ship after ship on his commercial voyages. Nevertheless his unwavering fatalistic optimism lets him sail through life with his head held high. A performance fittingly accompanied by Matthias Entrup on the vibes and Klaus Fischer on his bass clarinet.
Duration approx. 110 mins. incl. a short interval
Ever more Stories from Kattenturm - in German language
After a lengthy period of Covid-induced abstinence, they're finally back - shocking stories from Kattenturm, witnessed and written down by ...? Well, Andreas Gröhl, of course, who is back to tackle life's pressing issues with his sharp pen: just what was the final straw for old Friedrich Bullauge after he had carried Laurentia's piss-soaked nappies down 96 stairs to the bin? And how did crime scene cleaner Heiko Schotte end up having to clean up a UFO when he was off his face one night? And anyway: just why exactly did the pheasant collide full speed with the lamppost? So many questions, so many answers - all accompanied with great feeling by Jürgen Schöffel on his guitar.
Duration approx. 60 Mins.
from Horst Evers: Für Eile fehlt mir die Zeit - a musical reading
Ever found yourself sitting on a hopelessly overcrowded train opposite a married couple doing their best to drag you into their noisy argument? And wasn't that recent parents' evening just another painful reminder that your child's socialisation is actually no longer yours to control? Or does programming your new all-singing, all-dancing coffee machine take so much loving care and attention that you wish you'd just stuck with your old moka pot? Then Horst Evers' stories (and of course the atmospheric musical accompaniment by Matthias Entrup) will soothe your downtrodden soul ...
Duration approx. 75 mins.
Amore, Amore - a living room reading with music
Six short love stories from the land where lemons grow. Each just a few minutes long, but each with a seductive power all of its own. An entertaining night that will get under your skin and confuse, unsettle and enchant you. Florian Oberlechner provides he virtuoso musical accompaniment to the evening with the - how should we describe it? - capitivatingly beautiful sound of his accordion.
Duration approx. 60 mins.
Jack London: Nam-Bok, the Liar - a living room reading with music in German language
After many years, a man makes an un expected return to his Inuit village in the far North, at the mouth of the Yukon. There, he tells of his monstrous journey to a people in the South, who build giant canoes from iron and houses that touch the sky. Is he telling the truth? Or is he an imposter? Either way, his stories make the village uneasy and the council of elders has a difficult decision to make ...
Duration approx. 45 mins.
Heide Marie Voigt: Das Schweigen des Herrn Haßler - a reading with the author
Where were they deployed and what did they do there? How did it make them feel? What did they believe in? Heide Marie Voigt spoke to German World War veterans during the 90s. We have now compiled a long monologue from their responses that is both bleak and at times preposterous. During the course of the piece, what at first seems to be a matter-of-fact account twists and turns to evade both questions and conscience. It becomes painfully clear that war devoures them all - not just the victims but those responsible too. The only victor is pain, and it is passed onto the next generation like a concealed hand of cards. Powerfully and sensitively accompanied on the synthesizer by Lennart Hinz.
Duration approx. 60 mins.
video trailer
Farhan Hebbo: Wieder eine Nacht mit Ali Many - a musical reading
Farhan Hebbo is back for another appearance at Bürgerhaus Obervieland. With delightful clarity and always with a friendly outlook, Hebbo describes the drama experienced by many refugees - the intolerable pain of saying "goodbye" mixed with high hopes for their arrival. Hebbo has already appeared as a guest at the Bremer Shakespeare Company, the Institut Francais and Villa Ichon, while his newspaper columns have become a Bremen institution. Together with the author, Martin Heckmann presents a new selection of his texts, with musical accompaniment by Claas Harders on the viola da gamba.
Duration approx. 60 mins.
Stephen Crane: The Open Boat - a musical reading in German language
The cook, the oiler, the correspondent and the captain - four castaways in a dinghy, already tossed about all day on the vertical, silent grey waves of the open sea. The only sound the violent hissing of the white crests. And is that the distant roar of the surf on the rocks? Daylight is fading fast. It's cold and exhaustion is setting in. Stephen Crane's story, inspired by his own experience, is simple, powerful and much more than a factual dramatic report. It goes without saying that the accordion accompaniment comes from Florian Oberlechner.
Duration approx. 60 mins.
Rudyard Kipling: The Gardener - a musical reading in German language
Victorian morality prevails and the entire Empire is staggering under the strain of the Great War. Back in England, Helen Turrel, a respectable, unmarried lady, suddenly loses her raison d'être and is not able to admit it to herself. A haunting, tender and subtly violent story about repression, grief and redemption, sensitively accompanied on keyboards by Lennart Hinz.
Duration approx. 60 mins.
from Christiane Palm-Hoffmeister: Schnittstellen des Glücks - a musical reading
Martin Heckmann meets Bremen author Christiane Palm-Hoffmeister and together they read poetry and prose from what is now her third book. Christiane Palm-Hoffmeister puts life under the magnifying glass, conjuring up images: some staying close to the mundanities of everyday life, others reaching dizzying heights, but always remaining sympathetic to the listener's experience. Through their subtle openness, Christiane Palm-Hoffmeister's texts take the audience on a journey inside the precious labyrinth of the human heart and soul. Accompanied by Daniel Tolsdorf on the double bass.
Duration approx 90 Mins.
Sonnenuntergang Ost
To put into perspective what has in recent years become a dictum in public debate in Germany: it is the atrocities inflicted on German civilians in 1944 and 1945 by the advancing Red Army that were 'bird shit' - compared with the earlier German crusade of destruction in the former Soviet Union. 22 June 2021 marks the 80th anniversary of 'Operation Barbarossa' - the almost romantic code name given to the campaign at the time. In this dramatic reading, Martin Heckmann and Kathrin Steinweg approach the topic and try to find words that can reach us but still fittingly describe the events. Vasilisa Gordasevich accompanies the event on the timpani.
Duration approx. 60 mins.
Hans Christian Andersen: The Nightingale - a musical reading in German language
Undoubtedly a fairy tale for adults. The emperor of China loves the song of the nightingale that always sings outside his window. So far, so harmless. Then, the emperor of Japan gives him a mechanical nightingale that can not only sing as well, but also looks far more beautiful. What happens next leads straight down into the surprising depths of the human soul. Flautist Iris Hammacher acccompanies the story on various instruments to give the text a wonderful atmospheric density.
Duration approx. 60 mins.
Guy de Maupassant: An Odd Feast - a musical reading in German language
Two friends retreat to an old castle by the sea for Christmas. They eat and drink their fill and then really it's time for Midnight Mass. But on the other hand, perhaps that might turn out to be a little dull. So what about paying a visit to the farmer in his old shack next door instead? After all, they say he's just lost his grandfather and the body should still be laid out. That's bound to be more exciting! And while we're at it, we might as well offer him our sincere condolences. Oh, but that's odd, where's the body? Johannes Sauer on the ivories accompanies us delicatly as we solve the mystery.
Duration approx. 50 mins.
Stories from Magic Realism - a musical reading
As people began to understand how monumental its scope actually was - this vast, enigmatic collection of books, with its endless storeys and passageways, that nobody had yet quite been able to fathom; as the realisation spread that every book ever written or even just imagined was actually recorded here ... every one! In every language! ... a sweeping euphoric optimism initially took hold. Finally, it seemed, there was now a solution, an explanation, a justification at long last for all of the questions, grievances and problems that had tormented humanity over the course of its history ... A bewildering yet illuminating, fascinating and very relevant reading, sensitively accompanied by Lennart Hinz on the piano.
Duration approx. 90 mins.
Christiane Palm-Hoffmeister: Ende gut. Alles!? - a book reading with the author
Jekyll or Hyde? Poet or executioner? Who is he really, this unknown father? This sender of loving letters that his daughter seeks out long after his death? The author's search uncovers 75 years of German post-war history, as well as the fate of her unmarried mother, in a way she could never have imagined. Together with the author, Martin Heckmann reads from her book and tells love stories and life stories that she, and countless similar German families in the 20th century lived, endured - and kept secret.
Duration approx. 60 Mins.
Flintenweiber und Untermenschen
A staged reading by Martin Heckmann and Kathrin Steinweg about how Nazi racial doctrine tainted everyday life in Germany during the war, and the very real significance, especially for Eastern European and Soviet prisoners of war, of belonging to a purportedly 'inferior race'. Letters from former prisoners, and documents from the time, recall a chapter of German history that truly seems hard to believe. Contrary to the media-grabbing claim of a well-known German politician, far from being just an insignificant footnote, it is a painful reality that stares back from the mirror at us in Germany whenever we dare take a closer look.
Duration approx. 90 mins.
video trailer
Guy de Maupassant: What the Devil - a musical reading in German language
Well, it would be nice if he could sit by her bedside for a while at least as the old dear breathes her last. But work is calling, that's how it goes. Hmmm, let's see what the neighbour would want for keeping vigil! On the other hand though she might keep it up for another few days - she's always been stubborn. So, perhaps agree on a lump sum? A tale - you might call it that - about the lightness of being, with a surprising, yet beautifully fitting, tender accompaniment by Trio Scambio from Oldenburg.
Duration approx. 60 mins.
Wolf Craving - a living room reading with music in German language
A dark forest in the middle of nowhere. Hardly anyone dares to walk the few, shadowy paths that lead into its depths, and old age comes fast to the few who must eke out an existance from its barren soil. At night, especially in winter, you can almost imagine feeling these glinting, hungry eyes following you from out of the dense undergrowth. But things aren't always as they seem ... A tongue-in-cheek story about courage and eros that is guaranteed to put a smile on your face, once it has given you the creeps. Accompanied by Johannes Sauer on the piano.
Duration approx. 60 mins.
New Stories from Kattenturm - in German language
Norbert ... You know Norbert, right? The one who always sets his alarm clock on his desk for 10:17, so he doesn't miss the radio weather after going to the toilet? Who likes to spend his time off on a Sunday riding the bus? Who breaks out in a cold sweat because Cindy with the blue hair wants to go to the office party with him? But no matter how tough life gets - Norbert is the man to handle it! Imagined and captured by Andreas Gröhl, from the quaint Bremen district of Kattenturm. Bremen guitarist Jürgen Schöffel provides the fitting musical setting.
Duration approx. 60 mins.
Farhan Hebbo: Die Rose - a musical reading
Farhan Hebbo is of Syrian descent and now lives in Bremen. Through his unconventional, always slightly melancholic lens, he sheds a gentle light on everyday life of this city, with surprising perspectives, twists and turns. Hebbo has already been a guest to the Bremen Shakespeare Company, the Institut Francais and Villa Ichon, and his newspaper columns have become a Bremen institution. A small but well-chosen selection of his texts can now be heard at Bürgerhaus Obervieland - in the presence of the author himself, and accompanied by the sounds of the saz, played by Marwan Jaro.
Duration approx. 60 mins.
Bret Harte: How Santa Claus Came to Simpson's Bar - German language
A Christmas story from the Wild West. Simpson’s Bar lies way up in the hills beyond Sacramento. Nobody has ever found any gold here yet, although the earth has been ransacked in search of it. Life is harsh and the people taciturn. In winter, it usually never stops raining, with the village sinking down into the mud and the men incessantly falling into drunken stupors. And little Johnny has never heard the word ‘Christmas.’ “How Santa Claus Came to Simpson’s Bar” is a touching story by Bret Harte with a miraculous twist bringing joy to all.
Duration approx. 45 mins.
MiniLit live - musical readings in German language
A selection of five small but perfectly formed stories by Bremen authors, with texts by Laura E. Beck, Colin Böttger, Jörn Grebe, Rollo Heinsch and Madita Krügler. Bremer Literaturkontor e.V. has assisted in the creation of the texts and made them accessible to a wider audience in the publication series 'MiniLit'. The complete series will be availbale to take away, free of charge, on the evening. Florian Oberlechner - the accordion player known throughout Bremen - will provide the evening's musical accompaniment with spontaneous improvisations.
Duration approx. 90 mins.
More Stories from Kattenturm - in German language
Why you should never look up when you go jogging. What goes through the mind of the swimming pool attendant as he starts his early shift after a heavy night. Why old Heinz secretly drank all the water from the vase. These and similar stories from the delightful Bremen district of Kattenturm, as experienced and recorded by the Obervieland literature group, 'Die Ohrenleser'. To give the evening's stories a fitting musical setting, we have the pleasure of welcoming Bremen guitarist Jürgen Schöffel.
Duration approx. 60 mins.
1001 Nights for Kobane - a musical reading in German language
A fundraiser with a difference, in cooperation with Patra-Janina Schultz, Robert Levin and the Bremer Shakespeare Company, in aid of rebuilding of a school in war-torn Kobane, Northern Syria. No sign of Ali Baba or Aladdin, but a firework display of good old roguish pranks and spiner-tingling erotic adventures from a multi-cultural Arabia, rediscovered in an ancient Arabian manuscript and translated by Claudia Ott. Definitely not for young ears! Musical accompaniment by Marwan Jaro on the saz and irresistible orient delicacies from the chef from the 'Falstaff'.
Duration approx. 90 mins.
from Daniel Defoe: Roxana - a musical reading in German language
A delightfully risqué tale from high-society London at the beginning of the 18th century. What exactly did happen when Roxana took the path of sin and proceeded to sleep her way, with instinctive, nonchalant cold-bloodedness, to the upper echelons of society? After all, rather an unlikely fate for the demure daughter of French Puritan immigrants. The reading is accompanied by Johannes Sauer on the piano, in fitting Baroque stye, which - so they say anyway - really suits it rather well.
Duration approx. 75 mins.
Venus and the Boys - a living room reading with music in German language
It's September 1940 and an ominous mood prevails shortly after the declaration of war against Germany. To counteract the pervasive feeling of dread, the Parisian art scene clings together in darkened cafés, anxious, yet eager to live life to the full, and in strangely high spirits. An electric, uninhibited longing for closeness, reassurance and touch is spreading, and the night takes its course. A compilation of erotically charged and explicit texts, atmospherically accompanied by Johannes Sauer on piano. Definitely cert. 18.
Duration approx. 60 mins.
Farhan Hebbo: Die Flöte des Hirten - a musical reading
Ever heard of Marie Schnackt? Marie Schnackt (literally: Marie chats) is a café where people who have come to live in Bremen from all over the world have the chance to meet, talk German and share cultural experiences, outside of language and integration courses. Marie Schnackt is now celebrating its 2nd birthday. Festivities include readings of work by Syrian poet Farhan Hebbo whose newspaper columns have meanwhile become a Bremen institution. Some of the texts will also be performed in Arabic and Farsi. Marwan Jaro will accompany the event on the saz.
Duration approx. 75 mins.
Robert Louis Stevenson: Thrawn Janet - German language
In the remote Scottish village of Balweary her name is spoken only in whispers: Thrawn Janet. It is all the new minister can do to keep her safe from the other villagers. They have a terrible suspicion about her and always give the dour old woman a wide berth - didn't both her neighbour's cows recently die overnight? And anyway, when did anyone last see her in chuch? Fear is spreading and it turns out that evil sometimes lurks where we least expect it.
Duration approx. 60 mins.
Robert Louis Stevenson: The Bottle Imp - German language
They say it was brought to earth by the Devil himself: this peculiar, milky white bottle with the strange, flickering shadow inside ... It is said to have the power to give its owner everything they desire - love, fame, fortune, health. But there's a catch. If the owner dies before selling the bottle, he or she must burn forever in hell. What's more, the bottle must always be sold at a loss. Meanwhile it has become uncomfortably cheap. Keawe, the young man from the West coast of Hawaii, who came by the bottle more by chance, is beginning to run out of options.
Duration approx. 60 mins.
E.T.A. Hoffmann: The Sandman - a musical reading in German language
In his dreams and in real life Nathanael finds himself followed by a gloomy, peculiarly malformed figure known as Coppelius. In Coppelius' presence things become dark, confused and hostile. And Nathanael seems to be the only one capable of sensing this sinister force. Or is he? The spread of darkness appears unstoppable. This is an extremely unsettling tale by the master of horror, accompanied on the piano by Johannes Sauer.
Duration approx. 90 mins.
Charles Dicken: A Christmas Carol - a musical reading in German language
Mr. Scrooge is what we would today call an 'independant investor', whose sole ambition in life is to increase his fortune. He divides his fellow human beings into people he can use and people who stand in his way. His life revolves around exchange rates, contracts and interes rates. Devoid of humour, he sees joy and sorrow as an abnormality of mind. As Christmas approaches, a festival that cynical Mr. Scrooge has always inwardly denied, he is visited by ghosts (or are they angels?) who awaken in him longing, joie de vivre and love. A heart-warming - you could almost say therapeutic story that - as you will hear - really has lost none of its relevance.
Duration approx. 3 hours, with two intervals, plenty of mulled wine and of course heaps of German 'Weihnachtsgebäck'.
Oscar Wilde: The Young King - a musical reading in German language
Outside the palace gates, feverish preparations are being made for the next day’s coronation ceremony, while inside, the prince marvels at himself in front of the mirror, delighting in his coronation regalia. During that night he is haunted by dreams that give the upcoming event an unexpected twist. A fairy tale about power and ego with a surprising outcome - all accompanied by Anneke Brose on the church organ.
Duration approx. 60 mins.
Geschichten aus dem Bärengehege - a musical reading
A totally loopy, exciting, yet oddly wistful mix of adventure, initiation rite, banter and absurdly tall tales from a faraway land that still has enough blank spots on its map for everyone to enjoy. Enough said about this barrage of nonsense of the highest order, seasoned with just a dash of Jurrassic Park, a hint of Edgar Allan Poe, a little pinch of Karl May and a surprising helping of Old Testament. A highly entertaining evening reading with rather beautiful and cohesive musical accompaniment from Barbara Andrae on the bayan - whatever that is. So, all that remains to do is come, listen and learn!
Duration approx. 120 mins. |
Average Size Penise
Out of hundreds of hrs of research … We’ve created the absolute most effective penis pumps that really function and Don’t lose your time.
Right here is the top penis pump we recommend based on our research study:
Best Pump: The Bathmate HydroX
Average Size Penise
Every person we understand desires the inside scoop on the very best penis pumps on the market. Evidently, our profession option leads everyone to think we understand where the excellent spunk is; and also indeed, we do.
Our experience in the sex plaything and couple’s treatment sector is obvious. To put it simply, we know a point or more regarding whatever, including penis pumps.
Yes, our expertly perverted butts have dabbled in the arts of penis enhancement for several years. It’s type of like exactly how a professional race automobile driver may pander out his automobile because that’s his profession.
Fucking is life, would not you agree? So, we intend to turn up to the race with the very best cars and truck on the track. That means investing a number of time testing out the numerous penis pumps that flooding the modern market.
We could leave our readers defenseless, searching willy-nilly online for a pump that provides halfway enjoyable outcomes. Most of the time, however, those men wind up scammed as well as pissed off. Consider us the representatives for the contemporary cock, the heroes of humping.
Average Size Penise
We understand that even big and also in-charge dudes might stand a penis pick-me-up, yet considering that the demand for pumps is so heavy we commonly locate unethical vendors pushing items that are disappointing at ideal. That shit finishes now.
Top Recommendation: The Bathmate HydroX
What Is Bathmate HydroXtreme9?
Bathmate HydroXtreme 9 is just one of one of the most popular as well as effective versions of the penis pumps items by Bathmate.
This item belongs to the series of HydroXtreme and works in enhancing the size along with girth of your penis which is done by developing a vacuum cleaner or suction effect on the exact same.
The device does not utilize air to create a vacuum, on the contrary, it relies upon making use of water to harness vacuum cleaner.
This offers you a safer and better option to all the other penis pumps and devices available throughout the marketplace.
By utilizing HydroXtreme 9 on a regular basis, you could improve the length, dimension, in addition to the stamina of your penis.
A healthy and balanced penis would certainly additionally lead to longer and far better erections. The manufacturers have specified that HydroXtreme 9 is has been made for easy as well as everyday usage, there are several various other benefits of utilizing this item.
All you are called for to do is to save time and also prepare yourself for an amazing sexual experience with your partner. You can use this product in your shower.
It takes just 15 minutes for this device to help you accomplish everything that you have been long yearning. Not just this, but the makers also claim that you could achieve a penile size boost by 1-3 inches upon erection on the very first use this product.
This penis pump could additionally help you in treating the trouble of impotence a lot more normally.
The HydroXtreme collection of Bathmate makes up 5 different sized pumps as well as HydroXtreme 9 is among them.
This series likewise includes detachable handballs and shutoffs that with each other aid in strengthening the stress bordering your penis. Consequently, added blood rushes to your penile cells or corpora cavernosa, leading to a solid erection as well as longer size.
Exactly How Bathmate HydroXtreme9 Functions?
The working principle of Bathmate HydroXtreme9 is based upon water-based vacuum cleaner pressure. Therefore, the producers have relocated far from conventional air-based pressure.
This is due to the fact that the water based stress is extra effective in enhancing the blood flow uniformly throughout your penis location.
Once you have filled up the cyndrical tube with warm water and also place your penis inside the cylinder. You would be able to change the pressure using the handball that has actually been connected to the cylinder.
The convenience pad that has been affixed provides fantastic assistance when you are attempting to preserve a vacuum cleaner inside the pump.
Due to this, the suction is boosted and the contact in between you and also the cylinder is enhanced.
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When the correct stress is preserved, you will certainly really feel a rush of blood flowing to your penis are. Personally talking, the majority of the moment, with just 5 press of the handball, proper pressure is maintained.
This was a maximum number for me that worked for me quite well.
One more wonderful aspect of Bathmate HydroXtreme9 is the front component. The makers have included an unique pin or a pip that enables you to launch the added pressure.
As a result of this, you would have the ability to adjust pressure to a very minute degree. Therefore, the use experience would certainly be according to what you fit with.
You might utilize this pin as a safety pin as well. As with the proper use, there are very few possibilities of any type of sort of damage to your penis.
Just How To Utilize Bathmate HydroXtreme9?
In the primary step you need to clean the device using the sponge that comes with the product packaging.
Currently you need to fill out the pump with warm water as well as press down its stress valve.
After this, you are needed to insert your penis into the tube until it touches your pubic bone.
Post this close the front nasal.
In order to preserve pressure, you now require to begin pressing the handball.
Wait on the appropriate stress to be established. Required to wait for 10 minutes to ensure that erection is accomplished.
Currently, eliminate the water making use of a valve. Once it is empty, push the main shutoff.
This would release the stress after which you can securely remove the pump.
Bathmate HydroXtreme 9 is conveniently able to load males with 7.5 to 9.5 inches of the penis, therefore a perfect model from the HydroXtreme range.
You can duplicate this process each day in order to improve your sexual efficiency.
Features Of Bathmate HydroXtreme9.
According to the developers of this item, Bathmate HydroXtreme 9 is the genuine penis pump power that you have actually been long searching for.
This product is simple as well as amuses several fantastic functions and advantages that aid your penis acquire the preferred size, girth, and also stamina. You may experience better sexual performance hereafter item frequently.
The makers advise HydroXtreme 9 for bigger users who have an erection size between 7.5-9.5 inches. Listed here are the important features of this product:.
This penis pump is a premium item the normal use which helps to boost the size, girth, and firmness of your penis. It improves the flow of blood in your penis which aids to preserve its overall health and toughness and also enhances your erection dimension and also solidity.
The item is a worth accessories pack which comes with different accessories working together to improve the total penile health. There is a pretty new and sophisticated handball pump that assists to manage the stress on your penis. You can simply squeeze the handball pump to readjust the optimum pressure.
This product lets you adjust the pressure within your pump according to your comfort and also demand. HydroXtreme 9 has been made as though it stops over-pressuring, consequently reducing injury on your penis. You can attain a maximum degree of pressure without the fear of getting hurt.
The advanced hydro pump design of HydroXtreme serves manifold advantages. This product includes a comfort pad using which you can create a tighter seal to get in the pump.
The sturdy style of this pump makes sure that you would attain greater efficiency in bed in the long run. The shutoff of this penis pump has been upgraded by the makers that makes it much easier to use. You might also load this pump one-handed.
Bathmate HydroXtreme9 Testimonial: Usage Story.
My friend learnt about this penis pump from one of the web website. This took place to him when he was searching for means to increase his sexual efficiency without utilizing tablets.
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Penomet
In this Penomet evaluation, we’ll cover everything there is to understand about the pump, consisting of just how to utilize it, its efficiency, before and also after results, as well as customer reviews.
Lots of men are concerned regarding their penis dimension. If you fall into this category, it’s time to address your penis’ size as well as girth. It matters not how big or tiny your penis is; Penomet can assist you obtain the outcomes you want.
Don’t let a lack of positive self-image originate from your penis’ size keep you down; do something about it. Penomet promises that its cutting edge pump as well as the workouts constructed around it will create outcomes. When it pertains to transforming the one part of your body that you never thought would enhance or expand, it’s never ever been easier.
The Penomet pump has ended up being a market leader in the field of penis enhancement. It is a superb option to surgical treatment or traditional air pumps.
WHAT IS THE PENOMET PENIS PUMP?
The Penomet pump is a revolutionary device. Since it is straightforward as well as effective, it has actually controlled the market since it was first launched. This Hydropump has actually developed itself as a severe competitor for the most effective penis enlargement solution readily available on the marketplace today, outshining both standard vacuum cleaner penis pumps as well as surgery.
The Penomet pump, which was made by professionals and also has been used by a great deal of individuals, is distinct, comfortable, and also safe.
The pump’s success can be credited to its distinct layout and also compatible gaiters, which allow customers to regulate the stress that is put on the penis and obtain the results they want.
Despite the fact that all it takes is 15 minutes a day for a minimum of one month to get as much as 3 inches in length and a 30% boost in girth, outcomes are visible after each pumping session.
There are several benefits to utilizing the Penomet pump. It increases self-esteem, deals with Peyronie’s illness symptoms, increases sexual stamina, and also avoids early climaxing and also impotence, among other things.
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AN AWARD-WINNING ITEM.
Penomet’s designers have quickly developed a track record that is indisputable. A glimpse at the Penomet site shows that the firm has made a lot of success in a short time. This reveals that their water-based tool is as effective as they assert to be.
The Penomet pump won 2 2013 Venus Awards: “Best Brand-new Male Enhancement Gadget” as well as “Ideal Brand-new Product”. As essential as awards are, what matters most is the effectiveness of the item as well as the complete satisfaction of the consumers, 2 variables that have been in best harmony considering that Penomet’s creation.
HOW DOES PENOMET FUNCTION?
Penomet has been confirmed clinically to raise the penis dimension by as much as 3 inches in size as well as as much as 30% in girth. These cases are supported by lots of scientific researches and endless consumer testimonies. Penomet is a cutting edge pump not just due to just how well it works, however additionally because of how simple it is to make use of.
Conventional air vacuum pumps compress and also expand air in a non-uniform way, which causes uneven and also agonizing penis enhancement. On the other hand, the Penomet pump is a water-based tool that permits a comfortable increasing the size of treatment with flawlessly well balanced volume as well as pressure diffusion within the cylinder’s body. Penomet is a pain-free, comfy, and also simple device to make use of.
Because the cylinder can be affixed to five flexible gaiters, the individual can gradually enhance or reduce the gadget’s stress. Managing and managing employed stress can improve results by approximately 65%. The developers of the Penomet advise 15 mins of use per day, which can easily be completed while showering or bathroom.
HOW TO USAGE PENOMET?
For those who have never utilized a penis pump previously, the Penomet is very easy to use as well as understand. The pump includes extensive directions that can also be discovered on the company’s main website.
Men can also learn more concerning the tool and also just how it works by enjoying tutorials. Penomet’s mission is to assist people get the best results possible with the least amount of time as well as effort.
The most effective means to utilize the pump is to adhere to the steps below:.
The very best approach is to begin with the lowest gaiter setting. Typically, this is the purple-colored 60 gaiter. If this gaiter does not work, merely proceed to the following one.
Affix the gaiter of your selection to the main cyndrical tube of the Penomet. This is the section of the pump that in fact does all the compression and also growth.
Area the main cylinder of the Penomet over your penis. Assure that it is totally placed and delicately pump it to ensure that it is entirely secured. The Penomet appropriates for use anywhere, but is most often used in the bathroom or shower.
After the pump has been affixed, it is time to begin pumping. Pump the device every couple of mins, stopping briefly for relaxation. Do this treatment for 15 to 20 minutes to make certain the device functions appropriately.
To get rid of the tool and watch your outcomes, press the valve at the end of the cylinder as well as pull it off.
As easy to use as the Penomet pump is, it provides much more than fulfills the eye. Unlike its competitors, this hydro pump can be utilized in the shower, bathtub, or in the standard fashion. The penis pump produces a perfect vacuum that constantly provides the very best results thanks to its revolutionary AquaPressure system.
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Because of the pump cyndrical tube’s high-quality polycarbonate plastic building, it is almost unbreakable. The gaiters, on the other hand, are made from medical-grade silicone. The Penomet pump has an accurate measurement range as well as a 360-degree stress launch valve that makes it simple for guys to utilize.
CERTIFICATES.
The designers of Penomet were not satisfied with developing one of the world’s very popular products; they wanted to put it to the examination and have it formally certified by a variety of respectable global and European companies. These organizations did examinations and discovered that the penis pump fulfilled the finest quality criteria.
Penomet is the only penis pump on the market that carries the CE Mark, certifying that it follows European Union regulation. Also, the penis pump is SGS-certified, which means it is devoid of toxic substances as well as doesn’t contain any type of prohibited or restricted chemicals.
WHAT MAKES PENOMET SO DIFFERENT?
The Penomet pump is far better than all other alternatives in terms of performance and also results, along with security.
Allow’s have a look at exactly how it compares versus the various other most preferred penis enhancement techniques:.
Surgical enhancement: There are a wide variety of drawbacks to this technique of penis enlargement. To start, surgical treatment would certainly set you back at the very least $4000– which’s for a gain of only 0.8 to 1.7 inches, less than half of what Penomet might provide after just one usage. Worse, medical enhancement almost always causes impotence. Penomet, on the other hand, works to soothe or eliminate erectile dysfunction.
Traditional penis pumps: This is the very best choice on the list, yet it falls short of the Penomet in some ways. When you use a standard pump, you take your safety and security right into your own hands, as these pumps operate through an air pressure system that can cause sores and also blood vessel bursts. Furthermore, the results can take anywhere in between 6 months and also a number of years to happen.
Penis enlargement pills: In the beginning look, pills may seem a safe alternative, yet they are the outright worst. On top of that, scientific tests have found dangerous ingredients in male enhancement tablets, such as E. coli, lead, and also mold, in addition to the reality that the majority of them are scams that do not work at all. Also, you must buy tablets every month (the cost is unbelievable, as well as they do not also function).
Aesthetic augmentation: You can likewise have your pubic hair cut to make it appear like you have a larger penis. Your lady will certainly not be deceived, even if it might appear as though there is a gain. No replacement exists for Penomet, which supplies a real boost in size.
CLIENT TESTIMONIALS AS WELL AS FEEDBACK.
This penis pump has been really well-reviewed by guys all over the world, and also you’ll see that not just does it assist to raise dimension generally, however it likewise makes erections larger and harder. You won’t get results like that with other products.
” My girlfriend acquired me the Penomet after hearing me whine concerning my smaller-than-average penis dimension many times. She understood I could not buy it on my very own because I was also embarrassed, but she still assisted me and supported me with making use of the pump. Since then, my penis has expanded 2.4 inches in size and also gained an additional 1.2 inches in girth. Incredible.”.
Jerome, CA.
” I’ve seen some pretty incredible arise from this. I’ve obtained over an inch in the last 6 weeks.”.
Jack, United States.
” I bought the Penomet thinking it was all a joke as well as a ploy to defraud me, but I was wrong. As a result of this extraordinary pump, I currently have a massive penis. I believe every guy ought to have one.”.
Adam, UK.
HydroMax
They have actually been created for temporary penis augmentation– despite having regular usage, the results are not long-term. For permanent enlargement we carry a large option of unique items.
Bathmate HydroMax9 usage water stress unlike conventional penis pumps. Thanks to this cutting-edge technology, men can regard visible growth after only a short time period.
The Bathmate HydroMax9 appropriates for men that have a maximum of 19 cm big penis in the erected state.
Average Size Penise
For the pump to be a success, here are our main tips for use:.
Load your tub with water (likewise possible under the shower).
Once you are sitting in the bathtub, hold the Bathmate HydroMax9 under the water to ensure that it can entirely fill up.
Still under water, placed him on your penis.
Currently press the pump versus your stomach until a vacuum is produced. You should have the ability to feel the pressure rise. Do not stress, excess water is drained regularly with the pressure shutoff in addition to the Bathmate HydroMax9.
Continue to raise the stress up until say goodbye to water seeps out of the pressure valve.
If you can not continue pumping, take a time-out.
If it does not work after the break, it suggests that you have actually already produced the optimum vacuum cleaner.
Repeat the exercise for about 4-5 minutes. Each time your penis expands, the water is released from the stress shutoff.
Again, as quickly as no further pumping is feasible, you have reached the maximum vacuum.
If the stress is expensive for you, just press the stress relief valve at the end of the Bathmate HydroMax 9 as well as the pressure will immediately decrease.
After around 15 mins, launch the pressure as well as eliminate the pump from the penis. The training mores than.
The Bathmate HydroMax9 ought to be utilized just daily for 15 minutes and only an optimum of 3 times a week for the best results.
There are many benefits to making use of the Bathmate HydroMax collection:.
• Your penis will expand larger faster, due to the fact that the water can extend the skin better.
• The erection gets tougher.
• The results are obvious and also recognizable after approx. 15 minutes.
• The orgasm can be increased.
• The love game with your companion can become extra intense.
• Can assist with disorder.
• Cleansing: Use a toy cleaner or warm water with mild soap.
The Bathmate HydroMax9 has the latest innovation to expand your penis with water innovation. It creates 35% even more suction power than Bathmate Hercules thanks to its one-of-a-kind, freshly created Bellows pumping system that gives you far better as well as much faster zoom. You can read why water penis pumps are far better than air-based penis pumps here.
Measuring range offers you a better review as well as the new functional and also grip-friendly surface makes it simpler to hold. The internal dimension has enhanced so you can accomplish a lot more outstanding long.
It is additionally excellent for guys that intend to appreciate the shared love or solo self pleasure with a couple of added centimeters, yet do not want to undertake any type of medical or medical intervention. You will perceive after a short time a significant increase in density and also size. Not just will your penis enlarge by utilizing the pump, you will likewise be able to appreciate the excitement of lovemaking much more extremely!
How to cleanse your Bathmate HydroMax9.
After use it is extremely easy to cleanse the Bathmate HydroMax9. Area both the comfort insert and also the penis pump in some soapy water and wash thoroughly.
Wash whatever with clear water and then let the penis pump dry in the air.
Store in a completely dry location far from direct sunlight when the penis pump is not being used.
Average Size Penise
The magnifying effect of this penis pumps is not long-term– eventually, your best piece will swell and also begin to change to its original size. For the long-term enhancement of your penis there are help in the sexual sector, yet these call for a whole lot of perseverance as well as normal use.
Benefit immediately from the result of a penis pump!
Thus, penis pumps are a great beginning for all males that intend to try on a device for more size and also efficiency. They are likewise an useful supplement for long-term enhancement by a penis enlargement plaything.
Much more size, even more feeling, more satisfaction.
Not only do this penis pumps enhance the dimension, volume and duration of your erections, they also supply one of the most delicate locations of your penis with more blood, making them a lot more responsive to the intense stimulation of solo masturbation or lovemaking. With a penis pump you will have the ability to appreciate extreme, extraordinary climaxes.
Penis pumps are popular due to their performance and also performance. Just excuse sexual relations, possibly two minutes from your companion, and also pump your limb to the preferred dimension. Your companion will certainly not speak with your helper– and also definitely value their boosted performance.
Incidentally, the feeling you will feel when using the pump is not to be detested– drawing out the air is a tingling sensation you do not also need to touch your penis.
Not only you, but additionally your companion will gain from your penis pump. The magnifying effect of the pump lasts for a couple of hours, so you will certainly have lots of time to ruin your partner with your uncommonly large and effective finest item!
Extensively utilized and preferred.
Penis pumps are currently utilized by males around the globe. They have actually been validated in numerous studies in their effectiveness, and also are delighting in worldwide popularity. It is exactly because of this popularity that a variety of versions are being created, and new, ingenious penis pumps are being established time and again.
Every one of the pumps we pick service the exact same concept– comparable to a training tool for any part of the body. You wrap your penis closed by donning, and then eliminate the air from the enclosed space by pumping it until a vacuum is produced. The resulting vacuum raises the blood supply to your arm or leg, which subsequently causes extra size, more length as well as even more level of sensitivity.
Average Size Penise
Comprehensive information on the materials used and the special functions of the specific penis pumps can be located in the particular item summaries.
I would certainly suggestions you to pick the HydroMax5 if your penis is 5 inches or smaller sized, you can find out more regarding the very best little penis pumps as well as why they could be the far better option for you.
If any type of inquiries continue to be unanswered, or if you require aid choosing a pump that is best for your demands as well as objectives, do not hesitate to call us today.
You’re obtaining a top quality pump for an excellent price and it’s not that much behind in terms of power compared to the leading 2 best penis pumps. |
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‘My One And Only Wife’ – Peter Obi Showers Encomium On His Wife, As She Celebrates Her BirthdayWritten by Admin
The Labour Party (LP) presidential candidate, Peter Obi, has showered encomium on his wife, Margaret as she celebrates her birthday today.
Naija News reports that the former governor of Anambra State took to his Twitter page to wish his wife and mother of his two children, a happy birthday.
In the birthday post, Peter Obi expressed appreciation to his wife, recalling how her support, love and affection have helped him.
The LP flagbearer also thanks God for the gift of his wife in his life adding that he could not have asked for a better partner in productivity and progress.
He tweeted: “To my dearest wife and the perfect mother to our beloved children, words alone cannot express how far I have come by your support, love and affection. Each moment shared with you renews my strength, brightens my ideas and sharpens my vision.” Obi wrote on Twitter.
“As you celebrate your birthday today, I remain eternally grateful to God for the gift of you in my life. I couldn’t have asked for a better partner in productivity and progress. May God continue to protect and bless you as we journey each day together.
“Happy Birthday to My Only Wife.-PO”
The Only Reason I Will Stop Campaigning
Peter Obi has vowed to stop campaigning for the presidency if anyone can prove he misappropriated funds received as governor of Anambra state.
The former governor made the statement while speaking to Nigerians in the United Kingdom and urged officials working in the government to stop stealing public funds.
According to Obi, he received over half a trillion naira during his eight-year tenure as the governor of Anambra state without misappropriating any percentage of the money.
He further dared anyone to prove his statement wrong, adding that if they can, he would stop campaigning for the presidency.
[Naijanews]
My Certificate Is Worthless, I Am A Disappointment To Myself, The World —LAUTECH Graduate Who Returned CertificateWritten by Admin
Oludare Alaba caused a stir on Monday when a video emerged of him returning his certificate to the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Ogbomosho, Oyo State for allegedly not being of any value to him. He speaks with SAM NWAOKO on why he took the action.
You have been trending since Monday when you went to your alma mater to return your certificate…
I don’t have a mobile telephone handset that can browse the internet. So that has made it impossible for me to see what has been happening online.
You must have been receiving calls from many quarters.
That is true. Some of my friends have been calling. Some of them who, before now, would not pick my calls are now calling me, including those who had blocked my number.
What was the reaction of the first officials of LAUTECH that you met when you went there on Monday to return your certificate?
When I got there, I told them why I came and I told them that I wanted to see the Vice Chancellor himself so that we can talk one on one. The security personnel there said I needed to write formally that I wanted to see the VC and state the reasons. They said I should go and do that and promised that they would process the letter when I bring it. That infuriated me.
That was not the first time I would be going there. I had been there before. I went there on Monday, January 17th this year and they were not forthcoming. That time, they referred me to main security post. When I couldn’t make any headway, I visited one of the professors in the Faculty of Agriculture where I graduated from. He gave me N10,000 that day and from the money, I bought the phone with which I am talking with you right now. So this time round, I decided and made up my mind that I must see the VC. That is why I created a scene. I didn’t even know that the incident was being recorded by someone there. I was ready to be arrested and detained, but I needed to be heard and I was determined to be heard.
At what point did you realise and decided that the certificate you have with you, which you earned, is not helpful to you?
Last year February, I felt strongly about this matter. After I had thought about it, I realised I might not have the privilege of seeing the relevant authorities. So, I decided to make a video in which I said that I would return the certificate to the university. My conclusion was that the certificate is not useful to me and I have to take it back there. However, there was no response to the video, not even the school. I tagged the state governor with the hope that someone would just ask ‘who be this guy?’ but there was nothing from anybody anywhere. It was painful but I cannot commit suicide even though I have concluded that I am a disappointment to my family, to my generation and even to those that I should help. That is why I decided to return their property to them and tell them to refund my fees so that I can use the money to pursue my career. So, that is why.
You graduated from the Faculty of Agriculture but you did not put what you learnt into practice. Don’t you think that is a failure on your part?
I tried to do something. I cultivated about seven acres of land and we lost the farm when cows invaded it and destroyed our crops. The man who helped me with the farmland also lost his farm to cows. The man arrested the cows and took them to the police station but instead of treating the matter, the policemen detained the complainant and released the cows. I also ventured into the sale of cow hide. I processed the skin and sell. I sold a piece of land and invested the money in the business but it failed. I tried to do a few things but they failed. If I should kill myself, would Nigeria not continue? But I cannot kill myself because this life is beautiful and I still have a lot of help to render.
You have tried, but do you believe in starting small and grow your business, even you music career you are talking about?
Why not? I started small in some of the things I did. Besides I have started small. People like Dangote and others started small. Olamide and all those big stars started small. I realise that.
How have you been coping in feeding your family, especially your children?
It has not been easy. When you go to my Instagram and compare my picture of a few years ago and now, you will pity me. I was looking better than I look now. My Instagram handle is “Director of Ancestors” and “Woli Apari”. Those are the two handles I operate simultaneously.
Going by your social media handles, you must be a unique human being
Yes. I have a lot of gifts and talents God has given me. I thank God for the privilege.
You said your friends who had frozen you out are now calling you. What are they saying?
Yes, I’ve been receiving their calls. Some of them are asking why I did what I did and I told them that I don’t care what they think about my action. I told such friends off. Some of them agreed that what I did was normal, and they say that they too are passing through difficult times in their respective lives. I understand that things are difficult for many people. I am a victim too because some people would call me for help and such people don’t get favourable responses from me. However, that should not lead to us to freezing one another out. We are supposed to be friends in good times and bad times. We should not live life like that.
Has the LAUTECH authorities reached out to you following the incident?
Yes, they called me and we spoke at length. They really did well with what they told me. However, it is a school and they have their ways of doing things. They also have a limit to what they can do, so I accept it as that. If I go by our discussion, I would not pick any calls or hold discussions with regards to that encounter. But I am the one in need and I am focussed on my development. When the university teachers get paid the arrears of their salaries after the ongoing strike, they would be better off. But am I expecting any pay from any quarters? So I have to face my problems.
What do you really want…? What do you want Nigerians to do in your case?
What I want now is that I want to fulfil destiny. I will be happy if I can get the right connection and support to start my career. If my wife can get a job and be gainfully engaged, I will be able to face my own job and pursue my career and I know that one day soon, God will lift me higher. I believe He has lifted me already.
Which career are you referring to? Agriculture, your area of study or music?
What agriculture? The agriculture which I ventured into and that was destroyed by people’s cows? How do you expect me to go back there, that I might be killed? I have a load of talents God has given me so much gifts – I can sing Hip Hop, Gospel, I can dance and I can make people laugh – and you are talking about agriculture. Do you realise how much I lost in my venture into agriculture? That is not an option because I went there and left in bitterness.
[Tribune]
THE Central Bank of Nigeria, CBN, said despite a 26.6 per cent increase in the banking system liquidity, commercial banks borrowed N124.62 billion from its Standing Lending Facility (SLF) in May 2022.
The CBN disclosed this in its Monthly Economic Report for the period saying that the facility increased to N737.05 billion in May from N612.43 billion in April.
The apex bank, however, said that commercial banks deposited N680 billion in its Standing Deposit Facility, SDF, during the period.
The CBN said: “Despite the improved liquidity, the total standing lending facility increased considerably by 20.4 per cent to N737.05 billion relative to N612.43 billion at end-April 2022. “Similarly, relative to the preceding month, the total standing deposit facility increased slightly by 0.2 per cent to N321.23 billion from N320.55 billion.”
According to the CBN, the average banking system liquidity increased by 26.6 per cent to N197.84 billion in May from N156.30 billion in April.
It stated: “Average banking system liquidity increased by 26.6 per cent to N197.84 billion relative to N156.30 billion in the preceding month.
“The major drivers of liquidity in the review period were fiscal injections (N813.86 billion), repos (N870.32 billion), and Open Market Operations, OMO, bills repayment (N643.01 billion).
“The maturities of OMO bills and repos were 238.57 per cent and 83.29 per cent higher than the preceding month’s level of N189.92 billion and N474.83 billion, respectively.”
[Vanguard]
The senior pastor of the Household of God Church International Ministries, Chris Okotie, says he is not interested in getting married again.
In a chat with BBC Pidgin, the 64-year-old cleric said he won’t be getting married again because Jesus has already told me that one has ended
Okotie disclosed that God called him to be celibate like Apostle Paul in the Bible but he did not understand until he grew older.
“I’m not getting married again because Jesus has already told me that one has ended. When I was saved, when I became born again, I was in university at the time. I did not understand the will of God for my life.
“I called you like Paul. I tried to stop you at that time, but you didn’t listen. I want you to live a life of dedication to me and the work I called you for. So marriage is not on the menu again, never”, he said.
Recall that Okotie had been involved in two failed marriages.
He first got married to Tina but separated in 2001. Then again, he tied the knot with Stephanie Henshaw in 2008 but the union ended in 2012.
[DailyPost]
[Sun UK]
The Big Brother Naija Lockdown housemate, Terseer Waya fondly known as Kiddwaya has incited reactions from netizens after a video of him and his lover locking lips in a restaurant went viral.
It could be recalled that recently, a post had made rounds on the internet of a fan identified as Umelo Patricia who joined an online church program with a prayer request asking God to make Kiddwaya and Erica get married.
In a recent video, posted by media personality, Daddy Freeze, the BBNaija star was spotted at a restaurant with Kiddwaya alongside a white lady, who Daddy Freeze introduced as the TV star’s fiancee. “Kiddwaya and his fiancee, showing us how to love,” Daddy Freeze captioned the post on his Instagram account.
While engaging in a public display of affection, Kiddwaya proceeded to show his passionate side by feeding his fiancee some food from his plate and further gave her a kiss, an action which prompted cheers from Daddy Freeze; celebrity pastor, Tobi Adegboyega and several others who dined with them.
The reality TV star also asked if Pastor Tobi would join them in their union, and the pastor replied, saying he would be honoured.
Freeze also taunted fans who had wanted Kiddwaya and Erica to be together, he said; “Stop asking where is Erica, send her a DM.”
[DailyTrust]
Experts say Nigeria’s rising internet subscriptions raise hope for more jobs creationWritten by Admin
The steady increase in internet subscriptions in Nigeria will lead to the creation of more jobs for Nigerians and further boost the country’s economy. This is according to industry experts who spoke to Nairametrics.
The experts observed that more Nigerians are becoming aware of the huge opportunities that could be derived from the internet, hence, many are getting connected every day. The growing embrace of the internet, they said, is driving the growth of e-commerce in Nigeria and creating several internet-enabled jobs.
This is even as they noted that more Nigerians on the internet creates more attention to cybersecurity and data protection issues, which will in turn create jobs for experts in those areas.
Between January and July this year, data from the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) shows that active internet subscriptions across mobile, fixed and VoIP networks have increased by over 10 million. Internet subscriptions in the country, which stood at 141.9 million as of December 2021, jumped to 152 million as of July 2022.
What they are saying
Reacting to the internet subscriptions growth in a chat with Nairametrics, the Chief Executive Officer of Jidaw Systems Limited, and ICT solutions provider company, Mr. Jide Awe, said: “The steady rise in Internet subscriptions is an indication of greater awareness of the benefits and opportunities that can be derived from the Internet. Remote working and digital activities accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic may have opened many eyes and contributed to the rise.
“It indicates that the Internet is being used to improve efficiency and effectiveness in key areas in the society and economy—communication and sharing, learning, commercial transactions, work from home, faster information search, responsiveness to inquiries, pricing comparisons, networking, and partnering. This is creating and will continue to create new types of Internet-enabled jobs as well indirect jobs that may be created offline by increased Internet activities.
“Again, as Internet activities rise, Cybersecurity and Data protection will require more attention and will also be a source of jobs.”
Awe, however, noted that the growth in the use of the internet should be made inclusive for all Nigerians.
Also speaking, the Executive Secretary of the Association of Telecommunications Companies of Nigeria (ATCON) Mr. Ajibola Olude, said internet subscriptions would continue to rise as the telecom operators are pushing a new agenda of rural connectivity which ensures that more Nigerians are connected. “Internet subscriptions will continue to rise in Nigeria because the government and some private organizations are encouraging digital literacy across the length and breadth of the country.
“This will definitely have a positive impact on macroeconomic variables like job creation because as telecom operators move to unconnected areas to get them connected, banks, insurance, and a host of other businesses will also be moving to those areas and people have to be employed to work in those companies,” he said.
An IT expert, Mr. Adewale Adeoye, described internet access as the bedrock of the digital economy policy being implemented by the government. “Without high internet penetration, there is no digital economy. This is why the rising internet subscriptions is a positive development for Nigeria; an indication that many more Nigerians are being brought into the digital economy space, thus creating more job opportunities,” he said.
What you should know
- A recent report by Endeavor Nigeria, ‘The Inflection Point: Africa’s digital economy is poised to take off,’ forecast that 44 million jobs could be created if Nigeria and other African nations’ Internet penetration reaches 75%
- The report stated that three million jobs in Nigeria and other African countries would be created by online marketplaces by 2025 and 1.7 million jobs were expected by the same year as a result of Google’s $1billion investment to support digital transformation through its subsea cables between Europe and Africa.
- Another report by Jobberman dubbed “Digital Sector: Skills Gap Report” indicates that Nigeria’s digital economy holds the potential to create jobs and reduce the rate of unemployment.
- Recent data from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) suggests that the country’s unemployment rate currently stands at 33.3%.
The Federal Government of Nigeria through the Ministry of Communications and Digital Economy is currently implementing a National Digital Economy Policy and Strategy (NDEPS). This is aimed at getting more Nigerians to participate in the digital economy through capacity building and deepening internet penetration.
[Nairametrics]
Igbinedion gets certificateWritten by Admin
Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for Ovia Federal Constituency Omosede Igbinedion has been issued a certificate by state leadership of the party three months after the primary.
The issuance to Omosede and other candidates held at the party secretariat.
Omosede told reporters she would ensure victory for PDP in Ovia, saying the errors that gave APC victory in 2019 would never occur again.
‘’People of Ovia have seen the difference in representation going by my achievements and projects I attracted to the constituency, she said.
“Today marks the beginning of the end of APC in Ovia. When campaign starts in few weeks, we will tell the people the real issues.
“Our campaigns are going to be issue-based. Our focus is on securing victory and we will make votes count.
“We thank Mr. President for assuring he would not rig for his party. We urge him to uphold his promise. My projects are visible in Ovia The people want the return of true representation.”
[Nation]
The 15th edition of the Headies award ceremony took place on Sunday, September 4 in Atlanta, United States of America.
The monumental event became the first ever Headies award to take place outside the shores of Nigeria with American entertainment polymath, Anthony Andersen alongside renowned Nollywood actress, Osas Ighodaro serving as hosts of the event.
Anthony Andersen is famous for his sit-com Blackish where he played the role of Mr. Johnson beside Tracy Ellis Ross who played his wife.
Olamide’s 2020 album ‘Carpe Diem’ won the best Rap Album at the 2022 Headies Award to kick off the award show on Sunday night.
Wizkid in absentia bagged three major awards including Best Collaboration, Song of the Year for the track Essence and Album of the Year for Made In Lagos – Deluxe Edition. Buju BNXN won the highly coveted Headies Next Rated award.
Burna Boy’s mother, Bose Ogulu also received a Special Recognition for her influence in Afrobeat and the Nigerian music industry. She was honoured alongside Efe Omorogbe, who managed 2Baba’s illustrious career and who contributed actively to the evolution of Afrobeats.
Sunday Are has managed so many artists including Wizkid, D’banj, Wande Coal, Lagbaja, amongst many other talents.
Equally important, Asake’s exceptional performance at the award ceremony received a standing ovation from the audience. Despite not receiving an award nomination, the Yahoo Boy No Laptop (YBNL) signee stunned the attendees with his performance.
See complete list of winners below.
Best Rap Album
Olamide- Carpe Diem
Best Alternative Song
Flavour- Doings
Best Rap Single
Ladipoe x Buju (aka BNXN)- Feelings
Best Street Hop Award
Nektunez x Goya Menor’s- Ameno Amapiano
Lyricist on the Roll award
A-Q- The Last Cypher
Best Female Vocal Performance
Waje- Last time
Producer of the Year
SARZ (featuring Lojay)– Monalisa
Recording of the Year
Patoraking- Celebrate Me
Best Video Director
TG Tomori- Fireboy x D Smoke “Champion”
Best R&B single
Wizkid x Tems- Essence
Best Alternative Album
Ibejii- Intermission
Best Dancehall/Reggae Album
Patoranking- Three
Collaboration of the Year
Wizkid x Tems- Essence
Songwriter Award
Adekunle Gold- Sinner
Best Afrobeats Single
Fireboy- Peru
Song Of The Year
Wizkid x Tems- Essence
Viewers Choice Award
Ayra Starr- Bloody Samaritan
Next Rated Award
Buju (aka BNXN)
Best Inspirational Song
KCee & Okwesili Eze Group- Cultural Praise
Album Of The Year
Wizkid- Made In Lagos
Best Central African Artiste Of The Year
Innoss’B
International Artiste Special Recognition
Wyclef Jean
Akon
Special Recognition (Talent)
D’Banj
Special Recognition Awards
Bose Ogulu
Efe Omorogbe
Sunday Are
Rookie of the Year
Fave
Best R&B Album
Tems- If Orange Was A Place (EP)
Female Artist of the Year
Tems
Humanitarian of the Year
Davido
Digital Artist of the Year
Davido
Best Male Artist
Burna Boy
Best African Act
Burna Boy
Best International Artist Recognition
Chris Brown
Hall Of Fame
Angelique Kidjo
Best West African Artist
Gyakie (Ghana)
Best Male Vocal Performance
Oxlade
[RipplesNigeria]
Duplo secures $4.3 million seed funding to transform business-to-business payments in NigeriaWritten by Admin
Duplo, a business-to-business payment platform that makes it easier for African businesses of all sizes to pay each other, has raised $4.3 million in seed funding to launch new products and expand into new business verticals in Nigeria.
The seed funding round included Liquid2 Ventures, Soma Capital, Tribe Capital, Commerce Ventures, Basecamp Fund, and Y Combinator. Oui Capital also re-invested after participating in the previous round.
Since going live in January 2022, Duplo has seen great traction with FMCG distributors and finance teams of midsize and enterprise businesses, helping them to digitise and simplify the way money moves between them and their business partners.
FMCG distributors can onboard retailers in their network on the Duplo platform, making it easier for them to collect payments digitally and access real-time insights into business performance. They can also automate payments to vendors, manufacturers and suppliers, with instant payments enabling them to transact in larger quantities.
For finance teams, Duplo's end-to-end solution automates the back office processes of generating and processing invoices, receiving and approving bills, collecting and disbursing funds, and completing account reconciliation. Duplo works seamlessly with all major accounting and ERP platforms such as Microsoft Dynamics, SAP, QuickBooks and Sage, and payments processed through Duplo are automatically synced with these platforms in real-time.
With Duplo, businesses can cut time spent on admin tasks such as account reconciliation by up to 50 percent and reduce payment-related costs by up to 85 percent. In the last 3 months, the company has increased the number of businesses on its platform by 1000%. Total Payment Volume has also increased by 4200% in the last 5 months.
According to the World Bank, B2B payments in Sub-Saharan Africa represents a $1.5 trillion market. However, the process of making and receiving payment remains largely manual, which makes it expensive and highly inefficient for businesses.
Invoices are also not standardised and they are typically issued and received manually, which increases the administrative burden on business owners, taking more time and effort that can be invested into their businesses.
A recent report from Duplo which included the surveyed opinions of more than 1,000 business owners from Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa and Egypt also highlighted that 44 percent of businesses still have to wait more than 24 hours to receive payments from business customers and partners.
34 percent take up to 7 days to receive payments, 17 percent take up to 30 days and 3 percent take more than 30 days to receive business payments. This presents a significant challenge for businesses who are often unable to maximise sales and growth opportunities available to them due to cash flow restrictions induced by complex payment processes.
According to Yele Oyekola, CEO and co-founder of Duplo, "we have seen a lot of innovation in consumer payments in Africa in recent years but business-to-business payments have largely stayed the same.".
Peter Oriaifo, Principal at Oui Capital said, "The Duplo team has built an incredible suite of products that improve how businesses make and receive payments from each other, and the growth that the company has experienced since our initial pre-seed investment in 2021 has been nothing short of impressive. It is for this reason that we are excited to back Duplo once more.
[africabusinesscommunities]
More...
A 22-year-old lesbian has admitted to sleeping with over 100 women.
The woman who spoke with Ghanaian YouTuber Arnold revealed that she is a sex addict who is attracted to women.
The lady claimed that a married woman she formerly lived with introduced her to the homosexual lifestyle and sex toys when she was 14 years old. She also stated that she is proud of her same-sex preference and has turned some good girls into bad.
She further stated that it is unfortunate that she isn’t blessed with money otherwise she wouldn’t use men for anything.
The lesbian said;
also disclosed that she doesn’t stay in one neighbourhood for more than two years.
The lady added;
.”
Here’s the video below…
Media
The visa sanctions imposed on Nigerians by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) came with a rude shock to the citizens last week.
DAILY POST reports that the action came after a series of lawless actions in recent years. Owing to the development, several Nigerians were left stranded at the Dubai airport last week.
The Western Asia nation of around 10 million people is popular for its many spectacular tourist attractions that bring millions of tourists annually.
In the early 2000s, Nigerians started to take interest in Dubai, the emirates’ most popular city, for shopping and vacation.
By 2010, some had settled in after taking paying jobs, while others decided to move there to also seek a better life for themselves and dependents.
It turned out that UEA’s hospitality was taken for granted as violent incidents involving Nigerians increased in certain parts of the country.
At different times, the authorities issued cautionary statements to visitors and migrants to stop disorderly conducts and respect the laws.
But the warnings fell on deaf ears for some; while a few got away with it, others paid the price through heavy fines, jail term or deportation.
The last straw that broke the camel’s back were the clashes that broke out in Sharjah in July this year between cult groups.
In a video which went viral on social media, rival gang members bearing dangerous weapons fought each other in a public place and damaged properties.
The police arrested those identified and commenced their prosecution. Apparently angered by the footage, the security agency banned publishing or forwarding clips.
Anyone who does so violates article 52 of the UAE Federal Law No 34 of 2021 on countering rumors and cybercrimes.
The law warns against the dissemination and circulation of provocative news that could incite public opinion, disturb peace, spread terror, cause harm to the public interest, health and economy.
The punishment is at least one year of imprisonment and a fine of not less than Dhs100,000.
After the incident, the government suspended visas for Nigerians. Though it was later relaxed, Nigerians under 40 years old will now bear the brunt.
Henceforth, those who fall under the age category cannot get tourist visas, except if it involves a family.
The UAE, led by Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, is known for its strictness against lawlessness and zero tolerance for acts against the well-being of its people.
In 2020, the government convicted six Nigerians found guilty of providing funds to Boko Haram. An unnamed Nigerian government official was reportedly indicted.
The United States government followed up by listing the convicts as Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons.
They are: Muhammed Ibrahim Isa, Ibrahim Ali Alhassan, Surajo Abubakar Muhammad, Abdurrahman Ado Musa, Salihu Yusuf Adamu and Bashir Ali Yusuf.
Still, Nigeria has failed to arrest/prosecute/convict any terrorism sponsor despite losing thousands of citizens, private and public properties worth billions of naira to the sect’s carnage and destruction.
Boko Haram has been active for nearly two decades. Its breakaway factions are Ansaru and Islamic State’s West Africa Province (ISWAP).
[DailyPost]
Gospel singer Dunsin Oyekan, others escape death in ghastly motor accident (Photos)Written by Admin
Popular gospel singer, Dunsin Oyekan and his crew have escaped death in a ghastly motor accident on Lagos-Ibadan Expressway.
The accident occurred on Saturday. One of the crew members was injured while the others were unscathed.
Oyekan and others were going to minister at a youth programme organised by Bishop Wale Oke Ministry in Ibadan when the accident occurred.
Oyekan gave God the praise, saying he was perfectly okay after the accident.
“Indeed God is Sweet to Worship( OLUWADUNSIN). God is my glory, the lifter up of my head. The keeper of Israel neither sleeps nor slumber, He watches over his word to perform it.
“Glory to God now and forever more. I remain in awe of God!!! I am perfectly ok…. Body, Soul and Mind…. Thank you everyone for the calls, messages prayers and well wishes,” he said.
While briefing newsmen at the State House in Abuja last Tuesday, the Group Chief Executive Officer (GCEO) of the Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC) Limited, Malam Mele Kyari said, “The combination of output from the Dangote refinery and our ability to bring back our refineries will eliminate any importation of petroleum products into this country next year. You would not see any importation into this country next year.
“This is very practical. As a matter of fact, when we are done with our own. As a matter of fact,.”
As the GCEO of NNPC Ltd—a new title for a renewed role by the same person— this simply must count as The Great Promise for Nigeria by Mele Kyari, because it is hard to imagine a more compelling statement to have come out of our government since the self-induced affliction of fuel importation caught us more than three decades ago.
Very cautiously, Daily Trust welcomes this news. And very loudly, we proclaim it as the next best thing that could happen to the Nigerian economy and government today and going forward. The contradictions of importation of petroleum products by Nigeria—a country that is currently the eleventh largest oil producer in the world and the first in Africa—are at the heart of so many of the problems with the Nigerian economy.
For one, it is the chief reason the fuel subsidy regime, an otherwise necessary government policy, has not worked to the benefit of Nigerians. Subsidy is simply the cost difference per litre paid by the government between the actual cost of refined petrol and the cost it sells at the pump. Fuel importation greatly increases this difference paid by the government and distorts the accounting mechanisms for determining exactly how much fuel is imported, consumed or subsidized per day in the country, and thereby turning the whole subsidy regime into a gigantic nest of fraudulent collusion between government officials and often briefcase fuel importers.
As we write, Nigeria is projected to spend N6.34tn on subsidy payments in 2023, or just under 30% of the total N19.76trn budgeted for next year, and more than half of the 11trn deficit the government must borrow to finance that budget in the first place. If approved by the National Assembly, the proposed N6.34tn subsidy payment for 2023 will represent an increase of over N2trn on the N4tn for subsidy this year, and more than ten times the N691.586 billion we reportedly spent on subsidy payments just four years ago in 2018. In other words, the importation of petroleum products is not only responsible for the ever-rising costs of subsidy payments annually, but also directly responsible for Nigeria’s mounting debts, which will rise to N52tn when 2023 projected deficits are factored in.
And yet, all of these negative effects of fuel importation on our economy are only a tip of the iceberg. Since fuel imports are traded in dollars, they represent the single most important cause of the worsening situation of the naira and explain a sizable chunk of the inflation currently ravaging Nigeria. As Mr Ganiyu Amao, then the Director-in-Charge of Research at the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) told a House of Representatives ad-hoc Committee investigating the state of the country’s four Refineries in May 2018, Nigeria spent about $37 billion on petrol imports between 2013 to 2018. Current figures are patchy, but the trend has only gotten worse as we spent the dollar equivalent of N688 billion on petrol imports in the first quarter of 2021 alone. As Mr Amao noted then, such excessive outflow of foreign exchange impedes the ability of the CBN and the banks to stabilize the naira by undermining any kind of policy intervention in the forex market.
In short, rising and sometimes incalculable cost of importing petroleum products is the dragon that must be slayed for the Nigerian economy to become free. It is not only the primary cause of monumental corruption associated with subsidy payments and a forever-weakening naira; it also robs Nigeria of the full benefits that should accrue from optimal utilization of the value chain in the entire oil sector.
This is why Daily Trust takes Mele Kyari’s promise very seriously. The NNPC GCEO’s strategy of leveraging on direct supply from Dangote Refinery, bringing back our four refineries, and building new smaller ones by June 2023 seem plausible, and we happily welcome it. We hasten to add, however, that this government has promised the same thing several times before. The then Minister of State for Petroleum Resources, Dr Ibe Kachikwu promised, in 2017, said fuel importation will end in 2019. So too did the late NNPC Group Managing Director, Engr Maikanti Baru in 2018.
But while we have been here before with these promises under this same government, we still feel some cautious optimism that this time, Mele Kyari will deliver on his promise. If achieved, an end to fuel importation will not only provide our economy with a lifeline but also help the Buhari government exit the stage on a high. It must not fail.
[DailyTrust] |
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The Demagogue and His Labyrinth
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Crackdown and resistance in Modi’s India
By Soumya Shankar
New Delhi—Until just a few weeks back, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi seemed invincible. Bolstered by an overwhelming electoral win in India’s general elections, Modi’s government enacted a series of policies discriminating against India’s Muslim community, which constitutes 15 percent of the country’s population. Modi, the figurehead of the country’s Hindu right wing, is seen by some of his supporters as the harbinger of the Hindu Rashtra—a state dominated by Hindu culture where minorities, especially Muslims, would be reduced to second-class citizenship.
In August, Modi’s government abolished a constitutional provision that gave a degree of autonomy and special rights to the besieged state of Kashmir. The decision is widely seen as the first step in a long-range plan to shift the demography of the Muslim-majority state. Later that month, the final version of the National Register of Citizens (NRC) was released in the northeastern state of Assam. It left 1.9 million people, many of them Muslim, off of India’s citizenship rolls, declaring them illegal immigrants. In November came the Ayodhya verdict that allowed the construction of a temple on the site of the Babri Masjid, a mosque desecrated by Hindu nationalists in 1992. Following the destruction of the mosque, a spate of riots led to the loss of two thousand lives, most of them Muslim. Hindus believe the site is the birthplace of their revered lord Ram; the landmark judgment from the Supreme Court of India marked a symbolic win for Modi’s Hindu nationalist base. Outside of Kashmir itself, there were no significant protests or remarkable resistance to any of these moves.
Twenty-seven people have been killed, all but one of them residents of states ruled by Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
Modi may have expected similar docility, and even cheering, as the Citizenship Amendment Bill became law on December 12. The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) will grant citizenship to Hindus, Parsis, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains and Christians belonging to Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan—India’s Muslim-majority neighbors. In a region with a long history of sectarian strife, such redrawing of religious fault lines is dangerous. Many legal experts also consider the CAA to be in direct violation of India’s Constitution.
This time the civilian reaction has been different. The decision sparked nationwide unrest that has now continued for more than two weeks. The Modi government’s response has been violent and discriminatory, inviting international censure. Twenty-seven people have been killed, all but one of them residents of states ruled by Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
The CAA might have been viewed as a benign exercise, offering refuge to at least some religious minorities, had it not been coupled with the National Register of Citizens (NRC). The program would leave only Muslims unable to prove their Indian citizenship off the rolls, while bringing in the others through the backdoor provided by the CAA. A nationwide NRC has long been a clarion call of Modi’s party, one that has featured in multiple BJP manifestos.
Anti-CAA protests first escalated in Assam on December 8, even before the bill was tabled in Parliament. The same organizations that had supported the drawn-out NRC process just two months earlier organized statewide resistance, holding up lit torches and bringing the state to a grinding halt. Samujjal Bhattacharya is among the biggest leaders of the movement and an advisor to the All Assam Students Union (AASU). He had been a key BJP ally in bringing the NRC to his state but later soured on Modi’s party for turning the region’s decades-old ethnolinguistic dispute into a solely religious one. “Until 1971 we have accepted Hindu and Muslim immigrants both, beyond ’71 we cannot take both Hindus and Muslims. Clear,” he told me in September, days after the NRC list that excluded 1.9 million immigrants was released. “Now, through CAB (Citizenship Amendment Bill) the BJP government is trying to protect their illegal Hindu Bangladeshi vote banks,” he added.
The people of Assam and other northeastern states, where some had welcomed the NRC to their region, have rejected the citizenship overhaul. The latter policy would give those they deem to be “illegal Bengali Hindus” a pathway to citizenship. Section 144—also called the “curfew” law, barring public assembly—has been enforced in the region, where the BJP had opened a nascent but significant electoral account, along with widespread internet shutdowns.
Videos from a locked-down Uttar Pradesh show cops firing live rounds, barging into homes, destroying property, beating children, and detaining people.
Anti-CAA resistance wasn’t limited to border-lying areas. It spread initially on university campuses, beginning with Delhi’s Jamia Millia Islamia, and later caught on elsewhere. On December 15, the Jamia protest spilled outside of the university’s campus. Delhi Police, under the authority of the BJP-led government, responded with disproportionate might, firing tear gas canisters in the university library, brutalizing some students, and parading them for the television cameras outside the university gate with their hands raised in the air like criminals. This sparked a series of marathon protests in the capital that were in turn suppressed with batons, water cannons, mass detentions, and yet more tear gas.
Demonstrations around Delhi were organized by different student, political, and civil society groups, but the most consistent has been the resistance inside Jamia Millia and the nearby residential colony of Shaheen Bagh, where Muslim women continue to sit outside in biting cold weather to protest the crackdown on Jamia students and press for the revocation of the NRC. I visited the area a week after the protests began. Here, posters of Gandhi, Ambedkar, and Nehru adorned the walls. Graffiti that said “this country is mine, too,” “withdraw CAA and NRC,” and “Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians are united in opposing CAA” were splashed across residential walls. In other parts of the city, I witnessed young protestors forming a circle, lighting the torches of their mobile phones in the dark to recite the preamble of the Constitution, reminding the government that they are citizens of a “secular, democratic, republic.” Barricades, checkpoints, diversions, closed subway stops, internet shutdowns, and innumerable arrests could not bar people from protesting in the capital.
Supporters of the government have demonized the student protestors, categorizing them as vicious and violent. The Prime Minister, campaigning in the eastern state of Jharkhand, claimed that “the miscreants could be identified by their clothes” (a dog whistle directed at the Muslim community).
“We (Muslims) are the usual suspects when it comes in violence. You saw in Jamia how the students were being peaceful and the state sponsored violence on them,” Saud Amin Khan, twenty-six, a poverty and development researcher, said at a protest held outside the iconic India Gate in the capital on December 16. “We see it in the media every day, if there are three criminals who have committed the same crime, the Muslim name will be highlighted first.”
Leading the world in cutting off the internet this year, Modi has switched off Indians’ internet in many states since the protests began, inviting adulation from the world’s biggest internet-freedom violator, China. Opposition leaders from West Bengal, Hyderabad, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh led protests in their respective regions. However, some of the largest gatherings, like one in Aurangabad in the state of Maharashtra, saw no politicians, no party flags, only the tricolor and swathes of protestors from all faiths.
Policing is a state matter in India. All but one state where police have opened fire or have violently detained or abused protestors are ruled by the BJP. Uttar Pradesh, ruled by Yogi Adityanath, a radical Hindu nationalist monk, has seen the worst crackdown, especially in towns and cities that are known to have dense Muslim populations. At least twenty-seven lives have been lost in the past two weeks, nineteen of them in UP, including that of an eight-year-old boy.
Uttar Pradesh, India’s most populous state, has borne the brunt of repeated sectarian violence. 20 percent of its 200 million residents are Muslim. It is often said that the road to New Delhi goes through Lucknow, the capital of UP. In Indian politics, winning UP is a definitive step toward power in New Delhi. The BJP has hotly contested this region and the victory of Adityanath, known for his venomous anti-Muslim speeches, was a sign of the possible communalization of the state, and his brutal crackdown on Muslim protestors in his state is another step in that direction.
In the district of Muzaffarnagar, where sectarian riots broke out in 2013, the administration has sealed sixty-seven shops, mainly owned by Muslims, to recover losses that they claim were caused by rioters residing nearby. There are also plans to book around 250 protesters, who the government claims instigated violence, under the National Security Act (NSA), which empowers the state to detain someone for up to a year based on the belief that they threaten national security. All of this leaves Muslim residents at the mercy of a government already hostile to them and a police force that has traditionally discriminated against them.
An internet and communications blockade in many districts of UP. Thousands of protestors—including Sadaf Jafar, an actress and social activist—have been arrested. Many Muslims are booked under charges of attempted murder. Videos from a locked-down Uttar Pradesh show cops firing live rounds, barging into homes, destroying property, beating children, and detaining people. Many of those detained and abused are minors. The Indian Civil Liberties Union, a collective of lawyers and activists working on the ground, estimate that nearly fifty-five hundred people have been detained and over sixteen hundred arrested from UP alone.
The BJP’s hopes for their Hindu nationalist project seem to be threatened by the secular, multicultural gatherings across the country where demonstrators recite the preamble of the Constitution, wave the national flag, and fight for India’s pluralistic values. In Muslim-dominated areas like Delhi’s Shaheen Bagh, protestors are pressing for the preservation of secular, constitutional values. In recent heartening scenes from the capital, Hindus and Sikhs formed human chains around Muslims praying in between protests. Used to claiming votes and consent on sectarian lines, Modi seems to be caught off-guard.
Many of the protestors I spoke to around Delhi were resolute that they would not give up until the NRC has been rolled back.
Simultaneously, BJP poll numbers are beginning to decline in the party’s bastions like Jharkhand in the east and Maharashtra in the west. Even some key members of the BJP’s current political alliance have declared they won’t implement the NRC. International censure is mounting.
On December 22, Modi took to the stage in the capital to address BJP supporters waving the party’s saffron flag. He contradicted his Home Minister, Amit Shah, and claimed that there are no plans for a nationwide NRC. Meanwhile, the government has rolled out a thinly veiled copy of the program, the National Population Register—a national registry of “usual residents,” or those who have resided in a particular place for more than six months—which, in its current form, is nothing more than a preparation for a national version of the NRC.
Even though the future of the NRC and the CAA remains unclear after weeks of violent crackdowns against demonstrators, many of the protestors I spoke to around Delhi were resolute that they would not give up until the NRC has been rolled back. The new year began with almost one hundred organizations coming together to form a joint forum towards coordinating the protests against the CAA-NRC-NPR triple assault of Modi’s government. It is called “We, the People of India” after the opening line of the preamble of the constitution, which has become a rallying cry for protestors around the country.
The long march to exclude India’s largest minority
By Makepeace Sitlhou
When Dulal Chandra Paul died on October 13 in government custody in Guwahati, the largest city in the northeast Indian state of Assam, his son, Ashok Paul, turned to people he trusted the most—his jaati, or community. A Hindu Bengali wage laborer, born in Dhekiajuli in Assam’s Sonitpur district in 1965, Dulal had been declared an illegal immigrant or “foreigner” by the state government in 2017 and subsequently arrested. When I visited his home a week before the festival of Diwali in October, members of the All Assam Bengali Youth Students Federation, a civil society body, had come to show their strength and support.
Dulal’s death had become a political row when his family for two months refused to accept his corpse for the last Hindu rites until he was declared Indian by the Assam government. They were sending a message: if he was really a foreigner from Bangladesh, as the government claimed, his corpse should be sent to an address in the neighboring country.
Dulal had been tried in a Foreigners’ Tribunal, one of the many bodies set up in Assam over the past few decades to check illegal immigration into the state. Anxiety over the influx of mainland Indian outsiders and Bangladeshis is not new here. Assam is home to several indigenous and tribal communities, and the immigrant Bengalis are viewed by them as a threat to the local culture. These concerns increased dramatically after 1971, when many Bengalis migrated to the region fleeing the atrocities of Bangladesh’s war of secession. A six-year-long anti-immigrant agitation, spearheaded by the All Assam Students Union, led to the signing of the 1985 Assam Accord, which declared all those who entered the state after 1971 to be illegal.
Since India doesn’t have a repatriation policy with Bangladesh, which does not accept these declared foreigners as their own, people like Dulal rot in detention camps for years on end.
After the accord was signed, the state government set up the Illegal Migrants Determination of Tribunals Act (IMDT) courts and, later, the Foreigners’ Tribunals to decide the status of citizenship of residents in Assam. Established in 1985 and 2006, respectively, their task is to investigate and prosecute illegal migrants in quasi-judicial proceedings. While the since-repealed IMDT courts required the state to produce credible evidence against a person suspected of being a foreigner, the Foreigners’ Tribunals put the burden of proof on the accused. Until the Supreme Court repealed the IMDT Act in 2005, on a petition filed by the present Bhartiya Janata Party chief minister Sarbananda Sonowal, the Assam government could only prove 24,021 residents (as per official government sources) to be foreigners over a span of twenty years. Once the Foreigners’ Tribunals were set up, that number has increased fourfold in just fourteen years.
Though technically considered opinions, the rulings in these courts are legally binding. Any person declared to be a foreigner is stripped of their citizenship rights, including the right to vote, and are confined to detention centers until deportation. So far, one hundred twenty-nine thousand have been declared “foreigners” through this process and so far more than five hundred thousand have been identified for trial.
Since India doesn’t have a repatriation policy with Bangladesh, which does not accept these declared foreigners as their own, people like Dulal rot in detention camps for years on end. Despite a recent high court order allowing detainees who have served at least three years to be released on bail, 988 persons are still lodged in district jails, per official figures. A data-based investigation by Vice News found that most of the people declared foreigners were poor, unlettered, Muslim, and Bengali speakers.
Dulal’s case speaks both to the suffering wrought on the most marginalized people by the tribunals, and to the arbitrariness of the rulings. His sons have been struggling to survive since both their parents received notices from the Foreigners’ Tribunal; they have had to sell off their cattle and take loans from moneylenders. “We got no land of our own, and I’ve not had any steady work since the last two years,” Ashok told me. The family estimates they have been drained of about $1,500 in legal expenses for the cases. To put that in context, as wage laborers, the sons make less than $3 a day. While their mother managed to prove her citizenship, they do not have the resources to take their father’s case to the Supreme Court. “My mother, in fact, did not have as many documents as my father did,” Ashok noted.
In addition to the tribunals, the Assam Accord also called for a reappraisal of the state’s National Register of Citizens (NRC) in order to weed out illegal or “doubtful” voters through an investigation of their paperwork. This mammoth and oft-delayed process, which was finally completed on August 31, left out more than 1.9 million residents from the 33 million applicants in Assam. Yet this list was still felt to be insufficient by the BJP-ruled Assamese state government and AASU, who both rejected it. They contended that a large number of illegal foreigners, particularly from the Muslim-majority border-lying districts, had incorrectly remained on the list.
Both have taken the legal route to repeat the exercise in Assam even as India’s Home Minister Amit Shah announced a nationwide NRC, which would include the state of Assam. As of this writing, the existing, more limited NRC has not been officially retracted.
It is in this broader context that we must try to understand the planned implementation of the Citizenship Amendment Bill (CAB) in Assam. The bill, which became law on December 12, automatically grants citizenship to non-Muslim migrants from Muslim-majority neighbors—Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh—who came to India before December 31, 2014. These migrants do not have to prove they are facing “religious persecution,” although Shah has claimed that they are. On the surface, it might seem like a transparently sectarian attempt to satisfy Modi’s local Hindu voter base at the expense of the rights of Muslims. Yet this binary overlooks the older Assamese grievances over immigration. In any case, the matter is not so simple, even for Hindus. “To avail citizenship, Bengali Hindus will have to first declare that they have crossed over from Bangladesh,” Shyamal Sarkar, a resident of the Morigaon district, told me in October. “Who will say that and why should they, when generations have been living here for many years?”
The passage of the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) stirred up massive protests across the country. However, the fire started in Assam. For four long days from December 9-12, flash protests erupted all over the city; mobs formed every fifty to one hundred meters, blocking the road before they were driven away by cops, only to be replaced by other groups. At least five protestors were killed by police fire; to date, more than a thousand protestors have been picked up, according to news reports. The violence, it should be stressed, has almost entirely been committed by the state.
The motivations behind the protests have been complex. For one thing, the civil response has been largely leaderless and spontaneous, unlike the Assam agitation of 1979-85. “People came out on their own in groups,” former Assam Police Director General Harekrishna Deka told me. “There is so much frustration and anger that it burst out and spread everywhere. People came out defying the curfew.”
Some of the anger seems broadly directed at the opportunism of the central government, which has communalized an older, legitimate local grievance. “We want to show Modi and Amit Shah that we have Bir Lachit Borphukan’s blood running through our veins,” I heard one protestor declare as he carried on with arson and blocked one of the main roads of Guwahati city. Borphukan was the commander in chief of the erstwhile Ahom Kingdom army that famously fought the battle of Saraighat against Mughal accession in the year 1671. The BJP was being cast as latter-day invaders.
But the agitation wasn’t entirely secular. The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the political ideologue of the Hindu nationalist BJP, was eager to communalize a movement that was already linguistically majoritarian. In Lower Assam, the Muslims, who speak a Bengali-inflected Assamese, were made out to be the infiltrators.[*] Although Assam has “indigenous” Muslims residing in Upper Assam districts, many of who trace their origins to the Mughals, the battle of Saraighat is also portrayed by the Hindu right wing as a victory against “Muslim invasion.”
Parveen Sultana, an academic based in the Bangladesh-bordering district of Dhubri (lower Assam), says that although the government has been trying desperately to communalize the protests, the people on the ground have resisted this interpretation. “For ten days almost, there was no information coming in due to the internet shutdown. But what we’ve been hearing is that Bengal origin Muslim migrant laborers in upper Assam districts have been targeted, not only by the police but also by protestors,” Sultana told me. “This kind of ultra-nationalism has been happening since before the protests and seemingly has social sanction.” The website Scroll reported that in the upper Assam district of Tinsukia, CAA protestors targeted Bengali businesses and an indigenous man was burned to death.
Yet not all locals are against the CAA. Firecrackers were set off to greet the act in the Barak Valley, an area dominated by Hindu Bengalis who migrated there after the Bangladesh war. Basudeb Sharma of the All Assam Hindu Bengali Association felt that Hindu Bengalis should have no qualms about saying that they face religious persecution in Bangladesh. “Those who have been in detention camp or are excluded from the NRC will also be granted citizenship under the new bill,” he told me. Sharma agrees that the northeastern states should not have to bear the burden of accommodating Hindu Bengalis. “It’s good that the tribal states were exempted to preserve their culture and language. Bengalis can go and settle anywhere else,” he added. “Now that Section 370 is removed, even Kashmir is open to us.”
Barak Valley has seen several flare ups between Hindus and Muslims over the decades and is the most communally sensitive area in the state. Generally, Hindu Bengalis in the region are the most bankable electorate for the BJP, since most indigenous and tribal communities do not vote on religious lines, tending to favor the party in power, given that they are almost entirely dependent on central funds for welfare and development.
The new NRC process—once a register is finally accepted—will require people to prove their citizenship before one of the state’s two hundred Foreigners’ Tribunals. The justice handed out there, already rough and inconsistent, is sure to grow more aggressive with the passage of the CAA. “Earlier, there was some balance with Hindu Bengalis in the mix,” Aman Wadud, a lawyer who has fought several citizenship cases in the Assam High Court, told me. “With only Muslims, the government will pressurize them to declare all of them foreigners.”
He also noted that the state’s infamous detention centers will now “become exclusively for Muslims.” The six centers in Assam—whose very existence Modi recently denied in a typical display of dishonesty—are essentially cordoned off sections of district jails. They have come under heavy criticism from human rights activists and groups like Amnesty International. Former detainees have complained of overcrowded, cramped cells, food below nutritional quality, and inadequate medical and mental health facilities. A current detainee’s son told Amnesty International that the food served inside was so bad that his mother “rinses off the potatoes from the curry and then eats it.” The Ministry of Home Affairs is building a vast detention center in the Goalpara district of Assam meant for three thousand detainees—complete with a school, hospital, dining area, and a recreational area inside.
It is only since last year that “progressives” started accepting indefinite detention in district jails as cruel on humanitarian grounds.
In sharp contrast to the mass opposition to the CAA, there’s been little discussion about these draconian courts and detention centers among the Assamese public. Most Assamese in fact remain ignorant of or apathetic to the anomalies—variations in the spellings of people’s names in different IDs or non-acceptance of Gaon Panchayat certificates for underprivileged women who have neither a birth or school certificate to prove linkage to their parents—in the NRC process itself. (A special category called “Original Inhabitants” was created exempting tribal groups and Assamese communities considered “indigenous” from the arduous process of proving their own citizenship. Nevertheless, many Assamese have found their names excluded from NRC.)
It is only since last year that “progressives” started accepting indefinite detention in district jails as cruel on humanitarian grounds. Many are now in favor of work permits for those declared foreigners, an idea that was first floated by the writer Sanjoy Hazarika.
Hiren Gohain, one of Assam’s most noted intellectuals, was critical of the violently exclusionary streak of Assamese nationalism during the earlier agitation. Although he is concerned by the influx of foreigners, he admitted that the process of detention by the Foreigners’ Tribunals leaves a lot to be desired. “The short time in which someone is declared a foreigner appears to be unjust. The process should be reviewed,” he told me.
On December 20, Sonowal announced to the media that not a single person from Bangladesh will come to Assam due to CAA. Abdul Mannan, a former professor of statistics at Gauhati University who has previously busted the myth of inorganic decadal Muslim growth in Assam, believes that migration figures have dropped in recent years as the Bangladeshi economy has improved. Still, he fears leaders on the other side could use the law to polarize sentiments further. “Mischievous elements there might use this to compel people to leave, disturbing the entire subcontinent as a result,” he told me. This possibility, he says, stands to threaten the Assamese identity and culture.
Even if this doesn’t happen in the current BJP term, the stage has been set for a Hindu Rashtra (the land of Hindus) in which non-Indian Hindus are accommodated as eternally grateful vote banks—as they are now in Assam, Tripura, and West Bengal. By then, Muslims would probably be indefinitely detained or reduced to second-class citizens clutching work permits. When that day comes, the BJP will be indebted to Assam for developing the NRC and the Foreigners’ Tribunals, instruments which have helped, however unwittingly, to make all of this happen.. |
Have you taken a look at what is available as far as jobs for your teenager?
Why not take a look at Part Time Work Online as an alternative.
I, myself have a son who just turned 17 years old and is a Junior in High School. I would much rather he learns how to earn an income from home online instead of having to deal with the jobs that are out in the public sector.
What exactly is available for a teenager to do as far as a part-time job?
I'll list the jobs that I am aware of below and welcome all to comment at the bottom of this post with any that you are aware of as well:
- Fast food worker at Mcdonald's, Burger King, Taco Bell, Wendy's etc…. />
- Pizza Delivery Boy for Little Caesars, Pizza Hut, Dominoes etc..
- Farm work for the local farmer, orchard, nursery etc..
- Ice Cream Shop in the summer dipping cones
- Babysitting the local children
- Department or Grocery Store as a bagger, cart collector, stock boy/girl at Walmart, Kroger, Piggly Wiggly etc.
There are many more I am sure but as far as here in Michigan where we live the above list while I'm not condemning anyone who works at those places they aren't where I want my son to work. I would rather him work at something that will challenge his mind and help him to grow and build his online and blogging skills.
Is your teen child/young adult also into playing on his or her X-Box, Play Station, Wii or other devices such as their cell phone, iPhone, tablet iPad etc..?
Does she or he have an Entrepreneurial Spirit?
Has he or she ever thought about writing a blog about what they love and are passionate about?
Even if they do get one of the part-time jobs listed above or something similar, it would be very beneficial for them to learn a skill and develop their mind while growing an actual business online.
Visit WealthySuperAffiliate.com to learn more about a great opportunity where they can not only get started for free but also remain a free starter member for as long as he or she needs and/or wants to. Getting started for free while building their very own free website along with free hosting and training as well is a wonderful way for anybody to learn and earn on the internet.
While this post is about Teens getting Part-Time Work Online, it's also available for anyone from the age of 13 – 99 (Anyone over the age of 30 needs to get their Child's and/or GrandChild's permission in order to be eligible)
Of course I am just teasing about Parents and/or GrandParents needing their Children and/or Grandchildren's permission in order to be eligible to start for free learning how to blog online with their own free website.
Blogging online is also a wonderful Retirement Job for Seniors as well as a work completely from home job for a stay at home Mom or Dad with no travel involved like with a Direct Sales“Home Based Business” and/or Network Marketing Company where you actually end up driving around and being from home even more than before. I'm not saying that Direct Sales / Network Marketing or MLM's are bad, I'm just saying that those who truly want a Work from Home Business then this is better.
Your blog can be about anything that you would like to write about, I'll share a few of the most popular niche topics below but it will be nowhere near a complete list as the possibilities are as endless as anyone can imagine.
- Golf />
- Fashion
- Health & Wellness
- Fitness
- Fishing
- Airsoft
- Video Games
- Children
- Books
- Music
- Art
- History
All of the above can and should be broken down into more specific niches and most if not all of them have several micro niches available that can be profitable while sharing online.
When you get started with your blogging website, you won't be on your own either. I, Tony Lee Hamilton – The Marketing Veteran will be available whenever you have any question at all. Not only me but the community of bloggers is so very helpful as well so you'll never have to be overwhelmed and feel lost. The answers are always just a question away and all questions are welcomed within the community. The community has been on the internet help friends since 2005 and in 2017 over 200,000 friends got started bringing the total to over 1,300,000 members from all over the world.
There are a few Countries that are usually excluded from being able to sign up for a Free Starter account – View them here to see how I can still help to get signed up with the Free Account! (Update ~ Only 1 Country is exempt)
Facebook at Facebook.com/PartTimeWorkOnlineWorldwide ??? @part_time_work_online ➡Part-Time-Online-Work.com⬅ Part time online work website link is in my bio @tony_lee_hamilton . ?Would you like to #WorkFromHome 100% #OnlineWork from anywhere in the world? . ?Would you like to start or do you already have your own WordPress website? . ?You can share anything that you are passionate about, a #travelblog or a #fashionblog or a #healthandwellnessblog or a #fitnessblog . ?The possibilities are endless, you can #blog about almost anything that you could ever think of or imagine. . ?Take a look and see how you can and with me assisting you online when you ask. . ?Do it now @tony_lee_hamilton . ?#TonyLeeHamilton #MarketingVeteran #PartTimeWorkOnline #WealthyAffiliate
I am very well known and transparent on the internet as well, I welcome you to Google me at Tony Lee Hamilton The Marketing Veteran to see that I'm just an ordinary 52 years of age Dad to a just now turned 17 year old son making a living on the internet from home.
Thank you Friends for visiting, I welcome all questions and comments,
Tony
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102 thoughts on “Part Time Work Online for Teens”
Thank you for this article. I previously wrote an article like this one, the main message is teenagers should be guided to monetize their presence online because in anyway they spent most of their time there. Blogging is an excellent idea that will develop their life and enterpreneual skills. It is something they can start now but continue to enjoy it into their old age,
Hi Tony
I always think you need experience as a teenager but that experience is often difficult to get in the real world, especially after COVID 19, where a lot of doors have been closed. Dipping your toes in the online market is a good way, as you can learn important transferable skill that you can use in other jobs. I think your suggestion is very good for someone who do not necessary have the skill to get secure. An important gift that any parent can give their child is a secure future and you are doing your best.
Thanks
Antonio
This is great! The opportunity of working online has been opened to both old and young especially in this season of pandemic. I will share this information with my teens in church, I am sure it will be a great news for them because they ain’t doing anything at home, so this will engage them.
This is an excellent idea for teenagers, most of them have hobbies that they can write about, with a flair and passion that adults have lost the ability to do. Learning to be an entrepreneur at an early age would be a massive advantage. Your son will be learning from the master which means he will be hugely successful in time. I wish him all the best of luck.
It is good that teenagers can also work online, it’ll help them earn some money that could allow them do some things without bothering their parents for money and this is quite nice and I think the part time works you’ve listed here are very good they are not so hard to get by and it takes no much time too.
A good thing that the teen can also get a good opportunity to be bake to make some money online as well as they too will not be left out of the male money opportunity that is available in affiliate marketing. You have shown us a great deal how one can make money online and I have a nephew who could be willing to do this.
Hello Tony, Thanks a lot for yet another enlightening and captivating article. This is helpful to most teenagers looking to earn a little money for let’s say going out day to day expenses they’d rather take care of themselves or even for those teenagers looking to make money to save or even invest in small business ventures.
Hello Tony! Thanks a lot for yet another enlightening article. Getting a job online is very helpful especially to teenagers, other than keeping them from spending money on outings, it could also give them extra bucks and some of them can even start investing. In conclusion, working online is something I really approve of. You don’t know what you could do with an extra buck. Thanks for sharing this, I would forward to teenagers on my list.
Good day Tony,
Thanks for another enlightening article!
While I agree with you that setting out on a life of online entrepreneurship (which I will come back to) may be a better option for a teenager, I commend and congratulate countries that work hard and consistently to create the type of light job opportunities like helping out in shops and supermarkets. These measures don’t only provide the youngsters with an income, but they protect them against so many traps and landmines if this world, especially when they are on school vacation!
Learning advanced skills like online entrepreneurship is definitely the way to go at this point in time, because the world is changing so drastically in this new century! Many of the jobs that we took for granted growing up, are disappearing, with some now being taken over by machines such as robots!
Regards.
Thank you for your information here. This is actually well worth it and it makes a whole lot of sense having something like this here. You know being able to actually focus more on what is worthy and what can rwlaly deliveries making sense. Thank you so much for all you have shared here
Getting a job online us fun and the only thing that is really important is trying to get it in the first place. This is helpful to most teenagers looking to earn an extra buck for let’s say going out to catch a movie or even for those teenagers looking to make money to save or even invest in small business ventures. It would be really good if you get paid
This is so great to see here. I have cousins who are still in the high school and college and this would definitely be the perfect option for them. I lime the overall of what you have shared here. In all, I would of to get really involved in all of these here. Thumbs up to you and very well worthy to see
This is helpful to most teenagers looking to earn an extra buck for let’s say going out to catch a movie or even for those teenagers looking to make money to save or even invest in small business ventures. Also an added advantage is that teenagers already know how to use the internet and are well equipped with the internet.
there is a lot of teenagers out there, some of them are unemployed, some are students. Embarking on the online business community will enable them to earn as they study and even earn money to aid on their schooling and those without jobs can get employed and turn all that excess free time into money. This is a great heads up for teenagers, thank you for that beautiful post.
Teens are now very much into making money online, they are very much into it and it really nice because it’ll give them the edge to make more money when they grown older. It’s good that you posted these part time jobs, it’ll be useful to teens, I’ll share this around.
A part-time job is a great opportunity for whoever wants to make some online money income. Whether you are a student or you have a regular job, online business is something that you can do as a hobby and take advantage of, maybe for a lifetime. Just find the right niche that makes you inspirational for investing and writing and you can do what you love and making real money from it.
I believe that giving our children the skills on how to successfully have and run a online business from home is worth the investement. With what technology can do in this age in which we live will put our kids ahead of the game as they master the art of working online from home is a true gift for them that will pay off in hudge ways for years to come.
Amazing Spencer, that is phenomenal my Friend!
Your Daughter seems like an exceptionally inventive youngster and will go far with her liveliness workmanship aptitudes and your direction.
Adolescents and grown-ups too get open to working at inexpensive food puts as well as at different occupations that society regards as worthy and secure when in actuality they are restricting and covering.
Much obliged to you for making a trip to remark and offer Spencer, returned whenever my Friend.
I am very sure that if these platforms were made available for us when we were younger, it would have been helpful in establishing ourselves and not relying on some others. i have thinking about engaging my kids from their tender age and i have now seen the importance of it. thank you for the tips.
Hi Tony,
I read your post and liked it very much. I agree with you that we need to put our teens to work, and if they are interested in internet marketing and want to go that route, that’s fine with me. I have two sons and a daughter, and all three worked their way thru college. They appreciate their education more because they paid for it themselves.
Thanks for a good post!
Tony Watson
Hey Tony, I have just been thinking what my teen nephew could do for a living and here is your article which came just right on time. So, there is no excuse now saying there is nothing available for the age of 13 over there. The hardest would be to find out the topic of his interest. You know these teens. Today they think they like one thing, tomorrow they change their minds again. A few topics you mentioned are great. We will start from there. 🙂
Tony, can you tell me how much it costs to join Wealthy Affiliates? Also, I was wondering about the training and support regarding building websites. I tried to build one five years ago and could not get the thing to work correctly. Will there be support for newbies like me? Also, can you tell me about affiliate marketing?
Thanks for this lovely post .
Hi Tony, I’ve read your article “Part Time Work Online for Teens”.
This is a very helpful post about part-time work for teenagers that they can do online.
These days, people are in need of money, even teens.
Seeing that even the kids will have the opportunity to be able to make money from the internet is good.
Thank you for sharing this with us.
Congratulations! Keep going!.
Affiliate marketing is a great idea as a means for teenagers to earn money and really appreciate you recommending this through your article. Especially the time we’re in where nearly every teen is invested in their mobile devices it would be beneficial for them to learn ways to earn through these mobile devices and make them useful.
Hi Tony,
It is a great post. Thank you for sharing. There are many part-time jobs for teens but I think most of them could not help teens to grow and build their blogging skills. Your recommendation is an excellent training program that teens could learn a lot of knowledge about blogging and making money online. I do believe blogging is a much better part-time job for teens.
All the best,
Alex
Thanks for a great post. It’s not a line of work I’d thought of for my son but it makes so much sense. Blogging is such a huge thing nowadays. It’s definitely a skill that would be worth learning while you’re young. Building something for themselves would be really good experience and might open all sorts of doors in the future. There are so many things to write about too, so they are bound to find something they are interested in.
Thanks Tony – love your headlines. I am on the Wealthy Affiliate program already and completely agree its an amazing platform. I have learnt so much, so thanks so much for sharing how this platform could be used by even teens to live a life of financial freedom away from the usual rat race!
Wow this post made me really think hard about my teenage daughter. She was insisting to work part time as a fast food chain crew but I was hesitant. I am very worried for her health because she might get the covid 19 virus out there. I never thought to offer her this online job. Yes, this a great idea. With the proper coaching she can make her own blog using WA. This an eye-opener for me Tony.
Hello Tony,. Thanks for sharing
As a teenager, nothing is stopping you from making money online and it’ll be very nice to see yourself earn some cash to help your parents. There are lots of opportunities online and even in your environment, you’ve done well by mentioning some, it’ll be nice to know about them.
Awesome insider! While spending some time on the Wealthy Affiliate platform I have seen people from all ages – 16 to 87 – be a part of this great platform and its supportive community. This can be a great start for absolutely anyone who likes the idea of working from home, doing what they like, and being their own boss. Honestly, I wish I knew about this platform when I was a teenager, would’ve been such an uplifting experience to try.
This is really great dn the first thing I am going after this is to share with my cousins. You know being able to earn a couple of bucks without having to do anything is really great to see and thanks so much for sharing this with us all. I really appreciate all you have shared here. Thank you for sharing this here
Well, it’s always really good to learn something new and seeing that even the kids will have the opportunity to be able to make money from the internet is good. I have a cousin that is a teen and sharing this with her will really help. I am very sure that your son must have been making some good money online as well.
Thank you Tony for this wonderfully informative article. Nowadays things are changing.Education alone is not enough. We need to support our children in whatever ways we could. One of the best thing we could do as parents is identifying our children’s potential and nature them to achieving just that. Kids waste a lot of time doing nothing, and I think this would a great deal for them.
Hey there Tony
First of all, you almost got me going with the child parental consent joke. I honestly thought about it in all seriousness for a second.
We don’t have any children yet but we already know that a traditional school won’t be enough to teach our children practical real-world skills and they sure are not going to learn how to make money.
The skills I am learning and mastering now will be second nature to them. Blogging is a simple skill to learn that requires time and dedication to oneself. The need to physically work even though you are creative or have a decent knowledge of something is over. Our minds and their young and powerful minds are really the only tools we need.
These part-time jobs you’ve listed here ends up being some kids’ permanent jobs for life and we also wouldn’t want that for our children, again no offence to anyone working there. I worked as a general worker at a supermarket after university so I know what that’s like. So, it’s up to each parent to teach and assure the success of their kids.
Solomon & Selina
Hello Tony Lee Hamilton, thank you for sharing this informative and resourceful review article . This article is centered on online part time work for teens. Thank you for providing this work ideas. Teens shouldn’t just sit at home doing nothing especially during this pandemic. They should learn and earn and not just have fun every time
This article is really an eyeopener and an answer to a question I had. My granddaughter is sixteen and is developing a site under my enrollment in Wealthy Affiliate. I think it is a great opportunity for young people and I plan to get my other grandchildren involved. The problem is I kept thinking about the annual membership. Now I know that they can remain free members for as long as they need or want to. Thank you.
The possibilities are endless. Although fast food joints are high stress work environments, it could still be a good experience for teens. Online work is definitely more accessible for teenagers now and there are many young entrepreneurs. It’s great that your son is also venturing into the online business world 🙂
Thank you for sharing how teens can make money ,I have never thought of it that way but after reading your articles I am discovering that I can teach my little sisters how to make money online and make them join wealthy affiliate as well which will be an advantage to them in the future
Hello there! This is an amazing review you have got here. Your son must be so proud to have you as a dad because he won’t be on the street looking for job at any given time. I’ll relate this post with my daughter, I’m sure she will jump at it when she sees the content of this post.
Thanks for sharing this with me.
Hi, Tony.
Thanks for sharing your views on part-time work online for teens. I fully agree with you that wasting time on food joints is really killing their talent. As you have suggested it is better to go online and try new things. two of my Teen daughter are developing their own website on food and multimedia. Hope they will get success. There’s so much to learn and information available on a website is of great use. Thanks, Tony.
Warm Regards,
Gaurav Gaurs
Hi Tony,
This post of very thoughtful for young adults who can actually take up a career rather than doing odd jobs at MacDonalds’s or Local Departmental Store. Same is true for people from any age where they can develop a career in blogging from the comfort of their own home. You have shown the way yourself.. Blogging opens the doors for generating online revenue via advertisements, selling your own products online or affiliate marketing. It is the best place to start in the online space and surely it is a good idea for young adults to start working on it.
Thanks for sharing this article.
Thank you for sharing this here. Actually I like everything you have shared here and the fact that it can all be centered on the idea of checking something like this out. Having the willingness to work online would actually spell good for anyone at the prospects of making good money while doing very little too. This is really great and thank you
It’s great to see how your son is growing up fast and I feel really happy for your guys. Teenagers these day mostly wants to stay at home and play video games all day and that’s not the right way to go about living. It’s up to we parents to make them see that making money at an early age isn’t a bad thing. However with the really nice part time jobs in this article I think it’s time to talk to my son about it as well. Cheers
I think it is important to instill work ethic into your children from an early age. Not that work should consume their lives, but that they should work hard at what they do. In these ever-changing times, it’s a great idea to get them started making money as early as they can. Like you said, there is nothing wrong with scooping ice cream or working on a farm (both can teach great skills to use later in life) but teaching them to run their own business sets them up for success later! Great post that really has me thinking about my own kids!
It’s always nice to be able to earn a couple of dollars as a teenager,you’ll be able to buy things for yourself without having to bother your parents all the time for the money and online part-time job is the best for teenagers, as it won’t affect school. The offers you mentioned are really simple and easy to do for teens.
I have a teenage grandson who needs a job. He is very active and has a wide range of hobbies and interests. He’s a good kid, just needs a job so he can focus his energy. I will introduce him to Wealthy Affiliate and see if he can make a go of it. He enjoys writing and looking things up, so this might just be the thing he needs.
I couldn’t agree more with what you’ve written Tony. I think that blogging represents such a unique opportunity for young people entering the workforce.
And with the rate of technological advancement, online tools such as e-Commerce and blogging are only going to skyrocket.
If young people can position themselves with these skills, this will surely benefit them for years to come.
Haha , i also wish I’ve learned about this when I was a still teenager when I have more time. Right now , i’m juggling between my day job and affiliate marketing. I simply don’t have all the time since I’m working as an accountant. Actually thinking of quitting my job but I’m afraid income here won’t be enough. What’s your advice on this?
Blogging online is truly for everyone weather young or old as long as you have a good spirit to be an entrepreneur and you also want to make some really good money as well. It also helps in killing all there is to do about going to your own work place since you will be working remotely. This post might be titled for teens bit I think it is meant for anyone and everyone who wants to make some good money on-line.
I’ve been looking for a post like this to use for inspiring my nephews and nieces and I’m glad I finally found this. These days, people are in need of money, even teens. Unfortunately, most teens spend their leisure time playing mobile games on their phones. Teens like your son are a rare species but I believe we can still find them who will be interested in making money online in their spare time.
Great article as always Tony, i always find your post amazing and interesting, your concept and point are always useful, there are lots of benefit working online as a teenager and there are also disadvantages and as you said you prefer your son to earn at home online than to get a regular job, i think i prefer that too, i will also advice my children to give it a try, i wish i knew all this when i was a teen, i would have made good use of it.. thanks for a great review
Tony,
Thank you for the tips! I think this could apply to adults as well. You bring up an interesting point at the beginning of your article. You mentioned that you’d rather have your son learn how to make an income at home rather than having a ‘normal’ job like a teenager. I can see a lot of benefit in that. Online jobs require a good amount of time to master. And, if a teenager can tap into that network stream early, then they’ll have good opportunities to use it for the future. I thought that was a profound thought you had. Thank you for your insight!
Hey Tony,
Thanks for sharing this great article.
It’s just awesome how the opportunities out there are endless, and for everyone.
Everybody, regardless their age, or origins, can have a part time work online.
That’s why I really love the fact that you’ve mentioned for “teens”…
The whole world should be aware of all those online opportunities. Especially Wealthy affiliate
Cheers
This article title was calling my name! I’m a 19 year old college student who can’t leave to have a regular parttime job due to quarantine rules. Does this mean I’m going to be spending any less on campus or have any decrease in future expenses? No! I need that money.
For that reason, I started my affiliate marketing journey this summer and have a website as well as a few social medias dedicated to it. I think what you’ve suggested here is fantastic info that a lot of kids could use. Starting an online business when young is truly a fantastic investment.
Another great bravo! for another great article. I love to read your articles because of amazing opportunities it offers. If we had identified these opportunities that you are exposing to us back in our youthful age, financial challenges would have been thing of the past.
I love part time online jobs because of it flexibility and stress free. thank you once again
Thanks so much for sharing a beautiful, informative article with us. The principal element of this article is part Time Work Online for Teens. It’s really amazing that you covered this subject so well in your post. I have learned a lot from reading your post and gained a lot of knowledge about part-time work. I like part-time work online opportunities of the points mentioned in your article.
Finally, I would like to say that those who are brand new can read your article, join the platform provided by you now, and earn money at home.
Thanks for sharing this out here. I have a college brother and I know that this would really be quite a lot more helpful for him because he just got into college and getting a means to generate quite some bits of income would really help get through his college days and that is awesome. Thanks so much for sharing this out here. Really helpful to see here.
I wish I had learned all about blogging and affiliate marketing when I was a teenager but the internet wasn’t even up and running then. Youngsters have it tough in many ways but the one big advantage they have over older generation is the ability to make money (possibly full time) online before they even get into their twenties. Having complete financial freedom to work from anywhere and whenever you choose in your teens is a dream. You are young enough to travel extensively, live in any location, learn things about yourself, and have more opportunities to make the world a better place. The younger you start the more years you have left to really enjoy your hard work. Thanks for sharing.
Hi there Tony,
Good day!
A really great article to share with my daughter who just belongs to the bracket of teenagers. Your article is a timely reminder for me as a father to introduce and encourage her to start having her own business online not only for the reason of earning a living for her future but it is also an awesome way to direct or divert her to the right direction rather than spending her time on social media, chatting with friends/schoolmates, playing with neighbors or the most parents’ worry, be involved in illegal activities such as using drugs and every other teenage craze out there now.
Thanks and be safe!
-julius
This is a great example of how a teen could make some money whilst at home or even whilst studying at college. Why worry about a normal job when you can have the freedom of working on something that will make you money whilst you sleep.
Thanks for sharing this great option for teens, and hopefully they take you up on the offer and learn more about blogging online
Hi Tony, I have a teenage daughter and I think it would be a really good experience for her to start a blog, in fact I shall suggest it to her today as an activity that she can start over the summer. Even if it doesn’t at this stage lead to any financial gain, the experience she would get from putting the website together, coming up with blog posts, and starting to integrate with social media, etc, will be incredibly useful to her in the future.
I heard an interview on the radio this morning as I was driving home from dropping my daughter off in school for a one-off Covid19 half-day visit before they break up for the summer holiday (as she’s been home schooling for the last three months), which was all about the revolution in home-working brought about by the pandemic, and they were discussing to what extent people will continue to work from home in the future, or whether they would all be expected to return to their offices. I expect that a lot of people will have developed a taste for home-working during the lockdown, so it would be a great head start for any teenager to get blogging skills under their belt now, before they have to start thinking about earning a living.
Great post!
Congratulations to you on a good article with links for Teenagers. All over the world, children wish to earn money for pocket expenses. You have suggested good ways to earn money for teenagers. I wish i had read your article earlier as i too have two teenagers at home. You have suggested nice methods for teens and i like the article immensely.
Great work Tony.
Aparna
Thank you Lee for this helpful information. I have an 11 year-old, not yet a teenager but loves making videos of herself doing, whatever. I just thank God for the internet today as it provides endless opportunities for people of different ages to earn a living. She also loves a good life and I want to teach her what to do to get it. I plan on introducing her to blogging. Hope she loves it.
I have a teenager daughter that is still living with my wife and I. I’ll introduce her to these options by forwarding this post to her. And She’ll probably see my comment in the comment section too, LOL.
In this day there are so many opportunities to open our own profitable business. But every opportunity requires hard work.
Cool one here and one thing that really amazes me the most is how helpful this platforms can really be fifteens to be financially independent and capable enough to sponsor themselves to further their education and that to me, is achievements that affiliate marketing can bring. This is good and I look forward to introducing to my kid brothers
I never thought about blogging before.
I have a lot of interests and I think I can choose one and just go from there.
I also wonder that how can I understand the potential of my interest?
And can I make a full time income with it?
What are your experiences with these?
Hello Furkan,
yes my Friend, you can absolutely earn a full-time income my Friend.
Welcome to Wealthy Affiliate, you can indeed choose an interest of yours and go from there.
Contact me anytime my Friend, I am always available when you ask for my assistance.
Tony
With my brother currently 17 years of age, he’s looking for a part-time job so he can get some beer money together as well as funds towards a car since he’s currently learning to drive.
But the thing is, there are so many low paid rubbish jobs out there that will require a lot of hours and elbow grease to earn anything decent to save up and spend.
I just checked out your part-time work online website, and Wealthy Affiliate seems like the ideal option for earning some money.
Yeah, WA will take a little time to get the wheels moving, but in the long run, my brother could actually retire in a few years from now building an online business.
Crazy, right?
Neil
Absolutely true Neil,
your Brother can indeed start now and live life on his own terms.
When we are able to live our lives on our own terms then there’s no need to retire.
We can travel the world and/or do anything that we want to do while doing what we love and earn an income doing it.
Thank you Neil for getting started at Wealthy Affiliate and also for sharing the site with your younger Brother my Friend.
You and He can contact me at anytime and I will be available to assist either of you Neil.
Talk with you soon,
Tony
Hi Tony,
Great post.
I have a nephew who is a teenager and he could definitely benefit from the information you have provided. I have forwarded it onto him and his parents.
I have recommended that they keep coming back to your site for future posts and advice, as will I.
Thanks for sharing and keep up the good work.
All the best,
Tom
Hi Tom,
wonderful my Friend and congratulations on getting started earning online from home.
Your Nephew and his parents will also see the value in this amazing opportunity to start and grow an income online part-time with the time that he has available and without having to travel outside of his home.
You are welcome and thank you Tom, contact me anytime my Friend.
Tony
Hi Tony!
I even have a son of 15 who is interested in learning how to work online.
Right now he is in the the process of a self-study on the the the coding of websites and games.
He does not quite know where it leads him.
But like you, I’m looking forward to your interest. But on the other hand,
I would like him to try to be on the job market out of among other people.
It can quickly be lonely to work from home.
Do you think they have to jump straight online after graduating from school?
Or do you like me to go out and meet the world before they go full online?
Steen
Hi Steen!
I believe that there isn’t just one specific answer my Friend and that each case will depend upon the young man or lady.
Having people skills is very important as well as there are many ways to learn those skills as well and I believe once again that there is no 1 right answer but many different answers depending upon the variables.
Thank you Steen for stopping by to comment and ask the questions my Friend,
Tony
Hey Tony Hamilton,
excellent article. You touched on a lot of points that I feel were very valid. For one, teaching your 17 year old to work from home is very wise and smart.
With the lack of job security and bosses at companies treating their employees like garbage, it is a very good idea to teach your son to make money and be his own boss.
Second, your page is a powerful message and you’re an excellent example that those who teach their children the ways of the future i.e. making money from home are just plain better than everyone else.
Good job, your page has a lot to teach kids that age and even a little younger than that.
I want to teach my son that as well when he get old enough, it is important that kids have this option so they’ll have a brighter future than what is promised them after high school and college.
Wonderful RJ,
thank you my Friend for the amazing compliments and for letting me know that this article is useful.
You are welcome back anytime RJ,
Tony
Great idea reaching out to all demographics with this.
There is no one that doesn’t need a little extra income, if not a total JOB replacement.
Training your son on the way to search for alternative income methods is one of the things that he will appreciate most as he gets older.
Internet marketing and online businesses will be something he can use for the rest of his life.
Thank you my Friend, yes I agree that Internet Marketing Online is a wonderful way for Friends from Teens to Seniors can indeed supplement their income and grow it increasingly while working from home and anywhere on the planet.
Thank you for stopping by and commenting,
Tony
Hi there, this is a good opportunity proposal I think.
I have worked as a pizza deliverer several times in several cities.
It made fun at the time but for sure isn’t what I want in the long run.
To write a website sounds much more interesting to me as well.
You say one can write about any topic one is passionate about. Is that real?
I thought one has to be an expert to provide relevant content, like you, you are an online marketing veteran.
Hi Stefan,
thank you for sharing your experiences with us my Friend.
A person doesn’t have to be an expert to write about a topic, having the ability and desire to learn while researching is the key. By being passionate about something and learning more about that something and learning, one does become an expert.
You are welcome here anytime Stefan,
Tony
In this day and time, this is the way that so many people are going and the good part is many are having success in this line of work.
It is good to know that this is also made available to teens who want to give a go at this.
The benefits are great and sure to beats an offline job or a nine to five. Your post is well detailed and very informative.
Absolutely Norman,
I agree my Friend!
Getting a headstart in the online world while still a Teen is an amazing way to segway into a full time career while being an Entrepreneur and not falling into the job and 9 – 5 trap of a so called “Secure Job”
Thank you for stopping by to comment Norman, you are welcome back anytime my Friend,
Tony
Hello Tony,
I really enjoyed reading and browsing your site. What a great idea to have teens learn affiliate marketing! Looking to the future is an awesome way to grow the business.
I thank you for the inspiration & information you provide for us all to be able to share and learn from,
Timothy
Hello Timothy,
Thank you for the wonderful compliments my Friend.
I love being able to help Friends from all ages Teen to Retirement ages as well.
You are welcome to take a look at any of the posts here Timothy and share the love my Friend,
Tony
I`m with you on teaching our children how to be entrepreneurs especially with the jobs they make available to them! My daughter has a skill in animation art and we just finished creating her own characters and now working on their specialized weaponry! I tell her these skills will allow her to dictate the life she wants to live. I see too many teenagers get comfortable working at these fast food places! Great topic Tony!
Awesome Spencer, that’s fantastic my Friend!
Your Daughter sounds like a very creative young lady and will go far with her animation art skills and your guidance.
Teenagers and adults as well get comfortable working not only at fast food places but also at other jobs that society deems as acceptable and secure when in fact they are limiting and smothering.
Thank you for stopping by to comment and share Spencer, come back anytime my Friend.
Tony
I’m not a parent yet but I understand what you think and feel when you said you do not want your kid to work in those places. Parents cannot stand the idea that their children are being commanded by bosses to do work they’re not used to.
With regard to the idea of just letting your son explore blogging, earning a living online, something like that… it is sure that option will enhance the youth’s thinking capacity as well as explore unlimited possibilities. But how do you deal with questions like, “Hey Dad, if I work on the ones you’re recommending, I may not get paid. But with working at McDonalds, there’s a “sure pay”. How do you deal with that one?
Hi Gomer,
that’s a great question my Friend!
I would say that if a teen has even one Entrepreneurial bone in their body that they can start their business online knowing that the effort that they put in today will come to fruition later.
Most teens and even adults want the instant gratification so having a regular job as well would be a good thing until they can replace their income with the hourly low rate job.
teens who have great role models definitely have an advantage here since they have seen the results in real time with their parent.
Thank you for taking the time to read and for your great question Gomer & I believe that it depends upon the situation my Friend,
Tony
Hi Tony
I have to agree with you that part time work online for teens beats just about anything available. Even if a teenager doesn’t have an entreprenueral spirit, I bet he/she spends a lot of time online.
I’m thinking if parents could talk them into getting started they may find they like it and really get into having their own business.
This is a great idea for teens to learn about making money online and keep them busy. Thanks
Hi Mike,
thank you so much my Friend for reading and taking the time to comment on this post with your thoughts.
Teens are most definitely online via their Android SmartPhones, iPhones, iPads, Tablets etc…. and their time online will be much more productive in creating and building a business than always being on SnapChat, Instagram, Facebook or whatever sites that teenagers are on nowadays.
You are welcome back anytime Mike,
Tony
You never know what type of website you’ll be viewing when you’re surfing the internet.
I like the concept of your website, I think it’s very original and what a great idea it was to create a source of information for parents with teens to have them do work online.
What makes your site such a great idea is the fact that we live in an time where a lot of our lives are spent online.
I wish I had resources like this when my daughter was a teenager, I would have definitely got her involved with working online.
Thank you for sharing this amazing opportunity with the youth of our world.
Wonderful,
Thank you so much for finding my website and taking the time to read and respond to this post.
Working online building a business is an absolutely great way to get real world business online experience even if the young person has a “Real Job”.
Thank you,
Tony
You are so right Tony, I wish more young people could see the benefits of Affiliate Marketing, Work from Home or just building websites. I talk to young people all the time about this and they don’t seem to understand.
The money to be made is unlimited if you just start young and build your business, but to make good money at any job, takes time.
Not only is the money good, after some time, but having the opportunity to travel and work at the same time is another great benefit that you will not get with a normal job.
Great information! Wayne
Thank you so much Wayne,
yes young people seem to be more enthusiastic about the immediate rewards even when the immediate rewards are in most cases much less than the rewards that will be realized after building an Affiliate Marketing website.
I would advice that young people when they have a “Normal Job” that they also put forth the same amount of hours into building a website and monetizing it so that before long they can make an informed decision of whether or not to keep the “Real Job” or continue growing their income with Affiliate Marketing and earning online.
Talk with you soon Wayne, you are welcome back anytime my Friend.
Tony
I just started looking at WA after thinking for years that this had to be scams. However, it’s a not a make free money fast, it seems to be instead a way to channel your interests to make money with effort, networking, publishing and many other aspects. I can see how this would be an interesting side-job opportunity for a teen, or anyone else. However, I wouldn’t tell any teen to drop everything and do only this – there’s so much to learn from working your first “real” jobs – good and bad! It builds character!
Wonderful Jeff!
Great advice my Friend & thank you for sharing with us.
Building a work ethic is very important for sure and so is learning to network within the real world besides the online world.
You are welcome anytime Jeff, I will always be here my Friend.
Tony
Great post!
I couldn’t agree more – it’s a topic of discussion I’ve been having with my son as he approaches adolescence. I believe that in this day and age when every business guru is talking about the “gig” economy and how people coming into the marketplace will have at least 3 CAREERS before they hit retirement age, it is critical that people develop an entrepreneurial approach (along with the relevant education and skills) in order to better navigate these new waters we’re all sailing in. It is something which should be taught and encouraged at school, and if it’s not, then our kids will have to learn in the real world. And online marketing provides a formidable opportunity to do so.
Thanks!
Hello Norman!
You are welcome and thank you my Friend for the great compliment.
It’s awesome that you are taking the initiative to speak with your son about the real world and what it takes to thrive within it. Wouldn’t it be wonderful if Entrepreneurship was taught in Schools….. then again maybe we’re to be glad that it’s not.
Thank you for sharing your experience and thoughts Norman, they arre truly appreciated my Friend and you are welcome back here anytime as well.
Tony
Hello there! My brother is looking for a part time job. He applied to several stores but so far he hasn’t got any emails or calls. He’s looking forward into online job as well but he doesn’t know where to start. I read your article about creating a blog and I clicked your link about wealthy affiliate. Do you think that this is great for my brother who is also 17 years old? Does he need any money to invest into it?
Hello John,
Yes my Friend this is a great place for a 17 year old to start. There is no cost to get started and your Brother can remain a Free Starter Member as long as He needs to be. Learning is the key, then you take out the L and start Earning and it doesn’t take near as long as most people think. The key is to find a mentor who is already doing it and learn from that person.
Thank you John for taking the time to read this post and for your question,
Tony |
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The world's most viewed site on global warming and climate change
By Dr. Roy Spencer from his. (In fact, both trends are slightly downward, but not significantly so.).
All the headlines have already been written: “Hurricane (insert name) is just the latest example of Climate Change”. Any bets?
Nope.
Roy what would a 1C rise in ocean temperature along the path of Dorian do to its intensity, say as a percentage increase?
It just might deliver it right to your front door Loydo. Notice the strategic placement of the qualifier MIGHT. Then again I Probably won’t. Loydo you are a hopeless irrational alarmist. That has watched to much ALGORE TV.
Why, if a 1 percent rise in your mind is going to be catastrophic, do all are presidential types buy property on the water in the path of these horrible world destroying hurricanes? When Barack Obama, ALGORE, and the entire line-up for the Democratic Presidential hopefuls are convinced that the 1C rise is coming and have acknowledged that any action taken by Government can not prevent it. It is simply too late to turn them back. Doesn’t it strike you as odd that they would invest in property that puts them in harms way? What rational human does that?
I think you need to petition the government to repossess all the property along the east coast and force all of us Evil Deniers to take up residence on the water. Of course most of the people who already own property would become deniers, if they aren’t already card carriers.
Touche!
More likely: “Hurricane (insert name) made x% worse by climate change – attribution models.”
Richard
You would never make a headline writer on the New York times. What you meant is
“Hurricane (insert name)is just the latest terrifying manifestation of the climate emergency that has already seen millions made homeless.”
now, do you want to try again, in your words?
tonyb
Heck, I am not greedy.
Can I just be the “house” and take a 10% vig on all of your winning bets?
Maybe Dorian will come ashore and wipe out the Obama’s new home.
Now that would be a type of climate change.
More certain than Climate Change itself.
This week diving boats are deadlier than hurricanes.
The narrative lately is to categorize storms as “the most deadly since….”, or “the most destructive storm since…” never taking into account that there are more people, and more structures to kill or damage. Death toll and cost in dollars are the new metrics for measuring storm strength.
And this storm will be the most destructive since yesterday
Much has been written about the application of the precautionary principle regarding climate change and its projected effects. However, it appears to be largely ignored by those choosing to invest in waterfront real estate in storm-vulnerable areas, even in the face of warnings that it is time to move to higher ground. Hmmm
the hyping of this one will be incredible, places like here are the only place left to seek the truth……
..the storms don’t drive people crazy…..it’s their crappy forecasts that do it
They’ve had this thing from the Keys to South Carolina so far…no one knows what to do
…missing the state…crossing the state…and going up the middle of the state
That is the nature of hurricane path forecasting. Subtle changes in surrounding air masses that cannot be predicted cause such uncertainty. The ECMWF model, one of the most accurate, is forecasting the path based on the western Atlantic high pressure ridge remaining strong and steering the storm farther south than the GFS model which is based on a weakening high pressure ridge. Which ever way the ridge goes, when ever it does, that will fine tune the forecast. If the ECMWF turns out correct, the storm will pass much closer to me so I am being cautious and preparing for that scenario.
Prepare for the worse and hope for the best.
And the exact timing of various events has a huge effect on the path of the storm, and even the trajectory.
It is a chaotic situation, in which the hurricane can influence what happens elsewhere, or not.
It may in fact be impossible to predict some storms in some situations, no matter how much computing power and data input to start with.
The intensity, the size of the wind field, the timing of the tides, the timing of the eyewall replacement cycles, upstream weather coming into play…
So many factors are important regarding how destructive or not it is, and with myriad interacting factors combining in unpredictable ways, where exactly it makes landfall.
And when.
Forward motion velocity will impact which factors will or will not have time to influence the path and intensity.
I expect the next 24 hours are going to determine if it hits Florida, and perhaps exactly where and how strong it will be.
There is a narrow area of wind shear ahead of the storm, which I am looking at very closely.
sad part is they do it every year for every storm, even tropical storms. As soon as one kicks up out in the Caribbean or the Gulf they commence with throwing darts at the map & getting the public all worked up & in panic mode. If they haven’t already, soon they will be urging evacuations to that wonderful parking lot otherwise known as I-95. They can’t possibly know with any certainly more than 2 days out where this storm will actually go or how bad it will be.
I’ve watched them do it for the 12 years I been down here & it never fails to amaze me
Yes but two days for everyone to get their prep done is not feasible. Obtaining supplies that you will use in any event like gas & water should be taken care of first. Then resupplying your hurricane stash, then when you know it is getting close you have to attend to your property and make sure everything that can fly is put away or battened down. Shuttering up is the last thing you do but you need to have completed everything else first. I think most of us who have been through this many times have a good sense of what the timing is for all these tasks and go about them in a neat and orderly way without panic or worry. You can never over prepare because, like Israel, one wrong mistake and you are done for.
People need to make plans for pets, medications, supplies, where to go and when.
There are many old people, hospitals and other caregivers, shelters must be open and emergency plans put into place, employees dismissed from work so they can prepare.
Even if the people responsible for the safety of others knew when and where a storm will hit, and how hard, what to tell people and when to tell them would still be second guessed and highly debatable.
The only thing that bothers me is when stats get exaggerated and uncertainty poorly stated.
To some extent they have to do what they do they way they do it.
It is a damned if they do and damned if they don’t situation.
If everyone was always paying attention and knew what level of preparedness was appropriate at every stage of risk and uncertainty, that would be great.
None of those things are true.
No one even knows what the level of risk is, nor how uncertain the forecast plots are, until afterwards.
The cone of uncertainty covers the whole state at this point…meaning that there is a 67% chance that the average error over the past five years in predicting such storms will be within the cone.
That is all it means.
Most people could never be persuaded to pay enough attention to even be able to try to explain exactly what they means and what the implications are.
At some point a very powerful hurricane will impact a large coastal city in Florida, directly and at a 90° angle.
This could be the time.
Should they wait until they know where it will go, exactly?
No one will know that until it hits.
Let me try that sentence again, the one that starts with “most”: Most people could never be persuaded to pay enough attention to someone trying to explain this, to even have a chance of grasping exactly what those cones means and what the implications are.
A lot of people think the cone is the size of the storm, others think the center of uncertainty is the “real” prediction.
These may be the people that think there is no reason to mention things like error bars because the center line in the grey area of uncertainty was the “actual” temperature.
And the ones that figure than averaging 1000 worthless climate projections has a high likelihood of being what is actually gonna happen.
Also that having 3,650,000 readings from 1000 locations on 36500 days means that you can use statistics to determine the temperature of a planet to within less than 1/100th of a degree, even though the thermometers used for many of those readings were only read to the nearest whole degree.
As of noon EDT Thursday, there’s still a chance Dorian won’t make landfall
on the mainland… no matter what category it becomes.
Watch:
Thanks for the map! I’m more interested in that big wad of cloud cover in the Midwest, which seems to be heading my way.
Plenty of rain last week made my lawn flourish and now I have to mow it, but should I wait a day or two? Hmmm….. One last mow before the leaves fall in autumn and I can mulch them to provide fertilizer to the lawn for the winter.
Somewhat confused by the data on the NHC web site. They show the storm hitting the coast Monday morning as a major storm. Yet the hurricane wind probabilities show less than a 50% chance of seeing hurricane force winds. I get the plurality of most probable might not be greater then 50%, but even current position and speed isn’t showing closer to 100%.
There is a high probability of hurricane force winds somewhere along the Florida coast, and their forecast track shows their current best estimate of where that will be, but given forecast uncertainties in landfall location, the probability of hurricane force winds at any given location is still relatively low.
Measured data are, apparently, irrelevant to the NHC. Hurricane Barry (the first “hurricane” of 2019) was declared a hurricane, not by measured data, but by probability.
Remember, these are the same people that told us the year following Katrina would be disastrous, when it ended up being a total fizzle for major storms. Throwing darts sounds about right.
That was one of the first major incidents that made me understand how important the concept of cui bono (or if you prefer, “follow the money”) is.
Those were for the most part not weather forecasters and they were not predicting weather.
Unfortunately for a lot of people who need to buy insurance, those people got a lot of press and a lot of people overpaid for insurance, and several companies left the state for many years.
Then again those two years proved that the statistical models used by underwriters did not have long enough tails on the high end.
Sorry Nicholas, but I could use some clarification on your reply if you have a moment. I was referring to the NHC in response to @icisil above, and am not sure what you mean. The NHC told the world it would be a bad year, and it was a nothing year. They did it again the next year, and again, a below-average year. It’s all archived:, but I get the feeling you know all this and I’m just missing your point. I think they had the agenda dictated to them and even if I’m wrong, their predictive ability is nonexistent and the money spent on them could certainly be better spent elsewhere.
William Grey was an actual scientist and knew what was likely to happen. In fact he was largely correct about the bad years and that there would be a lessening of the favorable conditions.
He was removed from his position prior to this occurring.
When I say “they” (the ones who came to have authority and a voice)were not weather forecasters, I mean they had no skill…they simply projected a straight line onto a cyclic trend, and imagined they could not be wrong.
What you are saying is not what WOB and Roy were talking about.
Exactly what is meant by the cones and the uncertainty boundaries is complicated and specific and not intuitive or obvious to many people.
The cone of uncertainty five days out is very wide, and forward progress over the five days is itself uncertain given that forward speed can and often does change unpredictably.
This storm has an excellent chance of being the worst storm to hit South Florida in our lifetime.
Extremely powerful storms can and do occur, and when they do people die.
Grousing about fudged stats is a different set of concerns than trying to determine what the level of risk at the present time for a particular person happens to be.
I am hoping for the best, but the fact is South Florida and especially the East Coast has had a very long run of very good luck. Most places have anyhow.
I have wondered every year around this time when that lucky streak will end.
And even the places that got hit in 2004, and 2005, and most people hit in 2017…those were far from worst case scenarios. For most people. For some, it could hardly have been worse.
I doubt this will be a worst case scenario, at least I hope the proper conditions are not in place, but no one knows that.
There are many millions of people in a very precarious and uncertain situation at the moment.
I think it is a good time to try and be helpful, for anyone who knows enough to be helpful or has enough insight to make pertinent comments.
“…This storm has an excellent chance of being the worst storm to hit South Florida in our lifetime…”
By what metric? Nobody is projecting a Cat 5 (like Andrew was in 1992), and the projections seem to be narrowly targeting further up the coast than “South Florida.”
Sure, there’s lot of uncertainty with both. But where does “excellent chance” come from?
The models are showing a lot of variability at the present time.
A few outliers show the storm curling to the right and out to sea, and a few had a run that for a time showed the storm going straight west over the Keys and hitting Texas.
The most likely is only that, and only as it appears at present.
But the cone represents only 67% of the average error over just the last 5 years.
Which means a 1 in 3 chance of a outcome outside the range of that wide cone.
The situation will solidify as the storm draws nearer.
Right now the forecast has shifted south from what it was when I went to sleep last night.
But uncertainty remains.
A few models showed for a number of runs that a cat 5 would emerge just prior to the time of projected landfall.
Right now the situation for me personally is looking rather bad…worse than last evening.
Keep in mind that a storm surge in the tens of feet, and imbedded tornados, will make it a worst case for some people…destroyed is destroyed, and dead is dead.
So it hardly need to be the most powerful storm ever to be very bad for a lot of people.
A hit at a direct angle at high tide (a King tide, as the Moon is near to being new) by a strengthening storm with the right front quadrant aimed at a high concentration of people…this will be very much worse than anything seen in these parts for a long time.
Naples, which was wiped out by Irma, is a sleepy bedroom community compared to the east coast near Fort Lauderdale.
And the value of beachfront estates in Palm Beach is very high.
There are many very bad scenarios.
“Excellent chance” means it may well happen, although of course we hope it does not.
I for one do not suppose or expect that the worst storm in a long time will have the highest certainty ahead of time.
Irma had an excellent chance, and it was lucky for a lot of people…not so lucky for others…they way it played out. A turn a few hours earlier would have brought the worst of it into the highly populated East Coast, instead of the middle Keys and sleepy Naples.
I suspect that few outside of Naples and SW Florida have any idea how bad it really was down there.
It was bad.
Really bad.
There were no National News reports from the scene afterwards (well, there may have been a few…I lost power and internet and even most phone service just as the storm was hitting the Keys, and was unaware of where it was even as the eye approached my neighborhood.
Luckily I spent years in construction and chose a good strong house in the highest land in Lee County. Automatic storm shutters…etc.
I will spend the next few days cutting trees down or back, and removing limbs and fronds where I can.
My Royal Poinciana trees that were shredded and now bigger than ever, and I now know they are very brittle.
I found branches as big as my arm around, and weighing hundreds of pounds, had blown clear over my house and were imbedded in sand about a foot, with a spear tip where they sheared of from the tree trunk.
And that was only about 100mph, not including the imbedded tornados.
I slept through the eyewall after my cat came home in the midst of it and I relaxed.
I did not even hear it when a 60′ Bismarck Palm landed on my roof and stopped, right above where I was sleeping.
Let’s hope building code improvements have been effective.
As to “no one”, it is true most models have stopped predicting cat 5 intensity, but there are these:
And every model run only uses the info at the time the run starts.
They have drawn back, but just as they have mostly coalesced around Cat 4, that does not mean they are bound by some physical law to be right, or to not change again for the worse in the next 2 to 4 days.
So…some are.
Also, Andrew was quite potent but very compact.
This one might not be when and if it gets here…and Homestead was mostly plant nurseries and farms and some modest housing communities.
Not exactly Fort Lauderdale or Boca Raton.
Nicholas,
If Dorian comes ashore in Florida as a Cat 4, rest assured that NHC “experts” will revise it upwards after the fact 6 months later to a Cat 5.
Just like they did with Hurricane Michael.
Nicholas McGinley,
Correct me, if I’m wrong, but isn’t the “King Tide” a twice-a-year event, because it requires the Earth to be at perihelion (closest to the Sun), which happens only twice a year, January and July, as well as the Moon being at perigee? The Moon is at perigee every 14 days, but we don’t use the term “King Tide” to represent the tides’ size 26 times throughout the year.
Justin, Earth perihelion occurs on 1 time per year IAW Kepler orbital mechanics. Around 2-3 January right now I think.
Preaching so much uncertainty and “a lot of variability” but then stating there is an “excellent chance” was silly. Not that you defined “excellent chance” as a specific probability, but that conveys something pretty substantial.
No, Naples and SW Florida didn’t get the attention post-Irma that they should have. Weather Channel was live in a Ft Myers parking lot, including as the eye went over as I recall, but there was very little attention paid to Collier County in the aftermath (or parts of central FL that were hit pretty hard).
Well Michael, the strom is now 185 mhp sustained and a central pressure of 910 mb. Gusts to 220 are the reports. On satellite pics it looks monstrous.
It is heading due west with no sign of even slight deflection to the north. A few models are continuing to predict a direct hit.
And the storms are not constrained by the models.
After all, the models all said it was coming straight in, now most say not, but who is to say that will not change?
Again…zero indication of any hint of north turn. I sure hope it does, but at a certain point these things have so much momentum they ignore steering factors that others storms het redirected by.
Andrew was also predicted to curve to the north.
And the most likely guidance now has this thing coming up to the coast and then taking the eye north along the coast.
The center line of the cone of uncertainty may be where the storms goes, but a few days before Irma hit, forecasts and models all shifted to have the thing going up the East coast offshore.
Giant cat 5 monster heading straight for Florida and now in the Bahamas, but yeah, I was completely full of shit to express uncertainty or assert that there was an excellent chance of a worst case scenario.
What does “excellent chance” mean?
Maybe it means the best chance of a catastrophic outcome I can recall.
No turn yet, cat 5 even though “no one is predicting it”, except may a few people who cautioned that nothing should be taken for granted.
Notice the headlines: The storm has not wavered, only the models and forecasts have, but the headlines scream that the storm has taken a course away from Florida, or words to that effect. A few models have said all along it would be cat 4.
It appears to have strengthened long before getting to the Gulf Stream…right at the time Joel said to be on the lookout for rapid intensification.
I do not think I am preaching anything Michael.
I think you are projecting.
I missed that one of your objections to my comments seems to have been regarding the nature of what specific and exact area counts as “South Florida”>
I am curious about another thing, now that I have thought about it for a minute: If it was “silly” to say there was an excellent chance of something happening, and then it does, even though someone might have said it was silly when I said it, and only true later, who is right?
Was I?
If “no one” was projecting a cat 5, and then it is one, and in fact the very strongest hurricane in modern records in this part of the ocean (northern Bahamas), was it still “silly” of me to caution that worst case scenarios are possibl?
When hurricanes are heading in the general direction of an area, even when modeling does NOT show highly variable outcomes that keep changing, then in my estimation it becomes an excellent chance. Hurricane is formed and heading in the proper direction and conditions and climatology favor intensification.
When is expressing an understanding of the range of outcomes not “silly” Michael?
When is pooh poohing risk, when it is well known that only rarely are the intensity and path of hurricanes anticipated with anything that could be called accuracy or confidence, itself somewhere between silly, really dumb, and head up your #&%?
Several days after saying “This storm has an excellent chance of being the worst storm to hit South Florida in our lifetime” in an off the cuff comment, we have the strongest storm ever to be measured in that location with modern instrumentation, and it is heading on a direct path towards…um…Sough Florida.
Projected by most models, at the present time, to curve away either just as it approaches the coastline, or right on the coastline, or right after making landfall, then slowing and heading north.
Of course that is still several days out.
Can a storm speed up?
Can new factors come into play?
The more time goes by the more old projections are worthless.
I can recall several instances of hugely powerful storms ignoring projections and the explanation later given is that large enough storms simply have enough internal energy and momentum to make their own steering.
If this one forgets to turns, a lot of people will die.
WOB,
What you are not taking into account, it appears, is that the center line within the cone of uncertainty is not a prediction of the place the storm will hit.
Rather, it is the center of a wide area of uncertainty.
Based on the amount of error that has been the average for the past five years this many days ahead of time, there is a 57% chance the storm will be inside that cone at that time.
1.3 of the time it has been somewhere else.
This thing could still go south of Florida or curve out to sea. But most models and so the official forecast is where we see it.
This can change and often will.
The only thing worse would be just looing at a weather map and trying to guess, like in the old days.
But back then people knew they were not doing anything other than guessing.
Sorry typo.
That should say 67% chance.
>>
Our climate is a nonlinear dynamical system, capable of undergoing unforced changes both locally and globally.
<<
Which they ignore when discussing the relationship of CO2 to climate. (It’s also a chaotic system. Nonlinear systems tend to act that way.)
Jim
From the article: “Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the late summer are always sufficiently warm to support a major hurricane and are, in my opinion, overrated as a controlling factor. Factors other than SST tend to largely determine hurricane activity and strength.”
An excellent point. All the alarmists talk about is sea surface temperature. Nothing else exists to them.
More important that the surface temp, besides for all of those other factors (which I have for years brought up in every discussion about storm frequency and risk on a warmer planet), is the depth of the warm layer.
Forward speed of the storm combined with the depth of the warm water layer can be critical once a storm forms.
A slow storm over a shallow layer of warm water may run out of warm water.
But that is perhaps less likely with the Gulf Stream between the storm and the coast.
Hurricane researchers learn more about how these storms behave and the various factors that influence them with nearly every major hurricane.
Incorporating that info into models and into forecasts is difficult and not so simple.
We need a Richter-type scale to quantify climate-pornoholics’ orgasms during events like this.
How about a HypeGoreMannometer? The scale would cover 0 to 11 Hayhoes.
What happened to Hurricane Michael in 2018? It made landfall at the FL Panhandle at a Cat.5 I thought.
I wish the best for everyone in Dorian’s path, but it doesn’t look good.
Michael’s highest land-measured data at land strike suggests a category 3, max. CAT 5? No way. NOAA has changed how they categorize hurricanes (cool the past, warm the present).
Yep. They no longer follow the criteria of the Saffir-Simpson scale. These days they use unsustained max short burst wind speed at flight altitude and then “extrapolate” that figure down to ground level. Actual ground level measurements are never as high as the figures they tout. This has been an ongoing issue with every hurricane over the recent years.
I watched that happen south of Puerto Rico with Dorian. Exactly as you described.
Keep in mind US land-based stations use a 2-minute average for determining sustained wind. Hurricane folks use a 1-minute average. So it’s much easier to get a 1-minute sustained wind of 140mph than it it to get a 2-minute average at that speed. I think the conversion factor is the peak 2-minute wind is 0.93 of the peak 1-minute wind. So the bottom line is land based stations will always under-report the sustained wind vs. the hurricane center. I’m not saying that Michael was or wasn’t a Cat 5, but this discrepancy is a consideration.
There was no barometer reading that was anywhere close to what is required for Cat 5 winds to be present.
I hope that over time this crap they are spewing about Michael will be reconsidered.
Which can and does happen.
Assessments go on for past storms for a long time in some cases.
But for sure, it is physically impossible for Michael to have been a Cat 5, unless they change the criteria.
Wind speed and barometric pressure are highly correlated in hurricanes.
Physics is still a thing.
Here’s a picture of a damaged motel (13 S 35th, Mexico Beach, FL) in the neighborhood on the beach that got wiped out by Michael’s storm surge. It probably survived because it’s built on elevated pilings. It would not be standing if Michael was a cat 5. Notice that the some of the lattice is not even damaged.
There were many photos of damage showing some houses wiped from their foundations, and a few right on the beach that were untouched. And in the background of the pictures and video of the worst of the damage, not a quarter mile away, were many regular buildings that looked to be completely intact.
No doubt building codes explain much of this, but as you point out, flimsy nonstructural components are unlikely to have stood up to a direct hit from a cat 5 coming ashore a few hundred feet away.
We have all seen what it looks like when a cat 5 hits directly.
Storm surge tens of feet high many miles inland.
Now, if the storm intensified just prior to landfall, that could explain minimal evidence of surge.
But the barometer?
The pressure drops first…and the wind responds to the drop in pressure.
Also, imbedded tornadoes do not get counted, or should not be, along with hurricane intensity. So isolated pockets and even long stretches of severe damage can occur and not indicate hurricane intensity.
I recall driving up I-95 with a truck load of plants, from Central Florida to Philly, just after the interstate reopened after Hugo.
Hundreds of miles of large diameter trees snapped like toothpicks every which way, like the Jolly Green Giant smashed his fist on them…one broken to the north, next to it one broken to the south and another to the east. On and one, and it was in inland SC & NC very far from landfall. Every sign was down, even the tiny mile marker signs were pressed flat to the dirt for a hundred miles or more. Steel pole, sign about 4×8 inches, pole bent flat. That is strong wind…and it was nowhere near cat 5 even at landfall.
I neglected to include Michael, realized it this morning. No excuse, since I’ve driven through the damage area. I’ve made a new plot in my blog post. Conclusions don’t change, though.
Being a guitarist, I won’t be satisfied until hurricane categories go up to 11.!
🙂
Listening to a storm expert talking on CNN. The host asked if this storm was another sign of climate change. The expert said no. This is the usual activity for this time of year.
See, there’s hope.
The guy who said that was a weather forecaster with an understanding of hurricanes and such, and he has absolutely no future in the climate change racket.
So much of the population is already brainwashed. I saw a twitter nitwit say that this storm was “uncharacteristic” in that it was “flooding areas that normally didn’t flood”…on Grand Bahama Island. Holy hell.
“But increasing storm damage does not mean increasing storminess.”
Precisely what the doomsayers ignore. In fact they assert that the increasing storm damage in $$$ is the proof of climate change.
If the hurricane were to hit an undeveloped shoreline does it still do damage?
How would the damage be measured? How do we know it’s not shoreline improvement or corrections?
Most of the inlets in the barrier islands can be traced to individual hurricanes in the recorded past.
Imagine a new inlet forming during a hurricane, centered right in West Palm Beach.
It is not impossible.
Open water where vastly expensive real estate now sits…
Barrier islands are basically sandbars left by strong coastal storms.
They can and do come and go, and I suspect it matters not what is built there.
Looks like we could have an ACTUAL Cat 4 storm (maybe worse…who knows…they are only computers) headed for highly populated real estate on low lying South Florida.
My Atlantic-basin Hurricane-Geomagnetic Link Rapid Intensification hypothesis is in play with Dorian.
The current ENSO 3.4 index is well below +/- 0.5 C, which is the first requirement for the Ap-hurricane rapid strengthening linkage to hold up.
(that is, an ENSO 3.4 value > (+/-) 0.7 completely destroys the correlation).
The current Ap index is staying below 20, with all the station K indices staying at 0 or 1..
My hypothesis predicts that if the planetary K index ≧ 4, (which is Ap ≧20), then Dorian will simultaneously undergo a period of rapid intensification.
Rapid intensification (RI) is a NOAA/NHC defined term: A central pressure drop : a drop of 1.75 mbar/hour or 42 mbars in a day.
See here for a discussion of hurricane RI:
K and A index spikes are forecast to happen late on the 31 August, 1500- 2400 GMT.
Due to the very large Earth-facing Coronal Hole 935 particle stream arriving at 1 AU.
see here for SWPC geomagnetic forecast:
Here is the text format of the 3 day SWPC geomagnetic forecast:
So based on my hypothesis prediction, look for Dorian to undergo a RI episode on late 31 August into 1 September (that is, Saturday night to the early hours Sunday morning) in conjunction with the forecast geomagnetic disturbance.
Dorian will about 200 to 100 miles east of Great Abaco Island, Bahamas at that time with current forecast tracks. This will deliver a devastating strike to Little Abaco Island on mid-day Sunday.
Latest update shows the storm slowing and the time of landfall if it goes where it is currently anticipated, to be pushed back yet again.
It is now predicted to be at the coastline North of Fort Pierce at 2:00PM Monday.
This is awful news for people further north, although still only an iffy forecast four days out.
But having more time to prepare is rarely a bad thing.
We had a week ahead of Irma. In that week the projected path varied back and forth and caused a lot of people to lower their guard.
I am looking at the intersection of the 70°W Longitude, 25° North Latitude point as a reference. To the right of that and South Florida risk is greatly diminished.
To the left of it by a substantial margin, and it remains a huge wild card who is getting it.
I am starting to see spaghetti plots with the storm missing the peninsula and passing over the keys and hitting Texas.
But at the same time more of them have the storm curving out to sea.
I would not want the job of trying to guess where such a storm will go.
My approach would be to emphasize the risk and the uncertainty.
However, forecasters and emergency planners have noted that when uncertainty is stressed, people tend to take that to mean risk is diminished and tune out.
Peoples can be cray cray.
“…We had a week ahead of Irma. In that week the projected path varied back and forth and caused a lot of people to lower their guard…”
Who lowered their guard? People on both coasts of FL evacuated painstakingly to Georgia and Alabama. I doubt FL has ever evacuated on that scale.
You did not hear about the thousands of people who got stuck in traffic jams that went on all day, ran out of gas and could not get more, etc?
After having about the longest time to prepare that I can recall.
Several times the forecast track had the storm path switch from the East of the peninsula to West of it and to the center of the state, and back again.
Very little emphasis was given to how likely forecast tracks and cones of uncertainty are to change over time, and especially more than two to three days out.
I did not say everyone stopped paying attention, or that no one did anything.
I do not know how you missed the stories of the jammed interstates and side roads all the way to Georgia, and gas stations with either no gas or no one working or both.
Now let’s turn it around: When you say painstakingly evacuated, who do you mean?
Who evacuated and made it all the way out of the state?
Millions of people were caught in floods, endured weeks with no power, roads with no traffic lights, closed stores or open ones with empty shelves and critical supplies being delivered haphazardly, and the stores refused to tell anyone what was coming or where or when.
The National Guard was set up in my neighborhood distributing MREs and water for nearly a month. It was over a week before anyone was allowed back in some areas, so I know they did not leave and come back and sit in a flood with no food or power.
Me…I sat it out in my cozy safe house, slept through the worst of it, and went outside in the morning to see the yewall had passed over my house, a tornado had missed my house by about thirty feet but many were not so lucky, and spent days helping people clear downed trees so they could escape being trapped.
For one friend of a friend whose husband had jus dies, I spent hours just tryin to find a route to her street that was not flooded, and then several hours sawing and dragging trees from her road and then fixing a window that had blown in during the storm that she spent half the day and all evening leaning against to prevent her home from being wrecked and flooded.
?
So, to answer your question more succinctly: Lots of people. But not everyone. Apparently.
And there have been plenty of large evacuations over the years, several of which resulted in more deaths and misery than the storm.
People were raiding shelves and stocking up on gas several days before Irma here on the Gulf side…when the storm was supposed to hit the Miami-area.
There was an “Oh crap” moment when the projected path switched from the east coast to the Gulf side. You can’t evacuate the entire state in a matter of days. Lots of people evacuated from Miami/FtL to Tampa only to have to evacuate again.
I knew people who ended up driving from South Florida to hotels as far away as Huntsville, AL. The return drive to FL was a clusterf*ck as well for the people who evacuated.
Exactly how quickly and how far in advance do you expect people to leave, and how smoothly do you expect it to go with such a large population and relatively narrow evacuation path? It isn’t always an option for some people to leave in the first place.
I am not expecting anything.
And I know very well exactly what happened, right up until I lost power.
You have an amazing propensity to put words in peoples mouths while saying things that are not true.
I have not seen one single constructive comment from you, no explication, no weather details, no information, all criticism.
What exactly is your point?
That is it wrong to say that an uncertain situation is uncertain?
If you are so smart, who do you think should evacuate, and when, and who should stay put, and where will it go, and how strong will it be, and when will it get there?
Do you have anything informative or helpful to say?
The latest Ap/Kp forecast that now includes Sunday 1 September now forecasts the Ap spike even higher on Sunday with a Kp of 6.
NOAA Kp index forecast 30 Aug – 01 Sep
Aug 30 Aug 31 Sep 01
00-03UT 1 2 6
03-06UT 1 3 5
06-09UT 2 2 5
09-12UT 2 3 4
12-15UT 2 3 3
15-18UT 3 4 3
18-21UT 2 5 4
21-00UT 3 5 4
Ap will probably hit > 20 on Saturday, and up to 40 on Sunday.
This will be good test of my hypothesis – whether it is falsified or supported in prediction mode for a Dorian RI episode on Saturday into Sunday.
This is very interesting and I will be watching closely.
The thing is, the storm will at that time just gone past the unfavorable slice of wind shear, and will be over the very rich and deep and fast flowing stream of hot water called the Gulf Stream.
I am curious:
What is that index and what does it measure, and how is this thought to influence hurricane intensification?
Nicholas,
The K and A geomagnetic indices are measures of the variation in the horizontal component (in nanoTesla (nT)) of the Earth’s magnetic field measured at different stations over 3 hour intervals, 00-03 GMT, 03-06 GMT, 06-09 GMT, …, 21-24 GMT. The K index is quasi-logarthmic. The A index is linear scale that maps to K scale.
For details on how all this works, go to this link:
and scroll to bottom, and click on the “Details” tab.
The problem with my hypothesis is that (even it is correct) it is only still a correlative link. There is no physical mechanism that is clear to me. I don’t even know if it is actually changes in the Earth horizontal magnetic field that is affecting the hurricane’s and thus an RI. That ‘s becasue there’s a lot more going on “under the hood” of the geomagnetic sheath and the ionosphere surrounding the Earth during geomagnetic storms than merely a magnetic deflection measurable at the Earth’s surface.
Geomagnetic disturbances are a manifestation of two other very real space weather phenomenon enveloping the Earth.
– Solar wind speed changes (think of this as wind gusts during a steady wind that shifts up and down in speed over hours, and how wind gusts kick-up dust storms and move trees as an indication of that flow of air molecules, air flows which we can’t see unless there is smoke or other particles presents as an analogy of what is happening in Space.)
– Particle fluence. That is electrons and proton fluxes, measured as particles/(cm^2 s sr) changes. The solar wind is actually just solar protons and electrons that were ejected from the Sun’s corona, but there movement carries a magnetic field with them that interacts with the Earth’s magnetic field.
So K and A indices are actually an indication of 3 very different physical measures of solar wind activity hitting the Earth.
And the K and A indices only measure the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field changes at the surface, but a hurricane in a complex structure that extends into the lower stratosphere. Does it have connections to the ionosphere? I don’t know.
Further, for whatever reason, this correlative linkage only appears to operate on Atlantic Basin hurricanes from the limited Pacific data I’ve studied. Why not Pacific hurricanes and typhoons??? I don’t know. Maybe the data there isn’t as high a quality as the Atlantic hurricanes? Maybe the mechanism linkage is much weaker over the much more open Pacific??? I don’t know.
The bottom-line is the mechanism is completely unclear to me.
Hmm.
There is much we do not know, that much is clear.
At some level, some questions are like trying to determine mathematically where the puck will end up in Bob Barker’s Price is Right game with a series of pins on a vertical surface.
One thing I had noted for several years was many tropical systems have almost zero lightning, and I thought this was an interesting question as to why.
But then a few came through with plenty of lightning.
This time of year even a smallish pop up towering cumulus can have lightning before the first drops of rain hit the ground.
It was likely due to the clouds being mostly wv with little or no ice crystal cloud regions.
static charges between ice crystals is a good candidate for the buildup of charges in a T storm.
But what about reverse polarity lightning?
And lightning as seen from space where one strike triggers a series of strikes for thousands of miles along a front?
Gamma radiation & antimatter particles from t storms, , upwards directed phenomenon like Sprites and Jets…these are not simple static charges of a localized nature existing within the clouds.
And not only did no one predict any of this before they were observed, but the top people scoffed at the possibility after these things were reported…right up until they were filmed, or in the case of the gamma and antimatter (positrons), confirmed by NASA.
I have been skeptical of people who predict Midwest US droughts based on solar cycles, but mainly because the drought was contemporaneous with nearby areas of excessive rains.
IOW…alterations in typical weather patterns diverted moisture for an unusually long time.
Why the Midwest? Why the nearby floods if it was the Sun?
The whole planet faces the Sun.
But good science proceeds by people making informed speculations, and then remaining open minded while looking for evidence of predictions based upon the hypothesis.
I doubt I will be able to stay paying attention to blogs and news once the storm is upon us, and I know I will lose power, and even my generators all working perfectly will only mean I am comfortable and safe…it will not give me back internet once the trees start falling and power begins to go out.
Still hoping this one finds a way to fizzle or miss, but it is not looking so likely that will happen, and every hour with the storm following the predicted trajectory and intensity guidance, brings it closer to land and fewer places it can go with no devastating effects.
$hite is getting real in South Florida…but at least the timeline is being extended. Although that may give it more time to strengthen.
Yesterday afternoon the wind here in SW Florida shifted to from the NE, which means there is now a vast wind field which can contract and has a huge reservoir of angular momentum lined up for adding to the storm if it pulls it in.
Still poor outflow characteristics in some quadrants, but that is changing. CDO is now very symmetric on visible wavelength views. Outflow to the SW will ventilate the strom very well and set the stage for rapid intensification. This will happen today perhaps.
But there is still considerable divergence in models, although the outliers may be ones known to have poor skill for this sort of event.§or=car&band=GEOCOLOR&length=12
8:00 Am advisory…110 mhp max sustained wind, NW at 12.
Time of landfall 2 AM Tuesday. WPB or so. IOW…due east of my location!
Doh!
Then turning north once ashore and travelling up the center of the state towards Lakeland and Orlando & Kissimmee, heading for GA and Alabammy!
Good luck planning a safe evac for that contingency.
Over 24 hours from landfall, it will have moved less than 100 miles, still be a hurricane, and be over populous Central Florida.
With warm water off both coasts. Being over land with saturated Florida rainy season soil conditions, and a huge number of 90+ ° lakes, and the Gulf Stream and Gulf of Mexico both about 50 miles away…almost like still being over water.
This path looks like it could do that storm surge thing on Lake Okeechobee like the 1928 hurricane that drowned Belle Glade and such. (that one crossed Puerto Rico and came ashore near WPB)
Those levees will never hold if that happens.
The whole lake could drain if the levee is washed away!
Monster flood over the glades, and the Caloosahatchee.
In 1928, hundreds of square miles were submerged to 20′.
That would be not good.
Mods, Help!
My long comment (#comment-2782722) is trapped in moderation.
Too many URL links I suppose.
Your long append does not exactly bring comfort to Brevard County (Cape Canaveral). I’m looking at the Earth site and can’t but notice a strong ridge that might steer the storm Northward sooner and save us all from a lot of grief. Even though I lost over ten pounds of weight getting ready and putting up my hurricane panels with 105 deg heat indes and starting the generator for the first time since Irma I don’t feel that I need to be rewarded for my efforts by having the storm actually hit with the Easter eyewall running over my pool area.
I think one thing we know for sure at this point is, “all” are not going to be spared.
A lot of people are going to get walloped, even if the storm follows the majority of current projections and starts to turn.
But those projections have been showing a gradual northward trajectory, which is not in evidence with the actual storm.
At what point will it become a maker of it’s own steering?
It is now projected to take so long to go anywhere, that new factors could come into play and the models change again.
At this point I think anything is possible.
New topic…we see right now why this week is historically the peak of the season…as very quickly every area of cloudiness is showing signs of spinning up to a tropical system.
We may have four named storms on the map very soon.
Dorian still moving due west at 7. Not even wobbling from what I can see.
Reminds me of of the very old one-liner that goes,
“No matter what happens, it is the man’s fault”
” . . . it is the Mann’s fault”
There. 🙂
gas lines today in florida = INSANITY and the result of the LYING HYPE of the media, where is the storm right now and where is it moving? radar shows not organized and movement slightly to the NNE
Yesterday morning, tropical storm to hit the east coast (per my local (Tampa Bay) weather report). By noon it was up to a cat 1, by 6 p.m. it was now forecast to be cat 2, this morning – cat 3, this afternoon cat 4 but if it comes over my area 2 miles from the gulf it’ll be a cat 1 or less. And of course everyone that is easily panicked is out hitting the stores.
Any wonder why people put little credibility in their predictions of temperatures and sea levels 10 to 100 years from now?
Are you old enough or have you been in Florida long enough to remember Andrew in 1992? It was cruising along as a tropical storm then a weak hurricane then it weakened further until it hit the warm waters near the Bahamas. It strengthened very rapidly into a Cat 5 and hit Florida with those winds. Since then they have erred on the side of caution by forecasting the higher category that may be possible to make sure no one is caught off guard again.
Those that have been here a long time understand these forecasts and as long as we are prepared for the worse we take it all with just part of living in Florida.
Hurricane Andrew’s Rapid Intensification (RI) occurred 8/22 to 8/23 in 1992.
At 22/1800 GMT Andrew’s central pressure was 969 mb; 24 hours later 23/1800 GMT it was 922 mb (-47 mb in 24 hrs), and had sustained winds est at 175 mph, a very strong Cat 5.
Now look at this graphic of “Historical solar and geomagnetic data charts – 1992”
The blue lines are the Ap index. Go to August’s panel.
The 4th panel down shows the August time frame of interest.
Ap spiked to 73 on Aug 22-23, exactly when Andrew experienced its only RI episode,
(The ENSO 3.4 index value was around +0.1 at that time.)
Just sayin’….
i was in juco freshman year in panama city when Camille came ashore, familiar with hurricanes.
Bill,
You are looking at the wrong storm. There is a disturbance off the east coast left over from an old tropical low that never developed. That is what you are describing.
i am looking at the storm that missed PR yesterday and is now NW of there, but i was using radar and it isnt any good where the storm is now, the satellite image is far better and i am now using it
Have a gander at this. Microwave imagery.
Morphed and intergrated.
And sites like this one are primary data sources, unfiltered:
hurricanes.ral.ucar.edu/realtime/plots/northatlantic/2019/al052019/
TY for that link it indeed shows portions north movement, and the storm is now far more north of PR than west of it……
Go to where it starts: It covers Fl radar and satellite and in this case you can notice a purple line on the right is where the projected path is now. Along with the source of the spagetti model readouts, etc. Invaluable if you live in the area.
I looked at Earth and a bunch of other website, and was rewarded with no consequence superior fo finding out this morning that the computed track had moved a whole bunch East. I can now visit the chilled beverage container that I had rewarded myself with yesterday. It is wonderful in Central FL this time of year, and this event is a major event to upsetting Margaritaville.
Wait until after midnight or early in the morning.
Ahead of Irma stores and gas stations and Home Depots were sold out, but these places are even now getting deliveries and diverting trucks for more frequent deliveries.
I have concluded that most people much drive around with mostly empty tanks, and if everyone tries to fill up, gas stations run out of gas rapidly.
Plus people have no patience anymore.
Same thing with bread and water and lumber: If a lot of people decide they need some all at the same time, shelves will quickly be emptied.
Storm is not even projected to be at the East Coast until Monday afternoon now, if it in facts stays in the center of the cone.
Another thing…most people are not early birds, and most deliveries come at night.
I guarantee tomorrow morning you can buy whatever you want to little or no line.
Ignorance abounds..I’ve heard several people say these hurricanes are more frequent and stronger due to the warmer waters that are a result of climate change..when I ask for sources/evidence they say it’s scientifically proven…my daughter came home from school the other day and told me they were talking about social issues..one of the other kids in her class asked if hurricanes were a social issue because of climate change..fortunately, the teacher said no. God save us..
Trained researchers who have spent a lifetime doing nothing else cannot say when and where or how many hurricanes will form or hit.
People who babysit* small children as the Wise Ones of the atmosphere?
LMAO!
*To all of the thin skinned primary school teachers who are angered by this remark: Boo hoo. Stop pretending you know enough to have the atmosphere all figured out.
If Dorian follows the current track, there’s a good chance it will run right over me next week.
That means I have a lot of hurricane prep to do – the ice cream in my freezer needs to be “removed.”
I hope Hurricane Dorian has note from his mum . . . . . because he is late.
I am in Florida didn’t see anything that mildly looks like a gas line, although I did fill up because my tank was 1/8 full.
Hurricane Andrew is more aptly described as having been a large F4 Tornado
“Why would major hurricane activity vary so much? No one knows.”
Hurricanes are simply Air pressure relief valves. Sadly not adjustable.
Look at these Modulz!
all of them are wrong.
when it is all over some may get the track closer than others. Some may get the track right, but the rainfall
wrong. Some may get the track wrong and the windspeed correct.
How can people run to the store and empty out shelves based on these models that are all wrong
and wrong in different ways!
These models are all falsified! how can people still use them ?
Note, dont tell me I have to build a better a better model. Its enough for me to note 1 mistake and
the model is toast and should not be used.
Its enough for me to note 1 mistake and
the model is toast and should not be used.
Really??? Oi vey dood did you need a match for this Strawman or did you want that I use mine own?
you’re slippin’ faster now
and in addition to that which I’ve previously added:
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I vote we go back to looking at a map and taking a WAG.
Or, alternatively, people who are not prepared for risk do not live where there is any…wherever that is.
Let me know when you isolate the risk free locations.
Steven…I did not know it was you all along!
Please try to get them models right for once, eh?
The fact is, it has not happened yet, and no one knows to what degree it is possible to always know what will happen days in advance.
Program models with what happened for the last five years under a given set of conditions, and they will be wrong if the factor they underweighted or ignored is now the one which has a strong effect.
Official forecast now calls for 140 mph winds as dorian moves over the Gulf Stream, most likely point of landfall south of Lake Okechobee nearer to WPB, and a trun north through the peninsula after coming ashore.
Worst case?
It can always be worse.
Bad?
If it goes where they now say the highest chance is (no one knows…these are probabilities, not Oracle chiseled in stone knowledge) it will for many be bad enough.
Perhaps the worst storm in our lifetime.
Did someone think all the really bad storms could only be in the past?
No one knows how bad it will be, but there are some bad scenarios coming into play as possibilities.
Friday morning 8:00 am EST. Dorian peak sustained wind speeds currently @ 10m are 57 mph. (NOAA)
That is barely a tropical storm. The press is reporting Cat 2 with sustained winds at 124 mph.
Those wind speeds are not being seen at any altitude currently (peak gusts are only at 87mph). What’s going on?
Where are you getting that info?
Keep in mid that even for powerful hurricanes, the strongest winds are in a small core around the eye, and sometimes only in one part of the eye wall.
If there are no buoys near there, how can a measurement be made.
I have no doubt that exaggerations are now routine, but that does not mean that strong hurricanes do not happen, or that an area of powerful winds does not exist.
One reason it is dangerous for the people disseminating data to exaggerate storm intensity, is that when a bad one does hit, people will think they can ride it out. If Michael was a cat 5, well, we see that some houses right on the beach were undamaged.
The whole situation is very aggravating.
It means we do not know what is coming and cannot trust the people doing the reporting.
Adding BS to the uncertainty.
Anywho…central pressure as of 8AM is 972 millibars. This corresponds to Saffir-Simpson Cat 2 96-110 mph, 965-978 mb.
So the official report of 110 mph sustained could be correct and inferred from the barometric pressure.
If it is not measured it is bull crap. Show me a wind speed reading taken near ground level or STFU.
If they are flying into the storm, then they have dropsondes in the eyewall which measure winds all the way to the surface. Since they have a limited number of dropsondes to use, they have to sort of guess where the highest winds might be, based upon where the strongest convection is and SFMR (microwave radiometer) measurements of where there is the most surface foam being generated.
Right back at ya, pal.
So nice to hear from a psychopathic troll.
I am guessing you are not employed in the field of public safety.
We rely on the computer too much, because it is easy, even though it is usually always wrong. The width of the forecast cone shows you the limitations. You can’t model something if you don’t understand the system. Dropsondes are the way, not computer generated crap from high level winds. The hype in this forcast has almost the entire state freaking out.
“The CIMSS Satellite Consensus (SATCON) product blends tropical cyclone intensity estimates derived from multiple objective algorithms to produce an ensemble estimate of intensity for current tropical cyclones worldwide. The algorithm uses individual ADT, CIMSS AMSU, CIMSS SSMIS, CIMSS and CIRA ATMS intensity estimates utilizing a statistically-derived weighting scheme which maximizes/minimizes the strength/weaknesses of each technique to produce a consensus estimate of the current tropical cyclone intensity. The goal of this work is to produce an estimate of intensity that is superior to the individual components. Statistical verification of the method has shown it to be comparable in skill to the Dvorak Technique used by tropical cyclone warnings agencies. In some situations the algorithm can outfperform the Dvorak Technique.
A statistical analysis of each of the.
The microwave sounder algorithms are sensitive to TC core size as compared to the instrument resolution. Eye size information is provided by the CIMSS ARCHER algorithm, the ADT or the warning agency working Best Track in that order of availability. If the TC eye size is small than the sounder FOV resolution a correction is applied. In addition because of the relatively coarse instrument resolution it is possible that the true TC center may not be co-located with the instrument Field of View (FOV) used for the estimate. This source of under-sampling is addressed in AMSU using information from the AMSU-B moisture sounder. Microwave sounder performance is best when the TC eye is sufficiently large compared to the FOV resolution therefore the sounders are weighted according to whether or not the TC inner core is resolved. In the case of the CIRA ATMS algorithm only estimates where the TC eye size is larger than 40 km are used.
Because the ADT estimates are available for every infrared satellite image it is desireable to have matching microwave sounder estimates. To accomplish this the polar orbiting satellite estimates which are available only at irregular times are interpolated to hourly estimates. These interpolated estimates are then combined with the ADT estimates using the weighting approach. CIMSS ATMS estimates are treated as an SSMIS member because the two instruments have similar resolution/performance and this improves the fidelity of the interpolated values. SSMIS and ATMS sounder estimate weights are adjusted based on the age of the estimate using an exponential decay rate. Thus estimates older than 3 hours have decreasing weight which approaches zero once the estimate is older than 6 hours. This is done because there are currently only two sounders available at this resolution.
In order to account for storm structure differences that relate to TC intensity a Pressure-Wind (P-W) relationship-based SATCON estimate is produced. The P-W SATCON Vmax estimate uses the pressure anomaly derived from the SATCON estimate of MSLP and an estimate of the environmental pressure obtained from the warning agency (NHC or JTWC). This estimate is then corrected to account for bias as a function of latitude, storm size (distance to outer closed isobar also obtained from the warning agency), TC eye size (from ARCHER or ADT only), and intensity. The intensity bias correciton primarily adjusts the SATCON Vmax for a known slight too weak bias for the strongest storms. The final SATCON Vmax estimate is 75% of the SATCON Vmax members estimate and 25% of the SATCON P-W estimate.
The goal of SATCON is to produce an estimate of TC intensity that is superior to both the individual members and a simple average of the members. The tables below show the statistical performance of the algorithms for the 2006-2015 period. Validation consists of warning agency best track estimates of Vmax and MSLP during periods when aircraft ground truth was available within three hours of the intensisty estimate.”
In the last 3 years NOAA always shows all hurricanes 2 cats higher than they really are. For example Dorian is at 90mph right now – category 1. And no land-point in Florida will probably experience even 60mph…
185mph?? Where? When? Pressure 910? I’ve only seen 955.
I’ve updated my blog post to include Hurricane Michael (2018), which was previously excluded. My apologies. The conclusions don’t change.
I stay in Clermont, Florida. Ckermont is west of Orlando. I work at a Publix Supermarket in the area. Yesterday we ran out of a truck load of water. Publix had a purchase restriction, 4 gallons or two 24 bottle cases. Once again, we ran out of water YESTERDAY! Talk about people panicking! Today, (day off work) I was doing errands in 2 counties using buses. Late afternoon/early evening, the majority of gas stations we passed were closed. OUT OF GAS! Talk about people panicking!
Correction: gas stations weren’t closed. The gas pumps were closed. Plastic bags over the handles. Clermont, not Ckermont. (second usage in my post).
…not to mention that Publix is HQ’d in nearby Lakeland, right? It isn’t like Clermont is out on the fringe.
I don’t think technically this storm will hit the USA …. ie, at least the center/eye of the storm
Maybe Cape Hatteras …
JPP
Are you willing to bet your life, or the lives of many thousands, possibly millions, or people on that thought?
Do we suddenly have a consensus of modelling stalwarts here on WUWT?
If those spaghetti plots were not showing that storm curving, when would you think just looking at the strength of it and the path?
Dorian is already ignoring the models and the forecast path.
18-23 foot surge in Bahamas. Huge waves on top of that.
It was moving west at 280° most of last night, now west at 275°. Opposite of what it is supposed to be doing.
Staying in front of that storm is like playing a game of chicken but the other driver is a computer.
Cone of uncertainty does not include the path actually taken 1/3 of the time.
Right now edge of that cone is Boca Raton and Coral Springs, curving north to the shore of Lake O.
But that includes a path that is right now moving north by northwest.
4 PM special advisory…almost exactly due west at 7 mph.
“…Are you willing to bet your life, or the lives of many thousands, possibly millions, or people on that thought?…”
Overly dramatic much? He said he didn’t “think” the eye would make landfall in FL. There are watches, warnings, and mandatory evacuations. JPP isn’t cancelling those or telling people to stay at home and relax because there’s no way in hell that there will be a landfall in FL (not to mention that some evacuations are necessary even if it doesn’t make landfall…it will likely be close enough and strong enough to cause significant damage to the east coast with wind, rain, and storm surge).
“…Do we suddenly have a consensus of modelling stalwarts here on WUWT?
If those spaghetti plots were not showing that storm curving, when would you think just looking at the strength of it and the path?…”
The NHC doesn’t just rely on models. I’ll listen to their expertise over, “OMG what if it just kept going straight west and never turned!!!!”
“…Cone of uncertainty does not include the path actually taken 1/3 of the time…”
That’s across the entire 5 days, and it is usually fast-moving storms which leave the cone. Dorian is currently a slug. Dorian hasn’t hit the meteorological features that will send it north. Stop wetting your pants.
After all the HYPE… ! |
Chapter 20 - Exempt benefits
20.1 What is an exempt benefit?
A number of benefits are exempt from , a residual benefit will arise (refer to section 18.6 ). kg, kg, a basic kerb weight of 1,400 kg, and a designed seating capacity of five would be considered a vehicle designed principally for carrying passengers. This is because the majority of the total load capacity (340 kg (5 × 68 kg) of a total of 550 kg) would be absorbed by its designed passenger carrying capacity. Chapter 19 ).' (FIFO) FIFO transport between their usual place of residence and their place of employment
- the FIFO transport provided is a residual benefit
having regard to the location of the two places, it would be unreasonable to expect the employee to travel to and from work on a daily basis.
Transport provided is a residual benefit
The transport provided must be a residual benefit for this exemption to apply.
If the transport provided is a property or expense payment fringe benefit, the otherwise deductible rule may apply to reduce the taxable value of the benefit (see sections 17.5 or 18.7 respectively).
Example - transport provided is a residual benefit
An employee works on a FIFO basis and salary packages the cost of their airfares to travel between their home and remote worksite. The employee arranges flights through a travel supplier who invoices the employer for the flight and issues a ticket to the employee. The travel supplier then charges the cost of the flight to the salary packaging provider. The invoice is paid from the salary packaged funds provided by the employer.
The employer has provided a residual benefit in this case and the provision of the FIFO transport to the employee is an exempt benefit (provided the other conditions are met).
Example - transport provided is an expense payment benefit
An employee works on a FIFO basis and salary packages the cost of their airfares between their home and remote worksite.
The employee books the flights in their own name and submits the invoices to a salary packaging provider. The provider credits the cost of the flights to the employee's bank account on behalf of the employer. Alternatively, the employee books the flights in their own name and submits the invoices to their employer for reimbursement.
The FIFO transport provided in this example is not a residual benefit and so the exemption does not apply. The employee incurs the expense - the employee is invoiced for the flights and liable for payment. If the invoice is not paid, the airline would pursue the employee. The employer has reimbursed the employee for the cost of the flights or has paid for an expense incurred by the employee. The employer has provided an expense payment benefit. The taxable value may be reduced under the 'otherwise deductible rule' if the employee is travelling in the course of their employment.
Accommodation considered to be in a remote area in Australia
Accommodation is considered to be in a remote area if the accommodation:
- is not in or near an urban centre. This means the accommodation must be located at least 40 km from a town with a census population between 14,000 and 130,000, and at least 100 km from a town with a census population of 130,000 or more (population figures based on the 1981 census)
- is in zone A or B (for income tax purposes), it must be located at least 40 km from a town with a census population between 28,000 and 130,000, and at least 100 km from a town with a census population of 130,000 or more.
Where the shortest practical surface route between a locality and an eligible urban area includes a route by water, the distance travelled by water is doubled for the purposes of working out how remote that locality is from the eligible urban area.
Accommodation considered to be in a remote area overseas
If the accommodation is inaccessible or sparsely populated and is not located close to a built up area such as a town or city it is considered to be in a remote area. ACNC and endorsed by us
- a public educational institution
- a government body where the employee is exclusively employed in, or in connection with, a public educational institution.
Small business car parking
If you are a small business, car parking benefits you provide are exempt if all the following conditions are satisfied:
- the parking is not provided in a commercial car park
- you are not a government body, a listed public company, or a subsidiary of a listed public company
- you were either a small business for the last income year before the relevant FBT year (note the turnover threshold increases to less than $50 million from 1 April 2021), and ride-sourcing vehicles.
From 1 April 2019, the exemption applies to travel by way of a motor vehicle (other than a limousine) involving the transport of passengers for a fare. That is, the exemption can apply to travel in ride-sourcing vehicles where the above requirements are met.
For prior FBT years, the exemption was limited to travel in a vehicle licensed by the relevant State or Territory to operate as a taxi. It did not extend to ride-sourcing vehicles that were not licensed to operate as a taxi.
20.3 Residual exemptions.
Use of property - residual benefits, vending machines and water dispensers located on the business premises is also exempt from FBT.
Child care facility, priority of access - residual benefits
Payments you make to obtain priority access to certain child care facilities for children of employees may be exempt benefits.
The payments must be made under a program administered by the relevant government department to a child care service that is one of the following:
- an eligible child care centre for the purposes of any provision of the Child Care Act 1972
- family day care
- care outside school hours
- care in school vacations.
Residual benefits - no private use declaration
A residual benefit that is covered by a No private use declaration - residual benefits is an exempt benefit.
A condition of the exemption is that the residual benefit arises from the use of property that is subject to a consistently enforced prohibition on private use and that, as such, under the 'otherwise deductible' rule, would have a taxable value of nil.
In such instances, you will then be able to make an annual declaration. The declaration must cover all residual benefits provided to employees where you are able to state that the benefits were provided only for employment-related purposes and there was no private portion.
The declaration must be in a form approved by the Commissioner and be made by the date your FBT return is due to be lodged (refer to About declarations ).
20.4 Relocation exemptions below are met.
Living-away-from-home accommodation - requirements
To apply the living-away-from-home accommodation - expense payments and/or residual benefits - exemptions, the following requirements must be met:
Living-away-from-home accommodation exemption requirements
The declarations provided to you must be in a form approved by the Commissioner (refer to About declarations ).
Living-away-from-home accommodation - residual benefits
Where an employee whose duties of employment require them to live away from their normal residence and they are provided with the use of a unit of accommodation, this use is an exempt benefit if the living-away-from-home accommodation requirements above are met.
Relocation - engagement of relocation consultant
If a relocation consultant is used to help relocate an employee, or their family members, you may be eligible to access.
Relocation - removals and storage of household effects
Where you meet the costs of removal and storage of household effects of employees (both new and existing) who are required to live away from home because their job location changes, the benefit is exempt.
The exemption includes the costs of removal, storage, packing, unpacking and insurance of household effects (including pets) kept primarily for the personal use of the employee or family.
Similarly, the exemption also applies where the employee's usual place of residence changes to another location if the removal takes place, or the storage commences, not more than 12 months after the employee begins employment-related duties at the new location.
Relocation - sale or acquisition of dwelling
It is not unusual for employers to bear the cost of various relocation expenses, be it for new employees or for existing employees who are required to change their job location..
Expenses related to insurance or rates are not incidental to the sale and/or purchase of a dwelling associated with the connection or reconnection of gas, electricity and telephone services to the new dwelling are also exempt.
Several other. 2017.
She purchases a new house in Ballarat on 12 February 2017. On 16 February 2017, her employer pays the conveyancing costs associated with the purchase of the new house.
Frances fails to sell her home in Geelong by 2 January 2019. The conveyancing costs paid by her employer are exempt at the time they are provided - however, because Frances did not sell her dwelling within two years after the day of commencing her new employment position, the benefit provided on the 16 February 2017 will now become FBT liable in the 2018-19 FBT year.
Relocation - connection or reconnection of certain utilities
Where an employee is required to live away from home in order to perform employment duties, the costs of connecting or reconnecting gas, electricity and telephone services to the new place of residence may be exempt benefits. Similarly, where there is a change in the employee's usual place of residence, these costs may be exempt benefits.
Several
- where the employee has permanently relocated, the benefits will be exempt only if the connection or reconnection of services is made within 12 months of the employee starting work at the new location.
Living-away-from-home - leasing of household goods.
Relocation - transport
Where an employee is required to live away from home, or is required to relocate their usual place of residence, in order to perform employment-related duties, the costs of providing relocation transport (and any meals and accommodation en route) to the employee (and family members) are exempt benefits. The exemption also applies where the employee is returning to their usual place of residence after working at another location.
The exemption doesn't apply to a reimbursement of the employee's car expenses where the reimbursement is calculated by reference to the distance travelled by the car - however, a reduction of the taxable value may be available (refer to section 19.4 ).
20.5 Religious and not-for-profit organisation exemptions
Registered religious institutions
Benefits provided by registered religious institutions to a religious practitioner are exempt benefits if the benefits are provided principally because of the practitioner's pastoral duties or any other duties relating to the practice, study, teaching or propagation of religious beliefs..
See also:
Registered public benevolent institutions, registered health promotion charities, some hospitals and public ambulance services
Registered public benevolent institutions and registered health promotion charities not-for (except if you are also a public or not-for-profit hospital) are exempt from FBT where the total grossed-up taxable value of certain fringe benefits for each employee during the FBT year is $30,000 or less. If you are a PBI and a public or not-for-profit hospital, the hospital threshold applies (see below).
If your employees receive benefits above this threshold you are liable for FBT on the excess (or the aggregate non-exempt amount).
For more on registered and endorsed PBIs and registered and endorsed HPCs, refer to Chapter 6 .
Benefits exempted by this provision may be subject to fringe benefits reporting requirements as explained in Chapter 5 .
Public and not-for-profit hospitals and public ambulance services
Public and not-for-profit hospitals and public ambulance services are exempt from FBT if the grossed-up taxable value of certain fringe benefits provided to each employee is less than the relevant cap ($17,000 per employee).
If your employees receive benefits above this threshold, you are liable for FBT on the excess (or the aggregate non-exempt amount).
See also:
- Chapter 6 - Not-for-profit organisations and fringe benefits tax - for more on public and not-for-profit hospitals and public ambulance services
- section 6.3 - FBT exemption - subject to capping
Benefits exempted by this provision may be subject to fringe benefits reporting requirements as explained in Chapter 5 .
Live-in residential care workers
Accommodation, residential fuel, meals or other food and drink provided to employees (and their spouse or children) of government bodies, registered religious institutions and not-for Chapter 5 .
Live-in domestic employees - registered religious institutions
Accommodation, household fuel, meals and other food and drink provided to an employee may be exempt benefits - however, the employer must be either a registered religious institution or a religious practitioner..
The employee's duties must be principally the provision of domestic and/or personal services to one or more religious practitioners (and relatives, if any). The performance of those duties must necessitate the employee living in with the practitioner or living in accommodation within the same grounds.
Domestic services may include child care, gardening, repairs or maintenance to the home, house cleaning, nursing care and the preparation of meals. Personal services may include those of a personal secretary or chauffeur.
Non-live-in domestic employees
Food and drink you provide to domestic employees who don't 'live-in' may be exempt benefits - however, the exemption is limited to food and drink consumed by the employee at the place of employment, at or about the time the employee performs the employment-related duties. The employer must be a registered religious institution or a natural person (other than a trustee).
A domestic employee's duties may include child care, gardening, home renovations, repairs or maintenance to the home, house cleaning, nursing care and the preparation of meals.
An example of this exemption is a situation where a babysitter cares for children in their own home and shares lunch with them.
20.6 Property exemptions
Property.
20.7 Remote area exemptions
Remote area housing
A remote area housing benefit is an exempt benefit. Remote area housing benefits are explained in section 10.8 .
Certain meals provided to primary production employees.
20.8 Other exemptions
Loans
An exempt benefit arises from a loan in any of the following circumstances:
- You are engaged in the business of money lending and the interest rate on a loan to an employee is fixed at a rate at least equal to the interest applicable under a comparable loan made to a member of the public in the ordinary course of business at about the time the loan was made to the employee.
- You are engaged in a business of money lending and, for each year of tax over which the loan extends, the rate of interest is variable, but never less than the arm's length rate you charged on loans made about the time the loan was made to the employee.
- You advance money to an employee solely for the purpose of meeting expenses to be incurred within a six-month period of the advance being made. The expense must be incurred in carrying out employment-related duties with you (the employer who made the advance), and the expenses must be accounted for by the employee and any excess advance refunded or otherwise offset.
- You make an advance, repayable within 12 months, to an employee solely to pay a security deposit (for example, rental bond or service connection deposit) in respect of accommodation. The accommodation must give rise to an exempt benefit in accordance with the conditions relating to living-away-from-home accommodation outlined in section 20.4 , or the accommodation must be temporary accommodation eligible for a reduced taxable value, in accordance with the relocation concessions explained in section 19.4 .
Expense payments - no private use declaration About declarations ).
Food or drink
Where employees receive meals that are board fringe benefits, any additional food and drink supplied to them, such as morning and afternoon tea, is exempt. However, it is a condition of the exemption that the food and drink must be provided on your premises or worksite - food and drink supplied at a party, reception or other social function is not exempt.
International organisations, and diplomatic and consular immunities
Benefits provided by the following employers are exempt benefits:
- certain international organisations that are exempt from income tax and other taxes by virtue of the International Organisations (Privileges and Immunities) Act 1963
- organisations established under international agreements to which Australia is a party and which oblige Australia to grant the organisation a general tax exemption.
A benefit that would be exempt from tax in Australia by the operation of the Consular Privileges and Immunities Act 1972 or the Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities Act 1967 is an exempt benefit.
Newspapers and periodicals
The costs of providing newspapers and periodicals to employees for business purposes are exempt benefits. The exemption doesn't apply where the business use is merely incidental.
Compensable work-related trauma
Benefits provided for work-related injury are exempt benefits.
To qualify for exemption, such benefits (for example, the payment of hospital or medical costs or associated ambulance, travel and accommodation costs) must be provided for 'compensable work-related trauma' suffered by an employee.
Compensable work-related trauma is an injury or disease related to employment, for which the employee is entitled to receive compensation under a workers' compensation law. If the employee's employment is not covered by a workers' compensation law, an ailment will qualify if it would have been compensable if such a law had applied - for example, where public sector employers don't pay workers' compensation insurance but directly compensate the employee.
Benefits constituted by the insurance cover provided under a workers' compensation insurance policy are also exempt benefits.
In-house health care.
Occupational health and migrant language training
Several categories of work-related health and counselling benefits are exempt benefits:
- Work-related medical examinations - These are examinations or tests carried out by a medical practitioner, nurse, dentist, optometrist or audiometrist where the employee is required to undergo the examination or test in order to commence new employment, to transfer to a different job with the same employer, or to gain entry to a superannuation fund.
- Work-related medical screening - This is an examination or test carried out by a medical practitioner, nurse, dentist, optometrist or audiometrist to determine whether the employee is suffering from, or is at risk of suffering from, an injury or illness related to the employee's employment. It is a condition of exemption that the examination or test is carried out as part of a screening program that applies generally to employees with similar work-related risks.
- Work-related preventative health care - This is any form of care provided by a medical practitioner, nurse, dentist or optometrist for the purpose of preventing the employee from suffering from an injury or illness relating to the employee's employment. It is a condition of exemption that the care is generally provided to employees with similar work-related risks. The provision of drugs, vaccines or other medical preparations in connection with the preventative health care is also exempt.
- Work-related counselling - This is individual or group counselling (for example, a seminar) related to matters such as safe work practices, health, fitness, stress management, drug or alcohol abuse, rehabilitation or retirement problems. You must provide the benefit in order to improve or maintain the efficiency of employees or prepare them for retirement and not as a form of remuneration. If counselling is given to an associate of an employee (for example, the employee's spouse), the employee must accompany the associate.
- Migrant language training - This is an English language course attended by a non-English speaking person who is, or intends to be, an immigrant to Australia. The exemption extends to associates of the employee.
The exemption also applies to benefits that meet the cost of travelling to attend these forms of examinations, screening, preventative health care, counselling or training which, but for the exemption, would be fringe benefits of the following types:
- a car fringe benefit, where the car is the means of travelling to attend the examination, screening, preventative health care, counselling or training
- an expense payment fringe benefit, where the expenditure is for transport, meals or accommodation for the person travelling (you must have documentary evidence of the expenditure)
- a property fringe benefit, consisting of meals for the person travelling
- a residual fringe benefit, consisting of transport or accommodation for the person travelling.
Where a cents per kilometre reimbursement is made of car expenses incurred in travelling to attend a work-related medical examination, screening, preventative health care, counselling session or migrant language training, this exemption doesn't apply - however, a reduction in taxable value may be available as explained in section 19.3 .
Emergency assistance.
For the purposes of this exemption, an emergency is a natural disaster, an armed conflict, a civil disturbance, an accident, a serious illness, or any similar matter.
If the emergency assistance is health care, the exemption applies only if the treatment is provided by an employee of yours (or a related company), or on your premises (or those of a related company) or at or near an employee's worksite - that is, the exemption would not apply if you pay for an accident victim's medical or hospital bills, but would apply to emergency treatment by a company doctor at the accident site.
Long-term benefits, such as providing a new house or car to replace one destroyed as a result of an emergency, are not exempt as emergency assistance.
Minor benefits 'notional taxable value' of less than $300. The notional taxable value of a minor benefit is, broadly, the amount that would be the taxable value if the benefit was a fringe benefit..
When determining if the notional taxable value of the benefit is less than $300, benefits provided to associates are not included.
If the notional taxable value of a benefit is less than $300, you then need to determine if it would be unreasonable to treat the benefit as a fringe benefit..
Criteria for determining whether it would be unreasonable to treat the minor benefit as a fringe benefit
The following five criteria need to be considered when deciding if it would be unreasonable to treat the minor benefit as a fringe benefit:.
However, where you elect to use the 12 week register method for valuing meal entertainment, the minor benefits exemption can apply when calculating your registered percentage over the 12-week period., which is not provided as part of a salary packaging arrangement, where each benefit has a value of $7
- a short-term advance to help an employee pay unexpected debts
- the recovery of overpaid salary by instalment arrangements
- permitting staff to have waste or leftover materials of a business, such as packing cases or fabric remnants.
See also:
Long service awards.
Where the period of service being recognised by the award is 15 years, the specified maximum value is $1,000. If the first long service award received by an employee recognises a period of service greater than 15 years, the maximum value increases.
Safety awards
An award genuinely related to occupational health or occupational safety achievements that is granted to an employee is exempt from tax if its value doesn't exceed $200. Where you grant more than one award to an employee during an FBT year, each award is exempt, provided the aggregate value of the awards doesn't exceed $200 - for this purpose, the value of the award is the amount that would be the taxable value if the award was a fringe benefit.
Where the $200 limit is exceeded, no part of the award (or awards) is exempt.
You don't need to keep specific records of awards to individual employees if you can conclude on a reasonable basis that the value of any awards granted to an employee will not exceed the $200 limit.
Australian Traineeship System
Food, drink and accommodation provided to people training under the Australian Traineeship System may be exempt benefits. To be exempt, the benefits must be provided in accordance with an award or an industry custom, and must not be provided at a party, reception or other social function.
Live-in help - elderly or disadvantaged persons.
Provision of certain work-related items
An FBT exemption applies for the following work-related items:
- a portable electronic device
- an item of computer software
- an item of protective clothing
- a briefcase
- a tool of trade.
Even if you provide your employee with these work-related items, you still need to consider the limitations on the exemption.
Portable electronic device
A.
Limitations on exemption
The exemption is limited to:
- items primarily for use in your employee's employment - that is, for work-related use
- one item per FBT year for items that have a substantially identical function, unless the item is a replacement item.
From 1 April 2016, small businesses with an aggregated turnover of less than the relevant small business turnover threshold can provide employees with more than one qualifying work-related portable electronic device, even where the items have substantially similar functions. From 1 April 2021, the small business turnover threshold for FBT concessions will increase to less than $50 million.
The income tax year and the FBT year do not align; accordingly for the purpose of determining whether an entity is a small business for a relevant FBT year, the aggregated turnover must be below the relevant threshold for the year of income:
- starting most recently after the start of the FBT year, or
- ending most recently after the start of the FBT year.
There are no restrictions where you only provide an employee with the use of an item (that is, it is a residual benefit and not an expense payment or property benefit).
See also:
Primarily for use in the employee's employment
An item is primarily for use in the employee's employment if it is provided principally to enable your employee to do their job.
When determining whether or not an item is primarily for use in the employee's employment, the decision is based on the employee's intended use at the time the benefit is provided to them. You don't have to look at the employee's actual usage over the FBT year to determine whether the item is used primarily in the employee's employment.
However, you must use a reasonable basis to determine whether an item is primarily for use in your employee's employment - for example, the employee's job description, duty statement or employment contract.
Alternatively, if you are aware that there may be private use of an item, you could document factors such as those listed below to determine whether the item is primarily for use in the employee's employment:
- the reason or reasons the item was provided to your employee
- the type of work your employee will be performing
- how the use of the item relates to your employee's employment duties
- your policy and any conditions relating to the use of the item.
Substantially identical functions
An eligible work-related item will not be exempt from FBT if earlier in the same FBT year you have provided your employee, by way of an expense payment or property benefit, with an item that has substantially identical functions. This does not apply if the employer is a small business.
It is the features or design specifications that are examined when determining whether items have substantially identical functions, not the intended use of the items.
Items will have substantially identical functions where the functions of two items are the same in most respects. However, items may be different in a number of ways which do not impact on an item's function. For example, colour, shape, brand and design would not generally be relevant considerations when determining whether two items have substantially identical functions.
Where a tablet computer can perform the functions of a laptop computer, even in a reduced capacity, it would be considered to have substantially identical functions to the laptop computer. However, where a tablet computer is designed primarily as a means of digital media consumption, rather than creation, it would not have substantially identical functions to a laptop.
Example - items do not have substantially identical functions
An employer gives their employee a laptop during the FBT year so that they can work from home and access their email, prepare work-related material such as word processing documents and complex spreadsheets and access the internet.
In the same FBT year, the employer gives that employee a tablet as it is more portable than the laptop and is useful for the employee when they are travelling. The tablet is designed to access email and browse the internet. It is not designed to create word processing documents or complex spreadsheets. The tablet does not have substantially identical functions to the laptop computer and would not be considered to be able to replace the laptop. The tablet would also be exempt from FBT, provided it was used primarily for work-related purposes.
Replacement items
An item is a replacement item if the previous item is lost or destroyed, or needed replacing because of developments in technology.
Example
A financial planning company provides its employees with a laptop computer, which are portable electronic devices. The laptops are primarily for use at client visits to provide advice and also between client visits to produce and update reports.
One of the laptop computers is damaged beyond repair during a client visit. The employee is provided with a new laptop computer. The new laptop computer is a replacement item and the employer is exempted from paying FBT on the provision of the second laptop.
Membership fees and subscriptions
Expense payment or property benefits arising in respect of the following are exempt benefits:
- a subscription to a trade or professional journal
- an entitlement to use a corporate credit card
- an entitlement to use an airport lounge membership.
Approved student exchange programs
A benefit consisting of an employee (or an associate of an employee) being placed in an approved student exchange program is an exempt benefit where you (or an associate) have not selected or taken part in selecting the participant.
For a program to be approved, it must be run by a body registered with the relevant state or territory body in accordance with the National Guidelines for Student Exchange . These guidelines are published by the National Coordinating Committee for International Secondary Student Exchange.
No fringe benefit where benefit results in a dividend under Division 7A
Where a loan benefit or a debt waiver benefit is provided by a private company to an employee (or associate ) who is also a shareholder (or associate), a fringe benefit will not arise if the loan or debt waiver results in the company being taken to have paid a dividend under Division 7A of the ITAA 1936 to the shareholder (or associate).
Retraining and reskilling
An FBT exemption is available for employer-provided retraining and reskilling provided on or after 2 October 2020, so long as certain conditions are met.
Requirements for the exemption to apply
Benefits provided by an employer will be exempt benefits where all the following requirements are met:
- the benefit is provided in respect of education or training undertaken by their employee
- the employee is 'redundant'
- the employer has complied with any obligations under the Fair Work Act 2009 that apply in relation to the redundancy, and
- the education or training is for the primary purpose of enabling the employee to gain or produce salary or wages in respect of any employment to which the education or training relates.
Benefit in respect of education or training
The benefit must be provided in respect of education or training undertaken by an employee of the employer (including current and former employees). This covers the provision of the education or training (such as reimbursing or paying the course fees or giving training) and also benefits associated with the education or training (such as related course materials, textbooks, travel and accommodation).
When an employee is 'redundant'
For the purposes of this exemption, an employee is redundant if their employer no longer requires, or reasonably expects to no longer require, the employee's job to be performed by anyone because of changes in the operational requirements of the employer's business or undertaking.
Redundancy includes circumstances where:
- an employee is made redundant in one part of the employer's business but can be redeployed to another part of its business (or within an associate's business).
- the employer reasonably expects the employee to be redundant but has not yet been made redundant.
If circumstances change and the employee is not made redundant (for example, because the employer restructures its business in such a way so as to retain the employee), the employer will receive the FBT exemption for any benefits provided while the redundancy test has been satisfied (provided the other requirements are met).
Compliance with obligations under the Fair Work Act 2009
When an employee is redundant, the Fair Work Act 2009 may impose obligations that an employer must comply with in relation to the redundancy. If an employer does not meet these obligations if and when they are required to, they will not be eligible for the exemption.
Education or training undertaken for the primary purpose to earn salary or wages in respect of employment
The employer must also be satisfied that the education or training is being undertaken for the primary purpose of enabling the employee to gain or produce salary or wages in respect of any employment to which the education or training relates. Education or training that is undertaken primarily for personal reasons or interest will not satisfy this test. There must be a direct link between the education or training and the expected employment the employee is planning to pursue.
When the exemption does not apply
The exemption does not apply in respect of the following benefits:
- Benefits provided under a salary packaging arrangement
- Benefits that are a payment or other amount covered by subsection 26-20(1) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (such as student contributions towards a Commonwealth supported place at a higher education institution), and
- Benefits that involve a primary course or secondary course as defined under the A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 - broadly primary and secondary school education courses.
Certain employees are also excluded from the exemption, as outlined in the table below.
Table: The retraining and reskilling exemption does not apply
A relative means:
- a spouse
- a parent, grandparent, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, lineal descendant or adopted child, or a spouse of any of these individuals.
Examples
Example 1: Employee's redundancy and departure from an employer
Michael is a production supervisor employed by Paper Mill Pty Ltd (Paper Mill), a pulp and paper manufacturing company based in Australia. Paper Mill is not a widely held company.
Paper Mill is planning to shut down its Australian operations over the next five years. In May 2021, it advises all affected employees, including Michael, that it expects their positions will be made redundant by May 2026.
In relation to these expected redundancies, Paper Mill is complying with all relevant obligations under industrial relations law and is offering affected employees the opportunity to reskill for future employment.
Michael is not a director or shareholder, or a relative of a director or shareholder, of Paper Mill.
Michael wishes to undertake a gardening course to gain future employment as a horticulturalist. Michael also plans to use the skills and knowledge acquired to cultivate a vegetable patch at his home. However, this is not the main reason why he wishes to undertake this training.
Paper Mill is satisfied that this training is for the primary purpose of gaining future employment and agrees to support Michael's studies.
Michael accepts a full fee-paying place at the Australian Nature University to undertake a Science of Gardening degree.
Paper Mill covers the costs associated with the degree by reimbursing Michael for the tuition fees. This benefit is covered by the FBT exemption for retraining and reskilling.
If Michael had instead accepted a Commonwealth supported place for this degree it would not have been covered by the exemption for retraining and reskilling - Paper Mill would be liable for FBT on any benefit provided to Michael in respect of this education or training.
As expected, in May 2026, Michael is made redundant from his position at Paper Mill. Michael is not able to find employment as a horticulturalist as planned. Instead, Michael takes up a job at another manufacturing plant, that is not related to the gardening studies. This does not change Paper Mill's eligibility for the FBT exemption for retraining and reskilling.
Example 2: Employee's redundancy and redeployment to another job within the same employer
Gio is a retail store manager employed by Paperclip Pty Ltd (Paperclip), a company based in Australia with retail stores selling office supplies and stationery across Australia. Paperclip is not a widely held company.
In March 2021, due to a decline in foot traffic and sales from its retail shopfronts, Paperclip announced a series of store closures over the next year as it transitions its business model to online sales. Employees at affected locations, including Gio, were advised their positions would be made redundant within the next year.
In relation to these redundancies, Paperclip is complying with all relevant obligations under industrial relations law and is offering affected employees the opportunity to reskill for future employment.
Gio is not a director or shareholder, or relative of a director or shareholder, of Paperclip.
Gio wishes to undertake a diploma in information technology at the Institute of Technology for the purpose of gaining future employment as a web developer. Gio does not currently have the skills required to pursue this career.
Upon hearing about Gio's study plans, Paperclip offers to redeploy Gio to its web development team on completion of the studies to work on the development and maintenance of its online sales platform. Gio accepts.
Paperclip covers the costs associated with the diploma by paying the tuition fees directly to the Institute of Technology. Paperclip also reimburses Gio for the costs of the textbooks required for the course. These benefits are covered by the FBT exemption for retraining and reskilling.
On completion of the studies in December 2021, Gio is redeployed to a new position within Paperclip in its web development team.
Example 3: Expected redundancy from an employer
Scranton Media Pty Ltd (Scranton Media) publishes the local newspapers in regional areas across Australia. Scott is employed as an editor at Scranton Media, based in Warrnambool, Victoria.
On 8 October 2021, Scranton Media announces that it will restructure and consolidate its media and print operations by the end of the year - reducing its number of print publications overall. As part of this restructure, several employees in Victoria, including Scott, are expected to be made redundant.
In relation to these expected redundancies, Scranton Media is complying with all relevant obligations under industrial relations law and is offering affected employees the opportunity to reskill for future employment.
Scott is not a director or shareholder, or a relative of a director or shareholder, of Scranton Media.
Scott wishes to undertake a short course in illustration to gain future employment as an illustrator for children's books. The course involves an intensive workshop over one weekend in Melbourne, Victoria in late October.
Scranton Media is satisfied that the course is for the primary purpose of gaining future employment as an illustrator.
Scranton Media covers the costs associated with the short course by reimbursing Scott for the tuition fees, as well as reasonable travel and accommodation expenses for the intensive workshop in Melbourne.
These benefits are covered by the FBT exemption for retraining and reskilling.
In November, after Scott has completed the short course, Scranton Media's circumstances change following renewed interest in its print publications. It decides that it no longer needs to consolidate its media and print operations in Victoria. This means Scott's redundancy is no longer required. Scott agrees to remain employed as an editor with Scranton Media.
It doesn't matter if Scott agrees to remain in an editor role with Scranton Media or leaves to pursue a change in career. The change in circumstance does not affect the FBT exemption previously claimed.
20.9 Worker entitlement contributions
A worker entitlement fund is a (trust) fund for employee long service leave, sick leave or redundancy payments. These funds are often referred to as redundancy trusts or redundancy funds. Although these funds operate in a variety of ways, their purpose is to manage employee entitlements and provide portability and protection.
Contributions to worker entitlement funds for the FBT year commencing 1 April 2006, and for all later FBT years, are exempt benefits where the payment is:
- made to an approved worker entitlement fund
- made under an industrial agreement, and
- either for leave, redundancy or the reasonable administrative expenses of the fund.
A payment made according to an existing industrial practice or an existing fund will not be exempt from FBT unless it satisfies the above criteria.
Approved worker entitlement funds
A fund can only be an approved worker entitlement fund if it is limited to making payments to the employee for whom contributions were received. However, upon the death of an employee, the fund is able to make payments to the employee's dependants or the trustee of the employee's deceased estate without losing its status as an approved worker entitlement fund.
Approved worker entitlement funds comprise:
- all long service leave funds established by or under a Commonwealth, state or territory law
- funds that have been prescribed in the FBT regulations as approved worker entitlement funds (pre 28 June 2011)
- funds that we have endorsed since 28 June 2011.
Funds that were prescribed before 28 June 2011 will be taken to be endorsed from 28 June 2011.
From 28 June 2011:
- the Australian Business Registrar (ABR) is required to enter a fund or entity as an endorsed fund or entity on the ABR by 28 December 2012
- all approved worker entitlement funds must have an Australian business number (ABN)
- existing funds that did not have an ABN had until 28 December 2011 to obtain an ABN
- we are able to revoke the endorsement of a worker entitlement fund in certain situations.
Latest update
June 2021). |
FTX is a cryptocurrency exchange that offers a comprehensive range of products, including leveraged tokens, options, and volatile assets. The company focuses on providing a robust and user-friendly trading platform for both individual and institutional investors. With high trading volumes, the firm falls in the category of top ten derivative exchanges in the world. FTX works in collaboration with several big names in the crypto world, such as Binance, Paxos, and Bitfinex, etc. The organization also takes part in charities, offering a helping hand to the unprivileged humanity.
In this comprehensive guide, we’ll cover FTX fees, FTX supported cryptocurrencies, verification and trading experience. We’ll also go over online reviews, their customer support and finally help you open an account.
Before jumping into more details, let us quickly enlist some pros and cons of using FTX;
Rich Product Portfolio – In addition to all basic range of products, FTX brings innovative classes of tradable assets, including futures, options, move contracts, and prediction markets.
Low Trading Fees – FTX employs low trading costs as compared to other crypto exchanges. Recently, the company announced that it will be charging no fee from makers for the rest of December 2020. Takers also pay a maximum of 0.07% fee.
Regional Restrictions – The exchange accepts deposits in nearly ten fiat currencies, making it easier for clients to start trading right away. We list all the supported fiat currencies in a dedicated section below.
High Liquidity Levels – Since FTX is amongst the top ten exchanges having high trading volumes, it offers increased liquidity. Clients can have their positions filled instantly.
Leveraged Tokens – Unlike most crypto exchanges, FTX allows its customers to trade leverage tokens without having to manage a leverage position. At present, the exchange offers 45 different leverage tokens with a leverage of up to 3x.
Complex User Interface – Despite offering innovative features and a variety of tradable products, the exchange lacks in offering a user-friendly trading interface. The user interface has multiple options to explore that could be confusing for newbies.
New Entrant – The exchange is relatively new to the industry. Many traders might refrain from opening an account with the exchange because of different concerns such as security of funds, liquidity level, and pricing factor, etc.
Increased risk exposure –Since the exchange offers high leverage that does not only increase your profit-making potential but also magnifies the associated risk of loss, therefore your investment with FTX exchange has a high-risk exposure.
US clients not accepted – FTX is a global exchange that accepts clients from nearly all parts of the world, but it does not offer services in some jurisdictions, including the United States. However, customers residing in the US can sign up with FTX US – an entity that operates under the brand name of FTX Ltd.
Not friendly for novice traders– Having multiple products and an advanced trading platform to offer, FTX is more suitable for veteran traders. Novice traders might take some time to get familiar with the exchange.
Backed by Alameda Research, FTX is a regulated cryptocurrency exchange. The US domain of the company FTX.US is registered with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) as a Money Services Business (MSB). The company also abides by the best practices set by respective anti-money laundering agencies.
The FTX is owned and managed by FTX Trading Limited, a company registered in Antigua and Barbuda. With 35 employees on its payroll, the company has recently entered the US market with the brand name FTX.US. Operating through its mains office based in Antigua and Barbuda, the company also has a regional office in Sans Fransico, United States.
FTX supports almost all countries around the world except a few jurisdictions, including Cuba, Sevastopol, Crimea, Syria, Iran, North Korea, Antigua or Barbuda, and the United States.
FTX supports nine fiat currencies and more than seventy cryptocurrencies. Given below is the list of supported fiat currencies and a table reflecting all the coins that you can trade with the exchange.
Given below table included all the coins supported at FTX.
Leverage tokens enable clients to open large positions with limited funds available. Leverage increases the earning potential of clients offering them enhanced market exposure. However, it does not suit everyone. Using leverage is specifically dangerous for novice traders because it also magnifies the risk of loss and could become a nightmare for newbies.
The exchange offers a leverage of up to 1:101 and classifies it into three categories, including 1X tokens (Hedge), 0.5X Long (Half), and 3X tokens (Bull/Bear). For the safety of clients, FTX limits default leverage as 1:10.
Hedge tokens come with the leverage level of a 1X token, which means if the price of the crypto (i-e LTC) increases by “x” percent, the LTCHEDGE decrease by the same percent.
Similarly, 0.5X Long are HALF tokens. Here, if LTC increases by 2x%, the LTCHEDGE decreases by x%.
Lastly, Bulls or Bears tokens come with a leverage of 3X. These tokens are also known as ERC20 tokens. Here, if the LTC perpetual increases by x%, the LTCBULL appreciates by 3x%, while the LTCBEAR rebalances the required leverage level by depreciating with 3x%, to avoid liquidation. Given below is the table listing all the leverage coins offered at FTX along with their associated leverage levels.
FTX has a tier-based mechanism for fee schedules in place. The tiers are classified depending upon the trading activity level of clients. The exchange was charging a trading fee of up to 0.02% from makers. However, it has recently waived the trading fee for makers until the end of this year (December 31, 2020). On the other hand, takers are charged a 0.07% trading fee on even the lowest trading volumes.
Apart from the trading fee on futures and spot trading, FTX also applies a funding fee on perpetual contracts to facilitate holders of opposing contract. The company also offers discounts to high volume traders. Clients can also earn referral rewards by participating in the company’s affiliate marketing campaigns. Similarly, professional traders can benefit from the exchange’s VIP program. On the other hand, the company’s liquidity provider program specifically targets market makers.
Because FTT is the native token of the platform, the holders of FTT tokens are entitled to receive special discounts based on their percentage of holdings. In addition to a 0.10% redemption and creation fee on leveraged tokens, a daily management fee of 0.03% also applies to the leverage tokens. Please note that the higher leverage levels carry an additional fee of up to 0.02% and 0.03% on 50x and 100x positions, respectively.
FTX does not charge any fee on deposits and withdrawals. Also, clients do not have to pay any fee on OTC trading or coin conversions. Usually, the quoted price over the counter includes all such fees.
Fees on VIP Program
FTX trading interface is available to access online, or traders can download it on their mobile phones. The unique design of the trading platform appears a little sophisticated at first sight. After reaching the dashboard, traders can see multiple tabs and countless options to hit and explore. There are five tabs available on the navigation bar, including markets, wallets, OTC, FTT, and help.
The markets tab provides access to the marketplace where traders can find available financial instruments and perform different trading activities.
Traders can access the wallet tab that appears next to the markets tab to view their account balances. The wallet tab also allows traders to deposit and withdrawal funds to and from their trading account.
The OTC tab provides instant access to FTC quoted prices for major coins, involving hassle-free settlements without incurring any charges. The OTC stands for over the counter. Traders can use the same account to access both OTC and Futures portal.
FTT is the native token of the exchange and essentially the backbone of the FTT ecosystem. Traders can buy FTT tokens to receive special discounts across the platform.
Coming towards the sidebar, traders may see multiple options available here, including leveraged tokens, options, quant zone, volume monitor, leaderboard, and staking, etc.
The Quant Zone targets developers who can earn if other traders follow their customized trading strategies. In other terms, professional traders can monetize their trading strategies under this section.
The exchange claims to offer legitimate reporting on the trading volume of different cryptocurrency exchanges. According to the FTX’s volume monitor, almost 66% of crypto exchanges report fake trading volumes.
The leader board provides you insights on the top 20 traders having the highest monthly traded volumes. The leader board feature is useful for evaluating how much rebates or discounts might be available for you at FTX.
Besides offering discounts and bonuses on multiple tradable products, FTX also offers clients makers fee rebates on staking FTT tokens.
Signing up with the FTX exchange is quite a simple process as compared to other crypto exchanges. Traders only need to follow a few steps listed below.
Step 01: Visit the official webpage of the exchange. Click the register button available on the top right corner of the website. Enter username and password, and checkmark the box to confirm your agreement to the terms and conditions apply.
Step 02: Tap on the click to verify button and enter the captcha. After validating the email address and chosen password, the system generates a link and sends it to your registered email id.
Step 03: Open your email inbox and click the link received from FTX to verify your email id. Clicking on the link will also take you to the dashboard of your account. Alternatively, you can use your credentials to log in through the website.
To buy coins using a desktop trading platform, traders need to fund their account first. The exchange asks for Level III verification to allow traders to fund their accounts. After depositing funds in their trading accounts, clients can follow the simple instructions listed below.
Step 01: Sign in to your trading account using your login credentials.
Step 02: Click on the wallets tab available next to the market tab on your dashboard screen.
Step 03: Click on the fiat button and select your desired fiat currency you wish to use for depositing funds in your account.
Step 04: Enter the deposit amount and add bank details. The exchange accepts fiat deposits via ACH and Wire Transfers. To add bank details click on the button “add a bank account”, the system will redirect you to the bank’s page.
Step 05: Once you have added your bank details successfully, you then only need to enter the amount you wish to deposit in your account and click confirm.
Conversion of cryptos is straight forward. You only need to follow the three steps listed below.
Step01: Login to your account using your account credentials.
Step02: Click on the wallet tab and select hover the cursor on the crypto asset you wish to convert.
Step 03: Select crypto assets from the drop-down list, enter the number of coins you wish to convert and then press convert.
To facilitate on-the-go users, FTX also offers an in-house developed mobile app. Clients can download the supported version of the app from the respective app store on their mobile phones. The mobile app is more convenient to use as compared to the desktop trading interface. It has nearly all of the features available as offered through the desktop platform, with a few exceptions. Clients can buy, trade, and convert their cryptos using the mobile app. Traders can also sign up for a new account using the mobile-based user interface.
As soon as you log in to your account, a sleekly designed dashboard screen welcomes you. The mobile app user’s interface has four main tabs to navigate, including markets, trade, wallet, and user.
The market tabs allow you to access the tradable products offered at FTX. Trades can view the customized list of products using the upper navigation panel. Clients can also use the search feature to access their preferred financial instruments in no time.
Clicking the trade button takes you to the trading screen. You can start placing trades across different financial markets. Clients can also use the charting feature to view the performance of a specific asset. Charts are viewable in six-time frames.
Under the wallets tab, clients can view their account balances and use this tab to deposit or withdraw funds.
You can use this tab to make changes to your profile. The user tab also allows traders to set their trading preferences.
Opening an account using the FTX mobile app is very simple. Just follow the steps given below.
STEP 01: Go to the official website of the exchange i-e. Enter a user name and choose a password. Check the agreement box to confirm that you have read the terms and conditions and agree to them.
STEP 02: Go to your email id, and click the link received from FTX to verify the email id.
STEP 03: User your login credentials to access the dashboard of your account. That’s all.
Clients need to use the website to deposit funds to their accounts since the mobile app doesn’t allow deposits. However, trading and converting crypto coins works the same way as through the desktop version of the FTX user interface. Clients can trade or convert their crypto assets to other coins using the steps listed below;
Step 01: Select the desired crypto asset from the drop-down list of available assets on the wallet tab. A popup option appears, asking clients to define the course of action.
Step02: Choose to trade or convert the coin. If you hold FTT, there will be three options available, including trade, convert, or stake.
Step 03: Select your preferred option. Conversion takes place instantly. However, to trade assets you need to define your trading preferences first, such as order types, amount to trade, etc.
FTX accepts deposits in both fiat and cryptocurrencies. The list of supported fiat and cryptocurrencies has already been shared in the designated section of this review. At present, the exchange supports three different methods that you can use to fund your account, including ACH transfers, Wire Transfers, and credit card payments.
The company does not charge any fee on deposits. Also, there is no restriction for depositing minimum funds in place. However, clients withdrawing funds less than $10,000 need to pay $75 as a funds withdrawal fee.
Besides other factors, the exchange also pays special attention to providing resources helpful to educate traders. Under the learn tab, clients can find detailed articles on complex tradeable asset types, such as leveraged tokens, move contracts, quant zone, and options. FTX features images and FAQs with the education content making it easy to digest for newbies. The company has also added video tutorials at the end of each subsection to help clients learn and understand different financial instruments effectively.
The company has a dedicated FAQs section available to help clients seeking solutions to their issues. Clients type the question in the given field, and the bot displays the most relevant answers to their queries. On the other hand, the company also offers live chat support during office hours five times a week. Clients can also follow the exchange over social media platforms, including telegram, WeChat, and Youtube. However, the company has not provided any email ID or phone number on their webpage. Therefore, clients need to rely on the mediums mentioned above.
Because the exchange is relatively new to the industry, there is not enough information on Reddit about the FTX. Still, we managed to found a few threads with discussion on the useability of the exchange. We noticed that people had a mix of opinions of the crypto exchange. To some users, FTX is a promising exchange that offers an innovative product line of tradeable assets, while others seemed happy with its low costs crypto trading solutions.
However, we also found some negative reviews on the FTX exchange, where people talked about their bad experiences with the company. Most of the unhappy customers were the ones who didn’t like the user interface of the exchange. According to them, it was too complicated to navigate through different options.
We couldn’t find much information about the FTX exchange on quora as well. However, a couple of posts we came across includes a query on how to use leveraged tokens on FTX, and what to do when Binance delists FTX leveraged tokens. Rahul Basu was the person who replied to both queries. He explained how FTX leveraged tokens work and the alternative option to go for if some exchange delists your leveraged coin. Other than these two posts, quora lack any information on the FTX.
Being a regulated exchange and employing world-class security protocols, FTX is a safe cryptocurrency exchange. The company has partnered with some highly trusted business entities in the crypto space, such as Bitfinex, Binance, and Paxos, which adds an extra layer to its credibility. To protect online data transmission, the company host secured SSL web encryption models with a two-step authentication factor preventing unidentified access to the company’s database. The company also offers funds insurance through the unique backstop liquidity provider program. Through this program, FTX enables clients to seek compensation for their losses if the crypto exchange goes into liquidation.
Comparing two exchanges side by side becomes handy when you have to select one of them. Crypto exchanges usually offer the same type of services. However, their product range and prices may vary adequately. Given below is a quick comparison of two crypto exchanges that might sound fit to your trading needs.
FTX: FTX is a crypto exchange founded in 2019. The company focuses on introducing crypto derivatives along with its wide range of product portfolio. Despite being new to the industry, it is one of the high volume traded exchanges of 2019/20. The company claims to offer a robust and user-friendly trading experience to newbies. However, its sophisticated user interface with an innovative product line does not complement its claim. The exchange accepts deposits in multiple fiat currencies. The company also offers a live chat service to provide run time customer support to its clients.
eToro: eToro is a leading multi-function crypto exchange that is being around for over ten years. Besides offering contracts for differences in forex and other financial instruments, the company also deals in crypto trading services. Clients who trade crypto assets at eToro can use the customized wallet to store their digital currencies. eToro social trading services suit both newbies and professional traders having a scarcity of time. The company’s competitive spreads, low deposit requirement, multiple payment options, and round the clock customer support makes the exchange one of the best exchanges available around.
FTX trading platform has more options to explore compared to other exchanges. The company’s product range consists of multiple tradeable assets, including crypto derivatives, leveraged tokens, perpetual contracts, and options. The trading interface of the company is available in dual-modes, i-e light, and dark mode. The multiple buttons available on the user interface could be confusing for novice traders. However, the company tries its best to make the information easily understandable. Therefore, as soon as you hover the cursor on each button, the relevant description gets displayed. The exchange’s trading platform comes with standards charts by the trading view. The customizability of different functions and automation of trades through the rest API function make the trading platform one of the best options for veteran traders.
eToro offers a user-friendly trading platform with self-explanatory features. eToro’s platform is user-oriented, so both novice and skilled traders can easily explore around and navigate through different options available. Setting up an account, funding it and subsequent placement of trades is a seamless process with eToro. Clients can trade multiple assets in addition to cryptocurrencies, including stocks, commodities, indices, etc. Unique portfolio option with the ability to copy trades of other professional traders through the eToro’s social trading platform provides eToro’s trading platform an edge over the FTX exchange’s trading platform.
FTX offers a low-cost fee structure as compared to its competitors. The exchange charges no fee from makers, while takers pay a maximum of 0.07% trading fee. However, the exchange charge clients a management fee of 0.03% on leverage positions. A 0.10% fee is also applicable to the creation and redemption of leveraged tokens.
eToro also offers a competitive fee plan with no management or rollover fee. However, it does charge a fee on positions held over weekends. eToro’s fee on leveraged positions is higher as compared to the FTX and subject to change according to the market conditions. The company does not charge any commission on stock trading. But clients with dormant accounts need to pay $10 for being inactive for over twelve months.
FTX offers multiple payment methods. Clients can deposit funds in their accounts using both fiat and cryptocurrencies. The exchange also supports bank transfers, SEPA transfers, and payments through credit cards. The available payment method could vary depending upon your selected fiat currency.
Also, the company charges $75 as a withdrawal fee on amounts less than 10,000 US Dollars. According to the exchange, this fee doesn’t belong to FTX but goes straight to its associated banks. There are no charges on deposits at FTX. Please note that you can deposit funds in your account after becoming a level 3 KYC verified client.
eToro also accepts payments through a wide range of available options, including debit cards, credit cards, bank transfers, and payments via electronic wallets (PayPal, Neteller, and Webmoney), etc. The company charges no fee on deposits. However, clients need to pay $5 on withdrawals.
The minimum amount you can withdraw at eToro is $30. The exchange also adheres to strict KYC compliance and requires its clients to complete the verification process before going live. However, the company does allow some grace period to its clients to get their accounts verified before closing their accounts. It is worth mentioning here that non-verified clients can still buy bitcoins from eToro for up to $2250. That’s why eToro is more popular amongst traders as compared to FTX.
Capital At Risk
Futures are a type of contract in which both selling and buying parties agree to exchange the asset on a predecided price in the future. Future contracts help clients to stay safe from the unexpected adverse price fluctuations of underlying assets. However, if the price depreciates over time, buyers still need to pay the agreed amount. Currently, FTX offers perpetual futures on more than 45 different crypto assets, including BTC, ETH, EOS, XRP, etc.
When you enter a perpetual futures contract, it means the future won’t have any expiry date. Instead, the holders of long term positions pay an hourly premium fee for going long. The fee compensates sellers for disposals of their opened positions. That’s how the price of perpetual futures stays in line with the underlying index price without needing to close down the opened positions.
Move contracts allow traders to speculate on the price movement of underlying assets. Usually, the risk involved with move contracts is low. The price of move contracts could move in any direction. It is another type of futures contract that expires depending upon the daily, weekly, or monthly raw value of BTC.
However, the main determinant includes the overall volatility levels of BTC over a certain period. Move contracts is a recent addition to the product portfolio of FTX exchange and seems to be getting popular amongst traders.
Options contracts work the same way as Futures. Traders can enter into a contract with a counterparty to sell or buy an underlying asset on an agreed price and date. However, the main difference between futures and options is the obligation to execute the transaction.
In the futures contract, clients have to own the underlying asset even if the price is no more suitable, while options contracts are free to choose the due course of action. Clients can take it or leave it depending upon the situation arrives. Traders can long or short, using the leverage options.
Clients can define the strike price along with its expiration time. Once traders have fulfilled all the pre-requisites of entering an options contract, FTX quotes them to bid or generate an offer deal within 10 seconds of initializing. Options contracts are known to be highly customizable.
Spot Markets enable traders to buy crypto assets and trade them using traditional methods. Traders often use match order for trading spot positions. The exchange offers a wide range of cryptocurrencies to trade under spot markets, including Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETC), Litecoin (LTC), FTX token (FTT), etc.
Prediction markets are another common type of markets that allow traders to either win the stake amount for the right guess or lose it for the wrong prediction. This type of trading is more common in binary options trading where clients bet an amount predicting the price level or direction of an underlying asset. If they prove true they win.
FTX OTC Desks are useful when traders buy assets in bulk quantities. Buying them over the counter would be more feasible for traders because the order book might not handle them efficiently. Usually, this option is available at most of the exchanges. However, FTX does not charge any fee except the spread charges on such purchases. That is why traders prefer FTX over other crypto exchanges for buying OTC assets. Also, the assets are available at preferential rates under this option.
After a detailed review of the FTX exchange, we conclude it to be a legitimate crypto exchange. The company specializes in crypto derivatives products and offers increased liquidity. By listing leveraged futures on tokenized stocks, the crypto exchange anticipates offering tokens on currencies and ETFs. The company offers advanced security protocols making it a hack free exchange to date.
FTX’s native token FTT enables clients to receive discounts on trading fees. Supporting fiat deposits, the company makes it easy for users to buy crypto assets. The only drawback of using the FTX crypto exchange is the complexity of its trading interface. This limitation makes it unfavorable for newbies. The company could have kept it more simple. Lastly, the crypto derivatives exchange is an excellent option for seasoned traders looking for low-cost crypto solutions.
Because FTX is not a registered broker-dealer with the SEC, it is unable to legally operate in the United States. FTX is also not a member of FINRA or SIPC. While FTX does have an office in Manhattan, its employees are not allowed to actively solicit trading business from US clients.
Yes. FTX is a regulated and insured financial institution.
First, you’ll need to open an account with FTX. Then, you can deposit money into your account by any of the listed payment methods. All you have to do is hit on the ‘Deposit’ button and follow the instructions.
If you don’t report your crypto earnings, the IRS will eventually find out. How? Well, the IRS has access to a lot of information – including bank records, credit card statements, and luxury purchases. So if you’re living large and not reporting any income from cryptocurrency, the IRS is going to take notice.
FTX is a crypto exchange that offers a wide range of tokens, including many lesser-known and less liquid cryptos. You can find a list of the tokens currently available on FTX at their website.
There are a few different ways that FTX makes money. The first is through transaction fees. Whenever a user trades on the FTX platform, they will be charged a small fee. These fees go to FTX and help to offset the costs of running the exchange. The second way that FTX makes money is through interest on margin loans. When users trade with leverage, they are taking out a loan from FTX. This loan accrues interest, which is paid to FTX as profit. Finally, FTX also earns revenue from advertising and listing fees. Whenever a new token is listed on the exchange, the team behind that token pays a listing fee to FTX. Similarly, advertisers can pay
FTX is a great company. They offer excellent customer service and have a wide variety of products to choose from.
Yes, you can buy BTC on FTX. However, there are a few things to keep in mind before doing so. First, FTX is a cryptocurrency exchange that offers access to a variety of different cryptocurrencies. BTC is just one of the many coins available on the platform. Second, when buying BTC on FTX, you will need to create an account and deposit funds into your account first. Lastly, FTX requires KYC (know your customer) verification for all users. This means that you will need to submit some personal information and documents in order to verify your identity before being able to make any trades. |
Economic and monetary developments
Overview
Based on a thorough assessment of the economic and inflation outlook, the Governing Council took a series of monetary policy decisions at its monetary policy meeting on 7 March. The weakening in economic data points to a sizeable moderation in the pace of the economic expansion that will extend into the current year, even though there are signs that some of the idiosyncratic domestic factors dampening growth are starting to fade. The persistence of uncertainties related to geopolitical factors, the threat of protectionism and vulnerabilities in emerging markets appears to be leaving marks on economic sentiment. Moreover, underlying inflation continues to be muted. The weaker economic momentum is slowing the adjustment of inflation towards the Governing Council’s aim. At the same time, supportive financing conditions, favourable labour market dynamics and rising wage growth continue to underpin the euro area expansion and gradually rising inflation pressures. Against this background, the Governing Council decided to adjust its forward guidance on the key ECB interest rates to indicate its expectation that they will “remain at their present levels at least through the end of 2019, and in any case for as long as necessary to ensure the continued sustained convergence of inflation to levels that are below, but close to, 2% over the medium term”, as well as to reiterate its forward guidance on reinvestments. Furthermore, the Governing Council decided to launch a new series of targeted longer-term refinancing operations (TLTRO-III) and to continue conducting all lending operations as fixed rate tender procedures with full allotment at least until the end of the reserve maintenance period starting in March 2021. These decisions were taken to ensure that inflation remains on a sustained path towards levels that are below, but close to, 2% over the medium term.
Economic and monetary assessment at the time of the Governing Council meeting of 7 March 2019
Global growth momentum continued to moderate in late 2018. Global growth is projected to decelerate in 2019, but to stabilise over the medium term. The slowdown has been more pronounced in the manufacturing sector, with global trade decelerating sharply as a result. Heightened global uncertainties relating to trade disputes, the financial stress in emerging market economies last summer and signs of weaker growth in China have contributed to the slowdown in global growth and trade. While those headwinds are expected to continue to weigh on the global economy this year, recent economic policy measures are expected to provide some support. Global trade is expected to weaken more significantly this year and to grow in line with activity in the medium term. Global inflationary pressures are expected to remain contained, while downside risks to global activity have been accumulating.
Long-term risk-free rates have declined since the Governing Council’s meeting in December 2018, in the context of a deterioration in the macroeconomic outlook and a perceived slowing of the pace of monetary tightening in the United States. The prices of euro area risk assets such as equities and corporate bonds have recovered amid improved risk sentiment, fuelled in part by greater optimism regarding global trade negotiations. In foreign exchange markets, the euro has broadly weakened in trade-weighted terms.
Euro area real GDP growth remained subdued in the fourth quarter of 2018 at 0.2% quarter on quarter. Incoming information suggests that growth will continue at moderate rates in the near term. Data releases favourable increased to 1.5% in February 2019, from 1.4% in January. On the basis of current futures prices for oil, headline inflation is likely to remain at around current levels before declining towards the end of year. Measures of underlying inflation have remained generally muted, but labour cost pressures have. Annual HICP inflation excluding energy and food is expected to be 1.2% in 2019, 1.4% in 2020 and 1.6% in 2021.
Money growth and credit dynamics moderated in January 2019, but bank funding and lending conditions remained favourable. Broad money (M3) growth decreased to 3.8% in January 2019, from 4.1% in December 2018. M3 growth continues to be backed by bank credit creation, notwithstanding a recent moderation in credit dynamics. stable at 3.2%. Borrowing conditions for firms and households are still favourable, as the monetary policy measures put in place since June 2014 continue to support access to financing, in particular for small and medium-sized enterprises. The Governing Council’s decisions, in particular the new series of TLTROs, will help to ensure that bank lending conditions remain favourable going forward.
The aggregate fiscal stance for the euro area is assessed to have been broadly neutral in 2018, but is projected to be mildly expansionary from 2019 onwards. This is mainly the result of a loosening fiscal stance in a less favourable macroeconomic environment.
Monetary policy decisions
Based on the regular economic and monetary analyses, the Governing Council made the following decisions:
- First, the key ECB interest rates were kept unchanged., the Governing Council decided to launch a new series of quarterly targeted longer-term refinancing operations (TLTRO-III),-II programme, TLTRO-III will feature built-in incentives for credit conditions to remain favourable. Further details on the precise terms of TLTRO-III will be communicated in due course.
- Fourth, the Governing Council decided to conduct the Eurosystem’s lending operations as fixed rate tender procedures with full allotment for as long as necessary, and at least until the end of the reserve maintenance period starting in March 2021.
The Governing Council took these decisions to ensure that inflation remains on a sustained path towards levels that are below, but close to, 2% over the medium term. The decisions will support the further build-up of domestic price pressures and headline inflation developments over the medium term. In any event, the Governing Council stands ready to adjust all of its instruments, as appropriate, to ensure that inflation continues to move towards its aim in a sustained manner.
External environment
Global growth momentum continued to moderate in late 2018, and surveys suggest that it has weakened further in early 2019. The slowdown has been more pronounced in the manufacturing sector, with global trade decelerating sharply as a result. Heightened global uncertainties relating to the trade dispute between the United States and China, the financial stress that was seen in emerging market economies last summer and, more recently, signs of weaker growth in China have all contributed to the slowdown in global growth and trade. While those headwinds are expected to continue to weigh on the global economy this year, recent economic policy measures are expected to provide some support. As a result, global growth is projected to decrease in 2019, but to stabilise over the medium term. Global trade is expected to weaken more significantly this year and to grow in line with activity in the medium term. Global inflationary pressures are expected to remain contained, while downside risks to global activity have been accumulating.
Global economic activity and trade
Global growth momentum moderated further in late 2018. Economic activity in advanced economies weakened in the fourth quarter of 2018, with growth slowing in both the United States and the United Kingdom. While growth in Japan strengthened in that quarter, this followed a contraction in the previous quarter on account of a series of natural disasters. Growth in emerging market economies (EMEs) also weakened in late 2018 – including in China.
Survey-based evidence suggests that growth has continued to weaken in early 2019. The global composite output Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) excluding the euro area has continued to decline, owing mainly to weakening global manufacturing activity. Service sector activity has also moderated recently, although its decline has been weaker and from a higher level (see Chart 1). Global manufacturing activity has slowed against the backdrop of maturing business cycles in key advanced economies. At the same time, the pace of this slowdown has been accentuated by heightened uncertainties weighing on the global economy, such as the lingering trade dispute between the United States and China, the financial stress that was seen in EMEs last summer and, more recently, signs of weaker growth in China. The slowdown in global manufacturing activity is also weighing on global trade.
Chart 1
Global composite output PMI
(diffusion indices)
Sources: Markit and ECB calculations.
Notes: The latest observations are for February 2019. “Long-term average” refers to the period from January 1999 to January 2019.
Financial conditions in advanced economies remain accommodative overall, while the picture for EMEs remains mixed. Market expectations of further interest rate increases in the United States have eased amid a further decline in Treasury yields, partly reflecting developments in term premia. In China, financial conditions have also eased as policymakers have adopted a looser monetary policy stance in response to indications of weakening activity. Following a sharp decline at the end of 2018 against the backdrop of renewed concerns about the global economy, global stock prices have rebounded since the turn of the year. However, global risk sentiment has not yet fully recovered, and volatility in financial markets remains elevated. In some of the EMEs that were hardest hit by the financial market turbulence last summer – including Argentina and Turkey – financial conditions remain relatively tight and are continuing to weigh on activity.
Global growth is projected to soften this year amid increasing headwinds. These include weaker global manufacturing activity and trade in an environment of high and rising political and policy uncertainty. The sizeable procyclical fiscal stimulus in the United States (which includes tax cuts and increased spending) is continuing to help drive US and global growth, but the partial federal government shutdown, which ended in late January, is expected to weigh on growth in the first quarter of 2019. In China, domestic demand is expected to weaken in the first half of this year, as the impact of recently implemented policies is likely to kick in with something of a lag.
Looking further ahead, global growth is projected to stabilise over the medium term. Three key forces look set to shape the global economy over the projection horizon. First, cyclical momentum is expected to slow in key advanced economies as capacity constraints become increasingly restrictive and policy support gradually diminishes amid positive output gaps and low unemployment rates. Second, China is expected to continue its orderly transition to a weaker growth path that is less dependent on investment and exports. And finally, growth is forecast to recover in several key EMEs which are currently going through, or have recently experienced, deep recessions. Overall, the pace of global expansion is expected to settle at rates below those seen prior to the 2007-08 financial crisis.
Turning to developments in individual countries, activity in the United States has remained relatively robust. The country’s strong labour market, favourable financial conditions and fiscal stimulus are continuing to support growth, outweighing the adverse impact of the trade dispute with China. The negative impact of the partial federal government shutdown is expected to be temporary. Annual headline consumer price inflation fell to 1.6% in January from 1.9% in the previous month, largely on account of falling energy prices, while consumer price inflation excluding food and energy remained unchanged at 2.2%.
In Japan, recovering domestic demand supported growth in late 2018. This recovery followed a sharp contraction in the third quarter on account of a series of natural disasters. Looking ahead, the country’s accommodative monetary policy stance, its strong labour market and its robust demand for investment (despite a weakening external environment) are all projected to support growth. In addition, fiscal measures are expected to smooth out the negative impact of the consumption tax increase that is scheduled for October of this year. The fact that wage growth remains modest (despite a very tight labour market) and inflation expectations are at low levels suggests that inflation will remain below the Bank of Japan’s 2% target over the medium term.
In the United Kingdom, heightened political uncertainty is continuing to weigh on growth. Even the short-term outlook is subject to considerable uncertainty as a result of the forthcoming votes on the EU withdrawal agreement in parliament. Over the medium term, growth is expected to remain below its pre-referendum trajectory.
In central and eastern European countries, growth is projected to moderate somewhat this year. Investment growth remains strong, supported by EU funds, and consumer spending also remains robust, underpinned by strong labour market performance. However, the slowdown in the euro area is weighing on the growth outlook for this region. Over the medium term, growth levels in these countries are expected to fall back towards potential.
Growth in China has lost some of its momentum in recent months. Moreover, monthly indicators suggest that this trend is likely to continue in early 2019. In order to shield the economy from a sharper slowdown, the Chinese authorities have announced a number of fiscal and monetary policy measures, which are expected to deliver a smooth deceleration in activity this year. Looking further ahead, progress with the implementation of structural reforms is projected to result in an orderly transition to a more moderate growth path that is less dependent on investment and exports.
Economic activity in large commodity-exporting countries is projected to gradually strengthen. The outlook for growth in Russia is shaped by developments in global oil markets, and past declines in oil prices are projected to weigh on activity this year. Looking further ahead, economic activity in Russia is expected to gradually strengthen, amid constraints imposed by international sanctions and uncertainty relating to the implementation of structural reforms and spending commitments announced last year. Growth in Brazil is also projected to strengthen, supported by accommodative financial conditions and declining political uncertainty.
In Turkey, economic activity contracted significantly in the third quarter of 2018 as a result of the legacy of last summer’s financial turmoil, high inflation and procyclical monetary and fiscal policies. Following a strong adjustment in late 2018, growth is projected to resume later this year and gradually rise thereafter.
Global trade growth moderated last year amid significant volatility, with a strong performance being recorded in the first half of 2018, followed by a relatively sharp deceleration. That slowdown reflects weakening global manufacturing activity, heightened trade tensions and, more recently, a significant deterioration in trade in Asia – particularly in China. According to CPB data, the volume of global merchandise imports fell by 1.2% in December in three-month-on-three-month terms, signalling a further weakening of global trade momentum in the fourth quarter of 2018 (see Chart 2). Moreover, incoming data indicate that global trade growth has remained weak in the first quarter of 2019.
A temporary truce agreed between the United States and China in December 2018 put a further escalation of trade tensions on hold. Tariffs on USD 200 billion of Chinese exports to the United States had originally been set to rise from 10% to 25% as of 1 January 2019, but that increase was put on hold as a result of the agreed truce. While this sent a positive signal, there remains considerable uncertainty as to whether the ongoing trade negotiations will lead to a significant de-escalation of trade tensions. Meanwhile, President Trump has recently announced that the truce is to be extended, citing progress achieved in those trade negotiations, which means that the increase in tariff rates remains on hold. A formal trade agreement between the United States and China is currently expected to be signed in late March. Risks remain, however, as trade tensions could intensify again and the US administration could impose new tariffs on imports from other countries.
Chart 2
Surveys and global trade in goods
(left-hand scale: three-month-on-three-month percentage changes; right-hand scale: diffusion indices)
Sources: Markit, CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis and ECB calculations.
Note: The latest observations relate to February 2019 for the PMIs and December 2018 for global merchandise imports.
Following a robust performance last year, global economic growth is projected to weaken this year, before stabilising over the medium term. According to the March 2019 ECB staff macroeconomic projections, global real GDP growth (excluding the euro area) is projected to fall to 3.5% this year, down from 3.7% in 2018. This reflects increasing headwinds to global growth, such as weaker global manufacturing activity in an environment of high and rising political and policy uncertainty. Over the period 2020-21, it is then projected to stabilise at around 3.6% as a result of a slowdown in key advanced economies, China’s transition to a weaker growth path and an expected pick-up in growth in several key EMEs. As a result of global growth headwinds weighing significantly on global trade, growth in euro area foreign demand is projected to slow significantly this year, falling to 2.2%, down from 4.0% in 2018. In the medium term, euro area foreign demand is expected to grow in line with activity, as the impact of the heightened political and policy uncertainty is expected to gradually dissipate. Compared with the December 2018 Eurosystem staff macroeconomic projections, global GDP growth has been revised slightly downwards for this year. Meanwhile, growth in euro area foreign demand has been revised significantly downwards for this year and slightly downwards for next year. These revisions reflect disappointing data releases in late 2018, coupled with projected declines in demand for imports in China and the rest of emerging Asia, as well as in European economies outside the euro area.
Downside risks to global activity have been accumulating. Despite the temporary truce between the United States and China, tail risks stemming from an intensification of global trade tensions remain high. A sharper slowdown in China’s economy might be more difficult to address using policy stimulus, which will also pose challenges in the context of the country’s ongoing rebalancing process. Meanwhile, a “no deal” Brexit scenario could have highly adverse spillover effects, especially in Europe, and elevated geopolitical uncertainties could weigh on global growth. Finally, some EMEs remain vulnerable to the reversal of capital flows, though the risk of significant numbers of EMEs suffering acute stress has recently subsided.
Global price developments
Oil prices have remained highly volatile. In the final quarter of 2018, oil prices declined amid assurances by Saudi Arabia and Russia that they would offset the effect on oil supply of the US sanctions against Iran. That downward pressure then intensified, with the US government granting temporary waivers for key importers of Iranian oil and US crude oil production standing at a high level amid renewed concerns about the global economy. Oil prices then recovered somewhat at the turn of the year as the OPEC+ agreement to cut production took effect, amid unexpectedly high levels of compliance by the various member countries. Looking ahead, oil prices are expected to remain broadly stable at this lower trajectory over the projection horizon. Consequently, the oil price assumptions underpinning the March 2019 ECB staff macroeconomic projections were around 8.6% lower for this year (and 8.2% and 8.0% lower for 2020 and 2021 respectively) relative to assumptions underpinning the December 2018 Eurosystem staff macroeconomic projections. Since the cut-off date for the March projections, however, the price of oil has increased further, standing slightly above USD 65 per barrel on 6 March.
Global inflationary pressures remain contained. In countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), annual headline consumer price inflation averaged 2.4% in December 2018, down from 2.7% in the previous month, owing to a decline in the contribution of the energy component (see Chart 3). Underlying inflation (excluding food and energy) was also down slightly on the previous month, standing at 2.2%. Tight labour market conditions across major advanced economies have so far translated into moderate wage increases, and the pace of underlying inflation remains subdued. Past declines in oil prices are expected to weigh on headline inflation going forward.
Chart 3
OECD consumer price inflation
(year-on-year percentage changes; percentage point contributions)
Sources: OECD and ECB calculations.
Note: The latest observations are for January 2019.
Looking ahead, global inflationary pressures are expected to remain contained. Growth in the export prices of the euro area’s competitors is expected to weaken sharply this year and remain steady over the medium term. This reflects a declining positive contribution from the oil price, which is projected to turn negative in the near term and will thus outweigh the upward pressures on underlying inflation stemming from diminishing spare capacity at the global level.
Financial developments
Since the Governing Council’s meeting in December 2018, global long-term risk-free rates have declined in the context of a deterioration in the macroeconomic outlook and a perceived slowing of the pace of monetary tightening in the United States. The prices of euro area risk assets, such as equities and corporate bonds, have recovered amid improved risk sentiment, fuelled in part by a greater sense of optimism regarding global trade negotiations. In foreign exchange markets, the euro has broadly weakened in trade-weighted terms.
Long-term yields have declined in both the euro area and the United States. During the period under review (13 December 2018 to 6 March 2019), the euro area ten-year risk-free overnight index swap (OIS) rate fell to 0.48% (down 23 basis points) and the GDP-weighted euro area ten-year sovereign bond yield (see Chart 4) fell to 0.84% (down 23 basis points). In the United States, the ten-year sovereign bond yield fell by 22 basis points over that period to stand at 2.71%, while the equivalent yield in the United Kingdom fell 8 basis points to stand at 1.22%. Global long-term yields fell following communications from the Federal Reserve System which were interpreted by the markets as signalling a slower intended pace of monetary policy tightening. In addition to possible spillovers from the United States, euro area bond yields also reflected a deterioration in the macroeconomic outlook following a number of worse than expected macroeconomic data releases, as well as some reappraisal of the monetary policy outlook for the euro area as signalled by the short end of the yield curve.
Chart 4
Ten-year sovereign bond yields
(percentages per annum; daily data)
Sources: Thomson Reuters and ECB calculations.
Notes: The vertical grey line denotes the start of the review period on 13 December 2018. The latest observations are for 6 March 2019.
Euro area sovereign bond spreads relative to the risk-free OIS rate remained broadly unchanged over the review period. Conditions in sovereign bond markets were largely stable throughout that period, with the exception of the Italian market, where the ten-year spread remained volatile (although it recovered to 2.11 percentage points at the end of the review period; see Chart 5). Consequently, the spread between the GDP-weighted average of euro area ten-year sovereign bond yields and the ten‑year OIS rate remained stable over the review period, standing at 0.36 percentage points on 6 March.
Chart 5
Ten-year euro area sovereign bond spreads vis-à-vis the OIS rate
(percentage points per annum)
Sources: Thomson Reuters and ECB calculations.
Notes: The spread is calculated by subtracting the ten-year OIS rate from the ten-year sovereign bond yield. The vertical grey line denotes the start of the review period on 13 December 2018. The latest observations are for 6 March 2019.
The euro overnight index average (EONIA) averaged ‑0.37% over the review period. Excess liquidity was broadly unchanged at around €1,890 billion. For further details of developments in liquidity conditions, see Box 2.
The EONIA forward curve shifted downwards somewhat over the review period. The curve is now below zero for all horizons prior to 2022, reflecting market expectations of a prolonged period of negative interest rates (see Chart 6).
Chart 6
EONIA forward rates
(percentages per annum)
Sources: Thomson Reuters and ECB calculations.
Broad indices of euro area equity prices increased over the review period amid a general improvement in risk sentiment. The equity prices of euro area banks and non-financial corporations (NFCs) increased by around 7% over the period (with similar increases being observed in the United States), reversing a large percentage of the declines seen in the fourth quarter of 2018 (see Chart 7). That recovery in equity prices reflected a greater sense of optimism regarding the outlook for global trade and was underpinned by communications from the Federal Reserve System which were interpreted by the markets as signalling a slowdown in the intended pace of monetary policy tightening. At the same time, both short and longer-term corporate earnings expectations were revised downwards over the review period, reflecting a perceived deterioration in the macroeconomic outlook for the euro area.
Chart 7
Euro area and US equity price indices
(index: 1 January 2015 = 100)
Sources: Thomson Reuters and ECB calculations.
Notes: The vertical grey line denotes the start of the review period on 13 December 2018. The latest observations are for 6 March 2019.
Euro area corporate bond spreads declined over the review period, largely reflecting an improvement in risk sentiment. Since December the spread between the yield on investment-grade NFC bonds and the risk-free rate has declined by around 14 basis points to stand at 78 basis points (see Chart 8). Yields on financial sector debt have also declined, resulting in the relevant spread falling by around 18 basis points. Despite these recent declines, both spreads remain above the levels observed a year ago.
Chart 8
Euro area corporate bond spreads
(basis points)
Sources: iBoxx indices and ECB calculations.
Notes: The vertical grey line denotes the start of the review period on 13 December 2018. The latest observations are for 6 March 2019.
In foreign exchange markets, the euro broadly depreciated in trade-weighted terms over the review period (see Chart 9). Indeed, the nominal effective exchange rate of the euro, as measured against the currencies of 38 of the euro area’s most important trading partners, fell by 1.2% over that period. In bilateral terms, the euro weakened against most currencies. In particular, the euro depreciated slightly against the US dollar (by 0.6%) and weakened against most other major currencies, including the pound sterling (by 4.3%), the Japanese yen (by 2.1%) and the Chinese renminbi (by 3.1%). The euro also depreciated vis-à-vis the currencies of most emerging markets, while it appreciated against the currencies of most EU Member States outside the euro area. 6 March 2019.
Economic activity
Euro area real GDP growth remained subdued in the fourth quarter of 2018 at 0.2% quarter on quarter, driven by a contraction in the industrial sector. Incoming data suggest that growth will continue at moderate rates in the near term. Looking ahead the expansion of the euro area economy is expected to continue, supported by favourable financing conditions, further employment gains and rising wages, as well as the ongoing, albeit somewhat slower, expansion in global activity. The March 2019 ECB staff macroeconomic projections for the euro area expect annual real GDP to increase by 1.1% in 2019, 1.6% in 2020 and 1.5% in 2021. Compared with the December 2018 Eurosystem staff macroeconomic projections, the outlook for real GDP growth has been revised downwards substantially for 2019 and slightly for 2020.
Growth in the euro area continued at a slow pace in the fourth quarter of 2018. While weak growth mainly reflected a contraction in the industrial sector, it remained resilient overall. Real GDP increased by 0.2%, quarter on quarter, in the fourth quarter of last year, slightly above the rate in the previous quarter (see Chart 10). Subdued growth in the fourth quarter was driven by a sharp contraction in the industrial sector, while services continued to exhibit stronger dynamics. Domestic demand and net trade made positive contributions to growth, increasing by 0.4% and 0.2% respectively, while changes in inventories had a dampening effect, decreasing by 0.4%. Overall, output growth in the fourth quarter led to a yearly rise in GDP of 1.8% in 2018, down from 2.4% in the previous year.
Chart 10
Euro area real GDP, the Economic Sentiment Indicator and the composite output Purchasing Managers' Index
(quarter-on-quarter percentage growth; diffusion index)
Sources: Markit, European Commission and Eurostat.
Notes: The Economic Sentiment Indicator (ESI) is standardised and rescaled to have the same mean and standard deviation as the Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI). The latest observations are for the fourth quarter of 2018 for real GDP and February 2019 for the ESI and the PMI.
Employment continued to increase in the fourth quarter of 2018, rising by 0.3% quarter on quarter (see Chart 11). Most euro area countries saw an increase in employment, which was broadly based across sectors. Currently, the level of employment stands close to 3.0% above the pre-crisis peak recorded in the first quarter of 2008. Taking into account the latest increase, there has been cumulative growth in employment in the euro area, with 10 million more persons in employment than at the time of the trough in the second quarter of 2013. Continued employment growth combined with a drop in GDP growth in 2018 has led to a moderation in productivity growth, following a modest pick-up in 2017. Empirically, adjustments in employment tend to lag behind declines in output. One reason is that longer-term employment contracts cannot be adjusted immediately when firms face a slowdown in demand.
Recent short-term labour market indicators continue to point to positive but moderating employment growth in the first quarter of 2019. The euro area unemployment rate stood at 7.8% in January 2019, unchanged from December 2018, and remains at its lowest level since October 2008. Survey indicators point to a further slowdown in employment growth in the first quarter of 2019. fourth quarter of 2018 for employment, February 2019 for the PMI and January 2019 for the unemployment rate.
Private consumption growth edged up in the fourth quarter of 2018 and is expected to regain further momentum in the quarters ahead, as temporary dampening effects wane in an environment of continued strengthening of households’ labour income. Private consumption increased by 0.2%, quarter on quarter, in the fourth quarter of 2018, following somewhat weaker growth in the third quarter. The weakness in household expenditure partly reflected temporary bottlenecks in the car sector, affecting the consumption of durable goods, and the negative effect of energy price increases on household purchasing power. The crude oil price (in euro) increased from the fourth quarter of 2017 to the third quarter of 2018, which negatively affected consumption growth, in particular of non-durable goods, i.e. food and energy. Subsequently, the oil price declined sharply (before recovering somewhat in the last two months). This should support consumption of non-durable goods in the near term. Furthermore, employment growth strengthened in the fourth quarter of 2018 in an environment of robust wage increases. This implies steady growth in households’ real disposable income and supports consumer confidence and spending. In addition, while financing conditions remain very favourable, households’ net worth improved at a strong rate in the third quarter of 2018.
Latest indicators also suggest some strengthening of private consumption momentum in the course of the year ahead. Recent data on retail sales and car registrations indicate moderate but steady growth in consumer spending. The volume of retail sales increased by 1.4% in January 2019, following a drop in the previous month. As a result, sales stood at 1.5% above their average level in the fourth quarter of 2018. The indicator for new passenger car registrations posted its fourth consecutive increase in January 2019, rising by 4.8% on a monthly basis. This confirms previous expectations for a normalisation in car registrations, following the volatile developments triggered by the introduction of the new Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP) on 1 September 2018. In addition, consumer confidence increased for a second consecutive month in February, halting the declining trend observed throughout most of 2018. The latest improvement reflects households’ more benign views regarding their past and future financial situation, as well as the expected general economic situation and unemployment. Consumer confidence remains above its historical average level and is consistent with ongoing steady growth in private consumption.
The ongoing recovery in housing markets is also expected to continue, albeit at a slower pace than in 2018. Housing investment increased by 0.6% in the fourth quarter of 2018, reflecting the ongoing recovery in many euro area countries and in the euro area as a whole. Although growth over 2018 was slower than the buoyant growth experienced in 2017, it remains at solid, healthy levels. In line with these developments, recent short-term indicators and survey results point to positive, but slowing momentum. Construction production in the buildings segment increased by 0.2%, quarter on quarter, in the fourth quarter of 2018, recovering from -0.8% in the third quarter. The European Commission’s construction confidence indicators for the past few months point to positive, albeit weakening, momentum in the fourth quarter of 2018 and early 2019. The Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) for housing activity averaged 52.0 in the last quarter of 2018, but decreased to 50.6 in January 2019. However, both the PMI indicators and the European Commission’s confidence indicators remain clearly above their long-run averages.
Business investment in the euro area appears to have lost some momentum in the second half of 2018, but fundamentals remain supportive. Available country data for some of the larger euro area countries point overall to a slowdown in business investment growth in the fourth quarter of 2018. The slowdown in business investment partly reflects heightened policy uncertainty and financial volatility in some euro area countries. Persistent concerns about global trade developments, the possibility of a no-deal Brexit and economic weaknesses in China also appear to have adversely affected business confidence. The assessment of export order books and production expectations in the capital goods sector continued to worsen in January and February 2019. However, fundamentals remain supportive of business investment. First, capacity utilisation remains well above its long-term average, and a large share of manufacturing firms report lack of equipment as a factor limiting production. Second, the ECB’s monetary policy measures continue to support favourable financing conditions and access to financing for euro area firms. Third, during the recent period of recovery, firms have also used profits to build up a sizeable liquidity overhang.
Euro area trade in goods continued to grow at a subdued pace at the end of 2018 and is expected to decline further in the near term. According to the latest release of data from the national accounts, in the last quarter of 2018 total euro area exports increased by 0.9%, while imports increased by 0.5% on a quarterly basis. Incoming data on the monthly trade in goods confirm a poor performance by total euro area trade in the fourth quarter, mostly driven by intra-euro area trade. In December 2018 nominal euro area exports contracted by 0.5%, month on month, with intra-euro area exports decreasing even more (by 0.9%). Nominal euro area imports saw a slight month-on-month increase of 0.4%. Temporary factors, such as the new regulations on vehicle emissions tests, have weighed on exports. However, a generalised decrease can be observed across all product categories. The United Kingdom, Turkey and China continue to drive the weakness in extra-euro area exports observed in the last few months of 2018. Looking ahead leading indicators point to a further reduction in extra-euro area exports in the coming months. In February 2019 the manufacturing PMI for new export orders outside of the euro area was at its lowest since November 2012 (46.4), and the European Commission’s assessment went more negative compared with January.
The latest survey results have continued to disappoint and suggest that euro area growth is moderating in the short term. The European Commission’s Economic Sentiment Indicator remained broadly unchanged in February, standing above its long-term average. So far in 2019 the average stands at 106.2, below the 108.9 average for the last quarter of 2018. Although the indicator declined for the industry and construction sectors, this was broadly offset by positive sentiment in services, the retail sector and households. The composite output PMI increased slightly in February, but the average for the first two months of the first quarter of 2019 stood below that for the previous quarter (51.4 compared with 52.3).
Despite the current slowdown, over the medium term the broad-based economic expansion is expected to regain traction and to continue over the period ahead. The ECB’s accommodative monetary policy continues to strengthen domestic demand. Ongoing growth in employment and wages should keep private consumption high. At the same time business investment is supported by healthy domestic demand, favourable financing conditions and improving balance sheets, and housing investment remains strong.
The March 2019 ECB staff macroeconomic projections for the euro area forecast annual real GDP to increase by 1.1% in 2019, 1.6% in 2020 and 1.5% in 2021 (see Chart 12). Compared with the December 2018 Eurosystem staff projections, the outlook for real GDP growth has been revised downwards substantially for 2019 and slightly for 2020. The risks surrounding the euro area outlook remain tilted to the downside.
Chart 12
Euro area real GDP (including projections)
(quarter-on-quarter percentage changes)
Sources: Eurostat and the article entitled “March 2019 ECB staff macroeconomic projections for the euro area”, published on the ECB’s website on 7 March the “New procedure for constructing Eurosystem and ECB staff projection ranges”, ECB, December 2009.
Prices and costs
According to Eurostat’s flash estimate, euro area annual HICP inflation increased to 1.5% in February 2019, up from 1.4% in January. While measures of underlying inflation continued to move sideways, domestic cost pressures – revised downwards across the projection horizon, reflecting in particular the more subdued near-term growth outlook. Annual HICP inflation excluding energy and food is expected to be 1.2% in 2019, 1.4% in 2020 and 1.6% in 2021.
Headline inflation increased in February owing to stronger price increases in volatile categories. According to Eurostat’s flash estimate, euro area annual HICP inflation increased to 1.5% in February 2019, up from 1.4% in January (see Chart 13). This reflected higher inflation rates for the more volatile categories, energy and food, while HICP inflation excluding energy and food (HICPX) declined. The higher inflation rate for energy reflected upward base effects and a moderate increase in oil prices (in euro terms). When discussing HICP data since January 2019, one should note that two methodological changes have been introduced that imply revisions to the historical data (see Box 4 “New features in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices: analytical groups, scanner data and web-scraping” and Box 5 “A new method for the package holiday price index in Germany and its impact on HICP inflation rates”).
Chart 13
Contributions of components to euro area headline HICP inflation
(annual percentage changes; percentage point contributions)
Sources: Eurostat and ECB calculations.
Notes: The latest observations are for February 2019 (flash estimates). Growth rates for 2015 are distorted upwards owing to a methodological change (see Box 5 in this issue of the ECB’s Economic Bulletin).
Measures of underlying inflation continued their recent sideways movement after rising from earlier lows. HICP inflation excluding energy and food was 1.0% in February, down from 1.1% in January. It thus continued to hover around the 1% rate that it reached after rising from its low in mid-2016. The decrease in February reflected a decline in services inflation from 1.6% to 1.3%, while non-energy industrial goods inflation remained unchanged at 0.3%. Other measures of underlying inflation, including the Persistent and Common Component of Inflation indicator (PCCI) and the Supercore indicator,[1] which are only available for the period to January, also pointed to a continuation of the broad sideways movement of recent months (see Chart 14). Nonetheless, each of the statistical and model-based measures remained higher than their respective lows in 2016. Looking ahead measures of underlying inflation are expected to increase gradually, driven by a further strengthening of wage growth and the pick-up observed in domestic producer price inflation.
Chart 14
Measures of underlying inflation
(annual percentage changes)
Sources: Eurostat and ECB calculations.
Notes: The latest observations are for February 2019 (flash estimate) for HICP excluding energy and food and for January this issue of the ECB’s Economic Bulletin).
Price pressures for non-energy industrial goods increased at the later stages of the pricing chain, while signals at the earlier stages were mixed. At the very early stages, pipeline price pressures have rebounded, as the annual rate of change in oil prices and industrial raw material prices (in euro terms) increased markedly in February. Global non-energy producer price inflation, in contrast, declined slightly further in January. The previous weak price pressures in the early stages have had an impact on import price and producer price inflation for intermediate goods, with both continuing to decline since August last year. At the later stages, the year-on-year growth of import prices for non-food consumer goods increased to 1.3% in January from (a revised downwards) 0.4% in December. Also, domestic producer price inflation for these goods increased to 1.0% in January 2019, after recording a stable 0.8% growth in year-on-year terms in the previous three months, and remained above its long-term average (see Chart 15). Overall, pressures on consumer goods prices remained broadly steady in the later stages of the pricing chain, with some weakness in the early stages possibly yet to filter through.
Chart 15
Producer and import prices
(annual percentage changes; percentage point contributions)
Sources: Eurostat and ECB calculations.
Notes: The latest observations are for February 2019 for NEER-38, January 2019 for domestic PPI, import prices, and global PPI. “NEER-38” is the nominal effective exchange rate of the euro against the currencies of 38 of the euro area’s most important trading partners. “PPI” measures the monthly development of ex-factory selling prices.
Recent developments in wage growth signal a continued upward trend and support the notion of a gradual build-up in domestic cost pressures. Annual growth in compensation per employee increased to 2.5% in the third quarter of 2018, compared with 2.2% in the second quarter of 2018. Negotiated wage growth was 2.2% in the fourth quarter of 2018, up from 2.1% in the third quarter (see Chart 16). More generally, wage growth indicators now stand visibly higher than in the first half of 2016. These developments are in line with increasing tightness in the labour market. While the early phase of the strengthening of the growth in compensation per employee was driven mainly by wage drift, most of the momentum in recent quarters came from the rise in the annual growth of negotiated wages, which bolstered confidence in the positive outlook for wage growth.
Chart 16
Contributions of components of compensation per employee
(annual percentage changes; percentage point contributions)
Sources: Eurostat and ECB calculations.
Note: The latest observations are for the third quarter of 2018 for compensation per employee and the fourth quarter of 2018 for negotiated wage growth.
Market and survey-based measures of longer-term inflation expectations have fallen somewhat. The five-year inflation-linked swap rate five years ahead stood at 1.51% on 6 March 2019, 13 basis points lower than the level which prevailed in mid-December (see Chart 17). The forward profile of market-based measures of inflation expectations continues to point towards a prolonged period of low inflation with a gradual return to inflation levels below, but close to, 2%. The risk-neutral probability of negative average inflation over the next five years implied by inflation options markets is negligible, which suggests that markets currently consider the risk of deflation to be very low. According to the ECB Survey of Professional Forecasters for the first quarter of 2019, longer-term inflation expectations were 1.8%, slightly down from 1.9% compared with the previous survey.
Chart 17
Market-based measures of inflation expectations
(annual percentage changes)
Sources: Thomson Reuters and ECB calculations.
Note: The latest observations are for 6 March 2019.
The March 2019 ECB staff macroeconomic projections expect underlying inflation to increase gradually over the projection horizon. On the basis of the information available at mid-February, these projections expect headline HICP inflation to average 1.2% in 2019, 1.5% in 2020 and 1.6% in 2021, compared with 1.6%, 1.7% and 1.8% respectively in the December 2018 Eurosystem staff macroeconomic projections (see Chart 18). This pattern reflects a sharp decline in HICP energy inflation in 2019, which is mainly accounted for by the strong drop in oil prices at the end of 2018 and downward base effects related to their prior increase in 2018. Looking ahead HICP energy prices are expected to grow at subdued rates consistent with the relatively flat oil price futures curve. HICP inflation excluding energy and food will be on a gradual upward path supported by the more gradual but continued economic recovery and the tightening labour market conditions, leading to higher domestic cost pressures. HICP inflation excluding energy and food is expected to rise from 1.2% in 2019 to 1.4% in 2020 and 1.6% in 2021, representing a downward revision of 0.2 percentage point in each year of the projection horizon.
Chart 18
Euro area HICP inflation (including projections)
(annual percentage changes)
Sources: Eurostat and the article entitled “March 2019 ECB staff macroeconomic projections for the euro area”, published on the ECB’s website on 7 March 2019.
Notes: The latest observations are for the fourth quarter of 2018 (actual 21 February 2019 and thus before the revision to historical data in the HICP on account of methodological changes.
Money and credit
Money growth and credit dynamics moderated in January 2019. Broad money growth has shown strong resilience in the face of the phasing-out of monthly net purchases under the asset purchase programme (APP). At the same time, bank funding and lending conditions remained favourable. Net issuance of debt securities by NFCs declined significantly in the fourth quarter of 2018, against the background of a continuing gradual deterioration in bond market conditions that started in late 2017.
Broad money growth moderated in January, with rates continuing to hover around the level observed since March 2018. The annual growth rate of M3 decreased to 3.8% in January 2019 from 4.1% in December 2018 (see Chart 19). This development shows the resilience of M3 growth in the face of the declining mechanical contribution of APP purchases. M3 growth has eased since late 2017, coinciding with the phasing-out of net asset purchases. This in turn implies that the APP had a smaller positive impact on M3 growth. The narrow money aggregate M1, which includes the most liquid components of M3, continued to make a large contribution to broad money growth, despite declining to 6.2% in January. Money growth continued to receive support from sustained economic expansion and the low opportunity cost of holding the most liquid instruments in an environment of very low interest rates.
Chart 19
M3, M1 and loans to the private sector
(annual percentage changes; adjusted for seasonal and calendar effects)
Source: ECB.
Notes: Loans are adjusted for loan sales, securitisation and notional cash pooling. The latest observation is for January 2019.
Overnight deposits remained the main contributor to M3 growth. The annual growth rate of overnight deposits decreased to 6.4% in January, reflecting the moderation in the annual growth of overnight deposits held by NFCs, while the expansion of overnight deposits held by households remained stable. Moreover, steady growth in currency in circulation speaks against any large-scale substitution of cash for deposits in an environment of very low or negative interest rates for the euro area as a whole. Short-term deposits other than overnight deposits (i.e. M2 minus M1) continued to make a negative contribution to M3 growth, although the spread between the interest rates on short-term time deposits and overnight deposits has stabilised since late 2017. Marketable instruments (i.e. M3 minus M2), which are currently growing at a slow pace given the low remuneration of these instruments, had a neutral overall impact on M3 growth.
Credit to the private sector remained the largest driver of broad money growth from a counterpart perspective (see Chart 20). In the context of the aforementioned phasing-out of monthly net purchases under the APP, the positive contribution to M3 growth from general government securities held by the Eurosystem decreased further (see the red parts of the bars in Chart 20). This has been largely offset by a moderate increase in the contribution from credit to the private sector since late 2017 (see the blue parts of the bars in Chart 20). While private credit remained the main source of money creation, the decline in the contribution of the APP has recently been replaced by external monetary flows (see the yellow parts of the bars in Chart 20) and credit to the general government (see the light green parts of the bars in Chart 20). The increasing contribution from net external assets in part reflects investors’ preferences for euro area assets in the context of a greater aversion to risk linked to higher uncertainty. Moreover, purchases of government securities by commercial banks have increasingly stabilised M3 in recent months. These developments mark an ongoing shift towards more self-sustained sources of money creation. January 2019.
Credit dynamics moderated in January. The annual growth rate of MFI loans to the private sector (adjusted for loan sales, securitisation and notional cash pooling) declined to 3.0% in January from 3.4% in December (see Chart 19). This was owing to a strong decline in the annual growth rate of loans to NFCs to 3.3% in January from 3.9% in December. Loan growth for firms, which was accompanied by considerable heterogeneity across countries, matches historical patterns and can be explained by the slowdown in real GDP since early 2018 (see Chart 21). At the same time, the annual growth rate of loans to households remained stable at 3.2% in January, also in a context of pronounced cross-country heterogeneity (see Chart 22). Lending to the private sector continued to be supported by favourable financing conditions, robust growth in business investment, improvements in labour markets, mature housing markets and growth in both residential investment and private consumption. In addition, banks have made progress in consolidating their balance sheets, improving profitability and reducing non-performing loans, although the level of such loans has remained high in some January January 2019.
Bank funding conditions remained favourable by historical standards. In January, the composite cost of debt financing for euro area banks remained stable, after having progressively increased since the beginning of 2018 (see Chart 23). This development reflected unchanged bank bond yields in the euro area as a whole. Heterogeneity across countries was considerable, given that political uncertainty was high and banks’ access to wholesale funding was uneven. At the same time, the costs of deposit funding remained unchanged. The repercussions of higher costs of funding through the issuance of debt securities on the overall composite cost of funding for banks have been rather limited owing to this type of funding’s limited importance in banks’ funding structures. Overall, therefore, bank funding conditions have remained favourable, reflecting the ECB’s accommodative monetary policy stance and the strengthening of banks’ balance sheets. Moreover, the new series of TLTROs will help to ensure that bank lending conditions remain favourable going forward. January 2019.
Bank lending rates for NFCs and households remained close to their historical lows. In January 2019, the composite bank lending rate for NFCs (see Chart 24) remained broadly stable at 1.63%, close to the historical low of 1.62% seen in May 2018. The composite bank lending rate for housing loans remained broadly stable in January at 1.82%, also close to its historical low in December 2016 (see Chart 25). Composite bank lending rates for loans to NFCs and households have fallen significantly and by more than market reference rates since the ECB’s credit easing measures were announced in June 2014, while heterogeneity across countries remained considerable. Between May 2014 and January 2019 composite lending rates on loans to NFCs and households fell by around 130 and 110 most exposed.
The annual flow of total external financing to euro area NFCs is estimated to have stabilised in the fourth quarter of 2018. Bank lending growth was solid, supported by still-favourable credit standards and a further decline in the relative cost of bank lending. By contrast, net issuance of securities was negative over the quarter, reflecting the moderation of economic growth, lower values of mergers and acquisitions as well as increases in the cost of market-based financing and uncertainty, along with other factors. These developments are, however, becoming increasingly heterogeneous across countries.
In the fourth quarter of 2018 the net issuance of debt securities by NFCs was significantly negative amidst a continuing increase in the cost of debt issuance during that time. The weakness in net issuance activity in the last quarter of 2018 can be partly attributed to the seasonal pattern of the series, but from a more medium-term perspective the annual net issuance flows for December 2018 reached the lowest reading since May 2016 (see Chart 26), and remain in line with the declining trend that started at the beginning of 2017. Market data suggest that the net issuance of debt securities by investment-grade issuers increased in the first months of 2019, while it remained virtually zero in the high-yield segment. The net issuance of listed shares was basically zero in the fourth quarter of 2018.
Chart 26
Net issuance of debt securities and quoted shares by euro area NFCs
(annual flows in EUR billions)
Source: ECB.
Notes: Monthly figures based on a 12-month rolling period. The latest observation is for December 2018.
In December 2018, the cost of financing for NFCs edged up further. In December the overall nominal cost of external financing for NFCs, comprising bank lending, debt issuance in the market and equity finance, stood at 4.8%, up from 4.7% in November. The current cost of external financing surpasses the historical low of August 2016 by 57 basis points but remains substantially lower than the level seen in mid-2014, when market expectations regarding the introduction of the public sector purchase programme began to emerge.
Fiscal developments
A mildly expansionary euro area fiscal stance and the operation of automatic stabilisers are providing support to economic activity. At the same time, countries where government debt broadly stable in the following two years. [2] Based on data for 2018 that are still incomplete, the general government deficit ratio for the euro area is estimated to have stood at 0.5% of GDP, compared with 1.0% of GDP in 2017. The fall in 2018 was mainly the result of favourable cyclical conditions and declining interest payments. The improvement is likely to be reversed this year on account of a significantly lower cyclically adjusted primary balance. The higher deficit is also expected to persist over the next two years (see Chart 27).
The outlook for the euro area general government deficit for the next two years has deteriorated compared with the December 2018 Eurosystem staff macroeconomic projections. The higher deficit is partly the outcome of a lower primary balance reflecting policies that are more expansionary than previously expected in several of the largest euro area countries. It is also the result of a lower cyclical component given that the macroeconomic outlook has been revised downwards.
Chart 27
Budget balance and its components
(percentage of GDP)
Sources: ECB and March 2019 ECB staff macroeconomic projections.
Notes: The data refer to the aggregate general government sector of the euro area.
The aggregate fiscal stance for the euro area is assessed to have been broadly neutral in 2018 but is projected to be mildly expansionary from 2019 onwards. [3] This profile is mainly driven by cuts to direct taxes and social security contributions in both Germany and France but it is also a result of relatively dynamic expenditure growth in several countries.
The decline in the euro area aggregate public debt-to-GDP ratio is projected to continue at a slower pace. According to the March 2019 ECB staff macroeconomic projections, the aggregate general government debt-to-GDP ratio in the euro area is expected to decline from 86.8% of GDP in 2017[4] to 81.1% of GDP in 2021. The projected reduction in government debt is supported by both the negative interest rate-growth rate differential[5] and continued primary surpluses (see Chart 28), although deficit-debt adjustments are expected to offset some of these effects. Over the projection horizon, the debt ratio is projected to fall or increase only slowly in all euro area countries but will continue to far exceed the reference value of 60% of GDP in a number of countries. Compared with the December 2018 projections, the decline in the aggregate euro area debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to be more subdued over the whole horizon. This is mainly due to the increasing interest-growth differential in 2019 reflecting the downward revision of GDP growth, as well as lower primary balances.
Chart 28
Drivers of change in public debt
(percentage points of GDP)
Sources: ECB and March 2019 ECB staff macroeconomic projections.
Notes: The data refer to the aggregate general government sector of the euro area.
Countries need to continue their fiscal policies in full compliance with the Stability and Growth Pact. This may include allowing automatic stabilisers to operate where appropriate. At the same time, countries where government debt is high need to continue rebuilding fiscal buffers. All countries should continue to increase efforts to achieve a more growth-friendly composition of public finances.
Boxes
Characterising the current expansion across non-euro area advanced economies: where do we go from here?
This box looks at the current phase of the business cycle in major non-euro area advanced economies with a view to assessing the factors behind the transition to weaker growth. [6] Although growth in non-euro area advanced economies has been slowing, signals of a severe slowdown or recession appear contained at the current juncture and our baseline scenario remains one of a modest economic deceleration.More
Liquidity conditions and monetary policy operations in the period from 31 October 2018 to 29 January.More
Employment growth and GDP in the euro area
This box analyses developments in the euro area labour market with respect to recent changes in GDP growth. The labour market remained relatively robust throughout 2018, in spite of the slowdown in real GDP growth. A decomposition of GDP into labour productivity, labour market outcomes and demographic trends shows a larger contribution to real GDP growth from employment (see Chart A). In the first three quarters of 2018, economic growth was strongly supported by employment growth and by the stable decline in the unemployment rate. These developments contrast sharply with trends during the early period of the recovery and highlight the strength of the labour market in the euro area against the background of the slowdown in GDP growth in 2018. Indeed, despite the considerable heterogeneity observed across different euro area countries, the aggregate euro area unemployment rate was, in December 2018, at its lowest since October 2008, with the employment-to-population ratio higher than in 2008[7].More
New features in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices: analytical groups, scanner data and web-scraping
Harmonised indices of consumer prices (HICPs) for food, industrial goods, services and energy are measures that the ECB uses for its more detailed analysis of inflation in the euro area. With the release of the HICPs for January 2019, these analytical groups ‑ special aggregates ‑ are based on a more exact allocation of products. As a result, the distinction between goods and services and between unprocessed and processed food is now more precise. This improvement has been achieved by deriving special aggregates from the HICP’s generic classification – the “European Classification of Individual Consumption according to Purpose” (ECOICOP) – which provides a more detailed level of breakdown than the product classification used thus far. Another recent enhancement is the extended use of supermarket scanner data. “Web-scraping” – an automated approach to collecting mass data from websites – is also being more broadly applied. Overall, these changes reflect better the actual consumer price developments in the economy, especially since they increase the coverage of sales prices.More
A new method for the package holiday price index in Germany and its impact on HICP inflation rates
Harmonised indices of consumer prices (HICPs) are regularly updated for changes in consumption weights and the items included, and on occasion also for methodological improvements. One such improvement is a change in the way the price index for package holidays is calculated in the HICP for Germany, which was implemented with the HICP release for January 2019. This has led to revisions of annual rates of change not only for Germany, but also for the euro area as a whole.More
Interest rate-growth differential and government debt dynamics
The difference between the average interest rate that governments pay on their debt and the nominal growth rate of the economy is a key variable for debt dynamics and sovereign sustainability analysis. The change in government debt between two years equals the interest paid on the stock of debt, the primary deficit (excess of expenditure, excluding interest payments, over revenue), and other factors (deficit-debt adjustments). For ratios to GDP, the change in debt is then mainly determined by the primary balance and the difference between the interest rate and the GDP growth rate. If the interest rate-growth differential (
) is strictly positive, a primary fiscal surplus is needed to stabilise or reduce the debt-to-GDP ratio. The higher the initial debt level, the higher the primary surplus will need to be. Conversely, a persistently negative
on government debt
would imply that debt ratios could be reduced even in the presence of primary budget deficits (lower than the debt effect induced by the differential).[8]
The European Commission’s 2019 assessment of macroeconomic imbalances and progress on reforms.[9]More
Article
Taking stock of the Eurosystem’s asset purchase programme after the end of net asset purchases 6 March 2019.
For specific terminology please refer to the ECB glossary (available in English only).
ISSN 2363-3417 (html)
ISSN 2363-3417 (pdf)
DOI 10.2866/662337 (html)
EU catalogue No QB-BP-19-002-EN-Q (html)
EU catalogue No QB-BP-19-002-EN-N (pdf)
- For more information on these measures of underlying inflation, see Boxes 2 and 3 in the article "Measures of underlying inflation for the euro area", Economic Bulletin, Issue 4, ECB, 2018.
- See the “March 2019 ECB staff macroeconomic projections for the euro area”, published on the ECB’s website on 7 March” in this issue of the Economic Bulletin.
- The analysis is based on the following non-euro area countries: United States (US), Japan (JP), United Kingdom (UK), Canada (CA), Switzerland (CH), Sweden (SE), Denmark (DK), Norway (NO) and Australia (AU).
- Heterogeneity in unemployment rates remains high, as more than 15 percentage points separate the highest and lowest rates of euro area countries. The employment-to-population ratio, defined here as total employment divided by the segment of the population aged 15-74, increased by 0.8 percentage point, from 58.7% to 59.5%, between the third quarter of 2008 and the third quarter of 2018.
Equation 1 (the typical debt accumulation equation) provides a simple accounting framework to decompose the change in the government gross debt-to-GDP ratio (
) into its key drivers, consisting of: (i) the “snowball effect”, i.e. the impact of the difference between the average nominal interest rate charged on government debt (
) and the nominal GDP growth rate (
) multiplied by the debt-to-GDP ratio in the previous period (
); (ii) the primary budget balance (surplus) ratio (
); and (iii) the deficit-debt adjustment as a share of GDP (
) or the stock-flow adjustment, comprising factors that affect debt but are not included in the budget balance (such as acquisitions or sales of financial assets).
-). |
by Thierry Auffret van der Kemp
Marine biologist, zoologist, former head of the life sciences department at Palais de la découverte, Paris.
[DOWNLOAD ARTICLE] [Download complete PDF 6.2Mo]
To cite this article (suggested): Auffret van der Kemp T., « To which animals does animal welfare apply in law and why? » [PDF file], In: Hild S. & Schweitzer L. (Eds), Animal Welfare: From Science to Law, 2019, pp.47-56.
Introduction
Over the past 15 years or so, in animal protection legislation nearly everywhere in the world, the notion of animal welfare has been gradually superseding the concept of prevention of acts of cruelty. But it may come as a surprise that the term « animal welfare » has never been defined in the legislation. There is a great risk of creating confusion between « animal welfare » and « good treatment » or the absence of bad treatment. Semantic traps left by presuppositions nearly always lead to misunderstandings.
Welfare is above all an emotional state. It is a state of ease produced by a combination of pleasant feelings for the animal. It not only requires the animal to be in good health and secure but also that its physiological and environmental needs are entirely and unreservedly being met and that the animal is able to express normal behaviour according to its biological rhythms. These needs are specific to each individual’s species, gender and age. They can also vary depending on the time of day or year. This is why the general legislation on the protection of animal welfare needs to be broken down into specific regulations.
But can the notion of animal welfare that implies an emotional state be applied to the entire animal kingdom? For a biologist, animals are multicellular living organisms that can move by themselves at least at one stage in their development and feed off other organisms1. Therefore, mussels and oysters, which feed off microorganisms suspended in water and have swimming larvae, are animals. Snails and earthworms, which are also farmed, are also animals, as are the millions of other invertebrates. However, can we legitimately have concern for the welfare of these animals with a nervous system that creates motor responses that are purely reflexes? Without an organ with cerebral functions able to store and process sensory information, these invertebrates are probably unable to feel sensations or emotions in the same way as animals such as vertebrates or even some invertebrates (cephalopod molluscs and some arthropods such as crabs, bees or spiders) that also have cognitive abilities2.
This question led us to examine how animals are defined in the legal texts governing their protection. These general definitions fall into three main categories.
- The utilitarian categories are those first used in law.
There are a great many of these definitions, such as « goods » (property, in opposition to « persons »), domesticated animals, companion animals, farm animals, laboratory animals, captive wild animals, etc., to name but a few. It is important to note that all legislation on animal welfare or the prevention of acts of cruelty relates to animals held by man during all or part of their life cycle. It excludes wild animals living freely in nature. Laws governing wild animals do not protect individuals but aim to preserve or control some species’ population numbers for ecological, health or food purposes. Only a few countries ban certain hunting, trapping or fishing techniques that produce particularly painful agony.
- A smaller number of philosophical categories were introduced into law at a later stage, including « creatures », « beings » and “non-things ».
- Finally, scientific categories are the most recently introduced into law. These cover:
a) zoological classifications such as vertebrates, meaning animals that have a backbone and a skull containing their central nervous system (namely, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish) or invertebrates (e.g. octopuses, crabs);
b) embryological development stages: such as free-living larval forms (able to feed themselves) and foetal forms;
c) forms of neurological sensitivity.
A quick overview of animal legislation around the world reveals the most significant definitions of animals, based on a few examples taken from various legislative texts from some thirty countries3.
I. Europe
1. European Union
The EU texts first defined animals by their zoological category of non-human vertebrates. Then, after drawing attention to their sentience, this definition was broadened to cover certain development stages: free-living larval forms (e.g. tadpoles) or foetal forms in the last third of their development, while certain texts also include a class of invertebrates, cephalopods (e.g. octopuses and cuttlefish).
- Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2005 of 22 December 2004 on the protection of animals during transport and related operations
(Art. 2. a): « ‘Animals’ means live vertebrate animals »
- Council Regulation (EC) No 2009/1099 of 24 September 2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing
(Art. 2.c): « ‘Animal’ means any vertebrate animal, excluding reptiles and amphibians »
- Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU, 2007), consolidated version which entered into force on 1 December 2009
(Art. 13): « the Union and the Member States shall, since animals are sentient beings, pay full regard to the welfare requirements of animals »…
- Directive 2010/63/EU of 22 September 2010 of the European Parliament and the Council on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes
(Art. 1-3): « shall apply to the following animals: (a) live non-human vertebrate animals, including: (i) independently feeding larval forms; and (ii) foetal forms of mammals as from the last third of their normal development; (b) live cephalopods. »
(Art. 1-4): «. »
2. European states
The general definition of an animal is either philosophical or scientific, depending on the text or European country. This definition, limited to vertebrates or sometimes extended to invertebrates such as decapod crustaceans (e.g. shrimp), sometimes also refers to their sensitivity, whether it is specified or not as the ability to feel emotions.
Germany
(Art. 1): « shall serve to protect the life and well-being of animals based on the responsibility of human beings towards creatures like themselves. »
- Civil Code (amended by Art. 1.2 of the Act of 20 August 1990, pertaining to the improvement of the legal status of animals in civil law) (English)
(Division 2, section 90 a): « Animals are not things.«
- transposing Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council4
(Art. 14-1):
1) […] « vertebrates, the larval forms of vertebrate animals, as long as they are able to independently feed, the foetuses of mammals as from the last third of their normal development before birth, cephalopods;
2) « vertebrate animals at a stage of development before birth or hatching other than those mentioned in point 1, if these animals are able to live beyond that stage of development and can predictably experience pain, suffering or harm after they are born or hatched. »
(Art. 39) […] « decapods » […]
Germany is the only country in the European Union to go beyond the guidelines of the 2010 European directive on the protection of animals used for testing. Indeed, it also includes the embryonic forms of birds and reptiles in the last third of their development before hatching, as well as decapod crustaceans, on the list of animals that must not be subjected to painful sensations.
Since 1990, Germany has also been one of the half-dozen European countries whose civil code makes a distinction between animals and things, as France has done since 1999.
France
(Art. 515-14, created by Art. 2.1 of the Law of 16 February 2015 relating to the modernisation and simplification of law and procedures in the fields of justice and internal affairs)
« Animals are sentient, living beings. Subject to the laws that protect them, animals are subjected to the regime of goods. »
- Rural and Maritime Fisheries Code
(Art. L.214-1, integrating Article 9 of the Law of 10 July 1976 relating to the protection of nature, by Ordinance of 21 September 2000)
« Every animal, as a sentient being, must be placed by its owner in conditions compatible with the biological imperatives of its species.«
(Art. R.214-87, transposing by Decree of 1 February 2013 Articles 1-3 and 1-4 of the European Directive of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes)
« Living animal vertebrates, including free-living larval forms and foetal forms of mammals as from their last third of their normal development;
– free-living larval forms and foetal forms of mammals at an early stage of development than the last third of their normal development, if the animal is to be allowed to live beyond that stage of development and, as a result of the procedures performed, is likely to experience pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm after it has reached that stage of development;
– live cephalopods. »
Indeed, contrary to what has often been stated in the media due to a misinterpretation of the words « biens meubles » (« moveable property ») where in French the term « meuble » should be taken as a synonym for « mobile » (« able to move ») and not to mean « a piece of furniture », the French Civil Code, following its 1999 revision, already made a distinction between animals and things. It made a distinction between animals and « corps” (« bodies ») as well as « objets » (« objects ») such as tables or chairs, which it qualified in this case as « de meubles meublants » (« furniture »).
By declaring since its 2015 revision in Article 515-14 that « animals are sentient, living beings », the new French Civil Code has the merit of removing this semantic ambiguity by highlighting a biological characteristic that separates animals from things.
Today in France, after the recent amendment to the Civil Code and the earlier one to the Rural Code, the definitions of animals are now based on their general sensitivity or individual sensitivity. Indeed, the two Codes are not entirely consistent with one another5.
Article 514-4 of the Civil Code means that all animals are sentient beings, while L.214-1 of the Rural Code implicitly means that certain animals are sentient beings while others are not. Is this an implicit reference to a degree or particular form of sensitivity that not all animals share? The ability to experience pain, distress and suffering, is one form among others6. It is made explicit in the Rural Code Article (R.214-87), regulating testing, introduced in 2013.
While it is not wrong to say that all animals are sensitive beings, it seems necessary to explicitly clarify the specifically animal form or forms of sentience concerned. Indeed, from a scientific point of view, plants are also considered to be sensitive living beings. While their form of sensitivity is not nerve-based as with animals, they have one nevertheless: plants detect light and react to it by directional growth, and some even have leaves that are sensitive to touch and react with rapid movement7.
Others would say that the form of sensitivity concerned by the law is implied, or obvious, and does not need to be qualified or defined. However, given the large variations in the meaning of the word « sensitivity » and readers’ own sensitivities6, the law leaves the door open to an interpretation based on assumptions that are not necessarily rational, and not always favourable to the welfare of some animals. For instance, because an animal, a fish for example, is not as close to humans as a mammal, especially a pet mammal, we could justify a denial of its capacity to experience feelings, the form of emotional sensitivity that exists in addition to the simple sensory sensitivity common to all animals including invertebrates like oysters.
In 2013, the experts from the European Enforcement Network of Animal Welfare Lawyers and Commissioners showed that the vagueness of the term « êtres sensibles » in French, which does not fully translate the English term « sentient beings« , qualifies them more as « beings able to experience sensations ». Inversely, the French word « sensibilité« , which is particularly ambiguous, is closer to the English word « sensitivity » than « sentience ». These same experts also regretted the absence of a definition of animal welfare.
It also regrettable that in Article L.214-1 of the French Rural Code, which has remained the same for the past 40 years, the expression « conditions compatible with its biological imperatives » has not been replaced by a stricter and more suitable one: « conditions that imperatively ensure its welfare« . Indeed, biological imperatives are not specifically animal any more than sentience. Plants also have biological imperatives: minimum vital needs for water, certain mineral nutrients and light.
Like plants, invertebrate animals reputed to have no emotional feelings, such as shellfish and bees, must not be treated with disrespect or negligence because of that, when all or part of their life cycle is dependent on humans. Even if only for the farmer: out of respect for himself and his work, these animals should be carefully kept in conditions « compatible with their vital needs ».
It is important to note that three European countries – the Czech Republic, Greece and Poland – were the first to specify, more or less, the form of sensitivity concerned in their broader legal definition of an animal.
Czech Republic
- Act No. 246/1992 on the Protection of Animals against Acts of Cruelty.
(Preamble): « Animals, like humans, are living beings and are therefore capable of experiencing various degrees of pain and suffering. »
(Art. 3 a): « Animal: means a live vertebrate, other than man, excluding foetal or embryonic forms. »
Poland
(Art. 1): « The animal as a live creature, capable of suffering, is not a thing. »
Greece
- concerning domestic and stray companion animals and the protection of animals from any exploitation or use for economic profit.
(Art. 1.a): « Animal means any organism that can feel emotions and lives on land, in the air or the sea, or any other aquatic ecosystem or wetland. »
In other European states, the legal definition given to animals depends on their zoological classification and depending on the case, extends either to the entire animal kingdom of vertebrates and invertebrates, or only to vertebrates. Here are seven examples of definitions ranked from the most restrictive to the broadest.
Switzerland
(Art. 2.1): « applies to vertebrates. The Federal Council decides to which invertebrates it applies and to what extent. In doing so, it is guided by scientific knowledge on the sensitivity of invertebrate animals. »
United Kingdom
(Art. 1. 1, 2 and 3): « “animal” means a vertebrate other than man except its foetal, larval or embryonic form. This definition can be extended by decree to include invertebrates. »
Finland
(Art. 2.1): « applies to all animals.«
Estonia
(Art. 2.1): « Animal: all mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish or invertebrates. »
Malta
- Animal Welfare Act of 8 February 2002
(Art. 2): « ‘Animal’ means all living members of the animal kingdom, other than human beings, and includes free-living larval and reproducing larval forms, but does not include foetal or embryonic forms. »
Norway
(Art. 2): « The Act applies to conditions which affect the welfare of or respect for mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, decapods, squid, octopuses and bees. The Act applies equally to the development stages of the animals referred to in cases where the sensory apparatus is equivalent to the developmental level in living animals. »
Ireland
(Art. 2-1): « “animal” means a member of the kingdom animalae other than a human being. »
North America
1. Canada
It should be noted that on the American continent, the laws of the Quebec province of Canada are modelled on those of France. Indeed, the National Assembly of Quebec recently passed a bill that changes the Civil Code’s definition of animals from « things » to « sentient beings with biological needs ». This change is directly inspired by Article L.214-1 of the French Rural Code and the new Article 515-14 of the French Civil Code.
An animal welfare and safety act was also passed. In this act, the definition of an animal is utilitarian and restricted to certain mammals, birds and fish. It does specify their biological needs.
Province of Quebec
- Act of 4 December 2015 to improve the legal status of animals and pass a law on animal welfare and safety
(Art. 1): adds to the Civil Code Article 898.1 (2): « Animals are not things. They are sentient beings that have biological needs. In addition to the provisions of special Acts, which protect animals, the provisions of this Code and of any other Act concerning property nonetheless apply to animals.
(Art. 7)
(1) […] « ‘animal’, used alone, means: (a) a domestic animal, being an animal of a species or a breed that has been chosen by man to meet certain needs, such as cats, dogs, rabbits, cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats and chickens, and their hybrids;
(b) red foxes and American mink kept in captivity for breeding purposes with a view to dealing in fur, as well as any other animals or fish that are kept in captivity for breeding purposes with a view to dealing in fur or in meat or in other food products, and that are designated by regulation. »
(5) « biological needs: are related to such factors as the animal’s species, breed, age, stage of growth, size, level of physical or physiological activity, and state of health and those related to the animal’s capacity to adapt to the cold or heat. »
2. United States of America
Federal law
The American federal rural law’s definition covers a very limited list of mammal and bird species kept as pets or used for experiments or entertainment.
- Act«
(section 2132, g): « The term ‘animal’ means any live or dead dog, cat, monkey (nonhuman primate mammal), guinea pig, hamster, rabbit, or such other warm-blooded animal, as the Secretary may determine is being used, or is intended for use, for research, testing,. »
As a result, in its chapter on animal welfare, the American federal law explicitly excludes any measure of protection for both birds and mammals used for food and textile production, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. It also excludes rats and mice used for research purposes.
We could almost include, on a humorous note, American director Woody Allen’s definition of a mouse: « A mouse is an animal that, when killed in sufficient quantities, under controlled conditions, produces a doctoral thesis. »
The US federal definition of animals, one of the most restrictive in the world, shows how poorly the protection of animals is presented in American law. The EU should pay particular attention to this when negotiating the Transatlantic Free Trade Agreement8.
States of the United States of America
However, the criminal laws of the federal capital (Washington DC) provide a very broad definition of animals, and several other states, such as Arizona and Alaska, include vertebrates in this definition except for fish. Oregon’s state law is remarkable in that it is the first to refer to a specific form of sensitivity, the capacity to experience unpleasant emotions, as directly inspired by the European directive on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.
Alaska
b) 3) « Animal: means a vertebrate living creature not a human being, but does not include fish. »
Arizona
(13-290. Art. H.1): « Animal: means a mammal, bird, reptile or amphibian. »
District of Columbia
(Art. 22-1013): « The words animals or animal shall be held to include all living and sentient creatures. »
Oregon
(Art. 1. 1): « Animals are sentient beings capable of experiencing pain, stress and fear. »
Asia
The definitions of the term « animal » are mostly utilitarian and can cover any domestic or captive wild animal. In certain countries, such as India, they can be philosophical and include the entire living world.
1. Bangladesh
Preliminary (Art 3.1): « Animal means any domestic or captured animal. »
2. Myanmar
(Art. 2. a): « Animal means domestic animal bred by man or captured for a certain purpose. This expression also includes the semen, ovum or embryo of the animal. »
3. India
(Art. 2 a): « ‘animal’ means any living creature other than a human being. »
4. China (Provinces)
Hong Kong
(Art. 2): « ‘Animal’ includes any mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, fish or any other vertebrate or invertebrate whether wild or domesticated. »
Africa
While most definitions of an animal used on the African continent are utilitarian and restricted to vertebrates only, Tanzanian law stands apart. It gives a broad scientific definition that includes invertebrates and is one of the only laws in the world to specifically define not only sensitivity but also the five freedoms of animal welfare, taking inspiration from the definition given by the World Organisation for Animal Health.
1. South Africa
(Art. 1): « ‘Animal’ means any equine, bovine, sheep, goat, pig, fowl, ostrich, dog, cat or other domestic animal or bird, or any wild animal, wild bird or reptile which is in captivity or under the control of any person. »
2. Zimbabwe
(Art. 2): « ‘animal’ means — (a) any kind of domestic vertebrate animal; (b) any kind of wild vertebrate animal in captivity; (c) the young of any animal referred to in paragraph (a) or (b). »
3. Tanzania
(Art. 3): « ‘Animal’ means any vertebrate or invertebrate other than a human being. »
« ‘sensitivity’ means capability of an animal to be aware of sensations, emotions, feeling pain, suffering and enjoying its species-specific needs. »
(Art. 4)…every person exercising powers under, applying or interpreting this Act shall have regard to: a) ensuring that animals are cared for according to their universally-adopted five freedoms that include – (i) freedom from hunger, thirst, and malnutrition; (ii) freedom from fear and distress; (iii) freedom from physical discomfort; (iv) freedom from pain, injury and disease; and (v) freedom to express normal patterns of behaviour; b) recognising that (i) an animal is a sentient being and (ii) animal welfare is an important aspect of any developed society, which reflects the degree of moral and cultural maturity of that society;
Oceania
Oceania uses some of the most advanced general definitions, which are based on science. In some Australian states, the definition is limited to vertebrates other than humans and fish. However, in others, in Victoria for example and in New Zealand, which also recognises animals as « sentient beings », this definition is extended to all vertebrates, including their free-living larval forms and antenatal forms during the second half of their embryonic development. These include two categories of invertebrates: cephalopod molluscs and decapod crustaceans.
1. Australia (States)
Northern Territory
(Art. 4) « ‘animal’ means: (a) a live member of a vertebrate species including an amphibian, bird, mammal (other than a human being) and reptile; (b) a live fish in captivity or dependent on a person for food; or (c) a live crustacean if it is in or on premises where food is prepared for retail sale, or offered by retail sale, for human consumption. »
Victoria
(Art. 3): « Animal means (a) a live member of a vertebrate species including any (i) fish or amphibian that is capable of self-feeding; or (ii) reptile, bird or mammal, other than any human being or any reptile, bird or other mammal that is below the normal mid-point of gestation or incubation for the particular class of reptile, bird or mammal; or (b) a live adult decapod crustacean, that is (i) a lobster; or (ii) a crab; or (iii) a crayfish; or (c) a live adult cephalopod including (i) an octopus; or (ii) a squid; or (iii) a cuttlefish; or (iv) a nautilus. »
2. New Zealand
- Act No. 142 of 1999 and Amendment of No. 2 of May 2015 relating to the welfare of animals in order to recognise that animals are sentient
(Art. 2.) (a) Animal :), any animal in the pre-natal, pre-hatched, larval, or other such developmental stage. »
Conclusion
As this overview of international law shows, some countries may still have narrow animal protection laws that only cover the prevention of acts of cruelty or are limited to warm-blooded vertebrates, or even a small portion of these. But thanks to a new and favourable worldwide trend that has developed over the past decade9, legislation relating to animals living under human care is moving towards protection of their welfare. This legal shift comes as a result of both new ethical demands from society and accelerated progress in scientific understanding of animal behaviour.
Utilitarian definitions have lost ground. They no longer see animals as things and state that they are living, sentient beings. Today, the definitions provided by law in a number of countries (of which some of the best models come from Victoria in Australia, Norway, New Zealand and Tanzania) scientifically describe which living creatures they cover: vertebrates and several stages of their embryonic or larval development as well as cephalopod and decapod invertebrates. These are animals whose capacity to experience emotions has been proven or is possible, according to current scientific data. Which in this case, comes down to adopting the ethical principle that Pr. Jean-Claude Nouët rightfully qualifies as the principle of presumption (Nouët, 2013).
Is it possible to ensure the welfare of animals, sensitive beings or capable of sensitivity, globally if these three terms are not given an accurate, scientific definition in law? Let us consider the question. When we talk about good levels of animal welfare, are we not using the reassuring terms of positive communication? Would it not be best to talk about tolerable levels of « animal suffering »? And if so: tolerable where, for whom and why? Should we not bear in mind, to paraphrase Albert Camus’ famous quote, that « to misname animals, their sensitivity and welfare, is to add to the misery of the world« ?
References
1. Auffret Van Der Kemp Thierry. Définitions du terme « animaux » dans les droits nationaux et communautaires, Droit animal, Éthique & Sciences, n° 80, janvier 2014, pp.11-14. Editions Fondation LFDA Paris.
2. Broom Donald M. Le bien-être des invertébrés : insectes, araignées, escargots et vers, in (sous la direction de Auffret Van Der Kemp Thierry et Lachance Martine) Souffrance animale de la science au droit, Editions Yvon Blais 2013, Cowansville (Québec) 2013, pp. 155-175.
3. Papers published without an official French translation have been translated into French by the author, who has also highlighted certain words and dates in bold.
4. Version française de Juliette Caseau in Jean- Claude Nouët, « Quelques points intéressants de la réglementation allemande sur l’utilisation des animaux en expérimentation », Droit animal, éthique & sciences, octobre 2015, n° 87, pp.5-6.
5. Nouët Jean-Claude. Le code civil met l’animal à un régime trop sec, Droit animal, Éthique & Sciences, avril 2015, n° 85 pp.7-8.
6. Bovet Dalila et Chapouthier Georges. Les degrés de sensibilité dans le monde animal et leur identification scientifique, in (sous la direction de Auffret Van Der Kemp Thierry et Lachance Martine) Souffrance animale, de la science au droit. Editions Yvon Blais 2013, Cowansville (Québec) 2013, pp.13-24.
7. Auffret Van Der Kemp Thierry. Sensibilités à la sensibilité des animaux en France, in Dossier « L‘Animal souffre-t-il en droit ? » Revue québécoise de droit international n° 24-1, 2011, pp. 217-236, SQDI, Montréal.
8. Mercier Katherine, Négociations du Traité transatlantique : barre à mine ou poignée de main ? Droit Animal, Ethique & Sciences, n° 83, octobre 2014, pp.3-8.
9. Auffret Van Der Kemp Thierry. Vers une universalisation des législations en faveur du bien-être animal. Droit Animal, Éthique & Sciences, n° 79, Octobre 2013. |
Transcript
Farooq: Topic is RSocket which is a new application-level networking protocol, well not new, it's been around for a while, but new in terms of concept. I'm Arsalan Farooq, the CEO at Netifi. I'm a bit of serial entrepreneur, as well as I grew up at Oracle, so lots of history dealing with enterprise-class deployments and infrastructures.
With me today is Robert [Roeser]. He's our Chief Innovation Officer, which is just a big word for the smartest guy in the company. I'll just very quickly introduce the project and then we'll let Robert [Roeser] talk about things that you guys are more interested in. We're Netifi and RSocket is an open-source protocol that was basically germinated sometime back inside Netflix and other places, and right now we're working with Facebook, Alibaba, Pivotal and other partners who are on board and we are using and promoting RSocket.
We're hoping that us together and with other incoming partners will be able to change the fact that few people have heard of RSocket, hopefully more will have and will use. I should mention that Facebook, Pivotal, and Alibaba, they're all using RSocket internally. Pivotal's, for you Java developers, Spring Framework 5.2 is coming up next month and that has RSocket built-in. If you like to use Spring, you'll be able to get on RSocket immediately.
Basically, it's an application layer 5, 6, loosely speaking, I call it layer 7, but I know I'm wrong. It's got built-in reactive semantics, so back pressure, composable, flow control, all of that stuff is built into the protocol. You should be thinking, compare that to HTTP or other est type protocols you've heard, and we'll see how that works in a minute. It does have flow control built-in, which means that you don't have to worry about things like retries and other things that you have to write in your glue logic when you write your applications, the network and the protocol will take care of it for you.
For those of us who are old enough and remember TCPIP at a lower level that had flow control built-in, and that's why we'd never have to write a lot of the glue code that we have to write at application level, so going to RSocket will change that. Binary encoded – it’s message-passing based, which Robert [Roeser] will talk about why that's important, and allows you to get asynchrony in your applications very quickly. I'll hand it over to Robert [Roeser].
What’s Needed for High Performance Microservice Networking
Roeser: I want to talk about what's needed for high-performance microservice networking. When I thought about this talk, I came up with a list of things that I think are important for building performing applications. Firstly, we need temporal and spatial decoupling. Next, you should actually be sending binary across the network, you shouldn't be sending texts and coding. Then finally, you need application flow control, because you want a consistent application, an application that isn't consistent, that has bad tail latency in a distributed system is actually very slow.
Let's look at loose coupling. When I think about loose coupling, I think about spatial and temporal decoupling. What spatial decoupling is, is a message sender should not directly call a destination, instead it should pass a message to somebody else through a stream or a channel. Then temporal coupling is that when you call something, the thing that you call should not block the execution, so, you can take that as like nonblocking code, and this will let you more efficiently use your resources.
The Difference Between Message-Passing and Event-Driven
RSocket is loosely coupled because it uses asynchronous message-passing. When we talk about message passing, something that comes up a lot is, what's the difference between an event-driven architecture and a message-driven or message-passing architecture? I created a quick list of things here. The really big thing to take away from this is is that, in a message-driven architecture, you send messages to a destination. In an event-driven architecture, what you do is you actually listen to events emitted from an entity. One way to think about this is, message passing would be your boss tells you to go fill your timesheet out. An event-driven architecture would be more like your boss actually sends an email to everybody and says, "Fill out your timesheet."
Let's take a look at what that looks like. On one side, you have something that emits events, in the middle you have some kind of queue usually, and on the other side you have things that are listening for events. It's all good, you begin to emit events, things go in the queue, many people are familiar with this, and you begin to just pull stuff off the process it. The events that are sent aren't actually correlated to anybody, so anyone can go ahead and just pull it off and you can't actually tell where the message originated and where it came from. They just go into the queue and people go ahead and process this.
This is generally ok, except it ends up leading to a few problems, and some of those problems are, how do you actually send a response back to someone or send a message back to a particular person emitting events? It's very difficult to do this. You can't do this because you generally don't actually know where the event came from, Besides just sending an event, you might actually want to send an exception. What could happen is, you might have a device that's emitting payloads that are causing exceptions. Those payloads go into the queue and you can't actually tell which device is doing that because there's no correlation between the thing emitting the payloads and the processing causing the exception.
Then finally, back pressure is a lot harder to deal with in this kind of environment, so you can only really do back pressure around a queue right now. You can't actually tell one of these things emitting events to slow down and stop sending you events, because there's no signal. You can't actually say, "You're sending things too fast for me to process," What could happen is, you can have one bad device or one bad deployment that actually goes ahead and blows up your queue for everybody else, because you can't say, "Stop sending me stuff."
Actually this is kind of funny, at Nike when I worked on the FuelBand, we call this the "Mark Parker Problem." Mark Parker is the CEO of Nike, and every time we gave him a FuelBand, inevitably he would have a bug and then buried halfway through the queue of his device he'd end up actually breaking the FuelBand so he'd have executive tech support come to fix it. I'm very familiar with this thing, and it ends up causing a lot of issues. Let's take a look at how this would work with message-passing.
In message passing, instead, you have different destinations, What the destinations do is they begin to send messages to each other over distinct streams. Destination six sends a message to destination one. Conceptually, unlike event-driven architectures, something that receives a message can go ahead and pass it on to somebody else. In this case, destination three gets a message, it can send it off to another place. Then, more importantly, you can actually go ahead and send messages back and forth between different destinations. You can use this for request reply or you can also begin to use this for other things, signal, maybe you need to slow down or send an exception for someone to handle.
Let's take a look at the way that RSocket uses message passing in the protocol. RSocket has a bunch of different interaction models and there's some really great talks about it, I won't go over that. One of the interaction models it has is the ability to create a bi-directional channel between two different destinations. The way that it starts doing that is it goes ahead and sends a message over from destination two to one, it says, "I want to do a bi-directional channel." RSocket has this built-in idea of back pressure. Even though destination two sent a message over, nothing will be emitted until the person goes ahead and asks for it. What happens is, it sends a message and says, "Go ahead and send me three different payloads." It begins to go emit the different payloads at the rate it cares about, and then importantly too, it doesn't actually have to emit them at any set rate, so it can choose not to emit it or, if it ends up chewing up too much resources, it can just stop.
It emits these payloads and then when it gets to the third payload it stops sending anything else. If I talked about the previous example in an event-driven architecture where you go ahead and have this rogue program at submitting data, it can't actually happen in this, because what will happen is, it'll emit the three pieces of data and then it will just stop, it won't send any more data and you won't actually have that situation where one bad actor can go ahead and just take up all your system resources.
Then because this is a bi-directional channel, destination one can go ahead and say, "Go ahead and send me data back as well." But two doesn't have to do that, instead it can go ahead and send other messages, which is "Go ahead and complete this transaction, I want to stop doing it."
Then the thing that's actually the most useful in this architecture is, let's say the third payload is actually causing you issues. When destination two gets the third payload in an event-driven architecture there's no way to actually go ahead and really correlate that back to the area where it's emitted, but in RSocket, when it gets it, it goes ahead and basically sends an exception frame back to the caller so that you can very easily see "I sent this message to this guy, and then the message comes back." This is how RSocket is loosely coupled. It is spatially decoupled because it sends binary messages over a dedicated stream and it is temporarily decoupled because all of its APIs are nonblocking.
What Type of Messages Does RSocket Use?
What kind of messages does RSocket send between the different destinations? RSocket sends binary payloads between the different destinations and it accesses those payloads and processes them using a flyweight pattern, which is very efficient. It doesn't have to allocate objects that do this and it allows you to do things like zero-copy in a very efficient manner, and it does this across languages. The different implementations of RSocket, whether it's in Javascript, Java, C++, all use this same pattern, so they don't create extra garbage.
How Does RSocket Process Messages?
Let's take a look at how RSocket actually does this processing. This is something like when you move to threaded code and multi-threaded applications that you can get wrong really easily and actually create a situation where it looks like you might be CPU-bound but you're actually not. I have a really simple application that's just doing some work, pretty easy to see it's going to go ahead and count. What this conceptually looks like is, there's one thread going ahead and calling this simple little program and running it. It turns out this is incredibly fast. On my laptop, this took less than a microsecond to run. In a microsecond you can count to two billion on a laptop. Of course, we need to like make this faster and everyone knows the best way to do that is to just go ahead and add as many threads as possible. We get 128-core box, we're going to just add 128 threads to this guy and we are going to totally blow this out of the water.
Not only that, we're going to use atomics and just make the best program ever. How long do you guys think this took to run? This is what it looks like, everyone is helping you out counting. Everyone's going to lend a hand and add to this, but, when I ran this, guess what happened? I didn't wait for it to finish it. Let it run for 10 minutes on my laptop and it never completed. In fact, I didn't actually think it was working, so I'd changed the target of 2 billion to 2000, it still took 40 milliseconds to actually run.
What's happening is you're causing contention in the CPU. Not only are you not on your CPU cache, which is very fast, you're actually in slow main memory. Then you have all these people going in at once trying to go at it. The way I like to think about it is, imagine you have an eight-lane highway. Then at the end of the eight-lane highway, it all goes down into one road and you're just trying to jam as much stuff through. When you run something like this, you can actually go look at your task manager and it looks like you're running at 800% CPU on my laptop, it looks like it's just churning through stuff and I'm "I must be totally CPU bound." You're not, because you saw the last application ended up like taking less than a microsecond.
What can we do? This is something that happens a lot behind the scenes in RSocket and other interactive libraries. What we want to do is, we want to take our application and turn it into a bunch of single-threaded applications for you. What we end up doing is we end up controlling threads accessing the work we want to do with a shared variable, and then locally, we go ahead and cache it. We end up doing the work, so it's all in the same CPU, so it's very fast, and then when we're done we go ahead and we make it available to everybody. What this ends up looking like is this, you basically have a bunch of little single-threaded programs that run. There's way less contention, so when you go ahead and run this, it also ends up being pretty quick, it takes less than a millisecond to go through and churn through all this. A nice side effect of this is, the threads that aren't actually doing the work are free to go do other stuff, They're "I want to do counting, but I can't count," so they might go do some other application.
The way this actually ties back into message passing is replaces this silly little counter with a message queue or something. Everyone's pulling the message queue, one person wins, they get to drain the queue, the other people are free to go off and do other stuff. But no one actually wants to program like that all the time. I can tell you it's pretty awful to deal with, it gets way more complicated. Thankfully, we have libraries available that abstract this away for you and end up actually doing the same thing under the scenes. They end up going ahead and doing all that complicated work. You end up getting the same result that happens is if you did this by hand. You get these little single thread applications, and when you run that application, it ends up taking less than a millisecond as well.
To circle back to RSocket and how this connects together, reactive streams abstracts away message passing for you. The interesting thing about message passing is, there is no difference in message passing between something that's on-box or off-box, like for the caller. If I call something, I don't necessarily have to have it be on the same box as I'm on. What RSocket ended up doing is taking that abstraction and then creating a protocol that makes that work across network. The end result is, you can basically take this reactive code that was there earlier and swap in RSocket without actually changing any of the calling code. As far as the person making the call is concerned, acts as if it's on-box, or just some asynchronous code that's running.
If we go back and look at the last little snippet of code, what we have here is, the piece that goes off and does the counting is actually encapsulated in a reactive streams context, and we can go ahead and switch it with a really simple little request-reply piece. Then if you go look, the person that's actually doing the calling isn't changed at all. As far as they're concerned this could just be some threaded code. You can begin to go ahead and use this to build out more complicated applications that could either run on-box, run off-box, you combine them together, and as far as the person calling it, there's no difference to you. Then conceptually you end up with this: a bunch of applications with the work paralyzed out where you don't have to go ahead and worry about it.
To go ahead and review what we talked at the top, we need something like temporal and spatial decoupling. We want to make sure that we pass messages through a stream or channel to caller. We need spatial decoupling which is sending a message through a channel or a stream. We need temporal decoupling, which of course is like nonblocking APIs. We want what we're sending across the network to actually be encoded in binary so it's efficient. I should mention how much more efficient the binary is. The encoding RSocket, the frame encoding in binary can do about 10 to 20 million encodes a second versus some of the faster stuff like JSON, you can do like 30,000 a second, so it's not an insignificant difference when you switch to stuff like that.
Then finally, you need some kind of application flow control. The reason you want application flow control is, when you move to a distributed system, as you begin to make network calls, your tail latency actually dominates the entire request. The slowest requests that you make ends up actually slowing down your whole application. Using something like flow control, it actually evens out your latency and controls your tail latency which actually makes your entire application faster, and that's the stuff that RSockets provides you for free basically using it. Then RSocket is going to go ahead and go over what this actually works or looks like in the real world.
Real-World RSocket Performance
Farooq: It works in concept, so the question we asked ourselves was, we can build small test programs and show ourselves that we're millions of times faster than other things, but, what happens if you build a real-world example? What does that look like? What we did was, we applied it to the microservices problem, because it's a distributed computing flavored Azure. What we're going to do is use a test that's out there - some of you may have heard of it, it's called ACME. It's a bit of a test and test harness that was built to simulate real-world networked microservices infrastructures. Good news is, IBM actually tests and publishes the test results on a specific system that's listed here on a regular basis.
What we said was, that's a good benchmark. This is what these days is known as a service mesh - Istio, Linkerd, a couple of others. It's a rest-based, proxy-based, networking scheme that people are trying to use for building their highly-granular distributed microservices applications. We have this test that's published and I'd like to point out a couple of things in this test. These are not our numbers, these numbers are available online, published by IBM. They ran the test. The first thing I'd like to point out is, they got up to around 60 users. If you look at the throughput, you see that it's starting to level out.
The throughput chart there in the middle is telling us that we're reaching some sort of a capacity constraint there, so, they were able to ramp it up to 60 users and did a pretty good job. They created a throughput of around 4.4K requests per minute. Then they delivered the response time profile of 12 milliseconds, so 4.4K for 60 concurrent users, simulated users, in a real application at 12 milliseconds performance delivered and that's where they started tapping out in this, and they run this regularly so you can go and get the updated results any time you want.
We said, "That's working on HTTP rest, all the good stuff, let's run this entire thing based on RSocket," and so we did. Stare at that for a second: same test, same machine, same everything. We got to 60 users, delivered a throughput that was four times greater at a response time of a third of what they had. Not only that, we are still ramping in the throughput chart, so there's capacity available. 4X the throughput in a real-world system at one third the latency just by using RSocket. We got very excited - by the way, there's a blog post that lays out all of this, it's listed there. We said, "How far can we go?" Same system since we had more capacity.
We went to 300 users, got to 27 - close to 30K - and look at their response time, and compare that to the 60 user response time, and then we just got crazy. We said, let's just go all the way, we turned it up to 11, got to a thousand users on the same system, concurrent users, and the system kept churning, kept delivering more throughput, 37.8K and the response time starting to spike. RSocket, with all of the flow control built-in, etc, all these things are acting together to start yielding a little bit on response time but still generating more throughput in the system. All we did was, did the same test except we did it on RSocket.
This was the moment, and this was when we realized that all the stuff that Robert [Roeser] just talked about, when applied in a realistic sense can be, at least we think, pretty game-changing. We invite you to look at this, take a look at the blog post, you'll see what our methodology was, and also, if you're interested, we've got some good quick starts so you guys can get started if you're not familiar with RSocket on our website.
That's pretty much it. I wanted to frame this in a real-world scenario because sometimes it's hard to see what the basic theory is going to get you.
Questions and Answers
Participant 1: There are different companies when you're making service to service calls. Are service discovery, serialization and deserialization part of the RSocket?
Roeser: There's RSocket protocol, and then on top of that we have a routing and forwarding protocol that builds on top what RSocket offers. With it you basically don't need separate service discovery, load balancing. We have built-in serialization and then coming in like the spring framework. This is on the Java side, there's built-in integration with serialization stuff into there, and then other languages as well have sterilization built-in. What you do is you just set up the application, they point at each other and then all the, everything is taken care of.
Participant 2: I think GRPC has two components, the server-side and then peer-to-peer communication. GrPC peer-to-peer is similar to on-stream or how does it compare?
Roeser: There’s one thing I didn't talk about, and there's other talks that talk about this. In RSocket, once you make a connection, both sides are co-equal. There isn't really a client and a server in RSocket, there's the person that made the connection and that's it. I can connect to you and then actually act like a server, and in both directions. On either side you can actually set up clients and servers and exchange messages. We have a portable serialization, if that's what you like. We're looking at GraphQL and then there's more of the standard, kind of more straight-up message passing kind of stuff where you just send messages back and forth.
It's this nice layer with pluggable transports, which I also didn't talk about, so you can say, "I want this one web socket so it works in a browser, I want to use TCP," I have a shared memory driver based on some stuff Todd did. Then you can go ahead and plug that stuff in and pick what you want and then pick the API that you want to use to talk in your application.
Farooq: Just to summarize, there's no server or client distinction because it's a completely symmetric scheme, so you don't have to worry about. We have some demos where we show an entire service class demo running inside a browser in Javascript that is being accessed by other browsers, so you can do those kinds of things with this thing.
Participant 3: My question specifically is for our message compared TR.
Farooq: Performance or in features?
Participant 3: Performance.
Roeser: We could do with 92 megs of ram, we could do like 800,000 RPS and they died.
Farooq: You'll see similar deltas and we can point you to, if you visit our blog, similar deltas to this, in fact, better in many cases.
Participant 4: When you had the graph up with destination one and two and destination requests and say "You can send me three packages or three response packages," is destination one dependent on getting all three packages? And what kind of retry methodology or mechanics do you have then?
Roeser: First off, it's this request and semantics from reactive stream. I send you three, that means you can send me three messages. You don't actually have to send them, I could even say, "Send me eight." That's like these tokens you can use up, once you use it up then the rules say you can't send anything else. As far as retry semantics go, once a stream receives a terminal event, like an exception, the stream is torn down. Because of this message passing, what you can do is you can intercept the exception and then not hand it back and then just do a retry. That's built into the frameworks around it, so it's not something you do yourself, you just basically dot retry.
Participant 5: This seems somewhat reminiscent of nats.io and I'm wondering if you're familiar with that and could sort of maybe draw some distinctions, because I'm more familiar with that.
Roeser: Nats is probably more like a protocol for a message broker. One thing they did that some people liked, and that maybe I don't like as much, is that it was string-based. It's a very simple text protocol so it's easy to understand and maybe debug, but then you get this trade-off with having things encoded in string, and it's actually really significant to do that. You can end up making all your work, like JSON and text.
I had a Joke with a guy at work. If you just stopped any box randomly at amazon and you go look at it, 99 times out of 100, they will be parsing text. You're basically like burning money. The other thing I said, if you care about the environment you shouldn't use text. That's a huge difference, because it's very inefficient to do that, and it's one of the big things. Then the different interaction models and the final thing is the pluggable transport piece.
When we built RSocket, we wanted to make it so that you could pick a transport that was appropriate for a use case. Sometimes it's web sockets, sometimes it's shared memory, sometimes it's TCP. We want to future proof it so if something like Quick comes out, you don't actually have to change your APIs, you just say, "I'm going to use Quick," and that's it.
Farooq: Robert [Roeser] briefly mentioned the various interaction patterns that you can have. If you just look at resting HTTP, you've got a request response, that's it. In RSocket, first-class interaction can be request response, fire and forget channel or a bi-directional channel, so, stream in channels. These are all first pass primitives of the protocol. A lot of the work that people do with buffering and cues, etc, are actually handled straightaway inside the network protocol itself, so that's something we didn't get to spend time on, but if you're interested you should probably take a look at it, you'll find that very interesting.
Participant 6: Being that you are using [inaudible 00:31:54] connections how do you deal with load balancing?
Roeser: When you connect you get an RSocket object. Then what we do is we actually collect those RSocket objects together and you frankly just load balance across the connections. Are you talking about application load balancing or wanting to go ahead to load balance and quiess and move them between?
Participant 6: On level, if you're in Kubernetes, you've got three pods that all do the same thing and they're communicating with two other pods that do something else.
Farooq: It's like ELBs talking.
Participant 6: If you have one pod that goes down and is replaced, how do you not overload the one pod that?
Roeser: This is actually something that we do that is pretty cool, because there's back pressure and this availability metric, we can actually look and see how much load you can handle. We also take a look at the latency that you have and then we actually predict the latency. If you're not within a window, we can slow you down and speed you up. We get this bucket of persistent connections come in. We actually use a flyweight for the load balancer, put it over the bucket of things you want to talk to, and then pull two at random and then actually go ahead and find the best candidate and send it.
If one of them goes down, very quickly it moves them off and goes ahead and sends it to somebody else. Here's the other cool thing, because there's this idea of back pressure. If someone's down, they're not actually sending you a request and to send you more data, so you'll actually just stop getting having traffic sent to them too.
Participant 6: Do you then also do take over? If you did have one node that did go down but was actively trying to communicate or process some sort of work with another service.
Roeser: There's this concept in the protocol called resumption. If you have a flappy connection, something goes down, what it does is it actually makes it seem like a stable, persistent connection. Connection flaps, buffer stuff on either side, someone will pick it up and fill in where you left off, and so that's how you would do something like that.
Farooq: Resumability can be both warm and cold, so mobile use cases, unreliable networks, connections, it's a natural to use RSocket.
Participant 7: Some of the things require eventing. Does RSocket have anything to support eventing or it's completely different?
Roeser: Do you mean event sourcing?
Participant 7: Yes.
Roeser: I've been asked this before, we haven't built anything right now, but it would be very natural. Another thing we didn't talk about is it's connection-oriented. When I connect to you, all the streams that I have come on that same channel, you could begin to go ahead and save them. You could maybe make the case that resumption could be a form of event sourcing too, so you might not need to use it quite the same way so you could probably use resumption as a fill-in for event sourcing in some use cases I think.
Farooq: It's important to understand that we're not advocating for death to all event queues, we're not saying that. I mean there is a natural use case for events, maybe your application requires a queue, then use the queue, it's there. We're also not advocating that you throw out all of your MQ and your Kafkas because now you can actually do. Where RSocket becomes very useful is when you are using those mechanisms. You may be using rabbit, or you may be using Kafka because you have bi-directional streaming interaction, and there is no such facility in rest or HTTP, so you basically use something that was designed to ingest today and consume tomorrow as to do your bi-directional streaming. It's those cases that tend to introduce a lot of infrastructure in your applications.
There's a place for queues, there's a place for Kafkas of the world, and the Rabbits of the world and even HTTP, I mean it was designed to schlep documents, that's great. The important thing is that, oftentimes you end up being forced in a place where you're using some of these architectural elements, these infrastructure elements unnaturally because you have no other options, and that's where a massive amount of performance degradation etc comes in.
For example, if you just take the example of these service mesh thinking that's going on these days, what is a service mesh? What is the problem it's trying to solve and how is it solving it? A service mesh is basically a response to the fact that I have two services sitting apart from each other and they need to be able to talk to each other in a secure controlled fashion.
The response is, let's put a sidecar there, which is a reverse proxy. Let's put more proxies there, let's introduce service infrastructure, discovery infrastructure, all of that stuff, build all this apparatus of layers upon layers so that service A can talk to service B. Well, we have a model for this, it's called networking. That's how you talk, one service talks to another service, not proxy upon proxy.
Is it saying that you can't ever use Rest or you should never use a service descrip...? No, that's not what we're saying. The question is, when you are trying to build a performant, simple to deploy and use system, do you have options other than building those big scaffolding around your services? That's one of the ways you use this.
Participant 8: How does the contract between two different services look like? Do you do cogeneration, or do you use a proxy?
Roeser: There's two ways you can do message passing between both of them, which is mark and arrest, you just send. Spring has this concept of billing into billing to other stuff like a named stream. You can do IDLs, so Protobuff, GraphQL, stuff like that. Like you said, you can bring your own API. You can pick what is appropriate for the use case that you're doing.
Farooq: Strong contracts are always good if your application can have. We do provide the obvious instruction, the IDL instruction.
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Superprism’s Illusion Connect has been a huge hit especially to avid fans of anime-themed strategy RPGs. The game’s successful launch and reception can be attributable to a number of factors but the enormity of its content matched by the plethora of characters to collect and upgrade is a definite plus to its appeal.
It is always a given that developers behind games that offer multiple characters will do their best to keep each hero as balanced as the rest. Despite their best efforts, though, some heroes simply stand out more than others. Naturally, this also leads to other characters lagging behind as far as power and utility are concerned. In some cases, future game updates make further adjustments to some of the characters’ skill effects and stats, leading to a more balanced gameplay.
In any case, you can always find a tier list for any game that involves gacha as a result of some character being favorably considered over their counterparts in the game. Like the rest, our Illusion Connect tier list is expectedly opinionated despite best efforts to consider an objective criteria. While partners in Illusion Connect are acquired with different rarities and star grades to begin with, each one can be raised to 6 stars and their some grades enhanced as well.
If you have just started playing Illusion Connect and still finding your way around the plethora of content it offers, be sure to read our Illusion Connect beginner’s guide as it provides all the basic tips and strategies you need to jumpstart your adventure. Our beginner’s guide also walks you through the entire rerolling process. While rerolling is not necessary to play and enjoy Illusion Connect, doing so can give you a head start as far as securing the best partners go. Additionally, we have come up with a comprehensive team guide, showcasing our recommendations for team compositions to dominate each game mode.
In relation to rerolling as well, our Illusion Connect tier list can give you an idea of which partners to go for on your first 10x draw. Illusion Connect is brimming with freebies enough to give you plenty of 10x rolls early in the game. As your collection grows, it becomes a little more challenging to focus on which heroes to invest your resources in. With an idea of which heroes you would want on your team, you can plan ahead as far as utilizing resources are concerned, relative to which ones you will heavily invest in and which ones will only be upgraded until a better one comes along.
Keep in mind that battles in Illusion Connect are team-based and, with that, simply lumping in together partners on the top tier may not necessarily make it easier for you to progress. Beyond each unit’s class and damage advantages and disadvantages against other classes, proper positioning of units in the field as well as timing of deployment are critical points of consideration as well. With a current roster of 53 partners as well, the potential combination and mixture of skills a full team can have are practically limitless. As such, it is safe to say that there will be heroes whose performance in battle can depend on the other partners within the team.
For each tier within this guide, we considered heroes in a given tier as equals. While some may be a bit more or less exceptional than others, our consideration is to group all available units into a tier where they most suitably fit. The heroes within each tier are arranged alphabetically as well, and not in any way reflective of their rank within the tier.
Illusion Connect S Grade Heroes
These are the units that you would definitely want to have on your team and work your strategies around on. If you are going for a reroll, then it is best to obtain at least one of them as of these have increased pull rates from time-limited banners at the start of your adventure. Note that you would want to pull doubles as well for the extra shards and given that these are all SSR units, it will be a challenge to rank them all the way up to 6 stars.
Anna [ Class: Heal – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 18 ]
Anna currently stands as the best healer in Illusion Connect. She does more healing than launching even basic attacks on enemies. On top of her potent AoE heal, her focused healing on an ally who needs it the most makes her the best pick for a healer. Anna can also do more than healing especially if paired with at least 4 more different classes in the team.
Anna’s normal attack, Encore, can restore HP equal to 100% of ATK to an ally with the most HP. 15% of the time, she may use her special skill, Sound of Nature, which is the only attack she has and can deal 180% of attack as damage to a single target. Starlight Promise restores HP to all deployed allies equal to 265% of her attack and also gives her 30% rage. Anna’s passive, Popular Songstress, grants a 10% boost to the team’s damage rate and damage resistance rate provided that there are 5 different classes in the team.
Kasumi [ Class: Attack – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 17 ]
Kasumi is a top-notch single target eliminator that can make short work of tanks and leaders. Though her ultimate comes with a bit of drawback, it is still very much worth it even without immediate healing from teammates.
Kasumi does decent damage with her basic attack, Clash, which deal 105% of attack as damage. There is a 15% chance to use Omen, and deal 162% of attack as damage instead. Kasumi’s unique skill, Deadly Curse, does massive damage worth 265% of her attack to a column of enemies. It causes her to lose 40% of her HP but boosts her critical rate by 60%. Her passive skill, Expert Forger, gives her a 55% crit damage boost and also steals invincible and shield effects from her enemies.
Kiraya [ Class: Guardian – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 15 ]
Kiraya is definitely a tank to keep as her usefulness in protecting her allies from early game up to end game. She works even better allied with Light and Healing class teammates.
Kiraya’s Upper Slash does 105% of attack to a single target while her special, Fury, deals 162% of damage to a single target as well. Her unique skill, Lionheart Frenzy, deals 400% of attack as damage to an enemy and, more importantly, provides a shield worth 20% of her HP to her and allies in the same column. If you have deployed at least 5 Light or Heal class units prior to summoning Kiraya in battle, she will grant a 40% HP shield instead and boost everyone’s recovery rate by 50%.
Maki [ Class: Attack – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 12 ]
Maki can deal massive damage to a single enemy unit but what sets her apart from other attackers is her ability to directly deal damage to enemy leaders with her passive skills.
Her normal attack, Slash Dance, deals 105% to a single unit. Wind Swirl has a 15% chance to activate, inflicting 162% of attack as damage to a single enemy unit as well. Maki’s unique skill, Crimson Moon, deals 400% of attack as damage to a single target and comes with a 80%/25% chance to inflict an additional 135%/100% of attack as subsequent damage from a combo. Her passive skill, Reformer, makes her deal 220% of attack as damage to the enemy leader when she leaves play. If your team’s average lineup energy is 14 or less, each ally who perishes deal 100% attack damage to the enemy leader as well.
Miyuki [ Class: Spell – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 15 ]
Miyuki is great to have on any team with her powerful AoE attack but what makes her even more astonishing is her ability to reduce the enemy units’ rage on top of the damage she inflicts.
Her normal attack, Hurl is a basic single target attack that deals 105% damage to an enemy. Her special attack, Heaven’s Blessing, deals 120% of attack as damage to a column of enemies. Miyuki’s unique skill, Fortune Caller, does 215% of attack as damage to all enemies. Her trump card comes with her passive skill, Commercial Strength, which enable all her attack to reduce the target’s rage by 330.
Selena [ Class: Guardian – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 15 ]
Selena is a very solid guardian especially for the leader. On top of being able to leech for the leader, she is also tough to kill, topped off by her limited immunity to fatal damage.
Both of Selena’s normal and special attacks are ordinary with Quick Stab dealing 105% of attack as damage and Divine Force dealing 162% of attack as damage to a single target. Divine Judgement does 400% of attack as damage but its more useful aspect comes from the 35% of damage that she can heal the leader with. Selena’s passive Golden Time, gives her immunity from fatal damage twice per battle. If your team’s average lineup energy is 14 or greater, each ally deployed grants the leader a shield equal to Selena’s HP.
Vivian [ Class: Light – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 17 ]
Vivian is an excellent damage-dealer that can also boost her defense and speed up the deployment of an ally. With costs being an important aspect of every battle, cutting down summoning costs is a huge help in any situation.
Vivian’s normal attack, Soul Drive, deals 105% of attack as damage to an enemy. There is a 15% chance to use Star Spell, which can deal 168% of attack as damage to an enemy. Her unique skill, Celestial Lore, deals 380% of attack as damage to a single enemy and also boosts her defense by 50% for 3 rounds. Once you deploy Vivian, 6 energy will be deducted from the summoning cost of any next ally that comes after her.
Yuffie [ Class: Sorcerer – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 14 ]
Yuffie is a powerful sorcerer that not only comes with a strong AoE attack but can also boost the damage of fellow AoE damage-dealers in the team. Given that teams in general will always have use for AoE skill users, Yuffie is an excellent partner choice for most teams.
Yuffie’s normal attack, Misery is a basic attack that deals 105% damage to a target. Her special skill Despair, can deal 120% of attack as damage to enemies in a column. Her unique skill, Abyss, deals 210% of attack as damage to all enemy units and also deals 15% extra damage to enemies with a cost of 14 or more energy. Yuffie’s passive, Reincarnation, boosts the AoE skill damage of all allies by 16.5%. If you have 5 or more sorcerers in the team, it will boost the sorcerers’ damage to enemies with 4 or more energy cost by 20%.
Illusion Connect A Grade Heroes
With only 8 partners in Illusion Connect making it to our S tier, the ones within this tier are still great choices for your team and worth every bit of investment as well. Given that it will be difficult to recruit each and every partner in the above tier, resorting to A-listers is still a recommended action. In some scenarios, some of the partners in the list may even outperform others on the above tier.
Ann [ Class: Summon – Rarity: SR – Cost: 14 ]
Ann is an excellent support unit to have across any team as her ability to improve her allies’ offensive strength and defensive prowess applies to everyone.
Both of Ann’s normal and special attacks are basic with Star Trail dealing 100% of attack as damage and Puppet Wish dealing 156% of attack as damage. Her unique skill does decent single target damage amounting to 415% of her attack. Beyond that, though, it summons the Mermaid Princess and the Ice Queen with 100% of her defense and 50% of her HP. With her passive skill, Cutie Flash, the damage rate of allies increase by 16.5% while Snow Queen is around and damage resistance of all allies increase as much when Mermaid Princess is present. Having only 2 allies per energy type on the team grants both of Anna’s summons an extra 60% HP.
Diana [ Class: Heal – Rarity: SR – Cost: 10 ]
Diana may not be as easy to appreciate if you employ auto mode in battle. On tougher situations that call for strategy and timing, her healing abilities will be greatly beneficial to any team.
Expectedly, both of Diana’s normal attack and special attack are ordinary, dealing 105% and 168% damage, respectively, to a single target. Her unique skill, Sacred Order, comes with an attack to a single enemy that deals 285% of attack as damage. This will fully heal her ally with the lowest HP although it will reduce that ally’s recovery rate by 70%. Once summoned, Diana’s passive skill lets her heal the leader by 33% of his HP.
Fenebeth [ Class: Sorcerer – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 16 ]
Fenebeth’s AoE attack may not pack as much damage compared to other AoE damage dealers. However, her value lies with her ability to prevent healing on enemy units and even convert heal effects on them to damage.
Both of Fenebeth’s basic and special skills are ordinary as well with Pull dealing 105% of attack as damage while Possess deals 63% more. Ancient Burial is a decent enough AoE damage skill with 200% of attack as damage. Fenebeth’s passive ability, Curse, is her trump card. This enables her to inflict curse on her enemies when she is deployed, dealing 60% of her attack as damage for 2 turns, with an added effect of converting heals they receive for the duration into damage.
Gagaku [ Class: Summon – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 15 ]
Gagaku has a unique skill set that may not necessarily make her as a necessary member of any team. Her skills can be used for a wide range of strategies, though, and she can deal decent damage as well.
Her basic attack, Melody of Tears, does 105% of attack as damage to a single enemy. Melody of Creek, however, can deal 168% of attack as damage to a column of enemies. Gagaku’s unique skill, Whirlpool, lets her deal 265% of attack as damage to a column of enemies and summons 3 spirit foxes as well with her attack and only 1 HP each. Gagaku’s passive ability, God of Gagaku, makes her spirit foxes deal 132% of attack as damage to the enemy with the lowest HP when they leave the battlefield.
Hersey [ Class: Attack – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 15 ]
Hersey is a strong attack unit as well and can deal great damage to single targets. She specializes in targeting sorcerers that make her a viable partner option especially against teams with multiple sorcerers.
Both Hunter and Bloodlust are ordinary as far as damage percentage is concerned, with the former packing 105% of attack as damage while the latter deals 168% of attack as damage. The latter, however, prioritizes attacking enemy sorcerers, making her stand out especially since most teams will employ powerful sorcerers. Her passive skill inflicts AoE damage to enemies equal to 90% of attack and also deals and extra 200% of attack as damage to enemy sorcerers.
Hotaru [ Class: Attack – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 10 ]
Hotaru’s raw attack damage may lag behind other attack types in Illusion Connect but the combo chances that provide opportunities to chip in extra damage as well as her ability to stun, makes Hotaru a powerful ally to have in your team.
Both of Hotaru’s normal and special skills are ordinary in that both are single target attacks that deal 105% and 162% of attack as damage, respectively. Hotaru’s unique skill, Linear Slash, does 210% of her attack as damage to enemies in a column and comes with a 70% chance to stun them for a turn as well. Hotaru’s passive skill, Mitama, makes all of her skills special in essence as it grants each of her attacks a 28% chance to trigger combos that deal 150% and 100% of attack as extra damage to enemies in a column.
Nicola [ Class: Sorcerer – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 15 ]
Nicola may not have an AoE attack but being able to focus more on enemy units with the highest HP, along with the ability to cut down their defenses can make her an excellent member of any team.
Nicola’s basic attack, Bloody Ambush, deals 105% of attack as damage to an enemy. Red Pact, which has a 15% chance of being used, deals 180% of attack as damage and prioritizes enemies with the highest HP. Like Red Pact, her unique skill, Lethal Flame, also prioritizes targeting enemies with the highest HP values but deals 285% of attack as damage to 2 targets instead. Nicola’s value lies in her passive skill, Revenge Angel, which decreases the damage resistance rate of enemies she attacks by 33%.
Nina [ Class: Sorcerer – Rarity: R – Cost: 12 ]
Nina is actually unique in the sense that she becomes stronger each turn she stays on the battlefield. She may not seem much as one of your starting partners but she is definitely worth investing in.
Like most partners, her basic and special skills are ordinary and deals 100% and 162% of attack as damage to a single target. Her unique skill, Fate Breaker, deals 265% of attack as damage to a column of enemies. It may not seem much at first, but it boosts her crit rate by 17% for each target hit. Beyond the critical rate boost, Nina’s passive ability, Game Master, also increases her damage rate by 9% every time she damages an enemy.
Pan [ Class: Attack – Rarity: SR – Cost: 14 ]
Pan may not be the best single target damage-dealer in Illusion Connect but with the right strategy and team setup, Pan can deal massive damage to the target and also incapacitate their ability to recover.
Pan’s basic and special skills deal 100% and 156% of attack as damage to single targets, respectively. Her unique skill, Incantation Chain, does a solid 380% of attack as damage and also reduces the target’s recovery rate by 80% for 3 rounds. Pan’s unique passive skill, Thief, grants her an extra 4.5% attack boost for every empty space in the battlefield.
Phoebe [ Class: Light – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 15 ]
Phoebe may not contribute as much to dealing direct damage, but her ability to reduce the enemy team’s defense stats makes her valuable enough. She also comes with a 1-time revival and a conditional that lets her give random allies a temporary invincibility.
Both Kurobane and Princess’ Order are as basic as they come, dealing 105% and 120% of attack as damage to a single target, respectively. Phoenix’ Blessing is an AoE attack that deals 210% damage to enemies and also reduces their defense by 25% for 10 seconds. Her passive ability, Rebirth, grants her a one-time revival in combat. If there are 5 Light or Healing classes in your team, Phoebe’s deployment will give 5 random allied units invincibility for 20 seconds.
Rikia [ Class: Spell – Rarity: SR – Cost: 12 ]
Rikia is an excellent debuff remover and debuffer in one. While these abilities are enough to consider her for your team, her decent AoE skill is good to have as well.
Rikia’s basic and special skills deal 100% and 156% of attack as damage to a single target, respectively. Her unique skill, Gloomy Hollow, deals 245% of attack as damage to all enemies and also inflicts a random debuff on them, which could be a stun, silence, 20% attack reduction, or 20% defense reduction. Although the random debuff aspect may not seem as enticing, any of these debuffs can turn the tide of battle for the team. Rikia removes debuffs of allies whenever she is deployed in battle. Each debuff removed this way earns her an extra 16.5% HP.
Rotania [ Class: Sorcerer – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 20 ]
Rotania specializes in eliminating summoned enemies in the battlefield. At the same time, though, she grows more powerful the more enemies there are in play.
Both of Rotania’s normal and special skills deal damage to enemies in a column. Source Power does 105% of attack as damage while Energy Impact deals 120%. Her unique skill, Ultimate Reversal, deals 200% of attack as damage to all enemies but does an extra 100% damage against summoned units. Rotania’s passive skill, Insight, increases her damage rate by 7% for each enemy partner in the battlefield.
Saya [ Class: Attack – Rarity: R – Cost: 10 ]
Saya is a very effective single target destroyer. She packs a strong unique attack and even the low chance of instantly eliminating her target makes her a starting partner to keep in your team for most of your adventures.
Her normal and special attacks are very ordinary and deals 105% and 162% of attack as damage to a single target, respectively. Her unique attack, King of Sixth Heaven deals 500% of attack as damage to a single target and deals extra damage equivalent to 15% of her max HP if the target is a partner. Her unique skill also comes with a 25% chance to kill the target instantly even if they are invincible or death resistant.
Victoria [ Class: Guardian – Rarity: R – Cost: 14 ]
Last, but definitely not the least for our A tier is the third starting partners you will have, Victoria. Having high HP and defense, an HP shield, and a taunt makes her an excellent tank.
Victoria’s normal and special attacks are common as well with Crush dealing 105% of attack as damage to a single target and Undying bash dealing 162%.Her unique skill, Thunderblast, does 400% damage to a single enemy unit and taunts everyone for the next 2 turns. Victoria deploys with a shield equal to 40% of her HP. With Saya and Nina as teammates, her HP shield is boosted to 55%.
Illusion Connect B Grade Heroes
These heroes are the ones that you can still use if there are no better alternatives in your roster. You can invest resources in them although doing so within a limit should be done. AS it will be fairly easy to secure a lot of heroes early on in the game, try and build a team within the heroes you find in the upper tiers and consider these heroes only as a secondary option although some of them may still find good uses in other game modes within Illusion Connect.
Amon [ Class: Light – Rarity: SR – Cost: 13 ]
Amon can revive an ally with 30% HP and 800 rage. Her attack can also increase by 110% if there are 3 or fewer enemies in thefield.
Angela [ Class: Guardian – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 18 ]
Angela has the potential to withstand more attacks from higher tier guardians but at the cost of her temporarily losing the ability to attack. Deploying her also revives a fallen ally with 70% HP.
Annie [ Class: Guardian – Rarity: SR – Cost: 12 ]
Annie’s unique skill grants her a 30% HP boost following an attack that deals 480% damage to a single enemy. Her passive can boost the damage resistance of the leader by 30%. With at least 5 sorcerers deployed, sorcerers in the team also earn a 30% damage resistance. Each empty space in the enemy field increases her damage resistance by 3%.
Barinas [ Class: Guardian – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 17 ]
Barinas’ ultimate does a cross pattern damage instead of full AoE, dealing 240% of attack as damage. Each enemy hit grants him a 5% attack boost and a 15% defense boost. He can return the deck and be summoned again once per battle.
Beatrice [ Class: Spell – Rarity: SR – Cost: 15 ]
Yet another cross pattern damage-dealer like Barinas, Beatrice instead deals 285% of attack as damage and has a 30% chance to stun enemies for 1 turn. Every Light, Healing, and Guardian enemy unit boosts her attack by 12%.
Camille [ Class: Guardian – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 20 ]
Camille does not have as much defensive strength as the other guardians but has reflect damage rate worth 40% after activating her unique skill. Every ally who perishes before she is summoned reduces her deployment cost. If average enemy lineup energy is at least 14, she will taunt all enemies for 2 turns and increase her HP by 30%.
Diamond [ Class: Heal – Rarity: SR – Cost: 16 ]
Diamond’s unique skill lets her heal 2 allies with the lowest HP along with follow-up heals for the next 2 rounds. Her heals come with a 20% boost to the 2 allies’ attack and defense. Deploying her in battle send the ally with the lowest HP to hand, giving the ally an extra 80% attack boost and 55% max HP.
Frantiva [ Class: Summon – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 13 ]
Frantiva’s unique skill lets her deal 400% of her attack as damage to a single enemy, increasing her max HP by 25% as well. When she leaves the battle, 3 shadows are summoned with 120% of her attack and 50% of her HP and defense.
Gigi [ Class: Attack – Rarity: SR – Cost: 11 ]
Gigi can stun an enemy with her unique attack on top of the 380% damage it deals. Each action she takes boosts her attack by 16.5% up to 5 times per battle.She can increase the damage of allies with 13 energy cost or below by 15% provided that the average energy cost of the team is 14 or lower.
Harto [ Class: Light – Rarity: SR – Cost: 16 ]
Harto has a unique AoE skill that can deal 190% of attack as base damage. Damage increases by 10% for each Light or Spell class enemy on the field. She also has a 33% increased damage against Light and Spell class enemy units.
Jasmine [ Class: Heal – Rarity: SR – Cost: 13 ]
Jasmine’s ultimate restores HP equal to 280% of attack to the ally with the lowest HP on top of the attack that deals 330% damage. Allies of the same rank gain 11% attack and 44% defense when she is present. If there are only 2 per energy type on the team, Jasmine can restore 20% HP to an ally with the lowest HP.
Rie [ Class: Sorcerer – Rarity: R – Cost: 13 ]
Rie’s Lost Pulse deals 280% damage to 3 random enemies and has a 60% chance to deal an extra 100% damage to each of them as well as inflict frenzy and stun. She also has death immunity once per battle.
Sachiko [ Class: Guardian – Rarity: SR – Cost: 10 ]
Sachiko can deal 260% of attack as damage to a row of enemies and boost her own damage resistance by 15% for each enemy hit. She is deployed with a 25% HP shield as well.
The Enforcers [ Class: Summon – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 19 ]
The Enforcers is a unique 3-for-1 unit with an ultimate that deals 475% of attack as damage to an enemy. While not in play, Summon class units cost 1 less energy to deploy.
Illusion Connect C Grade Heroes
While each partner in Illusion Connect is unique enough to bring something different to the playing field, what makes other units exceptional effectively makes others less satisfactory as well. The heroes in this tier are the ones we would not recommend you to invest your resources in, unless your luck is just so bad that you could not create a full team from the other units above. Again, these units are not completely trash. It is just that all the rest are better at what they do. There are special cases where these partners can still work for you but the constant need for more resources just makes more reason to consider better investment options.
Alice [ Class: Light – Rarity: R – Cost: 10 ]
Ashwaya [ Class: Summon – Rarity: SSR – Cost: 17 ]
Bontenmaru [ Class: Guardian – Rarity: R – Cost: 15 ]
Carol [ Class: Attack – Rarity: R – Cost: 9 ]
Chiyo [ Class: Sorcerer – Rarity: SR – Cost: 10 ]
Flora [ Class: Summon – Rarity: SR – Cost: 12 ]
Loro [ Class: Guardian – Rarity: R – Cost: 11 ]
Mary [ Class: Sorcerer – Rarity: R – Cost: 8 ]
Mei [ Class: Attack – Rarity: SR – Cost: 12 ]
Mia [ Class: Attack – Rarity: R – Cost: 12 ]
Nanalie [ Class: Spell – Rarity: R – Cost: 10 ]
Penny [ Class: Attack – Rarity: R – Cost: 14 ]
Polly [ Class: Heal – Rarity: R – Cost: 14 ]
Shanti [ Class: Guardian – Rarity: R – Cost: 8 ]
Tiffany [ Class: Sorcerer – Rarity: SR – Cost: 14 ]
That wraps up our detailed Illusion Connect tier list. Again, our selection of units for each tier is entirely based on opinion and should likewise be considered in tandem with your own view of each character. As Illusion Connect is still fairly young and bound to undergo updates and changes, each unit’s strength and utility values may be impacted by direct changes in each of them as well as the introduction of more characters and game modes.
Did your favorite partners make it to the top tier in our list? We very much value your discerning opinions relative to each hero’s strength and potential so do not shy away from letting us know about your top picks via the comment section!
Emphyrio
Tuesday 2nd of February 2021
Nicola A class? Rotania too? Angela B class??? Nicola is among the top three best characters, along with Anna and Miyukki. Rotania is an extremely good sorc, very costy but still very worth it, SS class for sorc hero S class otherwise. Angela is second best tank, very close to Selena and far far better than Kiraya. |
Find The Best Place To Sell Handmade Items In 2022
When looking to sell handmade items, it's a good idea to diversify and sell on more than one marketplace. Options like Etsy, Redbubble, Society6, Cratejoy, or Shopify may meet your needs.
When you think about the best place to sell handmade items online, you might automatically think of Etsy, the largest marketplace for independent artists in the world. Etsy is a good choice, but small business owners selling handmade items do have more options than you might realize.
For the most product exposure and sales, we highly recommend selling on more than one marketplace, on social media platforms, and from your own online store, if possible.
Keep reading for our comparison of the best places to sell crafts items online to help you figure out where you should set up your own shop.
Learn More About Our Top Picks
Read more below to learn why we chose these options.
Table of Contents [hide][show]
- Where To Sell Handmade Items
- 1. Square Online: Best For Crafters Who Mostly Sell In Person
- 2. Cratejoy: Best For Selling Subscription Boxes
- 3. Shopify: Best For Scaling A Small Business
- 4. Etsy: Best For Built-In Exposure
- 5. BigCommerce: Best For Getting Steady Sales
- 6. Redbubble: Best For Funny And Trendy Print-On-Demand Designers
- 7. Society6: Best For More Refined Print-On-Demand Designers
- 8. Spoonflower: Best For Wallpaper, Home Décor, And Fabric Designers
- 9. Ecwid: Best For Established Website Owners
- Looking For One Of These Platforms To Sell Your Handmade Goods?
- FAQs: Selling Handmade Items Online
- In Summary: Where To Sell Handmade Items
Table of Contents
- Where To Sell Handmade Items
- 1. Square Online: Best For Crafters Who Mostly Sell In Person
- Best Square Online Features To Sell Handmade Items
- Square Online Pricing
- What To Consider About Square Online
- 2. Cratejoy: Best For Selling Subscription Boxes
- Best Cratejoy Features To Sell Handmade Items
- Cratejoy Pricing
- What To Consider About Cratejoy
- 3. Shopify: Best For Scaling A Small Business
- Best Shopify Features To Sell Handmade Items
- Shopify Pricing
- What To Consider About Shopify
- 4. Etsy: Best For Built-In Exposure
- Best Etsy Features To Sell Handmade Items
- Etsy Pricing
- What To Consider About Etsy
- 5. BigCommerce: Best For Getting Steady Sales
- Best BigCommerce Features To Sell Handmade Items
- BigCommerce Pricing
- What To Consider About BigCommerce
- 6. Redbubble: Best For Funny And Trendy Print-On-Demand Designers
- Best Redbubble Features To Sell Handmade Items
- Redbubble Pricing
- What To Consider About Redbubble
- 7. Society6: Best For More Refined Print-On-Demand Designers
- Best Society6 Features To Sell Handmade Items
- Society6 Pricing
- What To Consider About Society6
- 8. Spoonflower: Best For Wallpaper, Home Décor, And Fabric Designers
- Best Spoonflower Features To Sell Handmade Items
- Spoonflower Pricing
- What To Consider About Spoonflower
- 9. Ecwid: Best For Established Website Owners
- Best Ecwid Features To Sell Handmade Items
- Ecwid Pricing
- What To Consider About Ecwid
- Looking For One Of These Platforms To Sell Your Handmade Goods?
- FAQs: Selling Handmade Items Online
- In Summary: Where To Sell Handmade Items
Where To Sell Handmade Items
The best places to sell handmade items are:
- Square Online: For in-person sellers
- Cratejoy: For subscription boxes
- Shopify: For scaling a small business
- Etsy: For built-in exposure
- BigCommerce: For making steady sales
- Redbubble: For funny, trendy print-on-demand designers
- Society6: For elegant print-on-demand designers
- Spoonflower: For wallpaper, home décor, and fabric designers
- Ecwid: For established site owners
1. Square Online: Best For Crafters Who Mostly Sell In Person
Pros
- Free plan available
- Easy to add to in-person selling
- Perfect for low-volume sellers
- Social selling capabilities
Cons
- Limited store customization
- Limited payment options
Best Square Online Features To Sell Handmade Items
- Integrates With Square POS: Square is most well-known for its in-person point of sale (POS) hardware. If you sell at craft shows, galleries, pop-up events, in your store, or at any other physical location, take Square POS with you. If you sell something in person, your online inventory automatically updates to reflect the sale.
- Free Plan Available: For individuals who want to get a website up without investing any money upfront, Square has a free web builder that has almost everything you need to run a functional online store.
- No Transaction Fees: Other eCommerce platforms such as Shopify and marketplaces such as Etsy charge transaction fees. With Square, you just have to pay payment processing fees, which you will have to do no matter where you sell your handmade items online.
- Social Selling: One of the best ways for visual artists to make sales is to get found online with social media marketing. Square Online allows store owners to include payment links on Facebook, Twitter, Google Shopping, and Pinterest. You can sell directly through TikTok and Instagram, turning your social media feed into an online store so your customers can easily buy your products and get right back to scrolling.
- Simple Store Setup: Square offers a range of drag-and-drop templates that are all mobile-responsive.
- Built With SEO In Mind: All online stores have built-in SEO tools for your site to get found in search results.
- Photo Studio App: Square has recently released a powerful photo app (only available for iOS at the moment.) With this app and a Square Online account, you can take and edit photos, remove backgrounds, sync photos with your online store, and attach payment links to images. This will drastically cut down on the amount of time spend finding, editing, and uploading photos online.
Square Online Pricing
- Free: $0/month
- Professional: $16/month, or $12/month if billed annually
- Performance: $29/month, or $26/month if billed annually
- Premium: $79/month, or $72/month if billed annually
What To Consider About Square Online
Making a website for free is very attractive. However, free Square Online shops include Square advertising and you must use a Square subdomain name. For individuals who want to solidify their brand, third-party advertising is not ideal.
The free plan also does not include everything you need to run a fully functional online store itself. For example, you cannot print shipping labels on the free plan, which is a serious drawback when a majority of your sales are shipped to customers.
Square Online stores are mostly a way to incorporate an online ordering option into your in-person selling solution. If you sell mainly in-person and don’t ship a ton of items, Square Online could be your best place to sell handmade items online.
Jump back to comparison chart
2. Cratejoy: Best For Selling Subscription Boxes
Pros
- Free plan available
- Large audience
- Unique offerings
- Built for you to get repeat customers
Cons
- Huge transaction fee on free plan
- No centralized shipping structure
- Poor customer service reviews
Best Cratejoy Features To Sell Handmade Items
- Unique Recurring Purchase Structure: There are very few online marketplaces that allow artists to easily sell subscription boxes. Instead of trying to recapture one-time buyers or make a lot of one-off sales, selling subscription boxes helps you retain customers right from the start.
- Huge Audience: Cratejoy has over four million site visitors every month, so there’s a huge potential for exposure. Cratejoy also has a good reputation among buyers, so they’re more likely to buy on the marketplace.
- Potential To Get Featured On The Marketplace: Cratejoy regularly chooses “trending” subscription boxes to showcase on the homepage, in email blasts, or featured in a popular collection.
- Customer-Focused Subscription Features: Customers can skip a renewal, add on a product for renewal, and manage their subscriptions from their own Cratejoy account. This will reduce the amount of customer service calls and emails you get.
- Web Builder: There is a monthly plan available for individuals who want to build their own website in addition to listing on the marketplace. If you sell a subscription from your own website, the transaction fee is substantially less.
If you have no idea how to turn your handmade items into a subscription box to sell on Cratejoy, read our guide on how to start a subscription box business.
Cratejoy Pricing
- Free: $0/month, with a transaction fee of 11.25% + $0.10 per transaction
- All In One: $39/month, with a transaction fee of 1.25% + $0.10 per transaction
What To Consider About Cratejoy
Subscription-based businesses are on the rise, thanks to increased interest in avoiding stores and the desire for specialized offerings. Cratejoy has tons of different categories and niches that you can market towards. You can also follow upcoming trends and get more sales that way.
However, if your offering doesn’t “work” for a subscription box structure, or you don’t want to maintain many recurring purchases, then Cratejoy isn’t for you.
Lastly, Cratejoy’s transaction fees are pretty steep, so once you get some online exposure, consider starting your own eCommerce store and selling subscriptions from there.
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3. Shopify: Best For Scaling A Small Business
Pros
- Beginner-friendly web builder
- Excellent shipping and inventory features
- Social selling
- Extensive add-on features
Cons
- No free plan
- Paid add-ons often necessary
- Transaction fees
Best Shopify Features To Sell Handmade Items
- Beginner-Friendly Web Builder: Shopify has 11 free and 100+ paid templates available, most of which are mobile-responsive. With an intuitive drag-and-drop editor, it’s easy to create a branded, easy-to-navigate website.
- Shopify Buy Button: If you already have a blog, or sell mostly through social media, you can opt out of making an entire Shopify store and just insert a buy button to your desired online platforms.
- Multiple Selling Avenues: With Shopify, you can sell your handmade items directly from Instagram, TikTok, Pinterest, and Facebook. If you want to sell on several platforms, you can integrate your Shopify shop to Amazon, Etsy, eBay, and Walmart Marketplace shops.
- Excellent Shipping & Inventory Management: Shopify has one of the simplest inventory management dashboards out there. The company has also partnered with major shipping providers to give their merchants huge shipping discounts. You can even see real-time shipping quotes to figure out which shipping carrier is best for your online store.
- Numerous Add-On Features: From email marketing software to buy-now-pay-later options, to ad campaign management tools and more, you’ll find what you need in Shopify’s app store. The store currently has 4,200 free and paid apps.
Shopify Pricing
- Shopify Lite: $9/month
- Basic Shopify: $29/month
- Shopify: $79/month
- Advanced Shopify: $299/month
Note: Shopify offers a 10% discount on annual plans and a 20% discount on biannual plans when you pay for your plan upfront.
What To Consider About Shopify
Shopify does offer everything you need to grow as a small business. However, it can be a bit of an investment when you’re just starting. The lowest level plan where you can build your own site is $29/month. Factor in transaction fees and the possibility that you’ll need a paid add-on, and you could be looking at a hefty monthly investment.
If you’re not quite ready to move from casual crafter to full-on eCommerce business owner, you might want to wait to open up a Shopify store.
Note: If your business qualifies for Shopify Payments, Shopify’s in-house payment processor, you won’t have to pay Shopify’s standard 0.50-2% transaction fee. However, not every business qualifies.
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4. Etsy: Best For Built-In Exposure
Pros
- Huge potential for exposure
- Low startup costs
- Easy to get started
Cons
- Listing fees
- Transaction fees
- A lot of competition
Best Etsy Features To Sell Handmade Items
- Easy To Set Up Store: With Etsy, you can set up an online storefront with an unlimited number of listings within a few hours or less, depending on how many products you have to upload.
- Huge Potential Audience: Etsy is the largest independent artist marketplace in the world, so there is a huge potential customer base for makers.
- Simple Shipping: Etsy makes shipping very simple for sellers. You can print labels, use shipping price calculators, or charge a flat rate for shipping. You can also offer free shipping, which can motivate shoppers to buy.
- Sales & Coupons: Etsy shop owners can create a marketing strategy with limited-time sales and coupon offerings.
- SEO Strategy: As Etsy’s search algorithm updates become more transparent, you can develop your own strategy for ranking higher in search engine results. When your products rank higher in search results, your store will gain more exposure, which is directly related to the number of purchases customers make from your store.
Etsy Pricing
There are many Etsy fees, which you can read about in our post, Etsy Fees: How Much Is Etsy Really Taking From Your Sales? As a first-time seller you’ll notice these fees first:
- Listing Fees: $0.20 per listing (listings expire after four months)
- Transaction Fees: 5% of the purchase price
- Shipping Fees: 5% of the cost your customer pays for shipping
What To Consider About Etsy
Etsy is the most well-known marketplace in the world for handmade goods. The huge potential for exposure is great, but you’ll also have a huge amount of competition to get found in search results. Plus, Etsy has many unavoidable fees, which can significantly reduce your profits. Once you get more sales on Etsy, consider moving to another marketplace or building your own eCommerce store to sell handmade items online.
Here are our best Etsy alternatives if you’re not sure if the built-in exposure is worth the competition and the fees.
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5. BigCommerce: Best For Getting Steady Sales
Pros
- Optimized one-page checkout
- No transaction fees
- Excellent customer service
- All-in-one solution
Cons
- No free plan
- Slight learning curve
Best BigCommerce Features To Sell Handmade Items
- No Transaction Fees: BigCommerce’s closest competitor is Shopify, and while the Shopify vs. BigCommerce race is pretty close, this is one feature that puts BigCommerce ahead. BigCommerce will never charge a transaction fee on any sale, no matter which pricing plan you’re on.
- One-Page Checkout: A huge percentage of online shoppers abandon their carts because of the hassle they experience at checkout. BigCommerce automatically builds an optimized one-page checkout for every store. This is typically a high-end or custom feature on other eCommerce platforms.
- Comprehensive Admin Dashboard: BigCommerce has tried to give you everything you need to start selling, which is why there’s a bit of a learning curve when it comes to finding all the features you’ll be using when you’re in your admin dashboard.
- Mobile-Responsive Themes: There are currently 12 free themes that are completely mobile-responsive. Use the drag-and-drop editor to quickly create a beautiful, easy-to-navigate online store.
- Excellent Customer Service: Merchants have fantastic things to say about BigCommerce’s customer service. It’s easy to reach them no matter which pricing plan you’re on, and they are quick to resolve any issues
- Special Payment Processing Rates: BigCommerce has negotiated special reduced payment processing fees for sellers. Originally, the processing fee was 2.9% + $0.30. Now, it is 2.5% + $0.49 per transaction.
BigCommerce Pricing
- Standard: $29.95/month
- Plus: $79.95/month
- Pro: $299.95/month
What To Consider About BigCommerce
One of the only negative features of BigCommerce is the fact that after you hit a certain dollar amount in annual sales, you’re automatically bumped up to the next pricing plan.
However, you’d have to make over $50K/year before getting bumped from the BigCommerce Standard plan to the Plus plan. If you’re just getting started, you won’t have to worry about unexpected price increases.
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6. Redbubble: Best For Funny And Trendy Print-On-Demand Designers
Pros
- Platform is gaining popularity
- Free to set up and maintain shop
- Can choose your own commission rate
- Many pop-culture niches and fandoms to fit into
Cons
- Must find the right commission settings to make listing on Redbubble worth it
- A lot of competition in some areas
Best Redbubble Features To Sell Handmade Items
- No Startup Costs: There are no fees to start your own Redbubble shop or list any of your designs.
- No Need To Maintain Inventory: Since you don’t have to make or ship any items, you can post your designs and focus on marketing the items, rather than making them.
- Set Your Own Profit Margin: Where other print-on-demand platforms predetermine your commission rate, Redbubble allows you to set your own profit. For example, you can choose whether you want to make a 10% commission or a 30% commission on purchases from customers shopping on the platform.
- Redbubble Uploader: The Redbubble Uploader makes the design uploading process very easy. You only need to upload one file, and the Uploader will decide which products it will look best on. If a file doesn’t look great on one medium, like a clock, you can use a different photo for that product without altering any other product.
- Promotional Assets: Instead of spending time photographing products in real use, use one of Redbubble’s promotional asset templates to stick your design in a real-life scene. You can easily upload those promotional assets to your social media profiles to promote your designs.
- Niches, Trends, & Fandoms: Redbubble products are typically very unique, interesting, and/or funny, with lots of pop culture references across all product categories. You follow the trends, and you’re following the money.
Redbubble Pricing
You don’t have to pay anything to set up a Redbubble shop, upload your designs, print items, or ship to customers. Redbubble handles the printing and shipping for you.
What To Consider About Redbubble
It doesn’t cost anything to set up your Redbubble store, and you don’t have to physically make or ship any items. So, it’s worth the effort to set one a Redbubble shop if you have funny or cute ideas for t-shirts, leggings, stickers, phone cases, prints, shoes, etc.
It’s important to find the right commission rate to make selling on the platform worth it, though.
For example, say you design stickers with TikTok quotes on them that are listed at $5 each. With a 10% commission rate, you’re looking at a $0.50 profit per sticker sale. If your store gets thousands of sales, you’re looking at a more significant profit. But if you only sell a few, you’re not making much off of Redbubble.
To make a real profit from print-on-demand, you should sell on several platforms. You can use Redbubble and other print-on-demand sites to gain exposure and/or passive income.
Then, branch out and start your own store if/when you’re ready to take your design business to the next level.
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7. Society6: Best For More Refined Print-On-Demand Designers
Pros
- Free to set up and maintain shop
- Dozens of products you can place your design on
- Platform often runs free worldwide shipping and sales campaigns
- Can edit royalties based on product
Cons
- You don’t get to set retail prices on most items
- Must have PayPal account to receive funding
Best Society6 Features To Sell Handmade Items
- No Startup Costs: There are no fees to start your own Society6 shop or list any of your designs.
- No Need To Maintain Inventory: Since you don’t have to make or ship any items, you can post your designs and focus on marketing the items, rather than making them.
- Worldwide Free Shipping And Sales Campaigns: Society6 often runs free shipping and sales campaigns. These initiatives help motivate customers to finally buy that item from your shop they’ve been eyeing. Promote these marketing tactics within your own marketing channels (social media, email newsletters, etc.) to increase your sales.
- Can Specify Product Pricing: Society6 sets a base retail price for each product you put your design on. You can then mark up the price to whatever you want, choosing how much you’ll profit from different types of products. For example, you can mark up a phone case with your design on it by $3 and make a $3 profit. You can mark up a clock with your design on it by $10 and make a $10 profit.
Society6 Pricing
You don’t have to pay anything to start and run your own Society6 shop. Since Society6 is a print-on-demand platform, you don’t have to manage any manufacturing or shipping costs.
What To Consider About Society6
Much like Redbubble, it’s free and easy to set up a Society6 shop.
Society6 also has many types of products you can put your designs on, more than Redbubble. The types of designs and products on Society6 are more refined, less pop culture, than those listed on Redbubble. Keep all of this in mind when you’re thinking about what to design, and where to list those designs.
If your designs match the aesthetics of Society6, you should create a shop on this platform and others. That way, you’ll maximize the number of purchases and exposure for your business.
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8. Spoonflower: Best For Wallpaper, Home Décor, And Fabric Designers
Pros
- No need to manage inventory or shipping
- Specific niche
- Weekly design challenges
- Different fabric types
Cons
- Set 10% commission rate
- Must have PayPal account to get payouts
- Must buy print before you can start selling
Best Spoonflower Features To Sell Handmade Items
- Specific Niche: Redbubble and Society6 do not have a highly specific patterned fabric, wallpaper, and gift wrap section, so Spoonflower sellers don’t have a lot of print-on-demand marketplace competition.
- Different Fabric Types: You can specify which types of paper or fabric your patterns are printed on. You will probably need to upload your pattern in different sizes to do this, though.
- Weekly Design Challenges: Spoonflower regularly hosts design challenges. The top 50 designers are featured on Spoonflower’s main page as well as their social media profiles.
Spoonflower Pricing
You have to purchase 8×8 inch test swatches of your uploads before you can officially start selling them. The purchasing requirement exists so you can make sure the coloring, sizing, and repeating pattern is correct on the chosen medium(s) before they are printed for customers.
The exact pricing depends on the type of paper/fabric you decide to print with, but according to Spoonflower, 1-5 designs start at $12; 6-15 designs start at $20.
What To Consider About Spoonflower
Spoonflower is a very specific marketplace, which means you won’t have as much competition selling on this platform. However, it’s also not as well known as print-on-demand platforms like Redbubble and Society6.
This is another instance where you would set up multiple shops to sell from. It’s easy to set up, and after that, all you have to worry about is marketing your items.
Jump back to comparison chart
9. Ecwid: Best For Established Website Owners
Pros
- Free plan available
- One-page checkout
- Instant online store builder
- Multi-channel selling
Cons
- Limited number of product listings
- Limited product variations
- Limited eCommerce store functionalities
Best Ecwid Features To Sell Handmade Items
- Forever Free Plan: Add an online store to any existing website and add up to ten products for free.
- One-Page Checkout: Customers can quickly check out as guests or create an account all on one page, eliminating friction at checkout.
- Instant Site Builder: Ecwid only has one theme for standalone stores, which is generated for you. It takes into account your website’s brand colors and fonts and automatically applies them to your online store. You can make small tweaks to the rest of your store.
- Multi-Channel Selling: Starting at the Venture level plan, you can sell on social media marketplaces such as Facebook Marketplace and Instagram Shop. Starting at the Business level, you can sell on marketplaces such as Amazon.
- Inventory And Shipping Management: It’s easy to manage your inventory in Ecwid’s admin dashboard. Ecwid also uses your customer’s IP address to calculate shipping rates from the top shipping carriers and find the best option.
Ecwid Pricing
- Forever Free: $0/month
- Venture: $15/month
- Business: $35/month
- Unlimited: $99/month
What To Consider About Ecwid
It’s incredibly easy to start selling products with Ecwid. However, it’s easy to get started because Ecwid was designed as an add-on to an existing website.
It’s great for bloggers or influencers who want to start selling handmade items online, especially if you already have a decent following.
If you are selling more than a few items, anything customizable, or want a more robust eCommerce store in general, then Ecwid might not be the best place to sell handmade items online.
Jump back to comparison chart
Looking For One Of These Platforms To Sell Your Handmade Goods?
While there are many platforms out there to sell your art, some are more suited for established sellers, artistic service providers, or larger businesses. Other platforms are not specifically geared towards handmade arts and crafts, which could put you in front of a lot of competition from mass production businesses. The following eCommerce platforms fall into one (or both) of these categories:
eBay
While eBay is a good marketplace to sell on in general, it’s not specifically geared towards selling handmade items. So, you’re left facing shops that manufacture items that can set their prices way lower than you can.
Also, eBay’s seller fees have increased dramatically over the past few years, and sellers have started to feel like selling on eBay isn’t worth it. Specifically, artists and crafters have noted that eBay’s fees are higher than Etsy’s.
Squarespace
Squarespace is a web builder that’s perfectly suited for artists and service providers. Squarespace’s beautiful web design templates help artists show off their portfolio of work, while appointment booking and reservation add-ons give individuals such as restaurant owners and photographers an easy way for customers to book their own appointments online.
However, Squarespace’s eCommerce suite of features is a paid add-on, and it’s not enough to warrant the extra money every month.
Duda
Duda is a web builder that’s suited for small to medium-size businesses and web design agencies who want to build and sell websites to clients. Their eCommerce feature set is a paid add-on. Because their regular monthly plans are a little expensive, the price is probably not worth it for crafters who are just starting out.
Zibbet
Zibbet offers two things to artists and crafters: an online marketplace to sell on, and a centralized inventory management system. You can link up a Facebook, Instagram, Etsy, Stitch, and/or AC Moore shop. Whenever you add a new item to your store, the item is published across all sales channels. When someone makes a purchase, this is reflected in your inventory across all shops.
Since the Zibbet marketplace isn’t as large as competitors like Etsy, and the shop syncing app is best suited for those who are already selling in several places online, it’s not a great option for sellers who are just starting out.
Bonanza
Bonanza is also a marketplace where artists and crafters set up a “booth” online and sell from there. The real draw of Bonanza, though, is the fact that you can advertise on places like Google Shopping (for a fee). Plus, you can sync up Etsy, Shopify, and Amazon shops.
Since Bonanza advertising is a little complicated and costly, and you may not have established yourself on any other selling channels, Bonanza is probably not a great place for you to sell handmade goods online.
FAQs: Selling Handmade Items Online
In Summary: Where To Sell Handmade Items
- Square Online: Best for crafters who mostly sell in-person.
- Cratejoy: Best for selling subscription boxes.
- Shopify: Best for scaling a small business.
- Etsy: Best for built-in exposure.
- BigCommerce: Best for getting steady sales.
- Redbubble: Best for funny and trendy print-on-demand designers.
- Society6: Best for more refined print-on-demand designers.
- Spoonflower: Best for wallpaper, home décor, and fabric designers.
- Ecwid: Best for established website owners. |
7 August – Day 1. Chamonix to Trient
"It rains in the Alps?!
It’s fair to say the forecast was a bit marginal for our first day with rain expected from about 11:00 am. As we waited in Chamonix for the bus which would take us to Montroc and the start, I said, “It’ll be fine”…and the rain started! (I really should learn to keep my mouth shut.)
For the rest of the day, the weather played with us, easing and then coming back with more rain. Such was my confidence that it would be a passing shower, I never put on waterproof trousers and by the time I thought about it, my shorts were truly soaked, so there was no longer any point!
Given that the view from Aiguilette des Posettes would be non-existent due to the clouds and the fact that we’d heard thunder, Alex decided to guide us by a lower route. Disappointing as this might be, it did mean we were able to get warm drinks at Chalet de Balme, and – crucially – warm up and dry off a bit!
From there we decided to take the most direct route for Trient; there seemed little point in just getting wet for the sheer hell of it and there was by now no let-up in the weather. So, we trudged on. I have to say, though, despite being very “mouillé” (‘wet’ – at least I was learning a bit more French vocabulary), it was nice to get walking and to get to know everyone; and, though the mountains were generally wreathed in cloud, there were a few views to admire.
We crossed Col de Balme and entered Switzerland before starting a long, gentle descent into the Trient valley and our accommodation for the night which we reached in record-breaking time and a complete downpour.
Although the accommodation is basic (there are only two choices in Trient, both Auberges), the place was more than acceptable and I had a room to myself in which I could dry off my kit! Happy days!"
Ian Price
8 August – Day 2. Trient to Champex-Lac.
Through the Window
"We awoke to blue skies!
After a breakfast which was somewhat better (and less of a ‘bunfight’) than I’d expected, we set off in good time…for about 15 minutes…and then waited while one of our number (no names ;0) ran back to get her phone from the Auberge!
Well, it was a nice rest and we then continued a slow ascent. To my great joy there was a café en route where we stopped for coffee or hot chocolate, as appropriate; some of the team even had blueberry tart (I’m still regretting not having had any!)
It’s a stiff climb up to the Fenetre d’Arpette, but the views along the way were simply wonderful as we virtually paralleled the Trient Glacier across the valley; Alex did observe on how the glacier had shrunk over her years of walking the route – it’s a worrying sign of global warming.
Lunch at the col was followed by the promised ‘challenging’ descent from the ‘Fenetre’, initially very steep and then requiring us to make our way over (through and around) a significant boulder field. However, we helped each other down and made it safely. Well, most of us did; to my utter shame, I was the only one who managed to fall.
Eventually, though, we descended to the pastures and streams of the Val d’Arpette, very peaceful indeed, before we made our way through Arpette and on into Champex-Lac and our hotel….and a couple of well-earned beers (other beverages are available.)"
Ian Price
9 August – Day 3. Champex-Lac to Cabane du Mont Fort.
The First Mountain Refuge
"We again started out in good time, at 8:00 am, with a great breakfast to fortify us and a visit to the Champex Lac supermarket for any vital supplies.
As we were facing two nights in Mountain Refuges we were carrying slightly more gear for the overnight stops.
We walked past a very calm Lac de Champex. Remarkably, we started with a long descent (this is not normal on the Haute Route, I can assure you) as we worked our way down into the Val d’Entremont. We also left the Tour de Mont Blanc route (the two treks overlap as far as Champex) so the paths were noticeably quieter which was nice.
Once in the valley, we headed through Sembrancher and around to Chable. From here, we took the cable car – joy of joys – up to Les Ruinettes which is part of the Verbier ski area (my wife and I actually skied in Verbier some years ago, though without all the snow it was hard to recognise much). The cable car gained us about 1300 metres (imagine having to climb that?) and we had lunch (and an ice cream for yours truly) with glorious views across to the mountains.
After lunch, we had a fairly straight forward trek around the flanks of Mont Gelé before a short climb up to Cabane du Mont Fort which sits proudly on its own little hill below Col des Roux (tomorrow’s first target.) As promised, the Cabane was comfortable, the beer more than acceptable, the food was wholesome, and once we’d moved our team snorer out to another dormitory (otherwise unoccupied), I believe we all slept reasonably well."
Ian Price
10 August – day 4. Cabane du Mont Fort to Cabane de Prafleuri.
“Valais. Pays de Soleil”
"The forecast was not good for later in the day, so the night before we decided to get an early start (that means breakfast at 6:00am!!) and beat the weather to the Cabane de Prafleuri. However, the weather had other plans and decided to start earlier. It was drizzling when I first stepped out for a look.
As I ate my breakfast, my eyes were caught by a poster opposite, “Valais. Pays de Soleil” (Valais. Land of sun!) Despite that encouraging advertisement, by the time we’d finished breakfast it was raining quite hard and we set off in full waterproofs, taking the steady climb up to Col de la Chaux, before descending down the other side and then climbing up to Col de Louvie.
The rain came and went, but it was a dull day and the terrain was very different; we’d lost the ‘prettiness’ and were faced with grey rock and boulders. It was still spectacular, just in a very different way when compared to the other days so far. From Col de Louvie, we descended (again) into a broad glacial valley below the Grand Désert Glacier, a quite foreboding place and rather bleak, looking like the surface of the moon. Apart from the plentiful supply of water ‘Grand Désert’ seems to sum it up nicely.
The water….yes, the plentiful water. The route has been changed slightly across the Désert, consequently now entailing a river crossing. I didn’t take any photos; I was too busy concentrating on crossing without getting a dunking. The river was running fast and deep enough, and let’s just say some members of the group ended up with wetter feet than others. Alex does get first prize, however, standing up to her ankles in what must have been freezing glacial outflow to help those who were less steady between the various rocks (do not think stepping stones here – this was very much a ‘find your own way’ across route; hiking poles were definitely your friend here.) Anyway, we all survived relatively unscathed and got to the lunch spot on the other side of the valley with a chance to dry feet a little.
From lunch, we continued the climb (yup, another one) up to Col de Prafleuri (at 2987m, the highest point of the day and, indeed, of the whole Haute Route). We were getting close to the Cabane of the same name (and our beds for the night), but there were great surprises in store as we headed down the other side. We left behind the ‘desert’ landscape between the Louvie and Prafleuri cols and encountered a greener vista – we even found some Edeleweiss flowers.
More excitingly (for me, certainly), we came upon a heard of Ibex, just – you know – hanging out, very nonchalantly, and we were able to get pretty close without disturbing them. They are truly a majestic site. And then Cabane de Prafleuri began to emerge from the cloud and, an hour after crossing the col it is named after, we arrived.
It had been another superb day, despite the rain during the first half. Better yet, the sun was out and we could get our gear dried out! And later we were able to watched Chamois clambering around the rocks on the other side of the valley."
Ian Price
11 August – day 5. Cabane de Prafleuri to Arolla
Ladders
"Cabane de Prafleuri was pretty full, but we were up for an early breakfast (again!) and had the dining room largely to ourselves before we set off for the thirty minute climb from the Cabane to the Col des Roux.
Today’s forecast was much more promising and so it turned out – glorious, clear skies, but not too warm; perfect hiking weather, really. From there our route sank down to Lac des Dix, a largely man-made lake which looked like a big pool of light blue paint, thick with glacial water and – presumably – copper deposits giving it the blue colour.
We then had an easy walk along a good track round to the south end of the lake. Well, it would have been easy, had not a herd of Hérens cattle – a large herd – decided to join us for the journey. They are a Swiss breed and seemed harmless enough, unless you have a phobia of cows as one of our number did! Worse yet, we’d pass them on the road and they would then take a shortcut and catch us up further down the trail! Eventually, they must have got bored of this bovine version of chase and went back to what cows do best – eating – and we were able to continue unmolested.
We climbed up from Lac des Dix then descended to cross the foot of Glacier de Chellon before reaching a large boulder field and the start of the climb to the Pas de Chėvres. For some, this is a bit of a challenge, encompassing a tricky walk along the side of the cliff with a sheer drop to one side, followed by a series of ladders. However, once again, the team pulled really well together and those who found it easier helped those who did not. It was a great effort and we made it to the top for lunch (slab-like sandwiches from the Cabane, just what we needed), feeling suitably proud of ourselves.
From the col, we made our way down towards the Arolla valley, a long, but easy going hike and, perhaps more importantly, we got to Arolla before the rain started, as we’d hoped.
Arolla is the halfway point (in days, at least) and I think as a group we were all into our stride. Certainly, although quite tired at the end of the day, I was feeling fitter and stronger, and any doubts I might have had at the start (and during the first few days) about my fitness had largely subsided. I was thoroughly enjoying myself!"
Ian Price
12 August – day 6. Arolla to La Sage.
A ‘Rest Day’! And that “mouillé” feeling returns.
Alex allowed us a lie-in as the stage to La Sage is relatively short and pretty easy. So, breakfast was timed for 7:30am and we set off at 8:15. Luxury!
There was no rest day on this trek, but at just 7.5 miles with a ‘piffling’ 215metres of ascent, this was really as close as it would get. And it would have been lovely, no doubt…apart from the weather. Mountain forecasting is notoriously difficult of course, but we had hoped to be in La Sage by the time it arrived. It wasn’t to be. I’d awoken in the wee hours to the sound of thunder and as we set off (after a wonderful breakfast), the rain again came early.
By the time we had ascended the trail from Arolla it was time to don waterproofs. We then followed the (now slippery) trail through the woods along the side of the Arolla valley. After about 3 miles we arrived at La Gouille and – joy of joys - a café; coffee and a chance to dry off a bit. Non! “Fermé Lundi” (closed on Monday)! So, we pressed on.
And our morale was again restored when we found an open café further on in Les Haudères – by which time the weather was much improved. From there we worked our way through this lovely Swiss village and began a climb out of the village, when suddenly, “my walking poles!” Remember the group member who’d left their phone in Trient? Yup, this time it was walking poles. So, we giggled and waited…and waited…and Alex went to find the individual who by now was somewhat lost…and then we set off again.
We entered La Sage just over a mile later and found the very lovely Hotel la Sage, with plenty of time to relax…and dry out our gear again!"
Ian Price
13 August – day 7. La Sage to Zinal.
Jelly Baby power (other sweet snacks are available)
"I’ve read about folks hiking the big trails in the USA: the Appalachian Trail, the Pacific Crest Trail and that sort of thing. Apparently, a lot of it is about psychology: keeping going when you have months of travel in front of you. The Haute Route is not like that, of course, but at the start it seemed quite daunting.
I’ve undertaken ‘long distance paths’ in the UK (the Dales Way, the Oxfordshire Path, for example) but they seemed different (shorter, certainly)…and I was much younger.
However, you get used to the Haute Route: hiking every day soon becomes ‘normal’ and by day 7, I really felt I was into my stride. Every day offered something wonderful to see. Sure, it was hard work at times, but with walking you just keep putting one foot in front of the other and you get there. It’s great. And by now I was starting to think that the end was approaching and – as nice as it would be to see my dogs and my wife (may be that’s the wrong order), I was so thoroughly enjoying walking among such beauty with a great bunch of people, I didn’t really want it to end.
It seemed a shame to leave the hotel at La Sage; it’s a really nice place with superb views. However, onwards we had to go, with another early start and a slow climb up to Col de Torrent. This was to be a BIG day – with over 1700 metres to climb it was by far the most ascent we’d make in any single day.
I think it’s important to emphasise how the geography changes day by day as you wander from valley to valley. Thus, we had left the rocky, ‘desert’ of the previous valleys behind (and the rain, hopefully) and climbed up from the quintessentially Swiss Val d’Hérens, through extensive pasture land.
Despite a lot of low cloud and overcast skies, the views from the Col de Torrent were, again, impressive and they only improved as we descended towards the dammed (not damned) Lac de Moiry which was the brightest blue-green colour.
For reasons which are not really important we made slow progress on the ascent and although the descent was much faster, by the time we reached the Barrage de Moiry we were somewhat behind schedule. Generally, that doesn’t matter, but today if we didn’t get to the top of the cable car in time for its last run down into Zinal we’d be faced with an additional 2-3 hours of walking. With that motivation we pretty much sprinted up the other side of the Val de Moiry to Col de Sorebois!
I had brought Jelly Babies for such a moment as this – when we needed a quick sugar burst - and at the top they were dished out. However, I now understand that some of my fellow hikers don’t like them – but were too polite to say so! (Imagine not liking Jelly Babies?!) Either way, after a less demanding descent into the Zinal valley we thankfully made the cable car in good time and transported our weary limbs (and the rest of us) down to Zinal."
Ian Price
14th August Day 8. Zinal to Gruben.
Into the German ‘zone’
"We had an early start, being on our way by about 7:45 am, to climb out of the Zinal valley through woodland and up onto pastureland from which we had superb views of the mountains above the valley.
Lunch was eaten on the Forcletta pass before starting the descent into the Turtmanntal, the valley within which Gruben nestles, through pastures dotted with wild flowers and fed by mountain streams. In the distance we could see the Weisshorn, standing at the head of the valley. As we descended, we discovered that the original path has been closed – perhaps due to a rock slide – but we found an alternative, zig-zagging down into the Turtmanntal through forest before arriving beside the Turtmänna river.
The ‘umlaut’ in Turtmänna rather gives away the fact that we were now entering the German-speaking area of Switzerland (as opposed to the French-speaking area through which we’d walked so far). My German is far worse than my French (which means it’s disastrous), but – oddly – we were still met by plenty of ‘bonjours’ from passing hikers; may be their German isn’t very good either? Either way, we followed the path along the valley bottom until we arrived in Gruben which has the odd (to us Brits anyway) distinction of being ‘open’ only during the summer; in winter, apparently, the whole population packs up and goes elsewhere, returning after the next spring thaw, presumably."
Ian Price
15 August – day 9. Gruben to Randa.
Keep your sunglasses on your face.
"Thursday! It was quite a shock to realise this was the penultimate day of the trek. The time had really flown by and as we climbed out of the Turtmanntal, through Alpine forest, I didn’t really want it to end. It was a glorious day and as the sun started to open up the valley behind us (it was another early start with a long day ahead), the views were stunning. Although it was sunny, the temperature did not get too high and conditions were pretty much perfect really.
The climb up towards the Augustbordpass was – as ever – reasonably tough going, but – as ever – you get there and, again, the compensation was walking through Alpine pasture with views back across to the mountains; plus, at a ‘mere’ 1100m above Gruben the climb seemed well within our capabilities these days! I reminded myself that, in the Lake District, I considered any hike with more than a thousand metres of ascent to be a ‘big’ day, but out here it had really become the norm.
We had the added bonus of an extensive boulder field to negotiate on the ascent, where we also found a scrambler motorbike – whether it had broken down, or just achieved its purpose of getting the rider most of the way up, I don’t know.
I had gone ahead of the main group (there was a small group way ahead of me as well) when suddenly I thought, “sunglasses”! They certainly weren’t on my face! To lose them would be a bit of a disaster – I must have left them on the col. I turned and started galloping back up, refusing to leave my rucksack as Alex suggested…until, with my lungs fit to burst (running uphill at altitude is clearly not good for me), I relinquished my ‘sack and continued the climb. Fortunately, for some reason, I soon decided to look back and check my rucksack was safely positioned on the slope…and saw my sunglasses glinting from my rucksack waist belt where I’d obviously ‘hooked’ them (for safekeeping!) So, crisis averted, I continued back downhill, with my sunglasses firmly placed where they should be – on my face.
We soon entered another huge boulder field which pretty much continued until we rounded the corner to overlook the Mattertal, the valley in which Randa and Zermatt both sit. We had lunch at the Twära viewpoint, with views towards the Dom (at 4545m the highest mountain completely within Switzerland) sitting over the Hohberg glacier.
From there a relatively gentle descent led us into Jungen, a quintessentially Swiss village perched on the valley side, with the aim to save our legs (and about 800 metres of descent) by taking the cable car. It’s not the speediest form of transport, I guess, taking only four people at a time and running about every 15 minutes, but no one was complaining by this stage (as the rest was very much appreciated) and however slow it might be, it was quicker than the alternative: a 2-3 hour descent by foot. And from St Niklaus we took the train ride to Randa, a little further up the valley."
Ian Price
image: dknzxtjg.jpg width: 400 alt: day 9 beautiful alps valley)
16 August – day 10. Randa to Zermatt.
The Suspension Bridge and the Matterhorn.
"So, it seemed, all too soon the last day arrived. On the plus side, this day would feature some outstanding views and our first glimpses of the Matterhorn. But with 1175 metres of ascent, and about 14 miles of hiking, we were going to have to put in some effort for the grandeur.
We started with a steep climb up through the forests (passing some Valais Black Nose sheep which look a bit like big teddy bears) to the Charles Kuonen suspension bridge. That in itself required a climb of just under 650m and hiking 2.5 miles. At 494 metres long, the bridge is an impressive structure which stands 85 metres above the valley it crosses; it took us each about 7 minutes to cross and no one was hanging around! The views were fantastic.
And the views remained fantastic. Later, in the restaurant that night, someone asked what each of us thought was our trip highlight. I was a bit flummoxed, as there was so much to remember. I plumped for the ‘Ibex encounter’ but – as great as that was - that was just such a small part of this wonderful journey.
Looking at my photos, I reckon I have to correct that and say “day ten”. The sun was out, the sky was blue and the views were simply stunning – across, up and down the valley, everywhere I looked it was breathtaking. We walked along precipitous slopes with the paths carved into the side, often with rope fixed into the rock face to help us along.
We walked in superb conditions, with so much to take in. Day ten is a long hike, but I do not recall it ever feeling like that.
Once you have crossed the bridge, as Alex said, “it undulates” along the valley side. As she also accepted, some of the undulations are rather steeply up, but, as ever, they are very doable; and, as ever, they consistently repaid the effort.
Eventually, the Matterhorn came into sight as we made our way along the side of the Mattertal valley. And we continued, until finally we approached Tufteren. The plan was to head from there to Sunnegga and get the funicular down from there to Zermatt. It was partly the fact that there seemed to be a further climb up to Sunnegga and I’d had enough of climbing for one day; and – I suspect – partly that I didn’t really want to stop walking, but I decided to walk down into Zermatt with two of
the others. (And it was absolutely nothing to do with saving the funicular ticket price for beer!)
We walked down some steep paths through the woods until we reached the edge of Zermatt and then found our way to the hotel – we even beat the others by a few minutes which was quite satisfying!
So, it was over. In ten days, we’d walked about 180 kms (112 of your English miles) from Chamonix to Zermatt; we’d climbed over 11 mountain cols, ascending in the process approximately 12,000 metres (almost one and a half Everests). And it had been great, although my body did seem to be telling me, “OK, it’s been great, but that’s enough now”. Did I say “great”? It had been perfect in every respect. We celebrated in Zermatt that night with large burgers in the Brown Cow and I think
none of us were late to bed."
Ian Price
|
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It’s never too soon to begin considering means to make saving for retired life a little bit much safer. As you get closer to retired life, though, you’ll wish to focus on anything that will certainly assist you to not only make conserving much easier however that won’t need you to spend too much time needing to service your accounts.
Typical investing isn’t precisely very easy for many capitalists. Several challenges will commonly be in your method, some deliberate and also some just as a result of exactly how spending jobs.
If you purchase the stock market, for instance, you’ll have to spend a significant amount of time studying the performance of a offered supply prior to you intend to invest. Even after that, however, there’s no guarantee that a sudden market change won’t invalidate every one of your study.
Average investors aren’t out of luck when it comes to building their portfolios. There are companies like Goldco that can help them browse their financial investment options.
Goldco is a firm specializing in helping its consumers invest in precious metals. Rather than taking care of supplies, bonds, or perhaps residential property, the firm aims to ensure that its clients will be able to buy a part of the marketplace that often tends to be overlooked by several. As such, the business tends to excel at seeing to it that their consumers can purchase a way that makes good sense.
Why does this matter? In short, it’s because Goldco can make capitalists really feel secure in spending even if those exact same capitalists do not seem like they are already specialists in the rare-earth elements market.
You don’t require any kind of kind of history having fun stocks or operating in investment firms below – simply a readiness to deal with an expert from Goldco so that you can find out exactly what steps are required to construct your account.
The Worth of Investing in Gold.
There’s been a great deal of speak about buying precious metals recently, but people have been utilizing metals as an financial investment device for rather time. Gold IRAs themselves are definitely absolutely nothing new, yet they can be a brand-new way for you to buy a brighter future.
Buying gold is just a means of buying a well-recognized store of value. Gold has actually had the ability to weather several storms over the ages, usually getting worth even when the market often tends to drop. As you might picture, then, the reality that Goldco supplies investors a method to utilize this kind of device can profit those wanting to purchase a step of safety in the future.
If you’re going to buy gold, though, you have to go with a name you can rely on. Goldco is among the leaders in this sector, primarily via assisting customers to establish gold Individual retirement accounts that actually make a difference in their retirement. Getting involved in the gold market isn’t constantly as easy as one could wish, but Goldco does streamline the process substantially.
Goldco stands as a bulwark versus the poor decisions made by several financiers. It’s common to see investors put all of their money into stocks and bonds, the truth is that any portfolio that only has one type of investment is more dangerous than most would want to admit. Thus, several wise capitalists are aiming to work with firms like Goldco to diversify.
Given that rare-earth elements hardly ever see the sort of considerable dips seen on the planet of traditional investing, Goldco provides a unique service for capitalists who intend to keep their wealth safe from considerable market shifts. In fact, gold also works well as a bush versus inflation and a means to make sure that the cash you spend now isn’t devalued over time.
Security is the vital aspect below. When you select gold, you’re choosing an financial investment that remains secure in time. It might fluctuate a bit below or there, but the cost has a tendency to be preserved in a manner that you just can’t get out of various other types of financial investments.
Their company stands as a useful entity because it offers capitalists a chance to invest in something that a minimum of seems like more of a winner than most of the various other financial investments they can make. They do a fantastic task helpful to make certain that its customers will certainly get real gold as well as use it as a actual financial investment for the future.
So, is gold right for you? If you’re wanting to reduce your threats and also maintain the worth of the money that you already have, gold – and Goldco – are certainly worth your time to examine. Doing so will give you a solid possibility to buy a way that should lessen your fret about the future.
Why Financiers Need Education And Learning.
You can not just throw your cash at a pension and hope for the best; instead, you’ll need to spend time finding out exactly how to spend your cash so that you can easily retire. Doing so implies putting in the time to educate yourself on just how numerous investments job as well as exactly how certain assets might or may not be the appropriate fit for you.
Most traditional investors don’t do the kind of homework they should do to succeed. These financiers count on that an advisor will certainly always make the appropriate choice, so they do bit greater than signing a check. This means that you’re really putting all of your hopes in a single person – and in many cases, that person can come up short in ways that you might not expect.
If you determine to collaborate with a company like them, though, you won’t be just turning over your money. Instead, you’re mosting likely to be organizing your own future and getting some wonderful guidance in the process. Among the best features of collaborating with this firm is that they do a great work educating their clients.
Any kind of connection with Goldco will certainly begin with a discussion with a member of the company’s staff. These individuals are well-read, certainly, however a lot more than that, they’re efficient discussing exactly what solutions the business gives. The firm also does a terrific task clarifying to you exactly why you might wish to put your cash in precious metals.
The large reason this issues is that gold is a distinct financial investment opportunity. The good people at Goldco will walk you through exactly how gold has enhanced in worth in the last few years, exactly how the long-lasting diagnosis for gold investment is strong, as well as just how purchasing gold can aid you to place cash right into when you’re stressed over the worth of your existing profits being dropped as a result of rising cost of living.
Putting cash in a gold individual retirement account is simply an superb method to ensure that you’re maintaining a few of your cash separate from the types of financial investments that can be unduly influenced by points like securities market crashes or global economic uncertainty. The money that is typically shed when large financial problems occur usually finds its way right into the rare-earth elements market. For this reason, it’s always a good idea to specifically comprehend how to get involved in that part of the market before it goes south.
Naturally, your financial investment expert will certainly inform you regarding greater than just the worth of gold. They will certainly additionally stroll you with specifically just how your possible gold individual retirement account would certainly work as well as how it can keep value in manner ins which a much more typical IRA may not have the ability to match. Your consultant will certainly describe exactly how gold operate in basic, exactly how your IRA will certainly function as an financial investment tool, and also how you’ll have the ability to make use of the power of the gold market to satisfy a few of your own investment objectives.
Your consultant will additionally take a while to clarify precisely what you’ll have the ability to add to your account. Your objective right here isn’t just to add gold or silver – it’s to do so in a manner that helps you to meet your own objectives. This indicates making certain that you know which pieces to acquire, which pieces might be a much better long-lasting investment, and which pieces that you’ll require to check out as you begin to determine what you’re intending on finishing with your account.
Gold Level Marketing
2. AUGUSTA PRECIOUS METALS
Gold Level Marketing
Do you require to diversify your retired life conserving techniques? Does your present portfolio have too much direct exposure to fundamental stocks and bonds that are at danger from the endless devaluation of the U.S. dollar?
Are you searching for a clear, reliable, as well as trusted firm to help with your retirement objectives? Are you seeking an different means of possessions to aid you plan for your retirement savings? Look no further because Augusta Valuable Metals Company is the most effective fit.
The consumers are pleased with the company’s services, hence providing it an superb reputation and also first-class ratings.
The firm was created in 2012, and also it has not received any kind of complaints from the Bbb (BBB) as well as the Business Consumer Partnership (BCA). Augusta Valuable Metals is understood for its excellent reputable picture in conducting organization.
This review will highlight the values as well as demerits of the company, look extensive at what the business does, the products and services it provides, its qualified team, the reasons for one to invest in the rare-earth elements, i.e., gold, silver, etc, and what makes the firm unique to its consumers.
Advantages as well as downsides of Augusta Valuable Metals.
The following are the qualities of having an account at Augusta Precious Metals. They include;.
• Transparency, sincerity, and also instructional in all its endeavors.
• The BBB and BCA have actually elevated no issues since their establishment.
• Exceptional credibility in the state and excellent evaluations of first-class from its consumers.
• One of the highest ranked companies in the industry per their countless positive reviews.
• No pressure sales by salespeople.
Disadvantages consist of;.
• One requires to have a minimum of $50,000 dollars in the account.
• There is no on the internet configuration, whereas the globe has obtained used to doing everything online.
Augusta Precious Metals Background.
Augusta Priceless Metals is a firm whose main organization is assisting financiers in converting investments right into precious metals, e.g., silver and gold. It is also a gold Individual Retirement Account (IRA) firm that does not have pressure sales, hence supplying a steady working environment for its workers.
The firm’s competence is with precious metal Individual retirement accounts, which have a tax-benefit advantage in physical steels, unlike supplies that are not backed by concrete possessions. Rare-earth elements hold their value and have much less volatility, unlike supplies that have unpredictable cost movements every day.
With its knowledgeable team, the company informs its customers concerning their retirement diversity alternatives. It utilizes a easy approach that enables its consumers to plainly recognize the solutions made as well as the products offered.
The services provided continue even after the client has actually attached the firm. Several gold business do not provide long-term robust service beyond the original transaction.
The benefits of collaborating with Augusta do not lapse after the initial purchase. Augusta is known for its reputable name and also draws in much more consumers as no other individual retirement account business can assert not to have problems from the BBB and also the BCA.
The company’s objective is to protect its consumers’ futures with precious metals IRAs. The company also has to use sales to non-retirement clients that want to possess their silver and gold outside the IRA.
Augusta Business is sincere as well as clear in its dealings with clients. It educates the customers regarding acquiring the rare-earth elements Individual retirement accounts and how to preserve them throughout the conserving process. The company recommends its customers on the dangers involved as well as the longevity of their services.
Gold Level Marketing
Monitoring Team of the Business.
Isaac Nuriani is the company’s chief executive officer. As the business specifies, he aided release the company to aid people retire as well as conserve by increasing their savings with precious metals. Mr. Nuriani assists in the procedure by informing the clients on the value of them keeping their assets like rare-earth elements.
Isaac Nuriani relies on the worths of openness and dedication when leading the company. Mr. Isaac is also a participant of numerous organizations, such as the Ethics network.
A strong group supports Mr. Nuriani to make it possible for the firm to finish its duties. Devlyn Steele creates part of the group as he is the business’s Education Director. Mr. Steele leads the education and learning group to enlighten the clients about conserving systems through alternative assets.
His work has actually made numerous Americans affluent by buying the business and also start conserving via precious metals.
Howard Smith, the Chief Financial Officer of the business, provides knowledge concerning risk management to the firm and also the consumers.
He has actually assisted the firm achieve its financial as well as business goals because he began working with the company in 2018. Mr. Smith has additionally helped consumers conquer the feasible risks that might influence their retired life.
What You Required to Know About Augusta Precious Metals.
Augusta Valuable Metals evaluation. Augusta Valuable Metals is just one of the most relied on names in gold investing, and also if you’re seeking to acquire silver and gold bullion, you might find yourself asking yourself whether it’s the best company for you. If so, you have actually come to the right area; our Augusta Valuable Metals testimonial has all the details you require to make an informed choice about whether this investment company is right for your demands.
Augusta Priceless Metals Evaluation.
Augusta Precious Metals is an individual retirement account administrator that has actually been around given that 2006. The company was called among Inc 500’s fastest expanding companies in 2013 and also they are accredited as an individual retirement account manager by both IRS and also NFA. Augusta concentrates on physical rare-earth elements including gold, silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium. They have a variety of products from fractional dimensions (1/10 oz) to bars ( approximately 100 oz). They likewise have lots of options for storage space varying from Augusta Vaults to self-directed safe deposit boxes.
On the whole, Augusta has been an established firm that is still expanding. If you’re searching for a genuine and also solid gold individual retirement account provider, they are among your best alternatives. { However, in order to supply you with an honest point of view on Augusta’s services we had some assistance from our good friends at Bullion Exchanges in Dubai. In order to supply you with an impartial opinion on Augusta’s services we had some help from our friends at Bullion Exchanges in Dubai. Have a look at their review listed below:.
One of our customers was interested in opening a Gold IRA through a company outside of The United States and Canada. We assisted him in selecting Augusta Precious Metals as his preferred choice. The procedure went efficiently and he purchased physical gold for his IRA with Augusta Precious Metals. Ever since he educated us that he received rewards on his assets as well as makes normal payments in the direction of building wealth using rare-earth elements such as silver and gold as a result of low rising cost of living rates compared to paper currencies. He states their customer service is excellent!
The Creators Behind Augusta Priceless Metals.
Augusta Rare-earth elements was founded in 2012 by Isaac Nuriani. Augusta Rare-earth element offers competitive rates as well as excellent quality gold with their common low costs (one of many reasons they consistently rate as one of our favorite places to open a rare-earth element individual retirement account). They’re participants of both The National Coin Dealers Association and Market Council for Substantial Properties. Their organization is insured by Lloyd’s of London.
As for gold IRA business go, Augusta Rare-earth elements stands apart for its no-nonsense strategy as well as organization ethics. If you’re searching for a place to get silver or gold for your individual retirement account, we most definitely suggest providing a try.
Augusta Valuable Metals has an A+ ranking with the Bbb and all of their evaluations on Google are positive– even if they have a tendency to commend them greater than offer positive objection. They have also gotten favorable evaluations from rare-earth elements expert Peter Schiff!
Due To The Fact That Augusta Precious Metals is an well established firm with years of experience, they do their best to walk consumers through what is frequently an strange procedure. Augusta will help you choose which kind of metals (gold, silver, platinum) makes sense for your financial investment objectives.
Background of Gold IRAs and also Gold Buying.
Before you determine to purchase gold, it is necessary that you understand what a gold IRA is and also just how it functions. The federal government permits rare-earth elements like gold, silver, platinum and palladium to be made use of in a pension. This allows capitalists to diversify their portfolios, prevent extreme threat in stock markets and obtain tax benefits. To get more information regarding Augusta Precious Metals as well as why investing in rare-earth elements is helpful for your economic future, read on!
And for more on why buying rare-earth elements is advantageous for your monetary future, have a look at our area below! Augusta Precious Metals provides financiers a large range of gold bullion items that make for excellent retirement financial investments. If you’re considering opening a gold IRA, or looking for a strong area to purchase rare-earth elements, we welcome you to contact us today. Our group will more than happy to address any type of questions and also guide you with our various offerings.
When it comes to buying precious metals, there are couple of names that carry as much eminence and also regard as Augusta Precious Metals. As one of America’s biggest silver and gold dealers, we work with several global mints including The Royal Canadian Mint and The Perth Mint.
Kinds Of Gold IRAs.
Augusta Valuable Metals Testimonial.
There are two major sorts of gold IRAs: direct as well as indirect. One of the most typical kind is a direct IRA, which can be established at practically any kind of financial institution or cooperative credit union that supplies IRAs. A lot of economic advisers suggest selecting a self-directed account, because they allow investors to purchase alternate properties like property, substantial residential property and precious metals.
On top of that, these accounts have a tendency to find with greater contribution limitations than various other accounts ( as much as $70,000 each year). Nonetheless, it is very important to note that there are more stringent internal revenue service guidelines for establishing direct gold Individual retirement accounts; some financial investments such as hedge funds don’t count as certified. It is essential to note that there are stricter internal revenue service guidelines for developing straight gold Individual retirement accounts; some investments such as hedge funds don’t count as qualified. That stated, not all investment choices will help every person– if one doesn’t benefit you now it does not imply it will not function in the future later on. It’s constantly a excellent concept to run ideas by your tax obligation professional prior to making any kind of significant adjustments.
Investors that want optimum defense can go with an indirect account via a financial institution like Augusta Precious Steels (APS)– the process is very similar to a standard IRA or 401( k), however rather of holding stocks and bonds you’re holding physical gold and silver bars saved at APS’s safekeeping facility. Financiers who want optimum protection can choose an indirect account through a banks like Augusta Rare-earth elements (APS)– the procedure is very comparable to a traditional individual retirement account or 401( k), however rather than holding stocks and also bonds you’re holding physical silver and gold bars kept at APS’s safekeeping center. |
Because Of Countless Hours of Research…
These Gold Companies are our Best 4 Choices:
Goldco – Our Best Choice
Goldco Electric
Goldco is a privately held firm specializing in assisting individuals secure their retirement savings. Goldco serves as a broker for silver and gold, however what establishes them apart from others in the market is they also give their customers with an remarkable consultatory service, both when purchasing precious metals as well as later on in retirement when it is time to sell off.
What is Goldco’s Process Like?
” From Goldco’s site, we entered our e-mail address as well as telephone number in order to receive a cost-free informative set. A representative called us a few mins later to get our address as well as stroll us through a quick assessment. The entire procedure was easy, anxiety free, as well as helpful.
After briefly asking about our existing possessions, spending goals, threat tolerances, as well as future plans, our account representative enlightened us on the essentials of gold and silver IRAs.
After our kit arrived, which was filled with great deals of details, we thoroughly underwent every one of our retired life properties. Viewing as just how we were almost 100% purchased the stock exchange as well as nearing retirement, we determined a rare-earth elements IRA would certainly profit us.
We set up one more telephone consultation with our account representative and he patiently strolled us with the rest of the process. We had an old IRA that we chose to transfer right into a gold IRA. He dealt with all the documentation and spoke to the broker agent firm that held our possessions.
Within a couple of weeks, our properties were liquidated, and the cash money was moved to Goldco. The paperwork for our brand-new gold IRA was likewise set up by our account representative. We obtained a extremely reasonable price for our brand-new gold and received proof it was being held securely as well as firmly at our custodian facility.
Moving forward, we will still be designated to our exact same account representative in case we desire to buy even more gold or liquidate our gold if we need it. The entire process was straightforward and stress complimentary.
Our total experience was extremely favorable and also we do suggest Goldco for any person serious concerning hedging their retirement against uncertainty.”
— Goldco Client
GoldCo Associate Program– Expert Evaluation, a Fraud or Legit?
February 13, 2020 by John 10 Remarks
This evaluation is going to be about the GoldCo Affiliate Program I have been belonged to it for 6months but actually began to use it recently a few days ago once again. I need to state I am extremely delighted that I have, because it looks VERY encouraging, let me telly you why in this short review.GoldCo Associate Program
Item: GoldCo Affiliate Program.
Internet site:.
Owner: Goldco.
Rate: FREE to join (IF you certify).
That is it for: Affiliate marketing experts, Financial advisors.
Niche: Purchasing general, Precious Metals, Cryptocurrency, Trading, etc.
Overall ranking: 4.9 out of 5 stars (4.9/ 5).
P.S.
All web links on this page are 2nd tier associate links, indicating I will certainly make money if you make sales (if you get accepted to the program). The money I may make, will of course, Never get on your part, however on the behalf of the company, that you promote.
Goldco Electric
+ ALL the Hyperlinks on This Page Come with Only Benefits!
IF you sign up with with any of the Hyperlinks on this web page you will get a HUGE benefit over any type of competitor that put on ´ t, as I will certainly offer you with some “secret techniques” that every little thing from a skilled Blogger, Social media site or pay per click online marketer, search engine optimization expert, or even a complete beginner in Affiliate advertising will have big benefit from, ( find out more about that below).
Why I would certainly do this?
Needless to say?
I suggest if you generate income, I make money, right?
Yeah sure,.
I also happen to LOVE to Help People Succeed.
/ John.
Founder of: $ sharp Make $top Waste.
Table of web content.
What is Goldco affiliate program?
Exactly how does it function?
Info for affiliates.
Making possibilities.
Some instances of my compensations & profits.
Just how do you get paid?
Other alternatives?
Exactly how you obtain accepted.
My expert experience.
Final words.
Goldco Associate program (What is it)?
As the name suggests the GoldCo affiliate program appears as well as straightforward the Gold IRA provider business ´ s GoldCo ´ s affiliate program. If you are authorized to join it, you can use this program to advertise the investing services that GoldCo provides to clients and also make significant compensations doing so.
Inside the backend you obtain accessibility to your affiliate web links, as well as statistics. Something that is very good about this is that you can also recieve excellent search engine optimization training if you intend to take that route in your promotion endavours.
Basically, it is a fantastic possibility to make HUGE affiliate commission.
How does it work?
The GoldCo affiliate program functions much like any other associate program out there, you are given with your personal affiliate web links and various other material as well as can after that begin advertising the products and services for the firm. You are also able to see stats inside your backend as well as you will obtain an e-mail alert as soon as you have created a new lead, you can obviously also, if you do not desire this alert, you just transform it off:.
P.S
. As mentioned over, something that I like a great deal is that there is some top-class associate training gave inside the backend, from the complimentary training just, that permit you to discover, exactly how to do search engine optimization as well as rank your web site as well as blog posts high in the SERPs, which way gain cost-free traffic to your web links.
It’s never too soon to begin thinking of means to make saving for retirement a little bit more secure. As you get closer to retired life, however, you’ll intend to prioritize anything that will certainly aid you to not just make saving less complicated however that won’t require you to spend excessive time needing to work on your accounts.
Typical investing isn’t exactly simple for many investors. Several challenges will certainly typically be in your method, some deliberate and some simply due to how spending jobs.
If you buy the securities market, for example, you’ll need to invest a significant quantity of time researching the efficiency of a given stock before you intend to spend. Even after that, though, there’s no guarantee that a abrupt market modification won’t revoke all of your study.
Average investors aren’t out of luck when it comes to building their portfolios. There are companies like Goldco that can help them navigate their investment choices.
Goldco is a firm focusing on helping its customers invest in rare-earth elements. Rather than dealing with supplies, bonds, and even home, the company aims to guarantee that its consumers will certainly be able to buy a part of the market that often tends to be ignored by numerous. The company tends to excel at making sure that their customers can invest in a way that makes sense.
Why does this matter? Basically, it’s since Goldco can make financiers really feel risk-free in investing even if those very same capitalists do not seem like they are currently specialists in the rare-earth elements market.
You do not require any type of sort of history having fun supplies or working in investment firms right here – simply a desire to collaborate with an specialist from Goldco so that you can discover specifically what steps are required to develop your account.
The Value of Purchasing Gold.
There’s been a great deal of discuss investing in rare-earth elements lately, yet individuals have actually been utilizing steels as an financial investment device for fairly some time. Gold IRAs themselves are certainly nothing new, yet they can be a brand-new way for you to purchase a brighter future.
Buying gold is simply a means of purchasing a well-recognized store of value. Gold has been able to weather lots of tornados over the ages, typically getting worth also when the market has a tendency to drop. As you might think of, after that, the truth that Goldco uses financiers a way to use this sort of device can benefit those wanting to acquire a measure of safety in the future.
If you’re mosting likely to purchase gold, though, you need to go with a name you can rely on. Goldco is just one of the leaders in this industry, generally through aiding clients to establish gold IRAs that truly make a distinction in their retirement plans. Getting involved in the gold market isn’t always as very easy as one could hope, however Goldco does simplify the process dramatically.
Goldco stands as a bulwark versus the negative decisions made by several capitalists. Though it’s common to see investors put every one of their cash right into supplies and bonds, the truth is that any portfolio that only has one kind of investment is a lot more harmful than a lot of would want to admit. Therefore, many savvy financiers are looking to work with business like Goldco to branch out.
Considered that rare-earth elements seldom see the type of considerable dips seen on the planet of typical investing, Goldco offers a unique option for capitalists that intend to maintain their wide range risk-free from substantial market changes. Actually, gold even works well as a hedge versus inflation and a method to make certain that the money you spend now isn’t cheapened with time.
Stability is the key aspect here. When you choose gold, you’re selecting an financial investment that remains steady in time. It could change a little bit below or there, but the rate often tends to be kept in a way that you just can’t expect from various other sorts of financial investments.
Their firm stands as a useful entity because it offers capitalists a possibility to buy something that at the very least feels like even more of a safe bet than a lot of the other investments they might make. They do a fantastic task helpful to guarantee that its customers will certainly purchase actual gold and use it as a genuine investment for the future.
So, is gold right for you? If you’re seeking to mitigate your threats and maintain the value of the money that you currently have, gold – as well as Goldco – are certainly worth your time to examine. Doing so will give you a strong chance to invest in a way that needs to minimize your bother with the future.
Why Investors Need Education And Learning.
You can not simply throw your money at a pension as well as hope for the best; instead, you’ll have to hang around finding out just how to invest your cash so that you can pleasantly retire. Doing so indicates making the effort to inform on your own on just how different investments job as well as just how specific properties might or might not be the ideal suitable for you.
However, most traditional investors do not do the sort of research they must do to succeed. These investors depend on that an consultant will constantly make the appropriate choice, so they do little bit more than signing a check. Sadly, this indicates that you’re really putting every one of your hopes in a single person – and also in many cases, that individual can lose in manner ins which you could not anticipate.
If you choose to work with a business like them, though, you will not be merely turning over your cash. Rather, you’re going to be organizing your own future as well as getting some excellent guidance along the way. Among the very best features of dealing with this business is that they do a great work informing their customers.
Any relationship with Goldco will certainly begin with a conversation with a participant of the company’s team. These people are well-read, naturally, yet a lot more than that, they’re efficient describing exactly what solutions the company provides. The business also does a excellent work explaining to you precisely why you might intend to place your cash in rare-earth elements.
The huge reason why this issues is that gold is a special financial investment possibility. The great people at Goldco will certainly stroll you via how gold has raised in worth over the last few years, exactly how the long-lasting prognosis for gold investment is strong, and exactly how purchasing gold can help you to put money right into when you’re bothered with the worth of your present earnings being dropped because of rising cost of living.
Placing money in a gold individual retirement account is simply an outstanding method to make certain that you’re maintaining several of your money different from the sorts of investments that can be unduly affected by things like stock market collisions or international financial uncertainty. The cash that is commonly lost when huge economic troubles take place typically finds its means into the rare-earth elements market. Hence, it’s always a excellent concept to precisely comprehend just how to get involved in that part of the market prior to it goes south.
Of course, your financial investment advisor will certainly tell you about more than just the value of gold. They will certainly additionally walk you with exactly how your prospective gold individual retirement account would certainly work and how it can maintain value in ways that a extra conventional IRA could not be able to match. Your consultant will explain just how gold operate in basic, how your individual retirement account will certainly work as an financial investment tool, as well as exactly how you’ll be able to make use of the power of the gold market to satisfy several of your own investment goals.
Your expert will certainly additionally spend some time to discuss exactly what you’ll have the ability to contribute to your account. Your objective right here isn’t just to add gold or silver – it’s to do so in such a way that assists you to satisfy your very own goals. This suggests ensuring that you know which items to buy, which items may be a far better long-lasting financial investment, and which items that you’ll need to take a look at as you begin to decide what you’re intending on performing with your account.
Goldco Electric
2. AUGUSTA PRECIOUS METALS
Goldco Electric
Do you require to diversify your retired life saving methods? Does your present profile have way too much direct exposure to standard supplies and bonds that go to threat from the endless devaluation of the united state buck?
Are you looking for a clear, effective, and also trusted company to help with your retirement objectives? Are you trying to find an alternative means of assets to aid you get ready for your retirement savings? Look no further due to the fact that Augusta Valuable Metals Business is the very best fit.
The consumers are pleased with the business’s services, hence offering it an outstanding track record as well as five-star scores.
The firm was produced in 2012, as well as it has actually not received any kind of problems from the Better Business Bureau (BBB) and also business Consumer Partnership (BCA). Augusta Precious Metals is known for its good reputable image in conducting service.
This evaluation will certainly highlight the advantages and bad marks of the business, look in-depth at what the company does, the services and products it gives, its qualified group, the reasons for one to purchase the rare-earth elements, i.e., gold, silver, etc, and also what makes the firm special to its clients.
Benefits as well as negative aspects of Augusta Priceless Metals.
The adhering to are the merits of having an account at Augusta Precious Metals. They consist of;.
• Transparency, sincerity, and also educative in all its ventures.
• The BBB and also BCA have raised no problems since their facility.
• Exceptional online reputation in the state and good evaluations of five-star from its consumers.
• One of the highest ranked companies in the market per their various favorable evaluations.
• No stress sales by salespeople.
Downsides consist of;.
• One requires to have a minimum of $50,000 dollars in the account.
• There is no on-line setup, whereas the globe has actually gotten used to doing everything online.
Augusta Priceless Metals History.
Augusta Priceless Metals is a company whose key service is helping financiers in transforming investments into precious metals, e.g., silver as well as gold. It is likewise a gold Individual Retirement Account (IRA) firm that does not have stress sales, hence providing a stable workplace for its workers.
The firm’s proficiency is with rare-earth element Individual retirement accounts, which have a tax-benefit advantage in physical metals, unlike stocks that are not backed by tangible assets. Rare-earth elements hold their worth and have much less volatility, unlike stocks that have irregular cost motions everyday.
With its skilled team, the business educates its customers concerning their retirement diversity alternatives. It utilizes a simple approach that allows its clients to clearly understand the services made as well as the products given.
The solutions given continue also after the client has invested with the firm. Numerous gold firms don’t use long-term robust solution beyond the initial deal.
The benefits of collaborating with Augusta do not lapse after the original transaction. Augusta is understood for its respectable name and draws in a lot more customers as no other IRA firm can claim not to have issues from the BBB and the BCA.
The firm’s objective is to secure its consumers’ futures with precious metals Individual retirement accounts. The business additionally has to supply sales to non-retirement customers who want to possess their silver and gold outside the individual retirement account.
Augusta Firm is sincere and also transparent in its dealings with clients. It enlightens the clients regarding obtaining the precious metals Individual retirement accounts as well as just how to keep them throughout the saving procedure. The company recommends its clients on the threats involved and the long life of their services.
Goldco Electric
Administration Team of the Firm.
Isaac Nuriani is the firm’s chief executive officer. As the firm states, he assisted release the company to aid people retire and also save by increasing their savings with rare-earth elements. Mr. Nuriani assists in the process by enlightening the consumers on the value of them keeping their assets like rare-earth elements.
Isaac Nuriani counts on the worths of openness and dedication when leading the company. Mr. Isaac is additionally a member of various companies, such as the Ethics network.
A strong group backs up Mr. Nuriani to make it possible for the business to complete its responsibilities. Devlyn Steele forms part of the team as he is the firm’s Education and learning Director. Mr. Steele leads the education group to inform the customers concerning saving systems through alternate properties.
His job has actually made lots of Americans affluent by purchasing business and also begin saving with precious metals.
Howard Smith, the Chief Financial Officer of the company, provides expertise concerning threat management to the company as well as the consumers.
He has actually helped the firm achieve its monetary and corporate goals given that he began working with the business in 2018. Mr. Smith has actually better helped consumers get rid of the feasible dangers that might impact their retired life.
What You Need to Understand About Augusta Valuable Metals.
Augusta Precious Metals evaluation. Augusta Priceless Metals is just one of one of the most trusted names in gold investing, as well as if you’re looking to acquire silver and gold bullion, you might find yourself questioning whether it’s the appropriate business for you. If so, you’ve come to the best place; our Augusta Priceless Metals evaluation has all the info you require to make an enlightened decision concerning whether this investment company is right for your needs.
Augusta Priceless Metals Evaluation.
Augusta Valuable Metals is an individual retirement account administrator that has been around because 2006. The business was called among Inc 500’s fastest growing firms in 2013 as well as they are accredited as an individual retirement account administrator by both internal revenue service as well as NFA. Augusta focuses on physical rare-earth elements consisting of gold, silver, platinum, palladium and also rhodium. They have a large range of items from fractional dimensions (1/10 oz) to bars ( approximately 100 oz). They additionally have numerous choices for storage ranging from Augusta Vaults to self-directed safe deposit boxes.
On the whole, Augusta has been an well established business that is still growing. If you’re seeking a legit and also solid gold IRA service provider, they are one of your finest options. { However, in order to give you with an honest viewpoint on Augusta’s services we had some assistance from our friends at Bullion Exchanges in Dubai. In order to provide you with an honest opinion on Augusta’s services we had some aid from our buddies at Bullion Exchanges in Dubai. Take a look at their endorsement listed below:.
Among our customers wanted opening up a Gold individual retirement account through a company beyond North America. We aided him in selecting Augusta Rare-earth elements as his preferred alternative. The process went smoothly and also he bought physical gold for his IRA through Augusta Priceless Metals. Since then he notified us that he obtained rewards on his possessions and also makes regular payments towards constructing wealth making use of precious metals such as gold and silver as a result of low inflation rates compared to paper currencies. He states their client service is superb!
The Founders Behind Augusta Valuable Metals.
Augusta Precious Metals was founded in 2012 by Isaac Nuriani. Augusta Precious Metal supplies affordable rates and also premium quality gold with their typical reduced costs (one of many factors they continually rank as one of our preferred areas to open a rare-earth element individual retirement account). They’re members of both The National Coin Dealers Organization as well as Sector Council for Concrete Assets. Their company is insured by Lloyd’s of London.
As for gold IRA firms go, Augusta Precious Metals stands apart for its no-nonsense approach and also company values. If you’re searching for a location to get gold or silver for your IRA, we definitely recommend giving them a shot.
Augusta Priceless Metals has an A+ ranking with the Bbb and all of their evaluations on Google declare– even if they tend to commend them greater than offer constructive objection. They have actually even received positive evaluations from rare-earth elements expert Peter Schiff!
Due To The Fact That Augusta Priceless Metals is an established firm with years of experience, they do their ideal to walk clients via what is typically an strange procedure. Augusta will assist you pick which sort of steels (gold, silver, platinum) makes good sense for your investment objectives.
History of Gold IRAs as well as Gold Buying.
Before you decide to buy gold, it is necessary that you recognize what a gold IRA is and exactly how it functions. The federal government enables precious metals like gold, silver, platinum and palladium to be utilized in a retirement account. This allows capitalists to diversify their portfolios, stay clear of excessive threat in stock markets as well as acquire tax benefits. For more information regarding Augusta Priceless Metals and also why buying precious metals is valuable for your financial future, read on!
And also for even more on why investing in rare-earth elements is useful for your financial future, take a look at our section listed below! Augusta Precious Metals provides capitalists a wide range of gold bullion items that make for great retired life financial investments. If you’re taking into consideration opening a gold IRA, or trying to find a solid location to invest in precious metals, we welcome you to contact us today. Our group will more than happy to answer any concerns and also overview you with our various offerings.
When it concerns purchasing precious metals, there are couple of names that carry as much reputation as well as respect as Augusta Priceless Metals. As one of America’s biggest silver and gold dealers, we collaborate with many global mints including The Royal Canadian Mint as well as The Perth Mint.
Sorts Of Gold IRAs.
Augusta Valuable Metals Testimonial.
There are two major types of gold IRAs: direct and also indirect. The most typical kind is a straight individual retirement account, which can be established at virtually any type of financial institution or cooperative credit union that provides IRAs. Most financial consultants suggest opting for a self-directed account, due to the fact that they allow investors to buy different properties like realty, tangible property as well as rare-earth elements.
In addition, these accounts have a tendency to come with higher contribution limitations than various other accounts ( as much as $70,000 each year). However, it is very important to keep in mind that there are stricter IRS guidelines for establishing straight gold IRAs; some investments such as hedge funds do not count as qualified. It is very important to note that there are stricter IRS standards for establishing straight gold Individual retirement accounts; some financial investments such as hedge funds do not count as certified. That claimed, not all financial investment alternatives will certainly work for everybody– if one does not work for you now it does not suggest it will not work later down the road. It’s always a good suggestion to run concepts by your tax specialist before making any significant changes.
Investors who desire optimum protection can go with an indirect account through a financial organization like Augusta Precious Steels (APS)– the procedure is extremely comparable to a traditional Individual retirement account or 401( k), however instead of holding supplies as well as bonds you’re holding physical gold and also silver bars stored at APS’s safekeeping center. Capitalists who want optimum defense can go with an indirect account with a financial institution like Augusta Rare-earth elements (APS)– the process is extremely similar to a standard individual retirement account or 401( k), yet rather than holding supplies and bonds you’re holding physical gold and silver bars stored at APS’s safekeeping center. |
From Of Countless Years Of of Testing…
Here are the Best 4 Recommendations:
Goldco – Our Most Researched Recommendation
Investing In Silver In Canada
Goldco is a privately held firm specializing in aiding individuals protect their retired life cost savings. Goldco works as a broker for gold and silver, however what sets them besides others in the industry is they also offer their clients with an extraordinary consultatory service, both when buying rare-earth elements as well as in the future in retired life when it is time to sell off.
What is Goldco’s Process Like?
” From Goldco’s site, we entered our email address and also phone number in order to receive a cost-free educational package. A representative called us a couple of minutes later to get our address as well as walk us via a quick consultation. The whole procedure was easy, anxiety totally free, and insightful.
After briefly asking about our current possessions, investing objectives, risk tolerances, and future strategies, our account representative enlightened us on the basics of silver and gold Individual retirement accounts.
After our kit got here, which was loaded with great deals of information, we completely underwent every one of our retired life properties. Viewing as how we were nearly 100% invested in the securities market as well as nearing retirement, we decided a precious metals IRA would certainly benefit us.
We established one more telephone consultation with our account representative as well as he patiently walked us through the rest of the procedure. We had an old IRA that we chose to transfer into a gold individual retirement account. He dealt with all the documents and contacted the broker agent company that held our assets.
Within a number of weeks, our properties were liquidated, as well as the money was transferred to Goldco. The paperwork for our new gold individual retirement account was likewise established by our account representative. We got a really fair price for our new gold and also received proof it was being held safely as well as safely at our custodian facility.
Moving forward, we will still be appointed to our same account representative in case we want to purchase more gold or liquidate our gold if we require it. The whole procedure was basic as well as anxiety complimentary.
Our general experience was extremely favorable as well as we do advise Goldco for any individual severe about hedging their retirement plan against unpredictability.”
— Goldco Client
GoldCo Associate Program– Insider Review, a Fraud or Legit?
February 13, 2020 by John 10 Remarks
This evaluation is mosting likely to have to do with the GoldCo Associate Program I have actually been belonged to it for 6months however really began to utilize it just now a few days ago once more. I need to say I am very pleased that I have, due to the fact that it looks VERY promising, let me telly you why in this brief review.GoldCo Associate Program
Item: GoldCo Associate Program.
Web site:.
Owner: Goldco.
Rate: FREE to sign up with (IF you qualify).
Who is it for: Affiliate marketing experts, Financial consultants.
Specific niche: Buying basic, Precious Metals, Cryptocurrency, Trading, and so on.
Total ranking: 4.9 out of 5 celebrities (4.9/ 5).
P.S.
All web links on this page are second tier associate web links, meaning I will generate income if you make sales (if you get accepted to the program). The cash I may make, will certainly of course, Never be on your part, however on the part of the firm, that you promote.
Investing In Silver In Canada
+ ALL the Hyperlinks on This Web Page Feature Only Advantages!
IF you sign up with via any one of the Links on this web page you will certainly get a HUGE benefit over any kind of competitor that wear ´ t, as I will certainly offer you with some “secret strategies” that every little thing from a experienced Blogger, Social network or pay per click marketer, search engine optimization expert, and even a full newbie in Associate advertising will have massive take advantage of, ( find out more about that below).
Why I would do this?
It goes without saying, right?
I mean if you make money, I make money?
Yeah sure,.
however I additionally take place to enjoy to Aid Individuals Be Successful.
/ John.
Owner of: $tart Make $ leading Waste.
Table of web content.
What is Goldco associate program?
Exactly how does it work?
Details for affiliates.
Gaining potentials.
Some instances of my commissions & incomes.
How do you earn money?
Other options?
Just how you get accepted.
My expert experience.
Final words.
Goldco Affiliate program (What is it)?
As the name suggests the GoldCo affiliate program appears and easy the Gold individual retirement account carrier firm ´ s GoldCo ´ s affiliate program. If you are accepted to join it, you can use this program to advertise the investing solutions that GoldCo supplies to clients as well as gain large commissions doing so.
Inside the backend you obtain access to your associate links, and stats. Something that is great concerning this is that you can likewise recieve great SEO training if you intend to take that course in your promotion endavours.
Basically, it is a great opportunity to make big associate payment.
Just how does it function?
The GoldCo affiliate program works just like any other associate program out there, you are provided with your personal affiliate links and also other product and also can after that begin advertising the products and services for the company. You are likewise able to see stats inside your backend and also you will certainly obtain an e-mail alert as quickly as you have actually generated a brand-new lead, you can certainly additionally, if you do not want this notice, you simply transform it off:.
( get going below) What is GoldCo Associate program.
P.S
. As stated over, something that I such as a whole lot is that there is some top-class affiliate training provided inside the backend, from the cost-free training just, that allow you to learn, exactly how to do SEO as well as rate your internet site and also articles high in the SERPs, and that means gain complimentary website traffic to your links.
It’s never ever prematurely to start considering ways to make saving for retirement a bit safer. As you get closer to retirement, however, you’ll wish to prioritize anything that will certainly aid you to not only make conserving less complicated yet that won’t require you to spend too much time having to service your accounts.
Conventional investing isn’t exactly easy for the majority of financiers. Numerous challenges will certainly usually be in your method, some deliberate and also some merely because of just how investing jobs.
If you buy the securities market, for instance, you’ll need to spend a significant quantity of time researching the performance of a offered stock prior to you want to spend. Also then, however, there’s no warranty that a sudden market adjustment will not invalidate all of your research.
Average investors aren’t out of luck when it comes to building their portfolios. There are companies like Goldco that can help them browse their financial investment alternatives.
Goldco is a firm concentrating on assisting its customers invest in precious metals. As opposed to taking care of supplies, bonds, or perhaps residential property, the company looks to ensure that its consumers will have the ability to purchase a part of the marketplace that often tends to be forgotten by several. The company tends to excel at making sure that their customers can invest in a way that makes sense.
Why does this matter? In short, it’s because Goldco can make financiers feel risk-free in investing even if those same capitalists do not seem like they are currently specialists in the precious metals market.
You don’t require any kind of kind of background playing stocks or working in investment company right here – just a willingness to collaborate with an professional from Goldco so that you can learn specifically what steps are needed to construct your account.
The Worth of Buying Gold.
There’s been a great deal of speak about buying precious metals recently, yet individuals have been making use of metals as an financial investment tool for rather some time. Gold IRAs themselves are certainly nothing brand-new, however they can be a brand-new way for you to buy a brighter future.
Buying gold is merely a way of buying a well-recognized store of value. Gold has been able to weather many storms over the ages, usually obtaining value even when the marketplace tends to go down. As you could imagine, then, the truth that Goldco supplies investors a method to use this kind of tool can benefit those aiming to purchase a step of security in the future.
If you’re going to buy gold, though, you have to go with a name you can trust. Goldco is among the leaders in this industry, primarily via helping clients to establish gold IRAs that actually make a difference in their retirement. Getting into the gold market isn’t always as very easy as one might really hope, yet Goldco does streamline the procedure considerably.
Goldco stands as a bulwark versus the negative decisions made by many capitalists. Though it prevails to see investors put all of their cash into supplies as well as bonds, the reality is that any profile that just has one type of financial investment is extra harmful than many would certainly intend to admit. Many savvy investors are looking to work with companies like Goldco to diversify.
Given that precious metals seldom see the kinds of considerable dips seen in the world of traditional investing, Goldco presents a unique remedy for investors who wish to keep their wealth safe from significant market changes. Actually, gold also functions well as a hedge against inflation as well as a method to make sure that the money you invest currently isn’t devalued over time.
Stability is the key aspect here. When you pick gold, you’re picking an financial investment that remains stable gradually. It might change a bit here or there, however the rate tends to be preserved in a way that you just can not anticipate from various other types of financial investments.
Their company stands as a beneficial entity due to the fact that it provides capitalists a opportunity to buy something that a minimum of seems like more of a sure thing than most of the other financial investments they can make. They do a fantastic job helpful to make certain that its customers will certainly purchase actual gold and utilize it as a genuine investment for the future.
Is gold right for you? If you’re seeking to reduce your dangers and keep the worth of the cash that you currently have, gold – as well as Goldco – are definitely worth your time to check out. Doing so will give you a strong chance to invest in a way that ought to reduce your bother with the future.
Why Financiers Required Education.
You can not just throw your cash at a retirement account and also hope for the best; rather, you’ll need to spend time learning how to invest your money to make sure that you can easily retire. Doing so means taking the time to educate on your own on how numerous financial investments job as well as exactly how particular possessions might or might not be the appropriate suitable for you.
Most traditional investors don’t do the kind of homework they should do to succeed. These investors trust that an consultant choose to collaborate with a company like them, however, you won’t be simply turning over your money. Rather, you’re going to be taking charge of your own future as well as getting some excellent guidance along the road. One of the most effective things about collaborating with this business is that they do a fantastic job enlightening their customers.
Any type of connection with Goldco will certainly begin with a discussion with a participant of the business’s staff. These people are well-educated, naturally, however much more than that, they’re efficient describing precisely what services the firm provides. The business additionally does a excellent task describing to you specifically why you may intend to place your money in rare-earth elements.
The big reason this matters is that gold is a one-of-a-kind investment chance. The good individuals at Goldco will certainly stroll you via exactly how gold has actually boosted in value in recent times, how the long-lasting diagnosis for gold financial investment is strong, and exactly how acquiring gold can help you to put cash into when you’re fretted about the value of your present profits being depreciated as a result of rising cost of living.
Putting money in a gold IRA is merely an superb way to ensure that you’re keeping some of your cash separate from the sorts of financial investments that can be unduly affected by points like stock market accidents or international financial uncertainty. The money that is usually shed when big financial issues take place frequently finds its means right into the precious metals market. Thus, it’s constantly a good idea to exactly comprehend exactly how to enter that part of the marketplace before it goes south.
Obviously, your investment consultant will inform you regarding greater than just the worth of gold. They will certainly likewise walk you via specifically how your potential gold IRA would function as well as exactly how it can maintain value in manner ins which a more conventional individual retirement account could not be able to match. Your advisor will certainly describe just how gold operate in general, just how your IRA will certainly work as an investment device, as well as exactly how you’ll be able to utilize the power of the gold market to fulfill a few of your own investment objectives.
Your expert will certainly likewise spend some time to explain precisely what you’ll have the ability to contribute to your account. Your objective below isn’t simply to include silver or gold – it’s to do so in such a way that aids you to satisfy your very own goals. This means making sure that you know which pieces to acquire, which pieces might be a much better long-term investment, and which items that you’ll need to take a look at as you start to choose what you’re intending on finishing with your account.
Investing In Silver In Canada
2. AUGUSTA PRECIOUS METALS
Investing In Silver In Canada
Do you need to diversify your retired life conserving techniques? Does your existing portfolio have too much direct exposure to standard stocks as well as bonds that go to danger from the endless devaluation of the united state dollar?
Are you seeking a transparent, effective, and trusted firm to aid with your retired life goals? Are you seeking an alternate way of possessions to aid you prepare for your retired life cost savings? Look no further due to the fact that Augusta Precious Metals Business is the very best fit.
The consumers are pleased with the firm’s solutions, hence giving it an outstanding online reputation and also first-class rankings.
The business was produced in 2012, and it has actually not gotten any type of issues from the Better Business Bureau (BBB) and also the Business Customer Partnership (BCA). Augusta Priceless Metals is recognized for its good respectable photo in conducting company.
This review will certainly highlight the benefits and also demerits of the company, look in-depth at what the firm does, the products and services it provides, its capable group, the reasons for one to purchase the rare-earth elements, i.e., gold, silver, and so on, and also what makes the business distinct to its consumers.
Advantages and also downsides of Augusta Priceless Metals.
The following are the advantages of having an account at Augusta Valuable Metals. They consist of;.
• Openness, honesty, as well as informative in all its endeavors.
• The BBB and BCA have actually increased no issues because their facility.
• Outstanding online reputation in the state as well as great reviews of five-star from its customers.
• One of the greatest rated firms in the market per their countless positive testimonials.
• No stress sales by salesmen.
Drawbacks consist of;.
• One requires to have a minimum of $50,000 dollars in the account.
• There is no online setup, whereas the globe has obtained used to doing every little thing online.
Augusta Valuable Metals Background.
Augusta Precious Metals is a firm whose key company is assisting financiers in transforming investments into precious metals, e.g., silver as well as gold. It is also a gold Individual Retirement Account (IRA) firm that does not have pressure sales, hence supplying a secure working environment for its employees.
The company’s experience is with rare-earth element Individual retirement accounts, which have a tax-benefit advantage in physical steels, unlike stocks that are not backed by concrete assets. Precious metals hold their value and also have a lot less volatility, unlike stocks that have erratic rate movements every day.
Through its seasoned team, the business educates its clients regarding their retired life diversity choices. It uses a basic technique that enables its consumers to plainly understand the solutions rendered and the items provided.
The services provided continue also after the customer has attached the company. Lots of gold business don’t provide long-lasting durable solution past the original transaction.
The advantages of dealing with Augusta do not lapse after the original purchase. Augusta is known for its reliable name as well as draws in extra consumers as nothing else individual retirement account business can assert not to have complaints from the BBB as well as the BCA.
The firm’s goal is to protect its consumers’ futures with rare-earth elements Individual retirement accounts. The firm likewise has to provide sales to non-retirement clients who want to possess their gold and silver outside the IRA.
Augusta Company is straightforward as well as clear in its ventures with consumers. It enlightens the clients about acquiring the precious metals IRAs and also just how to maintain them throughout the saving process. The firm suggests its customers on the threats included as well as the longevity of their services.
Investing In Silver In Canada
Monitoring Group of the Business.
Isaac Nuriani is the company’s CEO. As the company specifies, he helped introduce the business to help individuals retire and conserve by increasing their savings through rare-earth elements. Mr. Nuriani promotes the process by educating the customers on the significance of them keeping their properties like precious metals.
Isaac Nuriani counts on the values of transparency and also dedication when leading the firm. Mr. Isaac is additionally a member of various organizations, such as the Ethics network.
A solid group backs up Mr. Nuriani to make it possible for the company to finish its duties. Devlyn Steele develops part of the team as he is the company’s Education Supervisor. Mr. Steele leads the education and learning team to educate the customers about conserving systems through alternate possessions.
His work has actually made several Americans well-off by purchasing business as well as additionally begin saving through rare-earth elements.
Howard Smith, the Principal Financial Officer of the firm, provides expertise concerning danger monitoring to the firm and the clients.
He has assisted the company achieve its monetary as well as business goals considering that he started collaborating with the firm in 2018. Mr. Smith has actually additionally assisted clients get over the possible dangers that might affect their retired life.
What You Need to Understand About Augusta Priceless Metals.
Augusta Precious Metals testimonial. Augusta Precious Metals is among the most relied on names in gold investing, and also if you’re seeking to purchase silver and gold bullion, you may find yourself asking yourself whether it’s the ideal firm for you. If so, you have actually involved the right location; our Augusta Priceless Metals review has all the info you need to make an informed choice about whether this investment company is right for your requirements.
Augusta Precious Metals Testimonial.
Augusta Priceless Metals is an IRA administrator that has actually been around considering that 2006. The business was called one of Inc 500’s fastest growing companies in 2013 and they are licensed as an IRA administrator by both internal revenue service and NFA. Augusta specializes in physical rare-earth elements including gold, silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium. They have a large range of items from fractional dimensions (1/10 oz) to bars (up to 100 oz). They additionally have lots of alternatives for storage space varying from Augusta Vaults to self-directed risk-free deposit boxes.
Overall, Augusta has actually been an established business that is still expanding. If you’re trying to find a genuine and solid gold IRA supplier, they are among your finest options. { Nonetheless, in order to offer you with an unbiased viewpoint on Augusta’s services we had some assistance from our friends at Bullion Exchanges in Dubai. In order to supply you with an honest point of view on Augusta’s services we had some assistance from our friends at Bullion Exchanges in Dubai. Have a look at their testimonial listed below:.
One of our customers had an interest in opening a Gold IRA with a provider outside of The United States and Canada. We aided him in selecting Augusta Precious Metals as his recommended option. The procedure went efficiently and also he bought physical gold for his IRA via Augusta Priceless Metals. Since then he informed us that he obtained returns on his assets as well as makes normal contributions in the direction of building wealth using precious metals such as silver and gold due to reduced inflation prices contrasted to paper currencies. He claims their customer support is excellent!
The Founders Behind Augusta Valuable Metals.
Augusta Precious Metals was founded in 2012 by Isaac Nuriani. Augusta Precious Metal provides affordable rates as well as excellent quality gold with their regular low fees (one of many reasons they constantly place as one of our favorite locations to open up a precious metal IRA). They’re participants of both The National Coin Dealers Association as well as Industry Council for Tangible Possessions. Their company is insured by Lloyd’s of London.
As far as gold individual retirement account companies go, Augusta Rare-earth elements stands apart for its practical approach and company principles. If you’re looking for a place to get gold or silver for your individual retirement account, we absolutely recommend giving them a shot.
Augusta Priceless Metals has an A+ rating with the Better Business Bureau and all of their testimonials on Google declare– even if they often tend to applaud them more than offer positive criticism. They have actually even gotten favorable testimonials from rare-earth elements guru Peter Schiff!
Due To The Fact That Augusta Valuable Metals is an established business with years of experience, they do their finest to walk clients via what is frequently an unfamiliar procedure. Augusta will help you pick which type of metals (gold, silver, platinum) makes good sense for your investment goals.
History of Gold IRAs and also Gold Buying.
Prior to you determine to purchase gold, it is very important that you comprehend what a gold IRA is as well as how it works. The government permits precious metals like gold, silver, platinum and palladium to be utilized in a pension. This permits financiers to diversify their portfolios, prevent too much risk in securities market and acquire tax benefits. To get more information regarding Augusta Priceless Metals and why investing in rare-earth elements is useful for your financial future, keep reading!
And also for even more on why buying rare-earth elements is beneficial for your financial future, have a look at our section listed below! Augusta Rare-earth elements offers investors a wide variety of gold bullion items that produce excellent retirement investments. If you’re taking into consideration opening up a gold IRA, or seeking a strong location to purchase rare-earth elements, we welcome you to contact us today. Our group will certainly be happy to answer any kind of inquiries as well as guide you with our numerous offerings.
When it concerns investing in precious metals, there are few names that bring as much reputation and regard as Augusta Priceless Metals. As one of America’s biggest gold and silver wholesalers, we deal with numerous worldwide mints consisting of The Royal Canadian Mint and also The Perth Mint.
Types of Gold IRAs.
Augusta Valuable Metals Testimonial.
There are two primary types of gold Individual retirement accounts: straight as well as indirect. The most typical kind is a direct IRA, which can be established at almost any financial institution or cooperative credit union that supplies IRAs. Many financial consultants suggest choosing a self-directed account, due to the fact that they allow capitalists to buy alternate possessions like real estate, concrete building and also rare-earth elements.
In addition, these accounts often tend ahead with higher payment limitations than various other accounts ( as much as $70,000 per year). It’s vital to keep in mind that there are stricter Internal revenue service guidelines for establishing straight gold Individual retirement accounts; some financial investments such as hedge funds do not count as qualified. It’s important to keep in mind that there are more stringent IRS guidelines for developing direct gold IRAs; some financial investments such as hedge funds do not count as certified. That claimed, not all investment alternatives will certainly help everyone– if one doesn’t benefit you currently it doesn’t indicate it will not function later down the road. It’s always a good suggestion to run concepts by your tax obligation professional prior to making any kind of significant adjustments.
Capitalists who desire optimum defense can go with an indirect account through a financial institution like Augusta Priceless Metals (APS)– the process is really similar to a standard Individual retirement account or 401( k), however instead of holding supplies and bonds you’re holding physical gold as well as silver bars saved at APS’s safekeeping facility. Financiers who want optimum security can choose an indirect account with a banks like Augusta Precious Metals (APS)– the procedure is very similar to a traditional IRA or 401( k), but rather than holding supplies and bonds you’re holding physical silver and gold bars saved at APS’s safekeeping facility. |
From Of Endless Years Of of Research…
Here are the Top 4 Recommendations:
Goldco – Our Top Choice
Noble Gold, Silver Prices
Goldco is a independently held firm concentrating on assisting people shield their retired life savings. Goldco serves as a broker for gold and silver, yet what sets them aside from others in the sector is they additionally give their clients with an outstanding advisory solution, both when acquiring precious metals and also in the future in retirement when it is time to sell off.
What is Goldco’s Refine Like?
” From Goldco’s internet site, we entered our e-mail address and telephone number in order to get a cost-free informational package. A rep called us a couple of minutes later to obtain our address as well as walk us through a brief appointment. The entire process was very easy, anxiety cost-free, and also informative.
After briefly inquiring about our current assets, spending objectives, risk resistances, and future strategies, our account representative informed us on the fundamentals of silver and gold IRAs.
After our package showed up, which was loaded with lots of details, we extensively underwent every one of our retirement properties. Viewing as exactly how we were practically 100% purchased the stock exchange and also nearing retired life, we determined a precious metals IRA would profit us.
We established an additional telephone visit with our account representative and he patiently walked us through the remainder of the process. We had an old IRA that we decided to transfer right into a gold individual retirement account. He took care of all the documents and also called the brokerage company that held our possessions.
Within a couple of weeks, our properties were sold off, and the cash was transferred to Goldco. The documentation for our new gold IRA was additionally established by our account representative. We got a extremely reasonable cost for our brand-new gold as well as received proof it was being held securely and also securely at our custodian facility.
Going forward, we will certainly still be appointed to our very same account representative in case we want to purchase even more gold or liquidate our gold if we require it. The whole process was basic and tension free.
Our overall experience was extremely favorable and we do suggest Goldco for anybody significant concerning hedging their retirement against unpredictability.”
— Goldco Client
GoldCo Affiliate Program– Insider Review, a Fraud or Legit?
February 13, 2020 by John 10 Remarks
This evaluation is going to be about the GoldCo Affiliate Program I have actually been been a member of it for 6months but actually started to use it just now the other day once more. I have to claim I am really happy that I have, since it looks extremely appealing, let me telly you why in this short review.GoldCo Associate Program
Item: GoldCo Affiliate Program.
Site:.
Owner: Goldco.
Cost: FREE to join (IF you certify).
That is it for: Affiliate marketers, Financial experts.
Particular niche: Purchasing general, Precious Metals, Cryptocurrency, Trading, and so on.
Overall ranking: 4.9 out of 5 stars (4.9/ 5).
P.S.
All web links on this page are 2nd tier associate web links, implying I will generate income if you make sales (if you get approved to the program). The money I might make, will certainly naturally, Never be on your behalf, yet on the part of the firm, that you advertise.
Noble Gold, Silver Prices
+ ALL the Links on This Page Feature Only Benefits!
IF you sign up with through any one of the Links on this page you will get a HUGE benefit over any kind of rival that wear ´ t, as I will certainly give you with some “secret techniques” that every little thing from a seasoned Blog owner, Social network or pay per click marketing expert, SEO expert, or perhaps a total novice in Affiliate advertising and marketing will certainly have massive take advantage of, ( find out more regarding that below).
Why I would certainly do this?
Needless to say, right?
I imply if you earn money, I make money, right?
Yeah sure,.
I also happen to LOVE to Help People Succeed.
/ John.
Creator of: $tart Make $ leading Waste.
Table of material.
What is Goldco affiliate program?
Exactly how does it work?
Information for affiliates.
Earning capacities.
Some examples of my payments & earnings.
How do you make money?
Various other choices?
Exactly how you get authorized.
My insider experience.
Final words.
Goldco Affiliate program (What is it)?
As the name recommends the GoldCo affiliate program appears and also simple the Gold individual retirement account carrier company ´ s GoldCo ´ s affiliate program. If you are accepted to join it, you can utilize this program to promote the investing services that GoldCo gives to clients and gain substantial payments doing so.
Inside the backend you get accessibility to your associate web links, and also stats. Something that is very good concerning this is that you can likewise recieve fantastic search engine optimization training if you plan to take that route in your promo endavours.
In short, it is a fantastic opportunity to make significant associate compensation.
How does it work?
The GoldCo associate program works just like any other affiliate program out there, you are offered with your individual affiliate web links and other material as well as can then start advertising the services and products for the company. You are additionally able to see stats inside your backend and also you will certainly obtain an e-mail alert as soon as you have actually created a brand-new lead, you can naturally additionally, if you do not want this notice, you just turn it off:.
( start right here) What is GoldCo Associate program.
P.S
. As stated above, one thing that I like a whole lot is that there is some top-class affiliate training provided inside the backend, from the complimentary training just, that permit you to learn, just how to do SEO and rate your internet site and articles high in the SERPs, which method acquire complimentary web traffic to your web links.
It’s never ever ahead of time to start considering methods to make saving for retirement a little bit more secure. As you obtain closer to retirement, though, you’ll want to prioritize anything that will assist you to not only make conserving much easier however that won’t require you to spend too much time having to service your accounts.
Standard investing isn’t specifically simple for most capitalists. Several challenges will typically be in your way, some deliberate and some just due to exactly how investing works.
If you buy the stock exchange, as an example, you’ll need to invest a significant amount of time researching the performance of a given stock prior to you intend to spend. Also then, though, there’s no warranty that a sudden market change won’t invalidate all of your research study.
Thankfully, average investors aren’t out of luck when it comes to building their profiles. There are companies like Goldco that can help them navigate their investment alternatives.
Goldco is a company focusing on helping its clients buy rare-earth elements. As opposed to handling stocks, bonds, and even property, the company aims to guarantee that its consumers will certainly be able to buy a part of the market that has a tendency to be ignored by lots of. The company tends to excel at making sure that their customers can invest in a way that makes sense.
Why does this matter? In short, it’s because Goldco can make investors really feel secure in investing even if those exact same capitalists don’t feel like they are already experts in the precious metals market.
You do not need any kind of history playing supplies or working in investment company here – simply a desire to work with an specialist from Goldco so that you can discover exactly what steps are required to build your account.
The Value of Buying Gold.
There’s been a lot of discuss buying rare-earth elements just recently, however people have been making use of steels as an investment device for quite some time. Gold IRAs themselves are certainly absolutely nothing new, yet they can be a brand-new way for you to buy a brighter future.
Purchasing gold is simply a way of buying a well-recognized store of value. Gold has actually had the ability to weather lots of tornados over the ages, frequently gaining value even when the marketplace often tends to go down. As you may visualize, then, the fact that Goldco uses capitalists a method to utilize this kind of device can benefit those looking to buy a procedure of safety in the future.
If you’re mosting likely to purchase gold, however, you have to go with a name you can trust. Goldco is among the leaders in this sector, mainly through aiding clients to establish gold Individual retirement accounts that truly make a distinction in their retirement. Entering into the gold market isn’t always as simple as one could wish, however Goldco does streamline the process significantly.
Goldco stands as a barrier against the poor decisions made by lots of financiers. Though it’s common to see investors put every one of their money into supplies and also bonds, the reality is that any kind of portfolio that just has one sort of financial investment is a lot more harmful than many would wish to confess. Therefore, lots of wise financiers are seeking to deal with business like Goldco to diversify.
Given that precious metals hardly ever see the sort of substantial dips seen in the world of typical investing, Goldco offers a novel remedy for financiers that want to keep their wide range secure from significant market shifts. Gold even works well as a hedge against inflation and a way to ensure that the money you invest now isn’t devalued over time.
Security is the key factor here. When you choose gold, you’re picking an investment that remains stable in time. It may rise and fall a bit below or there, but the rate has a tendency to be preserved in such a way that you just can not expect from other sorts of financial investments.
Their company stands as a beneficial entity due to the fact that it gives investors a opportunity to purchase something that at least feels like even more of a winner than the majority of the other financial investments they might make. They do a great task of helping to ensure that its clients will buy real gold and also utilize it as a real financial investment for the future.
Is gold right for you? If you’re aiming to alleviate your threats and also keep the value of the cash that you currently have, gold – and Goldco – are certainly worth your time to check out. Doing so will certainly give you a strong possibility to invest in a manner in which needs to lessen your worries about the future.
Why Financiers Required Education And Learning.
You can not just toss your money at a retirement account and also wish for the most effective; instead, you’ll have to hang out discovering just how to invest your cash so that you can conveniently retire. Doing so implies making the effort to inform yourself on exactly how different financial investments job and also how details properties may or may not be the appropriate fit for you.
However, most conventional investors do not do the kind of research they need to do to do well. These financiers count on that an expert will always make the best selection, so they do bit more than signing a check. Sadly, this means that you’re actually placing every one of your hopes in a single person – and in most cases, that individual can come up short in ways that you could not anticipate.
If you decide to work with a company like them, though, you won’t be simply handing over your money. Instead, you’re mosting likely to be taking charge of your very own future as well as obtaining some great recommendations in the process. One of the very best aspects of collaborating with this business is that they do a fantastic task educating their customers.
Any type of relationship with Goldco will start with a conversation with a participant of the business’s team. These people are well-educated, obviously, however much more than that, they’re good at explaining specifically what services the company gives. The firm likewise does a wonderful work describing to you precisely why you could intend to place your money in rare-earth elements.
The big reason that this matters is that gold is a special financial investment chance. The excellent individuals at Goldco will certainly stroll you via how gold has actually enhanced in value over the last few years, exactly how the long-lasting prognosis for gold financial investment is solid, and also exactly how buying gold can assist you to put cash into when you’re fretted about the worth of your current revenues being dropped as a result of inflation.
Putting cash in a gold IRA is simply an superb way to guarantee that you’re maintaining some of your money different from the sorts of investments that can be unduly affected by things like stock market crashes or worldwide economic unpredictability. The money that is frequently shed when big monetary problems take place often locates its method into the rare-earth elements market. It’s always a good idea to precisely understand how to get into that part of the market before it goes south.
Obviously, your financial investment consultant will inform you concerning more than just the worth of gold. They will also walk you via exactly how your potential gold individual retirement account would certainly work and exactly how it can maintain value in ways that a much more traditional IRA might not have the ability to match. Your expert will certainly describe just how gold operate in general, exactly how your IRA will certainly work as an investment tool, and just how you’ll be able to use the power of the gold market to meet a few of your own investment objectives.
Your advisor will likewise take a while to clarify specifically what you’ll be able to include in your account. Your objective here isn’t simply to add silver or gold – it’s to do so in such a way that aids you to satisfy your own goals. This implies making sure that you know which items to acquire, which pieces could be a much better lasting financial investment, and also which pieces that you’ll need to take a look at as you start to choose what you’re planning on doing with your account.
Noble Gold, Silver Prices
2. AUGUSTA PRECIOUS METALS
Noble Gold, Silver Prices
Do you need to diversify your retirement saving methods? Does your existing profile have way too much exposure to fundamental stocks as well as bonds that are at risk from the unlimited decline of the united state buck?
Are you looking for a transparent, efficient, and trusted firm to assist with your retirement objectives? Are you seeking an alternative way of properties to aid you prepare for your retired life cost savings? Look no more because Augusta Priceless Metals Company is the best fit.
The clients are pleased with the business’s services, therefore providing it an exceptional reputation and five-star rankings.
The company was developed in 2012, as well as it has actually not received any type of problems from the Better Business Bureau (BBB) and also business Consumer Alliance (BCA). Augusta Valuable Metals is recognized for its great reputable image in conducting company.
This evaluation will highlight the values as well as demerits of the company, look extensive at what the firm does, the product or services it offers, its qualified team, the reasons for one to invest in the precious metals, i.e., gold, silver, and so on, and also what makes the firm special to its consumers.
Advantages and downsides of Augusta Valuable Metals.
The adhering to are the advantages of having an account at Augusta Precious Metals. They consist of;.
• Openness, honesty, and also instructional in all its ventures.
• The BBB and BCA have raised no complaints considering that their establishment.
• Outstanding reputation in the state and good testimonials of luxury from its consumers.
• One of the highest rated firms in the market per their countless positive evaluations.
• No stress sales by salesmen.
Downsides include;.
• One calls for to have a minimum of $50,000 bucks in the account.
• There is no on-line arrangement, whereas the world has actually gotten made use of to doing whatever online.
Augusta Priceless Metals History.
Augusta Priceless Metals is a company whose main service is aiding capitalists in transforming financial investments right into precious metals, e.g., silver and also gold. It is likewise a gold Individual Retirement Account (IRA) business that does not have stress sales, therefore giving a stable working environment for its staff members.
The business’s experience is with precious metal IRAs, which have a tax-benefit benefit in physical steels, unlike stocks that are not backed by tangible properties. Precious metals hold their value and have a lot less volatility, unlike stocks that have erratic cost motions each day.
Via its seasoned team, the firm educates its customers regarding their retired life diversification alternatives. It uses a basic strategy that enables its customers to plainly comprehend the solutions provided as well as the items provided.
The solutions given continue also after the client has actually attached the firm. Many gold business don’t offer long-lasting durable solution beyond the initial purchase.
The benefits of collaborating with Augusta do not lapse after the original deal. Augusta is known for its trusted name and also draws in a lot more consumers as nothing else IRA business can assert not to have grievances from the BBB and the BCA.
The company’s goal is to safeguard its clients’ futures with precious metals Individual retirement accounts. The firm likewise has to provide sales to non-retirement clients who wish to have their gold and silver outside the IRA.
Augusta Company is straightforward and also clear in its dealings with customers. It enlightens the clients concerning obtaining the precious metals IRAs and also exactly how to maintain them throughout the saving procedure. The company advises its customers on the dangers entailed and also the long life of their services.
Noble Gold, Silver Prices
Monitoring Team of the Company.
Isaac Nuriani is the company’s CEO. As the firm mentions, he aided launch the company to help individuals retire and also conserve by increasing their financial savings through rare-earth elements. Mr. Nuriani facilitates the process by educating the consumers on the importance of them keeping their possessions like precious metals.
Isaac Nuriani relies on the worths of openness and dedication when leading the company. Mr. Isaac is also a member of various organizations, such as the Ethics network.
A solid team supports Mr. Nuriani to make it possible for the business to complete its duties. Devlyn Steele creates part of the group as he is the business’s Education Director. Mr. Steele leads the education team to inform the consumers regarding conserving systems via different possessions.
His job has made several Americans wealthy by purchasing the business and additionally begin conserving with rare-earth elements.
Howard Smith, the Chief Financial Officer of the firm, provides knowledge about threat monitoring to the business and also the consumers.
He has actually aided the firm achieve its monetary as well as corporate goals considering that he started working with the firm in 2018. Mr. Smith has actually further assisted consumers overcome the possible risks that may influence their retirement.
What You Required to Find Out About Augusta Valuable Metals.
Augusta Valuable Metals evaluation. Augusta Priceless Metals is among one of the most trusted names in gold investing, as well as if you’re seeking to purchase gold and silver bullion, you may find yourself asking yourself whether it’s the best company for you. If so, you have actually come to the appropriate place; our Augusta Priceless Metals review has all the info you require to make an educated decision regarding whether this investment firm is right for your requirements.
Augusta Precious Metals Testimonial.
Augusta Priceless Metals is an individual retirement account manager that has actually been around considering that 2006. The company was called among Inc 500’s fastest growing companies in 2013 as well as they are authorized as an individual retirement account manager by both IRS and NFA. Augusta focuses on physical rare-earth elements including gold, silver, platinum, palladium and also rhodium. They have a variety of items from fractional sizes (1/10 oz) to bars ( as much as 100 oz). They likewise have several options for storage space varying from Augusta Vaults to self-directed secure deposit boxes.
On the whole, Augusta has been an recognized company that is still expanding. If you’re seeking a genuine and also solid gold IRA carrier, they are one of your best options. { Nonetheless, in order to offer you with an objective viewpoint on Augusta’s solutions we had some help from our friends at Bullion Exchanges in Dubai. In order to offer you with an objective viewpoint on Augusta’s services we had some aid from our pals at Bullion Exchanges in Dubai. Have a look at their review below:.
Among our customers had an interest in opening a Gold IRA with a supplier beyond The United States and Canada. We helped him in selecting Augusta Precious Metals as his favored choice. The procedure went smoothly and he bought physical gold for his individual retirement account through Augusta Precious Metals. Since then he educated us that he got rewards on his possessions as well as makes regular contributions towards constructing riches making use of rare-earth elements such as silver and gold as a result of reduced inflation prices contrasted to paper currencies. He states their customer care is exceptional!
The Founders Behind Augusta Valuable Metals.
Augusta Precious Metals was founded in 2012 by Isaac Nuriani. Augusta Precious Metal supplies competitive rates and excellent quality gold with their regular low costs ( among many reasons they constantly rate as one of our preferred places to open up a rare-earth element individual retirement account). They’re members of both The National Coin Dealers Association and Industry Council for Substantial Assets. Their company is insured by Lloyd’s of London.
Regarding gold individual retirement account business go, Augusta Precious Metals sticks out for its practical technique as well as company values. If you’re seeking a location to purchase gold or silver for your IRA, we definitely advise giving them a shot.
Augusta Priceless Metals has an A+ ranking with the Better Business Bureau and all of their testimonials on Google are positive– even if they often tend to applaud them more than deal useful criticism. They have also obtained positive reviews from precious metals master Peter Schiff!
Due To The Fact That Augusta Precious Metals is an well-known company with years of experience, they do their ideal to walk clients with what is often an unknown procedure. Augusta will certainly help you pick which kind of steels (gold, silver, platinum) makes good sense for your financial investment objectives.
History of Gold IRAs as well as Gold Buying.
Before you decide to acquire gold, it is very important that you recognize what a gold individual retirement account is and also just how it works. The federal government permits precious metals like gold, silver, platinum and also palladium to be made use of in a retirement account. This permits financiers to diversify their profiles, avoid too much risk in securities market and get tax benefits. For more information about Augusta Valuable Metals as well as why purchasing rare-earth elements is beneficial for your monetary future, continue reading!
And for more on why purchasing rare-earth elements is beneficial for your monetary future, take a look at our section below! Augusta Rare-earth elements offers investors a variety of gold bullion items that make for terrific retired life investments. If you’re thinking about opening up a gold individual retirement account, or searching for a strong location to purchase precious metals, we welcome you to contact us today. Our team will be happy to respond to any type of inquiries as well as guide you with our numerous offerings.
When it concerns purchasing rare-earth elements, there are couple of names that lug as much status and also regard as Augusta Precious Metals. As one of America’s biggest gold and silver wholesalers, we deal with lots of global mints consisting of The Royal Canadian Mint and also The Perth Mint.
Kinds Of Gold IRAs.
Augusta Valuable Metals Testimonial.
There are 2 major types of gold IRAs: direct as well as indirect. The most common type is a straight individual retirement account, which can be established at almost any kind of financial institution or credit union that supplies IRAs. A lot of financial advisers recommend selecting a self-directed account, since they enable financiers to invest in different properties like property, substantial home and also precious metals.
In addition, these accounts tend to find with greater contribution restrictions than other accounts ( as much as $70,000 annually). However, it’s important to note that there are stricter internal revenue service guidelines for establishing direct gold IRAs; some financial investments such as hedge funds do not count as certified. It is essential to keep in mind that there are more stringent internal revenue service guidelines for establishing straight gold IRAs; some financial investments such as hedge funds don’t count as certified. That said, not all investment options will certainly help everybody– if one does not benefit you now it does not mean it won’t work later in the future. It’s constantly a excellent concept to run suggestions by your tax expert prior to making any kind of significant adjustments.
Moreover, capitalists that want optimum protection can opt for an indirect account through a banks like Augusta Precious Metals (APS)– the procedure is really comparable to a standard individual retirement account or 401( k), however instead of holding stocks and bonds you’re holding physical silver and gold bars stored at APS’s safekeeping facility. Financiers who desire optimum protection can opt for an indirect account with a banks like Augusta Rare-earth elements (APS)– the process is really similar to a traditional individual retirement account or 401( k), yet as opposed to holding stocks and also bonds you’re holding physical gold and silver bars kept at APS’s safekeeping facility. |
From Of Countless Hours of Research…
These Gold Companies are our Best 4 Recommendations:
Goldco – Our Best Recommendation
Rosland Capital Founder
Goldco is a independently held firm focusing on aiding individuals secure their retirement financial savings. Goldco works as a broker for gold and silver, yet what sets them aside from others in the sector is they additionally supply their customers with an extraordinary advising solution, both when acquiring precious metals and later in retired life when it is time to liquidate.
What is Goldco’s Refine Like?
” From Goldco’s web site, we entered our email address as well as contact number in order to obtain a cost-free educational set. A associate called us a few mins later to obtain our address and also walk us via a brief appointment. The entire procedure was very easy, stress complimentary, and helpful.
After briefly asking about our current assets, spending goals, threat resistances, and also future plans, our account representative educated us on the fundamentals of gold and silver Individual retirement accounts.
After our kit got here, which was full of lots of details, we completely went through all of our retirement assets. Viewing as exactly how we were almost 100% bought the stock exchange and nearing retirement, we made a decision a precious metals IRA would certainly benefit us.
We established an additional telephone visit with our account representative and also he patiently walked us via the remainder of the process. We had an old individual retirement account that we chose to transfer right into a gold IRA. He took care of all the documents and also spoke to the broker agent company that held our possessions.
Within a couple of weeks, our possessions were sold off, and also the cash money was moved to Goldco. The paperwork for our new gold individual retirement account was also established by our account representative. We obtained a really reasonable price for our new gold and also got proof it was being held safely and also securely at our custodian center.
Moving forward, we will certainly still be appointed to our same account representative in case we desire to purchase even more gold or liquidate our gold if we need it. The entire procedure was simple and stress complimentary.
Our overall experience was extremely favorable as well as we do suggest Goldco for anyone serious regarding hedging their retirement plan against unpredictability.”
— Goldco Client
GoldCo Affiliate Program– Expert Testimonial, a Fraud or Legit?
February 13, 2020 by John 10 Remarks
This review is mosting likely to have to do with the GoldCo Affiliate Program I have been belonged to it for 6months yet actually began to utilize it recently recently once more. I need to say I am really delighted that I have, since it looks VERY encouraging, let me telly you why in this short review.GoldCo Affiliate Program
Item: GoldCo Affiliate Program.
Site:.
Owner: Goldco.
Cost: FREE to join (IF you qualify).
Who is it for: Affiliate marketing professionals, Financial advisors.
Specific niche: Purchasing general, Rare-earth elements, Cryptocurrency, Trading, and so on.
General score: 4.9 out of 5 celebrities (4.9/ 5).
P.S.
All links on this web page are 2nd rate affiliate web links, suggesting I will certainly make money if you make sales (if you get authorized to the program). The money I could make, will certainly obviously, Never get on your part, yet on the part of the firm, that you advertise.
Rosland Capital Founder
+ ALL the Hyperlinks on This Page Feature Only Advantages!
IF you sign up with through any of the Hyperlinks on this page you will obtain a HUGE advantage over any kind of competitor who put on ´ t, as I will supply you with some “secret methods” that everything from a seasoned Blog writer, Social media site or pay per click marketing expert, SEO specialist, or even a full novice in Associate marketing will have massive gain from, ( learn more regarding that below).
Why I would certainly do this?
Needless to say, right?
I mean if you make money, I make money?
Yeah sure,.
I also happen to LOVE to Help People Succeed.
/ John.
Creator of: $tart Make $ leading Waste.
Table of web content.
What is Goldco affiliate program?
Just how does it function?
Information for affiliates.
Gaining capacities.
Some instances of my compensations & earnings.
How do you make money?
Other alternatives?
Just how you obtain accepted.
My expert experience.
Final words.
Goldco Associate program (What is it)?
As the name suggests the GoldCo associate program is plain as well as easy the Gold individual retirement account service provider company ´ s GoldCo ´ s associate program. If you are authorized to join it, you can utilize this program to advertise the investing services that GoldCo supplies to clients and make significant payments doing so.
Inside the backend you get accessibility to your associate links, and statistics. Something that is great concerning this is that you can likewise recieve great SEO training if you intend to take that route in your promo endavours.
Basically, it is a excellent opportunity to make significant affiliate commission.
How does it function?
The GoldCo associate program functions much like any other affiliate program out there, you are provided with your individual associate web links and also various other material and also can after that start promoting the product or services for the firm. You are likewise able to see stats inside your backend and also you will certainly get an e-mail notification as soon as you have produced a brand-new lead, you can obviously likewise, if you do not want this notice, you just turn it off:.
( get going here) What is GoldCo Affiliate program.
P.S
. As pointed out above, one thing that I like a whole lot is that there is some top-class affiliate training offered inside the backend, from the totally free training just, that permit you to discover, exactly how to do search engine optimization and rate your website as well as blog posts high in the SERPs, which method get totally free website traffic to your links.
It’s never ever ahead of time to start thinking about ways to make saving for retirement a little bit safer. As you get closer to retired life, however, you’ll want to prioritize anything that will certainly help you to not just make saving much easier yet that will not need you to spend excessive time having to work on your accounts.
Standard investing isn’t exactly easy for many financiers. A number of barriers will usually remain in your method, some deliberate as well as some simply due to how spending works.
If you invest in the stock exchange, for instance, you’ll have to invest a significant amount of time studying the efficiency of a provided stock prior to you intend to invest. Even after that, however, there’s no assurance that a unexpected market adjustment won’t revoke all of your research study.
Average investors aren’t out of luck when it comes to building their portfolios. There are companies like Goldco that can help them navigate their financial investment choices.
Goldco is a business concentrating on assisting its clients purchase rare-earth elements. As opposed to handling supplies, bonds, or perhaps residential property, the company seeks to guarantee that its customers will have the ability to invest in a part of the market that has a tendency to be forgotten by several. The company tends to excel at making sure that their customers can invest in a way that makes sense.
Why does this issue? In short, it’s since Goldco can make capitalists really feel safe in spending even if those very same capitalists do not seem like they are already experts in the rare-earth elements market.
You don’t need any type of sort of background playing supplies or working in investment firms right here – just a readiness to deal with an professional from Goldco to make sure that you can discover precisely what actions are required to develop your account.
The Worth of Purchasing Gold.
There’s been a great deal of discuss buying precious metals lately, however individuals have been using metals as an financial investment tool for fairly a long time. Gold IRAs themselves are certainly absolutely nothing brand-new, yet they can be a new way for you to invest in a brighter future.
Acquiring gold is simply a method of buying a well-recognized shop of value. Gold has had the ability to weather several storms over the ages, frequently gaining value also when the market has a tendency to drop. As you could imagine, after that, the reality that Goldco provides financiers a method to utilize this type of tool can benefit those wanting to acquire a procedure of security in the future.
If you’re going to purchase gold, however, you have to go with a name you can rely on. Goldco is among the leaders in this market, mainly with assisting clients to set up gold Individual retirement accounts that actually make a difference in their retirement plans. Entering into the gold market isn’t always as simple as one may wish, yet Goldco does simplify the process significantly.
Goldco stands as a barrier against the poor choices made by numerous capitalists. It’s common to see investors put all of their money into stocks and bonds, the truth is that any portfolio that only has one type of investment is more dangerous than most would want to admit. Because of this, numerous savvy financiers are aiming to collaborate with business like Goldco to branch out.
Given that rare-earth elements seldom see the kinds of considerable dips seen worldwide of traditional investing, Goldco offers a novel option for financiers who want to maintain their wide range risk-free from considerable market shifts. In fact, gold also works well as a hedge versus inflation and a method to guarantee that the cash you spend currently isn’t decreased the value of gradually.
Stability is the essential aspect here. When you select gold, you’re selecting an financial investment that stays stable gradually. It may vary a bit here or there, but the cost tends to be maintained in a manner that you just can’t get out of various other types of financial investments.
Their firm stands as a useful entity because it offers capitalists a chance to purchase something that at the very least feels like even more of a safe bet than most of the various other investments they can make. They do a amazing task of helping to make certain that its consumers will purchase actual gold as well as use it as a actual investment for the future.
Is gold right for you? If you’re wanting to reduce your risks and also maintain the worth of the money that you already have, gold – and Goldco – are certainly worth your time to examine. Doing so will certainly offer you a solid chance to invest in a way that should decrease your bother with the future.
Why Capitalists Required Education.
You can not merely throw your cash at a pension and also expect the most effective; rather, you’ll need to hang out discovering exactly how to spend your cash to ensure that you can easily retire. Doing so implies taking the time to educate yourself on how different financial investments job and also how certain possessions may or may not be the appropriate fit for you.
Regrettably, most standard capitalists do not do the sort of homework they must do to do well. These financiers depend on that an expert will always make the right selection, so they do little more than authorizing a check. This means that you’re really putting all of your hopes in a single person – and in many cases, that person can come up short in ways that you might not expect.
If you choose to deal with a company like them, though, you will not be just handing over your money. Rather, you’re mosting likely to be organizing your own future and also getting some wonderful advice in the process. Among the best things about collaborating with this firm is that they do a wonderful job educating their clients.
Any kind of partnership with Goldco will certainly start with a conversation with a member of the company’s personnel. These individuals are well-read, certainly, however a lot more than that, they’re good at describing exactly what solutions the business supplies. The firm also does a great job describing to you precisely why you may wish to place your cash in precious metals.
The huge reason why this matters is that gold is a special investment chance. The great individuals at Goldco will certainly stroll you via exactly how gold has increased in value in the last few years, exactly how the lasting prognosis for gold investment is solid, and just how getting gold can aid you to put cash right into when you’re fretted about the worth of your present revenues being decreased as a result of rising cost of living.
Placing money in a gold IRA is merely an superb way to guarantee that you’re maintaining some of your money separate from the kinds of financial investments that can be unduly affected by points like stock exchange crashes or worldwide financial unpredictability. The money that is often shed when huge monetary troubles occur usually locates its way into the rare-earth elements market. It’s always a good idea to precisely understand how to get into that part of the market before it goes south.
Obviously, your investment consultant will inform you concerning more than simply the value of gold. They will certainly also walk you via specifically how your prospective gold individual retirement account would function and exactly how it can maintain worth in manner ins which a more traditional IRA could not be able to match. Your advisor will clarify exactly how gold works in basic, exactly how your individual retirement account will function as an financial investment tool, as well as how you’ll be able to utilize the power of the gold market to meet some of your very own financial investment goals.
Your expert will certainly additionally take a while to discuss exactly what you’ll be able to contribute to your account. Your objective below isn’t just to include gold or silver – it’s to do so in a manner that aids you to fulfill your own objectives. This implies ensuring that you recognize which pieces to purchase, which pieces may be a far better long-term financial investment, and also which items that you’ll need to check out as you begin to decide what you’re planning on performing with your account.
Rosland Capital Founder
2. AUGUSTA PRECIOUS METALS
Rosland Capital Founder
Do you need to expand your retired life saving techniques? Does your current profile have excessive direct exposure to fundamental supplies as well as bonds that are at risk from the countless decrease of the united state dollar?
Are you trying to find a transparent, reliable, and also trusted company to help with your retirement goals? Are you searching for an alternate way of properties to help you prepare for your retirement savings? Look no more since Augusta Valuable Metals Firm is the best fit.
The clients are pleased with the business’s services, thus giving it an outstanding online reputation and first-class scores.
The firm was created in 2012, and also it has not received any kind of grievances from the Better Business Bureau (BBB) and also business Customer Partnership (BCA). Augusta Precious Metals is recognized for its great trusted image in conducting organization.
This review will certainly highlight the benefits and bad marks of the firm, look comprehensive at what the company does, the product or services it supplies, its capable team, the factors for one to buy the precious metals, i.e., gold, silver, etc, as well as what makes the company one-of-a-kind to its consumers.
Benefits and downsides of Augusta Precious Metals.
The following are the qualities of having an account at Augusta Valuable Metals. They include;.
• Transparency, honesty, as well as educative in all its endeavors.
• The BBB and also BCA have actually increased no problems given that their facility.
• Outstanding reputation in the state and also great evaluations of luxury from its clients.
• One of the highest ranked firms in the industry per their numerous favorable reviews.
• No pressure sales by salesmen.
Disadvantages include;.
• One calls for to have a minimum of $50,000 dollars in the account.
• There is no online arrangement, whereas the world has actually obtained used to doing every little thing online.
Augusta Valuable Metals Background.
Augusta Precious Metals is a firm whose primary service is assisting financiers in transforming financial investments into precious metals, e.g., silver as well as gold. It is likewise a gold Individual Retirement Account (IRA) company that does not have stress sales, thus supplying a secure working environment for its workers.
The company’s expertise is with precious metal IRAs, which have a tax-benefit benefit in physical steels, unlike supplies that are not backed by concrete possessions. Precious metals hold their value and also have a lot less volatility, unlike supplies that have erratic rate activities daily.
Via its knowledgeable group, the company educates its clients regarding their retired life diversity choices. It makes use of a easy strategy that allows its customers to plainly understand the services provided and the products given.
The services supplied proceed even after the client has invested with the firm. Many gold business don’t use long-lasting robust service past the initial transaction.
The benefits of dealing with Augusta do not lapse after the initial deal. Augusta is understood for its respectable name as well as draws in extra customers as nothing else individual retirement account company can claim not to have problems from the BBB and the BCA.
The business’s purpose is to protect its consumers’ futures with rare-earth elements IRAs. The business likewise needs to use sales to non-retirement clients who intend to have their silver and gold outside the individual retirement account.
Augusta Business is sincere and transparent in its negotiations with consumers. It educates the clients concerning obtaining the rare-earth elements IRAs and also just how to maintain them throughout the saving process. The company advises its customers on the risks involved and also the durability of their services.
Rosland Capital Founder
Monitoring Team of the Firm.
Isaac Nuriani is the firm’s chief executive officer. As the business mentions, he assisted release the company to aid individuals retire as well as conserve by increasing their savings through rare-earth elements. Mr. Nuriani assists in the procedure by informing the consumers on the relevance of them maintaining their properties like precious metals.
Isaac Nuriani counts on the worths of openness as well as dedication when leading the company. Mr. Isaac is likewise a participant of different organizations, such as the Ethics network.
A strong team supports Mr. Nuriani to enable the firm to finish its duties. Devlyn Steele forms part of the team as he is the company’s Education and learning Director. Mr. Steele leads the education group to enlighten the customers concerning saving devices with different properties.
His job has actually made lots of Americans affluent by purchasing the business as well as additionally begin conserving with rare-earth elements.
Howard Smith, the Chief Financial Officer of the business, offers understanding regarding danger administration to the firm and the customers.
He has assisted the firm attain its financial as well as corporate objectives since he began working with the business in 2018. Mr. Smith has additionally aided consumers conquer the possible threats that may influence their retired life.
What You Need to Find Out About Augusta Priceless Metals.
Augusta Valuable Metals review. Augusta Priceless Metals is just one of one of the most relied on names in gold investing, and also if you’re wanting to acquire gold and silver bullion, you might find yourself asking yourself whether it’s the right company for you. If so, you’ve pertained to the ideal area; our Augusta Valuable Metals evaluation has all the information you require to make an informed decision concerning whether this investment company is right for your demands.
Augusta Priceless Metals Evaluation.
Augusta Valuable Metals is an individual retirement account administrator that has been around because 2006. The firm was called among Inc 500’s fastest expanding companies in 2013 as well as they are accredited as an individual retirement account administrator by both internal revenue service and NFA. Augusta concentrates on physical rare-earth elements including gold, silver, platinum, palladium and also rhodium. They have a wide range of products from fractional dimensions (1/10 oz) to bars (up to 100 oz). They additionally have numerous choices for storage space ranging from Augusta Vaults to self-directed safe deposit boxes.
On the whole, Augusta has actually been an recognized business that is still expanding. If you’re trying to find a legitimate and also solid gold IRA provider, they are just one of your ideal alternatives. { Nevertheless, in order to provide you with an honest opinion on Augusta’s services we had some assistance from our friends at Bullion Exchanges in Dubai. In order to offer you with an objective viewpoint on Augusta’s solutions we had some help from our buddies at Bullion Exchanges in Dubai. Check out their testimonial listed below:.
Among our customers wanted opening a Gold IRA via a provider outside of The United States and Canada. We helped him in picking Augusta Precious Metals as his favored choice. The process went efficiently and he purchased physical gold for his individual retirement account through Augusta Priceless Metals. Since then he notified us that he got returns on his possessions and makes regular payments towards building wide range utilizing rare-earth elements such as gold and silver because of low inflation rates contrasted to paper currencies. He states their customer care is outstanding!
The Founders Behind Augusta Precious Metals.
Augusta Precious Metals was founded in 2012 by Isaac Nuriani. Augusta Precious Metal supplies affordable prices and top quality gold with their regular low fees ( among lots of factors they constantly rate as one of our favorite locations to open a rare-earth element IRA). They’re members of both The National Coin Dealers Organization and Industry Council for Substantial Possessions. Their service is insured by Lloyd’s of London.
As for gold individual retirement account firms go, Augusta Precious Metals stands apart for its practical technique as well as company principles. If you’re searching for a place to acquire gold or silver for your individual retirement account, we most definitely suggest providing a try.
Augusta Priceless Metals has an A+ score with the Bbb and all of their evaluations on Google declare– even if they often tend to applaud them more than deal useful criticism. They have actually also gotten favorable testimonials from rare-earth elements master Peter Schiff!
Due To The Fact That Augusta Valuable Metals is an recognized company with years of experience, they do their best to walk consumers with what is commonly an unfamiliar process. Augusta will certainly aid you select which sort of metals (gold, silver, platinum) makes sense for your investment goals.
History of Gold IRAs and also Gold Acquiring.
Prior to you choose to buy gold, it is very important that you comprehend what a gold individual retirement account is and just how it functions. The federal government enables precious metals like gold, silver, platinum and palladium to be made use of in a retirement account. This allows investors to expand their portfolios, prevent extreme danger in securities market and get tax benefits. To learn more concerning Augusta Precious Metals and also why investing in precious metals is helpful for your financial future, read on!
And also for even more on why buying rare-earth elements is useful for your economic future, take a look at our section below! Augusta Rare-earth elements offers capitalists a wide range of gold bullion products that make for fantastic retirement investments. If you’re thinking about opening a gold individual retirement account, or looking for a strong place to purchase rare-earth elements, we invite you to call us today. Our team will certainly be happy to address any type of inquiries and also overview you via our numerous offerings.
When it concerns investing in precious metals, there are few names that carry as much prestige and respect as Augusta Precious Metals. As one of America’s biggest gold and silver wholesalers, we deal with numerous international mints including The Royal Canadian Mint and also The Perth Mint.
Sorts Of Gold IRAs.
Augusta Priceless Metals Evaluation.
There are two major sorts of gold Individual retirement accounts: straight and also indirect. The most typical kind is a straight IRA, which can be set up at practically any bank or cooperative credit union that uses IRAs. A lot of economic advisors suggest choosing a self-directed account, because they permit capitalists to buy alternative properties like realty, tangible building as well as rare-earth elements.
On top of that, these accounts have a tendency to find with higher contribution limits than other accounts ( approximately $70,000 per year). However, it is necessary to note that there are stricter internal revenue service guidelines for establishing direct gold IRAs; some financial investments such as hedge funds don’t count as certified. It is very important to keep in mind that there are more stringent internal revenue service guidelines for developing straight gold IRAs; some investments such as hedge funds don’t count as certified. That stated, not all financial investment alternatives will help everyone– if one does not help you currently it doesn’t suggest it will not work in the future in the future. It’s constantly a excellent concept to run concepts by your tax obligation expert prior to making any kind of major adjustments.
Moreover, investors that desire optimum security can go with an indirect account through a financial institution like Augusta Precious Metals (APS)– the process is really similar to a typical individual retirement account or 401( k), however as opposed to holding supplies as well as bonds you’re holding physical gold and silver bars kept at APS’s safekeeping facility. Capitalists who desire maximum defense can select an indirect account through a banks like Augusta Precious Metals (APS)– the procedure is really comparable to a conventional IRA or 401( k), yet instead of holding supplies and bonds you’re holding physical silver and gold bars stored at APS’s safekeeping facility. |
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2022
- Huang, W. L., Liu, S., Kang, J., Gandjbakhche, A., & Armand, M. DICOM file for total body photography: a work item proposal.
In Proc. of SPIE Vol (Vol. 11934, pp. 119340B-1). (2022)
- Khaksari, K., Smith, E. G., Miguel, H. O., Zeytinoglu, S., Fox, N., & Gandjbakhche, A. H. An fNIRS Study of Brain Lateralization During Observation and Execution of a Fine Motor Task.
Frontiers in human neuroscience, 15, 798870. (2022)
2021
- Mah, A. J., Ghazi Zadeh, L., Khoshnam Tehrani, M., Askari, S., Gandjbakhche, A. H., & Shadgan, B. Studying the Accuracy and Function of Different Thermometry Techniques for Measuring Body Temperature.
Biology, 10(12), 1327. (2021)
- Dupin, N., Jary, A., Boussouar, S., Syrykh, C., Gandjbakhche, A., Bergeret, S., & Palich, R. Current and Future Tools for Diagnosis of Kaposi's Sarcoma.
Cancers, 13(23), 5927. (2021)
- Park, S., Nguyen, T., Benoit, E., Sackett, D. L., Garmendia-Cedillos, M., Pursley, R., Boccara, C., & Gandjbakhche, A. Quantitative evaluation of the dynamic activity of HeLa cells in different viability states using dynamic full-field optical coherence microscopy.
Biomedical optics express, 12(10), 6431–6441. (2021)
- Nguyen, T., Khaksari, K., Khare, S. M., Park, S., Anderson, A. A., Bieda, J., Jung, E., Hsu, C. D., Romero, R., & Gandjbakhche, A. H. Non-invasive transabdominal measurement of placental oxygenation: a step toward continuous monitoring.
Biomedical optics express, 12(7), 4119–4130. (2021)
- Miguel, H. O., Condy, E. E., Nguyen, T., Zeytinoglu, S., Blick, E., Bress, K., Khaksari, K., Dashtestani, H., Millerhagen, J., Shahmohammadi, S., Fox, N. A., & Gandjbakhche, A. Cerebral hemodynamic response during a live action-observation and action-execution task: A fNIRS study.
PloS one, 16(8), e0253788. (2021)
- Nguyen, T., Condy, E. E., Park, S., Friedman, B. H., & Gandjbakhche, A. Comparison of Functional Connectivity in the Prefrontal Cortex during a Simple and an Emotional Go/No-Go Task in Female versus Male Groups: An fNIRS Study.
Brain sciences, 11(7), 909. (2021)
- Ramella-Roman, J., Gandjbakhche, A. H., Kanick, S. C., Shadgan, B., & Tromberg, B. J. (2021). Special Section Guest Editorial: Wearable, Implantable, Mobile, and Remote Biomedical Optics and Photonics.
Journal of biomedical optics, 26(6), 062701. (2021)
- Nguyen, T., Miguel, H. O., Condy, E. E., Park, S., & Gandjbakhche, A. Using Functional Connectivity to Examine the Correlation between Mirror Neuron Network and Autistic Traits in a Typically Developing Sample: A fNIRS Study.
Brain sciences, 11(3), 397. (2021)
- Condy, E. E., Miguel, H. O., Millerhagen, J., Harrison, D., Khaksari, K., Fox, N., & Gandjbakhche, A. Characterizing the Action-Observation Network Through Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: A Review.
Front Hum Neurosci, 15(41). (2021)
- Khaksari, K., Nguyen, T., Hill, B., Quang, T., Perreault, J., Gorti, V., Malpani, R., Blick, E., González Cano, T., Shadgan, B., & Gandjbakhche, A. H. Review of the efficacy of infrared thermography for screening infectious diseases with applications to COVID-19.
Journal of medical imaging (Bellingham, Wash.), 8(Suppl 1), 010901. (2021)
2020
- Amyot, F., Kenney, K., Spessert, E., Moore, C., Haber, M., Silverman, E., Gandjbakhche, A., & Diaz-Arrastia, R. Assessment of cerebrovascular dysfunction after traumatic brain injury with fMRI and fNIRS.
NeuroImage: Clinical, 25, 102086. (2020)
- Anderson, A., Gropman, A., Le Mons, C., Stratakis, C., & Gandjbakhche, A. Evaluation of neurocognitive function of prefrontal cortex in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.
Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 129(3), 207-212. (2020)
- Smith, E. G., Condy, E., Anderson, A., Thurm, A., Manwaring, S. S., Swineford, L., Gandjbakhche, A., & Redcay, E. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy in toddlers: Neural differentiation of communicative cues and relation to future language abilities.
Developmental Science, 23(6), e12948. (2020)
2019
- Aram, S., Levy, L., Patel, J. B., Anderson, A. A., Zaragoza, R., Dashtestani, H., Chowdhry, F. A., Gandjbakhche, A., & Tracy, J. K. The Iowa Gambling Task: A Review of the Historical Evolution, Scientific Basis, and Use in Functional Neuroimaging.
SAGE Open, 9(3) (2019)
- Dashtestani, H., Zaragoza, R., Pirsiavash, H., Knutson, K. M., Kermanian, R., Cui, J., Harrison, J. D., Halem, M., & Gandjbakhche, A. Canonical correlation analysis of brain prefrontal activity measured by functional near infra-red spectroscopy (fNIRS) during a moral judgment task.
Behavioural Brain Research, 359, 73-80. (2019)
- Khaksari, K., Condy, E., Millerhagen, J. B., Anderson, A. A., Dashtestani, H., & Gandjbakhche, A. H. Effects of Performance and Task Duration on Mental Workload during Working Memory Task.
Photonics, 6(3). (2019)
2018
- Dashtestani H, Zaragoza R, Kermanian R, Knutson KM, Halem M, Casey A, Shahni Karamzadeh N, Anderson AA, Boccara AC, Gandjbakhche A. "The role of prefrontal cortex in a moral judgment task using functional near infrared spectroscopy"
2018 Sep 25:e01116. (2018)
- Dashtestani H, Zaragoza R, Pirsiavash H, Knutson KM, Kermanian R, Cui J, Harrison JD Jr, Halem M, Gandjbakhche A. "Canonical correlation analysis of brain prefrontal activity measured by functional near infra-red spectroscopy (fNIRS) during a moral judgment task" Behav Brain Res. 2018 Oct 18. pii: S0166-4328(18)31048-9. (2018)
- Anderson AA, Parsa K, Geiger S, Zaragoza R, Kermanian R, Miguel H, Dashtestani H, Chowdhry FA, Smith E, Aram S, Gandjbakhche AH. "Exploring the role of task performance and learning style on prefrontal hemodynamics during a working memory task"
PlosOne
(2018)
- Ardeshirpour Y, Sackett DL, Knutson JR, Gandjbakhche AH. "Using in vivo fluorescence lifetime imaging to detect HER2-positive tumors." EJNMMI Res. 8(1):26. (2018)
2017
- Anderson AA, Smith E, Chowdhry FA, Thurm A, Condy E, Swineford L, Manwaring SS, Amyot F, Matthews D, Gandjbakhche AH. "Prefrontal Hemodynamics in Toddlers at Rest: A Pilot Study of Developmental Variability." Front Neurosci.11:300. (2017)
- Smith E, Anderson. A.A, Thurm A, Gandjbakhche A.H. "Prefrontal Activation during Executive tasks emerges over early childhood. Evidence from function near infrared spectroscopy", Developmental Neuropsychology, 4(42), (2017)
- Anderson, A.A, Chowdhry F, Ardeshirpour F, Chernomordik V, Thurm A, Smith E, Gandjbakhche A. "Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping: Application of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Brain Mapping" Book Chapter, Chapter 3, CRC Press ISBN 9781482236859 (2017)
- Xiao P, Fink M, Gandjbakhche A.H, Boccara C, "A resolution insensitive to geometrical aberrations by using incoherent illumination and interference imaging"
The European Physical Journal Special Topics, Volume 226, Issue 7, pp 1603–1621 (2017)
- Chue-Sang J, Bai Y, Stoff S, Gonzalez M, Holness N, Gomes J, Jung R, Gandjbakhche A, Chernomordik VV, Ramella-Roman JC. "Use of Mueller matrix polarimetry and optical coherence tomography in the characterization of cervical collagen anisotropy." J Biomed Opt. 22(8):1-9. (2017)
2016
- Karamzadeh N, Amyot F, Kenney K, Anderson A, Chowdhry F, Dashtestani H, Wassermann EM, Chernomordik V, Boccara C, Wegman E, Diaz-Arrastia R, Gandjbakhche AH. "A machine learning approach to identify functional biomarkers in human prefrontal cortex for individuals with traumatic brain injury using functional near-infrared spectroscopy." Brain Behav. 6(11):e00541. (2016)
- Chernomordik V, Amyot F, Kenney K, Wassermann E, Diaz-Arrastia R, Gandjbakhche A. "Abnormality of low frequency cerebral hemodynamics oscillations in TBI population." Brain Res. 1639:194-9 (2016)
2015
- Karamzadeh N, Ardeshirpour Y, Kellman M, Chowdhry F, Anderson A, Chorlian D, Wegman E, Gandjbakhche A. "Relative brain signature: a population-based feature extraction procedure to identify functional biomarkers in the brain of alcoholics." Brain Behav. 5(7):e00335. (2015)
-.A, Mazzuchi TA, Gandjbakhche A, Stratakis CA. "Facial Plethora: Modern Technology for Quantifying an Ancient Clinical Sign and Its Use in Cushing Syndrome." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 100(10):3928-33 (2015)
- Amyot F, Arciniegas DB, Brazaitis MP, Curley KC, Diaz-Arrastia R, Gandjbakhche A, Herscovitch P, Hinds SR 2nd, Manley GT, Pacifico A, Razumovsky A, Riley J, Salzer W, Shih R, Smirniotopoulos JG, Stocker D. "A Review of the Effectiveness of Neuroimaging Modalities for the Detection of Traumatic Brain Injury."J Neurotrauma, 32(22):1693-721. (2015)
2014
- Anderson AA, Smith E, Chernomordik V, Ardeshirpour Y, Chowdhry F, Thurm A, Black D, Matthews D, Rennert O, Gandjbakhche AH., "Prefrontal cortex hemodynamics and age: a pilot study using functional near infrared spectroscopy in children.", Front Neurosci. 8:393 (2014)
- Yasaman Ardeshirpour, Moinuddin Hassan, Rafal Zielinski, Jason A. Horton, Jacek Capala, Amir H. Gandjbakhche, Victor Chernomordik, "In Vivo Assessment of HER2 Receptor Density in HER2-positive Tumors by Near-infrared Imaging, Using Repeated Injections of the Fluorescent Probe" Technol Cancer Res Treat. 13(5): 427–434 (2014)
- Ardeshirpour Y, Chernomordik V, Hassan M, Zielinski R, Capala J, Gandjbakhche A. "In vivo fluorescence lifetime imaging for monitoring the efficacy of the cancer treatment." Clin Cancer Res.;20(13):3531-9. (2014)
- Combs CA, Smirnov A, Glancy B, Karamzadeh NS, Gandjbakhche AH, Redford G, Kilborn K, Knutson JR, Balaban RS. "Compact non-contact total emission detection for in vivo multiphoton excitation microscopy." J Microsc.253(2):83-92. (2014)
- Dasgeb B, Smirnov AV, Ardeshirpour Y, Sackett DL, Knutson JR, Mehregan D, Gandjbakhche A, Halpern AC. "Multiscale BerEp4 molecular imaging of microtumor phantoms: toward theranostics for basal cell carcinoma." Mol Imaging, 13, (2014)
2013
- Kainerstorfer JM, Polizzotto MN, Uldrick TS, Rahman R, Hassan M, Najafizadeh L, Ardeshirpour Y, Wyvill KM, Aleman K, Smith PD, Yarchoan R, Gandjbakhche AH."Evaluation of non-invasive multispectral imaging as a tool for measuring the effect of systemic therapy in Kaposi sarcoma." PLoS One. 8(12):e83887. (2013)
- Sultan E, Najafizadeh L, Gandjbakhche AH, Pourrezaei K, Daryoush A. "Accurate optical parameter extraction procedure for broadband near-infrared spectroscopy of brain matter." J Biomed Opt. 8(1):17008 (2013)
2012
- N. Karamzadeh, A. Medvedev, A. Azari, A. Gandjbakhche, L. Najafizadeh, "Capturing dynamic patterns of task-based functional connectivity with EEG", NeuroImage, 66(1), Pages 311-317 (2012)
- Ardeshirpour Y, Gandjbakhche AH, Najafizadeh L. "Biophotonics techniques for structural and functional imaging, in vivo." Anal Cell Pathol (Amst), 35(5-6):317-37 (2012)
- R. Zielinski, M. Hassan, I. Lyakhov, D. Needle, V. Chernomordik, A. Garcia-Glaessner, Y. Ardeshirpour, J. Capala, A. Gandjbakhche, "Affibody-DyLight Conjugates for In Vivo Assessment of HER2 Expression by Near-Infrared Optical Imaging", PLOS ONE, 7(7), e41016 (2012)
- Y. Ardeshirpour, R. Zielinski, V. Chernomordik, J. Capala, G. Griffiths, O. Vasalatiy, S. Achilefu, A. Gandjbakhche, M. Hassan, "In vivo fluorescence lifetime imaging monitors binding of specific probes to cancer biomarkers", PLOS ONE, 7(2), e31881 (2012)
- F. Amyot, T. Zimmermann, J. Riley, J.M. Kainerstorfer, V. Chernomordik, E. Mooshagian, L. Najafizadeh, F. Krueger, A.H. Gandjbakhche, E.M. Wassermann, "Normative database of judgment of complexity task with functional near infrared spectroscopy-Application for TBI", Neuroimage, 60(2) Pages: 879-883 (2012)
- J. D. Riley, F. Amyot, T. Pohida, R. Pursley, Y. Ardeshirpour, J.M. Kainerstorfer, L. Najafizadeh, V. Chernomordik, P. Smith, J. Smirniotopoulos, E.M. Wassermann, and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "A hematoma detector---a practical application of instrumental motion as signal in near infra-red imaging", Biomedical Optics Express, 3(1) Pages: 192-205 (2012)
- Shacham R, Steinberg I, Gandjbakhche AH, Gannot I. "Monitoring LITT thermal penetration depth using real-time analysis of backscattered light." J Biophotonics.7(6):381-91. (2012)
2011
- Y. Ardeshirpour, V. Chernomordik, J. Capala, M. Hassan, R. Zielinsky, G. Griffiths, S. Achilefu, P. Smith and A. Gandjbakhche, "Using In-Vivo Fluorescence Imaging in Personalized Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy, an Image and Treat Paradigm", TCRT, 10(6) Pages: 549-560 (2011)
-. of Microscopy, 241(2) Pages: 153-161 (2011)
- M.Y. Berezin, K. Guo, W. Akers, R.E. Northdurft, J.P. Culver, B. Teng, O. Vasalatiy, K. Barbacow, A. Gandjbakhche, G.L.Griffiths, S. Achilefu, "Near-Infrared Fluorescence Lifetime pH-Sensitive Probes", Biophys. J. 100(8), Pages: 2063-2072 (2011)
- R. Zielinski, I. Lyakhov, M. Hassan, M. Kuban, K. Shafer-Weaver, A.H. Gandjbakhche, and J. Capala, "HER2-Affitoxin: A Potent Therapeutic Agent for the Treatment of HER2-Overexpressing Tumors", Clin. Cancer Research 17 (15), Pages: 5071-5081 (2011)
- J.M. Kainerstorfer, J.D. Riley, M. Ehler, L.Najafizadeh, F.Amyot, M. Hassan, R.Pursley, S.G. Demos, V. Chernomordik, M. Pircher, P. D. Smith, C. K. Hitzenberger, and A. H. Gandjbakhche, "Quantitative principal component model for skin chromophore mapping using multi spectral images and spatial priors", Optics Express, 2011, 2(5), Pages: 1040-1058 (2011)
- M. Hassan, V. Chernomordik, R. Zielinski, Y. Ardeshirpour, J. Capala, and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "In Vivo Method to Monitor Changes in HER2 Expression Using Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging", Molecular Imaging 11(3), Pages: 177--186.
2010
- R. Alford, M. Ogawa, M. Hassan, A. H. Gandjbakhche, P. L. Choyke and H. Kobayashi, "Fluorescence lifetime imaging of activatable target specific molecular probes," Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 5(1), 1-8 (2010)
- V. Chernomordik, A. H. Gandjbakhche, M. Hassan, S. Pajevic and G. H. Weiss, "A CTRW-based model of time-resolved fluorescence lifetime imaging in a turbid medium," Optics Communications 283(23), 4832-4839 (2010)
- V. Chernomordik, M. Hassan, S. B. Lee, R. Zielinski, A. Gandjbakhche and J. Capala, "Quantitative Analysis of HER2 Receptor Expression In Vivo by Near-Infrared Optical Imaging," Molecular Imaging 9(4), 192-200 (2010)
- K. Guo, M. Y. Berezin, J. Zheng, W. Akers, F. Lin, B. Teng, O. Vasalatiy, A. Gandjbakhche, G. L. Griffiths and S. Achilefu, "Near Infrared-Fluorescent and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Molecular Probe with High T1 Relaxivity for In Vivo Multimodal Imaging," Chemical Communications 46(21), 3705-3707 (2010)
- J. M. Kainerstorfer, F. Amyot, M. Ehler, M. Hassan, S. G. Demos, V. Chernomordik, C. K. Hitzenberger, A. H. Gandjbakhche and J. D. Riley, "Direct curvature correction for noncontact imaging modalities applied to multispectral imaging," Journal of Biomedical Optics 15(4): 046013.
-," Journal of Biomedical Optics 15(4): 046007.
- V. Chernomordik, A. H. Gandjbakhche, G. H. Weiss, and L. Dagdug, "Effects of anisotropy on the depth of penetration of photons into turbid media," J. of Modern Optics, 57(20),2048-2053, (2010)
- A.V. Medvedev, J.M. Kainerstorfer, S.V.Borisov, A. H. Gandjbakhche, and J. VanMeter, "'Seeing' electroencephalogram through the skull: imaging prefrontal cortex with fast optical signal", J. of Biomed. Optics, 15(6): 061702 (2010)
2009
- F. Amyot, A. Small, H. Boukari, K. Camphausen and A. Gandjbakhche, "Topology of the heterogeneous nature of the extracellular matrix on stochastic modeling of tumor-induced angiogenesis," Microvascular Research 77(2), 87-95 (2009)
- M. Y. Berezin, K. Guo, B. Teng, W. B. Edwards, C. J. Anderson, O. Vasalatiy, A. Gandjbakhche, G. L. Griffiths and S. Achilefu, "Radioactivity-Synchronized Fluorescence Enhancement Using a Radionuclide Fluorescence-Quenched Dye," Journal of the American Chemical Society 131(26), 9198--9200. (2009)
- J. Capala, V. Chernomordik, M. Hassan, R. Zielinski and A. Gandjbakhche, "Quantitative Analysis of HER2 Receptors Expression In Vivo by Near-Infrared Optical Imaging," Cancer Research 69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 5002. (2009)
- M. Nahavandi, J. P. Nichols, M. Hassan, A. Gandjbakhche and G. J. Kato, "Near-infrared spectra absorbance of blood from sickle cell patients and normal individuals," Hematology 14(1), 46-48 (2009)
2008
- F. Amyot, A. Small, H. Boukari, D. Sackett, J. Elliott, D. McDaniel, A. Plant and A. Gandjbakhche, "Thin films of oriented collagen fibrils for cell motility studies," Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B-Applied Biomaterials 86B(2), 438-443 (2008)
- T. Binzoni, T. S. Leung, R. Giust, D. Rufenach and A. H. Gandjbakhche, "Light transport in tissue by 3D Monte Carlo: Influence of boundary voxelization," Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 89(1), 14-23 (2008)
- T. Binzoni, A. Vogel, A. H. Gandjbakhche and R. Marchesini, "Detection limits of multi-spectral optical imaging under the skin surface," Physics in Medicine and Biology 53(3), 617-636 (2008)
- V. Chernomordik, M. Hassan, F. Amyot, J. Riley and A. Gandjbakhche, "Use of scaling relations to extract intrinsic fluorescence lifetime of targets embedded in turbid media," Journal of Biomedical Optics 13(2):024025, (2008)
- S. B. Lee, M. Hassan, R. Fisher, O. Chertov, V. Chernomordik, G. Kramer-Marek, A. Gandjbakhche and J. Capala, "Affibody molecules for in vivo characterization of HER2-positive tumors by near-infrared imaging," Clinical Cancer Research 14(12), 3840-3849 (2008)
- A. R. Small, A. Neagu, F. Amyot, D. Sackett, V. Chernomordik and A. Gandjbakhche, "Spatial distribution of VEGF isoforms and chemotactic signals in the vicinity of a tumor," Journal of Theoretical Biology 252(4), 593-607 (2008)
2007
- F. Amyot, A. Small, H. Boukari, A. Plant, D. McDaniel and A. Gandjbakhche, "Quantitative assay to study cell motility on collagen film," Biophysical Journal 484A-484A (2007)
-," Journal of Microscopy-Oxford 228(3), 330-337 (2007)
- A. Gandjbakhche and A. Vogel, "Optical diagnostic imaging from bench to bedside," Journal of Biomedical Optics 12(5), (2007)
- M. Hassan, J. Riley, V. Chernomordk, P. Smith, R. Pursley, S. B. Lee, J. Capala and A. H. Gandjbakhche, "Fluorescence lifetime Imaging system for in vivo studies," Molecular Imaging 6(4), 229-236 (2007)
- I. Ilev, R. Waynant, I. Gannot and A. Gandjbakhche, "Simple fiber-optic confocal microscopy with nanoscale depth resolution beyond the diffraction barrier," Review of Scientific Instruments 78(9):093703, (2007)
- B. Lin, V. Chernomordik, A. Gandjbakhche, D. Matthews and S. Demos, "Investigation of signal dependence on tissue thickness in near infrared spectral imaging," Optics Express 15(25), 16581-16595 (2007)
- J. Riley, M. Hassan, V. Chernomordik and A. Gandjbakhche, "Choice of data types in time resolved fluorescence enhanced diffuse optical tomography," Medical Physics 34(12), 4890-4900 (2007)
- A. R. Small, A. Neagu, F. Amyot, D. Sackett, V. Chernomordik and A. Gandjbakhche, "Which form of VEGF can guide endothelial cell migration?," Biophysical Journal 647A-647A (2007)
-," Journal of Biomedical Optics 12(5): 051604, (2007)
2006
- T. Binzoni, T. S. Leung, A. H. Gandjbakhche, D. Ruefenacht and D. T. Delpy, "The use of the Henyey-Greenstein phase function in Monte Carlo simulations in biomedical optics," Physics in Medicine and Biology 51(17), N313-N322 (2006)
- T. Binzoni, T. S. Leung, A. H. Gandjbakhche, D. Rufenacht and D. T. Delpy, "Comment on 'The use of the Henyey - Greenstein phase function in Monte Carlo simulations in biomedical optics'," Physics in Medicine and Biology 51(22), L39-L41 (2006)
- S. G. Demos, A. J. Vogel and A. H. Gandjbakhche, "Advances in optical spectroscopy and imaging of breast lesions," Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 11(2), 165-181 (2006)
- A. Small, I. Ilev, V. Chernomordik and A. Gandjbakhche, "Enhancing diffraction-limited images using properties of the point spread function," Optics Express 14(8), 3193-3203 (2006)
- A. P. Sviridov, Z. Ulissi, V. Chernomordik, M. Hassan and A. H. Gandjbakhche, "Visualization of biological texture using correlation coefficient images," Journal of Biomedical Optics 11(6), (2006)
- A. Vogel, A. Gandjbakhche and I. Gannot, "Demystifying optical diagnostics," Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology 14(1), 55-72 (2006)
2005
- F. Amyot, K. Camphausen, A. Siavosh, D. Sackett and A. Gandjbakhche, "Quantitative method to study the network formation of endothelial cells in response to tumor angiogenic factors," IEEE Proceedings Systems Biology 152(2), 61-66 (2005)
- S. Bloch, F. Lesage, L. McIntosh, A. Gandjbakhche, K. X. Liang and S. Achilefu, "Whole-body fluorescence lifetime imaging of a tumor-targeted near-infrared molecular probe in mice," Journal of Biomedical Optics 10(5):054003, (2005)
- L. Dagdug, V. Chernomordik, G. H. Weiss and A. H. Gandjbakhche, "Monte Carlo simulations of increased/decreased scattering inclusions inside a turbid slab," Physics in Medicine and Biology 50(23), 5573-5581 (2005)
- 37(2), 155-160 (2005)
- A. Gandjbakhche and I. Gannot, "Optical imaging from Bench to Bedside," Journal of Biomedical Optics 10(5), (2005)
- N. Y. Morgan, S. English, W. Chen, V. Chernomordik, A. Russo, P. D. Smith and A. Gandjbakhche, "Real time in vivo non-invasive optical imaging using near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots," Academic Radiology 12(3), 313-323 (2005)
- A. P. Sviridov, V. Chernomordik, M. Hassan, A. C. Boccara, A. Russo, P. Smith and A. Gandjbakhche, "Enhancement of hidden structures of early skin fibrosis using polarization degree patterns and Pearson correlation analysis," Journal of Biomedical Optics 10(5):051706, (2005)
-," Journal of Biomedical Optics 10(1):14012, (2005)
2004
- I. Gannot, A. Garashi, V. Chernomordik, and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "Quantitative optical imaging of the pharmacokinetics of fluorescent-specific antibodies to tumor markers tissuelike turbid media," Optics Letters, 29(7), 742-4 (2004).
- D. Hattery, B. Hattery, V. Chernomordik, P. Smith, M. Loew, J. Mulshine, and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "Differential oblique angle spectroscopy of the oral epithelium," J. Biomed. Optics, 9(5):951-60, (2004).
- O. Dudko, G. Weiss, V. Chernomordik, and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "Photon Migration in Turbid Media with Anisotropic Optical Properties," Phys. Med. Biol., Vol. 49, 3979-3989 (2004).
- J.C. Hebden, J.J. Guerrero, V. Chernomordik, and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "Experimental evaluation of an anisotropic scattering model for a slab geometry," Optics Letters, Vol. 29(21), 2518-20 (2004).
- I. Gannot, R. Izhar, F. Hekmat, V. Chernomordik, and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "Functional optical detection based on pH dependent fluorescence lifetime,” J. Lasers in Med. and Surg., 35, 342-348 (2004).
- M. Hassan, R. Little, A. Vogel, K. Aleman, K. Wyvill, R. Yarchoan, and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "Quantitative Assessment of Tumor Vasculature and Response to Therapy in Kaposi’s Sarcoma Using Functional Noninvasive Imaging," TCRT, Vol. 3(5), 451-7 (2004).
2003
- L. Dagdug, G.H. Weiss, and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "Effects of anisotropic optical properties in photon migration in structured tissues," Physics in Biology and Medicine, 48(10):1361-70 (2003).
- I. Gannot, A. Garashi, G. Gannot, V. Chernomordik, and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "In vivo quantitative three-dimensional localization of tumor labeled with exogenous specific fluorescence markers," Appl Opt, 42(16), 3073-3080 (2003).
- A.H. Gandjbakhche, V. Chernomordik, D. Hattery, M. Hassan, and I. Gannot, "Tissue characterization by quantitative optical imaging methods," Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2(6), 537-551 (2003).
2002
- V. Chernomordik, D. Hattery, D. Grosenick, H. Wabnitz, H. Rinneberg, K.T. Moesta, P.M. Schlag, and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "Quantification of optical properties of a breast tumor using random walk theory," J Biomed Opt, 7(1), 80-87 (2002).
- V. Chernomordik, D. Hattery, I. Gannot, G. Zaccanti, and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "Analytical calculation of the mean time spent by photons inside an absorptive inclusion embedded in a highly scattering medium,” J. Biomed. Opt., 7(3), 486-492 (2002).
- I. Gannot, G. Gannot, A. Garashi, A.H. Gandjbakhche, A. Buchner, and Y. Keisari, "Laser activated fluorescence measurements and morphological features: an in vivo study of clearance time of fluorescein isothiocyanate tagged cell markers,” J Biomed Opt, 7(1), 14-19 (2002).
- A. Eidsath, V. Chernomordik, A.H. Gandjbakhche, P. Smith, and A. Russo, "Three-dimensional localization of fluorescent masses deeply embedded in tissue," Phys Med Biol, 47, 4079-4092 (2002).
- M. Hassan, D. Hattery, V. Chernomordik, K. Aleman, K. Wyvill, L. Merced, R. Little, R. Yarchoan and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "Non-invasive multi-modality technique to study angiogenesis associated with Kaposi's Sarcoma,” IEEE EMBS BMES, 1139-1140 (2002).
- D. Hattery, V. Chernomordik, P. Smith, R. Pursley, J. Atkinson, M. Loew, J. Mulshine, and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "Measuring Oral Inflammation In Vivo with Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy,” IEEE EMBS, 2243-2244 (Houston, 2002).
- D. Hattery, M. Hassan, S. Demos, and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "Hyperspectral Imaging of Kaposi's Sarcoma for Disease Assessment and Treatment Monitoring," Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition, 124-132 (2002).
2001
- V. Chernomordik, A.H. Gandjbakhche, M. Lepore, R. Esposito, I. Delfino, "Depth dependence of the analytical expression for the width of the point spread function (spatial resolution) in time-resolved transillumination," J. Biomed Opt, 6(4), 441-445 (2001).
- D. Hattery, V. Chernomordik, M. Loew, I. Gannot, and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "Analytical solutions for time-resolved fluorescence lifetime imaging in a turbid medium such as tissue," J Opt Soc Am (A), 18(7), 1523-1530 (2001).
2000
- A.H. Gandjbakhche and G.H. Weiss, “A descriptive parameter for photon trajectories in a turbid medium,” Phys. Rev. E, 61, 6958-6962 (2000).
- Victor Chernomordik, David Hattery, Antonio Pifferi, Paola Taroni, Alessandro Torricelli, Gianluca Valentini, Rinaldo Cubeddu, and A. H. Gandjbakhche, “Quantification by random walk of the optical parameters of nonlocalized abnormalities embedded within tissuelike phantoms,” Optics Letters, 25(13), 951-953 (2000).
1999
- A.H. Gandjbakhche, R.F. Bonner, A.E. Arai, and R.S. Balaban, "Visible-light photon migration through myocardium in vivo," Am J Physiol. Aug;277(2 Pt 2):H698-704 (1999).
- A.E. Arai, C. E. Kasserra, P.R. Territo, A.H. Gandjbakhche and R.S. Balaban, "Myocardial oxygenation in vivo: optical spectroscopy of cytoplasmic myoglobin and mitochondrial cytochromes," Am J Physiol. 1999 Aug;277(2 Pt 2):H683-97 (1999).
- V. Chernomordik. A.H. Gandjbakhche, J. Hebden, and G. Zaccanti, "Effect of lateral boundaries on contrast functions in time-resolved transillumination measurements," Medical Physics, Vol. 26(9), 1822-1831 (1999).
- V. Chernomordik, D. Hattery, I. Gannot, and A.H. Gandjbakhche. "Inverse Method 3D Reconstruction of Localized in-vivo Fluorescence. Application to Sjøgren Syndrome," IEEE J. Sel. Topics in Quant. Elec., Vol. 5(4), 930-935 (1999).
1998
- I. Gannot, R.F. Bonner , G. Gannot, P.C. Fox, P. Smith, and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "Optical simulations of a noninvasive technique for the diagnosis of diseased salivary glands in situ," Medical Physics, 27(7), 1139-1144 (1998).
- A.H. Gandjbakhche, V. Chernomordik, J. Hebden, and R. Nossal, "Time-dependent contrast functions for quantitative imaging in time-resolved transillumination experiments," Applied. Optics, 37(10), 1973-1981 (1998).
- V. Chernomordik, J. Hebden, R. Nossal, and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "Testing of new algorithm based on time-dependent contrast functions to evaluate optical characteristics of abnormality hidden within a tissue-like phantom," Trends in Optics and Photonics, 21, 209-212 (1998).
1997
- A.H. Gandjbakhche, R.F. Bonner, R. Nossal, G.H. Weiss, "Effects of multiple passage probabilities on fluorescent signals from biological media," Applied Optics, 36, 4613-4619 (1997).
- G.H. Weiss and A.H. Gandjbakhche, "Effects of nonlocalized target shape in the random walk description of transillumination experiments for optical imaging,” Phys. Rev. E., 56, 3451-3458 (1997). |
Safari outfits, particularly for males, might be tough to place collectively. You need your safari garments to have practicality however nonetheless seem like you belong within the bush. The tough half just isn’t wanting such as you simply raided the khaki part of an out of doors retailer. Then present up with the tags nonetheless in your garments.
We love occurring safari. Over the previous 5 years, we have now been on over 100. Whereas the safari animals and landscapes are the present’s highlights, we nonetheless wish to seem like we hopped straight out of a safari film and have some enjoyable whereas touring Africa.
From safari shirts to safari luggage, we’ve put collectively countless choices for an incredible males’s safari wardrobe. Let’s dig in.
What Garments to Pack for a Safari?
You don’t want an countless assortment of safari garments in your baggage. I’m an enormous fan of versatility and minimalism. Whenever you overpack for a safari, it might develop into a burden. You’re doubtless touring to the wilds of the African bush. A complete wardrobe of garments is pointless. As well as, the usual type of transportation is a small Cessna bush airplane or overland truck, so a heavy suitcase of garments is not going to work.
We break down the garments that allow you to look the half, however any safari knowledgeable will agree there is no such thing as a set gown code or safari outfit. Let’s break down the proper safari search for males.
Safari Outfits for Males
Safari Shirts
The right safari outfit for males begins with the shirt. A safari shirt will make all of the distinction in being in fashion and luxury. An artificial shirt will give probably the most practicality, whereas cotton or linen shirts have a extra timeless look. It’s robust to beat a white linen shirt, however it simply will get soiled on safari.
Natural textiles like cotton, wool, or hemp can act as a wonderful base and supply heat on a chilly morning but deal with the warmth of the day. Artificial benefits principally relate to quick-drying, anti-microbial, stain resistance, and holding cool.
Columbia Silver Ridge
Worth – $55 | Materials – Ripstop Polyester
The Silver Ridge from Columbia is an ideal shirt for a safari. It is available in lengthy, short-sleeved shirts that look nice and supply wonderful worth. It includes a good mix of artificial supplies that enable the shirt to dry and rapidly present wonderful air flow within the scorching solar. An extended-sleeved shirt permits for better consolation, transferring from chilly mornings to scorching days.
The shirt’s performance is superb, with a rear vent for warmth administration and double breast pockets for storing gear or small gadgets. Typically, it may be robust to search out good technical shirts, however Columbia has some nice choices. It’s inexpensive, performs properly, and appears fairly good, so it’s a wonderful choice for safari clothes.
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Filson Light-weight Alaskan Information Shirt
Worth – $125 | Materials – Brushed Cotton
Filson makes some fabulous high-quality garments made for the outdoorsman. The Alaskan Information Shirt is a traditional from the corporate that prides itself on rugged clothes made for a tough day’s work. The Alaskan Information Shirt has some wonderful weight and heat for work on a cool day, however we desire the light-weight model of the shirt for safari.
It has a traditional look, and the thick cotton is gorgeous however gentle sufficient to not be. It’s greatest within the cooler seasons on safari. It’s greatest in comparison with a light-weight flannel. If you wish to know the cooler months on safari, learn right here.
Store For Light-weight Alaskan Information Shirt
Basic Linen shirt
Worth – $79+ | Materials – Linen
I like a technical long-sleeved shirt for a safari, however it’s robust to beat a traditional shirt from supplies like hemp, linen, or rapeseed. They give the impression of being wonderful and sensible as they’ve anti-microbial properties and can keep recent longer whenever you sweat. Linen is an ideal choice because it has a timeless search for your journey.
Pair a linen shirt with sandals, shorts, chinos, denims, or sneakers. It would all the time work. Linen shirts are versatile clothes prepared for the seashore after your safari. It’s robust to search out respectable linen shirts on-line, however I like the standard of Everlane linen shirts. You may usually rating a deal, so for those who stain or snag the shirt, it gained’t be the world’s finish.
Males’s Safari Pants
The right safari pants complement a shirt and full the look. Relating to fashion, it’s nice to attract some distinction out of your shirt. The traditional shade combos embody a white shirt with darkish brown pants or a inexperienced shirt with khaki pants.
It’s greatest if to maintain the exercise and vacation spot in thoughts. Gentle pants will likely be far more sensible than a pair of shorts for those who plan for bush walks or jungle treks. Pants are additionally very practical as they supply wonderful safety from mosquitos, a significant characteristic in malaria areas.
I desire pants which have a little bit of give, reminiscent of climbing pants, not denims, chinos, or khakis. These efficiency pants make the most of artificial supplies that present dependable sturdiness, temperature administration, and adaptability. Temperature administration will likely be vital in scorching and humid environments the place it’s not good to put on shorts, like within the jungle for gorilla trekking.
prAna Brion Pant
Worth – $85 | Materials – Nylon/Spandex
If there are one pair of pants I throw in my bag for any journey, it’s the prAna Brion pants. The pant is a mix of nylon and spandex with vital moisture and temperature administration. Additionally they look fairly good as on a regular basis pants that may go anyplace. They’re practical pants designed as climbing pants, with excellent flexibility.
Though they’re versatile, don’t mistake them for being unfastened and sloppy wanting. The paneling within the crotch permits the pants to have a slim reduce with a full vary of mobility. Examine the same Stretch Zion Pant for those who’re on the lookout for extra outdoor-focused pants with cargo.
Brion Pants are slim-cut pants with a flattering reduce alongside the thighs however only a tad dishevelled within the calves. We discover the mud, sepia, and darkish khaki colours look sharp for safari pants and have sufficient fashion that feels acceptable in on a regular basis life.
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Coalatree Trailhead Pants
Specs: Worth – $89 | Materials – Nylon/Spandex
Coalatree creates eco-focused outside attire that we’re studying to like. So far as consolation, these are among the many greatest on this record, and the one downside is the worth. The pants materials is a light-weight mix of Bluesign Nylon and spandex.
They’re tremendous comfy, and the mixture of nylon and spandex permits them to stretch in any method you may transfer. The drawstring makes for a straightforward adjustment, and the spandex does a wonderful job hugging your hips.
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prAna Vaha Pant
Worth – $79 | Materials – Hemp
I spend a lot time touring in these pants they’ve develop into one in all my favourite pairs of pants ever. I now have a few pairs of Vaha pants. The prAna Vaha Pant is for Yoga and climbing, however I exploit them for something as of late. For safari, they’re nice for a relaxed night round camp or the lodge and may even double as pajamas.
Hemp and recycled polyester give breathability to the pants with quick-dry and odor-fighting qualities and being a heck of an eco-friendly product. We’re huge followers of prAna, so we extremely suggest testing a few of their merchandise.
Males’s Safari Shorts
Don’t concern carrying shorts whereas on safari! Most safaris are very easy-going affairs that contain driving behind the automobile. You don’t want pants to journey in a sport viewer, and it’s robust to beat shorts on a scorching day!
No matter you pack, it is best to think about the situation, time of 12 months, and exercise degree. We spend most of our time in Africa in shorts and sandals. If you wish to be taught extra, examine extra of our favourite safari shorts.
Columbia Silver Ridge Cargo Shorts
Worth – $45 | Materials – Nylon
Columbia’s Silver Ridge Quick is a traditional staple and a very good steadiness between operate, trend, and worth that may be the proper sidekick in your safari. These shorts additionally characteristic a DWR completed to help water repellency throughout these wetter days and UPF safety for these sunny days.
A two cargo pocket on the thigh helps maintain gear the place you want it throughout longer days, whereas the nylon materials permits for a pleasant stretch in your adventures—all in all, a strong selection in your safari adventures that gained’t break the financial institution both.
Store For Males’s Silver Ridge Cargo Shorts
Outside Analysis Ferrosi Shorts
Worth – $70 | Materials – Ripstop Nylon/Spandex
The Ferrosi is Outside Analysis’s tackle the adventurer quick. We love these pants as they ship a compelling mixture of handsome ruggedness. The nylon-spandex mix retains them good and cozy, however with sufficient freedom of motion for these crouching moments to snap the proper image or peer at wildlife by means of your binoculars.
The Ferossi shorts are just like their pants and are a few of our all-time favourite items of journey attire for his or her light-weight nature and luxury. The useful zippered thigh pocket provides you a bit more room for gear, whereas its low profile makes these shorts a wonderful selection for dinner with pals or a tough day on a safari.
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Males’s Safari Vest
Orvis Efficiency Vest
Worth – $179 | Materials – Polyester/polyurethane
You’ll be hard-pressed to discover a higher safari vest than the Efficiency Vest from Orvis. The vest packs a punch with fifteen pockets good for organizing all of your necessities. Orvis designs its merchandise for fly fishing, however that outside focus can be good for safari as they carry a ton of similarities.
This journey vest is made with water resistant material and options hidden inside pockets good for journey paperwork and valuables. It additionally options nifty options like magnets to carry headphones in place in your shoulder.
Store For Orvis Efficiency Vest
Bathing Go well with
All of it is dependent upon the place you’re going, however Africa has among the greatest seashores on this planet. To not point out some gorgeous accommodations, rivers, lakes, lodges, and waterfalls all current the power to go for a dip. Loads of implausible seashore lodges make for a lovely and enjoyable finish to be a busy safari. You may examine the most effective accommodations in Zanzibar or Diani Seashore!
Quicksilver’s Amphibian Shorts are a pair of board shorts that may deal with greater than the seashore. The fabric seems to be like robust material, however they’re tremendous light-weight and sturdy. Amphibian shorts seem like conventional shorts, not bathing fits, so that they’re super for seashore and island locations.
Males’s safari Jackets
It doesn’t matter what season you go on safari it is best to at the very least carry a heat fleece jacket (perhaps even a down jacket) with you simply in case it will get chilly (which it most likely will). Nonetheless, if you need one thing a bit extra trendy for heat and photographs, I might suggest a pleasant safari jacket like those under.
Filson Tin Fabric Ranch Jacket
Worth – $230 | Materials – Waxed Cotton Canvas
Professionals
- Weatherproof
- Fashionable
- Sturdy
- Longevity
Cons
- Heavy,
- Non Efficiency Focus
- Worth
That is the jacket if you need a no-frills shell jacket designed for use and abused. The Filson Tin Fabric Ranch Jacket is for demanding work with some rugged attractiveness. It’s the sort of jacket that will get higher wanting with age. The coat is heat in opposition to a chill and may simply break the wind because of the heavy materials.
Filson’s Tin Fabric jacket has its roots tied with loggers, ranchers, and outdoor folks. It has an informal reduce for work and is to be worn with layers. The quantity might be each destructive and constructive however is dependent upon your wants. It’s an incredible jacket for any wild journey it’s possible you’ll end up on worldwide.
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REI Coop Down Jacket ($99)
Specs: Product – Down Jacket | Worth – $99
It will get chilly in Africa, so a heat jacket could be a lifesaver. REI Co-op Down 2.0 is a down jacket that solely prices $100, which is about as cheap as they arrive within the down jacket world. When REI first launched this down jacket, it flew off the cabinets and has been in excessive demand ever since. Its closest opponents in high quality are available at about double the worth.
When it comes time to maneuver to the subsequent vacation spot, the jacket packs up into the left pocket and occupies minimal area in your baggage. It has a water-repellent end that ought to deal with some gentle rain, snow, and wind. We propose extra safari jackets right here!
Store For REI Down Jacket 2.0
Safari Boots
An excellent safari boot is the one factor that could be a should in relation to safari put on and bushwalks. Positive, you may gown up in khaki, leather-based, leopard print, and darkish inexperienced, however on the finish of the day, it doesn’t matter all that a lot about what you put on on safari for those who don’t have the shoe.
You’ll be sitting in a automotive for many of your African safari. I put on sandals fairly a bit until I’m going on a bushwalk in boots are wanted. You don’t need to must run from a buffalo in unhealthy sneakers (joking)! I might counsel bringing at the very least one pair of sturdy sandals.
Blundstone BL550
Worth – $229 | Materials – Leather-based
These are a strong go-to and traditional search for trendy safari boots. The BL550 has nice tread, insoles, and agency arch help, making it far more than a classy boot for journey. Not solely can these boots really feel comfy in a extra formal or trendy occasion, however they’re equally at house on a ranch or going for a stroll within the woods. An EVA footbed with distinctive know-how within the heels ensures all-day consolation.
The boots characteristic comfortable leather-based, sturdy stitching, and respectable soles. Plus, they’re extremely comfy. I like the slip-on match, and the pull tabs make it simple to placed on and take off. As a tip, I’d decide up some leather-based therapy to guard the boot and add a degree of water resistance. Altogether they’re an amazing journey boot and can serve you properly in on a regular basis life.
The 550 and 585 are thought of Blundstones most traditional boot designs. It’s robust to inform the distinction within the design as a result of there’s none. The distinction has to do with the leather-based higher leather-based of the boot. 550 boots characteristic full-grain leather-based, whereas 585 have suede nubuck leather-based.
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Purple Wing Heritage Iron Ranger
Worth – $329 | Materials – Leather-based
These boots are each practical and classy. They’re constructed with high quality supplies and strong craftsmanship. Purple Wing’s Heritage Iron Rangers have a excessive ankle nice for cover past the bush.
I like these boots as a result of they’re among the greatest rattling boots by way of fashion, high quality, consolation, and longevity. You may’t go fallacious with a traditional. Now all you want is a hat and an excellent digital camera for the safari.
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Merrell Males’s Moab 2
Worth – $145 | Materials – Leather-based
Merrell has managed to maintain these boots inexpensive as they haven’t up to date the design in years, and it’s confirmed to be a dependable boot. It’s not damaged; don’t repair it. The boots are a mix of leather-based, textile, and artificial. They’re waterproof, comfy, and have rubber soles and excessive ankles.
Rugged Vibram soles on the outsole present good cushion and traction on slick surfaces. Nonetheless, it’s probably the most vital downside they’re not trendy boots and never what most would think about a “safari boot.”
I might counsel these boots for somebody going gorilla trekking within the jungle or for those who’re an avid hiker. We began off this record along with your typical “safari boots” which can be leather-based and classy. Nonetheless, these are extra about practicality and worth.
Safari Hat
You spend lots of time outdoors on a safari and a safari hat is a traditional accent. We frequently fall into the class of people that don’t take solar safety significantly sufficient. Sure, we put on sunblock on the seashore, however outdoors of that, it’s not one thing we repeatedly take into consideration.
The time you spend outdoors provides up. If it’s not a hat, on the very least put on sunblock. Even the sport rangers we meet put on hats and sunblock. The total safari gown does serve a objective.
Tilley LTM6 Airflo Hat
Product – Sunhat | Worth – $90
Tilley has lengthy been famed for its solar safety hats. They’ve seen the world over and have seen quite a lot of adventures. It holds its form, and the fabric has a classy look to it. What units Tilley aside is that they assure their hats for all times in opposition to put on and tear.
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Safari Equipment
Nikon Monarch 5 8×42 Binoculars
Product – Binoculars | Worth – $250
Praise your safari outfit with a pair of safari binoculars! The Nikon Monarch is an outstanding mid-range binocular for safari viewing. Nikon has lengthy been a good title within the subject of binocular manufacturing, and the Monarch is a superb instance.
The 42mm lens diameter permits for wonderful low-light viewing, whereas the physique itself is constructed for excessive use – sounds good for a safari, doesn’t it? Rubber armored physique and fully waterproof, this pair will maintain as much as the weather as you dive into the wilderness.
Patagonia Black Gap Duffel Bag
Product – Duffel Bag | Worth – $139
The Patagonia Black Gap bag is a staple for journey journey and probably the greatest safari luggage. The bag can pack down small when empty so it’s nice to stay in your bag. It was additionally loads simple to stuff and arrange, because of the big U-shaped zipper and two mesh pockets on the highest flap. It’s additionally tremendous light-weight an vital side when you have got strict weight allowances on bush planes.
Store For Patagonia Black Gap Duffel Bag
Nomatic Journey Bag
Product – Carry On Daypack | Worth – $279
Nomatic is pretty new to the anti-theft backpack sport, solely getting began after elevating over 5 million {dollars} on Kickstarter and Indiegogo. They declare to have created the “most practical journey bag ever!” Based mostly on their design scheme it makes for one heck of a safari bag.
Nonetheless, it might be higher said that this can be a enterprise/journey backpack with anti-theft options, reminiscent of RFID safety and lockable zippers, moderately than calling it primarily an anti-theft bag. This bag feels proper at house touring anyplace together with on a safari.
Store For Nomatic Journey Bag
Components of Good Safari Clothes
There are a few key parts to take a look at with every bit of safari clothes. Whilst you might image your self as an journey seeker, it is best to take into account that you’re a visitor and your safari information will deal with the nitty-gritty.
Except you’re driving throughout Africa like us, you’ll be secure. The garments you pack must be for consolation, not some rugged journey. If it doesn’t really feel comfy it’s possible you’ll as properly depart it at house.
Versatility
You’ll need to pack gentle. The times are sometimes busy so a number of wardrobe modifications aren’t actually within the combine. Strong garments which can be informal, but trendy sufficient to put on to dinner in a lodge over a five-course meal.
Versatility can embody the appropriate materials, match, and performance. For instance, an excellent lengthy sleeve shirt can maintain you heat within the morning, however cool in the course of the day in a method that short-sleeve or tee shirts fail.
Sturdiness
This one is vital. Africa might be laborious on garments even on a brief journey. Climbing out and in of a safari automobile can simply rip a weak pair of pants or shorts. Search for garments for Africa that stretch a bit.
You even have lots of mud and solar publicity. In the event you’re concerned in conservation efforts, on a strolling safari, or spending any time outdoors of a sport automobile you want some respectable safari garments that may maintain as much as the weather. One of the best ways is commonly to stay with strong title manufacturers that we belief when ordering on-line or to buy in your native retailer, though that may be tough with restricted picks.
Materials
With a safari, you’ve come to see nature and that’s simply what you’ll encounter. So, your clothes must be properly suited to the environments of Africa. On the subject of our outside put on we go for strong pure supplies like hemp, linen, leather-based, or wool.
Artifical supplies reminiscent of nylon or polyester are different nice choices as they’re wonderful at moisture administration and safety. The one materials we’re not large followers of is cotton, however it’s usually the softest and warmest materials with nice worth. I all the time learn the tags and supplies on outside attire earlier than I make a purchase order and think about its meant objective.
Practicality
Issues like having pockets could make or break good safari put on. The place else will you stash issues like lip balm, sunscreen, or perhaps a pair of binoculars?
The day-to-day put on of garments is a very powerful half as a result of for those who really feel uncomfortable within the bush, you’ll doubtless find yourself wanting ridiculous. You aren’t strolling the runways of Paris however spending time within the bush. Care about your look, however not an excessive amount of.
Camouflage
Safari garments ought to mix in with the surroundings. You must put on beige, inexperienced, and brown coloured garments. They’re the staple colours of safari put on as a result of they mix into the surroundings and may present a greater sport viewing expertise.
Whereas carrying vivid colours reminiscent of pink is claimed to scare off animals and make you stand out. This will or might not be correct solely the animals know for certain. After all, the Maasai Warriors in Kenya and Tanzania have been carrying pink for hundreds of years!
That being stated, impartial colours do an incredible job at hiding dust and mud, which there will likely be loads of on a drive or stroll by means of the bush. White garments aren’t going to remain white very lengthy, and darkish colours are believed to draw tsetse flies. Belief us, you do not need to develop into accustomed to tsetse flies!
For instance, when gorilla trekking, it’s suggested to put on lengthy pants and greens. When on foot, it’s all the time suggested to put on colours that mix properly into the surroundings and an excellent pair of safari boots.
Ideas On Safari Garments
- Safari Garments Are Not Required – At the beginning, you wouldn’t have to put on any distinctive safari garments. The vast majority of time on safari is spent in a automobile the place garments selection doesn’t matter a lot.
- Mix – Try and mix in. Keep in mind to put on a safari outfit and garments suited to the surroundings.
- No Animal Prints – Don’t put on animal prints or some ridiculous getup. You’re not bushwacking by means of the African jungle. This isn’t Jumanji. You’ll spend nearly all of your time behind a automobile. So, put on comfy garments that won’t stain by dust, supply solar safety, and are comfy from the warmth or chilly.
- It Can Get Chilly – Thoughts the climate. It will probably get actually actually chilly behind a sport automobile in Africa early morning or at evening. Be sure to pack a pleasant jacket. I didn’t suggest any right here – something that breaks the wind ought to do.
- Ditch Darkish Blue – DO NOT put on blue in Japanese Africa. The colour blue attracts the Tsetse fly, and this isn’t a fantasy.
- Don’t Overpack – You solely want a handful of shirts and pants. You’re within the African bush, there is no such thing as a want for a number of wardrobe modifications. Nonetheless, it goes with out saying to all the time pack ample underwear and socks.
- Chill out – Hold it easy at five-star lodges in Africa, issues are nonetheless informal.
- Sun shades – An excellent pair of sun shades will save your eyes from watching landscapes all day.
- Layer – Be sure to pack in layers. It would go from chilly within the morning to scorching at evening after which again to night time.
- Gentle Rain Jacket – Carry a light-weight rain jacket relying on the season. Most Safari corporations and lodges come ready on this side and can present their visitors with good thick ponchos, however for those who’re doing it in your don’t overlook a rain jacket.
- Pockets! – We love clothes with pockets to hold sunblock, chapstick, flashlight, digital camera, or binoculars. It’s higher than having to juggle round a bag. We have already got our safari cameras to take care of behind a sport viewer.
Clothes Manufacturers We Advocate
The place to purchase safari garments? It’s fairly robust outdoors of South Africa to discover a retailer that carries safari garments. I might suggest you store on-line. On the finish of the day, we like to decide on high quality. An excellent safari outfit is flexible, long-lasting, and timeless. Spending the additional dough to purchase respectable manufacturers is sort of all the time a good suggestion. The most effective manufacturers in our opinion is Patagonia.
- Patagonia – In the event you’ve learn any of our different packing guides you’ll know we love this model. They make nice high quality garments that maintain up.
- REI – That is one in all our favourite shops! There could also be no REI safari garments particularly, however you’ll find a large number of merchandise that may serve you properly within the bush.
- Columbia – It is a nice outside firm with inexpensive merchandise. We have a tendency to love Patagonia extra, however the model prices considerably extra for a slight enchancment in high quality.
- First Ascent – You may’t discover this model in America, but when procuring in South Africa they make some nice high quality garments.
- Royal Robbins – Concentrate on outside and journey gear making some good safari garments.
- prAna – They’re a more in-depth runner-up to Patagonia for fashion and high quality in relation to outside attire.
E book A Safari in Africa
Historically for those who needed to guide a safari you’d must go to a journey agent and have them guide your safari for you. They made solutions for camps and lodges after which offered you with a big invoice. A lot of the trade nonetheless operates on this trend.
Nonetheless, Timbuktu is a brand new platform that means that you can choose the lodges you’d like and see the pricing per day that method you may choose the most effective itinerary for your self. They’ll then contact the lodges and allow you to by reserving your safari. With specialists on workers, they’ll additionally present solutions and organize the little particulars very like a journey agent. |
Real Madrid looked in prime midseason form, overwhelming mercurial German side Eintracht Frankfurt in the 2022 UEFA Super Cup for a 2-0 victory, with goals from David Alaba and Karim Benzema. Super Cup win is also Carlo Ancelotti’s sixth across the Italian’s illustrious career, with four coming as a manager and two as a player.
The Spanish giants looked ready for the coming campaign, dealing with Frankfurt’s hard press and creating chances up front, while mitigating the danger at the back. David Alaba opened the scoring in the first half with an easy tap-in off a corner, while Benzema opened his season’s account with a second-half strike.
Karim Benzema (324) has passed Raul (323) to become Real Madrid's second all-time top goalscorer. 🌟— CBS Sports Golazo ⚽️ (@CBSSportsGolazo) August 10, 2022
Only Cristiano Ronaldo (450) has scored more. 👏 pic.twitter.com/gkT5tUzlno
Frankfurt had few opportunities, as Daichi Kamada came up empty with their best chance on 14 minutes. After that, they looked toothless overall in the absence of playmaker Filip Kostic.
Casemiro was the game’s best player, marauding all over the pitch to put a lid on the Frankfurt attack and provide some threat up front as well. The Brazilian provided a headed assist for Alaba’s opener and clattered the crossbar around the hour mark.
Real Madrid open their La Liga season this weekend, with a road date at newly promoted Almeria on Sunday.
MORE: How many trophies has Carlo Ancelotti won? Real Madrid boss adds another with UEFA Super Cup
The Sporting News will be following the match live and providing score updates, commentary and highlights as they happen.
Real Madrid vs. Eintracht Frankfurt final score
Goals:
38th min — RMA — David Alaba
65th min — RMA — Karim Benzema
Real Madrid vs. Eintracht Frankfurt live updates, highlights, commentary
FULL-TIME: Real Madrid 2-0 Eintracht Frankfurt
Real Madrid are making a habit of hoisting trophies, earning another with a comprehensive 2-0 victory, downing a simply overwhelmed Eintracht Frankfurt. It's the first clean sheet earned in this competition since 2014, and proved Los Blancos are ready for the campaign to begin.
Eintracht Frankfurt will need to regroup for a Champions League run, with Oliver Glasner's biggest task ahead figuring out how to replace Filip Kostic. His presence was sorely missed tonight.
Real Madrid 2-0 Eintracht Frankfurt— The Analyst (@OptaAnalyst) August 10, 2022
UEFA Super Cup number five for Real Madrid as they join Barcelona & Milan at the top of the mildly contested Super Cup charts. pic.twitter.com/61SJsKb3EF
90+1 min: The game's first yellow card is handed to Lucas Alario, who came off the bench for Frankfurt. It's been a physical battle but not one that's spilled over into needless fouling. Credit both teams for playing a positive, attacking style that's resulted in an entertaining chess match.
85th min: The match has fallen apart, looking disjoined as Madrid look to see the game out. Madrid makes a host of substitutions, with Aurelien Tchouameni and Antonio Rudiger making their Madrid competitive debuts.
75th min: Frankfurt have a break down the right with Muani, but Casemiro defends spectacularly and ends the chance. The Brazilian has been stunning all game, cutting Frankfurt chances to pieces all over the pitch. He gets some help in the middle as Camavinga comes on, replacing Valverde.
72nd min: Madrid with brilliant creativity down the right as new substitute Rodrygo and Valverde combine, and it works a great chance for the latter on the doorstep. He misreads the situation and cuts a pass for Benzema rather than shoot himself, and it's cut out.
70th min: In the wake of Madrid's second goal there have been some additional changes. Luka Modric has come off for Rodrygo, with Federico Valverde dropping back into midfield. Frankfurt brings Lucas Alario on to replace Almamy Toure, changing to a back-four.
65th min: GOAL, MADRID! The inevitable Karim Benzema goal doubles Madrid's lead! Vinicius is the creator down the left, cutting into the penalty area and feeding a square pass to Benzema at the top of the 18-yard box. The Frenchman is given too much space, and he wrong-foots Trapp embarrassingly. It looked like maybe Trapp was screened from the shot by his defender, and you can't save what you can't see.
The goal sees Benzema pass Raul as second-top scorer in Real Madrid history, only behind his former teammate Cristiano Ronaldo.
Watch in the UK:
Of course Karim Benzema gets in on the goals! 🔥— Football on BT Sport (@btsportfootball) August 10, 2022
The Real Madrid star's first-time finish is enough to double the Champions League holder's lead 👊#SuperCup pic.twitter.com/TWINCznyTt
Watch in the USA:
NEW SEASON. SAME OLD KARIM BENZEMA. 🎯 pic.twitter.com/ww6BuNt6IZ— CBS Sports Golazo ⚽️ (@CBSSportsGolazo) August 10, 2022
Watch in Australia:
Who else but Karim Benzema 🔥 Real Madrid double their lead.#StanSportAU | #SuperCup | #RMASGE pic.twitter.com/UcnVCBOsp9— Stan Sport Football (@StanSportFC) August 10, 2022
Watch in Canada:
THAT MAN AGAIN 🔥— DAZN Canada (@DAZN_CA) August 10, 2022
Karim Benzema couldn't leave the #SuperCup without his goal 🇫🇷 pic.twitter.com/0HG8evIxCm
64th min: Chance, Frankfurt! The Germans won't go down quietly. Knauff, the reigning Europa League Young Player of the Year, cuts into the box from the right flank and rips one low with his left foot, but it's just lacking the pace to beat Thibaut Courtois.
61st min: Chance, Madrid! Casemiro comes close to opening his account for the season with a vicious effort that rattles the crossbar! It's a shot from distance that gives Trapp no chance, despite his desperate leap, but it's just gone inches too high and pings the woodwork.
58th min: A crunching tackle by Casmiro ends another Frankfurt spell of possession. It brings a pair of changes for Frankfurt, the first of the game by either team. Mario Gotze comes on for captain Sebastian Rode, an attacking change in midfield. Lindstrom, meanwhile, comes off for the youngster Muani.
Borre remains on the pitch for now, hauling himself back to his feet after the Casemiro tackle. Frankfurt showing some signs of frustration as the referee blows his whistle for fouls in the other direction. The Madrid midfield is beginning to assert its dominance.
This Casemiro/Kroos/Modric midfield looks like it has potential— The Spanish Football Podcast (@tsf_podcast) August 10, 2022
55th min: Chance, Madrid! The Champions League title winners come close to a second, but Trapp makes another great save! Vinicius Jr. crops up again in the penalty area, and his shot is deflected which wrong-foots Trapp, but he's able to recover to make an awkward save.
Trapp with a smart save to deny Vinicius Jr.— Eintracht Frankfurt (@eintracht_eng) August 10, 2022
⏰ 55' | #RMASGE 1-0 | #SGE pic.twitter.com/FCK2L8S60S
51st min: Frankfurt break again, this time through Jesper Lindstrom, but Casemiro makes a wonderful sliding tackle to stop the chance down the right edge. Lindstrom got it back momentarily, but the chance had gone by then and his desperate cross comes to nothing.
49th min: Sebastian Rode beautifully weaves through the Real Madrid midfield, but an eventual feed to Rafael Borre is out of reach. Borre provides excellent off-ball movement to open up space, but the Colombian hasn't been particularly dangerous himself, and could be a candidate for a substitution with Randal Kolo Muani on the bench.
46th min: The second half is under way, with no changes for either side. We'll see if Frankfurt have made any tactical changes to their approach, or if head coach Oliver Glasner is satisfied with the overall passage of play.
HALF-TIME: Real Madrid 1-0 Eintracht Frankfurt
The German side looked up to the challenge over the first 25 minutes, but as the half-hour mark ticked closer, Real Madrid began to assert their dominance. That resulted in the opening goal, to which Frankfurt failed to respond.
Expect to see Eduardo Camavinga and Aurelien Tchouameni in midfield as the second half rolls along and Carlo Ancelotti hopes to see out the match. Frankfurt could bring on new man Mario Gotze as an attacking reinforcement, but Daichi Kamada played well in the first half and it would be harsh to see him off so soon.
41st min: Chance, Madrid! The La Liga winners are starting to take hold of this match. Toni Kroos does spectacularly well down the right, and his cross comes hard to the feet of Karim Benzema. His first touch sets himself up well, but his second touch — the shot — skids wide left. Frankfurt look shook, and Kevin Trapp's goal is being shelled.
38th min: GOAL, MADRID! On the ensuing corner following the previous saved Vinicius shot, Benzema wins the first header and directs the ball to the near post. Casemiro is there to meet it and head back across the face, and David Alaba applies the finishing touch into an empty net. Trapp was required to defend Casemiro's touch, leaving Alaba all alone for the easiest finish of his career.
Watch in the UK:
Real Madrid lead in the #SuperCup! ⚽️— Football on BT Sport (@btsportfootball) August 10, 2022
David Alaba with the easiest of chances to open the scoring for the evening 🎯 pic.twitter.com/Qewia6ctV9
Watch in the USA:
DAVID ALABA BREAKS THE DEADLOCK. 💥 pic.twitter.com/VX1h7hVNua— CBS Sports Golazo ⚽️ (@CBSSportsGolazo) August 10, 2022
Watch in Australia:
Eintracht are caught napping and it’s a simple finish for David Alaba 👌#StanSportAU | #SuperCup | #RMASGE pic.twitter.com/xWp4vykz6O— Stan Sport Football (@StanSportFC) August 10, 2022
Watch in Canada:
REAL MADRID LEADS— DAZN Canada (@DAZN_CA) August 10, 2022
David Alaba with an easy tap-in 💥#SuperCup pic.twitter.com/Q64dLrGDW5
37th min: Chance, Madrid! Out of seemingly nothing, Madrid break two-on-three and Vinicius manages to rip a shot from a tight angle that requires a great save by Kevin Trapp to poke it by the post.
33rd min: Finally, Madrid with a significant spell of attacking possession thanks to brilliant one-touch passing that carves the Frankfurt midfield up. It forces the German side to commit a foul on Carvajal about 10 yards outside the penalty, which they're required to defend, but defend well they do.
28th min: The Frankfurt midfield has been up to the task today, and while Luka Modric has been influential for Madrid, the Spanish side has failed to gain a true advantage in possession or attacking threat. Frankfurt not backing down anywhere on the pitch, physically or tactically.
There's a pause as Modric is down receiving treatment but he's up and play continues.
17th min: Chance, Madrid! HOW DID TUTA KEEP THAT OUT?!? Vinicius Jr was in on goal, the square pass from Benzema teeing him up with a gaping goal, but out of nowhere Frankfurt defender Tuta, a fellow Brazilian, comes sliding in to make a goal-line block. Madrid with an enormous opportunity, and somehow Frankfurt survive.
Watch in the UK:
That's quality! ⛔️— Football on BT Sport (@btsportfootball) August 10, 2022
Frankfurt's Tuta makes sure the game remains 0-0 with a stunning goal line clearance 👏#SuperCup pic.twitter.com/X80p9ggfwp
Watch in the USA:
A HUGE CLEARANCE FROM TUTA, HE DENIES HIS FELLOW BRAZILIAN! 🥶 pic.twitter.com/LeqaBpC5Zd— CBS Sports Golazo ⚽️ (@CBSSportsGolazo) August 10, 2022
Watch in Australia:
Off the line! 😮 An early chance goes begging for Real Madrid.#StanSportAU | #SuperCup | #RMASGE pic.twitter.com/ulIzZQIcDn— Stan Sport Football (@StanSportFC) August 10, 2022
Watch in Canada:
Incredible goal-line clearance by Tuta 😮#SuperCup pic.twitter.com/VN0H6gKYuo— DAZN Canada (@DAZN_CA) August 10, 2022
14th min: Chance, Frankfurt! The first real test of the match for either goalkeeper, and Thibaut Courtois is up to the task! Clean through on goal was Daichi Kamada, but he takes far too long to get a shot off, and under pressure from a Madrid defender, the effort is right at the goalkeeper and Courtois makes the save.
Both teams are pressing hard off the ball to great effect.
Knauff sensed the opportunity and pressed Mendy, quick pass to Borré who hits a fabulous ball to Kamada into space. Madrid totally caught out of position off the giveaway.— Nico Cantor (@Nicocantor1) August 10, 2022
Kamada can't make it count though. Huge opportunity gone for Frankfurt.
12th min: A great feed from Rafael Borre sets Jesper Lindstrom through on goal, but the offside flag ends the chance. Lindstrom did get a shot off before play was halted, which Courtois dove well to keep out.
9th min: Both teams are probing but nothing has been created in front of net just yet. Luka Modric uncharacteristically lost the ball on a lapse in concentration that allowed Frankfurt to have a slight spell of possession, but it's wasted on a wayward through ball down the right.
4th min: Real Madrid are pressing very high, but so far Frankfurt are dealing with it appropriately. It could cause problems for them as the match progresses, however.
1st min: The players are out and Eintracht Frankfurt, the defending Europa League champions, get us kicked off!
Pre-Match: Real Madrid vs. Eintracht Frankfurt
8 mins to kickoff: Eintracht Frankfurt fans travelled extremely well last season through their Europa League journey, and reports seem to tab the number of Frankfurt fans in Helsinki at the match at least 10,000 and possibly more.
Eintracht Frankfurt fans enjoying their day in Helsinki! #SGE | #SGEuropa | #SuperCup pic.twitter.com/KZPl3oEmGo— Virgin Media Sport (@VMSportIE) August 10, 2022
27 mins to kickoff: A trio of players from both teams are on hand to receive awards stemming from their performances in last year's European competitions. Congrats to Karim Benzema, Vinicius Jr, and Ansgar Knauff! All three are in the starting lineup for today's match.
🥇 Awards time!— UEFA (@UEFA) August 10, 2022
👏 Congratulations to Karim Benzema, the #UCL Player of the Season, Vinicius Jr, the #UCL Young Player of the Season and Ansgar Knauff, #UEL Young Player of the Season, who have picked up their trophies at the #SuperCup. pic.twitter.com/uBR1d4Bq3M
55 mins to kickoff: Lineups are in, and Real Madrid have gone with a powerful lineup, as expected. There's one surprise for Eintracht Frankfurt, as new star Mario Gotze starts on the bench, with Japan international Daichi Kamada preferred.
75 mins to kickoff: Helsinki Stadium looks like a beautiful venue! The stadium was a key figure as Finland hosted the 2009 UEFA Women's Euros,
🏟️✨ Olympic Stadium— Real Madrid C.F. 🇬🇧🇺🇸 (@realmadriden) August 10, 2022
📍 Helsinki#SuperCup pic.twitter.com/pR74MsYApk
🏴 Good morning, Helsinki! Thank you for hosting us, it’s a great day for some football!️ 😍 🙌— Eintracht Frankfurt (@eintracht_eng) August 10, 2022
🇫🇮 Hyvää huomenta, Helsinki! Kiitos, että isännöitte meitä, tänään on hieno päivä jalkapallolle! 😍🙌#SGEuropa | #RMASGE | #SuperCup pic.twitter.com/YdApU5lbxD
102 mins to kickoff: The Eagles have a lot up against them in today's Super Cup, especially history. Only one Europa League winner has won the event in the last nine years. Overall, since the Super Cup moved to its current format, the Champions League winner has won 14 times, while the Europa League winner has won seven.
This is the 23rd edition of the UEFA Super Cup with the UEFA Champions League & UEFA Cup/Europa League winners facing each other.— #ChampionsLeague (@alimo_philip) August 10, 2022
In the last 9 editions,it was only in 2018 the UEFA Europa League winner Atlético de Madrid won the Super Cup.#SuperCup|#RealMadrid|#Frankfurt pic.twitter.com/GEDWkwgtj7
120 mins to kickoff: Six of the last seven UEFA Super Cups have gone to extra time, and no club has kept a clean sheet in this competition since Madrid did it against Sevilla in 2014. Can Eintracht Frankfurt provide enough firepower to keep up with the high-flying Real Madrid machine?
6⃣ of the last 7⃣ UEFA Super Cups have gone to extra-time.🤯— CBS Sports Golazo ⚽️ (@CBSSportsGolazo) August 10, 2022
Only Real Madrid's 2017 win over Manchester United was decided in the 90'.⏰
Will we need ET or penalties today as Real face Eintracht Frankfurt? Our coverage starts from 2.30pm ET on @CBSSportsNet & @paramountplus 📺 pic.twitter.com/P0glKv5Sg9
Real Madrid vs. Eintracht Frankfurt lineups & team news
Carlo Ancelotti has developed a consistent starting lineup at Real Madrid over the last year, and it's unlikely that will change for this match. Karim Benzema missed the first few preseason matches due to an extended summer vacation, but he is back and ready to lead the line.
Despite the arrival of Aurelien Tchouameni for big money, the defensive midfield spot is Casemiro's to lose at this point, while Tchouameni will likely get opportunities to impress off the bench.
Up front, it's Federico Valverde will get the start on the right wing as he has in preseason and late last year, although Marco Asensio has played well in the tune-up.
Real Madrid subs (12): Lunin (GK), Nacho, Rudiger, Vallejo, Tchouameni, Ceballos, Camavinga, Vazquez, Hazard, Asensio, Rodrygo, Mariano., replaced by Japan international Daichi Kamada..
Eintracht Frankfurt subs (9): (Lineups released one hour prior to kickoff)
How to watch Real Madrid vs. Eintracht Frankfurt
Real Madrid vs. Eintracht Frankfurt betting lines, picks & prediction
Real Madrid are reliant on the presence of talismanic forward Karim Benzema to score goals, and their campaign.
These two teams seem naturally inclined to score goals and the Super Cup is a match that seems set up for that. Over the last 10 editions of the match, just one team has kept a clean sheet: Real Madrid in a 2-0 win over Sevilla in 2014. The odds reflect the prospect of goals being scored.
- TSN Pick: Both teams to score (-139 on DraftKings)
- TSN Prediction: Real Madrid 3-1 Eintracht Frankfurt |
CDBG Disaster Recovery (DR)
Community Development Block Grant - Disaster Reflief Program(CDBG.
NEWS FROM THE CDBG-DR OFFICE:
ARPA Funded Housing Repair Programs Application Period Closed.
Mayor Sarno Announces New ARPA Funded Housing Repair Programs
The City of Springfield has announced two new housing rehabilitation programs, funded by the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA). These programs will be jointly administered by the Office of Housing and the Office of Disaster Recovery.
Healthy Homes Program
The Healthy Homes Program provides funding for homeowners to rehabilitate their home and address health issues in housing, including lead paint and asthma triggers. The program is for residential properties with 1-4 units, and is available for income-eligible households in Qualified Census Tracts.
A full program description, including eligibility requirements and income limits, is available in the Healthy Homes Program Information Sheet.
You can find the NEW electronic application at Healthy Homes Program.
Exterior Home Repair Program
The Exterior Home Repair Program provides homeowners with up to $40,000 to fund exterior home repairs, including roofs, windows, porches, siding, and painting for residences with 1-4 units. The program is available for income-eligible households citywide.
A full program description, including eligibility requirements and income limits, is available in the Exterior Home Repair Information Sheet.
The application is online at Exterior Home Repair Program Application (cognitoforms.com).
Mayor Sarno Announces Creation of the Neighborhood Recovery Fund with ARPA Funding
Mayor Domenic J. Sarno, Chief Development Officer (CDO) Tim Sheehan and Disaster Recovery and Compliance Director Tina Quagliato-Sullivan joined with members of the city’s neighborhood councils to announce the City of Springfield’s new American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) Neighborhood Economic Recovery Fund.
The new $12 million Neighborhood Economic Recovery Fund continues the Sarno Administrations investment of the City’s allocation of ARPA funding within the community. The response to the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of the city’s neighborhoods as places to live, work and meet our daily needs. This fund has been developed to ensure that neighborhood businesses and institutions, which are at the core of neighborhood life have the resources to not simply recover from the impacts of the pandemic but to work together with the City towards ensuring our neighborhood centers and the surrounding area include sufficient housing choices, pedestrian and complete streets infrastructure, shopping and services, fresh food accessibility, health care, parks, office space, and have easy access to educational, community and cultural programming with a focus on disproportionately impacted communities. Mayor Sarno began meeting with the city’s neighborhood councils in August 2021 and continued these meetings through October, meeting with over 30 neighborhood councils and organizations to hear their thoughts and ideas on how the City of Springfield can best utilize the city’s local ARPA funding, development of this fund is a direct response to those meetings.
The Offices of Community Development and Disaster Recovery are releasing two applications for projects that will directly assist neighborhood economies and business districts in this recovery effort. Utilize this link to access applications or obtain more information about this program:
Applications must be submitted no later than June 15, 2022.
City Seeks Resident Input Regarding Re-Use of Former MCDI Site
The City of Springfield has completed the demolition of the former MCDI site at 140 Wilbraham Avenue and is asking residents to complete this survey regarding re-use of the property: The City is particularly seeking responses from residents of the Old Hill and Upper Hill neighborhoods..
City you may utilize the following contact information:
- Tina Quagliato Sullivan, Director of Disaster Recovery / Phone: 413-750-2114 / Email: [email protected]
- Sean Pham, Senior Project Manager / Phone: 413-784-4883 / Email: [email protected]
- Michael Goonan, Financial Analyst / Phone: 413-784-4882 / Email: [email protected]
Documents and/or invoices my be emailed to email addresses above or mailed through the postal service to our office at City of Springfield, Office of Disaster Recovery, 1600 East Columbus Avenue, 2nd Floor, Springfield, MA 01103.
Thank you for your cooperation. Please stay safe.
City Urges Homeowners to Apply for Healthy Homes Program
The City continues to urge homeowners in the Maple-High/Six Corners and Memorial Square Neighborhoods to apply for the Healthy Homes Program. Homeowner's with questions or who believe they are eligible should contact Veronica Diaz at the City of Springfield, Office of Housing (413)787-6500 or click here to visit the Healthy Homes webpage.
Click here to view article from The Republican/Masslive detailing the program
City Releases Funding and Seeks Developers for New Construction Projects
The City of Springfield is making up to $800,000 in CDBG-DR funds available for developers to submit proposals to construct three new single-family homes on City owned lots along the Central Street Corridor and create homeownership opportunities to low/moderate income buyers that are within 80% of Area Median Income. The City is offering the following tax foreclosed properties for sale:
- NS Central Street (02560-0080) f/k/a 414 Central Street
- Approximate lot square footage totaling 11,775 square feet with approximately 81.9 ft. of frontage along Central Street.
- Minimum Bid is $1,000.00
- 251 Central Street (02560-0189) & 257 Central Street (02560-0187)
- The City is offering these two properties as a package for redevelopment of one single family home. The City has recorded an ANR plan at the Hampden County Registry of Deeds in Book 386, Page 101 to combine the properties into one parcel and remove the dividing lot line (ANR Plan included in the RFP).
- Approximate lot square footage totaling 16,477 square feet with approximately 81.44 ft. of frontage along Central Street.
- These lots are located within the Maple Hill local historic district. New construction design should take local historic district requirements into consideration and all plans will need to be reviewed and approved by the Springfield Historic Commission.
- Minimum Bid is $1,500.00
- NS Central Street (02560-0076) & ES Spruce Street (11060-0013)
- The City is offering these two vacant lots as a package for redevelopment of one single family home. The City has recorded an ANR plan at the Hampden County Registry of Deeds in Book 386, Page 102 to combine the properties into one parcel and remove the dividing lot line (ANR Plan included in the RFP).
- Approximate lot square footage totaling 7,994 square feet with approximately 50 ft. of frontage along Central Street.
- Minimum Bid is $500.00
The City is seekin developers that will create high quality, newly constructed single family homes on each proposed site. Proposals should include home re-sale to income qualified buyers who are within 80% of Area Median Income (AMI).All new construction and expenditure of funds must be completed no later than December 31, 2020. Due to anticipated new road installation on Central Street public utilities must be installed and/or stubbed in no later than June 30, 2020.
Developers may submit proposals for development of one project or multiple projects. The City reserves the right to award preferred developer status to one and/or multiple developers.
Interested purchasers may obtain a copy of the RFP/NOFA from the Office of Procurement, City Hall, 36 Court Street, Room or by contacting Lauren Stabilo at 413-787-6290 or emailing [email protected]
City Announces Workforce Training Program
The City of Springfield is utilizing CDBG-NDR funding to partner with MassHire Hampden County Workforce Board (MHHCWB) to co-sponsor a construction training course for unemployed individuals as part of the City’s Healthy Homes Program. The course is free of charge and will amount to 190 hours of classroom and “hands-on” shop training. The early evening training begins in September 2019 and ends in December 2019.
The primary focus of the training will be Construction skills and property maintenance, but it will introduce concepts of de-leading, mold abatement, energy efficiency, and worksite safety. Upon completion of the course, workers will be more competitive for positions on construction crews, as a carpenter’s’ helpers, or in property maintenance. Participants will also be trained as certified lead-safe workers and EPA/Mass Lead Renovation, Repair and Painting workers through the modules led by ATC Group Services of West Springfield.
Participants must reside in eligible neighborhoods within the City of Springfield, including Brightwood, Old Hill, Upper Hill, Six Corners, Memorial Square, Metro Center, South End, and portions of Liberty Heights and Forest Park. Instruction will take place at Putnam High School during the after-school hours from 3:00 to 6:00 p.m.
Individuals who are interested may contact Lesley Hoffman at [email protected] or (413) 858-2819. Masshire Springfield is located at 1 Federal Street, Building 103-3, Springfield, MA 01105.
Recruitment for Construction Skills Training Program Underway
Recruitment for the Regional Employment Board's CDBG-NDR funded Construction Skills Training Program is currently underway. The session will begin at the end of February 2018.
In order to be eligible for the training you must meet the following criteria:
- Unemployed or Underemployed
- High School Diploma or equivalency
- Legally able to work in the U.S.
- Reside within one of the eligible Springfield neighborhoods (Brightwood, Memorial Square, Metro Center, Old Hill, Six Corners, South End, Upper Hill or portions of Forest Park and Liberty Heights)
- Assessment testing is part of the process
Interested applicants should contact (413) 858-2800. Click here to view informational flyer.
CDBG-NDR Healthy Homes Construction Skills Training Program Launches
The Regional Employment Board has launched the Construction Skills Training program. The program is being held at Putnam Vocation School and is in partnership with the City of Springfield, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and is being funded through the National Disaster Resilience Competition.
The training will give income qualified Springfield residents, enrolled in the training a variety of construction skills education that will allow them to obtain employment in the construction trades.
CDBG-NDR Funded IT Job Training Program Underway
The City has partnered with Tech Foundry to provide an IT Job Training program to income qualified, Springfield residents of the Urban Watershed District. The program partners with area employers to train students for positions in the local area. Two full sessions have been completed and the third session is currently underway.
Interested participants should contact Tech Foundry at [email protected] or (413)276-0609 ext.101
Mayor Sarno Launches Strong, Healthy, and Just Climate Action and Resilience Plan: City Partners with 'ener-G-save' to Encourage Residents to Improve Energy Efficiency
Mayor Domenic J. Sarno, the Pioneer Valley Planning Commission, Partners for a Healthier Community, and the Harold Grinspoon Foundation announce the City’s launch of its ambitious Strong, Healthy, and Just Climate Action and Resilience Plan, and its partnership with the ‘ener-G-save’ initiative to urge homeowners to take advantage of free home energy audits, incentives and financial assistance to make their homes more energy-efficient. The announcement will take place on Wednesday, September 6, 2017 at 2:15 in City Hall, Room 220.
Mayor Sarno stated, “Implementing the Strong, Healthy Just Climate Action & Resilience Plan is going to take all of us working together. All of our city departments will be involved and there will be ways to contribute to the effort across the sectors of our community, as well as residents. We can do this if we do it together. This is not only good for our environment, but also to the City’s and homeowners’ bottom line too.”
Funded by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s disaster resilience grant to the City, the recently-completed Climate Action and Resilience Plan provides the blueprint for the City of Springfield to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 and to enhance the City’s overall resilience. City government has already substantially reduced municipal energy use; has been certified in the first round of Massachusetts Green Communities; and has advanced policy like the Complete Streets Resolution, which prioritizes safe walking and biking. The City will use the Plan’s guidance to take its next steps toward further resilience.
Meeting the ambitious goal of an 80% reduction will require government, business and residents to work together. During the launch, we are pointing out that residential buildings make up just under a third of Springfield’s overall greenhouse gas emissions--384,105 metric tons of CO2e—so homeowners have an important role in learning about and addressing energy efficiency in their homes.
Springfield is excited to have ‘ener-G-save’ as an implementation partner to help with the issue of home energy efficiency. Springfield is one of ten cities and towns chosen to participate in this project supported by Harold Grinspoon Charitable Foundation Energy LLC. This past winter, thermal images were taken of over 6,500 single family homes in Springfield, and these images are being mailed to homeowners this week to indicate places in the home where heat is leaking out of walls and roofs, and where money and energy are being wasted. Be sure to watch your mail for a white window envelope from ‘ener-G-save’ in the next week or so to see if YOU will receive the image.
Whether or not you get one of these reports, you can be an early adopter in your home. The Mayor's Office urges all homeowners to call the hotline (413)-279-9141 or sign up at the web link here: and line up a free energy audit that will help you learn how to make your home healthier and more comfortable, all while saving money and energy. Whatever your income, you will be directed to services that will help you learn what financial assistance is available to you, what can be done for free, and who can help you do the work. One contact with ‘ener-G-save’ and you'll be on your way to helping the Climate Action and Resilience Plan get off to a running start by increasing our energy efficiency as a City.
Springfield will be tracking our progress toward meeting our goals on a new website:, where you can see details about the actions City departments are implementing and what steps you can take as residents and business owners.
City Launches CDBG-NDR Funded Healthy Homes Program
The City of Springfield has launched a new Healthy Homes Program (HHP) funded by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development with National Disaster Resilience Competition funds (CDBG-NDR).
The program.
For additional information visit the website or contact the Office of Housing at (413)787-6500.
City Releases DRAFT Climate Action and Resilience Plan for Public Comment
HUD has provided CDBG-NDR funding to allow for the City of Springfield and the Pioneer Valley Planning Commission to partner on the creation of a Climate Action and Resilience Plan (CARP) in order to make Springfield more resilient in the face of more frequent and severe weather events. This document is being posted for public review through June 29, 2017. Comments regarding the Climate Action and Resilience Plan may be submitted to [email protected] through June 29, 2017. To view the document, please click here.
Construction Continues to Progress on Baystate Medical Center Co-Generation Plant
The City has a goal to reduce its' overall energy use and carbon footprint over the next four years. The City realizes that reaching this goal is only by possible by encouraging institutional resilience in its' businesses and especially in large anchor institutions like Baystate. As a result of this, the City of Springfield, Baystate Medical Center, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources and HUD have teamed up to fund the construction of a Combined Heating and Power Co-generation (CHP) facility on the Baystate Medical Center Campus.
The installation of the CHP Plant will allow Baystate Medical Center to operate for a minimum of thirty (30) days uninterrupted during a utility crisis. The new CHP plant will produce 80% of Baystate Health's annual energy consumption. The CHP Plant will produce 68% of the electricity and 97% of the steam utilized at Baystate. The project will reduce annual utility costs by a minimum of $1.45 million dollars and will provide an annual reduction of greenhouse gasses by 13,513 tons.
Construction of the CHP is underway and progress is being made steadily. The City and Baystate anticipate having the CHP fully commissioned by early 2018.
City and PVPC Host Climate Change and Resilience Stakeholder Workshop
On May 12, 2017, the City and the Pioneer Valley Planning Commission hosted a stakeholder engagement workshop at the La Quinta Hotel in downtown Springfield. This workshop was one of several sessions held as part of the development of the Climate Action & Resilience Plan.
The workshop included representatives of various City Departments including Housing, DPW, Disaster Recovery, Planning, Economic Development, Health and Human Services, Parks and Facilities Management. The workshop was also attended by representatives of the Springfield Water and Sewer Commission, Eversource, DevelopSpringfield, Springfield Climate Justice Coalition, Regreen Springfield, Partners for a Healthier Community and PVTA.
City Releases Substantial Amendment #3 to Partial Action Plan A
Below is a link to review Substantial Amendment #3 to the City's CDBG-DR Partial Action Plan A.
Click here to view Partial Action Plan A - Substantial Amendment #3
If you would like more information on the Action Plan A - Substantial Amendment #3 please contact Julisa Davila-Ramos by calling 413-886-5197 or by email at [email protected].
Para informacion adicional sobre el Plan de Acción Parcial A – Enmienda Sustancial favor de ponserse en contacto con Julisa Davila-Ramos al 413-886-5197 o por correco electronico al [email protected].
Public Climate Action and Resilience Meetings Held
The City has partnered with the Pioneer Valley Planning Commission to create the Springfield Climate Action and Resilience Plan (CARP). As part of the public input process the City and PVPC held multiple public sessions throughout the City to solicit public input and feedback for the plan.
You can view photos from the Mason Square Session.
For more information regarding the Climate Action and Resilience Plan or on the public sessions you may contact Catherine Ratte at the Pioneer Valley Planning Commission at 413-285-1174 or email [email protected].
Springfield Climate Action and Resilience Plan Public Meetings Scheduled
The City of Springfield, in partnership with Pioneer Valley Planning Commission, Arise Springfield and Partners for a Healthier Community, have announced a schedule of public meetings regarding the Springfield Climate Action and Resilience Plan. Please click here to view the flier. To view the flier in Spanish please click here.
Combined Notice of Finding of No Significant Impact and Notice of Intent to Request Releases of Funds
Below is link to review the Combined Notice of Finding of No Significant Impact and Notice of Intent to Request Releases of Funds.
City Releases Substantial Amendment #2 to Partial Action Plan A.
Below is a link to review Substantial Amendment #2 to the City's CDBG-DR Partial Action Plan A.
Click here to view Partial Action Plan A - Substantial Amendment #2
Please contact the Office of Disaster Recovery and Compliance at 413-750-2114 or TTY 787-6641 for additional information.
City Releases Substantial Amendment #1 to Partial Action Plan A
Below are links to review Substantial Amendment #1 to the City's CDBG-DR Partial Action Plan A.
Click here to view Partial Action Plan A - Substantial Amendment #1
Clic Aqui para ver la Enmienda #1 al Plan de Accion Parcial A
Questions regarding this amendment may be directed to the Office of Disaster Recovery & Compliance at 413-750-2114 or [email protected]
Officials Tour Springfield on Anniversary of Tornado
Congressman Neal and HUD officials joined Mayor Sarno and City officials on a tour of the tornado damaged areas on the fourth anniversary of the June 1, 2011 tornado.
City Updates CDBG-DR Policies and Procedures Manual
In response to guidance from HUD the City has updated the CDBG-DR Policies and Procedures Manual. To view a copy of this manual you may click here.
Combined - Notice of Finding of No Significant Impact and Request for Release of Funds
On or about September, 1 2014 the City of Springfield will submit a request to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for the release of Community Development Disaster Recovery Program (CDBG-DR) with Federal assistance under the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act of 2013 (Public Law 113-2, approved January 29, 2013) funding, for the following projects:
PROJECT #1: Magazine Commons
PROJECT SUMMARY: Federal funds will be used for predevelopment and/or gap funding to developers of replacement multifamily affordable housing. Magazine Commons will replace the Mental Health Association?s former Union Street apartments with a newly developed complex on Magazine Street as a result of damages incurred from the June 1, 2011 tornado.
ESTIMATED COST: $4,996,016.00
All projects will take place in the City of Springfield, Hampden County, Massachusetts.
CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION DETERMINATION
There was no determination of Categorical Exclusion and therefore an Environmental Assessment (EA) has been completed.
FINDING OF NO SIGNIFICANT IMPACT
The City of Springfield has determined that the Magazine Commons Project will have No Significant Impact on the human environment. Therefore, an Environmental Impact Statement under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1996 (NEPA) is not required. Additional project information is contained in the Environmental Review Record (ERR) on file at the Office of Disaster Recovery and Compliance located at the address above and may be examined or copied weekdays from 8:15AM to 4:30PM.
PUBLIC COMMENTS
Any individual, group, or agency may submit written comments on the ERR to the Office of Planning & Economic Development at 70 Tapley Street, Springfield, MA 01104. The City of Springfield will consider all comments received on or before August 31, 2014 prior to authorizing submission of requests for release of funds.
RELEASE OF FUNDS
The City of Springfield certifies to HUD that Domenic J. Sarno, in his capacity as Mayor, activities listed above to use Program funds.
OBJECTIONS TO RELEASE OF FUNDS
HUD will accept objections to its release of funds and the City of Springfield?s certification for a period of fifteen (15) days following the anticipated submission date or its actual receipt of the request (whichever is later) only if they are on one of the following bases:
- (a) the certification was not executed by the Certifying Officer of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts;
- /State; U.S. Department of HUD, Office of Community Planning and Development, Thomas P. O?Neil Jr. Federal Building, 10 Causeway Street, Boston MA 02222. Potential objectors should contact HUD to verify the actual last day of the objection period.
CDBG-DR Performance and Expenditure Projections
The City of Springfield is making available for public viewing the Performance and Expenditure projections under approved Partial Action Plan A. Click this link to view this document in its entirety.
Downloadable Documents
Documents for Public Comment:
Community Development Block Grant - Disaster Recovery - Partial Action Plan A - English
Subvencion En Bloque Para El Desarrollo Comunitario Recuperacion Ante Desastres - Plan A De Accion Parcial - Espanol
Community Development Block Grant - Disaster Recovery - Citizen Participation Plan - English
Subvencion En Bloque Para El Desarrollo Comunitario Recuperacion Ante Desastres - Plan De Participacion Ciudadana - Espanol
CDBG Disaster Recovery .
The City will hold three community planning meetings to obtain input from residents about the needs and priorities of the most impacted distressed areas and see how these funds should be allocated for disaster related relief resulting from multiple Presidentially Declared Disasters of 2011 and 2012.
Meetings were held on Wednesday, July 10th and Wednesday, July 17th at the JC Williams Community Center located at 116 Florence Street; Thursday, July 11th at the Italian Cultural Center located at 56 Margaret Street. All meetings were open to the public and addressed the following three major initiatives:
Infrastructure - roads, sidewalks, public buildings, schools and parks (Wednesday, July 10th)
Economic Revitalization - job training and small business assistance (Thursday, July 11th)
Housing and Revitalization of Neighborhoods - (Wednesday, July 17th)
For additional information or need further assistance please contact the Office of Community Development (OCD) at 413-750-2241. If you were unable to attend and would like to submit a comment, please use the form below. |
Security Reflections - by Bruce McAlexander
It has been quite a while since I have written anything about my experience of growing up in Security, Colorado. It has been over a month already since our 45th reunion, which was such a good time. I find it interesting at this stage of life where I am in my thoughts, priorities, and my focus. My parents are both living. My dad turned 86 in August and my mom turned 85 in August also. So many of our friends and classmates have lost not just one but both parents. Now it has been our turn to take care of our parents and watch them with their struggles physically as well as sometimes emotionally and even spiritually
My siblings and I are struggling to help our parents feel independent and self-sufficient, but the reality is that even though they are still doing many things, they are needing more and more assistance – which is not fun to watch for us nor them. I watched my parents for years take care of my grandparents until their deaths while on some level my parents were still dealing with their three kids who had our own families by then and enjoying their grandchildren. My mom’s mom lived to be 97 and for years lived with my parents. My parents were dedicated to do whatever was necessary to take care of their parents during those years. Now my parents are where their parents had come before their deaths, and many of us are doing or have done what are parents did for their parents and children. The Bible has a verse that basically says that “life is but a vapor” and it quickly disappears. I think we can all agree how fast life seems to have gone and we know very well what stage of life we are in and what is lying ahead for some of us. Like it or not, but we are very aware of what people have gone through or going to go through with our moms and dads. I was glad Shirley Guinta came to the reunion after recently losing her mom and it was good that in some way we all could let her know how much we care and she is not alone. The reality is that many of our classmates have lost a parent in recent months such as Shirley, Ron Petty, Barbara Billingsley, and Rhonda Richards. It is not easy for so many reasons. Meg Hulsey’s stepdad, who I have always liked and was a client of my dad’s for years, is now having hospice come to him. Have I depressed you by now?
The reunion in some ways helps me feel safe when I am with many of you. On some level we might not know everything people have gone through, but there is that connection from our childhood that, for the most part, is so good.
I grew up in the key hole of Rose Drive until I was a senior when we moved up to Hallam Avenue where we had two bathrooms. I remember some people thought the McAlexanders were doing quite well with having two bathrooms. I remember as a child going back to Kansas during the summer time to visit and live with relatives where outhouses were still quite common. All of my relatives in Kansas were my babysitters when I was young. Even though just having that one bathroom on Rose, there were some relatives who had already thought the McAlexanders were doing quite well with having that one bathroom.
When we first moved down on Rose, most of the houses were occupied by military families. If I remember right, there were fourteen homes from Security Boulevard to the end of the key hole. One of our classmates Mary Ashley lived on the same street. Marciano Anteola, another one of our classmates, and his sister Terry lived on that part of Rose as well. Maurice Marks, the class of ’65, along with his brothers, one of whom was Philip (class of ’69), actually lived down in the key hole two houses away from ours. Mike Reishus (class of ’67) lived across the street from us along with his brother Ronnie (class of ’68) and the rest of his family. Mike’s mom, who was a great friend of my mom’s, just died yesterday unfortunately. He is another one of my friends losing a loved one. One couldn’t help to like and respect Mrs. Reishus. She was often in charge of us kids when my parents were at work to hopefully keep us kids in check.
Out of those 14 houses, there were several military men who had married women from overseas. There were four German wives, one Japanese wife, a wife from Scotland, one from Britain, and Marciano’s parents who were from the Philippines. I had no idea what stories were in everyone’s lives at that point since I was having fun with all my friends and living in “my own little world in my childhood.” There were many other kids roaming the key hole of Rose in those days as well.
I still do not know many of the stories that took place with most of the adult people who were still in the military at that time, but as time went on I became more and more aware of some of the realities of life. My dad had flown in B-17 bombers only twelve years earlier in World War II before we had moved to Security Village. It was safe to say that back then Security was really a military town. Later on in life I started finding out what many of the adults had been through just over a decade earlier. Evidently most of our parents wanted to make our world safe for us and often not to share their “war stories” probably for more than one reason. I found out at one point that Helga, one of the German women, during the war had been hidden by her parents to keep some of the Russian soldiers from reaping havoc in her life as a fourteen-year-old when her parents boarded her under a stairwell and had to sneak food into her to try to keep her safe. I was told that her mom and grandmother did not have the same results. To me as a kid, she never seemed too friendly and I often avoided playing in her yard even though she lived right next door. She was a hard worker often shoveling her own driveway, but I had no idea what she had gone through and why she often seemed distant and even grumpy.
There was another German woman who lived right next door to Helga. I found out that she had been married to an SS trooper in the war and had one male child with him. I knew he was one of my friends’ older half brother. I was told that during the war she often had hidden her son – even in garbage cans – to try to preserve his life and tried to protect him not only from the falling bombs, but from the Russians getting a little revenge. He is a few years older than I am, but we have become friends over the years. Sometimes I think of him and wonder how being hidden in garbage cans as a five-year-old has affected him over the years to this day, especially with his ex-wife and grown kids. Then across the street there was the Reishus’s dad named Vern. He had been in a Japanese prison camp. When I was a kid he had never been a very thin man, but both he and his wife loved dancing and they seemed to laugh often. He was one of the few dads who would come out and play with us boys. He always seemed so happy and quite jolly. My dad told me later that while Vern was a prisoner he had gotten down to around 100 pounds and had such a difficult time talking about his experience in those brutal camps. I would have never guessed he had been through so much and had even been tortured more than once. He was such a nice man. Looking back on it, many of those people were more like family than just neighbors. The large majority of the kids were more like cousins. As a child, I was even.
In the late ’50s I was in a very safe environment that was made possible by my parents and many sacrifices made by some of those who lived on the same street. No doubt our parents wanted that for all of their children after all they had gone through just a few years earlier. Maybe that was part of the Sproul family’s reasoning in naming the new town Security Village. No doubt our parents wanted to go back to a more innocent time despite what the Depression had brought along with the dust storms. Security, Colorado was a good place for Bruce with all my friends and people who, for the most part, helped me look forward to waking up in the morning.
It is interesting to me to listen to many people talking about their childhoods in Security. I know we didn’t live in a perfect world and behind many doors there were many problems and heartaches. I had no idea as a child how many adults were alcoholics even though my older sister used to babysit often while people went to the military officers’ clubs or places like them for their social gatherings. I’ve learned since then some stories where Sheriff Harry Orvis or Sheriff Jack Ames came to many houses to try to keep peace. I was not aware of the physical or sexual abuse that was even going on with some of my friends, nor was I aware of the hidden torments and the fear that gripped some. Even after all these years, I am aware of how some classmates choose not to come to a reunion because “their experience in high school is something they would like to forget.” When I have heard such things as this, it usually makes me sad. Most of the people who have shared such stories with me, I have always considered them friends – in some cases good friends. I wasn’t aware for a long time how many of my friends and classmates have actually committed suicide. I am sure there were many who liked them and considered them as friends besides myself.
I remember Gary Emrich very well. We were both in North Elementary School. I used to love to go to Gary’s house on Davie Drive. He had things that I wasn’t allowed to have as a kid. He had turtles and even an ant farm. His dad was the shop teacher at the high school for several years. He had a younger sister named Carolyn, who was quite cute. I believe it was Paul Snell who told me that, when we were in sixth grade, Gary was embarrassed that he was not in Mrs. Townsley’s class. If I remember right, they divided the classes up into the “smart kids class” and the “average kids class” and the kids who struggled more. I was told Gary felt ashamed that he was not put in the “smart kids class.” I was in that class, probably by mistake. All I know is that the sixth graders across the hall always sounded like they were having much more fun than having Mrs. Townsley. In the fourth grade at North Elementary, my best friend was Dean Otey. Then the next year he was shipped out to Widefield Elementary with his twin sister Diane. He came back to North Elementary in the sixth grade and had Mrs. Townsley. Dean came up to me at one point and asked me a question that went something like this: “Bruce…you used to be smart, but what happened to you?” To this day I still do not know what happened to me. I would gladly have changed with Gary to go over to the other side of the hall to hang out with my rowdy friends. There was a connection that we made that went back all the way to elementary school.
In high school, it seemed that Gary became more and more of a loner. I always viewed Gary as a smart guy. He always seemed very interested in science, and I found myself listening to Gary’s knowledge about such things in those days. I had a lot of friends who had many diverse interests who were gifted and talented in so many ways. Tommy Sheperd loved the Civil War and he knew so much about things concerning that war. He had confederate money and even had board games about that war that he liked playing. My guess is that he liked beating Bruce since he had read so much about it as well. Gary was knowledgeable about many things. I remember finding him during lunch in the little green room that was on the south end of the second floor. He was in there messing around with the plants. I would still go in and start talking with him and found him interesting. Gary was about as much of an athlete as I was, but he still would go out for football. When we were seniors, though, I was very aware why Gary was not in the cafeteria for the most part. He was for some reason or another picked on and many pranks had Gary involved. His green room had become his safe house. I should have been a better friend. My best friend in Kansas died in a car wreck when we were about twenty. Tommy Sheperd also died in a car wreck around the same age. I miss my friends and hope they know how important they were to me. Some of you are my friends, my brothers and my sisters. I hope you know that.
Gary was a good guy despite living on Davie Drive. Ronnie Petty, Donnie Collier, Warren Everingham, Judy Ames, Mickey Martin, Larry Anglesey, Linda Murphy, and, last but not least, Jerry Moyers, all lived down on that end of Davie. It would have been tough enough for Gary to live so close to Don Collier, but all those others, what can one say?
Ron and Don and I can go for great lengths of time and then pick up where we left off in some way as though time has no effect. To me, that is a gift.
I know that even after a few years have passed and we come together at one of these reunions, it is often so easy to do the same with many of you. Candy and Joy were those I adopted as a child. I ran away from home one time and moved in with the Woods family. How I loved Joy’s parents Modena and Duane. Those of us who grew up going to North Elementary no doubt attended a party in the Woods’s garage. Modena taught us how to play “Spin the bottle” or “Post Office” and she always had great snacks. I remember Modena coming to me a few days after running away from my home and asked, “DON’T YOU THINK IT IS TIME TO TALK WITH your parents?” I was enjoying myself being around the four Woods’ sisters. I believe Jill was married already, but they often had their girlfriends over. That was great being in a girls’ slumber party! I also liked the food, but took the hint and moved back home. To this day, I have no idea why I was angry with my parents and how I ended up at the Woods’ house instead of Ron Petty’s or Don Collier’s, but I have no doubt I made the right decision.
I did have so many memories with Joy and Candy. I remember sitting with them at the bottom of the hill at North Elementary and decided to sing one of Elvis’s songs. It didn’t take too long for them to look at each other and begin laughing. That ended my singing career. I looked at Modena as a second mother, but my guess is that I was not the only one who did so. The night at the reunion, it didn’t take me too long to find three of the Woods’s sisters and raid the party once again. Jody was the only one who didn’t make it to the reunion. I once had a huge crush on Jody and I figured she might have seen that Bruce was going to be at the reunion, which might have made her decision easier. Janie, the youngest of the sisters, asked me right away why I was coming to talk with them since Jody was, according to Janie, my favorite. She claimed they watched me at one point after walking into a room to see me when I was laying a big kiss on Jody. That was when I realized one of us was showing our age since the only sister I ever remember kissing was Joy when playing “Spin the Bottle” or “Post Office.” Given the opportunity, I guess I should let Jody come up from Florida and I should kiss her once again and that might stimulate my memory. So, Jody, please do not miss the next reunion.
Getting Candy up on the dance floor once again the night of the reunion just took me back and reaffirmed what I have always felt about so many of my friends. Candy and I danced so much over the years. Even if she had a boyfriend who felt uncomfortable dancing to the fast dances, Candy and I danced. For one of the big dances – I do not remember which one or why since Candy was many of the guys’ favorites – we actually went to a dance. I remember arriving at her house on Steven Drive with my flowers and dressed up. Her mom was always so nice to me, but I had to wait for quite a while. It was not because of making the boy wait for you to set some kind of parameter. She had gone to the beauty shop and evidently spent good money only to hate what they had done to her hair. I had seen that experience more than once having a younger sister and an older one. Mrs. Burdell must have felt sorry for me since she sat down across from me to carry on a conversation. Candy was one of my sisters unfortunately, but she was a great sister and friend. That night turned out to be rather intimidating for me. I still wanted her to have a special evening and took her to the Embers, which was a very nice restaurant. At some point I became aware that the piano player was Candy’s dad and he had a great shot of watching us that whole evening during our meal. Candy looked beautiful, just like always, despite the beautician. Mr. Burdell did me a favor by not staring at us too often.
So once again Candy was dancing with Bruce at the reunion, and how quickly she remembered all my little tricks and dance steps. I still feel that if I ran away from home, she and Joy would be there for me and that too is special.
As I entered Sproul Junior High after North Elementary and eventually the high school I did develop new friends, but in those grade-school years there was a bond that carries over to this day. I’ve seen it, too, with those who went to Widefield Elementary and South Elementary as well. In hindsight, it was probably good that for the last semester of my third grade I had gone to Widefield Elementary and had developed some friendships in that short time. Brad Douglas was forced by his mom to hang out with me since I had been found crying on the north side of the building as I was so scared and felt out of place that first day of school. So when we got to Sproul, I remembered many of the kids from that short time.
There are so many that I haven’t seen in years and some who never came back for any reunion. For the 45th reunion we had some who were able to come and some who have never come to anything like this before. Denese Clark, Terri Eberhardt, and Marty Dostal were some I saw and how delighted I was to see them and spend time with them. Marty still tells great stories and can make me laugh. I always thought Marty was such a free spirit and his eyes still twinkle when telling stories. How his smile still today can get the girls’ attention. Have I embarrassed you yet, Marty? My mom and both sisters still adore him. I can name so many who are able not to come or choose not to for different reasons. I would love to see so many. At this stage of life, I do hope they are okay. I did have a huge crush on Nan Manning in the third grade. Judy Brown was many of the boys’ heart-throb in the fourth and fifth grade. Gerry Wright was getting our attention in the sixth grade. Dave Lowe was one of my good friends in high school along with Eddie Nickum. We played basketball with Paul Delay, Chuck Johnson, Dane McCaffrey often – sometimes behind the Catholic Church or on Chuck Johnson’s driveway. I was so hoping to see Stella Romero at the reunion and see if she knew whatever happened to Carolyn Simpson. I thought maybe Denese Clark could get Rod Gilliland to come to the reunion. Where is John Gibson, Ron Skaggs, Skip Norcross, Alan Pinder, Dean Pinner, Linda Horst. Ron Petty and Linda Horst have some stories I wish they would forget.
Dave Smedsrud, who was so much fun watching play basketball, lives in San Diego the last I knew. I had an interesting conversation with him when calling for the 40th reunion. I was talking to him on the phone and at one point he said that he didn’t remember me. That statement caught me by a little surprise and I told him that might be good. I played basketball with him outside the locker room several times and had several classes with him. There are those in high school who became such friends to me as well: Andy Armstrong; Debbie Armknecht, Starr Coakley; Twila; Rhonda; Mickey Martin; John Paden; John Griffith (who I had such respect for); Dane McCaffrey; Pete Spiers; Vicki Hawes; Mary Ashley, Barbara Smith; Wanda Floyd; Myra Boberg; Paul Snell. I can list so many more and with most I have such fond memories. Whatever happened to Terry Chase, Vicki Resley, Harry King, and Tony Valencia? Those of us who were in Latin and liked wearing those sheets at those banquets, I have no doubt a person studying Freud would have a heyday with us. Are you getting the idea that Bruce feels so thankful for those who God brought into my life?
Since we had opened up this reunion to all the classes of the ’60s, it was interesting to talk and try to see some of those who were friends of our big brothers or little sisters. The stories were flying and so many people were laughing. After high school I headed to C.U. in Boulder. I could write several pages about my experiences in college and how difficult I made it for myself by some of the decisions I had made. However, over the years I have become more and more aware of those who got drafted or joined the military during that period of time. I was not aware of how many were in the middle of that mess in Southeast Asia and what so many of you had to go through and how many of you were treated after returning to the states. I remember we were seniors when we were going to have a special assembly to remember Karl Thompson (the class of ’65), who had been killed in Vietnam. Karl spoke with a German accent and I remember he also wrestled. He was a very nice guy and had a sister who was younger. That was really the first time I had paid much attention to the place called Vietnam. I remember feeling so strange sitting there in that assembly knowing Karl was dead and how alive he was just a few months earlier. I remember walking with him after school to our homes.
I had gone out for football my sophomore year and in a freak accident blew my knee out, which put my N.F.L. career to a quick end. When I turned 18 I went down to register for the draft. They asked me for my history when it came to any old injuries. I signed the appropriate papers to give them permission to contact all of my doctors. When my draft card returned I had a 4D rating, which meant I could only be called up in a declared war or national emergency because of my knee. Then a few months later I went off to Boulder to put myself into a culture that in the beginning was so strange to me. I had no idea how many of my classmates and those in other classes before and after were over in the middle of all this. I had no idea of how young we were at that age, nor did our fathers when fighting in their war. One of the people who came up and talked to me that night was Mark Sweet and I listened so intently what he was saying to me. Mark was a year older than I was and in high school it seemed like the girls liked him and he was a pretty good athlete. I had run into him in Boulder at the place where Warren Knight’s sister Donna lived. He was back from Vietnam and had been severely injured – another growing point for Bruce to see and watch him and the reality of war. He didn’t have to say anything because it was obvious he had gone through more than I wanted to know. The night of the reunion he said something to a blind guy that made me think. He said something like “Bruce…the first twenty years I was an angry man, but the last twenty I am enjoying life.” Someday, maybe I’ll get the chance to have him expand on this whole process. All I know is that he was out on that dance floor more than once and the girls seemed to still enjoy him. I know some of you saw and heard things and went through so much in Vietnam only to come back and sometimes be spit on. I was at C.U. skipping classes, eating pizzas and going to football games. Those things do not seem the same as what many of you went through or might still face at times. I wish I hadn’t been so caught up with self at so many times. Marty Dostal, Dennis O’Rourke, Mike Adragna, Roy Manuszak, Jerry Moyers, Jerry Allin, and so many more: thank you so much. I am so glad that at this point in time we are treating our young men differently than so many people treated you during that time despite our political beliefs. I’ve been crying writing this part. I guess it’s a sign of old age?
I guess I’ll shut up for a while. Can you really realize that our next reunion will probably be our 50th? I have gone to some of our classmates' funerals the last few years. I actually enjoyed Larry Cordova’s funeral and listened to so many who loved him and what he had done with his life. Larry Sandovol recently died. Vietnam did much to affect Larry after getting home, too. He was such a gentle guy who made the honor roll often. I saw him a few times in the Kwik after he had come back, evidently with many nightmares .
Life has its challenges and sometimes we might feel very alone and even isolated. I was indeed given a gift when my parents moved to Security Village and so many of you became my extended family. My door and my heart will always be open to you. Spending time planning the last few reunions have helped me in some cases see what I missed with some of you. It’s good. Barbara…thank you! |
10 Steady Groundwater Flow to Wells
10.1 Introduction
When a well is pumped, water flows into the well from the surrounding aquifer because of difference in hydraulic heads at the well and in the aquifer caused by pumping. Before pumping, water level in the well stands at a height theoretically equal to the static water pressure in the saturated layer around the well. This water level is known as ‘static water level’ or ‘pre-pumping water level’ (Fig. 10.1). When pumping starts, water is removed from the aquifer surrounding the well and the water level in the well [‘piezometric level’ in case of confined aquifers (Fig. 10.1a) and ‘water table’ in case of unconfined aquifers (Fig. 10.1b)] starts lowering. The water level in the well at any instant during pumping is known as ‘pumping water level’.
Fig. 10.1. Drawdown pattern in: (a) Confined aquifer; (b) Unconfined aquifer. (Source: Roscoe Moss Company, 1990)
The difference between the static water level and the pumping water level at any instant is called ‘drawdown’, which is a function of pumping rate, pumping duration and distance from the pumping well. Drawdown is always maximum at the pumping well and it decreases with an increase in the distance from pumping well (Fig. 10.1). The rate of pumping from an aquifer significantly affects the hydraulic gradient in the aquifer. The faster the well is pumped, the steeper the hydraulic gradient will be in the vicinity of the well.
A drawdown curve at a given time shows the variation of drawdown with distance from the pumping well. In three dimensions, the drawdown curve takes the shape of an inverted cone centered on the pumping well, which is known as cone of depression. The outer limit of the cone of depression defines the area of influence of the well. The boundary of the area of influence is called circle of influence and the radius of the circle of influence is called radius of influence. Thus, the radius of influence (R0) is the distance from a pumping well to the edge of the cone of depression (Fig. 10.1) where drawdown is zero.
As more and more groundwater is pumped through the well, the more water comes from aquifer storage. As a result, the radius of influence increases until when the rate of pumping (discharge) becomes equal to the rate of flow into the well from the area around the well. At this instant of time, a steady flow condition exists in the aquifer and the cone of depression gets stabilized (i.e., it does not change with pumping time). This equilibrium condition changes when the pumping rate is increased or decreased. Note that under steady-state conditions, the entire pumped water is assumed to be coming from external sources beyond the radius of influence. In contrast, under unsteady-state (transient-flow) conditions, either entire pumped water is assumed to be coming from the aquifer storage within the radius of influence or the pumped water is assumed to be coming partly from the aquifer storage within the radius of influence and partly from external sources beyond the radius of influence depending on field conditions.
In this lesson, the main equations for analyzing steady flow to fully penetrating wells in confined and unconfined aquifers are derived and their applications are discussed. In addition, the concept of partial penetration and the equations for computing steady drawdown in partially penetrating wells installed in confined and unconfined aquifers are presented.
10.2 Steady Flow to Fully Penetrating Wells
10.2.1 Basic Assumptions for Analyzing Flow to Wells
The following are the basic assumptions made for analyzing flow to wells:
- The aquifer is bounded on the bottom by a confining layer.
- The groundwater level of the aquifer is horizontal and not changing with time prior to the start of pumping.
- All changes in the position of the groundwater level are due to the effect of the pumping well alone.
- All geologic formations are horizontal and of infinite horizontal extent.
- The aquifer is homogeneous and isotropic.
- All flow is radial towards the well.
- Groundwater flow is horizontal.
- Darcy’s law is valid.
- The pumping well and the observation wells are fully penetrating.
- The pumping well has an infinitesimal diameter (i.e., negligible storage) and is 100% efficient (i.e., no well losses).
- Groundwater has a constant density and viscosity.
10.2.2 Radial Symmetry
The flow towards a well is termed radial flow. Radial flow can be thought of as flow along the spokes of a wagon wheel towards the hub. Besides the above-mentioned basic assumptions, it is also assumed that flow to wells is radially symmetric. This means that the values of aquifer transmissivity (T) and storage coefficient (S) do not depend on the direction of flow in the aquifer. Although solutions can be found for cases in which the value of the horizontal hydraulic conductivity is different from that of the vertical hydraulic conductivity, it usually assumed that the aquifer has radial symmetry.
10.2.3 Steady-State Condition
As mentioned above, if pumping is continued for a long time, the groundwater level may reach a state of equilibrium, i.e., no change in drawdown with time. When the equilibrium (steady-state) condition is achieved, the cone of depression stops growing because it reaches a recharge boundary which contributes all flow to the well. The hydraulic gradient of the cone of depression causes water to flow at a constant rate from the recharge boundary to the well. Such a hydraulic condition in the aquifer is known as a steady flow condition. The assumption of radial symmetry means that the recharge boundary has an unlikely circular geometry entered about the pumping well! In this lesson, our focus is to analyze the steady flow to pumping wells, and hence it is also assumed that flow towards the well is under steady-state conditions.
10.2.4 Steady Radial Flow in Confined Aquifers
For analyzing steady radial flow in a confined aquifer, apart from the above assumptions, the following additional assumptions are necessary:
- The aquifer is bounded on the top and bottom by impervious confining layers (i.e., there is no leakage through confining layers).
- The well is pumped at a constant rate.
Figure 10.2 shows a pumping well fully penetrating a confined aquifer and is subjected to pumping. Groundwater level under equilibrium conditions is also depicted. Under equilibrium (steady-state) conditions, the rate of pumping (Q) is equal to the rate that the aquifer transmits water to the well. This problem was first solved by G. Thiem in 1906, which is presented below.
Fig. 10.2. Steady flow to a pumping well in a confined aquifer.
(Source: Todd, 1980)
From the Darcy’s law, the flow of water through a circular section of the aquifer towards the pumping well is given as:
(10.1)
Where, Q = constant rate of pumping from the well, r = radial distance from the circular section to the pumping well, b = thickness of the confined aquifer, K = hydraulic conductivity of the confined aquifer, and dh/dr = hydraulic gradient.
Since transmissivity (T) is the product of aquifer thickness (b) and hydraulic conductivity (K), Eqn. (10.1) can be expressed as:
(10.2)
Eqn. (10.2) can be rearranged as follows:
(10.3)
Let’s consider that two observation wells are installed in the aquifer at distances r1 and r2 from the pumping well, respectively with hydraulic heads h1 and h2 (Fig. 10.2). Now, integrating Eqn. (10.3) with these boundary conditions, we have:
(10.4)
(10.5)
In practice, instead of the hydraulic head (h), drawdown (s) is measured, and hence after expressing h1 and h2 as drawdowns, Eqn. (10.5) can be written as:
(10.6)
Where, s1 and s2 are steady drawdowns in the two observation wells located respectively at r1 and r2 distances from the pumping well.
Eqn. (10.5) or (10.6) is known as the Thiem equation or equilibrium equation for confined aquifers. It is evident from the Thiem equation that the drawdown varies with the logarithm of the distance from the pumping well. Thiem equation can be used to compute constant pumping rate (Q), steady drawdown (s1 or s2) or distance of the point of observation from the pumping well (r1 or r2) if the aquifer parameter T and other variables are known. Additionally, this equation can also be used to calculate aquifer parameter T (or, K if the aquifer thickness is given) if other variables are known. Note that Eqn. (10.5) or (10.6) does not contain aquifer storage parameter (S); this is due to the fact that under steady-state conditions, there is no change in hydraulic head with time which means water is not coming from the aquifer storage.
Furthermore, if we consider that the first observation well is located at a distance rw (radius of the pumping well) where hydraulic head is hw and instead of the second observation well at r2, we consider that r2 = R0 (radius of influence) where drawdown (s2) is zero and hence hydraulic head is h0 (static or pre-pumping groundwater level), the Thiem equation can be expressed as follows:
Eqn. (10.5) becomes
(10.7)
and Eqn. (10.6) becomes
(10.8)
Where, sw denotes the drawdown in the aquifer at a distance rw (i.e., at the well face). Since the pumping well is assumed to be 100% efficient (ideal condition), well losses can be neglected which enables us to take the drawdown in a pumping well equal to the drawdown at the well face (sw).
The above form of the Thiem equation [Eqn. (10.7) or (10.8)] is practically very useful because unlike the earlier form of this equation [Eqn. (10.5) or (10.6)], it requires only one observation well’s data. Also, Eqn. (10.7) or (10.8) facilitates to determine radius of influence (R0) of the well.
Finally, it is worth mentioning that drawdown changes gradually with time and equilibrium (steady-state) condition rarely exists under real field conditions. Therefore, when the difference in drawdowns (s1-s2) becomes essentially constant while both values are still increasing, it is assumed to be quasi-steady- state condition. Thus, the Thiem equation generally gives good results after only a few days of pumping.
10.2.5 Steady Radial Flow in Unconfined Aquifers
As we know that the analysis of flow in unconfined aquifers is more complicated than that in confined aquifers. Thiem also derived an equation for steady radial flow in unconfined aquifers which is discussed in this section. Besides the basic assumptions and the assumptions of radial symmetry and steady-state condition mentioned above, the following additional assumptions are made in this case:
(1) The aquifer is unconfined and underlain by a horizontal confining layer.
(2) The well is pumped at a constant rate.
(3) The Dupuit-Forchheimer assumptions are valid.
Using the Darcy’s law, the radial flow in the unconfined aquifer (Fig. 10.3) can be described as:
(10.9)
Where, Q = Constant rate of pumping, r = radial distance from the circular section to the pumping well, h = saturated thickness of the unconfined aquifer, K = hydraulic conductivity of the unconfined aquifer, and dh/dr = hydraulic gradient.
Arranging Eqn. (10.9), we have:
(10.10)
Fig. 10.3. Steady flow to a pumping well in an unconfined aquifer.
(Source: Todd, 1980)
Let’s consider that two observation wells are located in the unconfined aquifer at distances r1 and r2, with hydraulic heads h1 and h2, respectively (Fig. 10.3). Now, Eqn. (10.10) can be integrated with these boundary conditions as:
(10.11)
(10.12)
Like the Thiem equation for confined aquifers, Eqn. (10.12) can also written in the form of drawdowns as follows:
(10.13)
Where, s1 and s2 are steady drawdowns in the two observation wells located respectively at r1 and r2 distances from the pumping well.
Eqn. (10.12) or (10.13) is called Thiem equation for unconfined aquifers or Dupuit’s equation. Like the Thiem equation for confined aquifers, this equation [Eqn. (10.12) or (10.13)] can also be used to compute Q, steady drawdowns (s1 or s2), distance of the point of observation from the pumping well (r1 or r2), or K depending on the known variables and parameters.
Note that Eqn. (10.12) or (10.13) fails to describe accurately the drawdown curve near the pumping well because the large vertical flow components contradict the Dupuit-Forchheimer assumptions. However, the estimates of K for given hydraulic heads are good. In practice, the values of drawdowns should be small compared to the saturated thickness of the unconfined aquifer so as to ensure reliable use of Eqn. (10.12) or (10.3). To assess this condition, the ratio
(where smax is the maximum drawdown in the unconfined aquifer and h0 is the initial saturated thickness of the unconfined aquifer) is used. Two cases can arise, which are described below.
Case A: If
is less than or equal to 0.02, the drawdown in the unconfined aquifer can be considered very small compared to its thickness. In this case, Eqn. (10.12) or (10.13) can be used reliably. Alternatively, even the original Thiem equation [Eqn. (10.5), (10.6), (10.7) or (10.8)] can be used without significant errors. While applying Eqn. (10.5), (10.6), (10.7) or (10.8) to the unconfined aquifer problems, T is replaced with Kh0 and the remaining variables/parameters are treated in the same manner as in case of confined aquifers.
Case B: If
is greater than 0.02, the drawdown in the unconfined aquifer is considered appreciable compared to its thickness. In this case also, the original Thiem equation [Eqn. (10.6) or (10.8)] can be used, but the observed drawdowns of the unconfined aquifer need to be corrected so that they can be representative for the equivalent confined aquifer. The following formula is used to correct the drawdowns of the unconfined aquifer:
(10.14)
Where, s’ = corrected drawdown (drawdown for the equivalent confined aquifer), s = drawdown observed in the unconfined aquifer, and h0 = initial saturated thickness of the unconfined aquifer.
Thus, using the corrected drawdowns, the original Thiem equation [Eqn. (10.6) or (10.8)] can be reliably applied to solve unconfined aquifer problems. Note that in this case, if one wishes to apply the Dupuit’s equation for unconfined aquifers [i.e., Eqn. (10.13)], h1 and h2 of Eqn. (10.13) have to be replaced with (h0-s1) and (h0-s2), respectively. Thus, Eqn. (10.13) becomes:
(10.15)
It is clear that Eqn. (10.15) is similar to Eqn. (10.6), if T of Eqn. (10.6) is replaced with Kh0 and s1 and s2 of Eqn. (10.6) are replaced with ‘
’ and ‘
’, respectively according to Eqn. (10.14). Thus, the use of the original Thiem equation [Eqn. (10.6) or (10.8)] for solving unconfined aquifer problems even in the situation when drawdowns are considerably large is correct and justified provided that the observed drawdowns are corrected according to Eqn. (10.14).
Moreover, if the drawdown in the unconfined aquifer is to be calculated/predicted using the original Thiem equation [Eqn. (10.6) or (10.8)], firstly drawdown at a given location is calculated assuming that the aquifer is confined. Thereafter, the calculated drawdown () is corrected using the following equation to obtain the actual drawdown (s) in the unconfined aquifer:
(10.16)
10.3 Steady Flow to Partially Penetrating Wells
10.3.1 What is a Partial Penetrating Well?
A well (pumping well or observation well) having screen length less than the aquifer thickness is known as a partially penetrating well. The flow pattern to such wells significantly differs from the flow pattern around the fully penetrating wells.
In many cases, the open hole or the well screen of a pumping/observation well does not extend from the top to the bottom of an aquifer. In all of the cases considered earlier, it was assumed that the well penetrates the entire saturated thickness of the aquifer. This causes flow in the aquifer to be essentially horizontal. However, the flow towards a partially penetrating well is three dimensional because of vertical flow components near the well (Fig. 10.4).
Fig. 10.4. Effect of a partially penetrating well on drawdown.
(Source: Todd, 1980)
10.3.2 Effect of Partially Penetrating Wells
It is obvious from Fig. 10.4 that the average length of flow lines into a partially penetrating well exceeds that into a fully penetrating well. Therefore, a greater resistance to flow is encountered, which results in increased drawdowns. In addition, if the aquifer is anisotropic, the values of the vertical hydraulic conductivity (Kv) and the horizontal hydraulic conductivity (Kh) are important. This will affect both the amount of water pumped from the well and the potential field caused by drawdown. For practical purposes, the following relationships exist between two similar wells - one partially penetrating and another fully penetrating the same aquifer:
If Qp = Q, then sp > s (10.17)
and if sp = s, then Qp < Q (10.18)
Where, Q = well discharge, s = well drawdown, and the subscript ‘p’ refers to the partial penetrating well.
Detailed methods for analyzing the effects of partial penetration on well flow for steady and transient conditions in confined, leaky confined, unconfined, and anisotropic aquifer systems are presented by Hantush (1966), Hantush and Thomas (1966) and others. The calculation of steady drawdowns due to the pumping of partially penetrating wells in homogeneous and isotropic confined and unconfined aquifer systems is discussed in the subsequent section.
10.3.3 Partially Penetrating Well in Confined Aquifers
The drawdown (sp) at the well face of a partially penetrating well in a confined aquifer is expressed as (Todd, 1980):
(10.19)
Where, s = drawdown with full penetration, and Ds = additional drawdown due to the partial penetration. Note that here the value of s can be calculated using the Thiem equation described above.
For steady-state flow towards a well in a confined aquifer with the screen starting from the top of the aquifer as shown in Fig. 10.5(a), the additional drawdown due to the partial penetration (Ds) can be given as (Todd, 1980):
(10.20)
Where, T = aquifer transmissivity, p = penetration fraction (i.e., p = hs/b), hs = screen length, and rw = radius of the well.
Fig. 10.5. Two basic configurations of well screen. (Source: Todd, 1980)
Equation (10.20) is valid for p > 0.20. Note that the increase in drawdown is the same whether the screen of a partially penetrating well starts from the top or from the bottom of the aquifer (Todd, 1980).
On the other hand, for the case of a well installed in a confined aquifer with the screen located in the center of the aquifer thickness [Fig. 10.5(b)], the value of Ds is given as (Todd, 1980):
(10.21)
10.3.4 Partially Penetrating Well in Unconfined Aquifers
The drawdown (sp) at the well face of a partially penetrating well in an unconfined aquifer can be expressed as (Todd, 1980):
(10.22)
Where, h0 = initial saturated thickness of the unconfined aquifer. In this case also, the value of s can be calculated using the Thiem equation described above.
For a partially penetrating well in an unconfined aquifer with the well screen location as shown in Fig. 10.5(a), Eqn. (10.20) can be modified as follows (Todd, 1980):
(10.23)
Where, h0 = initial saturated thickness of the unconfined aquifer, and K = T/h0.
Similarly, Eqn. (10.21) can be modified for a partially penetrating well in an unconfined aquifer with the screen located in the center of the aquifer thickness as follows (Todd, 1980):
(10.24)
Given the values of s and Ds2h0, the drawdown (sp) at the well face of a partially penetrating well in an unconfined aquifer can be calculated using Eqn. (10.22).
10.3.5 Tips for Handling Partial Penetration Problem
Although the evaluation of the effects of partial penetration is complicated except for the simplest cases, common field situations often reduce the practical importance of partial penetration. For example, any well with 85% or more open or screened hole in the saturated aquifer thickness may be practically considered as fully penetrating (Todd, 1980). If an observation well fully penetrates an anisotropic aquifer, or if a partially penetrating observation well is located at a distance greater than from the pumping well, the effect of a partially penetrating pumping well is negligible (Hantush, 1964). However, if the pumping well is partially penetrating, and the observation wells are also partially penetrating and located closer to the pumping well than, then the drawdown formula is different and highly complex. Hantush (1961, 1964) analyzed the drawdown behavior in such observation wells and provided analytical solutions for some specific cases. Further, the effects of partial penetration of a well pumping from an unconfined aquifer are discussed in Neuman (1974).
Moreover, for the many alluvial aquifer systems having pronounced anisotropy, the vertical flow component becomes very small. Hence, a partially penetrating pumping well can be approximated as a fully penetrating well in a confined or leaky confined aquifer with a saturated thickness equal to the length of the well screen (Todd, 1980).
10.4 Steady Flow to Cavity Wells
Cavity well is a special type of tubewell constructed in the confined aquifer, which has no strainer. It draws water through the cavity formed in the aquifer just below the upper confining layer of the confined aquifer (Fig. 10.6). It is not very deep and requires a thick clay layer (or, rock) just above the aquifer layer to form a strong and reliable roof above the cavity. The hydraulics of cavity wells under steady-state conditions was developed by Mishra et al. (1970) and is described in Michael and Khepar (1999).
Fig. 10.6. Schematic diagram of a cavity well subject to pumping.
(Source: Raghunath, 2007)
Assuming the cavity to be segment of a sphere of radius rw resting on the top of a homogeneous and isotropic confined aquifer of infinite areal extent and extensive thickness, the discharge of the cavity well under steady flow conditions is given as (Raghunath, 2007):
(10.25)
Where, Q = constant rate of pumping (well discharge), K = hydraulic conductivity of the confined aquifer, y = depth of the cavity at the center, H = initial/pre-pumping hydraulic head (or, hydraulic head at radius of influence), R = radius of influence of the cavity well, and hw = hydraulic head at a distance rw (radius of the cavity).
Further, the width of the cavity (re) is given as (Raghunath, 2007):
(10.26)
References
Hantush, M.S. (1961). Aquifer test on partially penetrating wells. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE, 87: 171-195.
Hantush, M.S. (1964). Hydraulics of wells. In: V.T. Chow (Editor), Advances in Hydroscience, Volume 1, pp. 281-432, Academic Press, New York.
Hantush, M.S. (1966). Wells in homogeneous anisotropic aquifers. Water Resources Research, 2: 273-279.
Hantush, M.S. and Thomas, R.G. (1966). A method for analyzing a drawdown test in anisotropic aquifers. Water Resources Research, 2: 281-285.
Michael, A.M. and Khepar, S.D. (1999). Water Well and Pump Engineering. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Mishra, A.P., Anjaneyulu, B. and Lal, R. (1970). Design of cavity wells. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, ISAE, 8: 12-15.
Neuman, S.P. (1974). Effect of partial penetration on flow in unconfined aquifers considering delayed gravity response. Water Resources Research, 10: 303-312.
Raghunath, H.M. (2007). Ground Water. New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi.
Roscoe Moss Company (1990). Handbook of Ground Water Development. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Todd, D.K. (1980). Groundwater Hydrology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Suggested Readings
Todd, D.K. (1980). Groundwater Hydrology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Fetter, C.W. (2000). Applied Hydrogeology. Fourth Edition. Prentice Hall, NJ.
Michael, A.M. and Khepar, S.D. (1999). Water Well and Pump Engineering. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Sarma, P.B.S. (2009). Groundwater Development and Management. Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Raghunath, H.M. (2007). Ground Water. New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi. |
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Yeah you gotta collect enigma cards and play a stupid minigame to unlock levels. In Ring of Heroes, he's inquisitive and spares no compliments for those who de… Enigma machines became more and more … Gift Codes & Services. One Time Packages; Subscriptions; My account; 0. When dealing a physical attack there is a small chance that for 10 seconds your aspd will increase by 100%. Where to find Ygnizem / Egnigem Cenia. To save Chapman sister, Tini. With the body and claws of the lion, the head and wings of the eagle, it has a powerful attacking power. This page was last edited on 27 June 2017, at 02:04. Enigma Miniatures. It unlocks after a certain point in the main story. Includes server description, server website link, registration link, irc channel, server feature list, at command list user review links and server score. His fearsome abilities can bind entire teams under his might. This is an album of cards that increase your critical attack damage, critical attack rate or both. Third job characters can increase stats up to 130 (up to 117 on baby classes). The Card Monsters in Ragnarok M Eternal Love is one of the key items to increase the stat of all of your equipment and add new attributes for your character like bash, hiding and more abilities. Welcome to Enigmatic Ragnarok OnlineBase : 99 / 70 , DDOS Protection , Intense WoE / PvP During her journey, she has come to care deeply for Chaos as well as her memory of Baldr, and sees Iris Irine as both a friend and a rival for Chaos's affections. It is a very powerful animal which dominates both the land and the sky. 255/120 HxH Themed Ragnarok Online Server But you don't have to wait until endgame to start doing it. Sorry ! Skill Enabling Cards. Stats are the six fundamental character statistics that make (or break) a character. Pet Adventure (Full Guide: Guide to Pet Adventure) One of the easiest methods to farm for cards is through Pet Adventure, unlocked at Level 30. Login View Cart. Print Media. Register. Stats start out with a base value of 1 and can be raised as far as 99 (up to 80 on baby classes). The MVP, SMVP and Mini cards are probably one of the most expensive cards in the Ragnarok M Eternal Love (Mobile). Collectible Games. User Info: invertedlegdrop. The Axolotl Playing Cards is a project created to help support the Axolotl conservation efforts in México by spreading knowledge about this amazing creature through the art contained in these playing cards. Critical Rate + 30% on [Formless] monsters. Only non-mvp modifier cards (Size, Element and Race) have been included as they are obtainable and typically provide the largest impact to increasing your character’s damage. Help . Jump to: navigation, search. Inflict 15% more damage with Critical attacks. Neutral: 100%: Poison: 75%: Fire-50%: Holy: 75%: Earth: 60%: Shadow: 75%: Wind: 100%: Ghost: 25%: Water: 200%: Undead: 25% . At 25% health and below, he will shoot two barrel of rocks and shoots more multiple rocks. Inflict 20% more damage with Critical attacks. Ragnarok (Korean: 라그나로크 Ragnarok, lit. Promotions, new products and sales. 3. Enigma is a ranged intelligence hero who uses his abilities to cripple his enemies, supported by a seemingly inexhaustible army of creeps. The decryption process can be a little daunting at first but you simply must match the top and bottom icons on each card. Locations: Sun: Moon: Route 1: Pokémon of the Week. HIT - 10. In Expert Mode: 1. 1: Special Edition CD vol. The Enigma Machine is located in this room as well and that’s where you’ll need to take the cards to decrypt them. MVP Rewards. Gamepedia. Directly to your inbox. Exploration Rover Turbo & Repair Robot Turbo,. ... Cards:. Find great deals on eBay for ragnarok card. Stat points are gained with base levelincreases, the amount increasing with higher levels. The "Enigmans" (イニグマン Iniguman) are a series of Alien cards that include "Enigman" in its card name exclusive to the Dimension Police clan. 2. Gamepedia. Iris is a cleric in training and knows many healing spells. English Patch; Log In; Sign Up; Monster Database > Gryphon Gryphon. 1 Card Combos 1.1 Exploration Rover Turbo & Repair Robot Turbo Combo effect: +10% additional Critical damage. FREE ONTARIO & QUEBEC SHIPPING ON ORDERS $150+, FREE ITEM ON ALBERTA/ BC ORDERS $150+ 416-583-2121 Checkout 0 items. Enigma is also a formidable jungler and pusher owing to his ability to create creeps. Axolotl Playing Cards The Axolotl Playing Cards is a project created to help support the Axolotl conservation efforts in México by spreading knowledge about this amazing creature through the art contained in these playing cards. The famous and historic Christmas Star of Josenheim is missing! For 5 seconds Critical Rate+100 when attacking to the enemies. Written on it is a request for you to go to a guest room in an Akala motel on Route 8. Enigma price today is $0.178310 USD with a 24-hour trading volume of $23,700.14 USD. All information on cards that go into head gear, armor, shoes, garment, weapon and accessory for the mmorpg Ragnarok Online. Solving riddles, deciphering codes, discovering secrets and thinking outside the box are just some of the fun things that await at the Enigma Fellowship. AWESOME FILTER. Page 1 of 4 - Best Cards in the Game right now (Compilation) - posted in Ragnarok Online Community Chat: Hi all! debufffor 2 seconds. Inside Call of Duty: Warzone Season 5, players can find a new easter egg, offering up another Legendary blueprint: the Enigma. Combo effect: +10% additional Critical damage. 392 likes. Increase natural HP and SP regeneration rate by 25%. Sword: Shield: A mysterious card. Neutral: 100%: Poison: 125%: Fire: 0%: Holy: 100%: Earth: 80%: Shadow: 100%: Wind: 100%: Ghost: 75%: Water: 175%: Undead: 75% . Ygnizem / Egnigem Cenia's item drop, stats, hit, flee, range, speed, race, element, size, base exp, job exp, hp and sp. Beholder Info Item ID: Compound: Accessory Pre/Suffix: Magic Cancel Description: Enable use of Cast Cancel Lv1. Old Purple Box: 55.00% : Ghost Chill: 50.00%: 3carat Diamond: 4.51% : Elemental Damage. Fun for everyone. You can search, sort and run down the list to pick out the ones you need. Great Deals. Miniatures. Like the original Ragnarok Online, monster cards will give various stats boost to your character when equipped. His damage and rocks have been increased. From Ragnarok Wiki. Fenris Fenrir is the reincarnation of the Wolf God who became a powerful warlock upon returning to life and began searching the world for Baldr (who had also been reborn as a mortal). RPG's. Game EXP Tables Endless Tower Mission Board. invertedlegdrop 3 years ago #9. Senior Member : Join Date: Jul 2012. The series is mainly based on Norse mythology but is influenced by various other cultures. These are all the methods on how to get cards in Ragnarok M: Eternal Love: Pet Adventure; Farming monsters; Buy from Exchange; Card Gachapon; King Poring; Read this guide for more details and tips on how to get cards efficiently! Subscribe Now Buy One-Time Adventure. Enigma Codes are items you can collect from dead commanders — the targets that appear in stealth sections of the game. Base stats are increased by spending stat points, higher stats costing more to raise (particularly for base stats beyond 100). #6 06-01-2021, 18:55 ro_54. Special Status Chance Cards - Ragnarök Wiki. The first Mexican design for cardistry and magic, A selection of different designs for different uses, The first deck of playing cards with an animal conservation impact. It has a circulating supply of 14,045,945 ENG coins and the max. Inflict 10% more damage with Critical attacks. Stocking over 80,000 different board, card and war games, miniatures, hobby supplies, toys, collectibles, books and puzzles; Meeplemart is Canada's Game & Geek culture superstore!! Experience the heat of hell using this comfortable shirt sporting our cartoon mascot the little devil. A mysterious card. In this video i will show you some guide on how to answer/solve the "Watch Secret" quest in Clock Tower(in AL De Baran). Increase Critical Rate+15 damage with Long Range Physical attack. Here’s how to find all three Stadium key cards… Card Effect; Weapon Cards Atroce: ATK + 25. Jump to: navigation, search. There are 7 types of cards that can be use for specific equipment type. May 20, 2016 - This is an album of cards that increase your critical attack damage, critical attack rate or both. Engaging stories. Help . This is an album of cards that enable certain skills to be used by any player regardless of job class. Episode 1140 The Great Farfetch'd Trial! Captivating puzzles. Drake: TalonRO: Perfect damage on any size monster. Baphomet: Endow a weapon with damage that will splash 9 cells (3x3) around the character with each attack. If you can unlock them with a cheat then that is your answer. Choosing a selection results in a full page refresh. kRO Clients RO Tools RO Music Sprite Bible. Written on it is a request for you to go to a guest room in an Akala motel on Route 8. If such adventures appeal to you and you enjoy playing escape room style games then the Enigma Fellowship is the right place for you. Shop with confidence. High ranked cards will give out stats boost than its lower ranked relatives. You will need a “Card Synthesis Stone”. Posts: 353 Thanks: 385. Inside Call of Duty: Warzone Season 5, players can find a new easter egg, offering up another Legendary blueprint: the Enigma. Tools Stat Calculator. To use the cards system, simply drag and drop the various cards into your character window. Sign In. 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Contest!
“I hear there’s a contest coming up,” Spence says.
“I wouldn’t say contest,” says Admin.
“More like a fun thing involving readers, their dogs, video, and The Sound and the Furry?”
“You said it, not me.”
“Meaning?”
“Why this constant search for meaning?”
“More to come on this?”
“You said it, not me.”
Welcome Buckaroo Banzai, Bootsie Baby.
Tags: contest, The Sound and the Furry, video
This entry was posted on Thursday, July 11th, 2013 at 7:36 am and is filed under Chet The Dog. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.
7:55 am on July 11th, 2013
Good morning! We are in jail again today. More thunderstorms in the forecast.
Contest!!!! Oh no, will Mom or Pop have to figure out how to do a video and then how to send it? We are doomed.
8:17 am on July 11th, 2013
Gooood morning, everyone! OH: we are with you, doomed. Mom has learned to take fotos on the ipaw, but still no luck sending.
Rocky night here as the storm RAGED till after midnight 🙁 Hope we get to dry out a little today. Have a trusting Thursday, ya’ll.
8:27 am on July 11th, 2013
Good morning. We here don’t do well with contests either. Not a lot of creative talent going on over here.
Hey, remember the ground squirrel with a death wish who dug a hole right next to our patio? Well, he got his wish. Barb really couldn’t repremand me too much, cuz to me he looked like a stripped rat. All I can say is that it was over in a New York second.
8:41 am on July 11th, 2013
Maggie, you go girl! Soooon you will be awarded the “huntress extraordinare” just like me..Lucy Lou the Labradoo!
8:47 am on July 11th, 2013
Three howls for the Magster! Hio Hip Hooray!
9:32 am on July 11th, 2013
It sounds as though Admin didn’t do well in his tennis match and it’s left him grumpy.
Good morning all.
9:39 am on July 11th, 2013
Video!…Yeeeep!…That is out of the question…grunt!
9:41 am on July 11th, 2013
Whooo Hoooo! A Contest!
I may have to draw stick figures in animation for the video but I’m in.
Barb&Maggie: Another notch on the collar.
9:52 am on July 11th, 2013
Glup, that bear is huge! Hope SnowBella has a safe trip.
Macy, I’m glad I saw that picture this morning instead of last night. At least I was being chased by a racoon instead of a Polar Bear.
MagPie! Good for you!
C.Hobbit, when we had “intact” dogs, things could get a bit wild around here. snicker . . We used melatonine to calm them down. It worked so we could get a break.
9:57 am on July 11th, 2013
B.Stover, last night I left you a comment about a book you might enjoy.
Happy Trusting Thursday to all!
A contest, hey? A video, eh? . .
Today I dodge storms and vacuum out the pool. Not from the inside though, Zoë is gone until two pm. No human in the pool unless another human is there.
10:02 am on July 11th, 2013
Taking a bow here. Thank you, thank you.
Barb is off for 3 hours of babysitting. BBL
10:04 am on July 11th, 2013
Melanie,mom is trying tech (ya right). When you can, check your SDD.
10:19 am on July 11th, 2013
Melanie: Thank you. I just downloaded Life After Life to my Kindle.
10:45 am on July 11th, 2013
Testing fotos.
10:46 am on July 11th, 2013
Trusting Thursday.
I like it!
Contest? Videos?
Gulp.
10:47 am on July 11th, 2013
Whoo hoo, look what mom just did. She’s almost into the 20th century. Can the 21st be far behind?
10:52 am on July 11th, 2013
HOH: Hurray! You did it.
signed…TechNoKat
10:55 am on July 11th, 2013
Dawson- stick figures, tee hee
Macy – polar bear? Can we feed Mr. Vick to him?
HOH – wahoo! Good for you. Is that your baby Newf?
Maggie – good job. We have tried and tried to get a fuzz butt with no luck. They cheat and use trees to escape.
Melanie- raccoons?
10:56 am on July 11th, 2013
Mornin’ BSD. We love your comments.
Masquers, Tanks 🙂
10:59 am on July 11th, 2013
FYI, the test foto is Darah Thea who is now 6 months and is convinced she is a baby bulldozer!
11:13 am on July 11th, 2013
HOH, Good for you!
Darah, I see you have mastered the anti-gravity nap position. Congratulations.
Sharon, was going to wait to tell you, but bulldozer is just the start.
Mac and Ros liked to move the fur-niture. As in the heavy stuff. As in redecorate all the rooms.
Good Luck!
11:41 am on July 11th, 2013
Melanie: Was going to use Darah the decorator at first because she moves god beds and throw rugs into a pile for her, her, her.
12:33 pm on July 11th, 2013
HOH Good Job!!!
We are just checking in to say everything is fine except the roof has developed a leak. The two-leggeds are trying to teporarily fix it until the professionals can fix it….6 to 8 weeks.
I am supervising.
BBL
12:41 pm on July 11th, 2013
Sharon, did you send that pic from your iPaw? We have never even tried that.
Good CST morning y’all. Mom was going to take gmother to the laundry this morning, but someone else took her, so another day where we don’t leave the house. (well, some of us have to go out, out, out, but not for long, long, long) The heat index for today is 106. meh
Some people are just too creative.
12:42 pm on July 11th, 2013
Forgot to say that picture was for Lucy Loo.
12:47 pm on July 11th, 2013
Macy – that picture is amazing. To think that someone has that much time on their hands….
Your heat index is only two degrees higher that ours. Do you usually have very high humidity in the summer?
12:47 pm on July 11th, 2013
Happy Day, everyone!
A contest! Sounds like fun.
1:04 pm on July 11th, 2013
HOH, be careful you do not get blamed for Darah’s redecorating. I’m talking sofas, chairs, tables . . not just rugs and dog beds.
I have tried the new brushes for the pool. They work. It is now time for a heating pad. It is much easier doing the vacuuming in the pool.
Macy, that is amazing.
1:14 pm on July 11th, 2013
Hi FinnDogsMom, Happy Trusting Thursday.
HOH, please tell your mom to check her SDD.
1:36 pm on July 11th, 2013
Royals, YES the humidity is high here, but it is even worse down at Gus & Boo Bear’s. They practically wear the ocean down there.
2:09 pm on July 11th, 2013
MacyMP: I’m sitting right in front of the fan too. I’ve seen that KaffeKat watching fishes before – it is amazing.
Speaking of amazing.
HOH: Wow! You are a quick study. A definite threat to win the contest. (sob) But the smart money is still on Melanie.
2:09 pm on July 11th, 2013
SiberH!…How can your roof leak if you never get any rain?…grunt!
2:31 pm on July 11th, 2013
Melanie SDD checked & responded.
Hey to FDM. Macy: Lucy Lou thanks you. Dawson, don’t worry about the contest, takes creativity, we’ll bet.
Got a story but will tell it another time…when mom stops scratching from flea bites (and it ISN’T from us)
2:59 pm on July 11th, 2013
Contest!…We are betting that Melanie wins this contest. She is the Queen of making stylish videos…sniff!…Plus she has all the newfs to direct in the movie. She is a shoe-in to winnit…grunt!
3:11 pm on July 11th, 2013
Rio: a paw up on the competition, as it were.
Another time is here! The Daddy Dawg has wanted a 5th wheel trailer forever (or since they moved out of the school bus they converted (another story) and mom’s 1965 silver bullet wasn’t cutting it 🙁 He found his heart’s desire in MI when they went up there. 27′, gently used, great layout. Dragged it back to the scenic city to discover there are FLEAS in the carpet and mom is allergic to bug bites, always has been. So now, the spleenless wonder is waiting for the Daddy Dawg to BOMB the “Dog House” so mom can clean it and get it road ready. Mmmm, maybe travel with an HOH and a peck of parrots is in the future. Goldfish are on their own 🙁
3:18 pm on July 11th, 2013
Poop!…Kat poop! I’m never eating and/or rolling in this stuff again…gah!
3:21 pm on July 11th, 2013
Gah! is right! No more kitty cookies! Yetch, scary too.
3:23 pm on July 11th, 2013
Clampetts!….For some reason the HOHs family reminds me of the Clampetts…snort!
3:30 pm on July 11th, 2013
Righty-o Rio 🙂
3:33 pm on July 11th, 2013
Rio: You make it sound like it is your common practice to roll in such ickiness? Ick and spit…
Macy: I’m to tell you that no bears joined my Two-legged on her flight this morning. No telling what her flight home will bring, but she’ll keep an eye out for passengers wearing a white fur coat.
Clampetts! My Four-Legged tells me that when they moved north to Alaska they had a rocking chair strapped to the top of the trailer. My Four-legged says you think she would have been embarassed, but adds when she compares it to other things the Giant and my Two-legged have done, it rates low on the ‘pretend-I-don’t-know-them’ meter.
3:38 pm on July 11th, 2013
Beverly!…Hillbillies!…sn.
3:39 pm on July 11th, 2013
Rebecca!…Naw, I’ve given up that nasty habit for good…sniff!…Beau is always on Kat-Watch so there is nothing in my yard to roll on anymore…grunt!
3:44 pm on July 11th, 2013
T & G, I’m with you on the squirrels. Never have been able to catch one. They cheat – they run up into the crab apple trees and then hop on the roof. Not fair. Ground squirrels are another matter. They are more like a gopher or chipmunk. Do you have them out east?
HOH, Years ago when the kids were little, Barb and her ex had a Winebago camper. Used it for horse shows and vacations. It was a nice way to travel. Slept 6 and had a kitchenette and a bath of sorts.
3:46 pm on July 11th, 2013
So we loaded up the truck and we moved to Tennessee!
Hee, hee, hee.
3:47 pm on July 11th, 2013
Camper!…My friend has always wanted a camper…sniff!… Now I do too! I want to travel around in the mountains and sit by the campfire at night playing my harmonica…wheeze!…She says once she can sell my other house for a small profit, we are looking into a camper…heh!heh!..groovey!
3:58 pm on July 11th, 2013
Actually, the Daddy Dawg has always reminded us of (blast from the past) Walter Brennan in “The Real McCoys”. Either that of a fat ZZ Top.
4:17 pm on July 11th, 2013
Rio: It sounds like Beau is doing you a favor. The Giant is living in a camper this summer, but I don’t think he has a harmonica. Maybe I will get him a pink one.
4:20 pm on July 11th, 2013
Belle: Hope it is a giant camper, ya know?
4:24 pm on July 11th, 2013
HOH: Nope. It’s my size. My Two-legged says it is barely big enough for a Giant. It is a borrowed camper so we are thankful.
4:35 pm on July 11th, 2013
Bellie!…You should get someone to take a foto of The Giant beside the camper one day…snort!…I for one would love to see that…heh!
5:10 pm on July 11th, 2013
I’m having a lovely glass of Cotes Du Rhone.
5:14 pm on July 11th, 2013
Whoo hoo, mom is thinking of joining you HRH B. Fleeing the fleas and itching has her thinking she earned one today.
5:17 pm on July 11th, 2013
Wine!….Coyotes Du Ruin!!…snort! ….Sounds like a great idea. Where is my beer bowl at anyways?..sniff!sniff!
5:29 pm on July 11th, 2013
Rio, It did rain in the middle of the night and the water pooled on our roof. It is one of those flat roofed houses so popular in NM.
5:29 pm on July 11th, 2013
Speaking of beer, the Moose Drool was pretty good. I don’t think we remembered to report on it last week. It was a dark ale, almost looked like coke. The tase was fairly mild, not bitter or overpowering at all. Taasted more like beer than drool. Would give it a thumbs up.
5:30 pm on July 11th, 2013
Which is flatter?—SiberHs roof or Rio’s head? My money is on the pug.
5:31 pm on July 11th, 2013
We are having fun here. It’s the annual HOG Rally! Woo hoo. HOG is for the Harley Owner’s Group and we have a million of them here right now and for all weekend.
5:31 pm on July 11th, 2013
Let’s raise our glasses and bowls in a toast: To Chet and the Plunderers.
5:36 pm on July 11th, 2013
Le Chaim! (sp)
5:36 pm on July 11th, 2013
What’s with all the derogatory comments about Kat poo? At least we have the courtesy to bury it – not like some dawgs we know.
Mama used to have a camper that she just loved. They used to travel all over the country doing shows. At least 30 weekends a year, from New England to New Mexico. Sometimes she misses those days. Other times, she is awfully glad that they only do about 10 to 15 shows a year, and stay in hotels.
5:52 pm on July 11th, 2013
T&G: We understand. Mom’s friend did handmade soaps and lotions and the peeps would help with shows. Fun but exhausting. Aretha (mom’s first newf) used to lay around the booth and entice people in.
5:53 pm on July 11th, 2013
Wait!….My bowl is empty!…grunt!
5:59 pm on July 11th, 2013
Get your bowl filled Rio.
6:06 pm on July 11th, 2013
Gah!….I cannot till my friend gets home…sniff!…She says she is on her way…snort!
6:07 pm on July 11th, 2013
Like mom always says: the advantage of the opposing thumb. 🙁
6:23 pm on July 11th, 2013
Has anyone watched the video posted on the right?
Sob,sob,sniff…..
6:25 pm on July 11th, 2013
We can wait Rio.
6:30 pm on July 11th, 2013
I am raising my bowl of cold sweet potato soup.
To Chet and the Plunderers!
6:31 pm on July 11th, 2013
We don’t watch those sad things. We always end up crying and just being unhappy. We will skip it.
6:37 pm on July 11th, 2013
I agree with Sam. I’m going to skip it.
Melanie: I’ve never had sweet potato soup. Did you make it? (Potato soup is good. I use my grandmother’s recipe and it’s called Spudders.)
6:45 pm on July 11th, 2013
B., Isn’t that the potato soup recipe that you put into dishlickers?
6:48 pm on July 11th, 2013
Sam: Yes it is. It’s really good.
6:50 pm on July 11th, 2013
Sam, we were just thinking the same thing, that it must be the recipe in Dishlickers.
6:57 pm on July 11th, 2013
We are standing by to (figuratively) lift our glass of ice tea.
Melanie – your soup sounds good, but we just never could wrap our heads around the idea of cold soup.
Mama did make a tomato aspic the other day. It was pretty easy, and Gramp loved, loved, loved it.
We are skipping the sad video too – you all know what a wuss Mama is.
7:08 pm on July 11th, 2013
Vichyssoise (French potato soup) is usually served cold and it’s delish!
7:22 pm on July 11th, 2013
I cut 3 sweet potatoes in chunks. Added some chopped onion. (1/4 cup?).
Cooked until soft. Then the peels came right off the sweet potatoes. That was cool.
I put them in the refrigerator.
While I was vacuuming the pool, Zoë boiled about 1 1/2 cups of stock. Put in refrigerator.
After I finished vacuuming the pool, taking a shower and getting changed. I drained the sweet potatoes and the onions. Put them in the blender with some of the stock.
VROOMMMM! I added some plain yogurt, more stock until it tasted right. VROOMMMM! Just before we sat down I added some feta cheese to the top.
Very good.
B.Stover, I remember your Spudders. We love it. Have you ever had it cold?
Also the humidity level has DROPPED! No AC on. Windows open. Loverly.
7:22 pm on July 11th, 2013
I guess if you wanted to make this you wouldn’t have to vacuum a pool.
7:28 pm on July 11th, 2013
CHEERS!….My friend just filled my bowl and I am ready to toast Chet and the Plunderers!…snort!…The best damned group of online friends I’ve ever not met…chuffle!
7:33 pm on July 11th, 2013
Sniff!…Great, is everybody gone now?…snuffle!
7:34 pm on July 11th, 2013
Hear, hear, Riö
7:35 pm on July 11th, 2013
Woooo!….Melanie is still here toasting…snort!
7:36 pm on July 11th, 2013
Gulp!…glug!glug!glug!…cough!…I did not want to toast alone…heh!
7:37 pm on July 11th, 2013
Glasses raised!
Thank you Melanie. I’ve never had Spudders cold but that’s an idea.
7:40 pm on July 11th, 2013
Ummmm!…I need a refill here and quick!…snort!
7:46 pm on July 11th, 2013
Ready!…I’m ready for another toast…snort!….But wait, suppers ready!….Woooooo!
7:51 pm on July 11th, 2013
Rio: Will it be a toast or supper? Decisions, decisions….
7:54 pm on July 11th, 2013
We will join the toast too. Now off to dinner – grilled pork chop, fresh green beans and rosemary olive oil roasted potatoes.
7:58 pm on July 11th, 2013
We here are enjoying a lovely bottle of Sierra Nevada Torpedo (IPA). All that grass is finally mowed. Chorizo (sp?) sausage is on the grill.
Here’s to the Plunderers! Clink!
8:05 pm on July 11th, 2013
So now that we are finally done all this farm work, you all left???
8:10 pm on July 11th, 2013
Howlers: Clink!
8:13 pm on July 11th, 2013
I had a Wardynski hot dog! Yum!
8:17 pm on July 11th, 2013
🙂
8:22 pm on July 11th, 2013
Gulp!….glug!glug!glug!…gulp!…Cheers!…burp!…Supper was fine, just fine!…heh!
8:23 pm on July 11th, 2013
Maskers!…Or Bear – are they around tonight?…sniff!
8:26 pm on July 11th, 2013
Clink!
8:33 pm on July 11th, 2013
O’Howlers, Clunk!
8:36 pm on July 11th, 2013
We watched that video Chet posted on the right. It isn’t sad, just teary in a good way.
8:42 pm on July 11th, 2013
Right this very minute, our heat and humidity are packing their bags. A delightful breeze is taking their place.
8:43 pm on July 11th, 2013
Refill!….Can I have a refill?…sniff!…I might have something else to toast, or I might just want another slug o’ beer…heh!heh!
8:45 pm on July 11th, 2013
Here you go, Rio…
8:46 pm on July 11th, 2013
Night all, we are watching a movie then heading to bed.
8:55 pm on July 11th, 2013
Toast!….Raise your glasses and bowls for Snowhook!…snort!…Our team, our spirit, our common goal. The thing that most unites all of our hearts. Team Snowhook!…..Wooooo!….May we all, each in our own thoughtful way, do all we can to help our team to the starting line again for Iditarod 2014 this year….Cheers!….glub!glub!glub!…GULP!
9:02 pm on July 11th, 2013
Cheers!
9:07 pm on July 11th, 2013
We love you guys. We love our team. Now let’s all toast our other team: The Phils, who are tied with the Wookster’s team as we speak.
9:08 pm on July 11th, 2013
Holy Crap! secret Agent 00Wookie is on our right! Do youse think he is mad at pior us for wanting to beat his team?
9:09 pm on July 11th, 2013
Go Snowhooook.
9:10 pm on July 11th, 2013
Wookie!…Naw, he was always a good sport about everything…sniff!…But I on the other paw, will NOT be toasting the Phillies…grunt!
9:14 pm on July 11th, 2013
Awww Rio. Heh Heh
Pop must be at work at 5 am, so we are off to bed. Good night!
9:15 pm on July 11th, 2013
G’Night!….Howlers!…snort!….Tomorrow is Friday!…Yip!Yip! Hoooray!
9:16 pm on July 11th, 2013
Princess Sam: I’m pretty sure I want a Wardynski’s hot dog. Where can I get one?
9:18 pm on July 11th, 2013
Clink to Snowhook!
9:20 pm on July 11th, 2013
Mom’s been flea free for several hours now. We always are thanks to mom taking care of us. On that note we are going nighty night.
9:22 pm on July 11th, 2013
Dawson!…I’m guessing you have to be invited to Wardynski’s barbeque…heh!heh!…And you have to behave yourself and beg nicely…sniff!
9:38 pm on July 11th, 2013
Dawson, daddy says that you’re on the wrong side of the country to be able to buy these wonderful things but you are welcome anytime to our house.
9:39 pm on July 11th, 2013
Darn it! I wasn’t invited. I’ve had a very trying day dealing with Veterans Administration, Medicare nurses, and various bureaucrats. Capped off by a bee sting or two and so I decided that instead of going to the store for anchovies to make a Caesar salad, I would just order from the restaurant that makes really good ones. I rode the bike up in the dreadful heat and got the salads and when I got home there was no anchovies! Both Dad and I agree that Caesar salads must have anchovies. Grumpity, grump, grump, grump. I’m going to bed and hoping that tomorrow is a better day.
9:46 pm on July 11th, 2013
But, but, but!
Princess Sam: I’m not on any side. I’m smack dab in the middle!
I’m neutral, I swear it!
OleyHowlers, get me a chicken! Quick, I need some protein. Oh…forget it!
9:47 pm on July 11th, 2013
Dawson, you are so invited!
9:59 pm on July 11th, 2013
Princess Sam: One of these days…
Good Night All. G’day to Liz and Cricket from Down Under.
10:10 pm on July 11th, 2013
Sorry we’re late. We, um, had to, uh, procure some bowls to fill and refill. Water—that’s our drink. And, beer—that’s the reason Rio gets up every afternoon. 😉
We here are raising our dishes to all of youse for crossing us as your team, for making our dream possible, for joining us in the trail in spirit and being the loudest cheering section ever.
10:13 pm on July 11th, 2013
Choosing not crossing. Damn Ipaw.
We think Dawson needs the quilt draped over her shoulders. What a rough day and to end it with no anchovies. Unacceptable for our Noswad!
10:50 pm on July 11th, 2013
Wheeeeeze!…Hot walk tonight….gasp!…It got up to 100 degrees here and it is still hot out…choke!…But still we had to go walk after she watered and watered my garden…sniff!….She even picked some jalepenos, and other chili peppers….chuffle!…AND there are two new little bitty tomatoes on one of the potted tomato plants…heh!heh!…Now we can all quit worrying about that !
Anchovies!….Any day would be a great day without anchovies…sniff!gurgle!…Those things are nasty …ewww!
10:51 pm on July 11th, 2013
Where is everyone? Is it something we stole, er, said?
10:54 pm on July 11th, 2013
Pancho!…Don’t get yer panties in a ruffle…heh!…I am here now. All settled down for the evening in the basement with my friend and the Rockies vs Da Dodgers…snort!
10:58 pm on July 11th, 2013
Panties! I can’t speak for Lefty on the matter, but I’ve never been much for panties. Sans draws—thats my style.
10:59 pm on July 11th, 2013
Hi Pancho and Lefty, I see I missed Dawson by thattt much.
I am trying to increase my intake of water.I don’t think I do as good a job of lapping it up like youse guys.
I stay away from Riö’s beer.
Dawson, at least I have never dealt with the VA. Heart surgeons on the other paw, think they are Dog. But that is a story for another day,
TTFN
11:01 pm on July 11th, 2013
Oops! My Lady says I shouldn’t speak of such matters in polite company. Delicate sensibilities and all that. I say it’s not polite company—it’s Rio. What does she say?—“You got a point.”
11:02 pm on July 11th, 2013
Draws?…snort!…What are draws?…sniff!
11:04 pm on July 11th, 2013
Rio: When said and unmentionables.
Melanie: My apologies. You ARE polite company.
11:04 pm on July 11th, 2013
Melanie!….You better stay away from my beer(s)…sniff!…Or else!…something.
11:06 pm on July 11th, 2013
Thread!…I think I’ve lost the thread to the panties and drawers…heh!heh!…Probably a good thing….burp!
11:07 pm on July 11th, 2013
Rio: It started when you told me not to get my panties in a ruffle.
My Lady is getting ready to board the plane and then she will be home with us, us, us!
11:09 pm on July 11th, 2013
Rebecca!…Safe flight Home to all the renegades…snort!snort!…And the Littles…sniffle!…Awww the Littles…heh!
11:09 pm on July 11th, 2013
I think we need to put a HTD (Hobbit Tracking Device) on CHH. We can’t keep up with her these days.
11:12 pm on July 11th, 2013
Rio: Those Littles have been outsmarting her all week. With four of them against one, she doesn’t stand a chance.
11:18 pm on July 11th, 2013
Pancho!…And Lefty, youse guys stay away from the Littles…sniff!…Your talents are needed else where. Like procuring more tangled rope, or random pieces of wood…sniff!…The Littles are in good paws with Rebecca…grunt!
11:45 pm on July 11th, 2013
Clink. I’m a little late for the official toast but Who cares! To Snowhook! And to the Plunderers!
And to Baby Jace, who is on the way!
11:45 pm on July 11th, 2013
Oops – we missed some toasting. So, here’s to:
Chet the Dog- clink
Spence and Admin- clink
The Plunderers – clink
Schnowhook – clink
The Howlers’ chuckins..um checkins…um, you know wha we mean
And Empresch Bee- clunk
Ummm, we think we musch go lay down.,,,.
12:42 am on July 12th, 2013
And to baby Jace, who is on the way!
Along with ‘plunder on’ I think our motto should be ‘dam iPaw!’
Nitey nite, I have to get mom to bed, she is going to her vet in the a.m. So she has to get dressed before noon.
12:58 am on July 12th, 2013
I went to a quilt class in the huge metropolis of Glyndon MN tonight. Didn’t get home until 11:30 and then had to catch up.
Bottoms up to all you toasters and toastettes.
And goodnight to all.
1:22 am on July 12th, 2013
Wolfie: We can help babysit since Rio has made the Littles off limits.
3:31 am on July 12th, 2013
Wolfie: Mama Luna, here. No need to worry. I’ve already pulled out the big ‘DENIED’ stamp for the Thieves’ offer to babysit. Now, I on the other paw, can be trusted to babysit.
Nighty noodles. |
A print friendly PDF version is available from this Communicable Diseases Intelligence issue's table of contents.
Introduction | Methods | Results | Discussion | References
Jason A Roberts, Linda Hobday, Sophie Polychronopoulos, Aishah Ibrahim, Bruce R Thorley
Abstract
The Australian National Poliovirus Reference Laboratory (NPRL) is accredited by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the testing of faecal specimens from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases and operates as a regional poliovirus reference laboratory for the Western Pacific Region. The NPRL, in collaboration with the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit, co-ordinates surveillance for cases of AFP in children in Australia, according to criteria recommended by the WHO. Specimens are referred from AFP cases in children and suspected cases of poliomyelitis in persons of any age. The WHO AFP surveillance performance indicator is 1 non-polio AFP case per 100,000 children less than 15 years of age. In 2009, the Polio Expert Committee classified 48 cases as non-polio AFP, a rate of 1.17 cases per 100,000 children less than 15 years of age. An additional WHO AFP surveillance performance indicator is that more than 80% of notified AFP cases have 2 faecal samples collected 24 hours apart and within 14 days of onset of paralysis. Adequate faecal samples were received from 16 (33.3%) of the 48 classified cases. A poliovirus was referred via the Enterovirus Reference Laboratory Network of Australia from a non-AFP case and was determined to be Sabin-like. This case most likely represents an importation event, the source of which was not identified, as Australia ceased using Sabin oral polio vaccine in 2005. The last report of a wild poliovirus importation in Australia was from Pakistan in 2007. In 2009, 1,604 wild poliovirus cases were reported in 23 countries with Afghanistan, India, Nigeria and Pakistan remaining endemic for poliomyelitis. Commun Dis Intell 2010;34(3):277–284.
Introduction
The National Polio Reference Laboratory (NPRL) is responsible for the virological testing of faecal specimens from cases with a clinical suspicion of poliomyelitis. This includes cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP)—a major clinical presentation of poliomyelitis—in children less than 15 years of age and cases of suspected poliomyelitis in patients of any age. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that 2 faecal specimens be collected from cases of AFP for virological investigation at least 24 hours apart and within 14 days of the onset of paralysis. It is a requirement of the WHO polio eradication program that the specimens are tested in a WHO accredited laboratory, which for Australia is the NPRL at the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL). Laboratory testing may exclude poliovirus as the causative agent of AFP. Enteroviruses other than poliovirus have been associated with AFP.
From November 2005, inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV) replaced oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV) in the National Immunisation Program.1 IPV is administered to children at 2, 4 and 6 months of age, with a booster dose at 4 years of age. With the removal of OPV, containing 'live' attenuated virus, from the immunisation schedule, any poliovirus identified by Australian virology laboratories requires further investigation to determine its origin, as it represents an importation event.
It is important that Australia maintains high levels of polio vaccine coverage to avoid a resurgence of poliomyelitis in the event of a wild poliovirus importation. Reinforcement of this recommendation is evidenced by the large type 1 wild poliovirus outbreak in Tajikistan in 2010, a country with reportedly similar polio vaccination coverage (87% in 2008) and AFP surveillance performance as Australia (non-polio AFP rate of 1.4 in 2009).2 As of 12 July 2010 there have been 413 confirmed cases of poliomyelitis with 19 deaths in Tajikistan.3 People travelling to polio endemic countries and countries with recent wild poliovirus importations should receive a booster polio vaccine prior to departure, or a full course of vaccination if they are unsure of their vaccination history. Individuals who are at continuing risk of infection,4 such as health care workers, are recommended to have a booster polio vaccine every 10 years.5 The WHO provides a searchable database of global case counts and surveillance data at
The Australian NPRL is also the National Poliovirus Reference Laboratory for Brunei Darussalam, Papua New Guinea and the Pacific Island countries, and is a regional reference laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region. Specimens and isolates are referred to the laboratory from national laboratories throughout the region in accordance with requirements determined by the WHO.
Methods
AFP surveillance was initiated by the Australian Government in 1995 in collaboration with the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (APSU) as part of Australia's commitment to the WHO poliomyelitis eradication program. Since 2000, AFP surveillance has been co-ordinated by VIDRL in collaboration with the APSU.
The strategy adopted for AFP surveillance is as follows:
- Paediatricians reviewing a patient less than 15 years of age and presenting with AFP, or a clinician reviewing a patient of any age suspected of poliomyelitis, are requested to notify the NPRL (telephone 03-9342 2607, email [email protected]). Notification of the case is also included on the paediatrician's monthly report card to the APSU ().
- Two faecal specimens should be collected 24 to 48 hours apart and within 14 days of onset of paralysis. Collection of specimens within these time frames will enable them to be classified as adequate by WHO.
- The faecal specimens are referred free of charge for testing by the NPRL, which is accredited by WHO for this purpose.
- Upon notification of an AFP case, clinicians are forwarded a clinical questionnaire for completion.
- The Polio Expert Committee (PEC),) or an Australian of any age with paralytic illness if polio is suspected. Examples of ineligible cases are if the patient is aged 15 years or older, an overseas resident and cases notified in error or later determined to be non-AFP.
- The PEC classifies cases of AFP as:
- poliomyelitis due to wild poliovirus, vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) or vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP);
- non-polio AFP or;
- non-AFP.
- A follow-up questionnaire is sent to notifying clinicians if the PEC requires more information regarding the AFP case before a final classification can be made.
- After each PEC meeting the Australian AFP data are forwarded to WHO for inclusion in the global AFP surveillance data published in the Weekly Epidemiological Record (available from). Ineligible cases are not reported to WHO.
- The WHO AFP surveillance performance indicator for a polio non-endemic country is 1 non-polio AFP case per 100,000 children aged less than 15 years. For Australia in 2009, this equated to 41 cases per year, based on the Australian Bureau of Statistics data released in December 2008. remained unclassified as insufficient clinical and laboratory data were available to enable the PEC to review the cases. In 2008, after consulting with WHO, the PEC resolved to classify pending cases as 'polio compatible–zero evidence'..
A series of tests known as intratypic differentiation (ITD) are performed on poliovirus isolates to determine whether the virus is a wild poliovirus strain, OPV strain (Sabin-like) or a VDPV. In 2009, the WHO introduced diagnostic poliovirus real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), developed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, as the primary ITD method.8 The Australian NPRL sequences the complete poliovirus VP1 genomic region, which contains a major neutralising importation.9
Results
Notification of acute flaccid paralysis cases
A total of 61 notifications of AFP cases were received in 2009 (Table 1). Two AFP cases were already notified by other clinicians and so were regarded as duplicate notifications.
Table 1: Surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases in children less than 15 years of age, Australia, 2009, compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) AFP surveillance performance indicators
* Based on data supplied by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, estimated population, preliminary – 30 June 2008. ABS publication 3201.0.
(i) Eligible AFP cases
Sufficient information was available for the PEC to review 48 cases of AFP involving children less than 15 years of age with onset of paralysis in 2009. All cases were classified as non-polio AFP by the PEC. The 48 cases equates to a non-polio AFP rate of 1.2 cases per 100,000 children less than 15 years of age. This result meets the WHO AFP surveillance performance criterion for a polio-free country of 1 case of non-polio AFP per 100,000 children less than 15 years of age (Figure).
Figure: Non-polio acute flaccid paralysis rate after final classification of cases by the Polio Expert Committee
WHO AFP Surveillance Performance Indicator = 1 non-polio AFP case per 100,000 population <15 years
(ii) Ineligible cases
Eight cases did not meet the criteria for an eligible case. Four were later reported as non-AFP and the other four involved patients aged over 14 years; one with onset of paralysis in 2008. The cases involving patients over 14 years of age were all classified by the PEC as non-polio AFP but were not reported to the WHO since the organisation focuses on the onset of AFP in children less than 15 years of age.
Notification of acute flaccid paralysis cases by state and territory
In 2009, AFP cases were notified from all jurisdictions in Australia except for the Northern Territory (Table 2). After excluding duplicate notifications and ineligible cases, the non-polio AFP rates per jurisdiction exceeded the AFP surveillance performance indicator of 1 case per 100,000 children in New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia and Tasmania. The surveillance performance indicator was not achieved in Queensland, South Australia, the Australian Capital Territory or the Northern Territory (Table 2).
Faecal collection from acute flaccid paralysis cases
WHO defines adequate specimens for poliovirus culture as 2 faecal specimens collected at least 24 hours apart and within 14 days of the onset of paralysis. A further surveillance criterion set by WHO is for adequate faecal collection from 80% of the eligible AFP cases.In 2009, a total of 47 faecal specimens from 29 of the 48 eligible cases were tested at the NPRL (Table 1):
- 16 (33%) of the eligible cases had adequate specimens with 2 specimens collected within 14 days of symptom onset;
- 11 (23%) cases had 1 specimen collected within 14 days of onset; two of the cases had a 2nd specimen collected after 14 days;
- 2 (4%) cases had 1 faecal specimen collected more than 14 days after onset;
- no faecal specimens were received from the remaining 19 (40%) eligible cases.
The 33% (16 of 48 cases) proportion of eligible cases with adequate faecal specimen collection compares with the WHO criterion of 80%. Queensland was the only jurisdiction to reach the WHO performance indicator within the reporting period (Table 2).
Table 2: Notification of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases, Australia, 2009, by state or territory
* Australian Bureau of Statistics, estimated population, preliminary – 30 June 2008. Australian Bureau of Statistics publication 3201.0.
† Excludes duplicate notifications and ineligible cases.
PEC Polio Expert Committee
Laboratory testing of specimens
Acute flaccid paralysis cases
Between 1 January and 31 December 2009, a total of 54 specimens were referred from 31 cases of AFP involving patients aged less than 15 years (Table 3). No poliovirus was isolated from any of these specimens.
Table 3: Test results of specimens referred to the Australian National Polio Reference Laboratory, from within Australia, 2009
AFP Acute flaccid paralysis.
A non-polio enterovirus (NPEV) was isolated from a faecal specimen of 1 patient with onset of paralysis in Victoria in February 2009. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from the virus isolate and a fragment of the VP1 genomic region amplified by RT-PCR. The virus was identified by nucleotide sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis as Coxsackievirus B3. A second NPEV was identified from a faecal specimen of an AFP case from a patient with onset of paralysis in New South Wales in June 2009. The NPEV was identified as Coxsackievirus A4. Both cases had only 1 specimen referred for virus culture.
No enterovirus was isolated from the remaining 52 specimens.
Fifty of the total specimens received were from 29 cases with onset of AFP in 2009. Sufficient clinical information was available for all the AFP cases with specimens referred to be classified by the PEC as non-polio AFP. Four specimens were received in January 2009 from 2 AFP cases with onset of symptoms in December 2008; 1 specimen from 1 case and 3 specimens from the other.
Two specimens each were received from 2 cases involving patients aged 15 years or over, which was outside of the WHO AFP surveillance criterion. No enterovirus was isolated from the 4 specimens.
Sources other than acute flaccid paralysis
Echovirus 30 was identified from a non-AFP case aged over 14 years. An additional 4 specimens were referred from non-AFP cases, all of which were found to be enterovirus negative.
The Enterovirus Reference Laboratory Network (ERLNA) was established through seed funding from the Department of Health and Ageing for extended polio surveillance. A total of 89 samples (specimen extracts and nucleic acid extracts) were referred through the network (Table 4). The serotypes of 60 enteroviruses were identified by sequencing a fragment of the VP1 genomic region using 'CODEHOP' methodology.10
Table 4: Summary of enterovirus testing at the Australian National Poliovirus Reference Laboratory, referred from within Australia, 1995 to 2009
* Wild poliovirus type 1 was imported from Pakistan.
‡ Includes samples received for testing via the Enterovirus Reference Laboratory Network of Australia.
In October 2009, an uncharacterised poliovirus was referred through the ERLNA. A diagnostic virology laboratory in Victoria isolated the poliovirus from a faecal specimen of an unimmunised 1-month-old infant admitted for a respiratory infection with no indication of AFP. The virus was initially identified as an enterovirus by cytopathic effect in culture and subsequently as a poliovirus by immunofluorescence. The virus was identified as Sabin-like by the WHO diagnostic rRT-PCR ITD tests and the nucleotide sequence for the VP1 genomic region showed 905/906 (99.9%) nucleotide sequence identity to Sabin 1 prototype. A second specimen from the infant was requested to determine if virus shedding was prolonged but was not received. The source of the Sabin virus remains unknown.
Polio serology
Poliovirus serology is only performed for cases with a clinical suspicion of acute poliovirus infection. Nineteen requests for polio serology were received by the laboratory in the reporting period. All tests were cancelled after discussion with the referring doctor, as the requests were made to determine the patient's immune status for work or travel purposes.
Regional reference laboratory activitiesIn addition to the Australian samples, 206 specimens and virus isolates were received from various countries of the Western Pacific Region in 2009.
- Twenty-six faecal specimens from 14 AFP cases were referred from Pacific Island countries. Seven NPEVs were isolated from the specimens.
- Fifty-four faecal specimens from 33 cases of AFP were referred from Papua New Guinea. Eleven NPEVs were isolated from the specimens.
- Thirty-eight specimens and isolates were received from Malaysia including 18 polioviruses referred for intratypic differentiation.
- Eighty-eight specimens and isolates were received from the Philippines including 16 polioviruses referred for intratypic differentiation.
During 2009, The NPRL was invited to participate in the field evaluation of the poliovirus ITD rRT-PCR test kits by the CDC during the development and evaluation phases over an 18-month period. Subsequently the WHO requested the NPRL to host a regional training workshop on rRT-PCR techniques, in August 2009. The NPRL hosted facilitators from the CDC, WHO Headquarters, WHO Western Pacific Regional Office and an observer from the DoHA. The workshop participants were from Australia, China, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore.
Quality assurance program
The NPRL completed the WHO poliovirus ITD rRT-PCR proficiency panel in November 2009 and was the first polio reference laboratory to be fully accredited in the technique in the Western Pacific Region.
The NPRL also successfully completed the WHO poliovirus isolation and identification proficiency testing panel, which uses a revised testing algorithm introduced in endemic regions in 2006. The new algorithm is designed to shorten the time for issuing virus isolation reports from 28 days to 14 days and poliovirus ITD reports from 14 days to 7 days.
Discussion
Australia reported a non-polio AFP rate of 1.7 cases per 100,000 children less than 15 years of age in 2009. This exceeds the WHO AFP surveillance performance indicator of 1 non-polio AFP case per 100,000 children less than 15 years of age, which is an international standard to assess the sensitivity of a national AFP surveillance program. Australia has reached the WHO AFP surveillance performance indicator in 5 other years since the program was established in 1995: 2000, 2001, 2004, 2006 and 2008. It should be noted, however, that while the national AFP surveillance scheme targets an age group at high risk of poliovirus infection, persons of any age are a potential source of a wild poliovirus importation, as evidenced by the 2007 importation involving a 22-year-old student from Pakistan.9
Four states (New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia) achieved the AFP surveillance performance indicator rate in 2009. Victoria reported 2.2 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children less than 15 years of age, one of the highest rates ever reported for any jurisdiction in Australia and a vast turnaround from the consistent under-reporting for many years by that state. The introduction of the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance (PAEDS) scheme at a sentinel hospital in Victoria was a decisive factor in this result, with 21 of the 22 cases notified via the PAEDS system.11
Queensland and the 2 territories, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory, did not reach the non-polio AFP indicator rate in 2009. Queensland is the only jurisdiction in Australia where AFP in children is a notifiable condition.
Despite the introduction of the PAEDS scheme in 2007, with hospital-based nurses to ascertain AFP cases and arrange for the referral of specimens to the NPRL, Australia has still never reached the WHO AFP surveillance performance indicator for the collection of adequate faecal specimens from 80% of AFP cases. One of the difficulties in achieving this target is the strict definition of adequate specimens: 2 faecal specimens collected more than 24 hours apart and within 14 days of the onset of paralysis. In 2009, 16 cases (33%) had adequate faecal collections, while a further 11 cases (23%) had only 1 adequate specimen collected, making a total of 56% of cases with at least 1 specimen collected within 14 days of the onset of symptoms.
No poliovirus was isolated from the specimens referred to the NPRL from AFP cases. A NPEV was isolated from each of the faecal specimens referred from 2 AFP cases: a coxsackievirus B3 was isolated from 1 case and a coxsackievirus A4 from the other. The establishment of the ERLNA by the NPRL provides another means of surveillance for poliovirus: virological surveillance rather than clinical surveillance for cases of AFP. The referral of an uncharacterised poliovirus from an unimmunised infant admitted to hospital with a respiratory infection through the ERLNA in October 2009, was a significant result underscoring the usefulness of the reference network. Laboratories interested in collaborating with the ERLNA are encouraged to contact the NPRL for details.
Australia, along with the other countries of the Western Pacific Region, was declared free of indigenous wild poliovirus in 2000 and ceased usage of the Sabin 'live', attenuated oral polio vaccine in November 2005. The virus from the infant was typed as a Sabin type 1 poliovirus with a single mutation in the VP1 genomic region. The 99.9% sequence identity of the isolated virus to Sabin 1 prototype sequence indicates the virus was likely to have originated from a recent immunisation event, since poliovirus accumulates ~1% nucleotide mutations per year of replication.12 The source of the Sabin poliovirus was never established but is likely to have been an importation from a country using OPV. The result demonstrates the ongoing risk faced by Australia of poliovirus importation, both wild and vaccine strains, since more than 90% of poliovirus infections are asymptomatic.
The introduction of the WHO poliovirus diagnostic real time RT-PCR at the NPRL will enable faster characterisation of untyped polioviruses compared with the previous end-point RT-PCR methodology. The real time RT-PCR assay includes an additional protocol to screen for vaccine derived polioviruses; Sabin strains with greater than 1% mutations compared with prototype sequence that is indicative of long-term viral replication and potentially person-to-person transmission. The NPRL will continue to sequence the full VP1 genomic region of all polioviruses referred to the laboratory, no matter what their source, as an additional precaution to further characterise all polioviruses. Laboratories identifying poliovirus from any patient of any age within Australia are requested to immediately contact the NPRL to arrange further identification of the virus.
Globally in 2009, a total of 1,604 cases of AFP were reported with 1,256 cases occurring within endemic countries. A total of 348 cases of AFP were reported in 23 non-endemic countries with Chad, Sudan and Guinea reporting 64, 45 and 42 cases respectively. These cases were related to the importation of wild poliovirus from Nigeria, which reported 388 cases in 2009.13 Significant progress has been made in Nigeria in 2010 with only 6 cases of AFP reported as of 18 June compared with 346 cases reported during the same period in 2009. The Tajikistan outbreak in 2010, with 413 reported cases of AFP and 19 deaths due to wild poliovirus,3 is a salient reminder of the need for continued surveillance and vaccine coverage.
Author details
Mr Jason A Roberts, Senior Medical Scientist
Ms Linda Hobday Medical Scientist
Ms Sophie Polychronopoulos Medical Scientist
Mrs Aishah Ibrahim Medical Scientist
Dr Bruce R Thorley, Senior Medical Scientist, Laboratory Head
[email protected]
References
National Health and Medical Research Council. The Australian Immunisation Handbook 9th edn. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing; 2008; pp. 251–256.
United Nations Children's Fund. Immunization Summary, a Statistical Reference Containing Data through 2008. Geneva: United Nations Children's Fund and the World Health Organization, January 2010.
Martin, R. Tajikistan polio outbreak and regional response. WHO Epidemiological Brief; 19 July 2010. Available from:
World Health Organization. International Travel and Health; Situation as at 1 January 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
Wood DJ, Hull B. L20B cells simplify culture of polioviruses from clinical samples. J Med Virol 1999,58(2):188–192.
World Health Organization. Polio Laboratory Manual. Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals 2004. WHO/IVB/04.10.;47(6):1939–1941.
Carnie JA, Lester R, Moran R, Brown L, Meagher J, Roberts JA, et al. Public health response to imported case of poliomyelitis, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2009 15(11): 1733–1737.
Nix WA, Oberste MS, Pallansch MA. Sensitive, seminested PCR amplification of VP1 sequences for direct identification of all enterovirus serotypes from original clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44(8):2698–2704..
Kew O, Sutter RW, de Gourville EM, Dowdle WR, Pallansch MA. Vaccine-derived polioviruses and the endgame strategy for global polio eradication. Annu Rev Microbiol 2005;59:587–635.
World Health Organization. Global Polio Eradication Initiative. Wild poliovirus weekly update. wild poliovirus list 2000–2010. Available from:
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Estimation of atmospheric total organic carbon (TOC) – paving the path towards carbon budget closure
- 1Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK
- 2National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- anow at: Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Correspondence: Mingxi Yang ([email protected]). 2019
The atmosphere hosts a rich variety of organic carbon, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as hydrocarbons, alcohols, carbonyls, aromatics, and ethers, as well as lower-volatility compounds and aerosols. Some organic species contain other functional groups, such as organosulfurs, organonitrogens, and organohalogens. Many VOCs are reactive and affect the atmospheric oxidative capacity, while organic aerosols are important for air quality, human respiratory health, and potentially cloud formation. The total number of measured organic carbon species in the atmosphere is estimated to be on the order of 104–105 (Goldstein and Galbally, 2007). Both the abundance and cycling of total non-methane organic carbon (here abbreviated as TOC) are not well known. The total reservoir of TOC in the atmosphere is recently modeled to be about 16 Tg C (Safieddine et al., 2017), with large variability in both space and time. Emissions of the initially reduced biogenic VOCs (including isoprene and terpenes), estimated to be on the order of 1000 Tg yr−1, are by far the largest terrestrial source of TOC to the atmosphere (Guenther et al., 2012). Anthropogenic emissions of mostly hydrocarbons and biomass burning are also important sources of TOC (Andreae and Merlet, 2001). The large emissions of non-methane organic carbon relative to their relatively modest atmospheric burden imply rapid turnover of these compounds.
Once emitted into the atmosphere, organic compounds undergo chemical reactions (gas phase and heterogeneous oxidations, fragmentation and oligomerization, hydration and dehydration, etc.) as well as physical transformations (e.g., condensation into the aerosol phase). Atmospheric organics are terminally removed by conversion to carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), or wet and dry deposition to the surface as aerosols or gases (Goldstein and Galbally, 2007). In the gas phase, organic compounds can be photolyzed or react with oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical (OH), nitrate radical (NO3), halogen radicals, and ozone (O3) at vastly different reaction rates and through distinct mechanisms. Over periods of hours to weeks, these compounds become progressively more oxidized in the atmosphere, yielding a wide variety of more oxygenated compounds (Kroll et al., 2011). Lewis et al. (2005) found that under maritime conditions at Mace Head (a coastal site in the North Atlantic), oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) including methanol, acetaldehyde, and acetone together contributed up to 85 % of the observed non-methane organic carbon and explained 80 % of the estimated organic OH radical sink. Read et al. (2012) found that compared to the no-OVOC case, the inclusion of these OVOCs led to a ∼40 % reduction in the modeled OH radical concentration in the eastern tropical Atlantic. Depending on levels of nitrogen oxides (e.g., NO and NO2), VOCs may be responsible for either the production or consumption of O3, a harmful pollutant at high concentrations (Seinfeld and Pandis, 2006). Through affecting the cycling of the OH radical (the principal sink of the greenhouse gas methane), O3, and aerosols, organic compounds are important for climate.
The relative importance of oxidation vs. deposition as terminal sinks of atmospheric organics is poorly quantified. Jurado et al. (2008) estimated the global dry and wet depositions of organic aerosols to be 11 and 47 Tg C yr−1 and wet deposition of organic gases to be 187 Tg C yr−1. The ocean is found to be a source of organic gases such as dimethyl sulfide (DMS; e.g., Lana et al., 2011), OVOCs (e.g., Yang et al., 2014; Schlundt et al., 2017), isoprene (e.g., Hackenberg et al., 2017), methane (CH4, e.g., Forster et al., 2009), and halocarbons (Yokouchi et al., 2013), with annual fluxes of tens of Tg C yr−1 or less. Thus far, the few estimates on atmosphere–ocean diffusive total organic gas transport (Dachs et al., 2005; Ruiz-Halpern et al., 2010, 2014; Hauser et al., 2013) have yielded net deposition and emission fluxes that are more than an order of magnitude greater than the fluxes above, illustrating the substantial uncertainty in the role of the ocean on the atmospheric TOC budget.
Simultaneous quantification of all atmospheric organic species individually is essentially impossible (or not always desirable), hence the need to measure TOC as a single parameter (Heald et al., 2008). Several commercially available methods have been developed to measure total gaseous non-methane hydrocarbon concentrations in relatively polluted environments. However, these methods have large uncertainties and/or poor precision. Direct gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC–FID), photoacoustic infrared (PA-IR), and photoionization detector (PID) techniques all suffer from variable instrumental response towards different organic compounds. Thus, without prior knowledge of the atmospheric composition, accurate quantification of the TOC with these methods is impossible.
To achieve equal instrument response regardless of the compound type, organic carbon may be oxidized and detected as CO2 (analogous to measurement of dissolved organic carbon in water). Roberts et al. (1998) developed a technique based on cryogenic trapping of TOC, pre-separation of the major background gases (CO2, CH4, and CO) from TOC by a GC column, thermal desorption and catalytic conversion of TOC first to CO2 and then to CH4, and finally detection by FID. The GC-based system had a cycle time of 10 min or more. As cryogenic trapping retains moisture, sensitivity towards changing ambient humidity and variability in pre-separation and desorption contributes to uncertainties in their system (on the order of 10 ppb C). A similar method was developed by the group of Paulson et al. (2002), Maris et al. (2003), and Chung et al. (2003), with a detection limit of 35 ppb C.
Efforts trying to close the atmospheric organic carbon budget have often yielded significant fractions of “missing” or unidentified carbon. Roberts et al. (1998) reported TOC concentrations from a remote site in Nova Scotia, Canada, that were typically ∼30 % higher than the sum of the speciated compounds. In air quality studies in California, Chung et al. (2003) found that measurements of total non-methane organic carbon and speciated VOCs by standard GC–FID agreed well near primary pollution sources. However, in aged air masses the total non-methane organic carbon was in excess by up to 45 %. Similarly, observations of total OH reactivity when evaluated with speciated organic concentrations often suggest that a large fraction of OH reactivity is unexplained, e.g., a portion of the TOC is not detected by speciated measurements (e.g., Nolscher et al., 2016).
Hunter et al. (2017) attempted to close the atmospheric organic carbon budget at a forested site by simultaneously deploying five mass spectrometers, a Herculean undertaking. They found that previously unmeasured species such as semivolatile and intermediate-volatility organics accounted for a third of the sum of observed organic carbon. Isaacman-VanWertz et al. (2018) used the same set of techniques to track the oxidation chemistry of a monoterpene over multiple generations in the laboratory. They found that after a day of atmospheric ageing, most of the organic carbon ends up as either VOCs or organic aerosols. Safieddine et al. (2017) modeled the global atmospheric TOC budget and found it to be dominated by ketones, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics. Both comprehensive speciated measurements as well as modeling studies of atmospheric organic carbon budget can benefit from in situ measurements of TOC, which are to date extremely scarce. In this paper, we describe a simple and robust method of quantifying TOC and show how TOC observations from a coastal site varied with concurrent speciated VOC measurements and other environmental variables.
Observations of total and speciated organic carbon were made from the rooftop of Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML, ∼45 m above mean sea level, ∼300 m from water's edge) during August–September 2016. Similar to the setup used by Yang et al. (2013), ambient, unfiltered air was pulled from an inlet on the rooftop via 25 m of unheated perfluoroalkoxy (Teflon PFA) tubing (6.4 mm inner diameter, ID) at a flow rate of ∼30 L min−1. The TOC system and the proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) subsampled from this main flow at a flow rate of ca. 140 and 120 mL min−1, respectively. The TOC system was operated continuously during this 5-week campaign. The PTR-MS measurements were made primarily after working hours and on weekends, as the instrument was needed by other projects during the working hours.
2.1 The TOC system
TOC was quantified in a simple fashion – via catalytic oxidation of organics in bulk air to CO2. Ambient air was directed through a platinum catalyst periodically (typically 2 min of ambient air followed by 1 min of catalyst air) via a three-way polyterafluoroethylene (PTFE) solenoid valve (Takasago Electric, Inc.). Platinum on glass wool (Shimadzu) was packed in a 13 mm diameter stainless steel tube and heated to 450 ∘C. Dry CO2 and CH4 mixing ratios were continuously monitored at a frequency of ∼2 Hz by a Picarro G2311f analyzer (in high-precision mode). The Picarro instrument was calibrated against NOAA CO2 and CH4 standards.
From each pair of ambient and catalyst measurements, the sum of TOC and CO is derived semicontinuously in the mixing ratio of carbon (ppb C):
Here CO2 and CH4 represent the dry mixing ratios in ambient air (averaged from the last 5 s before switching to measuring catalyst air). The asterisks of and indicate dry mixing ratios when air is directed through the catalyst (averaged from the last 25 s of the catalyst phase). Any errors in the “zeros” of the CO2 and CH4 measurements should be canceled out in Eq. (1). The monitoring of CH4 enables the continuous assessment of the efficiency of the catalytic conversion (computed as ). At the flow and temperature used, oxidation of CH4 was highly efficient (98.7 %–98.9 %) and largely insensitive towards humidity during this campaign (Fig. 1). CH4 is thermodynamically one of the most reduced and stable compounds. Thus its rapid and near complete removal by the catalyst suggests ∼100 % oxidation of other VOCs as well as CO to CO2, which is confirmed by laboratory tests as discussed below. We note that based on previous work using platinum catalytic converters (Veres et al., 2010; Stockwell et al., 2018), it is likely that the oxidation efficiency of this system will be lower at a much higher flow rate.
Figure 1Oxidation efficiency of CH4 by the platinum catalyst was nearly 99 % and demonstrated only a weak dependence on ambient humidity during the 1.5-month measurement campaign from the rooftop of Plymouth Marine Laboratory.
To verify the TOC system, we measured a diluted VOC gas mix. A multi-species gas standard consisting of methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, DMS, benzene, and toluene (nominal mixing ratio of 500 ppb for each VOC balanced in nitrogen; Apel Riemer Environmental, Inc., USA) was diluted by a factor of 10 with zero air. The zero air was generated by pre-scrubbing a low-VOC synthetic air (BOC BTCA 178, containing 20 % oxygen) with a second 450 ∘C platinum catalyst.
The expected total parts per billion of carbon in this diluted standard ( ppb C) is computed as follows:
Here Nc is the number of carbon atoms in each speciated VOC. The total uncertainty in this Sum(VOC) is propagated from the accuracies of the VOC standard concentrations and from the uncertainties in the dilution. We measured a difference in TOC+CO between the diluted VOC standard and zero air alone of 1232 (±1 standard error of 21) ppb C. Assuming negligible CO in the zero air as well as in the VOC standard, TOC+CO here can simply be equated to TOC. In this case TOC and Sum(VOC) agree well within the experimental uncertainties. Here we have purposely chosen a high VOC standard concentration because if all the VOCs are fully oxidized at concentrations 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than in ambient air, we would expect these VOCs at ambient levels to fully oxidize as well.
Because the catalyst (made up of platinum, glass wool, and stainless steel) does not contain any carbonaceous components, we expected the instrument background in TOC+CO (i.e., when measuring air that is free of organics and CO) to be zero. However, post-campaign measurements of zero air (see above) yielded a TOC+CO background of 39 (±1 standard error of 3) ppb C. The reason for this small but significantly positive background is unclear. It could be that some particulate organic carbon either preexisting in the atmosphere or formed via charring to 450 ∘C is captured by the glass wool and then slowly oxidized to CO2 over time. We note that the Sunset Laboratory's OCEC (organic carbon and elemental carbon) analyzer heats to 850 ∘C (over manganese dioxide) for complete desorption and conversion of refractory organics (e.g., soot) to CO2. We subtracted the background value of 39 ppb C from the TOC+CO measurements during the 2016 campaign. However, the fact that the background measurement was not made at the time of the campaign is a source of potential bias in this dataset.
Measurement of TOC+CO by our approach is made possible thanks to the very high precision of the Picarro G2311f instrument (∼100 and 0.4 ppb for CO2 and CH4 at 2 Hz, respectively). Scatter in TOC+CO depends on random noise as well as ambient variability in the mixing ratios, with CO2 being the most critical. The measurement precision is significantly improved through averaging, as random noise scales with N1∕2 (N being the number of measurement). In the limit of no ambient variability in , each pair of and CO2∕CH4 measurements has a propagated precision of 35 ppb C () in our setup. Since there are nominally 20 measurements per hour, this implies a best-case hourly precision of 8 ppb C () for TOC+CO. While not substantially more precise than earlier methods, the technique described here is robust in that it avoids many of the uncertainties and complexities associated with trapping and desorption (e.g., Roberts et al., 1998). The precision estimate above may be appropriate for parts of the remote marine atmosphere (i.e., very low variability in ). Closer to emission sources, the greater variability in these major gases is expected to significantly increase the scatter in TOC+CO. At our polluted coastal environment where the major gases were generally not very constant, the standard deviation in the hourly mean TOC+CO was about 30 ppb C during periods of fairly low ambient CO2 variability (1 standard deviation of ∼0.2 ppm).
In addition to gases, ambient TOC measured with this method likely includes some aerosols and low- to moderate-volatility compounds, which can reversibly partition onto the inlet tube surface and lengthen the measurement response time. The contribution of these particulate and semi-volatile organics towards TOC depends on their transmission through the inlet tube as well as on their oxidation efficiency in the catalyst. We did not explicitly test these aspects as organic aerosol mass is already quantifiable using aerosol mass spectrometry as well as thermal methods (e.g., Sunset Laboratory's OCEC analyzer).
2.2 Speciated VOC measurements
Speciated organic gases were quantified using a PTR-MS, which was freshly serviced and calibrated by Ionicon. The PTR-MS settings were essentially the same as those used by Yang et al. (2013, 2014), except for a lower drift tube pressure (2.25 mbar). The monitored masses (m∕z) with a H3O+ source were attributed to the following compounds: m∕z 33 (methanol), 42 (acetonitrile), 43 (fragmented propanol or acetic acid ), 45 (acetaldehyde), 47 (ethanol), 59 (acetone), 61 (propanol or acetic acid ), 63 (DMS), 69 (isoprene), 79 (benzene), 91 (toluene), 107 (xylene), and 137 (monoterpenes). The total speciated VOCs from the PTR-MS are computed following Eq. (2). The same VOC gas standard as above (containing methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, DMS, benzene, and toluene) diluted in synthetic air (BOC BTCA 178) was used for (1) calibration of the PTR-MS and (2) further demonstration of the oxidation efficiency of the platinum catalyst. For detected VOCs that were not directly calibrated, recommended kinetic reaction rates from Zhao and Zhang (2004) were used to compute the mixing ratios from the PTR-MS raw counts.
Figure 2Catalytic oxidations of VOCs were complete, immediate, and independent of the VOC input within the range tested.
The oxidation of all VOCs in the platinum catalyst tested here appears to be immediate, complete, and independent of the amount of VOCs present as well as the humidity (within the test range). Figure 2 shows a time series of raw VOC mixing ratios from such a laboratory experiment. The flow of the VOC gas standard was increased stage-wise, resulting in greater measured VOCs from about 3000 to 11 500 s. The differences in the amplitudes of the different raw VOC mixing ratios are primarily due to their different kinetic reaction rates and transmission efficiencies within the PTR-MS, which are corrected for in the final dataset. For the second half of each stage of dilution, the VOC-containing air was directed through the platinum catalyst. With increasing amounts of VOCs added, VOC measurements during the catalyst section remained constant and equal to (or slightly less than) measurements of synthetic air alone (after ∼12 200 s), demonstrating 100 % oxidation efficiency. In a separate experiment, synthetic air was moistened to an absolute humidity of 12.8 g kg−1 before the addition of the VOC standard. The higher humidity in the sample air did not affect the oxidation efficiency of these VOCs.
Within the range of ambient humidity during this campaign and under the PTR-MS setting used, the only VOC measurements with noticeable humidity sensitivity were isoprene and monoterpenes. Calibrations and air scans show that these two VOCs were partially fragmented into m∕z of 41 and 81, respectively, consistent with previous findings (e.g., Schwarz et al., 2009; Tani et al., 2004). The fragmentation tended to be more severe at a lower ambient humidity and these daughter fragments are accounted for in the budgets of biogenic VOCs and Sum(VOC). We show in Sect. 5 that Sum(VOC) was dominated by OVOCs during this campaign and these gases were well calibrated. Biogenic VOCs accounted for only a small fraction of Sum(VOC), such that any uncertainty from the humidity dependence in these fragmentations likely contributed little to Sum(VOC). In total we expect the accuracy in Sum(VOC) during our campaign to be at worst 25 %.
The period of 4 August to 22 September 2017 was mostly sunny (noontime shortwave irradiance of 600–700 W m−2) and calm (mean wind speed of ∼4 m s−1). Figure 3a shows the time series of hourly averaged TOC+CO from the entire measurement period. Large variability was observed in TOC+CO on weekdays, with values occasionally exceeding 2 ppm C. In contrast, TOC+CO was significantly lower and less variable on weekends and holidays. Stronger winds over 10 m s−1 from the southwest came through between 19 and 22 August and on 3 and 9 September, carrying along rainfall (Fig. 3b). Relative low and consistent TOC+CO was observed during these periods.
Figure 3(a) Time series of TOC+CO in units of parts per million of carbon from the rooftop of Plymouth Marine Laboratory. Error bars on 6 h means indicate standard errors; (b) wind speed (color-coded by wind direction) and rain rate.
The hourly TOC+CO data were clearly noisier in the first week, when the measurement frequency was lower (5 min of ambient air followed by 2 min of catalyst air). Increasing the measurement frequency subsequently (2 min of ambient air followed by 1 min of catalyst air) reduced the noise in the hourly averaged TOC+CO by about 50 %. Scatter in the hourly TOC+CO (and some of the negative values), largely a result of highly variable ambient CO2 mixing ratios, is greatly reduced in the 6 h mean and median. This further confirms that our TOC+CO measurement is precision limited.
Averaged over the entire campaign, TOC+CO was much higher (exceeding 1 ppm C) during the day than at night (∼0.15 ppm C) on weekdays (Fig. 4a). Typical of urban air pollutants, two peaks were observed in the weekday data, one around the morning rush hour traffic, and the second one around the late afternoon rush hour traffic. Less diurnal variability was apparent on weekends and holidays, with mean (standard error) TOC+CO of 102 (8) ppb C. A higher ambient CO2 mixing ratio was also generally observed on weekdays than on weekends and holidays during the daytime (Fig. 4b). This suggests that the elevated TOC+CO levels during the weekday daytime were largely due to local anthropogenic activities. In particular, demolition of a large building with heavy machinery took place south of the PML building during the working hours of this period.
Figure 4(a) Averaged diurnal cycle in TOC+CO and (b) CO2 for weekdays, weekends–holidays, and all data during the 1.5-month measurement campaign from the rooftop of Plymouth Marine Laboratory. Error bars indicate standard errors. TOC+CO was much higher during weekdays than weekends, especially in the daytime. Limited diel variability in TOC+CO was observed in the weekend data. CO2 was also higher in the daytime during weekdays than weekends. UTC here is 1 h behind local time.
We estimate the emission factor of TOC+CO from local anthropogenic sources. The difference in TOC+CO between weekdays and weekends–holidays is plotted against that of CO2 in Fig. 5. A positive correlation is evident, with a dimensionless ratio of roughly 0.1 (largely between 0.05 and 0.2). This is on the higher end of previously reported CO:CO2 emission ratios from urban environments (e.g., Wang et al., 2010; Ammoura et al., 2014), probably in part due to the inclusion of VOCs.
Figure 5Weekday–weekend difference in TOC+CO (ppm C) vs. weekday–weekend difference in CO2 from the rooftop of Plymouth Marine Laboratory. A positive correlation is observed, with a dimensionless ratio ranging from mostly less than 0.05:1 to over 0.2:1.
Figure 6(a) TOC+CO and CO2 and (b) Sum(VOC) and speciated VOC averaged to 10∘ wind direction bins. Error bars indicate standard errors. TOC+CO, CO2, and Sum(VOC) showed higher values when winds were from land (north to southeast) than when winds were from the ocean (southwest). Most VOCs had a lower mixing ratio in marine air than in air from land except for DMS. Amongst speciated VOCs measured by the PTR-MS, OVOCs dominated in terms of carbon mass. The fraction of carbon in the total speciated VOC mass was also lower in marine air.
For the rest of this paper, we focus only on data from weekends–holidays and weekday nighttime in order to minimize the effects of local pollution. TOC+CO and CO2 are averaged in wind direction bins in Fig. 6a. Both variables show qualitatively similar patterns, with lower values when winds were from the sea (southwest, here 180–270∘) than when winds were from land (north to southeast, here 330–120∘). Comparing the difference between land air and marine air in TOC+CO (0.247–0.079 ppm C) vs. that in CO2 (421.0–396.4 ppm), we obtain a dimensionless ratio of approximately 0.0068. This ratio is roughly an order of magnitude lower than the slope derived from local pollution (Fig. 5) for probably multiple reasons. Unlike local pollution, TOC+CO in marine air is likely less coupled to CO2 emissions. Due to the shorter lifetimes of organics, we also expect a far more rapid degradation of TOC further away from the emission sources than CO2.
Figure 7Relationship between TOC+CO and (a) CO2 and (b) O3. (c) Percentage of time that the air mass was over the Atlantic Ocean over the last 5 days. (d) Percentage of time that the air mass was over mainland Europe and the English Channel over the last 5 days. Hourly data limited to weekends and weekday nights only.
A fraction of TOC measured at PML appeared to be highly soluble and readily removed by wet deposition. The mean (standard error, SE) TOC+CO during non-raining periods was 0.136 (0.008) ppm C, while that during rain events (65 h total over the campaign) was 0.071 (0.002) ppb C. Though part of this difference could be due to the greater occurrence of rain when winds were from the southwest (off the Atlantic Ocean). TOC+CO correlated in the mean with CO2 (Fig. 7a) and also with O3 (Fig. 7b) from the Penlee Point Atmospheric Observatory (PPAO) 6 km to the south of PML (Yang et al., 2016), similar to observations from Roberts et al. (1998). For reference, mean CO2 and O3 were about 395 ppm and 18 ppb when winds came from the southwest during this campaign. In the following sections, we constrain the magnitude of TOC in marine air and compare it against speciated organic carbon measurements from the PTR-MS as well as against previous observations.
Accurately determining TOC requires the concurrent measurement of CO, which was unfortunately not available during this period. CO was measured at PML during May–July 2017 using a combination of gas chromatography and chemical sensors by the University of York. Averaged to daily bins, these measurements agreed within ∼10 % in the mean with CO measured from the Defra air quality monitoring station in Cardiff during the same period when winds were from the southwest (Katie Read, personal communications, 2018). Furthermore, the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS) analysis of CO (Inness et al., 2015), constrained by satellite columns as well as in situ CO measurements, generally does not show a large difference in surface CO mixing ratio between Plymouth and Cardiff. This is not surprising because these two maritime cities both face the Atlantic to the southwest and are only about 150 km apart.
We subtract CO measured at Cardiff during August–September 2016 from TOC+CO to yield TOC. Doing so is likely only reasonable during southwesterly conditions. TOC+CO from this ocean sector had a mean (SE) of 79 (7) ppb in our measurements, while CO at Cardiff during these conditions averaged 60 (SE of 2) ppb. This implies a mean TOC mixing ratio of about 19 ppb C in marine air (with a minimum uncertainty of 8 ppb). Our estimate is within the range of previous observations. Roberts et al. (1998) reported a median TOC mixing ratio of 55 ppb C from the city of Boulder, Colorado, and 11 ppb C from the remote Chebogue Point, Nova Scotia. Chung et al. (2003) measured TOC mixing ratios of several hundred parts per billion of carbon from polluted areas of California.
To minimize local land influence, we focus on air masses coming off the Atlantic Ocean. The UK Met Office's NAME dispersion model (Jones et al., 2007) was used to produce a footprint of the air arriving at the station every 3 h. The residence time over the 5-day journey of air masses over a series of geographical regions was calculated and then converted into percentage relative residence times out of the whole domain. As shown in Fig. 7c, TOC+CO decreased with increasing Atlantic influence in the mean. In Atlantic-dominated (>80 % relative residence time) air masses, TOC+CO had a mean (median, SE) of 81 (65, 8) ppb C, while CO had a mean (median, SE) of 58 (51, 2) ppb. This implies that TOC in Atlantic-dominated air masses averaged 23 ppb C, similar to the statistics selected by the southwest wind sector. In contrast, in air masses dominated by mainland Europe and the English Channel (>50 % relative residence time), TOC+CO had a mean (median) of 198 (191) ppb C (Fig. 7d). Examples of these two types of air masses as well as the regional map used for the air mass classification are shown in Figs. S1–S3 in the Supplement.
During the 1.5-month study, the PTR-MS was used to measure a large range of organic gases over 22 days. The total mixing ratio of speciated organic carbon, Sum(VOC), is shown in Fig. 8, which averaged 15 ppb C. Sum(VOC) was higher during weekdays (mean ± standard error of 16.0±0.4 ppb C) than on weekends (mean ± standard error of 14.3±0.4 ppb C), but this difference is much less drastic than in the case of TOC+CO. This suggests that the significantly elevated TOC+CO during the weekday daytime was largely due to compounds that were not measured by the PTR-MS (e.g., CO, small alkanes, or alkenes).
Figure 8Time series of TOC+CO and Sum(VOC) from the rooftop of Plymouth Marine Laboratory. Sum(VOC) is shown as hourly mean and 6 h median, while for clarity TOC+CO is shown as the 6 h median only.
Sum(VOC) was dominated by OVOCs (here methanol, acetone, acetaldehyde, ethanol, propanol/acetic acid), consistent with Lewis et al. (2005) and Heald et al. (2008) (Fig. 6b). Aromatic compounds (benzene, toluene, xylenes) were more abundant when winds were from land (northwest to northeast), as expected from anthropogenic emissions. Similarly, mixing ratios of biogenic VOCs (isoprene and monoterpenes) were higher when winds were from the northwest to northeast in comparison to from the south and southwest. Among detected VOCs, only DMS mixing ratio was higher in marine air than in continental air. Similar to TOC+CO, Sum(VOC) showed the lowest value when winds were from the sea (∼12 ppb C during southwesterly conditions). In comparison, in the synthesis by Heald et al. (2008) the sum of speciated organic compounds was about 8, 14, and 18 ppb C at Trinidad Head (California), Azores, and Chebogue Point (2004 measurements), respectively. Our mean Sum(VOC) is within the range of those coastal observations, which were generally more comprehensive than just the PTR-MS measurements here. Interestingly, the approximate carbon fraction of total VOCs (i.e., carbon mass : total mass) was also the lowest when winds were from the sea. This indicates that VOCs in marine air on average contain more non-carbon functional groups (e.g., nitrogen, sulfur).
Sum(VOC) correlated positively with TOC+CO in the mean (Fig. 9) when limiting data to weekends and weekday nights only. Similar to Fig. 7, the degree of correlation here is heavily influenced by the random noise in the TOC+CO measurement. The r2 value between TOC+CO and Sum(VOC) is 0.12 for the hourly average (N=299), 0.20 for the 6 h average (N=61), and 0.91 for the bin average as shown in Fig. 9 (N=6). All of these correlations are highly significant at the 95 % confidence level according to a t test. Bin averaging helps to remove most of the random noise in order to more clearly demonstrate the mean relationship.
Figure 9TOC+CO correlated positively with Sum(VOC). Hourly data limited to weekends and weekday nights only.
The mean diurnal cycles of the estimated TOC and Sum(VOC) in Atlantic-dominated air masses and during weekends–holidays are shown in Fig. 10. In this subset of data (131 h total), Sum(VOC) shows essentially no diurnal variability. The TOC estimate is much noisier, with a suggestion of higher mixing ratios in the early afternoon. The minima in TOC at around 09:00 and 17:00 UTC are possibly artifacts – due to residual traffic signals in the Cardiff CO data despite the Atlantic air mass selection. While the average TOC is nearly twice the Sum(VOC) for Atlantic-dominated air masses and during weekends–holidays, TOC and Sum(VOC) differ by less than 2 times the SE of the TOC signal, implying that the two measurements are not significantly different. Comparing TOC with Sum(VOC) in the clean background marine air, partly necessitated here by our lack of in situ CO observations, challenges the signal-to-noise ratio of the TOC measurement. We expect such a comparison to be more insightful in environments with a higher TOC burden. Nevertheless, we know that the PTR-MS with a hydronium ion source is not suitable for detecting many VOCs, such as low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons that are expected to make up most of the primary anthropogenic organic emissions. Below we examine the magnitudes of some nominally abundant VOCs in marine air that were not measured by the PTR-MS.
Figure 10Averaged diurnal cycles in Sum(VOC) and estimated TOC in Atlantic-dominated air masses and during weekends–holidays. Error bars indicate standard error.
Formaldehyde (HCHO), the most abundant aldehyde in the atmosphere, was measured at PML's PPAO from the spring of 2015 to the beginning of 2016 using multiaxis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS). During southwesterly conditions the surface mixing ratio of HCHO was about 0.5 ppb C (Johannes Lampel, personal communication, 2016). Non-methane hydrocarbons, such as alkanes, have large seasonal variability in temperate regions, with significantly lower abundance in the summertime due to greater OH destruction. Grant et al. (2011) reported long-term time series measurements of hydrocarbons from Mace Head. For the months of August and September from 2005 to 2009, the mean mixing ratios of ethane and propane were about 2 and <0.3 ppb C during maritime conditions, respectively. Grant et al. (2011) also measured (i- and n-) butane and (i- and n-) pentane, which were of even lower abundance. Salisbury et al. (2001) reported the mixing ratios of a large range of alkenes from Mace Head. The most abundant alkenes, ethene and propene, had mean mixing ratios of about 0.05 and 0.06 ppb C, respectively. Acetylene, the simplest alkyne, has a mixing ratio of ∼0.5 ppb C over the Atlantic (Xiao et al., 2007). The ocean is a source of a host of halocarbons. Among these, chloromethane (CH3Cl) is the most abundant, with a mixing ratio of the order of 0.5 ppb C in the marine boundary layer (Yokouchi et al., 2013). Together these organic gases make up approximately 5 ppb C.
Because of the high temperature and oxidative conditions in the catalyst, we expect some organic aerosols and semi-volatile species to be oxidized and detected as CO2. Particulate matter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) in the city center of Plymouth, also from the Defra Air Quality Monitoring station, was about 6 µg m−3 during this period when winds were from the southwest. If we assume that half of the PM2.5 was made up of carbon by mass (most likely an overestimate for this region; e.g., Morgan et al., 2010), the aerosol contribution to TOC could be up to 6 ppb C (or a third of TOC). Heald et al. (2008) reported that organic aerosols only accounted for 4 %–16 % of total speciated organics (gases plus aerosols) in the marine atmosphere. Overall, considering the aforementioned VOCs and organic aerosols that were not detected by the PTR-MS, there does not appear to be a substantial missing term in the TOC mass budget.
In this paper we report a relatively novel and simple method to measure the mixing ratios of total organic carbon (TOC) and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere at a high frequency. Based on essentially complete oxidation of organics in bulk air to CO2 in a platinum catalyst, our method shows very low sensitivity towards ambient humidity, avoids the complexities associated with trapping and desorption, and has an hourly precision of as low as 8 ppb C. Due to the use of a long, unheated Teflon inlet tube, the semi-volatile and particulate organics were likely not well represented in the measurements presented here. A simple improvement to this measurement system would be to minimize the length of the inlet tube before the catalyst. Future measurements with and without an aerosol filter and a heated inlet should enable the semi-volatile and particulate fractions of TOC to be better separated from the VOCs.
The estimated TOC from a polluted marine environment is compared to the sum of speciated VOCs here. Accounting for literature values of unmeasured VOCs and organic aerosols, there does not appear to be a significant undetected fraction of organics in marine air. A more rigorous examination of the atmospheric organic carbon closure requires concurrent measurements of TOC, CO, and a comprehensive range of speciated organic compounds. Additional measurements of total OH reactivity would bridge the gap between organic burden and composition with oxidative capacity. With recent advances in mass spectrometry that are able to resolve ever more organic species (Hunter et al., 2017) as well as in chemical transport modeling (Safieddine et al., 2017), the stage seems set for closing the atmospheric organic budget.
Ozone observation from the Penlee Point Observatory was mostly funded by the NERC project (NE/N018044/1). These data are archived at the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA): (last access: 4 January 2019; Yang, 2017). DEFRA air quality monitoring data can be found at (last access: 4 January 2019). The TOC and PTR-MS measurements were based on unfunded work. Interested readers can contact the corresponding author directly for the dataset.
The supplement related to this article is available online at:.
MY designed the TOC measurement system, carried out the field observations, and performed the data analysis. ZLF led the air mass trajectory and dispersion modeling as well as the interpretation of those modeling results.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
This work is a contribution to the NERC project ACSIS (The North Atlantic
Climate System Integrated Study; NE/N018044/1). We thank Katie Read
(University of York) for CO measurements at PML; Marios Panagi (University of
Leicester) for creating the regional map used for air mass classification;
Charel Wohl and Daniel Phillips (PML) for calibration of the PTR-MS;
Frances Hopkins, Thomas Bell, Philip Nightingale, and Tim Smyth (PML) for
operational support; Andrew Rees and Ian Brown (PML) for the use of NOAA gas
standards; Margaret Yelland and Robin Pascal (National Oceanography Centre)
for letting us use the Picarro instrument; and Tim Bertram (U. Wisconsin) for
helpful discussions. Finally, we thank the anonymous reviewers for their
comments on the first iteration of this paper. Thanks to the Met Office for
use of the NAME model and the STFC JASMIN computer for hosting the
model.
Edited by: Andreas Hofzumahaus
Reviewed by: two anonymous referees.
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What If…?
The toxicity of our schools has been exposed in the recent Philadelphia Inquirer/Daily News series “Toxic City: Sick Schools Hidden Perils”. It is truly horrifying to read about all of the poisons both growing children and school staff have been exposed to for so many years. This is not a new story; theNotebookhas been reporting on sick school buildings for years.
Instead of sending $34 million to outside agencies for unproven or redundant programs, why not use that money to fix our schools and create a healthier environment for everyone?
Resolutions of Note
(The entire SRC Resolution Summary)
A-8
Categorical/Grant Fund: $160,000 Acceptance of Grant from the Philadelphia School Partnership
RESOLVED, that the School Reform Commission authorizes The School District of Philadelphia, through the Superintendent or his designee, to accept a grant from the Philadelphia School Partnership, if awarded, of up to $160,000, to fund two full-time teaching positions at Science Leadership Academy Middle School, for the period commencing July 1, 2018 through June 30, 2019.
Description: The School District of Philadelphia has been working with the Philadelphia School Partnership to support the opening of Science Leadership Academy Middle School (SLAMS), an inquiry- based School District middle school.
The Philadelphia School Partnership is providing a grant from its Great Schools Fund to support the unique inquiry-driven, project-based, technology-enabled academic program at SLAMS. This grant will help support salary and benefits for certain staff positions and allow for slightly reduced class loads for teachers tasked with building curriculum for the academic program at SLAMS. The funding is allocated at the conclusion of each academic year and is contingent upon the completion of successful achievement of projected outcomes as listed in the grant agreement.
This project aligns with the School District’s Action Plan 3.0 by providing an active partnership among the School District, foundations, community organizations, local universities and colleges, community groups and others to create educationally and socially vibrant programs and interior and outdoor spaces at schools throughout the School District.
APPS Analysis: PSP has been funding SLAMS since its inceptionin 2012; the school opened in 2016 SLAMS has received almost $2.5 million from outside donors, most of that from PSP. That figure also includes a $ 149,154 donation from Inquiry Schools, the non-profit started by SLA Founder and now-CEO Chris Lehmann. PSP has been donating $160,000 for the past two years to pay for additional staff positions. Has PSP made a commitment to fund SLAMS indefinitely? This illustrates the problem with treating our schools like charities, dependent on the generosity of donors. Not every school has access to this kind of money, thus creating an unequal system of resource distribution. How does this create a district based on equity, one of Dr. Hite’s Action 3.0 tenets?
Public Schools Are Not Charities
A-9
Operating Budget: $200,000 Amendment of Contract with The Fund for The School District of Philadelphia
RESOLVED, that the School Reform Commission authorizes The School District of Philadelphia, through the Superintendent or his designee, to execute, deliver and perform an amendment of Contract 0071/F16, originally entered into with Fund for the School District of Philadelphia, pursuant to Resolution No. A-21, approved by the School Reform Commission on March 19, 2015, and previously amended pursuant to Resolution No. A-74, approved by the School Reform Commission on June 16, 2016, by increasing the amount of the contract by an additional $200,000 from the $640,000 authorized by previous Resolutions, to an amount not to exceed $840,000, to fund the executive director position, which directs The Fund’s strategic fundraising activities with the philanthropic community and private donors.. The partners are private foundations, corporations and businesses, and individual donors.
APPS Analysis: If the Fund’s purpose is to raise money for the school district, why are the taxpayers being asked to put money INTO the Fund? The full amount approved by the SRC from June 2016 until now, for the purpose of paying the Fund’s director, is $840,000. What the resolution does not make clear is the actual yearly salary of the director. Some history: PCFF was established in 2003, when Paul Vallas was CEO and James Nevels was SRC Chair. Its stated mission was to “facilitate individual and organizational giving to create a permanent source of philanthropic capital to the School District of Philadelphia, its leaders, its teachers, and its students.”
In 2011, under the watch of then-Mayor Michael Nutter, anonymous donors raised over $400,000 in an attempt to buy out former Superintendent Arlene Ackerman’s contract; that money was funneled through PCFF. PCCF then morphed into The Fund for the School District, whose meetings are not open to the public. Why isn’t the Fund able to raise money to fund its own executive director position? Why does the District rely on this private-public “partnership” where control of school projects increasingly moves out of public oversight and into the private sector? Year after year of austerity budgets have seen school programs become increasingly dependent upon outside corporate and foundation sources. Some school communities have very active Home and School or Friends Of organizations that are capable of raising large sums of money, while others can barely get parents and community to participate in school events. As Lisa Haver pointed out in her 2016 Philadelphia Public Schools Notebook Commentary on the Fund, “Its 17-member board is made up of representatives from banking, energy, cable, financial investment, and consulting businesses — and two educators. ‘Investors’ include GlaxoSmithKline, Wells Fargo, and the Barra, Carnegie and Lenfest Foundations
Will the new school board continue to allow decisions about funding for public schools to be made by boards of private organizations, or will they return that power to the actual stakeholders—students, parents and community members?
B-1
Categorical/Grant Fund: $118,000 Acceptance of Grant from Philadelphia Academies, Inc. – Additional Early Childhood Education Teacher at Parkway West High School
RESOLVED, that the School Reform Commission authorizes The School District of Philadelphia, through the Superintendent or his designee, to accept with appreciation, if awarded, a grant from the Philadelphia Academies, Inc., for an amount not to exceed $118,000, to pay for an additional Early Childhood Education teacher at Parkway West High School for the period commencing July 1, 2018 through June 30, 2019.
Description: This resolution seeks authorization to accept, if awarded, a grant from Philadelphia Academies, Inc. valued up to $118, 000 to provide an additional Early Childhood Education teacher at Parkway West High School. The Early Childhood Education program at Parkway West High School officially launched in the fall of 2017 and consists of a three-year course of study (10th — 12th grades) that follows an initial Freshman Seminar experience and incorporates summer internship opportunities.
To support Early Childhood Education career pathways, The School District of Philadelphia has been partnering with Philadelphia Academies, Inc.to provide the following program services and supports:
– Technical assistance and support for school leadership and teachers in program planning, curriculum development, and strategic direction
– Leadership and management of Experience in Education Summer Internship Program, including recruiting students, securing and maintaining relationships with worksite partners, and leading professional development sessions
– Organizing work-based learning extension activities throughout the school year with program partners and outside industry partners, post-secondary institutions, and community organizations
– Supporting development and oversight of School Year Internship program, including finding and maintaining relationships with worksite partners
– Curriculum development and support for the thematic Freshman Seminar course, including integrating Freshman Seminar course topics, supporting implementation, and evaluating course progress and results – Working with graduating students to help them access opportunities for further study, including Dual Enrollment and post-secondary educational options programs more closely with the Parkway West program
– Securing funding through grant support to cover costs associated with instructional personnel for the 2018-2019 school year, textbooks, work-based learning activities, and summer internship program
Through an agreement with the Office of Career and Technical Education (CTE), this grant includes funding for a second CTE teacher position in the Early Childhood Education Program for year two of the programs roll-out (SY 2018-2019).
APPS Analysis:Unfortunately this is a question we pose in almost every edition of Eyes – what happens when the funding ends? Does this position also disappear or is there scrambling to find another non-profit to restore this staff position? We need steady, reliable, and equitable funding to sustain all of our schools, not a select few. Everyone should be involved in the fight to secure this funding stream lobbying our legislators from the city to the state. We all need to be relentless warriors for the money our schools need. We need a School Board that will stand with us as we travel to Harrisburg to urge our legislators for an equitable funding formula.
Renovation Mysteries
A-19
Capital Fund: $23,445,288 Capital Awards II – General, Mechanical, Plumbing and Electrical Contracts – Retaining Wall Repair and Major Renovations
RESOLVED, that the School Reform Commission authorizes The School District of Philadelphia, through the Superintendent or his designee, to execute, deliver and perform contracts separately with the lowest responsible bidders: Murphy Quigley Company for Retaining Wall Repairs at the Robert Blair Pollock Elementary School, Smith Construction; Allstates Mechanical, Ltd.; Dolan Mechanical, Inc.; Hyde Electric Corporation; Delta/BSI Construction, LLC.; PT Mechanical Group, LLC; Carolina Plumbing & Heating, Inc. and Mulhern Electric Company for Major Renovations at Motivation High School and the Roosevelt Middle School, for an aggregate amount not to exceed $23,445,288, for the period commencing May 18, 2018 through completion of the projects.
Description: Spec: B-002 C General Contract – Retaining Wall Repairs of 2017/18 Robert Blair Pollock Elementary School – 2875 Welsh Road *Murphy Quigley Company, Inc. – $747,610.00 GSB Building, One Belmont Avenue
Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania 19004
This contract covers the labor, material, and equipment necessary to repair the retaining wall at this location. The work includes: removal and replacement of unsuitable fill behind the wall, the addition of a new reinforced concrete key to the toe of the wall, concrete crack and spall repairs, removal and replacement of approximately 85 LF of failed wall with a cantilever reinforced concrete retaining wall, replacement of chain link fence at top of wall to match existing, removal and replacement of failed storm water sewer and inlets that extend behind the existing retaining wall, removal of playground equipment, trees, play surfaces, utilities, fencing and surfaces. The Facilities Condition Index (FCI) at this location is 34.90%. The School Progress Report (SPR) at this location is 54.
The bids for this project were publicly advertised on 3/1/2018, 3/6/2018, and 3/8 Murphy Quigley Company, Inc. was the lowest responsible bidder with a bid of $747,610.00.
Spec: B-014 C General Contract – Major Renovation of 2017/18 Motivation High School – 5900 Baltimore Avenue
*Smith Construction
– $8,342,000.00 2708 Commerce Way, Suite 203 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19154
This contract covers the general construction labor, material, and equipment necessary for the major renovation at this location. The work includes: environmental remediation, site demolition and new site work, new main entry structure consisting of perforated metal fence and gate, concrete porticoand signage, masonry restoration, selective repair of existing roof, replacement of exterior window systems, refurbished elevator, new inclined platform lifts and new wheelchair lifts, selective removal and replacement of wood doors in existing hollow metal frames, refinishing of existing hollow metal doors and frames, new door hardware, interior masonry work, removal and replacement of ACT ceilings, new suspended cloud ceilings in auditorium, toilet partitions and toilet accessories, selective refurbishment and or replacement of existing lockers, millwork and casework, auditorium equipment including new stage curtain rigging, projector and refurbishment of chairs, operable partition in Gym, replacement of visual display boards, new fume hood, interior finishes, new window shades and room signage. Smith Construction was the lowest responsible bidder with a bid of $8,342,000.00.
Spec: B-015 C Mechanical Contract – Major Renovation of 2017/18 Motivation High School – 2555 South 78th Street
*Allstates Mechanical, Ltd. – $3,869,000.00 1602 Conchester Highway
Boothwyn, Pennsylvania 19061
This contract covers the mechanical labor, material, and equipment necessary for the major renovation at this location. The work includes: removal and replacement of boilers, boiler breeching, pumps, air handing units and associated duct work, unit ventilators, cabinet unit heaters, fin-tube radiators, electric duct heaters, DX split system heat pumps, exhaust fans, relief air fans, supply diffusers, valves, controls, testing and balancing. Allstates Mechanical, Ltd. was the lowest responsible bidder with a bid of $3,869,000.00.
Spec: B-016 C Plumbing Contract – Major Renovation of 2017/18
Motivation High School – 5900 Baltimore Avenue
*Dolan Mechanical, Inc. – $267,000.00 638 Johnson Road
Sicklerville, New Jersey 08081
This contract covers the plumbing labor, material, equipment necessary for the major renovation at this location. The work includes: selective plumbing fixture demolition, selective new plumbing fixtures including toilets, urinals, drinking fountains, lavatories, sinks, shower heads and eyewash. New acid neutralization tanks at science lab sinks, new domestic water heaters, new circulating pump and new exterior hose bibs. Dolan Mechanical, Inc. was the lowest responsible bidder with a bid of $267,000.00.
Spec: B-017 C Electrical Contract – Major Renovation of 2017/18 Motivation High School – 5900 Baltimore Avenue
*Hyde Electric Corporation – $2,810,000.00 3441 Bowman Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129
This contract covers the electrical labor, material, and equipment necessary for the major renovation at this location . The work includes: demolition of electrical equipment including lighting, lighting controls, mechanical equipment disconnects and electrical connections, new 100A panel boards, interior and exterior lighting fixtures and controls, electrical and data outlets, new telecom bonding and grounding equipment, new data cables, connectors and horizontal cabling components, new master clock system, and new security cameras integrated with the existing CCTV system. Hyde Electric Corporation was the lowest responsible bidder with a bid of $2,810,000.00.
Spec: B-800 C General Contract – Major Renovation
of 2016/17
Theodore Roosevelt Middle School – 430 East Washington Lane
*BSI Construction, LLC – $5,969,000.00 735 Birch Avenue
Bensalem, Pennsylvania 19020
This contract covers the general construction labor, material, and equipment for the major renovation at this location. The work includes: asbestos abatement, masonry repair and restoration, steel lintels, miscellaneous metal work, ladders and rails, etc., interior and exterior finishes, thermal and moisture protection systems, roofing, gutters, flashing, and scuppers, wood and steel doors, door frames, door hardware, steel stud and drywall construction, casework and laboratory casework, painting, building signage, building specialties, window treatments, modernization of one 2500 lb. capacity geared traction elevator, concrete sidewalks, grading adjustments, exterior stair repairs, aluminum railings, ADA parking will be relocated, decorative steel fence and gates. BSI Construction, LLC was the lowest responsible bidder with a bid of $5,969,000.00.
Spec: B-801 C Mechanical Contract – Major Renovation of 2016/17 Theodore Roosevelt Middle School – 430 East Washington Lane
*PT Mechanical Group, LLC – $219,752.00 215 Executive Drive
Moorestown, NJ 08057
This contract covers the mechanical labor, material, and equipment necessary for the major renovation at this location. The work includes: new split systems and all appurtenances for elevator machine room, new exhaust fans and ductwork in existing and new toilet rooms, window units in administrative offices and computer classroom, new curbs on existing units, rescuer relief hoods on gym roof, condensing unit mounted on the roof, and 44×24 louver with smoke damper to serve the elevator shaft. PT Mechanical Group, LLC was the lowest responsible bidder with a bid of $219,752.00.
Spec: B-802 C Plumbing Contract – Major Renovation
of 2016/17
Theodore Roosevelt Middle School – 430 East Washington Lane
*Carolina Plumbing & Heating, Inc. (M) – $90,000.00 4014 Balwynne Park Rd
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131
This contract covers the plumbing labor, material and equipment for the major renovation at this location. The work includes: selective removal and replacement of existing fixtures, copper cold water piping, insulation of domestic water piping, trench and backfill for new sanitary pipe, shut off valves, stainless steel laboratory sinks, replacement of all PVC roof drain leaders with cast iron, roof drains, and elevator sump pump with plastic liner and spoil cover. Carolina Plumbing & Heating, Inc. was the lowest responsible bidder with a bid of $90,000.00.
Spec: B-803 C Electrical Contract – Major Renovation of 2016/17 Theodore Roosevelt Middle School – 430 East Washington Lane *Mulhern Electric Company, Inc.- $1,130,926.00
1828 Eckard Avenue
P. O. Box #256
Abington, Pennsylvania 19001
This contract covers the electrical labor, material, and equipment for the major renovation at this location. The work includes: three-pole disconnect switch and connection to interior split system of the elevator, Type 3R safety switch and final connection to condensing unit, enclosed circuit breaker for elevator controller, new feeder conduit and conductors from new disconnecting means in main distribution panel to new ECB, circuit breaker for elevator cab lights, new branch circuit wiring as indicated, (2) new light fixtures in the elevator machine room, and new pit lighting and outlet devices. Mulhern Electric Company, Inc. was the lowest responsible bidder with a bid of $1,130,926.00.
APPS Analysis: First, a disclaimer: We have been in touch with SRC staff to question whether 2555 S. 78thstreet is the correct address for Motivation High School. All district materials indicate that the school is located at 5900 Baltimore Avenue. SRC staff told us that they are working to insert the 5900 Baltimore Avenue address, as this is the correct one. However, on some of these listed contracts they continue to list the wrong address. Motivation High School has been co-located with the KIPP West Philadelphia Preparatory Charter School since 2013. In New York City, it is not uncommon for charter and district schools to co-locate and share a building; in Philadelphia, this is the only co-location—so far. Over $15 million of renovations is now being allotted for Motivation High School. The auditorium and gym are designated as areas to be renovated. Are these shared with KIPP or are they separate?
Over $7 million is slated for renovations at Roosevelt Middle School in Germantown.
The SRC has put Roosevelt through the wringer in the past five years. In 2013, the current administration shuttered twenty-four schools, including Robert Fulton Elementary in central Germantown. Then-Acting SRC Chair Wendell Pritchett issued assurances that there would still be an elementary school in that neighborhood, and in a last minute move, took Roosevelt Middle School off of the closure list and converted it to a K-8 elementary. Roosevelt is not in central Germantown, so the former Fulton students had to travel to another neighborhood. The District changed the school grade configuration without adapting the building to the needs of its younger students. In 2016 Roosevelt underwent yet another transition, as noted in Lisa Haver’s Philadelphia Daily News op-ed:
“The original Theodore Roosevelt Junior High (grades 7, 8 and, 9) in East Germantown became a middle school (grades 6, 7 and 8) in the late 1980s. The district slated it for closure in 2013 until community members protested losing it, along with nearby Germantown High and Fulton Elementary. The SRC made a last-minute decision to convert it to a K-8, but, with no resources provided for transition, the school’s academic and behavioral troubles have risen.”
Just last week Channel 6 reported on the disgusting conditions at Roosevelt. Students and teachers spoke about the serious vermin infestation and mold throughout the building—mice scampering across classroom floors and gnawing pencil cases, leaking pipes and moldy walls. Hopefully this resolution will put an end to all of this.
Shouldn’t Cyber Schools Cost Less—Not More?
Academic – Contracts/Payments
B-3 (Updated 5.3.18)
Operating Budget: $20,000,000 Contract with Chester County Intermediate Unit – Philadelphia Virtual Academy
RESOLVED, that the School Reform Commission authorizes The School District of Philadelphia, through the Superintendent or his designee, to execute, deliver and perform a contract with Chester County Intermediate Unit, to provide online educational services and supports for students enrolling in Philadelphia Virtual Academy, for a total amount not to exceed $20,000,000 for the period commencing July 1, 2018 through June 30, 2021, with options to extend the contracts for two additional years through June 30, 2023, with those extensions shall be based on satisfactory terms and conditions and subject to approval by the School Reform Commission.
Description:The purpose of this resolution is to authorize the School District of Philadelphia to enter into a contract for FY 2018 with external providers to perform the necessary services to provide online schooling for fiscal years 2019 through 2022 based on selection from the competitive bid process Request for Proposals 579.
In SY 2013-14, the School District of Philadelphia (SDP) established its own online school, the Philadelphia Virtual Academy (PVA), serving students in grades sixth through twelfth to participate as fully-matriculated public Middle and High School students in courses aligned with Pennsylvania Department of Education standards and School District of Philadelphia’s required curriculum. These online courses are considered equivalent to and credited in the same manner as classroom instruction offered in the District’s traditional schools. PVA ensures that courses remain available online and at the facilities for student instruction at least 180 days per academic year. Courses are enrolled on a first-come- first-served basis regardless of students’ race, disability status, gender, national origin, religion, or sexual orientation.
Services are include, but are not limited to:
- – Online Teachers – Highly Qualified Teacher (HQT) and Pennsylvania Certified Teachers
- – Best in Breed online curriculum
- – Course offerings that meet The School District of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania Department of Education requirements for graduation
- – Face-to-face interaction
- – On-site staff to manage Academic Support Centers
PVA has established a rigorous orientation process in order to fully prepare newly enrolled students in navigating the unique systems and supports involved in our online education program. The in-person, three-day orientation allows students to better understand how online education works and incorporates a series of checkpoints and tests that allow for appropriate course level registration. The students then move on from physical orientation through a tiered process of online orientation that allows those who demonstrate success to earn more control over their academic decisions like daily scheduling and course choices, while at the same time providing any necessary academic or time management supports for students who are struggling with the online model.
After a student successfully completes orientation, they are transitioned to their grade-level Advisor and every morning they are required to attend a regularly scheduled online homeroom. This daily engagement piece provides time for daily troubleshooting, keeping the students on track through progress monitoring and also allows for the dissemination of key updates and deadlines. Advisors use this homeroom to develop trust with the students and as a vehicle to set up additional meetings with specific students in order provide them with any necessary supports based on their individual needs.
Students who fail to check in during homeroom and/or are are identified as struggling or falling behind are enrolled in a Synchronous Scheduling Program, that puts the students in a more synchronous time- managed environment from 9AM to 3PM on a daily basis. This program can last for weeks or months depending on the student and can be combined in conjunction with online or face to face tutoring opportunities to support their academic needs. PVA has established many avenues of academic support to fit the needs of our student population whether they are “as needed” online 1 to 1 sessions with their teacher available everyday from 8AM to 8PM in our Virtual Office or daily small group face to face tutoring sessions held in our Academic Support rooms. We also have a multi-tiered level of supplemental programming in both Math and Reading.
If a student still fails to keep up with regular attendance and/or falls further behind in their academic progress, they can be recommended for our Re-Engagement Program. This program is run by the Orientation/Re-Engagement Advisor and is an in-person, week long re-orientation program designed to identify and support their specific educational barriers and get them back on track. After the conclusion of the re-orientation period the student continues with more intensive online supports and check-ins over the course of the next few weeks, before being returned to working with their regular Grade-level Advisor.
In addition to a system of programming supports, PVA has cultivated a wide level of socialization programs in order to afford students the opportunity to interact with their peers. Besides the many student driven activities (I.E. Year Book Committee, Prom Committee, Class Officers, Student Ambassadors, Chess Club, Writing Club) PVA has established many community Partnerships that have led to wealth of programming opportunities for our students; Student Docent Program (Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts), Sounds of Learning Program (Opera Education/Opera Philly and the Annenberg Foundation), Studio Production Program (PSTV Studio and SDP), StampPass Philly (Greater Philadelphia Cultural Alliance), Advance at College (Community College of Philadelphia), Accent on Dance (Pennsylvania Ballet), iCouldbe Online Mentoring Program (Accenture of Philadelphia), Enhanced Vocational Internship Program (Finishing Trades Institute and SDP CTE).
Request for Proposals (RFP) 579 sought providers that could meet the virtual instructional and on-site management needs of up to two thousand (2,000) students in sixth through twelfth grade, and included managing the one-to-one technology program that is a central component of the PVA model. Additional key priorities when identifying eligible providers included: (1) ability to attract and serve diverse student populations ¿ including English Language Learners, students with disabilities and students who are performing below grade level with: instruction that is engaging, interactive, and authentic and course offerings that align with the SDP graduation requirements; (2) capacity to provide staff support to students ¿as needed¿ through both virtual as well as face to face environments; (3) an online accountability structure, in which data are gathered, organized, and disseminated for effective decision making; and (4) equitable access to necessary technology.
RFP 579 was released on January 17, 2018; vendor responses were due on February 13, 2018. The District only received one proposal, which was from Chester County Intermediate Unit. A panel of 4 educators from The School District of Philadelphia reviewed the Chester County Chester County Intermediate Unit proposal, received in response to RFP 579. Each evaluator signed confidentiality statements. The proposal was read and evaluated in a closed and secure environment at District headquarters. The evaluative method for the proposal was qualitative. Each evaluator completed an evaluation form electronically. The panel of 4 educators chose Chester County Intermediate Unit as the provider to implement the services necessary to support the continuation of the online school. In addition to the review panel, the Office of Small Business Development evaluated the proposal to ensure that minority and woman-owned business enterprise (M/WBE) participation plans met or exceeded District guidelines.
APPS Analysis: In 2013, the district launched The Philadelphia Virtual Academy (PVA), seeking to attract families who wanted to try a cyber school experience. PVA announced there would be drop-in learning centers across the city. There is no indication on the website that this has happened. The sole drop-in center appears to be at 440. The only factual information found is from a 2015 Notebook article in which the principal stated that although the number of students fluctuates during the school year, there were eighteen teachers for core subjects and five teaching assistants “who serve as go-betweens with the students, teachers, parents, and administration.” The school “opened” in 2013 with 65 students and has expanded to the 462 according to the school’s website:
What can’t be found anywhere on the district’s website is any data on the school—no SPR, SPP, etc. Great Schools Philly, the guide created by Philadelphia School Partnership, expresses concerns over academic performance of students at PVA, acknowledging that “[T]est scores at this school fall far below the state average. This suggests that students at this school are likely not performing at grade level.” Given this limited information, why is the district spending $6.6 million on an annual basis to support this school? Show us the data that shows PVA worthy of a $20 million investment of limited district funds. Also missing from the resolution is an explanation of why the district has to outsource all functions of the school to the Chester County Intermediate Unit.
Strawberry Mansion Plan Implemented Without Stakeholder Input or Endorsement
B-15
Operating Budget: $13,050,000 Amendment of Contract with International Education and Community Initiatives (dba One Bright Ray, Inc.) – Alternative Education Programs
RESOLVED, that the School Reform Commission authorizes The School District of Philadelphia, through the Superintendent or his designee to execute, deliver and perform an amendment of Contract No. 0917/F17, originally entered into with International Education and Community Initiatives (d/b/a One Bright Ray, Inc.) pursuant to Resolution No. B-4, approved by the School Reform Commission on April 27, 2017 by increasing the dollar amount of the contract by an additional $13,050,000.00 from the $42,800,000.00 approved in Resolution B-4, to an amount not to exceed $55,850,000.00.
Description: This resolution seeks authorization for the School District of Philadelphia to enter into a contract amendment with International Education and Community Initiatives d/b/a One Bright Ray, Inc. One Bright Ray, Inc. (OBR) was awarded a contract to operate Accelerated high school programs via the competitive bid process Request for Proposals 520. The School Reform Commission approved the contract with OBR in Resolution No. B-4 dated April 27, 2017. This resolution seeks to add 400 seats to Accelerated programs that are managed by OBR so that more students can return to education and earn their high school diplomas. The additional seats will provide 200 students with an Accelerated program during the day, as well as 200 seats for students who need an evening school option for Accelerated programming. These 400 Accelerated seats will be housed at Strawberry Mansion High School, which would expand quality school options for that North Philadelphia neighborhood. There are 1,200 who live in the Strawberry Mansion neighborhood who attend accelerated programs in other parts of the city. Accelerated programs educate high school students who are overage and under-credited, disconnected from school, or struggling in a traditional school setting. These programs use staff and resources in flexible ways to accelerate student skills growth, credit accumulation, and postsecondary readiness. Accelerated programs support the School District of Philadelphia’s Action Plan 3.0, Anchor Goal 1: “100% of students will graduate, ready for college and career”. If approved, this resolution would expand school options for students who are struggling in school or those who are seeking to return to education.
APPS Analysis: Despite pushback from the organized Strawberry Mansion community and allies, it seems that Dr. Hite is moving along with plans to phase out SMHS as a neighborhood comprehensive high school. In fact, the district has already begun referring to the building as “the Strawberry Mansion Complex”. In his Notebook commentary, APPS member Ken Derstine dissects the district’s justifications for closing Strawberry Mansion. Ken gives a history lesson on how the district has systematically starved schools of resources, then used under-enrollment and low test scores as excuses to close them. SMHS has suffered through many years of shuttered feeder schools, loss of programs, turnover of staff, unfilled teaching positions, and removal of support staff and NTAs. Instead of rebuilding and supporting the school, the Hite administration intends to turn it over to private contractors. Unknown to the community, plans have been underway long before the initial community meeting led by Assistant Superintendent Eric Becoats in March. Despite what seemed to be deliberately inadequate outreach by the district, over fifty people showed up. Becoats finally admitted that this plan was in the implementation stage with no input from parents, students, teachers, neighborhood residents, or community members. Organized opposition to this plan to close the comprehensive high school and turn the building into a warren of private contractors has steadily increased. This resolution identifies one of the vendors being brought in to run at least one of the programs. Years ago, a Twilight School Program operated at SMHS, but it disappeared along with many other programs. Just last year, (Resolution B-4 April 27, 2017) One Bright Ray received a contract “for an amount not to exceed $ 42,800,000 for students at three different sites” for an “alternative education” program in an unnamed school. This resolution represents an expanding of One Bright Ray’s contract by almost 30%. Apparently, the organization’s business in Philadelphia will be expanding by 400 students and an additional location. One has to wonder about the need for increasing accelerated high school programs and ask what has happened to regular daytime high schools that there is such an urgent need for these vendors to provide this service.
More Strawberry Mansion Sleight of Hand
B-17
Categorical/Grant Fund: $55,000 Contract with Careers through Culinary Arts Programs, Inc. – Support Services to Career and Technical Education’s Culinary Program
RESOLVED, that the School Reform Commission authorizes The School District of Philadelphia, through the Superintendent or his designee, to execute, deliver, and perform a contract with Careers through Culinary Arts Program, Inc., to provide curriculum enrichment programming for culinary arts teachers and students at George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Dobbins CTE, Edison, Frankford, Mastbaum, Martin Luther King, Randolph, Strawberry Mansion, Swenson and South Philadelphia High Schools, for an amount not to exceed $55,000, for the period commencing July 1, 2018 through June 30, 2019.
Description:Currently, eleven culinary programs exist across District Career and Technical Education high schools. To promote and provide first rate culinary training, meaningful college and career advising, and critical hands-on real real-world experience, the Office of Career and Technical Education (CTE) will contract with Careers through Culinary Arts Program, Inc. (C-CAP).
C-CAP has a long history and successful track record of high-quality programming that prepares underserved youth for careers in the professional culinary industry.
Specifically, C-CAP’s curriculum enrichment programming will include the following:
Teacher Training: C-CAP will provide District culinary teachers with professional development sessions to build teachers’ knowledge and skills to enhance student outcomes, including enhanced Rouxbe video technology provided to each school.
Scholarships and Cooking Competitions: students will have the opportunity to compete in annual C-CAP cooking competitions to win post-secondary school scholarships as part of the largest independent culinary scholarship program in the country.
In addition to the Cooking Competitions, C-CAP conducts recipe competitions during the school year. The students create recipes following specific guidelines. Winners of the recipe competitions receive awards and/or cash scholarships.
Job Training & Internships: Students will engage in job shadowing, job readiness training and internships to enhance work skills and on-the-job experience. C-CAP will conduct a job training workshop at the end of the school year to prepare interested and qualified students for summer internships. C-CAP places the students who successfully complete the job training workshop in summer jobs where they work for a minimum of six weeks, a minimum of 35 hours per week and earn at least minimum wage. Weekly meetings with the interns are conducted by C-CAP to support their efforts in the workplace.
Career Advising: Ongoing career counseling is available to build students’ awareness of opportunities and help alumni progress in their careers. C-CAP students will have access to Culinary Agents, a job search, job matching and networking website designed by a technology expert and inspired by a C-CAP graduate. C-CAP students have a special designation on this website.
College Advising: College and career advisors work with all scholarship winners to ensure their success in school and in the industry.
Product Donations: C-CAP will solicit product donations from various manufacturers/businesses and monitor distribution of donations to the schools. Previous donations have included high quality Belgian chocolate, flour, olive oil, almonds, cheese, pasta, and smallwares.
Materials: Competition applications, recipes and guidelines will be provided by C-CAP. In addition, the awards program and awards certificates will be provided by C-CAP. Competition ingredients will be provided by C-CAP. Materials for teachers’ professional development and students’ job training and “College 101” will be provided by C-CAP.
APPS Analysis: Strawberry Mansion High School is included in this grant. However, they have not had a Culinary Arts teacher in their well-equipped classroom for most of the year. Are there plans to hire a Culinary Arts teacher for the upcoming school year? According to both the Notebook and Great Philly Schools, one of the school’s Points of Pride is its Culinary Program.
B-8
Operating Budget: $116,250 Contract with TNTP – PhillyPLUS Residents
RESOLVED, that the School Reform Commission authorizes The School District of Philadelphia, through the Superintendent, or his designee, to execute, deliver and perform a contract with TNTP for participation in the PhillyPLUS Residents program, for an amount not to exceed $116,250.00, for the period commencing July 1, 2018 through June 30, 2019.
Description: PhillyPLUS Residency is a two-year principal certification program for accomplished Philadelphia educators. The program blends intensive summer training and a year of hands-on practice in a local school with support from a mentor principal and leadership coach, who provide ongoing support and guidance. Residents get the support of the personal coach, combined with real experience leading teachers in a local school. They learn how to enter a classroom, assess the quality of lessons, and give teachers concrete feedback and support to improve. Residents who demonstrate success have the opportunity to earn their principal certificate and lead their own Philadelphia school during their second year.
The School District of Philadelphia has participated in the program since 2013 and has since placed over 40 residents in leadership roles at District schools. The residency program provides services to the District that support the recruitment, selection, training and certification of new leaders as a pipeline for future school leaders in the district. Aspiring leaders are equipped with the knowledge, skills, and mindsets to become high quality principals. For SY 2018-2019, TNTP has selected a pool of 15 candidate residents, from which the District will be able to select at least 10 people to serve as PhillyPLUS residents.
APPS Analysis:What can we say about TNTP that we haven’t said before? The New Teacher Project was founded in 1997 by corporate education reformer Michelle Rhee. Its leadership team has little experience in the classroom. TNTP’s research, funded by the Gates Foundation and the Walton Foundation, among others, and on which TNTP bases its teacher and principal training, is questionable at best. (You can read more about TNTP here.) The district contracts out to TNTPto recruit and screen teacher and principal candidates as well as to provide training for aspiring principals in the PhillyPLUS program, funded by both the Philadelphia School Partnership (PSP) and the Gates Foundation.
This lack of experience is also true of the TNTP directors and leadership coaches in the PhillyPLUSprincipal training program that the district uses. Of the nine-member PhillyPLUS team of coaches and directors, six are former Teach for America Corp members with an average of a little over two years teaching experience. Only three team members have had experience as a principal in a public school or charter school; only two of those had more than four years experience as a principal. One coach was the founder of two Rocketship charters, a chain of charters about which questions have been raised concerning the time students spend in front of a computer screen, the student-teacher ratio, disciplinary measures, and student health and safety. Another team member founded a charter school that was closed by the state of NJ for poor performance. Why is the district paying an organization to coach principals that supports the policies that have driven most of the experienced principals out of the school district? How does the District justify such an expense while children sit in unsafe, unhealthy school buildings?
Jounce Bounces Back for More Funding
B-13
Categorical/Grant Fund: $43,000 Ratification of Contract with Jounce Partners, Inc. – James G. Blaine Academics Plus School
RESOLVED, that the School Reform Commission hereby ratifies the execution, delivery, and performance by the School District of Philadelphia of a contract with Jounce Partners, Inc., to provide professional development and coaching services to teachers at James G. Blaine Academics Plus School for an amount not to exceed $43,000 for the period commencing November 20, 2017 through June 8, 2018.
Description: Jounce Partners Inc. will partner with Blaine school to implement a high frequency teacher training model that will firmly establish teacher expertise in the execution of a core set of high impact teaching skills. Through this partnership, Blaine will continue with its professional development culture and teacher development approach, creating a highly collaborative and highly focused system of instructional feedback and teacher support.
Jounce’s high frequency teacher coaching method is designed to maximize the amount of coaching and feedback that teachers receive, and to focus that feedback on a shared set of priority teaching skills. Through frequent repetition of practice, the Jounce mode builds the muscle memory of teachers to execute effective instructional methods.
Specifically, Jounce will provide the following services:
Direct Teacher Coaching.
A Jounce Partner Inc. will be in Blaine five half-days a week for approximately 25 weeks and four half- days a week for approximately 10 weeks of the school year. The Partner will directly coach half of Blaine’s staff, and work with Blaine to create and implement benchmarks for teacher growth. These sessions will include practice sessions, collaborative teacher development (i.e. PLCs/grade team PD), live modeling, and other forms of real-time coaching.
Weekly Co-Coaching to Develop Instructional Leadership
2 half days every week with instructional leader(s)/teacher leaders. These sessions include coaching practice, coaching with live feedback, and modeling of real-time coaching.
Direct Teacher PD
Three teacher PDs after school/on half days during the year.
LT Training
Creating and sharing materials to support coaching program, scheduling of coaching, building a culture of practice, and integrating high-rep practice and live modeling into all teacher development structures (i.e. PD, planning meetings, data meetings, etc.)
Curriculum and Assessment Support:
Additional support with curriculum and assessment selection and roll-out, with an emphasis on a) using practice and live-coaching to improve the implementation of chosen curricula and b) using practice and live-coaching to improve teachers data analysis skills and transition from analysis to action.
APPS Analysis:Jounce Partners is an organization that provides a training program for school leaders and schoolteachers in “high-needs schools.” Jounce came into existence in 2012, and has work with existing schools on a partnership basis. Jounce co-founder Paul Dean has little more than three years classroom experience (two as a TFA teacher) before becoming an instructional coach. Most of the other partners have had five years or less. The coaching model developed by Jounce Partners is based on work being done at Relay GSE, Uncommon Schools and the Math Teacher, Paul Barnbrick-Santoyo’s Levering Leadership and Doug Lemov’s Practice Perfect. In other words, it is the philosophy and model of a “no-excuses” school. Local Jounce Partner schools include KIPP West Philadelphia Prep, Belmont Charter School, Wissahickon Charter School and Vare-‐Washington Elementary. Its intensive teacher training is based on a model with scripted and repetitive practices resulting in automatic actions as opposed to thoughtful educational practices and thoughtful learning experiences. Jounce coaches will have teachers line up facing a wall and repeat the same phrase or action over and over again 20 or 30 times. Coaches often correct teachers in from of their students during the frequent classroom observations, eroding teacher autonomy and leadership. A current district teacher who was coached in the program in a Philadelphia charter school for three years has described it as “dehumanizing.”Jounce Partners is an organization whose leaders have little classroom experience, who think teachers can be coached with repetitive scripted practices, and children should be taught in the same manner. Is this really the type of “teaching” we want to inflict on our children?
More $$ for Testing = Less for Classroom Resources
B-22
Operating Budget: $1,172,500 Contract with Educational Testing Services – SGS High School Reform Initiative
RESOLVED, that the School Reform Commission authorizes The School District of Philadelphia through the Superintendent or his designee, to execute, deliver, and perform a contract with Educational Testing Services (ETS) to provide professional development and coaching services to principals and teachers at five comprehensive high schools, for an amount not to exceed $1,172,500 for the period commencing July 1, 2018 through June 30, 2019.
Description:The School District of Philadelphia identified five comprehensive high schools (Overbrook, Samuel Fels, Kensington Health Sciences, Penn Treaty, and Benjamin Franklin) to prioritize to ensure better academic outcomes for all students. These schools
have been low performing for three consecutive years and have a three year School Progress Report (SPR) average equal to or less than 15 out of 100. Resulting from a comprehensive school quality review process and feedback from students, parents, stakeholders, teachers, and community members these five schools will receive added investments and additional resources, based on each school’s specific needs with the goal to create rapid academic improvement to better prepare students for college, career and life.
The Institute for Student Achievement (ISA), a division of Educational Testing Service (ETS), has been identified through RFP-172 as a whole school reform provider. ISA started working with Overbrook, Samuel Fels and Kensington Health Sciences high schools during the 2017-2018 school year and will add Benjamin Franklin and Penn Treaty during the 2018-2019 year to ensure that students who traditionally underperform, graduate prepared for success in college and career.
This vendor was selected on account of their whole-school reform approach that is grounded in research- based principles that are designed to work synergistically to help underperforming schools graduate all students ready for college and careers.
The principles include a college-preparatory instructional program, distributed counseling, continuous professional development, parental involvement and engagement and continuous organizational improvement. This serves as a framework to transform the organizational and educational practices of underperforming schools as well as the culture of the school.
APPS Analysis: Whole school reform is best served by listening to parents, teachers, and students who know what their school needs to improve educational opportunities for students. For the past two years, during every one of the Priority School Focus Group sessions held by either Cambridge Education or Temple University, educators and parents have asked for restoration of staff and programs stripped away by the District. But the district responds by awarding contracts such as this one to ETS/ISA. Not one person, at any school session attended by APPS members, has asked for a vendor to provide coaching or professional development. It would be a tremendous change if this administration chose to listen to those directly affected by their decisions instead of throwing money into the wind. The district already provides its own coaches—why is there a need for more? Stakeholders have clearly said they want money spent on librarians, smaller class size, restoring support staff and fixing up buildings. |
Effects of sterilization techniques on chemodenitrification and N2O production in tropical peat soil microcosms
- 1School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- 2School Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- 3School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- 4Laboratory of Soil Research, Research Institute of Amazonia's Natural Resources, National University of the Peruvian Amazon, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
- 5School of Forestry, National University of the Peruvian Amazon, Pevas 584, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
- 6Department for Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- 7School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- 8School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- 9Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
Correspondence: H. Cadillo-Quiroz ([email protected])
Chemodenitrification – the non-enzymatic process of nitrite reduction – may be an important sink for fixed nitrogen in tropical peatlands. Rates and products of chemodenitrification are dependent on O2, pH, Fe2+ concentration, and organic matter composition, which are variable across peat soils. Assessing abiotic reaction pathways is difficult because sterilization and inhibition agents can alter the availability of reactants by changing iron speciation and organic matter composition. We compared six commonly used soil sterilization techniques – γ irradiation, chloroform, autoclaving, and the use of three different chemical inhibitors (mercury, zinc, and azide) – for their compatibility with chemodenitrification assays for tropical peatland soils (organic-rich, low-pH soil from the eastern Amazon). Out of the six techniques, γ irradiation resulted in soil treatments with the lowest cell viability and denitrification activity and the least effect on pH, iron speciation, and organic matter composition. Nitrite depletion rates in γ-irradiated soils were highly similar to untreated (live) soils, whereas other sterilization techniques showed deviations. Chemodenitrification was a dominant process of nitrite consumption in tropical peatland soils assayed in this study. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one possible product of chemodenitrification reactions. Abiotic N2O production was low to moderate (3 %–16 % of converted nitrite), and different sterilization techniques lead to significant variations on production rates due to inherent processes or potential artifacts. Our work represents the first methodological basis for testing the abiotic denitrification and N2O production potential in tropical peatland soil.
Across ecosystems, physical and chemical factors, such as solar radiation or redox gradients, can drive abiotic chemical transformations. The nitrogen (N) cycle, in particular, includes abiotic reactions that can affect the retention of nutrients or substrates (Clark, 1962; McCalley and Sparks, 2009; Parton et al., 2007). Abiotic formation of N-containing gases has long been known (Jun et al., 1970; Wullstein and Gilmour, 1966). A major abiotic process in the N cycle is chemodenitrification, the stepwise reduction of nitrite () to gaseous products, namely nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), or dinitrogen (N2), often coupled to iron (Fe2+) oxidation, as described in Eqs. (1) and (2) (Davidson et al., 2003; Kampschreur et al., 2011; Zhu et al., 2013; Zhu-Barker et al., 2015).
Equations (1) and (2) are plausible in soils and sediments (Jones et al., 2015). The abiotic reduction of N2O to N2 is not well known. It has been associated with the presence of copper (Moraghan and Buresh, 1977), but this species is unlikely to be present at sufficient levels in peat soils to promote this reaction. Anoxic tropical peat soils are expected to have the ideal conditions for chemodenitrification: low O2, low pH, high organic matter (OM), and high Fe2+ (Kappelmeyer et al., 2003; Nelson and Bremner, 1969; Porter, 1969; Van Cleemput et al., 1976). In these ecosystems, is supplied by nitrification fueled by organic N mineralization or from external sources (fertilization, wet or dry deposition). Besides metals, reduction of compounds can also be mediated by organic functional groups found in soils. Abiotic phenol oxidation occurs at oxic–anoxic interfaces in tropical soils and may be linked to the N cycle (Hall and Silver, 2013). In such reactions, can be reduced by phenolic groups to form the nitrosonium cation NO+, which can either (1) remain fixed within the organic compound as nitrosophenol (Thorn and Mikita, 2000; Thorn et al., 2010) or (2) be emitted in gaseous form. After tautomerization to an oxime (Raczyńska et al., 2005) and reaction with NO+ derived from a second ion, hyponitrous acid (H2N2O2) can be produced, which further decomposes to N2O (e.g., Scheme 1; Porter, 1969; Stevenson et al., 1970).
Other OM-dependent reduction pathways can produce NO and N2 (McKenney et al., 1990; Thorn et al., 2010) instead of N2O.
The importance of abiotic N transformations in environmental samples has been notoriously difficult to quantify due to the artifacts emerging from physical or chemical “killing” methods intended to eliminate biological activity but affecting metals, organic matter, or other pools. In order to distinguish denitrification from chemodenitrification, enzymes contributing to gaseous N production must be inactivated, most commonly by addition of sterilants or inhibitors. An efficient sterilization treatment ideally (1) contains a negligible number of live cells, (2) eliminates biological activity, and (3) has little or no effect, directly or indirectly, on abiotic reactions (e.g., it should neither alter mineral structure nor lyse cells because release of cellular contents could influence abiotic reactions). Because rates and products of chemodenitrification are dependent on O2, pH, Fe2+ concentration, and OM composition, it is important to assess whether a sterilant or inhibitor elicits a physicochemical change that can affect the availability or interaction of these reactants.
Soil sterilization techniques include γ irradiation, chloroform (CHCl3) fumigation, autoclaving, and addition of chemical inhibitors such as mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn), or azide (N3). Highly energetic γ irradiation damages enzymes and cell components, rendering cells nonviable and inactive, generally with minimal effect on soil chemistry (Trevors, 1996). Autoclaving with high-pressure steam disrupts cell membranes, denatures proteins, and decreases aromaticity and polycondensation of soil OM (Berns et al., 2008; Jenkinson and Powlson, 1976b; Trevors, 1996). Fumigation with CHCl3 induces cell lysis and has minimal effect on enzymes (Blankinship et al., 2014). Chemicals like Hg, Zn, and N3 do the opposite: they inhibit enzymes (Bowler et al., 2006; McDevitt et al., 2011) but do not lyse cells (Wolf et al., 1989).
We evaluated the appropriateness of six sterilants (γ irradiation, autoclaving, CHCl3, Hg, Zn, and N3) for chemodenitrification measurements in low-O2, low-pH, high-OM soils from a tropical peatland. First, we tested the effects of sterilants on cell membrane viability and biological denitrification activity. Next, we evaluated the effects of sterilants on soil chemistry (pH, OM composition, and extractable Fe). Finally, we assessed the effects of the six sterilants on chemodenitrification measured by depletion and N2O production.
2.1 Sample characteristics
Soil samples were collected in October 2015 from a tropical peatland, locally known as Quistococha (03∘50.024′ S 73∘19.235′ W), near Iquitos (Loreto, Peru). The soil geochemistry of this site has been described previously (Lawson et al., 2014; Lähteenoja et al., 2009). The samples were obtained from depths of 15–30 cm below the water table and kept strictly anoxic during transport and storage at 4 ∘C in the dark. Water saturation and organic carbon content were determined by oven drying and loss on ignition, respectively. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was determined by high-temperature combustion using a Shimadzu TOC-V Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, MD). Inorganic N species were quantified photometrically using an AQ2 Discrete Analyzer (Seal Analytical, Southampton, UK) and method EPA-103-A Rev.10 for ammonium (; LoD 0.004 mg N L−1, range 0.02–2.0 mg N L−1) and method EPA-127-A for nitrate ()/nitrite (; LoD 0.003 mg N L−1, range 0.012–2 mg N L−1). Hydroxylamine was measured photometrically using the iodate method (Afkhami et al., 2006).
2.2 Soil sterilization and slurry incubations
Experiments were started within 6 weeks of soil collection. For each sterilization procedure, anoxic wet soil was exposed to the chemical sterilant 48 h prior to start of the incubation or sterilized by physical treatment and allowed to equilibrate for at least 12 h. The untreated (live) control was incubated as a slurry without any additions or treatments for 48 h prior to start of the incubation. Anoxic vials filled with wet soil were irradiated with a 60Co source for 7 d, yielding a final radiation dose of 4 Mrad (40 kGy). The irradiated soil was then prepared for incubation in an anoxic glove box (0.5 % H2 in N2) with disinfected surfaces and sterilized materials to prevent contamination. For autoclaved samples, soil was prepared for incubation in closed vials and autoclaved at 121 ∘C and 1.1 atm for 90 min. The CHCl3-treated samples were fumigated for 48 h under a 100 % N2 atmosphere. Because volatilized CHCl3 corrodes electron capture detectors used for N2O detection (see below), CHCl3 was removed by flushing the vials with N2 for 5–7 min immediately before the start of incubations.
In contrast to the physical sterilization treatments, soil samples were continuously exposed to the chemical inhibitors throughout their incubation. Sodium azide (NaN3, Eastman Organic Chemicals), zinc chloride (ZnCl2, Fisher Scientific), and mercuric chloride (HgCl2, 99.5 %, Acros Organics) were added from anoxic stock solutions to final concentrations of 150, 87.5, and 3.7 mM, respectively. The Hg concentration was the minimum needed to eliminate microbial heterotrophic growth based on visual inspection of soil extract on agar plates exposed to 0.5 to 92.1 mg L−1, which includes concentrations demonstrated to be effective previously (Tuominen et al., 1994).
After the initial physical or chemical treatment, triplicate incubations were diluted 1:10 in 20 mL of autoclaved 18.2 MΩ cm water in 60 mL glass serum vials. All microcosms were prepared in an anaerobic glove box (0.5 % H2 in N2) prior to incubation. Triplicate soil slurries were amended from an anoxic, sterile stock solution to a final concentration of 300 (6 µmol in 20 mL) and sealed with thick butyl rubber stoppers. A parallel set of samples was amended with 300 to evaluate denitrification potential with CO2 measurements. Control incubations received an equivalent volume of autoclaved 18.2 MΩ cm water without . Soil microcosms were incubated in the dark at a constant temperature of 25 ∘C. was quantified in all soil treatments using the Griess assay (Promega, Kit G2930). pH measurements were taken with an Orion 3 Star meter (Thermo Scientific) before and after sterilization, and at the end of the experiment after 70–76 h of incubation.
2.3 Gas chromatography
To quantify N2O and CO2 production, 200 µL of headspace gas was sampled with a gas-tight syringe (VICI Precision Sampling) and injected onto a gas chromatograph (GC, SRI Instruments) equipped with both an electron-capture detector (ECD) and a flame-ionization detector (FID). Two continuous HayeSep-D columns were kept at 90 ∘C (oven temperature); N2 (UHP grade 99.999 %, Praxair Inc.) was used as carrier gas, and for FID combustion H2 was supplied by a H2 generator (GCGS-7890, Parker Balston). For CO2 measurements, a methanizer (which reduces CO2 to the detectable CH4 via a Ni catalyst at 355 ∘C) was run in line before the FID. The ECD current was 250 mV and the ECD cell was kept at 350 ∘C. The N2O and CO2 measurements were calibrated using customized standard mixtures (Scott Specialty Gases, accuracy ±5 %) over a range of 1–400 and 5–5000 ppmv, respectively. Gas accumulation in the incubation vials was monitored over time. Gas concentrations were corrected using Henry's law and the dimensionless concentration constants and (Stumm and Morgan, 2012) to account for gas partitioning into the aqueous phase at 25 ∘C.
2.4 Live or dead cell staining
To assess the efficacy of sterilants or inhibitors visually, the bacterial viability kit LIVE/DEAD BacLight L7012 (Molecular Probes, Invitrogen) containing SYTO9 and propidium iodide dyes was used to stain and distinguish dead and living cells on the basis of intact cell walls. The green (live) and red (dead) signals were counted at 60× magnification from 10 squares of 0.01 mm2 randomly distributed in the center of a 5 µL Neubauer chamber, using an Olympus BX-61 microscope with the FITC/Cy5 filter set. Photographs were taken with an Olympus DP-70 camera attached to the microscope. Particles were counted with ImageJ software version 1.50i (Abràmoff et al., 2004).
2.5 Fe extraction and quantification
Dissolved Fe species were extracted from peat soil incubations following the protocol of Veverica et al. (2016). The method is based on an ionic liquid extraction using bis-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (Pepper et al., 2010), which was shown to be more suitable for extraction of Fe from humic-rich matrices than the traditional ferrozine or phenanthroline methods. Briefly, 2.5 mL of soil slurry was filtered (0.2 µm nylon filter; Celltreat Scientific Products) and mixed with 7.5 mL of HCl (0.67 N) in an extraction vial in a 0.5 % H2 in N2 glove box. The O2 concentration in the glove box was continuously monitored and remained <10 ppm. To separate Fe3+ from Fe2+, 10 mL of 0.1 M bis-2-ethylhexyl phosphate (95 %, Alfa Aesar) in n-heptane (99.5 %, Acros Organics) was added to the acidified sample. Next, the organo-aqueous emulsion was shaken at 250 rpm in closed extraction vials for 2 h. The bis-2-ethylhexyl phosphate chelates Fe3+ more effectively than it chelates Fe2+. The Fe2+-containing aqueous phase was sampled into a 3-fold HCl-washed HDPE vial (Nalgene) in the glove box. The Fe3+ fraction chelated in the organic phase was then back-extracted into an aqueous phase by the addition of 10 mL 4 N HCl and shaking at 250 rpm in closed extraction vials for 20 min. Fe3+ and Fe2+ fractions were quantified separately in acidified aqueous solution by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES; Thermo iCAP6300 at the Goldwater Environmental Laboratory at Arizona State University). The ICP-OES pump rate for the Ar carrier was set to 50 rpm, and Fe2395 and Fe2599 lines were used for Fe quantification. Iron concentrations were determined from a calibration curve (0.01–10 mg L−1) by diluting a standard solution (100 mg L−1, VHG Labs, product no. SM75B-500) in 0.02 N HNO3.
2.6 Dissolved organic matter fluorescence analysis
Three-dimensional fluorescence analysis was performed on a Horiba Jobin-Yvon Fluoromax 4 spectrofluorometer. Excitation–emission matrices (EEMs) were generated by obtaining emission spectra (λEm=300–550 nm, at a step size of 2 nm) at excitation wavelengths from 240 to 450 nm at a 10 nm step size. All EEMs were blank-corrected and normalized daily to the Raman peak of ultrapure water (deionized, carbon-free,18.2 MΩ cm; Barnstead™ NanoPure). The samples were taken at the same time as those for Fe analysis. Prior to analysis, soil slurries were filtered using a solvent-rinsed Whatman Glass Microfiber Grade F GF/F filters (nominal pore size 0.7 µm) to obtain ∼10 mL filtrate. Samples were diluted with ultrapure water if their UV absorbance exceeded 0.3 so that inner-filter corrections could be made (Stedmon et al., 2003). We calculated total fluorescence as the matrix sum of all signals in the EEM. Fluorescence indices were used to characterize various classes of fluorophores in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool. Fluorescence index (FI) was calculated as the sum of the intensity signal in the emission spectra from 470 to 520 nm collected at an excitation wavelength of 370 nm (Cory and McKnight, 2005). Humification index (HIX) was determined from the peak area under the emission spectrum from 435 to 480 nm, divided by the area from 300 to 445 nm, both collected at an excitation wavelength of 254 nm (Ohno, 2002). The “freshness” was determined to be β∕α, the ratio of emission intensity at 380 nm to the emission intensity maximum between 420 and 435 nm, both collected at an excitation wavelength of 310 nm (Wilson and Xenopoulos, 2009).
2.7 Statistical analyses
All basic statistical tests were performed with JMP Pro software (Version 13.1.0, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
3.1 Composition of high-OM tropical soils
The tropical peat soil used for the incubation experiments had 5.5–5.8 pH, 92.2 % water content, 307±5 mg TOC g−1 dry weight, and 3.8±0.9 g total Fe kg−1 soil. The extractable iron fraction partitioned as 54±3 µM extractable Fe3+ and 213±16 µM extractable Fe2+. The native soil pore water had 13.2±1.2 mg L−1 DOC, 436±79 , 9.7±1.3 , and 3.9±0.2 . Hydroxylamine was below detection in all cases (<3 µM). Soil pH dropped from 5.5 to 5.8 in untreated soil to 3.6, 4.8, 5.0, 5.2, and 5.4 after treatment with Hg, Zn, γ irradiation, autoclaving, and CHCl3, respectively. Only N3 treatment increased soil pH (to 6.4).
3.2 Effects of sterilants on cell integrity and potential of denitrifying activity
Live and dead dyes were used to assess microbial viability by means of membrane integrity, where a “dead” signal indicates disrupted or broken cell membranes (Stiefel et al., 2015). The majority (74 %) of cells in the live incubation displayed the “live” signal (Fig. 1). The CHCl3 and γ-irradiated treatments were most effective at reducing the number of viable cells (∼15 % intact membranes after sterilization). Chemical inhibitors (Hg, Zn, and N3) were less effective at killing cells (∼30 % intact membranes after sterilization). Autoclaved samples did not fluoresce, likely due to cell lysis during steam pressurization.
Biological denitrification activity was measured over 3 d in live and sterilized soils based on the difference in CO2 production with and without added . An efficient sterilization treatment would show no changes in CO2 beyond those due to equilibration between the gas phase and aqueous phase. Nitrate stimulated CO2 production in live soil (ANOVA, p<0.05) and not in the γ-irradiated, Zn, Hg, N3, or autoclaved incubations (Fig. 2), indicating that residual cells in the sterilized treatments were not capable of denitrification.
Figure 2CO2 production rates in 3 d soil slurry incubations of Quistococha peat soil amended with and without 0.3 . Error bars are 1 SD (n=3). Columns marked with the same letter are not statistically different from each other (Student's t test, p>0.05, n=3). The x axis represents treatments, as in the legend of Fig. 1.
Figure 3Changes in extractable Fe2+ (left) and Fe3+ (right) concentration in Quistococha peat soil incubations after sterilization (difference between sterilization baseline and live baseline value) and after amendment and incubation (difference between and control incubations). Note the difference in scales. Values represent the extractable fraction of both species. Error bars are 1 SD (n=2). The y axis represents treatments, as in the legend of Fig. 1.
3.3 Effects of sterilants on soil chemistry
In general, sterilization increased extractable Fe2+ and Fe3+ relative to live controls (Fig. 3). This trend was particularly pronounced in Zn treatments, which had 9× higher extractable Fe2+ (1915±26 µM) and 1.6× higher extractable Fe3+ (87±3 µM) than live controls. The Hg treatment showed the second-largest increases. In the presence of , extractable Fe2+ decreased and extractable Fe3+ increased in live, Zn, and CHCl3-fumigated treatments, as expected if Fe2+ was oxidized by during chemodenitrification. However, autoclaving, γ irradiation, and N3 lowered Fe3+ concentrations, suggesting the influence of unknown concomitant reactions. For instance, autoclaving (largest drop in Fe3+) already showed lower Fe3+ concentrations after sterilization. Production of Fe3+-reduction artifacts in treatments could lead to Fe3+ depletion and, hence, mask increase in Fe3+ due to chemodenitrification. addition resulted in near-complete depletion of extractable Fe2+ in live, CHCl3-fumigated, and γ-irradiated soils. Changes in Fe speciation with other sterilants were more moderate. Minimal changes were observed for other metals in soil samples (e.g., Mn, Al, Cu, and Zn; data not shown).
Figure 4Representative plots of DOM fluorescence in soil slurry incubations of Quistococha peat soils. DOM fluorescence is presented as excitation–emission matrices (EEMs) collected for each treatment (rows) after the sterilization procedure or live control (left column), after incubation with no amendment (“after incubation” control, middle column), and after incubation with 300 (same time point as control, right column). The colored bar shows the individual signal intensity. All but the “autoclaving” treatment have same scale of signal intensity, autoclaving effects increased to about 5 times the signal intensity scale. Treatments are as in the legend of Fig. 1.
Fluorescence analysis of soil extracts using excitation–emission matrices (EEMs) was used to evaluate changes in DOM-containing aromatic moieties or conjugated double bonds (Stedmon et al., 2003; Fig. 4). The N3 treatment was excluded from this analysis due to an interference with N3 absorbance that prevented inner-filter corrections from being made. The EEM signals showed the greatest change in the “humic” region (λEx<240–270 nm, and λEm=460–500 nm; Fellman et al., 2010), especially in Zn and Hg treatments, which significantly increased the FI from 1.20 (in live soil baseline, prior to incubation) to 1.49 (Table 1). Zn and Hg may elicit direct fluorescence quenching through the formation of Zn and Hg metal complexes (McKnight et al., 2001) or possibly due to indirect quenching by more highly dissolved Fe2+. Signal strength in the humic region was enhanced by addition in the live, CHCl3-fumigated, and γ-irradiated treatments. All five sterilization treatments had lower aromaticity (HIX) than live controls (Table 1). Autoclaved samples had 10-fold higher total fluorescence compared to live soils, suggesting that autoclaving degraded insoluble humics into more soluble and less condensed OM.
Table 1Characteristics of dissolved organic matter in soil extracts from incubations of peat from Quistococha, Peru. FI, HIX, and freshness indices were calculated as described in the Methods section. The “tyrosine-like” region is defined at an excitation of 270–275 nm and an emission of 304–312 nm (Fellman et al., 2010). The signal for that region was averaged across replicates and expressed as percent difference between additions and controls±SD of replicates. A drop in the signal intensity was consistently apparent but clear differences between the treatments were not, due to high standard deviation of replicates.
* indicates significant difference to control.
** Fluorescence index.
*** Humification index.
Mean values marked with the same letter are insignificantly different from each other.
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Figure 5 consumption (left) and N2O production (right) for different sterilant treatments in soil slurry incubations of Quistococha peat soil. Both N species were simultaneously measured in all treatments. The product yield represents N2O-N as molar fraction of -N. Note the difference in the left and right y axis scales. Error bars are 1 SD (n=3). Treatments are as in the legend of Fig. 1.
3.4 Effects of sterilants on chemodenitrification and abiotic N2O production
In the first 48 h, consumption rates were the highest in live soil (5.2 µM h−1), closely followed by irradiated samples (4.5 µM h−1, Fig. 5). The major chemodenitrification pathway for N2O formation was likely reduction by Fe2+, resulting in consumption of ∼1.5 µmol Fe2+ and accumulation of ∼1.1 µmol Fe3+ in the live control (Fig. 3). After 48 h, depletion continued to completion in the live control but slowed in all treatments other than the metal additions. After 72 h of incubation, 3 %–16 % of -N was converted to N2O-N across treatments. N2O production rates were assessed by linear regression of data points over the whole duration of the experiment. Higher rates were observed in live, Zn2+, and N3 treatments (0.5–0.7 , r2>0.95) than in γ-irradiated, CHCl3-fumigated, autoclaved, and Hg treatments (0.1–0.2 , r2>0.9). Production rates within treatments showing high or low rates were not significantly different (Student's t, p>0.05), although comparisons across treatments with high or low rates were statistically different (Student's t, p<0.05). Thus, we identified a higher and lower group of sterilant-dependent N2O production rates from the same soil samples. The live control showed logarithmic N2O accumulation, while the sterilized treatments had linear accumulation over time; the latter is expected in abiotic accumulation (Fig. 5).
4.1 Chemodenitrification is a dominant consumption process in slurry incubations of tropical peat soils
Similar consumption rates between live and irradiated treatments imply that depletion was dominated by abiotic processes over the first 48 h. In general, abiotic reactions tend to be linear processes, whereas microbially mediated reactions can be affected by enhanced expression of genes or cell reproduction in a nonlinear fashion (Duggleby, 1995). Linearity is more reflected in the N2O curve than in the curve. The difference in linearity of N2O production in sterilized vs. live treatments (Fig. 5) suggests that biological denitrification did not occur in sterilized soils.
Compared to our study, incubations of artificial media with 200 , 0.5–8.1 mM Fe2+, and pH 7–8 had similar rates of Fe2+ depletion but 10× higher rates of reduction, and higher (∼10 %–50 %) N2O yields (Buchwald et al., 2016; Jones et al., 2015). In our peat incubations, reactive OM likely trapped in the soil matrix via OM-bound nitrosation reactions (Thorn and Mikita, 2000; Thorn et al., 2010) and the lower pH likely promoted conversion of to NO (Kappelmeyer et al., 2003; Porter, 1969) or N2 (Stevenson et al., 1970). Studies in low-pH northern temperate peat soils have shown the primary product of abiotic reduction was NO and not N2O (McKenney et al., 1990).
4.2 Artifacts due to sterilization methods for chemodenitrification assays
Azide and Zn exhibited enhanced conversion to N2O, at rates at least 2 to 5 times as high as those measured for the other sterilants (Fig. 5), likely due to higher pH and Fe availability, respectively. In the N3 treatments, elevated N2O production could be explained by the reaction of protonated with N3 in a pH-dependent manner (Stedman, 1959) and other changes in soil solution that originated from the increase in pH. Nitrite reaction with N3 has been characterized in marine and freshwater solutions reaching its maximum at pH 4.5 and proceeding slowly yet significantly (20 % conversion in 1 h) at pH >5 (McIlvin and Altabet, 2005), as in our slurries. Moreover, N3's self-fluorescence impeded OM measurements, making N3 an incompatible sterilizing agent for chemodenitrification studies. Zn increased Fe availability and may have increased affinity for reactive OM groups; both effects would lead to an abiotic increase in N2O production (Clark, 1962; McCalley and Sparks, 2009; Parton et al., 2007). Zinc treatment lowered the soil pH, which may have promoted cation displacement and stability of dissolved Fe2+ (Hutchins et al., 2007), thus enhancing N2O production. Several studies have used Zn treatments as a valuable agent for field applications (Babbin et al., 2015; Ostrom et al., 2016). Zn is less hazardous to humans than some of the other sterilants. We propose that the use of Zn could provide useful information about abiotic in situ rates as long as Zn-induced chemodenitrification is accounted for. A correction could be applied if a complementary laboratory assessment (using the more efficient γ irradiation) were used to develop an ecosystem-specific correction factor.
Divalent Hg2+ can be abiotically methylated by fulvic acid-type substances (Rogers, 1977). The reaction oxidizes OM and can diminish its reducing power, as indicated by decreased reactivity of humic acid with (Gu et al., 2011; Zheng et al., 2011), thus interfering with the abiotic assay. Given the pH effect of the Hg treatment, we cannot rule out that decomposition of nitrous acid (HNO2) contributed to consumption (Fig. 5, Park and Lee, 1988). Another potential factor associated with the Hg treatments is metal sorption. At low pH (3.6), 98 % of Hg was sorbed to humic acids, whereas only 29 % of Zn was sorbed at pH ∼4.8 (Kerndorff and Schnitzer, 1980). Full sorption capacity of peat is presumably reached in seconds (Bunzl et al., 1976), and the differing sorption behavior of Hg and Zn may play a role in the reaction potential of with OM. It has been demonstrated that Hg introduced into peat soil leads to sorption of Hg ions to various functional groups, including phenols (Drexel et al., 2002; Xia et al., 1998). Hence, it is plausible that Hg sorbed to functional groups subject to electrophilic attack by NO+ (e.g., nitrosophenol, Scheme 1) may hamper nitrosation, and therefore protect OM from reacting with . This could lead to a selective suppression of the OM-dependent N2O production pathway.
Chloroform fumigation resulted in potential N2O production rates within the lower production range treatments with minor differences in Fe speciation and DOM fluorescence. However, unlike the other sterilized samples, CHCl3-fumigated samples showed enhanced CO2 production stimulated by addition. Removal of CHCl3 from our samples before substrate addition could have provided an opportunity for a few surviving heterotrophs to regrow and use the easily degradable organic material derived from dead cells. Indeed, chloroform can lyse cells, providing substrates for growth to CHCl3-resistant microorganisms (Zelles et al., 1997). Continued exoenzyme activity has been also described as a CO2 source; however, this would not include denitrification enzymes, since no enzymes involved in the denitrification pathway are exoenzymes (Blankinship et al., 2014; Jenkinson and Powlson, 1976a). Chlorination of natural OM may prompt formation of quinones (Criquet et al., 2015), which are intermediates in the OM-based abiotic N2O production (Thorn and Mikita, 2000); indeed, regions of the EEMs corresponding to hydroquinones (Cory and McKnight, 2005) appear to be slightly higher in CHCl3 treatments. The benzene derivative produced during nitrosophenol reaction with leads to reduced π electron delocalization (Scheme 1). Because excitation of π electrons produces fluorescence, reactions with might be expected to reduce OM fluorescence. However, the experiment duration is important, and if microbial cells indeed reproduce after the treatment, short experimental periods (e.g., hours or days) or reapplication of CHCl3 might keep down the numbers of any potential denitrifiers improving the use of this method.
Autoclaved peat soil revealed abiotic N2O production rates close to the average of the lower production range group, along with ICP-OES and fluorescence spectroscopy results that showed significant changes in Fe speciation and DOM composition. EEMs demonstrate lower values for the HIX in autoclaved peats (Table 1), consistent with fluorescence data from a study that demonstrated a decrease in the aromaticity and polycondensation of soil extracts from autoclaved soil (Berns et al., 2008). Autoclaving likely caused degradation and solubilization of insoluble humic components. The direct effects of autoclaving are very much dependent on the heat and pressure stability of the indigenous soil constituents, but the substantial soil structural changes likely introduce chemical artifacts that are absent in the native live soil.
4.3 Gamma irradiation is the preferred sterilization method for chemodenitrification assays
The fewest chemical artifacts were observed in γ-irradiated samples. Soil that had been exposed to γ rays showed the lowest N2O production rates, approximately one-fifth of those observed in live samples. Irradiation also caused only very small changes in Fe speciation relative to live controls and yielded EEMs that were remarkably similar to those obtained from live soil extracts. Our measurements of sterility and respiratory activity indicated the lowest potential for biological activity and hence the least amount of interference for the time period tested. We therefore confirmed γ irradiation to be a preferred method for sterilizing soil (Trevors, 1996) and for assessing abiotic N2O production potential. In practice, the long preparation time needed to reach a sufficient dose (dependent on radiation source; see Methods) was compensated for by the lack of chemical artifacts during the experiment and the reduced number of hazardous waste products. Limited accessibility to irradiation facilities and the absence of a field portable option remain the main challenges to wide distribution of this approach.
High N2O emissions occur in tropical regions with water-saturated soils (Liengaard et al., 2014; Park et al., 2011; Pérez et al., 2001). Whether these tropical N emissions are solely biotic or have abiotic contributions is not well known because rates of chemodenitrification are not commonly evaluated. Abiotic processes in the N cycle remain overlooked, partly due to the lack of reliable means of quantifying abiotic reactions. This study showed that chemodenitrification occurs in a tropical peat soil, leading to a low to moderate fraction of N2O conversion from nitrite amendment. We also demonstrated that γ irradiation is the “gold standard” for chemodenitrification assays. The application of N3 to quantify abiotic N2O production is unsuitable because changes associated with the fraction of the sterilant itself may react to form N2O and affect increased pH. CHCl3 and γ rays have slightly reducing effects on the soil Fe pool and might lead to a weak discrimination against pathways involving Fe as a reactant. CHCl3 fumigation was another approach with limited effects on Fe chemistry that lowered the number of viable cells greatly; however, the potential for microbial regrowth after CHCl3 removal is its main drawback. Autoclaving seemed to have minor disadvantages for abiotic N2O production, despite the substantial changes to soil OM.
Unlike other lab-intensive treatments, the application of Zn and Hg are amenable for field experiments; however, we observed distinct chemical artifacts when using both of these options. Care is warranted if using Zn and Hg chemical inhibitors, which can increase Fe availability and may thus overestimate Fe-dependent abiotic N2O production rate. A potential disadvantage of the application of toxic metals is a decrease in soil pH. We cannot exclude pH-driven effects on N intermediates; however, no major deviation in the final N2O production rate related to acidification was observed. With the methodological evaluation presented here, we determined that a directed selection of approaches can allow for better constrained and more detailed studies of the role of abiotic pathways and soil components shaping denitrification and N2O fluxes from soil ecosystems.
All data presented in this paper are available in the Figshare repository under the following DOI: (Buessecker, 2019).
HCQ and SB designed study; SB, KT, JN, KEH, JDUM, JBG, HEH, and HCQ contributed to field collection, laboratory experiments, and data analysis; SB and HCQ developed the first manuscript draft; and all authors contributed to final manuscript.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
We thank Chris Laurel, Roy Erickson, and Cathy Kochert for training and assistance with the ICP-OES analysis at ASU's Goldwater Environmental Laboratory and Steven Hart for advice on optimizing the epifluorescence microscopy. We also thank Nabil Fidai, Jaime Lopez, Analissa Sarno, and Mark Reynolds of the Cadillo Lab for their enduring support during the experimental phase. The results reported herein also benefited from collaborations and/or information exchange within NASA's Nexus for Exoplanet System Science (NExSS) research coordination network, sponsored by NASA's Science Mission Directorate.
This research has been supported by the National Sciences Foundation (grant no. 1355066), a NASA award (grant no. NNX15AD53G) to Hilairy E. Hartnett, and an NSF-DEB award (no. 1355066) to Hinsby Cadillo-Quiroz.
This paper was edited by Perran Cook and reviewed by two anonymous referees.
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The association of ADHD symptoms to self-harm behaviours: a systematic PRISMA review
BMC Psychiatry volume 14, Article number: 133 (2014)
36k Accesses
33 Citations
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Abstract.
Background
ADHD and self-harm
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as defined by DSM-IV [1], is a syndrome that is first manifested in childhood by variable combinations of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. The prevalence of ADHD in childhood is estimated to be approximately 5-7% [2] and ADHD symptoms tend to persist into adulthood [3, 4]. ADHD is a mediator of poor outcome such as low self-esteem and poor academic and vocation outcomes [5, 6] and one of the major public health problems in modern societies [7].
Nomenclature used to describe acts of self-harm without fatal consequences varies considerably. For this review the terms deliberate self-harm (DSH), self-harm, self-mutilation, self-injury and self-injurious behaviour (SIB) are used interchangeably depending on the use applied in the paper discussed. DSH and SIB represent a significant health problem in the UK and are amongst the most common reasons for emergency hospital admission. Although international variation exists, findings from numerous community-based studies indicate that approximately 10% of adolescents report having self-harmed [8–12]. Self-harm refers to intentional self-poisoning or self- injury, irrespective of type of motive or the extent of suicidal intent [13, 14].
Association between ADHD and suicide
Previous studies have shown a connection between ADHD and attempted and completed suicide in male adolescents and young adults [15–21], suicidal behaviour [22] and suicide ideation in female adolescents [23]. A longitudinal study found that early childhood ADHD is a risk factor for suicidal behaviour between the ages of 9 and 18 [24]. In a clinic- referred sample of female adolescents, Biederman and colleagues found that girls with comorbid ADHD and major depression had more suicidal ideation compared with those with only major depression [25]. Among delinquent juvenile offenders, suicidality relating to depression, ADHD and social phobia were only found among males [26].
A previous systematic review [27] showed an association between ADHD and suicide. Impey [21] conducted a review of the relationship between ADHD and suicidality and found that ADHD symptoms occur more frequently in suicidal populations and may be a reason for completed suicide. In sum, these reviews of the literature showed that there is a positive relationship between ADHD and risk to self.
Self-harm predicts suicide
Further research is necessary to develop a mean of preventing adolescents from repeating self-harm, since several studies have shown that around 10–15% of children who self-harm are likely to repeat such episodes within a year [28, 29], sometimes also proceeding to suicide. Indeed, numerous studies have indicated that self-harm predicts suicide (i.e., [30]) Suicide risk among self-harm patients is hundreds of times higher than in the general population [27].
Associations of suicide related events and ADHD medications
Although the focus of this systematic review is on ADHD and the outcomes, it is important to include a brief discussion of the crossover with medication and what is currently known. With the treatment of ADHD it is thus important to establish any associations between pharmacological treatments (such as atomoxetine and methylphenidate) and suicide-related events. Atomoxetine (Strattera®) is a selective norepinephrine (noradrenaline) reuptake inhibitor. It is not a stimulant, and is indicated for use in patients with ADHD [31]. Methylphenidate is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant used to treat ADHD. From the European Union (EU) Supplementary protection certificates (SPCs) for methylphenidate, it is important to highlight that suicidal tendencies have been found to be a contraindication for this medication [32, 33]. The US Food and Drug Administration and Health Canada also warned of increased rates of suicidal ideation among children taking atomoxetine in placebo-controlled trials [34]. Based on fourteen identified trials in paediatric patients, Bangs and colleagues (2008) [35] found that, despite being uncommon, suicidal ideation was significantly more frequent in paediatric ADHD patients treated with atomoxetine compared to those treated with placebo [35]. One study found no evidence which suggested an increase in the risk of sudden death associated with stimulants or atomoxetine. However, there was an increased risk of suicide with the treatment [36].
However, a recent meta-analysis, the first focusing on five studies comparing suicide-related events in comparative randomised double-blind atomoxetine and methylphenidate clinical trials, found no significant evidence of a difference in risk between the two treatments [37]. Given the limitations of meta-analyses, acknowledged by the authors [37], further research is required to establish whether there are associations between suicide-related behaviours and specific ADHD treatment medications.
Present review
There is a need for greater understanding of the factors which contribute to self-harm. Identification of effective prevention initiatives and subsequent treatment strategies aimed at young people and those at particular high risk is clinically imperative. There is an urgent need to identify those populations at risk and to intervene proactively [38]. The purpose of this systematic PRISMA review is to investigate the relationship between ADHD and self-harm, in order to see if self-harm can be considered to be a risk factor. As discussed above this is particularly important given the increased rates of self-harm and the greater risk of these individuals to go on to attempt and/or complete suicide. This is the first review to explore the peer-reviewed literature which has investigated this relationship.
Method
Internet-based bibliographic databases (Medline and CINAHL) were searched to access studies which examined to any degree the association between, specifically, ADHD and self-harm rather than the association between ADHD and completed suicide, suicide attempts and suicide ideation. The search criteria identified below were entered in a number of other databases including PsycINFO. However, the Medline was chosen as the primary database because it returned more relevant articles. CINAHL was also used because it is the definitive research tool for nursing and allied health professionals. The process of eliminating non-relevant papers can be seen in the flowchart (following PRISMA guidelines [39], see Figure 1) below. Duplicates were excluded prior to the retrieval of references. Searches on the two databases were originally conducted on 9th May 2013. The following search criteria were entered into the two databases: [self-harm OR “self harm” OR self-injury OR “self injury” OR self-poisoning OR “self poisoning” OR self-injurious OR “self injurious” OR self-mutilation OR “self mutilation”] AND [ADHD or “Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder” or “attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder”]. Medline returned a total of 59 abstracts and CINAHL returned a total of 27. Combining the two search findings (total 86), nine were removed because they were duplicates. In addition to these database searches, numerous permutations of ADHD and self-harm were entered into Google Scholar and thoroughly searched for any additional articles not found in the database searches, for instance, [ADHD AND self harm]; [attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder]; [ADHD AND self injury]. These searches only returned four additional relevant articles. Numerous references contained in the papers found to be relevant from the database searches were also explored for inclusion in this review.
Abstracts for each reference were obtained and screened using the following criteria:
Inclusion criteria:
- 1.
Human study population
- 2.
Investigated the association between ADHD and self-harm.
Exclusion criteria:
- 1.
Paper not published in English
- 2.
Dissertations
- 3.
Book reviews
- 4.
Studies which investigated a sample that comprised of individuals with a disorder other than ADHD (for instance, individuals with: Autistic Spectrum Disorders; Tourette’s Syndrome; cerebral malaria; developmental disabilities; epilepsy; mental retardation; Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome; Myotonic Dystrophy; Down Syndrome; bulimia nervosa; intellectual disabilities; post-traumatic stress disorder and Smith-Magenis Syndrome).
Screening:
In the first stage, papers were rejected which:
investigated completed suicide, suicide attempts or suicide ideation as this review is specifically interested in the association between ADHD and self-harm as even less is known about this association
were not published in the English language
For the next stage papers were rejected which:
were not studies that involved a sample of individuals with ADHD (for instance, numerous studies involved samples of individuals with Tourette’s syndrome).
In addition, review papers and book chapters which were clearly reviews were excluded and if relevant are referred to in the introduction. Full documents were obtained for the remaining records.
Results
Fifteen studies were found that explored or included an exploration of the association between ADHD and self-harm (one of which was a case study). Table 1 lists the studies that were found to be relevant and details some of the main points for each. In this section, the fifteen studies are split into two sections. The first section includes studies where the sample involved a study population with ADHD and measures of self-harm behaviour were then conducted. The second section includes the studies which examined a population who were hospitalised due to injury and measures of ADHD were then conducted. This was done given the possibility that different results may be obtained depending on this. Under each of these headings, studies are divided depending on whether the samples involved children and/or adolescents under the age of 18 years and adults (those above 18 years of age).
Studies with a population with ADHD and measures of self-harm behaviour were then conducted
Children and adolescent samples
Deane and Young [41] investigated, using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of interviews, the experience of eight adolescent girls. Four of whom had a history of ADHD symptoms and conduct disorder problems (ADHD/CP), four did not. However, they report two cases where there was a presentation of both ADHD and self-harm or attempted suicide.
Hinshaw et al. [47] conducted a 10-year prospective follow-up of a female childhood-ascertained (6–12 years) ADHD (n = 140) plus a matched comparison group (n = 88). Ten-year outcomes (age range 17–24 years). Hinshaw et al. [47] assessed variety and frequency of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) using a modification of Claes, Vandereycken, and Vertommen’s [54] Self-Injury Questionnaire (SIQ). Suicide behaviours were investigated using the Barkley Suicide Questionnaire [55]. The family-completed Family Information Profile (FIP) enquired about suicide attempts. For suicide attempts, individuals with ADHD-combined had a higher rate (22%) compared to individuals with ADHD-inattentive (8%) or the comparisons (6%), who did not differ significantly. Interestingly, self-injury was significantly more likely (OR = 4.4) in the ADHD-combined group (51%) compared to the comparison group (19%). Self-harm was also more likely in the ADHD-combined group compared to the ADHD-inattentive group (29%; OR = 2.5).
The idea that ADHD may act as a risk factor for suicidal ideation and DSH was also investigated in a study based on adolescents from a general population sample [48] derived from a population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (n = 9432). Based on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, Present and Lifetime Version (Kiddie-SADS-PL, [56]) interview performed in a subpopulation (n = 457), associations between suicidal behaviour and DSH and the diagnosis of ADHD were studied. Information was also obtained from national registers about deaths related to suicide. Compared with adolescents without ADHD (n = 169), those with ADHD (n = 104) had more suicidal ideation (57% versus 28%, p < 0.001) and DSH (69% versus 32%, p < 0.001). The effect of ADHD on suicidal ideation remained strong (OR = 6.1) after controlling for several other predictors.
The effect of ADHD on substance-use disorder (SUD) as well as other behaviours such as SIB, suicide attempts and criminality is unclear which prompted the next study by Semiz, Basoglu, Oner et al. [52]. A total of 105 adult male offenders with Structured Clinical Interview for Axis II Disorders (SCID-II)-based DSM-III-R antisocial personality disorder (APD) were studied in terms of: (i) psychopathy scores on the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) [57]; (ii) ADHD(c) diagnostic comorbidity on clinically administered DSM-IV questionnaire; and (iii) ADHD(d) dimensional symptoms by means of Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) [58] and Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS [59]), during a 12 month study period (May 2005-May 2006). Most importantly, for the focus of this review, was the finding that the number of ADHD(d) symptom criteria endorsed correlated significantly with frequency of SIB (r = 0.32, p = 0.002). WURS total score was significantly correlated with frequency of SIB (r = 0.38, p < 0.001), number of suicide attempts (r = 0.28, p = 0.011) and negatively correlated with age at onset of SIB (r = − 0.23, p = 0.023). CAARS total score was significantly correlated with frequency of SIB (r = 0.34, p < 0.001) and number of suicide attempts (r = 0.32, p = 0.007).
Wehmeier, Schacht, Lehmann, Dittmann, Silva and March [53] were interested in measuring changes in items on the Pediatric Adverse Event Rating Scale (PAERS) that relate to emotional well-being of children and adolescents with ADHD during treatment with atomoxetine. Patients aged 6–17 years with ADHD were treated with atomoxetine (target dose 1.2 mg/kg/day). The PAERS was used to assess the tolerability of atomoxetine in children and adolescents (n = 421). The ten items that reflect emotional well-being were grouped in five dimensions: depressed mood, self-harm, irritability/agitation, drowsiness, and euphoria. The scores of these dimensions decreased over time. Only the dimension of self-harm was extremely low at baseline and stayed low over time.
Adult samples
Dowson, Blackwell, Turner, Harvey, Malhotra, Robbins and Sahakian [43] examined the associations between questionnaire ratings and performance on a computer-administered task of spatial working memory (SWM). Fifty-nine adult patients (mean age: 30.6 years) with a DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD, and their informants, were asked to complete questionnaires relating to aspects of severity of ADHD. The findings of interest to this particular review were that patients who reported a past history of ‘self-harm’ (n = 33) had a significantly worse mean performance on both measures of SWM (p = 0.004, 0.003).
In a more recent study by the same research group, Dowson and Blackwell [44] investigated impulsive aggression in 73 adults with DSM-IV ADHD adults (mean age of 29). Using questionnaires, they looked at both externally directed aggression and autoaggression. Impulsive autoaggression was identified if one or both of the following Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorder (SCID II) questions for BPD criterion 5 were endorsed: “Have you tried to hurt or kill yourself or threatened to do so?”, “Have you ever cut, burned, or scratched yourself on purpose” [60, 61]. Impulsive aggression was assessed by ratings of two criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD), involving hot temper and/or self-harm. Adult ADHD-related impulsivity and hyperactivity was found to predict temper outbursts/hitting people ⁄throwing, while self-reported adult ADHD-related inattention predicted threats/actual self-harm.
Studies which examined a population who were hospitalised due to injury (or identified by records/self-assessment) and measures of adhd were then conducted
Children and adolescents samples
Ben-Yehuda, Aviram, Govezensky, Nitzan, Levkovitz and Bloch [40] found an act of DSH or ideation was the presenting symptom of 232 emergency department referrals out of 905: comprising of 37 (15.9%) children (under 12 years) and 195 (84.1%) adolescents (12–18 years).
DiScala et al. [42] investigated the differences between hospital admitted injuries to children (5–14 years) with preinjury ADHD (n = 240) and injuries to those with no preinjury conditions (NO) (n = 21,902). Findings showed that, compared with the NO children, the children with ADHD were more likely to inflict injury to themselves (1.3% versus 0.1%).
Goodman, Gerstadt, Pfeffer, Stroh and Valdez [46] examined forty-three psychiatrically hospitalised prepubertal children regarding their assaultive and suicidal behaviours and they were subsequently classified into two groups, assaultive/suicidal (AS) and assaultive-only (AO). Mother and child aggression and child correlates of suicidal behaviour in the two groups was investigated. ADHD, child’s aggression, and maternal depression and state anger accounted for 33% of the variance in suicidal-scale scores. Aggression mediated the relation between ADHD and suicidal behaviour. AS children were significantly more aggressive and suicidal, five times more likely to engage in serious assaultive behaviour, and almost six times more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than their AO counterparts.
Izutsu, Shimotsu, Matsumoto, Okada, Kikuchi, Kojimoto et al. [49] explored the status of DSH among 239 junior high-school boys (mean age = 14.16 years, SD = 0.67) and 238 girls (14.22, 0.68) and investigated the relationship between DSH and substance use and childhood hyperactivity. A self-reporting questionnaire consisting of original questions on self-cutting, self-hitting, and tobacco and alcohol were used in addition to the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) for assessing childhood hyperactivity. With respect to the association between DSH and childhood hyperactivity, comparisons of WURS scores between those with and without experience of problematic behaviours revealed that with all problematic behaviours in both genders, scores of those with experience were significantly higher than those without (p < 0.01 except for self-cutting in females, p < 0.05).
Lam [17] found a four-fold higher likelihood of having a diagnosis of ADD for children and adolescents hospitalised for suicide attempts and self-harm based on a population-based epidemiological design which analysed data routinely collected on patients hospitalised due to injuries.
Lam [50] investigated the associations between intra-and interpersonal violence and related injuries and the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder (ADD) among children and young adolescents. This was a population-based epidemiological study that analysed data routinely collected on hospitalised patients owing to injuries. Children and adolescents (between 5–15 years) were identified from the ISC data bank by the selection criteria of having a diagnosis of external causes of injury and poisoning according to the International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision-Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) [62]. Patients with comorbidity of ADD were further identified from this data set by the ICD-9-CM. The likelihood of being diagnosed with ADD was about four times higher (OR = 3.76, 95% CI = 1.73-8.15) for children and adolescents hospitalisations owing to suicide and self-harm. Patients who were admitted to hospitals owing to suicide/self-harm were six times (OR = 6.27, 95% CI = 2.76-14.26) and three times (OR = 3.05, 95% CI = 1.31-7.06) more likely to be diagnosed with ADD, respectively, as compared with other causes of injury. The odds for self-inflicted injuries were about 8.5 for children diagnosed with ADHD compared to individuals without ADHD.
Lynch, Mills, Daly and Fitzpatrick [51] investigated the prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders, suicidal ideation and intent and parasuicide in a population of Irish adolescents aged 12–15 years. 19.4% of the 723 screened were identified as being ‘at risk’ and this ‘at risk’ group were interviewed along with a comparison sample matched for gender, school and school year. In the ‘at-risk’ group, six (5.9%) had a diagnosis of ADHD and only three (3.2%) had a diagnosis of ADHD in the ‘not at-risk’ group. The estimated prevalence in the entire population (based on a weighted analysis) was 3.7% (95% CI = 0.7-6.7).
Adults samples
Fulwiler, Forbes, Santangelo and Folstein [45] tested the hypothesis that prisoners who injured themselves without intending to die would differ clinically from prisoners who had attempted suicide. Fifteen patients reported that they had attempted to take their own lives, while 16 reported other reasons for harming themselves. The findings most relevant to the focus of this review was that of self-mutilation with a history of childhood hyperactivity (12/16 versus 1/15 suicide attempters). Five remembered being treated with Ritalin and several reported that illicit stimulant drugs (cocaine. amphetamines) had a calming effect and helped them concentrate. Self-mutilators were 28 times more likely to report childhood hyperactivity, and suicide attempters were 21 times more likely to be diagnosed with major affective disorder.
Discussion
This review identified 15 studies which investigated the association between ADHD and self-harm (one of which was a case study design). All of these studies indicate an association between ADHD and self-harm which suggests that ADHD may be a potential risk factor for self-harm.
It is important to consider the age of the individuals with ADHD in the studies which have been identified by this review (which investigated the association between ADHD and self-harming behaviours) given the literature which suggests that ADHD symptoms can sometimes change with age. Although ADHD symptoms frequently persist over time [63], maturation has been found to have a significant positive effect on ADHD symptoms in many children [64]. These findings have resulted in the hypothesis that ADHD is associated with a delay as opposed to an abnormal brain development [65, 66]. However, few studies have examined the persistence of ADHD from childhood to adulthood [67, 68]. This lack of rigorous research is surprising, given the significant impact that ADHD frequently has on the individual. For instance, ADHD diagnosed at school age increases the risk for antisocial development, drug misuse, pathological aggression, and social and academic exclusion by a factor of five to ten compared to the general population [69–71].
It is also important to highlight the gender in the studies identified by this review given the gender differences seen in individuals with ADHD [72]. The existing literature shows that although the gender difference in childhood is quite large, in adult samples this difference diminishes or disappears. Studies investigating gender differences, indicates that girls may consistently be under-identified and under-diagnosed and it is suggested that differences in the expression of ADHD between the genders might be one explanation for this [73–76]. Females with ADHD are reported to have less hyperactive/impulsive symptoms and more inattentive symptoms compared to males with ADHD [73, 77, 78]. Diagnosis of the inattentive subtype also appears to be more common in females with ADHD [79]. Boys with ADHD appear to exhibit more externalising disorders compared to boys without ADHD. Females, on the other hand, tend to exhibit more internalising disorders compared to girls without ADHD [73, 74, 78, 80] and to their male counterparts [80].
Looking at the gender in the group of interest across all fifteen studies it is clear that there are much higher numbers of males than females. This can be seen more clearly in Table 2. Studies which include greater levels of females are required. The small number of females in a large proportion of studies is limiting the power and the ability to find any significant association between ADHD and self-harming behaviours.
The majority of the studies used samples of children (below the age of 18 years). Only three studies used a sample of adults (older than 18 years) [43–45], of which two were by the same research group [43, 44]. Given what has just been described about the potential effect of age on ADHD symptoms, more studies are required which use samples to include older people in order to elucidate the effect of ADHD over the course of their lifetime.
From the 15 identified studies in this review, seven were studies using a population with ADHD and measures of self-harming behaviour were then conducted [41, 43, 44, 47, 48, 52, 53]. The remaining studies investigated a population who were hospitalised due to injury (or identified by records/self-assessment) and measures of ADHD were then conducted [17, 40, 42, 45, 46, 49–51]. Three of the 15 studies discussed in this systematic review were identified as the most relevant and methodologically reliable [42, 47, 48]. DiScala et al. [42] investigated the differences between hospital admitted injuries to children with pre-injury ADHD and injuries to those with no pre-injury conditions (NO). Compared with the NO children, the children with ADHD were more likely to inflict injury upon themselves (1.3% versus 0.1%). The importance of early identification of individuals at greater risk of self-harm is further validated by the findings of Hinshaw et al. [47] which showed that girls with childhood ADHD maintain marked impairment by early adulthood (including higher rates of suicide attempts and self-injury). Hinshaw et al. [43] found that girls with childhood-diagnosed ADHD continued to display higher rates of ADHD and comorbid symptoms and exhibited higher rates of suicide attempts and self-injury compared with the comparison sample. Self-harm behaviour predominated in the participants originally diagnosed with ADHD-combined. Hinshaw et al. [47] indicated that individuals with the ADHD combined type are at even greater risk of self-harm behaviours which merits further attention. Lastly, Hurtig et al. [48] investigated the effect of ADHD on suicidal or self-harm behaviour in adolescents from a general population sample and found that, compared with adolescents without ADHD, those with ADHD had more suicidal ideation (57% versus 28%) and DSH (69% versus 32%)”.
The importance of further research into the association between ADHD and self-harm is further highlighted by the studies (outwith this review) which have investigated the increased rates of suicide in individuals with ADHD. For instance, Barbaresi, Colligan, Weaver, Voigt, Killian and Katusic (2013) [81] investigated long-term outcomes of ADHD in a population-based sample of childhood ADHD cases (n = 367) and controls, who were all prospectively assessed as adults. Importantly, findings revealed that childhood ADHD is a chronic health problem, with significant risk for mortality, persistence of ADHD, and long-term morbidity in adulthood. The cause-specific mortality for suicide only was significantly higher among ADHD cases (standardised mortality ratios, SMR, 4.83; 95% CI, 1.14–20.46; P = .032) compared to non-ADHD controls from the same birth cohort [81].
Limitations
The conclusions that can be made regarding the strength of association between ADHD and self-harm are limited due to the relatively small amount of studies that have been conducted to date. In addition, the majority of these studies use small populations and some do not contain (or report on) control group findings. Publication bias is likely to be present as studies reporting no correlation are unlikely to be published [21]. Differing methodologies and differing measurement tools used across all the studies are a further complication [32]. For instance, in one of the studies found in this review, childhood hyperactivity was inferred only by self-report (as opposed to potentially more robust reports such as clinical assessments and/or parental reports) which the authors acknowledge in their paper [49].
Another limitation is the fact that data for the studies were collected retrospectively and then analysed for suicidal related events which exposes the studies to a degree of confounding bias, particularly in the studies where, for example, the Columbia Classification Algorithm for Suicide Assessment (C-CASA) (the standardised suicidal rating system) and the Computerized Suicide Risk Scale (CSRS) have not been delivered. Mapping any event to a specific code is possible, however, the potential for error is greater than if the scales were used prospectively. The use of these scales are often mandatory in trials. Additionally, the ability to separate self-harm as an entity from a suicide attempt is not always easy which is a potential confounding bias. In particular, Silverman, Berman, Sanddal, O’Carroll and Joiner (2007) [82] emphasised the potential complication with trying to separate self-harm and suicide attempt into two independent categories by highlighting that self-injurious intent and suicidal intent can be present simultaneously in an individual [82]. SIB and suicidal behaviours exists along the same continuum, with SIB representing a lesser form [83, 84]. Research has also found that 28% to 41% of individuals who engage in SIB report suicidal thoughts at the time they were engaged in self-injury [85].
Lastly, the influence of comorbidity is difficult to disentangle from the main findings, particularly for substance misuse and delinquency, prompting the need for further research using younger populations and those without co-morbidity [21].
Future directions and clinical implications
One study has shown some understanding of this relationship in their treatment strategies. Carminati, Deriaz and Bertschy [86] had good experiences with venlafaxine in the treatment of SIB and ADHD-like symptoms in patients with pervasive developmental disorders. This review highlights the need for clinicians to recognise the ADHD population as being at increased risk of self-harm. Children with ADHD pose particular problems of engagement with child mental health services which is another issue that needs to be addressed (a review of this is outside the scope of this review). Also, as the review by James [32] highlights, there is a need for clinicians to also recognise that the ADHD population is at increased risk of suicide attempt and completed suicide. The clinical implications of the main findings from the present review is that clinicians need to routinely screen for suicide attempts and self-harm in ADHD subjects, including the younger population which may introduce new ways of further reducing the youth suicide and self-harm rate [32]. This review also indicates that there needs to be a revision of the standardised ADHD rating scales since they generally do not enquire about self-harm and risk to self and others. This review clearly emphasises the need for inclusion of these aspects during routine assessment (either in questionnaires, clinical assessment or both). Effective screening requires an integration of all the currently known predictors of self-harm (and this review strongly highlights the need for symptoms of ADHD to be one of them) and further research to identify any others. One study discussed in this review also supports the idea that there needs to be distinctive screening procedures for each of these sub-types [46].
Conclusions
Despite the contribution to our knowledge of self-harm behaviours to date, we remain unclear as to exactly why individuals engage in these behaviours and, even more importantly, we do not have in place effective methods of accurately predicting or reducing these behaviours as a consequence. Therefore, it is vitally important that risk factors for self-harm (such as symptoms of ADHD) are recognised and identified to produce more reliable risk level indicators.
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
Allely, C.S. The association of ADHD symptoms to self-harm behaviours: a systematic PRISMA review. BMC Psychiatry 14, 133 (2014).
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Keywords
- ADHD: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- Self-harm
- Self-injurious behaviour
- Deliberate self-harm
- Suicide-related events |
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Category Archives: Carbohydrate Metabolism
Ten patients (33
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Our research is partly supported with the Dutch Kidney Base (IP11
Our research is partly supported with the Dutch Kidney Base (IP11.32). Footnotes Supplemental material because of this article could be bought at. REFERENCES 1. the organizations between surface area phenotype, T-bet/Eomes appearance levels, as well as the appearance of markers that anticipate Compact disc8+ T-cell function alter regarding to viral an infection history, against the backdrop Apoptosis Inhibitor (M50054) of HIV-1 and especially, to lesser level, of individual cytomegalovirus and/or Epstein-Barr trojan infection. Hence, the efficiency of individual antigen-experienced Compact disc8+ T cells comes after at least two proportions, one specified by the top phenotype and another with the T-bet/Eomes appearance levels, which are dependant on persistent or previous viral challenges. IMPORTANCE Functional individual Compact disc8+ T-cell subsets have already been defined using surface area markers like Compact disc45RA, CCR7, Compact Apoptosis Inhibitor (M50054) disc28, and Compact disc27. Nevertheless, the induction of function-defining features, like granzyme B appearance, is managed by transcription elements like T-bet and Eomes. Right here, we explain how T-bet and Eomes amounts distinctly relate with the appearance of substances predictive for Compact disc8+ T-cell function within a surface Klrb1c area phenotype-independent manner. Significantly, we discovered that central effector and storage storage Compact disc8+ T-cell subsets differentially exhibit T-bet, Eomes, and substances predictive for function regarding to viral an infection history, therefore in the framework of HIV-1 an infection and especially, to lesser level, of latent EBV- and/or hCMV-infected, healthy adults otherwise. Finally, we present that the distinctive phenotypes and T-bet/Eomes degrees of different virus-specific Compact disc8+ T-cell populations are imprinted early through the severe phase of principal an infection = 5)hCMV detrimental/EBV detrimental (= 6)28.7 [23.3C32.4]= 3)31.1hCMV bad/EBV positive (= 5)35.7 [30C38.5]hCMV positive/EBV positive (= 6)43.2 [43.2C56.6]HIV contaminated38 [33.5C42] Open up in another screen aYounger than hCMV/EBV dual- and HIV-infected all those (= 0.04 and < 0.01, respectively). TABLE 3 HIV-infected people< 0.05; **, < 0.01; ***, < 0.001; ****, < 0.0001. Virological analyses. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) measurements to determine viral tons and serological assays to look for the existence of antiviral antibodies had been done as defined previously (32, 33). Statistical analyses. The distinctions in age group between study groupings had been computed using the Mann-Whitney check in IBM SPSS Figures v22. For the statistical evaluation of Compact disc8+ T-cell properties from HIV-1-contaminated and healthful people, we utilized repeated-measurement evaluation of variance (ANOVA) assessment. This was just easy for the two-dimensional analyses (Fig. 1a to ?tod,d, ?,2,2, ?,3a3a and ?andb,b, and ?and5),5), as data factors for the three-dimensional analyses (find Fig. 4; see Fig also. S4 and S9 in the supplemental materials) had been sometimes unavailable because of too little or no occasions in certain Compact disc45RA/CCR7/Compact disc28/Compact disc27/T-bet/Eomes gates in Compact disc8+ T-cell populations from Apoptosis Inhibitor (M50054) a lot of people. As a result, for the three-dimensional analyses, we utilized a blended linear model check. Furthermore, due to the tiny population sizes from the EBV/hCMV-serotyped adults (find Fig. 5; find also Fig. S5 in the supplemental materials), we were not able to compare specific groups one to the other. Here, we examined all four groupings at once in order to discover whether they had been similar or not really. Statistical differences between your absolute amounts of general and naive Compact disc8+ T cells (Fig. 1e) as well as the appearance of IL-7R, granzyme K, KLRG1, and granzyme B by hCMV pp65-particular Compact disc8+ T cells in healthful and HIV-1-contaminated individuals (find Fig. 3c) had been assessed with unpaired Student's lab tests. Statistical differences between your appearance of IL-7R, granzyme K, KLRG1, and granzyme B by the top marker-defined or T-bet/Eomes appearance level-defined subsets from sets of healthful adults with different EBV/hCMV an infection histories had been driven using one-way ANOVA lab tests (Fig. Apoptosis Inhibitor (M50054) 5d; find also Fig. S7 and S8 in the supplemental materials). Outcomes were considered significant when beliefs were less than 0 statistically.05. Open up in another screen FIG 2 Virus-specific Compact disc8+ T cells present distinct T-bet/Eomes and Compact disc45RA/CCR7/Compact disc28/Compact disc27 appearance amounts. The distribution from the Compact disc45RA/CCR7/Compact disc28/Compact disc27 phenotypes (a) as well as the T-bet/Eomes appearance states (b) discovered among RSV NP (5 people)-, influenza A trojan (Flu) MP1 (5)-, EBV EBNA3a (8)-, EBV BMLF-1 (5)-, HIV-1 gag (12)-, HIV-1 Nef (11)-, and hCMV pp65.
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5A)
5A). (3). non-e of the measures included exogenous gene transfection, producing induced cells simple for long term clinical software. for 30 s, and expansion at 72C for 30 s; the ultimate extension step at 72C for 10 min then. For GATA-4, Tbx20, and Myo-D, the denaturation, annealing, and expansion intervals had been 1 min of 30 s rather, and the ultimate extension stage lasted at 7 min of 10 min instead. Desk 1. Primers Useful for Change TranscriptionCPolymerase Chain Response Tests. (C)DH51, and sequencing with ABI 3500xL Hereditary Analyzer (Existence Systems, Camarillo, CA, USA) was completed. Traditional western Blot Induced Muse cells had been gathered at the ultimate end stage of induction in the adherent, Sus+Advertisement, and Sus+Advertisement+DN organizations. Cell lysis Bedaquiline (TMC-207) was completed by incubation for 15 min on snow with buffer including 20 mM TrisCHCL, 1% Triton, 150 mM NaCL, and 1 protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). Protein parting was completed by 10% polyacrylamide gel (Supersep? Ace, Wako), Bedaquiline (TMC-207) after that used in a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (0.45 m Immobilon-P, Millipore). Blocking was completed by incubation with 5% skim dairy in TBST for 1 h with shaking at 4C. The membrane was incubated with the principal antibody diluted in 1% skim dairy over night with shaking at 4C, after that cleaned with TBST three times each for 5 min at space temperature (RT). After that, the membrane was incubated using the supplementary antibody diluted in 1% skim dairy for 1 h with shaking at RT, accompanied by same cleaning step completed after major antibody incubation. Visualization from the membrane was completed by chemiluminescence (Pierce ECL Plus, Thermo Fisher, Rockford, IL, USA), as well as the indicators had been quantified by ImageQuant Todas las 4000 mini (GE Health care). Major antibodies used had been mouse anti -actinin (Sigma-Aldrich; 1:700), mouse anti desmin (1:2,000; BD Pharmingen, NORTH PARK, CA, USA), rabbit anti HCN4 (Abcam; 1:1,400), and mouse anti -actin (Abcam; 1:7,000). Supplementary antibodies had been horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG and HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:5,000; Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc.). Adult cardiomyocytes isolated from male, 9Cwk-old Wistar rats as defined were utilized as positive controls30 previously. Immunocytochemistry Muse cells through the adherent, Sus+Advertisement, and Sus+Advertisement+DN organizations had been fixed for the last day time of induction through 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) at 4C for 2 h. After that, the cell examples had been washed double with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The cells had been incubated having a stop solution, which contains 20% Stop Ace (DS Pharma Biomedical, Taito, Tokyo, Japan), 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA; Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan), and 0.3% Triton X-100 (Wako) in PBS for 2 h at 4C. Following the obstructing, the examples had been incubated with major antibodies at 4C over night. Primary antibodies had been the next: a mouse anti-troponin-I antibody (1:200 dilution; Chemicon), mouse anti -actinin antibody (1:150 dilution; Sigma-Aldrich), and a rabbit anti-connexin 43 antibody (1:250 dilution; Abcam). The antibody diluent was exactly like the stop remedy but with 5% Stop Ace and 1% BSA. After that, the examples had been washed three times for 5 min each at RT with PBS/Tween 20 (0.05%). Supplementary antibodies had been diluted with PBS/Triton X-100, as well as the cells had been incubated for 1.5 h at RT. Supplementary antibodies had been the next: an Alexa 488-conjugated donkey antimouse antibody (Invitrogen) and an Alexa 568-conjugated donkey antirabbit antibody (Invitrogen) both at 1:1,000 dilution. Following the supplementary antibody incubation, 3 washes ATP7B for 5 min each at RT had been completed. The cells had been counterstained having a 1:500 dilution of 4 after that,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) in PBS/Triton X-100 for 3 min accompanied by 3 washes for 5 min each at RT. Finally, the examples had been installed using the slowFade? Yellow metal Antifade Mountant (Invitrogen) Bedaquiline (TMC-207) and had been analyzed under a Nikon C2 Eclipse laser beam confocal microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). The percentage of troponin-I+ cells was determined by the end stage from the 3 induction organizations using 2,000 cells for every combined group. Statistical Analysis Evaluation of variance (ANOVA) accompanied by Tukeys post hoc check, and paired check had been useful for group evaluations using Microsoft? Excel 2007 software program and (GraphPad InStat 3, NORTH PARK, CA, USA) applications. Outcomes DNA and Pluripotency Methylation After isolation, Muse cells got a spindle form similar compared Bedaquiline (TMC-207) to that of mesenchymal cells (Fig. 2A). If they had been transferred to suspension system tradition, Muse cells aggregated to create spheroids (Fig. 2B). Open up in another windowpane Fig. 2. Suspension system Bedaquiline (TMC-207) tradition and 5-AZA boost Muse pluripotency. (A) Naive adherent Muse;.
Background CD34+ progenitor cells comprise both endothelial and hematopoietic progenitor cells
Background.
Supplementary Materials Body S1
Supplementary Materials Body S1. Treg\produced mediator to keep immunological tolerance in T\cell\mediated autoimmune colitis. knockout passed away at delivery because of flaws in the cranium and buildings shaped with the neural crest.10 Several studies have reported that elevated levels of DKK\1 were associated with disease severity or a poor prognosis, which provided a rationale to regulate the canonical Wnt pathway in cancer and bone diseases for therapeutic purposes.11, 12, 13, 14 It has been shown that DKK\1 might also use cell\to\cell contact to bind to LRP\6.15 The immunomodulatory role of DKK\1 in cancer immune surveillance and its pro\tumorigenic role were also shown in its effect on myeloid\derived suppressor cells.16, 17 Our recent study reported a novel role of DKK\1 to promote pathological chronic type 2 inflammation.18 Given the potential of DKK family member proteins to be involved in tolerance and immunomodulation, we decided to investigate whether DKK\1 may be present in immune cells and play a crucial role in tolerance induction and maintenance. In this study, we demonstrate that DKK\1 is usually uniquely expressed in Foxp3+ Treg cells to inhibit T\cell\mediated autoimmune colitis as a membrane\bound form. Foxp3+ Treg cells showed a robust expression of DKK\1 but not any other DKK family member genes. T\cell receptor (TCR) stimulation induced membrane\bound DKK\1 expression via the mitogen\activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Materials and methods MiceC57BL/6J and Rag2\deficient CHIR-99021 monohydrochloride knockout mice were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) and had been bred in our mouse facility. The animals were kept under normal light/dark cycle (12 hr/12 hr). The mice (chain expression. HistopathologyMouse colons were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 24 hr and embedded in paraffin. Haematoxylin & eosin staining of paraffin\embedded 5\m tissue sections was performed according to standard protocols. Picture acquisition was made using an Olympus microscope with Place RT acquisition and camcorder software program. Histology ratings of colon had been generated using the next phenotypes within a blinded style by a qualified pathologist. Chronicity: 0, no elevated irritation; 1, low degree of inflammation with an increase of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria mildly; 2, elevated inflammation in the lamina propria moderately; 3, advanced of irritation with proof wall structure thickening by irritation; 4, maximal intensity of irritation with transmural leucocyte infiltration and/or architectural distortion. Activity (observed epithelial injury): 0, normal, no inflammation by neutrophils; 1, occasional epithelial lesion (focal and superficial or rare cryptitis); 2, foci of CHIR-99021 monohydrochloride cryptitis, including rare crypt abscess; 3, multiple crypt abscess and/or focal ulceration; 4, considerable ulceration and multiple crypt abscess. An average of five fields of view per colon was evaluated in a blinded fashion. Antibodies and reagentsAnti\mouse CD4 (clone RM4\5), anti\mouse CD8(clone 53\6.7), anti\mouse TCR\(clone H57\597), anti\CD45RB (clone C363\16A), anti\CD3 (clone 145\2C11), anti\CD28 (clone 37.51), anti\mouse CD45 (clone 30\F11), anti\CD25 (clone 7D4), anti\CD62L (clone MEL\14), anti\CD44 (clone IM7), anti\mouse LAP (transforming growth factor\inhibitor BIO (Calbiochem, San Diego, CA) and atorvastatin (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA) were purchased from your indicated vendors. Porcupine inhibitor IWP\2 was purchased from ApexBio (Houston, TX). Jun N\terminal kinase inhibitor SP12560001 and extracellular transmission\regulated kinase inhibitors U0126 and PD98059 were kindly provided by Dr Bing Su (Yale University or college). Cyclohexamide (Sigma) was kindly gifted by Dr Peter Cresswell (Yale University or college). Human and mouse DKK\1 ELISA packages were purchased from R&D Systems. CellVue cell membrane staining dye and eFluor 670 cell proliferation dye were purchased from eBioscience. Experimental procedures for each dye CHIR-99021 monohydrochloride followed the manufacturers protocols. Interleukin\17A (IL\17A), IL\1F(ab)2 fragment was purchased from BioXcell (West Lebanon, NH). Cell lines and plasmidsDKK\1 cDNA was cloned into the pFRSV\SRexpression vector. Briefly, Chinese Hamster Ovary cells were transfected with DKK\1\pFRSV\SRand then DKK\1 expression was amplified TEF2 by methotrexate treatment. Before harvest, methotrexate was removed, and cells were washed. As a control, pFRSV\SRexpression vector was transfected and then the supernatant was also harvested and used in the experiment as a control. Amounts of DKK\1 were determined by DKK\1 ELISA (R&D Systems). Actual\time quantitative PCRRNA was extracted from FACS\sorted cells using the RNeasy Micro Kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD, USA). CHIR-99021 monohydrochloride Complementary DNA was generated using an iScript cDNA synthesis kit (Bio\Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), and actual\time reactions were performed in triplicate using SYBR Green grasp mix (Bio\Rad). Data were acquired on an iCycler iQ Actual\time PCR Detection System (Bio\Rad). Expression was normalized to GAPDH. Primer sequences were DKK\1 forward: 5\GCG CHIR-99021 monohydrochloride GCA AGA CCT ACA CCA AGA G\3; DKK\1 reverse: 5\CTT TCG GTA GTG GCG GGT AAG C\3; Gapdh.
Supplementary Materialssupplement
Supplementary Materialssupplement. 2011; Tahiliani et al., 2009; Wu and Zhang, 2011). Recent studies have also exposed non-catalytic functions of Tet2 (Chen et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2015), underscoring varied mechanisms by which Tet2 regulates gene manifestation. Although the function of Tet2 like a hematopoietic tumor suppressor is definitely well established, it is unclear whether Tet2 activity within hematopoietic cells could effect solid tumors. In particular, the growth of myelomonocytic lineages upon deletion in HSCs increases the query of whether unique functions of Tet2 may exist in these cells. Furthermore, recent findings of somatic mutations in peripheral blood cells, present in both healthy human being individuals and solid malignancy individuals (Busque et al., 2012; Genovese et al., 2014; Jaiswal et al., 2014; Xie et al., 2014), raise the probability that in 65% of instances (Chin, 2003; Davies et al., 2002), which often co-occur with loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressors such as and and mutations recapitulates key features of human being melanoma (Dankort et al., 2009b). Treatment of these mice with an inhibitor of the macrophage colony-stimulating element receptor (Csf1r, important for macrophage differentiation, proliferation and survival) delayed tumorigenesis, suggesting the importance of TAMs to advertise tumor development within this model (Ngiow et al., 2016). Right here we explored the influence of myeloid-specific deletion of on tumor development using two murine melanoma versions. Unlike the recognized function of Tet2 being a tumor suppressor, we discovered that Tet2 maintains the immunosuppressive features of tumor-tissue macrophages to market tumor development. Tet2 appearance in TAMs was governed via an interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-Myd88 pathway, and deletion of led to adjustments in gene appearance and associated useful polarization of TAMs. Hence, Tet2, a proteins regulating the DNA methylation Epothilone A landscaping, mediates myeloid immunosuppression and melanoma tumor development. Outcomes Elevated appearance of in MDSCs and TAMs during melanoma development As a primary model inside our research, we utilized the YUMM1.7 murine melanoma cell series, which was produced from the mouse model Epothilone A (Dankort et al., 2009a). YUMM1.7 robustly provides rise to melanoma in syngeneic wildtype web host mice with a considerable contribution of TAMs to tumor mass (Ho et al., 2015; Meeth et al., 2016), much like what’s frequently seen in individual melanoma. We first evaluated the RNA manifestation Epothilone A levels of Tet family members in myeloid cells after injecting YUMM1.7 cells subcutaneously into wildtype mice (Number 1A). IB1 We found that TAMs isolated from tumor cells had significantly higher mRNA manifestation than macrophages isolated from peritoneum or bone marrow of control tumor-free mice (Number 1B). In contrast, mRNA expression levels were related between these macrophage populations (Number 1B), whereas transcripts were barely detectable. We next harvested TAMs at two different time points during tumor progression (early and late phases) and identified that the amounts of transcripts in TAMs improved during melanoma progression, whereas no switch in manifestation was observed (Number 1C). Consistent with the increase of mRNA manifestation, global 5hmC levels in TAM genomic DNA were improved by 2-collapse during melanoma progression (Number 1D). To further characterize gene manifestation, we examined RNA levels in TAMs, intratumoral MDSCs (CD11b+Gr1+), as well as Epothilone A splenic macrophages, splenic monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs; CD11b+Ly6ChiLy6G-) and splenic granulocytic MDSCs (G-MDSC; CD11b+Ly6CloLy6G+) from tumor-bearing mice (observe Number S1A for sorting plan). Overall, intratumoral myeloid cells experienced 2-collapse higher mRNA levels than the related.
Background: Osteocalcin relates to energy fat burning capacity, memory as well as the acute stress response, suggesting a relationship between bone and the brain
Background: Osteocalcin relates to energy fat burning capacity, memory as well as the acute stress response, suggesting a relationship between bone and the brain. in the acute period for analysis. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to assess the discrimination of the prediction model. The potential effect of osteocalcin on cerebral ischemia and osteocalcin mechanism were explored in cultured primary rat cerebral cortical neurons treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation. Keywords: osteocalcin, acute ischemic stroke, NIHSS score, proline hydroxylase 1, pyroptosis INTRODUCTION The canonical physiological role of bone has long been considered to be its ability to protect internal organs and facilitate body movement. It is not difficult to view bone as our scaffold because of its structural properties. Therefore, we have lost sight of the functions of bone in other physiological processes. The present characterization of bone as an endocrine organ provides a conceptual framework that may shed light on some unusual aspects of bone [1]. Based on the communication between bone and other organs, bone can ZM 449829 influence several physiological processes in an indirect manner mediated by cytokines. For example, osteocalcin, a bone-derived hormone, promotes Rabbit Polyclonal to ZP1 -cell proliferation, insulin expression and insulin secretion [2]. Unexpectedly, vascular channels between the brain and the skull bone marrow that provide passage for myeloid cell migration were observed in murine models of stroke and aseptic meningitis [3]. This obtaining led researchers to search for a novel structure in the bone that can account for the release of bioactive cytokines into the general circulation. Transcortical vessels (TCVs) have been identified in human limb bones [4]. Microscopy provides revealed that TCVs combination along the shaft and hook up to the periosteal flow perpendicularly. These results additional identify bone tissue as an endocrine body organ and offer a possible mechanised description for the speedy reaction of bone tissue in the severe tension response [5]. A growing number of research workers are conducting very much research on the partnership between bone tissue as well as the nerve program. Oury et al. reported that osteocalcin marketed postnatal neurogenesis and storage and avoided anxiety and depression also. Furthermore, maternal osteocalcin can combination the placenta to market fetal brain advancement, such as for example spatial storage and learning [6]. Lately, osteocalcin was proven to suppress the parasympathetic anxious program in the peripheral organs and enable an severe tension response. This technique is initiated with a brain-derived indication in the severe tension response that boosts glutamate uptake into osteoblasts [5]. Nevertheless, there is small in the books relating to whether osteocalcin can improve final result in severe ischemic heart stroke in the severe period. As a result, the purpose of this scholarly study was to research the consequences and system of osteocalcin in acute ischemic stroke. RESULTS Clinicopathologic features of sufferers Eighty-three sufferers with severe ischemic heart stroke who fulfilled the inclusion requirements inserted into this research during the research period. The unimproved group comprised 42 sufferers, as the improved group comprised 41 sufferers. The patient features in the cohorts receive in Table 1. Considerably higher osteocalcin and lower fasting blood sugar levels were seen in the improved group set alongside the unimproved group. There have been no significant differences in age, sex, National Institutes of Health Stroke Level (NIHSS) score at admission, calcium level, vitamin D level, homocysteine level, or total cholesterol window Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis The ROC curve based on osteocalcin is shown in Determine any modified prediction model (Figure 1B). The improved prediction model osteocalcin included, sex, NIHSS rating at admission, calcium mineral level, and ZM 449829 fasting blood sugar level. The AUC for the improved prediction model was 0.77, that was significantly greater than that of the easy prediction model (Body 1C). The calibration curves for both models are confirmed in Body 1DC1E. The included discrimination improvement for the improved prediction model was 0.12 (95% CI: 0.057-0.1864; P<0.001). Open up in another ZM 449829 window Body 1 ROC curve from the prediction model. (A) ROC curve of the easy prediction model predicated on. |
2022 Highlights
Highlights video description
Video Description: Music playing over images and text.
Question... what makes Colorado Springs the best place to live, work and play?
Answer... Solid Infrastructure followed by images of street paving, new bridges, Panorama Park, roundabout at Garden of the Gods Park.
Answer... Responsible Growth followed by images of a plane at the airport, utility upgrades in AdAmAn Alley, TopGolf and Northgate Blvd, fire trucks and police officers.
Answer... Job Creation followed by images of people walking downtown, heavy equipment in a warehouse, a person typing on a computer, luggage check at COS Airport
Answer... Residents and Visitors followed by images of Fan Fest, the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Museum, people biking in bike lanes, hot air balloons.
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Thank you, ladies and gentlemen, for attending my eighth and final State of the City speech as Mayor of Colorado Springs. My thanks to you, and to all our citizens who will view this speech through various media, for your continuing interest in our great city.
My thanks to the Colorado Springs Chamber and EDC and its CEO, Johnna Reeder Kleymeyer, for once again hosting the Mayor’s annual report to our citizens, and to all the member sponsors of today’s event. And, of course, thanks to the Broadmoor for again providing us with a great venue.
Folks, in the scheme of things, eight years is not a long time. In the course of human history, it’s the blink of an eye. But in the life of a city, particularly one that’s 151 years old, eight years is sufficient time for significant change to occur. In fact Colorado Springs has changed a lot in the past eight years. And I'd like to use my remarks today to talk about these changes and then make some observations about the future of our city.
So I’ll begin by asking you to turn back the clock to the beginning of 2015. I assume most of you, but not all, were residents of Colorado Springs at that time. The city was still emerging from the Great Recession. Job creation in Colorado Springs had been largely stagnant for a decade. According to the annual Milken Report our city’s economic performance was 98th among America’s 200 largest cities and was trending downward. We were not creating enough jobs to accommodate the needs of our local high school and college graduates, and there was an exodus of young people from our city.
Our critical public infrastructure had been largely neglected for many years. The City Engineer estimated our public infrastructure deficit was at least $1.5 billion. Sixty percent of our roads were in poor condition and our stormwater system was both physically and legally deficient. In November of 2014, the voters had rejected a ballot issue to fix it and we were facing lawsuits by the EPA, the State of Colorado, and Pueblo County.
As lifelong residents of Colorado Springs, my wife Janet and I joined many others who were concerned about our city. And, in a moment of psychological disorientation, I decided to run for mayor. Here’s the 30 second message I sent to potential voters.
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Well, judging by the mail, email, and telephone calls we currently get at the Mayor’s office, I think even my most severe critics will concede that we’ve succeeded in getting Colorado Springs moving again. Eight years ago, people complained there were no cranes, evidencing new construction in the city. Now people regularly complain there are too many cranes. Eight years ago the common complaint was the roads weren’t getting fixed. Now we get lots of complaints about all the road construction. Eight years ago, people complained that Colorado Springs wasn’t attracting and retaining young people. Now I get complaints that Colorado Springs is being overrun by young people. But such are the vicissitudes of politics.
Here are the facts. In the last 8 years Colorado Springs has grown by about 50,000 people or about 1½% per year. That rate is actually slower than several previous periods in the city’s history. With a current population of about a half million people, we’ve grown from the 42nd to the 39th largest city in the country.
But while our population growth has been steady, our economic growth has been exponential. The gross domestic product of the Colorado Springs metropolitan area has grown by a third over the past 8 years from 30 to 40 billion dollars annually. According to the annual Milken Report I referenced earlier, our city’s economy, 98th in 2015, is now among the top 10 municipal economies in the country, driven by both job growth and wage growth. We’ve created about 47,000 jobs since 2015. We are also among the top ten cities in America where college graduates want to live and we have among the fastest growing millennial populations in the country.
How has this population and economic growth impacted our quality of life in Colorado Springs? Well, it depends who you ask. Just last May, U.S. News and World Report ranked us the second-best place in America to live. In a broad survey of Americans by that same organization, Colorado Springs ranked as the most desirable city in the United States for the 4th consecutive year. We’re in literally dozens of other top 10 rankings for places to live. Polls indicate a majority of our local residents also view the city as moving in the right direction. But it’s important to acknowledge that some of our citizens, particularly those retired, or not otherwise dependent on our economy for their livelihood, view the city’s physical and economic growth unfavorably.
But the reality is, ladies and gentlemen, you cannot create the 5,500 jobs needed annually to accommodate our graduating children and grandchildren who want to live here, without growing. And the fact is, all healthy cities grow. Of the 100 largest cities in America, the only ones that did not grow over the past decade were Baltimore, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Memphis, Milwaukee and St. Louis. Colorado Springs’ growth rate of 17% over the past decade was 23rd among the nation’s 100 largest cities.
So what has this most recent period of prosperity brought to our city? It has brought innovation, entrepreneurship, and significant public and private investment. With the support of our citizens we’ve improved about 1,500 miles of roads and have completed or are now constructing many large road and bridge infrastructure projects. In eight years, again with the support of our citizens, we’ve worked ourselves completely out of a legal quagmire and are well on our way to having the best stormwater system in Colorado. And in eight years we’ve brought the bold and ambitious City for Champions projects from conception to fruition. It took vision, persistence and well-designed public/private partnerships to make the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Museum, Weidner Field, Robson Arena, the Hybl Sports Medicine Center and a new Air Force Academy Visitors Center a reality. This investment will mean millions of visitors, thousands of jobs, and billions of dollars of economic activity for our city.
Add to these investments a new Pikes Peak Summit Visitors’ Center and rebuilt Cog Railway and it’s evident the future of tourism in the Pikes Peak region is very bright. Traffic at the Colorado Springs airport has almost doubled over the last eight years, to its highest levels in two decades, thanks largely to our newest commercial carrier, Southwest Airlines.
The city’s Interquest corridor has seen a billion dollars of economic development. Great Wolf Lodge, Scheels Sporting Goods, Ent Credit Union’s corporate headquarters and a new Centura Hospital are just a few of the investments. Polaris Pointe has become what I like to call a “grownup Disneyland” with golf, race car driving, indoor skydiving, a shooting range, and an indoor, and soon to be outdoor, entertainment venue, as well as other diversions.
And perhaps nothing has been so dramatically transformed over the past eight years than downtown Colorado Springs. A great city needs a vibrant downtown core, and we’ve got one now. The Olympic Museum, the Park Union Bridge, the Vermijo Plaza, Weidner Field, Robson Arena, 3,000 new residential units, 600 new hotel rooms and dozens of new businesses and restaurants have made downtown the place to be for young and old alike.
Our sports economy continues to grow, reaching a half billion dollars per year. Olympic City USA is home to the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Committee and its largest Training Center, 25 national governing bodies, the Olympic and Paralympic Museum, over 50 other sports related organizations and dozens of sports related businesses. We continue to attract major sports events. As an example, next June we’ll host the U.S. Weightlifting Championship at Robson Arena with 1,700 participants from around the country, and next July we’ll host the World Jump Rope Championship, also at Robson Arena. Hard to believe, but that 10-day event involves 3,000 participants from 30 countries and 10,000 hotel nights.
The military and defense industry has been and will remain the largest sector of our economy. Given the critical missions and facilities located here, that sector will continue to grow, regardless of where Space Command headquarters is permanently located. But in that regard, I’m very pleased that the ill-advised decision of the Trump administration to move U.S. Space Command from our city is being exposed as clearly contrary to our national defense interests and contrary to the interests of the American taxpayer. The Government Accountability Office found the process lacked credibility and transparency. Be assured our city will continue to wage the fight in Congress, at the White House and in the Pentagon to retain Space Command, and attract any new space related missions that are looking for a home.
Other important economic sectors in Colorado Springs are also doing well.
Our healthcare industry is outstanding, bolstered by our two great hospital systems. And the Colorado Springs Health Foundation has become the philanthropic force that our citizens envisioned.
The Pikes Peak region is blessed to be the home of excellent higher education institutions. The Air Force Academy produces officers who will lead the U.S. Air Force and Space Force. Colorado College is among the nation’s best liberal arts colleges. UCCS continues to grow and become a huge economic force in the region, expanding programs to meet critical needs, like Astronautical Engineering and Cybersecurity. Pikes Peak State College also plays a tremendous role in developing our workforce for tomorrow.
And our city has proven itself very economically resilient, even in the face of a worldwide pandemic. The numbers are out and they prove what we suspected. While the average large city in America suffered a 4% reduction in their economy due to the pandemic, and many much more severe, the economic loss to Colorado Springs was one tenth of one percent and we recovered all of the jobs lost to the pandemic faster than any other major city.
Now, what has this period of growth and economic investment meant in terms of the municipal tax burden of our citizens? This is something I think we should be very proud of. Despite the era of prosperity and increased public investment in infrastructure we have seen, Colorado Springs residents continue to enjoy among the lowest municipal tax burdens of any city in the country. The city's per capita tax burden is just over $800. That’s a third of the average tax burden of residents in the country’s 100 largest cities. And it’s my sincere hope that future Mayors and City Councils in Colorado Springs will not lose sight of the fact that you can have a very prosperous city and still have a low tax burden, and the fact that high tax burdens are ultimately hostile to a city’s growth and prosperity.
Another thing that is vital to a healthy city is a healthy reserve fund that will help it weather an inevitable national economic downturn. I’m pleased to report that over the past eight years the city administration and city council have been deliberately and intentionally working to increase our city’s reserves. The reserve currently stands at 24% of the city’s annual general fund budget. By all accounting standards, that’s a healthy situation.
The only unhealthy aspect of the city budget is an unfunded pension liability and the only entity that has the power to fix that problem is the Colorado legislature. Small tweaks to PERA by the legislature over the last several years haven’t done enough to reduce the unfunded liability of PERA and more significant reforms are necessary.
Now let’s turn to the future of our great city and the challenges and opportunities we can anticipate.
The most essential responsibility of government is public safety. Colorado Springs has always recognized that and it’s evidenced today by the fact that 57% of the City’s general fund budget is dedicated to public safety. But I believe the future challenge of having our public safety resources keep pace with our population growth and growth in geographic area will be daunting. In the past eight years we’ve added 120 police officers and 48 firefighters. But while we have 803 authorized police positions, 64 remain unfilled. I believe we’ll rectify that in 2023 by running continuous police academies. But a recent study commissioned by the City indicates that by 2035 we will likely need to increase our police force by another 200 positions. And we’ll likely need to build two more police substations in northeast and southeast Colorado Springs. We’ll also likely need to build up to five new fire stations and add up to 80 firefighters. We will need to do all this to ensure we maintain the reasonable response times our citizens need and deserve.
By action of the City Council, we took a big step this year to help us deal with the financial realities of our public safety needs by restructuring the police and fire impact fees that we impose on new developments. Those fees will help us fund the capital costs of future growth, but future city leaders must be vigilant to maintain public safety as our highest priority.
Unfortunately, we are in the midst of increasing crime in Colorado and no amount of police resources will solve the problem unless the State legislature has a fundamental shift in priority. The heavily Democrat controlled legislature has, over several years, been obsessed with reducing jail and prison populations. They’ve reduced sentences, provided for earlier release from prison, made it harder to revoke parole, and easier to be released on bond. And while our prison population has been reduced 23% over the past decade, our serious crime rate has increased 42%. It’s clear many of our legislators don’t understand the correlation, and it’s my hope the voters of Colorado will restore some common sense and philosophical balance that can deal with the crime wave we’re experiencing.
Staying with the topic of public safety, the Pikes Peak region’s greatest natural disaster threats have historically been, and continue to be, wildland fires and flash flooding. Our increased investment in stormwater infrastructure over the last several years has made us much better prepared for flash flooding, but we must continue to upgrade our system. We also know there will be more wildland fires. The question is when, where, and how well prepared we will be.
Last November, the voters helped us out tremendously by letting the city retain $20 million in excess revenue over the TABOR cap in order to create a permanent Wildland Fire Mitigation Fund that greatly expands our fire mitigation efforts. We are well prepared to leverage these local funds to secure significant state and federal money being made available for wildland fire mitigation. The City and Regional Office of Emergency Management are also emphasizing emergency evacuation planning. Over 600 different evacuation zones have been identified within the city. And, through a campaign called COSReady, our residents will be educated about evacuation from their particular zone. All these public safety issues will require continued vigilance.
Another fundamental responsibility of municipal government is to build critical public infrastructure to keep pace with the growth of a city. And while we’ve made great progress over the past eight years, it’s my hope that both our city government and our citizens will not lose sight of the fact that this is an ongoing challenge. Frankly, Colorado Springs has had an historical tendency to ebb and flow in its investment in roads, bridges, stormwater, parks and other critical public infrastructure. Although we have fairly quickly overcome a significant infrastructure deficit that took two decades to create, we simply cannot let up. We must continue to invest in public infrastructure, both city and utility infrastructure, to preserve our city’s quality of life and ensure that the private sector also continues to invest heavily in our city.
And perhaps the most important thing we can do to ensure our transportation infrastructure grows with our city is to renew the Pikes Peak Rural Transportation Authority, or PPRTA, when it comes before the voters in November. We are asking our citizens to extend PPRTA for another 10 years without raising the .55% sales tax paid by virtually all El Paso County residents. It’s PPRTA that pays for very expensive transportation projects that expand our traffic capacities and reduce congestion. For example, among the high priority projects for PPRTA III will be the long overdue expansion of Marksheffel Rd. and the completion of the Powers Boulevard extension to I-25.
Other ongoing challenges we face are homelessness and affordable housing. As to homelessness, I have long ago reconciled myself to the fact that as long as there are any unsheltered people on our streets many of our residents will conclude we are not appropriately dealing with the issue. But I can confidently assert, based on what I know from other cities, you will be hard pressed to find a large city that has dealt with the issue, within the parameters of the law, more effectively than Colorado Springs.
Despite significant community growth, we’ve cut our unsheltered census by 50% in the last five years. We are one of very few major cities that have seen a reduction. That’s because we have an incredible group of non-profits working with the city to address the problem. Thanks to the Springs Rescue Mission, Salvation Army and others, we have enough shelter beds to accommodate anyone who wants shelter and access to health care, behavioral health care, substance abuse treatment and employment opportunities. And we are increasing their ability to move to transitional and permanent housing.
Our police and fire departments are conducting effective outreach to those who refuse shelter and we are enforcing no camping bans and our “don’t sit, don’t lie” ordinance to the fullest extent allowed by law. I strongly believe our approach is the right one and I strongly encourage future mayors and city councils to maintain this approach in order to avoid the disasters that have beset so many other large cities.
What has transpired in Denver is a cautionary tale. In three years Denver has dropped from ranking the 2nd best place to live in the U.S. to the 55th. The reasons cited for this precipitous fall are crime, homelessness, and the pervasive presence of marijuana. That’s something Colorado Springs residents might want to consider when asked to approve 115 recreational marijuana dispensaries in the city on this November’s ballot.
As to the need. in the face of rapidly rising rents and home costs, the worst thing we could do is to defy market demand and curtail building new single family and multi-family housing. We need a broader range of housing choices for our residents, not a smaller one. As to affordable, or below market subsidized housing, we should recognize and appreciate the tremendous gains we’ve made over the last several years.
Once again, thanks to incredible partners in the for-profit and non-profit sectors, and the effective utilization of federal dollars by the city, we have more than doubled the output of affordable housing units in the city over the past six years. We should seek to further increase affordable housing by continuing and expanding these partnerships. But I would strongly discourage future city leaders from getting the city directly into the housing business itself. On a national level, such efforts have been historically unproductive.
Those of you who know me well, know that I’m a limited government advocate. I strongly believe, and nothing has occurred over the last 8 years to change my view, that cities will be most successful when they focus on the essential functions of municipal government: public safety, public works, transportation and parks, and don’t seek to take on responsibilities that have heretofore been the province of federal or state government or are otherwise not a traditional responsibility of local government.
I have supported and continue to support the use of Lodging and Rental Car Tax revenues to promote tourism in the Pikes Peak Region. Our 2% lodging tax is among the very lowest in the country and I would recommend seeking voter approval to raise it to 4% and use some of the additional revenue to fund maintenance of tourist burdened parks like the Garden of the Gods or North Cheyenne Cañon and the promotion of arts and cultural events that attract visitors to the region.
And here is yet another challenge for our city residents. As a city grows you have to work harder to keep it clean. That’s why we initiated the Keep It Clean COS campaign last spring. The city is expending a one-time amount of $2 million for new equipment to combat litter and clean up streets and medians and an ongoing $800 thousand per year for additional contracted manpower to help keep our city beautiful. We’re also increasing the resources of our forestry division to better maintain our city’s very large tree canopy. Every one of us needs to get involved in our keep it clean effort – individuals, neighborhoods, businesses and non-profits. If we all make sure our own space is clean, we’ll have a much cleaner city.
Now, I am often asked what things that will not be completed before I leave office am I most looking forward to seeing completed in the years ahead. And there are a number of visionary projects I hope to live to see come to fruition. I’ll mention just a few.
One such project involves the Fountain Creek Watershed from Fillmore to S. Nevada. Through the investment of Lyda Hill Philanthropies and the input of many stakeholders and consultants, we’re developing a visionary plan as to what that corridor can look like after the closure of the Drake Power Plant, the relocation of the City and Utilities Fleet Complex on Fontanero, and other public and private investments. Turning the Fountain Creek Watershed into a popular recreational amenity will result in an even greater transformation of downtown Colorado Springs.
There are several park projects I am very much looking forward to seeing completed. They include the development of Coleman Park on the city’s east side, the reclamation of the Pike View Quarry and its transformation into a world class bike park, and the opening of the Jimmy Camp Creek and Corral Bluffs Open Space in a way that preserves archeological and anthropological treasures and still allows for recreational use. Corral Bluffs is one of the most significant archeological sites in the world today, revealing the transition from the great dinosaurs to mammals and how life as we know it began. We owe it to future generations to develop it as thoughtfully as possible.
As to our parks, I continue to believe that our Parks, Recreation and Cultural Services Department would benefit from additional dedicated, non-general fund investment for maintenance of our existing parks and new park development. At the very minimum we must renew the Trails and Open Space or TOPS tax before it expires in 2025. If that is not accomplished next April, it needs to be a high priority of the next administration and council.
Another project I look forward to seeing completed over the next few years is a much-needed new downtown transit center. The project is in the design stage and its completion, estimated to be in 2027, is essential to the future transportation needs of our city. It will also be fascinating to watch Southwest Downtown and the Park Union District blossom over the next decade.
I have 7 to 9 months remaining in my term as Mayor, depending upon whether there is a run off election to determine my successor. Be assured I will be working day and night during that time to finish what I’ve begun and to prepare the city to meet the challenges of the future, and I will not be distracted by all the political rhetoric the Mayor’s race will inevitably generate.
But given that this is my final State of the City address, it must contain a lot of thank yous. Unfortunately, to do that right, and properly convey my gratitude to everyone who helped our city move forward over the past eight years, would require a speech of insufferable length. So I must reconcile myself to the fact my attempt, though well intentioned, will be inadequate.
I will begin by expressing my heartfelt appreciation to the 18 people who have served on City Council since April of 2015. Together we have shown our citizens that a strong mayor and a city council can work together to accomplish tremendous things for our citizens. I hope that what we’ve done to make the budget process, the confirmation process and general conversation between the executive and legislative branches much more constructive and effective will be replicated in the future. A particular shoutout to the current City Council: President Tom Strand, President Pro Tem Randy Helms, Bill Murray, Yolanda Avila, Wayne Williams, Mike O’Malley, Nancy Henjum, Dave Donelson and Stephannie Fortune. Would the council members who are present please stand and be acknowledged for your great work.
My thanks also to the judicial branch of city government. Our municipal court, which consists of 10 part time judges, under the leadership of Chief Judge and Court Administrator HayDen Kane, has been a highly professional group that has rendered great public service to our city.
I am deeply indebted to the outstanding city staff I have had the privilege to work with as Mayor. Throughout my entire tenure I have benefitted from the wisdom, political savvy, and work ethic of my Chief of Staff, Jeff Greene. Jeff is a consummate professional and has done a great job. Jeff, stand up and take a bow. (pause) I do, however, blame Jeff for the fact I have not vetoed a single ordinance passed by the city council over the last eight years. His communication with council was so effective that council ideas I was inclined to veto never got to my desk. Frankly, I’ve been itching to veto something. But there’s still time!
Our city department heads have been a stellar group of managers and visionaries. No less than 7 departments have been headed by the same person throughout my tenure. They include City Attorney Wynetta Massey, City Planning Director Peter Wysocki, Public Works Director Travis Easton, Human Resources Director Mike Sullivan, Economic Development Director Bob Cope, City Clerk Sarah Johnson, and Chief Judge HayDen Kane. Other current department heads that are with us today include our Fire Chief Randy Royal and our Police Chief Adrian Vasquez. Also present is Deputy Chief of Staff Ryan Trujillo and of course our CEO of Colorado Springs Utilities Aram Benyamin.
The Mayor’s Office staff has made it fun to go to work every day. Every day is “another day in paradise,” as we in the Mayor’s Office like to say. My thanks to Julie Lafitte, Laurie Landers, Wendilyn Guidotti, Katie Lally, Mattie Gullixson, Dawn Conley and Jessie Kimber for a job well done.
The fact is the City of Colorado Springs and Colorado Springs Utilities have tremendously dedicated and effective employees. It has been a great joy to work with so many outstanding public servants. Would all the city and utilities employees who are present today please stand so we can acknowledge you.
Our city could not have been as successful as it’s been over the past eight years without our partnerships with other regional governments and non-profits. While I can’t name them all, I must mention El Paso County, The Pikes Peak Area Council of Governments, PPRTA, the El Paso County Health Department, Silver Key, the Chamber and EDC, the Downtown Partnership, CONO, the Colorado Springs Urban Renewal Authority, the Colorado Springs Health Foundation, the El Pomar Foundation, the Colorado Springs Sports Corp., the Pikes Peak Home Builders Association and Realtors Association, Visit COS, the Trails and Open Space Coalition, the Trust for Public Land, the Palmer Land Trust, the Homefront Military Network, Mt. Carmel, the Colorado Springs Housing Authority and all our nonprofit shelter, housing and social services providers including the Springs Rescue Mission, the Salvation Army, Catholic Charities, Greccio Housing, Homeward Pikes Peak. Whew, you get the picture? I really can’t mention them all, but so many government and non-profit partners help make our city a great place.
On a personal level, I attribute any professional success and political survival I’ve enjoyed to the unwavering support of my family. I’ve had a lot of stressful jobs and a well-ordered personal life has helped me through the tribulations of extended public service. I met my wife Janet on a blind date 47 years ago. I like to say she’s the one who was blind. She took a chance on me and through 46 years of marriage she has given me the love and support that has made me a better person, and a better ancestor, than I ever could have been without her. And over the last 8 years she has quietly and effectively embraced her role as the City’s First Lady. She has raised almost a million dollars to promote our city as Olympic City USA and make Park and Rec sports available to all our children, regardless of economic circumstances. And folks, be assured that the only person in Colorado Springs that has eaten more rubber chicken than Janet over the last 8 years is me. We are both rubber chicken connoisseurs. Thank you, Janet, for all you’ve done for me, and for Colorado Springs.
Janet and I are delighted that our oldest daughter, Alison, was able to join us at our table today.
Ladies and gentlemen, I’m not sure if you’ve noticed, but I’m not a very flamboyant guy. But I believe I’ve led an interesting life. I was born out of wedlock, adopted when I was an infant and lost my adoptive parents at a young age. That trauma caused me to make it my life goal to lead a meaningful and consequential life. My legal career has taken me from the local courthouse to the U.S. Supreme Court. I achieved what some lawyers refer to as the “legal trifecta” serving as District Attorney, U.S. Attorney and State Attorney General. And thanks to the citizens of Colorado Springs, I’ve had the honor and privilege of serving as Mayor of my hometown, an ascendant American city at a time of unprecedented prosperity, overcoming challenges like domestic terrorism, civil unrest and a worldwide pandemic. And I am so glad I did. While it’s been a difficult job, it’s been extremely satisfying. In this time of highly partisan politics that has rendered federal and state governments largely incapable of resolving critical issues, I believe municipal government is where problems are being addressed and people’s quality of life is being enhanced.
When I walk out of the Mayor’s Office for the last time next spring, I will have been in public life for 35 years. That’s a long time to be in the arena. It has not been easy for me or my family, but it has been incredibly rewarding. And I’m so grateful to be able to say that thanks to the people of Colorado Springs, El Paso County and the State of Colorado, I have been able to live the life I intended to lead, and that makes me a very lucky man.
Citizens of Colorado Springs, the state of our city is excellent. It is widely recognized as among the very best cities in America. And our future is bright, if we choose capable leadership going forward. I have every confidence that future generations of Colorado Springs residents will understand and appreciate how unique our city is. It is one of very few large American cities founded on the basis of aesthetics, its proximity to the natural beauty that surrounds it, rather than economic practicality. We must never lose sight of the vision of its founder, General William Palmer, that Colorado Springs be an uncommon place where uncommon people enjoy the common pleasure of living, working, and playing. And we must never shrink from the challenge that faces every generation of Colorado Springs residents – to continue to build a city that matches our scenery, a shining city at the foot of a great mountain.
Thank you, and may God bless you and may God continue to bless the City of Colorado Springs.
Each year at the State of the City, Mayor Suthers presents a Spirit of the Springs Lifetime Achivement Award. This year's awardee is Lyda Hill. Garden of the Gods, Seven Falls, Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Pikes Peak Summit Visitor Center, Colorado Springs Pioneers Museum, and UCCS are a few of the places impacted by Lyda's generosity. |
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The newest Israeli Scientists joke goes like this:
“What makes Dr Efrati’s customers the best lovers in the world?
Their huge telomeres!”
What happened? Israeli scientists, famous for inventing breakthroughs and miracle cures to solve every health issue, be it diabetes or cancer or these days COVID-19, have finally solved old age. From now on, everyone who with spare cash can afford the Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) treatment by Dr Shai Efrati has the chance to live longer, or maybe forever, free from senescent cells while sporting huge telomeres young ladies will love. Telomeres are the bits of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of your chromosomes, not what you thought, dear reader.
A press release from November 2020, published by AAAS Eureka Alert, proudly proclaimed a breakthrough:
.”
Also the Tel-Aviv-University issued a press release. Their professor was quoted:
“”For many years our team has been engaged in hyperbaric research and therapy – treatments based on protocols of exposure to high-pressure oxygen at various concentrations inside a pressure chamber,” Professor Efrati explains. “Our achievements over the years included the improvement of brain functions damaged by age, stroke or brain injury.” […]
Prof. Efrati: “Today telomere shortening is considered the ‘Holy.“
The paper, done together with Efrati’s business partner Amir Hadanny, was this: (2020). doi: 10.18632/aging.202188.
Before we talk telomeres: the Conflict of Interests declaration says: “AH, BY, ZY work for AVIV Scientific LTD. ES [Efrati, Shai- LS] is a shareholder at AVIV Scientific LTD.”
This AVIV Scientific is actually a company co-owned by Efrati as its co-founder and Chair of the Medical Advisory Board (thus, not just a mere shareholder), and its business model is to offer HBOT to rich old Americans and Arabs, in Florida and Dubai:
“
So, how did Dr Efrati measure those telomeres? For some reason, he decided not to share with us any actual figures of his comparative flow cytometry analysis of participant samples, not even as supplementary material, maybe he is afraid of nosy PubPeer commenters. The editors of the journal Aging did not ask, but what can you expect from its chief editors Mikhail Blagosklonny (read here), David Sinclair (read here) and the telomere researcher Judith Campisi. Apparently, telomere research progressed into the new, data free stage.
Please forgive me for making fun of telomere research, I previously spent over four and a half years in a telomere lab and have a suspicion that that entire research field is pulling our leg. Thing is, the main dogma that youth and longevity are associated with long telomeres and once those get too short after many cell divisions, you grow old, get cancer and die, kind of contradicts what every telomere researcher knows too well: lab mice have gigantic telomeres, much longer than humans. And yet these mice grow old and die way before their second birthday, taking their enviably prolonged telomeres to their graves.
But then again, one of the biggest stars in telomere research field, the German professor Karl Lenhard Rudolph, was found guilty of research misconduct over data manipulation, a practice which might explain how at least some of the groundbreaking discoveries in the field came to be. In this regard, Efrati’s telomere study begins with the dogma that short telomeres make you old, and it does so by referencing the 2013 Cell review by Carlos Lopez-Otin and Guido Kroemer. My regular readers will get the irony, the others are invited to click here.
Nevertheless, telomere research was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2009. Among the winners was the UCSF professor Elizabeth Blackburn, who went on to collaborate with none other but the biggest guru of all, Deepak Chopra, to prove that yoga and meditation extend telomeres. They are really pulling our leg, no? Blackburn is also on editorial board of Aging, where she shares company with Rudolph, Kroemer and a number of other questionable scientists.
These telomere experts sure were impressed by such a groundbreaking achievement:
“Researchers around the world are trying to develop pharmacological and environmental interventions that enable telomere elongation,” said Efrati. “Our hyperbaric oxygen therapy protocol was able to achieve this, proving that the aging process can in fact be reversed at the basic cellular-molecular level.”
But what did Dr Efrati actually show in his clinical research paper to prove that HBOT extends telomeres and removes senescent cells? Several bar plots and tables, and not much else, which are described as showing the analysis of flow cytometry of blood cells. For telomere length assay, these were stained with a fluorescent telomere probe (PNA), but no FACS plots were offered to allow an actual patient intergroup comparison. Cellular senescence was determined as CD28 negativity of participants’ blood T-cells, a reason for that choice of a “biomarker” was not provided or documented with a reference, nowhere in the paper. Again, how those stainings looked in reality, is none of your business, just be informed that senescent cells were all removed under high oxygen as if by a senolytics magic (surely this impressed Aging editorial board members like Campisi). Dr Efrati also talked several times in that paper about his trial’s exciting HBOT results with HIF1-alpha expression analysis (oxygen-sensing protein, awarded the Nobel Prize last year), which he however refused to show even as a crummy diagram, just one measly sentence, no pictures. Efrati’s word sufficed to pass peer review at that journal.
This was the trial setup:
There were in total 30 participants who received HBOT and donated blood, which was then stained for either telomere probe or CD28. Strangely, 4 patient samples were excluded for “low quality” in the telomere analysis group and 10 in the senescent analysis group. How can that be if the blood was the same? Both methods used same preparations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), so, again, how can 6 blood samples have been good enough for telomere analysis but not good enough for CD28 staining? I have a suspicion how “low quality” might have been defined there.
Since those numbers are all Dr Efrati is willing to share, I asked an expert, Nick Brown (of Brian Wansink fame), to have a look at the numbers. Who was not impressed and said the statistics made little sense in several cases.
Ever the pooh-pooher of groundbreaking science, Dr Brown commented:
“These p values appear to be meaningless because the groups being compared are not independent.”
But for the sake of argument, Brown decided to pretend otherwise and “concentrate just on the p values from the contingency tables, as if the samples were in fact independent.” He then re-calculated the different p-values as listed in the Table 1 and noticed some are off. Also, he remarked that the telomere analysis contained 25 patients, not 26 as promised in the paper. Their average age calculation was not consistent with the GRIM test, a software to analyse statistical irregularities which Brown designed together with James Heather. Brown’s verdict:
“Table 1 is absurd because they are comparing different subsets of the same sample. Once you have that basic level of incompetence there’s not really any point in reading the paper. If I’d seen that as a reviewer I’d have written a three-line recommendation to reject .”
Incompetence? I beg your pardon? That paper made news all over Israel and beyond! There are oodles of wealthy Israeli, American and Arab senior citizens probably queuing outside AVIV Scientific offices right now, clutching wads of money and ready for the HBOT magic to take its course.
And in any case, Dr Efrati has cured many diseases with HBOT already, according to his perfectly objective Wikipedia profile. Hypertension no longer a problem thanks to discoveries in Leitman et al 2020, and stroke was cured already 7 years before, in Efrati et al PLOS One 2013. Brain concussion was solved by the clinical trial Boussi-Gross et al PLOS One 2013 and, for those not yet convinced, in Tal et al Frontiers Human Neurosc 2017. The highly acclaimed learned society of world’s biggest scholars and its world-renowned journal, Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, published Dr Efrati’s hope-giving editorial announcing a cure for nothing less but cerebral palsy: Efrati & Ben-Jacob 2014. And more recently, Dr Efrati found a genius way to make the entire Israeli nation smarter, both young (Vadas et al Frontiers Integr Neurosc 2017) and old (Hadanny et al Aging 2020), if only the government would mandate his HBOT method of brain
enlargement enhancement. Read this, in Times of Israel:
“One of the volunteers from his experiment, Avi Rabinovitch, 69, said that he “entered this study healthy, and left it a tiger,”
In 2015, Dr Efrati cured women of fibromyalgia, a chronic pain and fatigue syndrome, using HBOT:). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127012.
But each genius has detractors. The same number-crunching Dr Brown had a look at the tables in that 2015 paper. He noticed that its results section speaks of 48 female patients being included, 24 in the control and 24 in the Crossover group (meaning, those received HBOT later). The Table 1 however claims there were 50 patients in total, 26 of whom in the Crossover group:
Brown commented with yellow notes:
“The text says there were 24 in this group, but the percentages suggest that N=26 (e.g., “Life style: Secular: 17”, 17/26=0.6538, which would give 65.4% if correctly rounded instead of the reported 65.3% [sigh], whereas 17/24=70.8%). Regardless, there are GRIM inconsistencies, and sometimes SPRITE issues (no solution found), whether we use N=26 or N=24.“
In the Table 2, it got weirder. Aside of various GRIM inconsistencies Brown highlighted, he noticed something else: the life quality of patients changed from abysmally bleak to very slightly, but not really less abysmally bleak. The SCL-90 score is a symptom questionnaire which uses “a 5-point Likert scale from 0 to 4 with a higher score corresponding to higher distress.” The SF-36 questionnaire “generates a score from 0 to 100, with a high score indicating better health and less body pain“, as the paper explains. But look at the values:
Brown criticised very low SCL-90 baseline score for fibromyalgia patients. I personally am also puzzled how come the crossover group baseline score was 1.5 times higher than that of control group (and then fell significantly even without an HBOT intervention). And as for SF-36, Brown writes:
“These scores are all more or less impossible for a scale that runs from 0-100. An improvement from 3.15 to 3.48 would still indicate basically zero quality of life.”
But for his next medical achievement, there surely must be some kind of national award to Dr Efrati: he helped women to overcome fibromyalgia due to history of sexual abuse in childhood:
Hadanny A, Bechor Y, Catalogna M, Daphna-Tekoah S, Sigal T, Cohenpour M, Lev-Wiesel R, and Efrati S “Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Can Induce Neuroplasticity and Significant Clinical Improvement in Patients Suffering from Fibromyalgia with a History of Childhood Sexual Abuse-Randomized Controlled Trial“. Frontiers in Psychology (2018). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02495.
Also here, the numbers are weird. About “Physical Limitation” values in the treated group post-HBOT, I personally also note that the baseline of “physical limitations” of the treated group was 21.7 ± 35.2, while the control group had baseline of 13.3 ± 28.1, almost half of that. But Brown found out:
“The highlighted SDs of ~40 in this part of the table cover almost half the range of values (0-100). They imply that around a quarter of people who previously scored 15-30 scored 95-100 after treatment, while another quarter scored 0-5 — which would represent a catastrophic side-effect of the treatment.
For mean change, an SD of ~40 is just about possible, but […] SD of 66.6 requires multiple patients to have gone from ~0 to ~100 and at least one to have gone from ~100 to ~0.“
I will translate: apparently, Dr Efrati performed the old Israeli miracle of making lame (the tetraplegic, 100% immobile lame) walk and dance, with some forward, and with some sinners, tragically in reverse. And yet these same patients, who went from 100 mobility to crippled in a wheelchair and unable to move, are described as “improved in all domains (physical limitations,..”? What is going on? Maybe Dr Efrati is bullshitting us with some imaginary stats again? Is this the reason why he publishes his medical breakthroughs in such elite outlets like Frontiers and Aging?
But who needs fancy journals if journalists eat from your hands. A problem for Efrati’s business might be that, unless you convince hospitals and health insurances, you can’t really offer your costly HBOT therapy to patients. Most brain trauma and myalgia patients are stingy buggers who won’t travel to wherever Dr Efrati’s Aviv Scientific is offering its HBOT services. Most can’t be
tricked educated to pay the perfectly reasonable and justified costs of a life-changing oxygen therapy. On the other hand, rich old men are the perfect customers. Money can buy everything as they say, surely it can buy health and youth, and maybe even eternal life? And this is what Dr Efrati’s genius new paper in Aging is offering. Take a deep breath of pressurised oxygen, and emerge rejuvenated, with your telomeres, once shrivelled, short and hanging loose, now stretching proud, unwavering like those of a 20 year old man, and you didn’t even have to inject his actual blood for it like some do.
Another problem is, HBOT cannot be patented. Which is unfair to Dr Efrati for sure. Look, other doctors like Daniel Rossignol are curing autism with HBOT behind Dr Efrai’s back, as Smut Clyde noticed: “Hyperbaric oxygen treatment in autism spectrum disorders” Medical Gas Research (2012) DOI: 10.1186/2045-9912-2-16
As aside, one of these HBOT-grifting autism quacks is the infamous antivaxxer James “Jeff” Bradstreet, who shot himself when FBI raided his home over GcMAF quack cures. But don’t get me wrong, I never would want to imply that Efrati is just another grifting quack, that would be just pathetic diaspora Jew whinging from me. No, I am a big fan of “Israeli Scientists” humour! Look, Efrati’s Sackler Medcial School and Tel Aviv University pushed their
antivaxxer vaccine-sceptic professor Yehuda Shoenfeld into Israel Academy!
Dr Efrati never replied to my emails. Also his Sackler Medical School and Tel Aviv University superiors were not interested. Maybe they only communicate with paying customers? Should I have booked an HBOT session to extend my telomeres, instead of sending them Brown’s criticisms?
Update 29.01.2021
Several HBOT clinical trials are happening, including at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden! The Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society collated the information here, and of course also Efrati and Hadanny are running a clinical trial! The trial NCT04358926 with 30 participants was registered in April 2020, with recruitment completed since 3 November 2020. It was supposed to be a “Randomized controoled, [sic!] double blinded study“, with control group receiving normobaric oxygen, but Shai is stingy, so now it’s one HBOT group with 21 participants and one standard care arm with 8 patients. The trial was therefore changed to single blinded for outcomes assessor (i.e., Hadanny). I guess the trial’s randomization depended on who paid for HBOT and who didn’t? And instead of day 1 and 7 time points there will be only one blood assessment at day 5. Viral load tests and chest X-Rays are cancelled.
Oh, and for some reason in October 2020 Efrati was removed as principal investigator, now it’s only Hadanny.
Donate!
If you are interested to support my work, you can leave here a small tip of $5. Or several of small tips, just increase the amount as you like (2x=€10; 5x=€25). I am saving for a hyperbaric oxygen therapy, to stretch my telomeres.
€5.00
Comment on scientific article from Prof Shai Efrati
The obtained results of my colleague Efrati and his associates are extremely encouraging not only in the processes of prolonging life and slowing down the aging process as a physiological state, but in today’s pandemic conditions they gain special significance.
The conditions for preserving and slowing down the telomere of monocytes, taking their lifespan, their phagocytic ability, relationship with megakaryocytes and especially the ability to transform, give them a special role in preventing symptoms of Covid-19 symptoms, reducing the extent and consequences of disease and post Covid-19 conditions. In everything significant, if not the decisive place, monocytes have it. Their ability to adhere to sites of endothelial cell damage and deficiency especially now small blood vessels of the lungs that normally have a significant metabolic function.
That is why lung endothelial cells have only zones of the ACE 2 angiotensin converting enzyme, which is both a receptor on the membrane of these cells and an intracellular transmitter of Covid-19 virus with consequent apoptosis and creation of predilection sites for micro thrombosis as the main complication of these conditions.
The readiness and their possibility of their rapid transformation at the sites of missing endothelial cells can be significantly reduced not only by the volume of thrombosis, but also by preserving the respiratory membrane for satisfactory gas exchange and keeping ferritin levels within physiological tolerance.
Finally, this comment aims to encourage current and intensify new research in which we express a willingness to engage personally.
Profesor Dr Tomislav Jovanovic MD
Belgrade, Serbia
Dr Dusko Micevic MD
I found this article very useful. I appreciate you researching the topic and elucidating the conflicts of interest w/ journal, shotty research and potential profit motive. The evidence against, you present, is substantial.
I do hope and wonder whether there’s something to it, I guess his marketing is effective and I’m just a sucker for snake oil..
Of course, he focuses on things that don’t add up and casts a fair shadow. There are some things that ARE measured and encouraging, so perhaps this is also a case of sour grapes.
In the spirit of the same transparency, how did you leave the labs where you worked on telomere topics? Who fired you and why?
In the spirit of transparency: Jan van Deursen himself used a time-tunnel to phone my then-boss and had me fired for bullying, harassment and discrimination.
You anally-retentive moron from Bukarest.
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Dear Leonid Schneider,
Is there any truth to Dr. Efrati’s publications? Does HBOT show any promise?
LikeLiked by 1 person
Counter question: if HBOT results are so great, why does Dr Efrati publish in Frontiers and Aging, where anything goes, paying customer is king? And why are the numbers in those papers a bit off?
LikeLiked by 1 person
What are your thoughts on HBOT as a whole for treatment of TBI/post concussive symptoms that linger for years?
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Israeli Scientist TM Dr Shai Efrati took a small break from curing COVID-19 and cured Alzheimer’s.
First, mouse models of Alzheimer’s were cured with his Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT). Then, paying elderly customers who did not have Alzheimer’s but allegedly had memory loss (maybe they claimed Dr Efrati charged them more than he actually did?) were treated with HBOT. They were attested then with improved blood-flow and cognition, via “NeuroTrax computerized testing battery”. There was no control group of course. We are humorously informed: “The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.”
Here the paper, in that papermill trash journal Aging:
Ronit Shapira, Amos Gdalyahu, Irit Gottfried , Efrat Sasson, Amir Hadanny, Shai Efrati, Pablo Blinder, Uri Ashery Hyperbaric oxygen therapy alleviates vascular dysfunction and amyloid burden in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model and in elderly patients Aging (2021) doi: 10.18632/aging.203485
The study reports 6 patients treated with HBOT between 2016 and 2020. The corresponding clinical trial NCT02790541 had however 62 participants, those with “Severe cognitive decline (MMSA<17)” were excluded.
Yes, SIXTY-TWO trial participants, but apparently only SIX of them reported cognitive improvement and thus qualified to participate in the paper.
No, it’s the Tel Aviv University who are the
real idiotscognitively deficient here. Look how proud they are, with a press release:
Israeli readers, do help me out. Is Tel Aviv University a real research institution, at all?
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Dr Efrati performed the old Israeli miracle of making lame (the tetraplegic, 100% immobile lame) walk and dance, with some forward, and with some sinners, tragically in reverse
Now I have a Big Audio Dynamite earworm.
A drop of the laughter of the maids of France
Makes a hopeless cripple dance
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While many individuals see the securities market as their main choice for spending, the reality is that it is just of on many choices. Expanding a portfolio with other investments is an ideal means to shield your finances and protect your future. Gold, silver, and various other precious metals use simply this chance.
How To Invest In Gold Mining
There are a multitude of gold investment companies out there. While some competition is an advantage, it can also make it more of an obstacle to figure out which business will certainly provide what you’re trying to find. We have actually put together evaluations of 5 of the top gold investment firm to help streamline your choice so you can select the most effective firm to satisfy your demands and safeguard your monetary future.
Gold Investment Firm Reviews:
GOLDCO – Our Top Recommendation
They provide a huge option of gold and silver coins as well as bars for IRAs.
Setting up a brand-new Rare-earth elements Individual Retirement Account or rolling over an existing IRA is very easy, and a participant of Goldco’s team is always offered to help you via the process.
Goldco is an A+ rated service with the Better Business Bureau.
Cons:.
Platinum as well as Palladium aren’t provided by Goldco for Valuable Metals IRAs.
There are a lot of great gold investment companies out there yet Goldco is the one we best advise. They are an A+ rated business with the Bbb and likewise have a Three-way A rating from business Customer alliance. As such a relied on and also well-established company, you truly can’t go wrong when you choose to invest in silver or gold with Goldco.
Goldco concentrated on Silver and gold IRAs, additionally called Precious Metals of self-directed IRAs. Establishing a Precious Metals Individual Retirement Account with Goldco are an ideal way to expand your portfolio as well as safeguard you from the very unstable stock exchange. As highly-sought after rare-earth elements gold and silver both make an outstanding investment. Their worth has actually remained steady over the years as well as often tends to increase when the economy or stock market are not executing.
How To Invest In Gold Mining
Silver and gold are also being made use of increasingly more for production and new innovations, indicating their need will just remain to expand as we shift right into a more technologically-advanced future. When you choose to offer your financial investment upon retirement or a later day, you’ll have no trouble obtaining cash money for your silver or gold, which is not the case with a few other financial investment types, like property.
Goldco specializes in aiding its customers set up Gold IRAs. A Gold IRA is one type of self-directed Individual Retirement Account where individuals are enabled to hold gold, rather than supplies or bonds, in their Individual Retirement Account. Setting up a self-directed IRA with Goldco is easy.
Visit their web site, and take a couple of minutes to complete an application to open up a brand-new IRA. You’ll then choose just how you plan to money your IRA, and also move cash to the brand-new account. When the cash has actually been received by Goldco, you can choose the gold items you would love to contribute to your Individual Retirement Account.
Goldco offers both gold coins and also bars for Gold IRAs. All of these coins as well as bars meet the IRS requirements of being 99.5% pure and can be kept in IRA accounts.
Considering that silver is less expensive than gold, you’ll be able to include more to your Precious Metals Individual Retirement Account for the very same price you ‘d pay to purchase simply a couple of gold coins or bars.
As a result of Internal Revenue Service guidelines, silver must be 99.99% pure to be kept in a silver IRA. Goldco provides many different IRS-approved silver coins and bars for people wanting to include silver to their Priceless Metals Individual Retirement Account.
Various silver bars from PAMP Suisse, the Perth Mint, and also other very regarded mints as well as refiners.
Along with assisting you established a new self-directed Precious Metals IRA with silver or gold, Goldco can likewise help with rolling over an existing IRA into a Priceless Metals IRA. Numerous pension are eligible for a rollover and will permit you to obtain your brand-new self-directed IRA set up with the funds presently in your account. A member of Goldco’s group can assist you recognize extra about the process and identify if your retirement account is eligible for a rollover.
A Silver Or Gold IRA with Goldco supplies the same tax benefits as a conventional Individual Retirement Account. You can contribute approximately $6,000 yearly (or $7,000 if you’re over 50 years old) to aid your investments remain to grow a lot more until you are ready to retire. As soon as you are at least 59 1/2, you will, have the ability to withdraw funds from your account scot-free.
If you are interested in learning more concerning Goldco and establishing a self-directed Precious Metals IRA, see their web site to ask for the totally free Self-Directed IRA guide. The overview will certainly aid you recognize what Silver and gold IRAs are, how to establish them up and money them, and also the different coins and bars you can contribute to your account.
# 2 Birch Gold Group
Pros:
You can acquire rare-earth elements for a self-direct IRA as well as for personal investment.
A member of the team will certainly have the ability to walk you with the process of establishing your account as well as deal investment guidance.
Birch Gold Group has an A+ ranking from the Bbb.
Cons:.
You’ll need to pay annual storage space, insurance, as well as management charges.
Given that 2003, Birch Gold Team has been working hard to focus on the need of their clients. They intend to help each of their customers discover the appropriate mix of gold, silver, platinum, and also palladium to diversify their profiles as well as protect their wide range. Birch Gold Team supplies an experienced and helpful customer care group who can help answer concerns or stroll you through the needed steps for investing in gold.
Birch Gold Group can assist you establish a Valuable Metals IRA to diversify your profile. If you have an interest in establishing a new IRA or rolling over an existing retirement plan, the very first step is to open a new account and transfer funds to it. When your account is established, you’ll be able to pick the precious metals you intend to add to it.
A participant of the Birch Gold Group team will certainly be offered to help you learn more concerning this procedure and deal personalized recommendations to assist satisfy your investment needs. After you settle your decision, the specialist working with you will certainly finish the purchase for you.
Rare-earth elements bought for an Individual Retirement Account must be saved in an IRS-approved depository. Birch Gold Group uses their customers a range of storage alternatives. Among their highly recommended options is the Delaware Depository that supplies $1 billion well worth of insurance policy, so you can relax simple knowing your financial investments will be safe.
In order to be kept in a self-directed Individual Retirement Account, precious metals should satisfy certain levels of purity. These include 99.5% pure gold, 99.9% pure silver, 99.95% pure platinum, and also 99.95% pure palladium.
In addition to the IRA-approved gold, silver, platinum, and also palladium choices, you can also buy other rare-earth elements for a personal investment with Birch Gold Group. Several of the readily available gold and options include:
# 3 Noble Gold
Pros:
Noble gold also enables individuals to buy electronic money.
Safe storage space choices in Noble Gold’s Texas storage space facility are available.
Noble Gold provides gold, silver, platinum, as well as palladium for financiers.
Disadvantages:.
Gold IRA rollovers require a minimum of a $5,000 financial investment.
Noble Gold is another gold investment company you’ll want to take a close consider. Approved with both the Bbb as well as Consumer Affairs, Noble Gold strives to assist each of their customers make the very best financial choices feasible without the anxiety or problem that lots of associate with investing precious metals. Noble Gold is also a participant of the Business-Consumer Partnership, the Royal Canadian Mint, as well as TrustLink. They are extremely regarded and well-reviewed by their many happy consumers.
Noble Gold can aid you establish a Priceless Metals Individual Retirement Account to assist you protect your investments and also expand your portfolio. Gold IRAs get all the same tax obligation breaks that typical Individual retirement accounts get, making them an exceptional option for setting up for future financial success.
If you wish to set up a brand-new Precious Metals IRA or rollover an existing pension into a Valuable Metals Individual retirement account, complete the Individual Retirement Account established form on the web site. As soon as you’ve finished the type, a member of the Noble Gold group will certainly call you to help you end up setting up your account and also begin the process of relocating funds to the new account.
After your account is funded, you can pick the precious metals you wish to have added to your brand-new self-directed IRA. Noble Gold supplies a large choice of IRS-approved gold, silver, platinum, and palladium coins and bars.
If you favor to purchase rare-earth elements for a personal investment, instead of establishing a self-directed IRA, you can also do that with Noble Gold. In addition to being able to buy the gold, silver, platinum, and also palladium coins listed above, they also use collections and also unusual coins for purchase.
All of the uncommon coins are separately rated and also licensed by the NGC (Numismatic Warranty Firm) or the PCGS (Specialist Coin Grading Service). Each coin or collection is sent out in a sealed owner to maintain it in pristine collection. The uncommon coins and collections that are offered include: Four-Piece Indian– Saint Gauden Set, 1854 Kellogg $20 Coin, as well as Morgan Silver Dollars.
Investors may also consider one of the Royal Survival Packs provided by Noble Gold. There are 8 different alternatives that consist of pre-selected rare-earth elements that are created: Personalized and available for people living outside of the USA also.
When you acquire precious metals from Noble Gold, your order will be delivered firmly, quietly, and quickly to get them to your hands as swiftly as feasible. Noble Gold deals with various vendors for gold, silver, platinum, as well as palladium, which permits them to use their customers extremely affordable prices for precious metals. If you choose you want to sell your rare-earth elements back, Noble Gold’s buy-back program makes it fast and simple so.
Another massive benefit of picking Noble Gold is that their team members are easy to collaborate with and will not provide an aggressive or high-pressure salesmanship. They intend to assist each customer make the very best decisions for their personal monetary demands, and also do not push you to choose you aren’t all set to make.
Augusta Priceless Metals
How To Invest In Gold Mining
Pros:
Setting up an Individual Retirement Account is a simple process, and a member of the group will be readily available to stroll you via each action.
You can acquire silver and gold for individual financial investment.
They use countless IRS-approved storage space alternatives for Silver and gold Individual Retirement Accounts.
Disadvantages:.
You will certainly need to contact the company to locate the full checklist of IRA-eligible gold and silver coins.
Augusta Valuable Metals is another outstanding company to think about if you want to buy silver or gold. They have actually obtained an A+ rating from the Better Business Bureau along with excellent ratings from Google, Facebook, TrustLink, and also business Consumer Alliance, making them a trusted company to provide your service to.
Augusta Precious Metal’s is committed to each client and also helping them receive the very best feasible experience. The company is devoted to being clear, simplifying the procedure of purchasing silver and gold for the customer, and also supplying personalized solution to satisfy the requirements of each person.
Among the main items that Augusta Previous Steels focuses on is assisting customers establish Silver and gold IRAs to expand their profiles as well as protect them versus future stock market downturns. They strive to make the process of setting up an Individual Retirement Account as basic as feasible and also deal sustain each action of the method. They can likewise assist you identify whether an existing pension is eligible to be rolled over right into a brand-new Precious Metals self-directed IRA.
Augusta Rare-earth elements supplies a big option of IRS-approved silver and gold coins that can be added to a Valuable Metals IRA.
An additional choice you’ll have with Augusta Valuable Metals is the possibility to acquire gold or silver for a personal financial investment. Purchasing silver and gold as a personal financial investment comes with a number of the very same advantages related to purchasing them for a retirement savings account. You can shield your profile by expanding your financial investments along with secure on your own against a reduction in the worth of the buck.
To make a personal financial investment in silver or gold, established your account, transfer funds, then choose the coins or bars you wish to acquire. Augusta Rare-earth elements offers silver and gold bullion along with superior silver and gold for purchase.
Acquisitions with Augusta Priceless Metals ship free of charge with cost-free insurance coverage. Each product is securely as well as quietly packaged to offer further security.
How To Invest In Gold Mining
Regal Possessions
Pros:.
Precious metals for Individual retirement accounts are saved in protected, IRS-approved storage facilities.
You can choose from set apart as well as fully-insured storage space alternatives for individual financial investments.
You can likewise purchase cryptocurrencies with Regal Possessions.
Cons:.
The choice of gold, silver, platinum, and also palladium is not as big as you’ll find with a few other business.
Whether you’re seeking to diversify your profile with precious metals or cryptocurrencies, you’ll want to have a look at what Regal Properties has to offer. Regal Assets was founded by Tyler Gallagher more than a decade ago and has actually ended up being a highly-trusted name in the rare-earth elements’ financial investment organization. They belong to the Forbes Money Council and supply a specialized team of seasoned and experienced investors to aid their customers make the best monetary decisions for their details conditions.
Regal Possessions can help you set up a brand-new Precious Metals IRA. They use a large selection of gold, silver, platinum, as well as palladium coins as well as bars that are authorized by the IRS for holding in an IRA. If you intend to set up a brand-new Precious Metals Individual Retirement Account with Regal Asset, simply finish the on-line type to go into the details required to establish an account as well as fund it. Once the funds have shown up into your account, you’ll have the ability to select the coins and also bars you want to invest in.
Regal Properties.
Along with helping people set up a brand-new Precious Metals IRA, Regal Possessions can additionally assist you rollover an existing retirement account right into a Precious Metals IRA. If you are unsure whether your current pension is qualified for a rollover, connect to a participant of the Regal Properties team, and they can assist you establish if it is eligible.
Regal Assets uses various gold, silver, platinum, as well as palladium coins and bars that meet the Internal Revenue Service’ policies. Gold needs to be 99.5% pure, silver, have to be 99.9% pure, as well as platinum and also palladium have to be 99.95% pure to be kept in an IRA.
One point that makes Regal Assets stick out when compared to several other gold investment companies is that they additionally provide the chance to purchase cryptocurrencies. This is yet another method to expand your portfolio and also deal greater security against the ups and also downs of the stock exchange or a damaged United States buck. A few of the cryptocurrencies you can invest in with Regal Properties consist of Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tezos, Zcash, Litecoin, Stellar, and also XRP.
Regal Assets additionally provides special investment packages. These plans are created to streamline the financial investment procedure, which can be frustrating, and deal pre-selected coins and also bars at different price factors. There are six different packages to choose from:.
Seller Plan: $5,000 investment.
Knighthood Plan: $10,000 financial investment.
Legacy Profile: $25,000 financial investment.
Royalty Profile: $50,000 investment.
Empire Portfolio: $100,000 financial investment.
Coronation Profile: $250,000 investment.
Consideration in Picking.
Prior to picking a gold investment firm, checked out our list of considerations listed below. Spending some time to choose the right business to fulfill your demands will help ensure that you’re satisfied with the procedure and obtain the solutions you’re looking for.
Track record as well as Experience.
Just like any other investments or big acquisitions, you wish to do your research and also choose a trusted and also trustworthy firm. Choose a business that has several years of experiences and high client testimonials. Looking for companies with an A+ rating from the Bbb or ones that are accredited with Consumer Affairs might give additional peace of mind.
Investment Options.
Next off, you’ll wish to think about the numerous investment choices used by each business. Identify whether they just provide Valuable Metals IRAs, or if they provide the alternative to purchase gold, silver, or various other priceless metals for personal financial investments.
After that, consider the option of precious metals they offer. Can you purchase gold, silver, platinum, and palladium, or will you be limited to just gold and silver? The number of coins as well as bars are offered for IRAs, and the amount of are readily available for personal financial investments.
Some gold investment firm likewise enable people to invest in cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin. If this is something you believe you would certainly want, be sure to search for a company that offers this option.
Costs.
You might need to check the small print, yet you’ll likewise want to assess the charges you’ll require to pay. Will you require to spend for shipping or insurance for your rare-earth elements? Exist yearly charges associated with IRAs? Will you be billed for anything else? Answering these inquiries may help you much better compare two companies that you’re torn in between.
Customer Service and also Support.
Establishing a Gold IRA can be tough. You might additionally be charged various charges if you do not move funds from an existing retirement plan to a new one. Locating a business that supplies excellent customer care is a must.
You want someone handy who will stroll you though each action in the process of either establishing a new Individual Retirement Account or rolling over an existing retirement account. Additionally, finding an investment firm that will certainly give you with guidance and assistance if you aren’t sure specifically what you want to invest in can likewise be practical.
Top Choose.
Every one of the gold firms we examined above are relied on and respected options to aid you set up a Valuable Metals IRA or invest in gold, silver, platinum, or palladium. We had to choose Goldco as our leading pick. There is a whole lot we such as about Goldco.
They are an A+ rated business with the Better Business Bureau and have a Triple A rating from the Service Consumer Alliance. Goldco makes it very easy to set up or rollover a Precious Metals Individual Retirement Account; their team members are really well-informed as well as practical as well as will resolve any inquiries or concerns you might have.
Goldco supplies a nice choice of IRS-approved silver and gold coins and also bars that you can add to your IRA. Purchasing silver and gold with Goldco can assist expand your portfolio and secure you against decrease in the stock market.
We assume you’ll enjoy with your choice to buy gold or silver with Goldco. Visit their site today to request your free Self-Directed Individual Retirement Account overview or to register to obtain your brand-new Rare-earth elements IRA started!
Frequently Asked Questions
1. Why should I purchase gold or various other precious metals?
Buying gold, silver, platinum, and also palladium use a terrific method to expand your financial investment portfolio. Unlike the volatile stock exchange, precious metals typically hold their worth pretty constantly. They are additionally in minimal supply in the world, which makes them extra unusual and also extremely desired.
Rare-earth elements are generally connected with jewelry, yet the reality is that they are used in a selection of various ways which maintains them in high demand. This consists of makes use of pertaining to technological advancements, which will just continue to boost over the coming years.
Spending several of your cash in gold, silver, platinum, or palladium will permit you to diversify your portfolio. This is highly advisable to protect you against an abrupt decline in the stock market. If every one of your possessions are held in the stock exchange as well as the stock market crashes right around the time you intend to retire, you could encounter a great deal of financial tension. Nevertheless, if a few of your possessions are kept in precious metals, you will be less negatively impacted.
Precious metals are additionally very simple to sell off when you are ready to market them. Since they remain in such high demand, you need to have no trouble finding a customer. This is not the case with realty or a few other investment choices.
2. When is the most effective time to buy gold?
It goes without saying that you intend to buy gold when it goes to the lowest rate feasible. While this isn’t always simple, there are a few indicators that can help you recognize if it is a great time to purchase good. Usually, the rate of gold climbs as the stock exchange declines. If you can acquire gold before the stock market is anticipated to take a huge decline, it is possibly an excellent concept.
Understanding how to check on the stock exchange futures could help you anticipate when you should buy gold. Hearing that a reserve bank is mosting likely to begin printing even more money is also typically an indicator that the rate of gold will increase considering that the worth of gold increases as the value of the national money goes down.
3. What is a Gold IRA?
A gold Individual Retirement Account is one sort of Self-Directed IRA, or Individual Retirement Account. Gold IRAs enable people to invest in gold, silver, platinum, or palladium in their retirement account, rather than the supplies as well as bonds with a standard Individual Retirement Account. Gold IRAs supply the same tax advantages of other sorts of retirement accounts, yet might be subject to higher costs.
The benefit of choosing to set up a Gold Individual Retirement Account is that you’ll have the ability to expand your portfolio by holding some precious metals instead of all stocks and bonds. Sometimes, you can even roll over an existing IRA into a Gold Individual Retirement Account.
4. What percent of my portfolio should I hold in gold?
The best percentage of a profile to devote to gold investments will vary by individual. Consider your comfort level with various kinds of investments in addition to your current age. If you are close to retiring, professionals advise against making riskier financial investments. If you are years away from retirement, you might really feel a lot more comfortable taking a bigger risk and spending even more cash in gold.
You can additionally change the percentage of your portfolio kept in gold by closely following the cost of gold and also the stock exchange. This is riskier though, because if you do not move quickly sufficient you could lose a lot of money.
5. Where can I acquire gold?
Gold is readily available in coin stores or from bullion dealerships. You may be able to find a regional bullion dealership or coin store in your location if you have an interest in purchasing face to face. Prior to visiting a dealer, you will certainly intend to research their reputation and company techniques to see to it you pick someone trustworthy. It is additionally an excellent idea to identify the existing price of gold and also bring it with you to ensure you don’t obtain scammed.
In addition to acquiring gold in person, there are a number of on the internet gold investment firm. They provide a big choice of gold coins as well as bars as well as other precious metals that you can acquire for a personal financial investment or for starting a self-directed Individual Retirement Account. You should likewise check the evaluations as well as ratings for a gold investment company before giving them your service.
6. Should every one of my cash be bought gold?
No, every one of your cash should not be bought gold. Gold ought to be utilized to expand your portfolio to shield against abrupt losses in the stock market. If all of your cash was purchased gold, you might deal with comparable troubles to having all of your cash invested in the securities market.
If the cost of gold occurs to decrease, your whole profile would certainly decrease in value. If simply a section of your portfolio is purchased gold and the rate of gold reduces, you will not take as huge of a monetary hit.
When you spend several of your money in precious metals, whether through a self-directed IRA or as an individual investment, you are expanding your financial investments to offer more stability should the stock market collision. In the event the stock market does collapse soon before you plan to retire or require to access your cash for one more purpose, your losses will be less significant if you have cash bought other locations.
Gold investment firm are created to make it easy for people to diversify their portfolio by purchasing gold, silver, platinum, or palladium coins and also bars. Some also offer the possibility to purchase cryptocurrencies currently. A gold investment firm can be a superb resource whether you simply intend to grab a couple of gold coins or bars to hold in your home safe, would like to seek a big investment to be protected in a vault, or are interested in surrendering or establishing a brand-new self-directed Individual Retirement Account, often called a gold IRA. |
When.
Panasonic Toughpad Keyboard
Panasonic toughpad keyboard is a reliable product. It is one of the best and most durable keyboards in the market. The soft keys are extremely sensitive and make typing easy. The software installed on it is very efficient and works without any hassle.
It is one of the best keyboards available in the market. It comes with some really useful features like quick-access keys for multi-tasking and software support for touch gestures. It is one of the most durable and durable keyboards.
Phone With Projected Keyboard
Keyboard is one of the most important parts of any device. You can not imagine your phone without a keyboard, but there are many devices that don’t have a built-in keyboard. For example, iPhone X doesn’t have a keyboard and you can use Apple’s new iPhone XS or iPhone XS Max with the latest Smart Keyboard.
As smartphones are becoming more and more-popular, there is a need for a keyboard that can be projected onto the phone’s screen. It will help in saving the space of the phone and give you an extra feature to use.
HP Keyboard Instructions
To fix hp keyboard problems you need to follow the following steps.
1. Use the “Fn” key to open the function keys menu.
2. Press the “Fn” key and then press “Fn + F5”.
3. Select “System Settings” and then press “Enter”.
4. Select “Keyboard” and then press “Enter”.
5. Select “Change Key Settings” and then press “Enter”.
6. Select “Key
hp keyboard instructions
The HP keyboard is the best choice for people who want to type faster and better. The keyboard has a number of shortcuts that can be used to increase typing speed. These shortcuts are used by the user to increase typing speed. You can make the keyboard more comfortable and efficient by following these shortcuts.
Webroot Secure Keyboard Entry
There are several keyboard options available for a laptop, desktop or tablet. Here are some of the best keyboard for Windows 10 and Android tablets. Webroot Secure Keyboard is the best keyboard to use on the internet. This program has excellent features that help you in your work.
You can search words and phrases in the web or write documents using this program. It also helps you in other areas of work like typing, editing, and formatting. You can also find various languages supported by this program.
Microsoft Wireless Keyboard 800 Drivers
Microsoft wireless keyboard 800 drivers are one of the best keyboard drivers. The Microsoft wireless keyboard 800 drivers are compatible with all Windows versions. It is very easy to install Microsoft wireless keyboard 800 drivers and it is very user-friendly.
Microsoft wireless keyboard 800 drivers are installed in your computer to work the Microsoft wireless keyboard 800. If you are not able to find the microsoft wireless keyboard 800 drivers, then you may need to install the microsoft wireless keyboard 800 driver on your computer. Here we will provide the latest version of microsoft wireless keyboard 800 drivers that you can download and install on your computer.
Microsoft wireless keyboard 800 drivers are available for windows 7, 8, 8.1 and 10. For windows 7, the drivers are installed automatically when you connect the keyboard to your computer. For windows 8 and 8.1, you need to install the driver manually. For windows 10, you need to install the driver manually.
Computer Keyboard Rack
Keyboard is a key part of the computer. The most common thing to be lost in a computer is the keyboard. It is important to have a proper storage for your keyboard so that it doesn’t get lost or damaged.
Computer keyboard-rack is a storage device for keyboards. The computer keyboard rack can be easily mounted on the wall or placed on a desktop. The computer keyboard rack is an ideal storage device for any number of keyboards. It is also an effective way to organize your workstation and make it more efficient.
Elite Dangerous Keyboard Controls
The keyboard controls are the most important factor to play Elite Dangerous. You need to be precise while flying your ship, as you will face many obstacles and obstacles. If you want to use keyboard controls then follow these steps,
Step 1: Select the “Keyboard” control scheme from the “Controls” menu in the game menu
Step 2: Go to “Settings” in the game menu and then select “Keyboard” from the list
Step 3: Now
The keyboard is one of the most important parts of a gaming setup. It controls the movement of your ship and you will need to be able to move it around in order to play the game. The keyboard is also used for other functions like firing weapons, activating various systems, entering various menu options and interacting with other players.
Programmable Keyboard Controller
Programmable keyboard controller is a highly flexible and programmable controller which allows users to program the keyboard to play specific sequences of keys and characters.
Programmable keyboard controller is a device that allows you to connect your computer keyboard to your computer using a USB port. You can use the programmable keyboard controller to create a keystroke macro. You can assign a keystroke to perform an action on your computer or on another computer.
Ipad Keyboard With Arrow Keys
A smart keyboard with arrow keys is the best keyboard to use on ipad. It has the capability to type with arrow keys, which makes it more convenient for typing and reduces the number of mistakes that you make. The ipad is a great device for work and play. But it has a huge disadvantage of not having the arrow keys on the keyboard. It is very difficult to use the ipad in that way, as you need to move your fingers a lot.
Now, there are various options to get a keyboard for your ipad. You can buy a bluetooth keyboard for your ipad or you can go for an external keyboard. Ipad keyboard with arrow keys is used to type quickly and accurately on your iPad. This is a very easy way to type on your iPad. The best thing about this keyboard is that it also includes numbers, symbols, and punctuation marks. You can use the numbers, symbols, and punctuation marks to help you quickly and accurately type on your iPad.
Laptop With Best Keyboard 2015
Best laptop with best keyboard 2015 is a lightweight, portable, and ergonomic notebook. The keyboards of this model have been designed to maximize comfort and minimize fatigue. The keyboard has been fitted with a number of keys to make typing easier. Some of the other features include:
The keyboard of a laptop is the most important feature. It is the first thing that you see when you look at a laptop. The best laptops have the best keyboards. The keyboard on a laptop is responsible for typing, as well as navigating the machine. When choosing a laptop, you want to make sure that the keyboard is comfortable to use. If it is not, you will not be able to type fast or efficiently. The best laptops have keyboards that are well-designed and responsive.
Rackmount Monitor Keyboard Mouse
A keyboard and mouse can be placed on a computer desktop. These are the essential accessories that are needed to operate a computer. The keyboard and mouse are the most important items in any computer, as they are the only items that can be used to type on a computer and click on the screen. It is very important to get a keyboard and mouse that has the right features, size, and specifications for your computer.
Keyboard is an essential part of a computer. It is the key to entering text, clicking on the mouse, or playing music. Keyboard are available in various types and sizes, each designed for different needs. They range from laptop keyboards to full-size keyboards with numeric keypads and programmable function keys.
Piano Keyboard Images Free
Piano keyboard images free is one of the best ways to learn piano. As you know, piano is a musical instrument that involves the use of keys, which are played with fingers. The notes of a piece of music are represented by the letters on the keyboard. Learning piano is not easy. There are several kinds of piano keyboard images free, which you can use to learn music. By practicing with these images, you can learn how to play piano, and play songs and other melodies.
Piano keyboard images free are the most popular keyboard images of the month. This keyboard is used to play various piano melodies and music sheets. It has a full-size keyboard with black keys, white keys and music notes. It has a touch sensor that can recognize the keys you press on the piano keyboard images free.
Change Iphone Keyboard Color
If you have a blackberry, and you want to change the color of the keyboard on your phone, there are a few things you can do.
1. You can find the “settings” option from the main menu of your phone.
2. Go to “settings” from the main menu.
3. Tap on “keyboard”.
4. Select “keyboard colour”.
5. Select a color for your keyboard to be changed.
How To Change Keyboard On Galaxy S5
There are various reasons why you might want to change your keyboard on your Samsung Galaxy S5. If you are switching from one operating system to another, for example, you might want to use a different keyboard for your phone.
If you have a specific problem with the default keyboard, you can also use a third-party keyboard to replace the default one. How to change keyboard on galaxy s5? It is not a very easy task. But if you want to change keyboard on galaxy s5 then you can follow the steps given below.
Server Keyboard
When we talk about a server keyboard, it is a keyboard that is designed to be used in a server environment. It is a full-size keyboard with numeric keypad, and extra keys such as Insert, Delete, Home, End, PgUp and PgDn keys. Server keyboards are usually cheaper than regular keyboards because they are generally less expensive to produce. However, the reduced size of the keys makes them less comfortable to use.
Also, these keyboards are not very durable and server keyboard is the keyboard that is used for server applications. It has a special keyboard layout that is designed for use with a remote console. These keyboards are usually wired and may be equipped with numeric keypads and function keys, and have a backlight.
Smartboard Keyboard
A smartboard keyboard is a keyless keyboard, which allows users to type without having to worry about how their fingers are positioned on the keys. With a smartboard keyboard, you can type without worrying about your hands or wrists.
Smartboard is a keyboard that has many key functions. It is used in schools, colleges, universities and other educational institutions. This smartboard keyboard is easy to use, it has multiple functions such as Maths, English, Science, etc. It has many key options and can be used for typing any type of documents.
Tvokids Keyboard Climber
tvokids keyboard climber is a wonderful game for all the kids who love to play games. It is easy to play and suitable for all the kids. It can be played on PC or laptop. The game is a wonderful gift for kids as it helps them to keep their hands busy while they are at home. The game can be played by 2-6 players at a time.
tvokids keyboard climber is one of the best selling keyboard. It is a great learning tool for kids and allows them to learn typing and computer skills. It has a separate learning mode which helps kids learn to type without any fear of making mistakes. It also has a game mode which allows them to enjoy playing games while they are learning. It also provides more than 20 fun and exciting games which can help your kid develop their skills and can keep them entertained while they are learning.
Steelseries Laptop Keyboard Replacement
If you have a laptop that’s built in 2010 or earlier, it might be worth replacing the keyboard. While many laptops have “rubber dome” keyboards that are still highly usable, they are prone to failure. The keyboard can become sticky and can also fail to respond when typing. The “rubber dome” keyboards also tend to get dirty easily, which leads to problems with the keyboard keys not working properly. A replacement keyboard is much easier to install than a repair.
Samsung Keyboard apk
samsung keyboard apk can be used for making your smartphone more secure and fast. Keyboard helps you to type faster than before. Now it is not only a mode for typing, but also an option for security. So if you are looking for keyboard for android phone, then this-app is the best option for you.
Samsung keyboard apk is one of the best keyboards that allows you to write, edit and send text messages with ease. It has a wide range of features, like:
1. You can send and receive messages from your friends via Samsung keyboard apk.
2. You can search through all the contacts in your phone book and write a new message to them.
3. You can type in any language, no matter what the language is, it will convert it into English.
Membrane Keyboard For Gaming
Gaming keyboards are considered as the best keyboard for gaming. Gaming keyboards have a unique design and shape, which helps gamers to perform better in games. Gaming keyboards have special keys for specific tasks, like mouse keys, quick access keys, macros keys etc. It also has mechanical switches that allow for faster response time and shorter travel distance.
A membrane keyboard is a type of keyboard which is designed to provide a better typing experience than a traditional mechanical keyboard. This type of keyboard has special keys that are used for gaming and special characters like keys for left-handed people, and there are also many other features that are found in a membrane keyboard.
Smart Tv With Wireless Keyboard
Using a wireless-keyboard and mouse to control your smart TV can save you money on your internet bills, as you won’t need to connect the keyboard to the TV. Plus, you can use the keyboard for other tasks like web browsing, typing and viewing photos.
Logitech Keyboard For Samsung Smart Tv
In a nutshell, a keyboard is a device which is used to input data into a computer. It is one of the most important peripherals for a computer user. A keyboard consists of keys which are pressed by the fingers. A few examples of key types are:
For gamers, keyboards are used to type in game commands.
For office workers, keyboards are used to input data into spreadsheets and documents.
For programmers, keyboards are used to input code into the computer.
Logitech keyboard for samsung smart tv is a fantastic product that helps in making typing on smart tv easy and comfortable. This keyboard is designed in such a way that it perfectly fits with the samsung smart tv. It comes with a soft touch finish that helps in reducing the friction between the keys and the surface of the smart tv.
Samsung Keyboard Not Working
When the keyboard of a laptop or computer does not work properly, you can use a different one. However, this is not always possible, because it is difficult to find a keyboard that suits your laptop or computer. So if you have a problem with your keyboard, then you should follow the steps given below to fix the problem.
The keyboard on the Samsung Galaxy S8 is a little different from the one on the Galaxy S7. While there’s no need to change the default Samsung keyboard, you can change it to one of the alternatives like SwiftKey or Swype.
Zagg Keyboard For Samsung Tablet
zagg keyboard for samsung-tablet is the best keyboard for samsung tablet. It gives you a smooth typing experience and helps you type accurately. It also protects your tablet from accidental spills and smudges. Zagg keyboard for samsung tablet can help you to type on your tablet device with the most comfortable way.
It is made of high quality materials, which makes it durable and comfortable to use. Zagg keyboard for samsung tablet has full-size keys, which makes it perfect for typing. Zagg keyboard for samsung tablet has multi-angle stand, which can help you to use it in any angle you want. It also has auto on/off feature, which will help you.
Kaspersky Secure Keyboard
Keyboard is a device that helps in typing and it has been made available to us. Nowadays, we use keyboard on a daily basis. Keyboard helps us to type, write and communicate. Nowadays, there are many brands available in the market and people are choosing different brands according to their needs. We can use different types of keyboards according to our needs and the keyboards also vary in their features.
Kaspersky Secure-Keyboard is a feature-rich keyboard that protects your personal data and offers advanced security features. It uses the same technology as Kaspersky Internet Security to scan your keyboard and monitor every keystroke, so you can rest assured that your data is protected. It’s also packed with some of the most useful keyboard features available.
Persian Keyboard For Iphone
Persian keyboard for iphone is an alternative keyboard that allows you to type in Persian language. It is the first alternative keyboard that lets you type in Persian language on your iPhone. The advantage of this keyboard is that it is simple and easy to use.
Persian keyboard for iphone is one of the best keyboard app available in the market. Persian keyboard for iphone helps you to type Persian text very easily and quickly. This Persian keyboard for iphone is a must have for every Persian user, who wants to type Persian text on their iPhone or iPad. It helps you to type Persian text on your iPhone/iPad easily and quickly.
How To Play Drums On Keyboard
If you want to play drums on keyboard, then first of all you need to know about the basics of drums. Playing drums on keyboard is not an easy task, and it takes some practice. However, you can learn how to play drums on keyboard by learning from the professionals.
You can start with simple-drums and then move on to more complicated ones. If you are willing to learn how to play drums on keyboard, then you should start by learning the basics.
Iphone Keyboard Languages
If you are a keyboard lover, then you might be interested in learning some new keyboard languages. But not all the keyboard languages are the same. Some of them have unique characters and different layouts. Let’s take a look at some of the keyboard languages.
If you have an iPhone, then you must be aware of the keyboard languages. iphone keyboard languages are very important to type with ease. If you are looking for the best iphone keyboard languages, then we have some amazing collection of best iphone keyboard languages that will help you to type in a very easy way.
LG Keyboard Keeps Crashing
LG keyboard keeps crashing is a common problem. It means that your keyboard is not working properly. Sometimes the keys do not work, sometimes the keys start to act weird and there are times when it just crashes. There are many reasons for this issue, but most of them are hardware related. You can try to fix it by doing these steps:
1. Unplug your keyboard and turn it off for about 10 seconds.
2. Remove any USB devices from your computer
lg keyboard keeps crashing, you may have to press a certain key to restart the computer. This is known as lg keyboard keeps crashing. To fix this problem, you can follow the steps given below :
1. Press and hold the “Power” button on the right side of your laptop for 10 seconds.
2. Restart your computer by holding down the “Fn” key and the “Esc” key simultaneously.
3. Unplug your laptop from the power source.
Rack Mount Keyboard Drawer
Rack mount keyboard drawer is a type of drawer which can be used for storing keyboards. Rack mount keyboard drawer is specially designed to hold keyboards. This type of keyboard drawer is available in different sizes and designs.
It can be mounted in a rack and can be easily removed from the rack. Rack mount keyboard drawer is very easy to install and easy to use. A rack mount keyboard-drawer is a handy and compact keyboard storage unit that enables you to place your keyboard vertically. These are ideal for use in small spaces, such as server racks and racks in a PC server room.
LG Phone Keyboard Has Stopped
If you are using a lg phone keyboard and suddenly it stops working, you can use the following methods to fix this problem.
1. Turn off the keyboard, hold down the power button and slide to turn off the phone.
2. Press and hold the volume down button and slide to turn off the phone.
3. Press and hold the power button and slide to turn off the phone.
4. Press and hold the volume up button and slide to turn off the
The lg phone keyboard has stopped working. This is because the keys have not been pressed. For example, when you are typing a message on the keyboard and you press a key, the next key is not pressed. You may have noticed that the keyboard doesn’t work as it used to. This is because the keys have not been pressed. For example, when you are typing a message on the keyboard and you press a key, the next key is not pressed. You may have noticed.
HP Envy Backlit Keyboard Change Color
In this day and age, with everyone using computers, it is important to have a keyboard that can be easily used for both typing and gaming. The backlit keyboard is an important feature to look for in a keyboard.
The backlit keyboard can change the color of the keys on the keyboard depending on the type of game you are playing. The colors of the keys can be chosen by you. The hp envy backlit keyboard change color is one of the best features of hp envy laptop. HP envy backlit keyboard change color will give you the best typing experience.
Best Laptop Keyboard 2016
We all know that it is very important to have a good keyboard. The reason is simple, when you are typing for long hours and you are typing fast, you will tend to press your fingers more on the keys, thus causing fatigue. So it is better to have a good keyboard, it can reduce the pressure on your fingers and also give you relief from the pain.
The best-laptop keyboard 2016 is the best laptop keyboard you can get in 2016. If you are looking for a new laptop and want to buy one, you need to make sure that you get the best laptop keyboard 2016. The best laptop keyboard 2016 is the most important part of your laptop, as it is the main keypad that makes typing easier. The keys on the best laptop keyboard 2016 are made of a material that is durable and flexible, which makes it easy to type on.
Adjustable Ergonomic Keyboard Tray
Adjustable ergonomic keyboard tray is a highly effective tool to help you work in comfort. A keyboard tray can help you avoid repetitive strain injuries and other pain-related ailments. It can also help you maintain your posture while you work. The adjustable keyboard tray helps to maintain the ideal height and angle of your wrists, elbows, and shoulders. This helps to prevent physical discomfort that can lead to bad posture and pain-related illnesses.
Adjustable ergonomic keyboard-tray is a very useful tool that helps in improving the posture of the user. It helps reduce back pain and carpal tunnel syndrome. Ergonomic keyboard tray has a special feature of providing a wider working area, which reduces the need for moving the keyboard back and forth, thereby reducing stress on the neck and shoulders. It also helps in reducing pain in the wrists, arms and hands.
How To Connect Wireless Keyboard To Samsung Smart Tv
Wireless keyboard is a wonderful addition to any Samsung Smart TV. Now you can access the internet and play games on your Smart TV using a wireless keyboard. You can use your wireless keyboard to browse the internet, search for content, play games, and more.
Connecting a wireless keyboard to a Samsung Smart TV is very easy. The most common way to connect a wireless keyboard to a Samsung Smart TV is through Bluetooth. If you are using the wireless keyboard, you can easily connect it to the TV with the help of a USB cable. However, if you are using a wired keyboard, you can use an HDMI cable.
Laptop Keyboard Repair Near Me
The laptop keyboard has become a very important part of our daily lives. It is necessary for the working of the laptop and for the convenience of us. Laptop keyboard is a very sensitive part of the laptop. It is extremely important to maintain it in a proper way. If it is not maintained properly, it may cause some kind of problem.
The keyboard is the most important part of the laptop. It is a very important tool for typing and gaming. If you are having issues with your laptop keyboard, you can easily get it repaired at any laptop repair shop near me.
Rackmount Keyboard Monitor
Rackmount keyboard monitors are very useful and practical for all kind of offices. This device is very easy to install and use. It can be placed anywhere in the office and can be used for different purposes. It is a simple device which has only one purpose, to make your work easy and efficient. It can be used by different people, as it is small in size and easy to carry. It can be connected to the PC through a USB cable and you can use it to type on.
A rackmount keyboard is an electronic device used to control computer hardware. It is used to display computer system information, such as the time, date, and serial number of the system. A rackmount keyboard can be a part of an embedded computer system or a stand-alone device. It may also be a part of a monitor, often called a “keyboard/monitor” combination.
Alienware Keyboard Lights Not Working
Alienware keyboard lights not working? First of all, you should check the light connector on the keyboard. It is always a good idea to make sure that the connections are not loose or damaged.
Secondly, you can try to remove the keyboard and use a different light if the lights are not working. To do this, you need to remove the screws at the bottom of the keyboard. Then you need to remove the cover on the keyboard and disconnect all the cables.
If you are experiencing issues with your alienware keyboard lights not working, then you should check your keyboard backlight settings. You can check the keyboard backlight settings by going to the Control Panel and then to Hardware and Sound. Then, click on Device Manager and look for the Alienware keyboard LED light. If it is not visible, then you will need to go to Device Manager > Alienware Keyboard LED Lights > Right Click > Properties > Change. If the LED light is not visible, then.
How To Connect Wireless Keyboard To Android Tv Box
There are many different types of keyboards available in the market. However, they all work in a similar way. You just need to connect the keyboard to your Android TV box or Android device using the USB cable and then pair it with your device.
When you have an android-TV-box or any other device, you will need a wireless keyboard to be able to control the device. The wireless keyboard that we have listed here is an ideal one for you. It has been designed with a compact size, lightweight, and also it has been made with an attractive color. You can use this wireless keyboard in your android TV box and enjoy the different features of your android TV box.
Pro Tools USB Keyboard
pro tools usb keyboard is a tool that helps you to edit, mix and master tracks. It is an essential tool for music producers. With the growing demand for pro tools software, many companies have come up with the pro tools usb keyboard. With the help of this keyboard, you can easily get a keyboard that is compatible with pro tools software.
You can use it with your computer to access the software. It also has other features like keys which can be used to perform special functions, LED backlit display and more. Pro Tools USB Keyboard is a must have for any Pro Tools user. It helps in quick and easy work. If you are using Pro Tools, you must have a keyboard to be able to use it. So if you are looking for the best pro tools usb keyboard, then this article is going to help you find the best pro tools usb keyboard.
How Much To Fix Laptop Keyboard
How much to fix laptop keyboard? This is a question that many users ask. The simple answer is that you can fix your laptop keyboard at home for free. You will need to remove the keyboard from the base and then remove the keys, so that you can apply the adhesive. If you don’t have the tools to do this, then you should get them, because it will save you a lot of money in the long run. However, if you are not able to do this yourself.
Arabic Keyboard Iphone
This keyboard is very much similar to the Arabic Keyboard for iphone. You can install it from here. Arabic keyboard is a new arabic keyboard that can be used on iPhone and iPad.
The Arabic keyboard will help you to type in Arabic text.
HP Laptop Keyboard Replacement Price
HP laptop keyboard replacement price is one of the most common problems faced by the users. The problem is faced in many HP laptops like Pavilion, Pavilion G6, and Pavilion G7. These laptops have a standard keyboard, which has a certain amount of wear and tear. The standard keyboard has some keys that are not used frequently and are prone to wear and tear. These keys are used less often than the ones that are used more often. Therefore, these keys get worn out faster than the others.
The keyboard of your laptop is one of the most important parts of your computer. You use it every day, and without it, you can’t do anything. You might not even realize that the keyboard is malfunctioning until it doesn’t work anymore.
Acer Laptop Keyboard Repair
When.
- Read More : Piano VS Keyboard.
Which piano keyboard is best for kids?
There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the best piano keyboard for kids will vary depending on their age, skill level, and personal preferences. However, some of the most popular keyboard brands for kids include Yamaha, Casio, and Roland.
Each of these brands has a variety of different keyboards that are perfect for different age groups and levels of experience. For example, Yamaha has a range of beginner keyboards that are perfect for beginners who are just starting out and want an easy introduction to the piano. Casio has more advanced keyboards that are ideal for intermediate or advanced players who want more control over their music. And Roland offers kid-friendly keyboards that are perfect for younger children who aren’t ready to start playing full songs yet.
Ultimately, it’s important to find a keyboard that your child is interested in and feels comfortable using. Once you’ve found a keyboard that they love, make sure to buy it from a reputable retailer so you can be sure you’re getting a quality product that will last.
Best Piano keyboard for kids?
There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the best piano keyboard for kids will vary depending on their age, skill level, and personal preferences. However, some of the most popular piano keyboards for kids include the Yamaha P115 Silent Piano Keyboard and the Casio CDP-120 Digital Piano.
How do I fix my Acer laptop keyboard?
If you are experiencing problems with your Acer laptop keyboard, there are a few things that you can do to try and fix the issue.
First, make sure that the keyboard is properly plugged into the computer. If it is not, then the keyboard may not be working properly.
Next, check to see if any of the keys on the keyboard are stuck or won’t respond at all. If one or more of the keys on your keyboard is not responding, then you may need to replace it.
If neither of these solutions work, then you may need to take your Acer laptop to a repair shop in order to have it fixed.
How do To fix my Acer laptop keyboard?
If you are experiencing issues with your Acer laptop keyboard, there are a few things that you can do to try and fix the problem.
First, make sure that the keyboard is properly plugged into the computer. Next, try resetting the keyboard by pressing and holding down the “Windows” key and the “R” key at the same time. If this does not work, you may need to replace your Acer laptop keyboard.
Can laptop keyboard be repaired?
Yes, it can be repaired.
The keyboard is a very delicate part of the laptop.
It’s easy to break or damage.
It’s best to have it repaired by a professional repair shop.
Is membrane keyboard good for gaming?
There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the type of membrane keyboard that is best for gaming will vary depending on your individual needs. However, some of the benefits of using a membrane keyboard for gaming include:
• They are easier to type on than traditional keyboards because they don’t require you to press down as hard on the keys.
• They are more responsive and allow you to move around the keyboard more easily while playing games.
• They are often cheaper than traditional keyboards, making them a good option if you’re on a budget.
Definitive answer to this question as it depends on the type of gaming that you are interested in. However, membrane keyboards are generally considered to be better for gaming because they provide a more responsive experience.
Is mechanical or membrane better for gaming?
Mechanical keyboards are typically preferred by gamers because they provide a more responsive and tactile experience. Membrane keyboards, on the other hand, are often considered to be more comfortable for long periods of use.
There are pros and cons to both types of keyboards, but ultimately it comes down to personal preference. If you’re in the market for a new keyboard, it’s worth taking the time to try out both types and see which one feels best suited for your gaming needs.
Mechanical keyboards are better for gaming because they have a more responsive feel and are less likely to get dirty. Membrane keyboards are also good for gaming, but they can be more expensive.
What is a gaming membrane keyboard?
A gaming membrane keyboard is a type of keyboard that is designed for gamers. It has a number of features that make it ideal for gaming, such as:
• It has responsive keys that provide accurate and fast responses when you are playing your favorite games.
• The design makes it easy to reach all the keys without having to move your hands from the home row.
• The backlight allows you to play in low-light conditions without having to use a flashlight.
• The detachable cable makes it easy to keep your keyboard organized.
A gaming membrane keyboard is a type of keyboard that is designed for gamers. It has special features that make it easier for gamers to enter fast commands and control their characters in video games.
Some common features of a gaming membrane keyboard are:
• The keys are made from a durable material that is resistant to wear and tear.
• The keys have a soft feel so they are comfortable to use.
• The layout of the keys is designed specifically for gamers.
• The keys are easy to reach, even when you’re crouching down or sitting down.
Why membrane keyboards are the best?
Membrane keyboards are the best type of keyboard because they have a number of benefits that make them better than other types of keyboards.
One of the main benefits is that membrane keyboards don’t require any type of battery, which means you can use them anywhere without having to worry about running out of power. They’re also lightweight and portable, which makes them perfect for using on the go.
Another benefit is that membrane keyboards are resistant to water and dust, which means you can use them in wet or dusty environments without having to worry about damage. They’re also scratch-resistant, so you won’t have to worry about damaging your keyboard while you’re working.
Why membrane keyboards Is best?
Membrane keyboards are the best type of keyboard because they are more durable and last longer than other types of keyboards. Membrane keyboards also have a low profile, which makes them easier to use on a laptop or tablet.
membrane keyboards are also quieter than other types of keyboards, which is great if you want to work in a quiet environment. They also have a backlight that makes it easy to see the keys in low light conditions. |
Meet the Boss: A Wild and Free chat with Godfathers mainman Peter Coyne
The ruling class, powers that be took good music off the public airwaves years ago and replaced it with insipid lifestyle programming, fake news, and bullshit unreality shows. They tried and tried to kill authentic rocknroll, but the latest Godfathers side, "Wild & Free", bursts boldly outta your shitty headphones fulla wide awake, bristling and lacerating Stooges riffs, tempestuous Thunders leads, irrefutable energy, and a pulverizing, powerhouse vocal: "Gonna start a war against ignorance and hate!"
This is essentially everything you can ask for, from a never say die, present day rocknroll band you can trust. Even after all these years, vocalist Peter Coyne and company are still conquering the forces of negativity and oppression and banality of evil with anthemic truth, and fully alive soul power. Play it now!
The bootboys and pint hoisters of the world already know what you get with the Godfathers. Memorable melodies, scream along choruses, visceral, passionate emotions, sneeringly defiant lyrics, and a heavy beat you can dance to. I dunno the names of the other guys in the Cure right now, but I'm pretty certain I know what they're all about. Same holds true with the Godfathers, who have always been about critical thinking, fierce independence, breaking the chains, the underground railroad, fully committing, and holding fast to your own guiding principles, even and especially when it means trudging against the ravages of time and hard winds and useless trends and popular currents of manufactured consensus.
Throughout the many storied incarnations and always evolving reinventions of Godfathers lore, many of the top guns in the business have flown under the proud Godfathers banner. "I'm Not your Slave" is golden pop you're gonna love. The "Hey Hey Hey Whoos" were made for you and me-it's gonna stay in your head for days. Peter's got a freshly rejuvenated lineup of reliably stone cold hit-men, but it's honestly like he has never missed a beat. The new Godfathers sound a whole lot like the original Godfathers, and that's almost maybe more than we should even hope for, in these perilously volatile and turbulent and unpredictable times, when there's so little to believe in.
A Godfathers tune is like a postcard from an old friend you love. The indefatigable Peter Coyne remains the dapper don founding member who steers the ship and stomps the fear. Reputedly a hard charging admiral, but I imagine that comes with the job description. Everything in this chaotic world of crisis and division keeps changing, except for me and Peter Coyne.
Not that many bands can still deliver landmark albums this deep into their long enduring careers like the mighty Godfathers did with their absolutely epic, "Big Bad Beautiful Noise", or their white hot, brand new double A side, "Wild & Free" b/w "I'm Not Your Slave". Mister Coyne has always been an unswerving risk-taker, a creature of instinct, a resolute rocknroller stubborn to the core, and utterly devoted to his cause. He is a lightning caller, a bold frontiersman, an unyielding rabble-rouser with a message. A man on a mission. Most musicians in the states sadly bought in to the "American Idol" culture of show me the money, mediocrity and unit-shifting, ever since Green Day and Nirvana planted the idea that you're supposed to get mansions and energy drink endorsements for your service. Nobody even tries to rock this hard, anymore.
The sadly bamboozled and hoodwinked general public are caught up in the conglomerate manufactured distractions of Net-Flix, I-Phones, political shit-shows, and just me consumerism, always awaiting more Amazon boxes to be delivered to their gentrified doorsteps by underpaid serfs in masks and gloves. Cows to the slaughter. We've all known since that stolen Bush selection that the voting machines are hackable, that evil billionaires control both parties, that the lawmakers are just brand rep, bribe takers and speech readers who do not care about our well-being, and that the tyrants have green-lit the steroid-crazed enforcer class to trample what is left of the Constitution. Nowhere to run. Nothing to hold onto . It's all in the past now. Horrible. We need real music now, probably more than we ever did before. I am obviously one of those sentimental saps from broken homes who always wishes original lineups could live happily ever after, but my own personal experiences out here in the fields have repeatedly proven that chemistry and compatibility are crucial if you wanna kickass, all ships have to sail in the same direction.
It's one thing when you're all likeminded, black t-shirted kids in the garage and even then, I had a much older replacement drummer lead a mutiny against me and my fish-net and safety-pins and yellow eye shadow, but as we age, those last few vigorous souls still interested in performing music all have varying and sometimes conflicting motivations and obligations, destinations and remote locations, so a reshuffling of the roll call sort of becomes inevitable. Bands are fragile eco-systems. You can have all the best hands on deck, but if one guy is content to make stoned, noodly tapes in his bedroom, or someone else mostly wants to acquire stuff and fuss over their old comic book or toy robot collections, one guy mostly wants to learn to golf, please the in-laws, go bowling and be popular in his hometown zipcode, maybe one guy's just after the big checks and is contentedly willing to perform shite disco or play in tribute bands every night if there's hotel rooms or plane tickets involved, and one guy is determined to spark the revolution and lead the youth revolt, that might not be the right crew to sail off into the horizon with. It's like the Blues Brothers "puttin' the band back together". An against all odds joke, absurdly impossible, preposterous, even endeavoring(!!) to assemble an over 40 fightin' force. There's gotta be a common vision, a strength among us, shared values, a pirate unity. Keep to the code, me hearties. Fill up your boots, swab the decks, swabby. Hoist the Jolly Roger. Aye-aye, Captain! Persevering Peter Coyne has done it, again!
His new music makes me feel like the Sex Pistols did, when I was a hated and unruly kid. When my own private future's past, already gone and been, personally, I'm real thankful for the Godfathers, Vive Le Rock magazine, and the I-94 Bar for faithfully keeping the flames of our rocknroll subculture properly tended and fanned. "Wild & Free" is an anthem for our times! You need to hear it.
People seem so baffled by the media-matrix, it's bad, they are zombified by cable and Amazon Prime and prescription drugs and talk radio. Corporate agitators keep them all in a reptile brain, obedient state of panic and fear. Real music makes us feel and think, and remember our true hearts. The Godfathers music is uplifting, powerful, righteous, and right the fuck on.
In the USA USA, the cities are all on fire and it seems like most of the population is irretrievably attached and infatuated with cunningly recruited and pre-assigned pre-fab figurehead spokesmodels they've been trained to "identify" with. If only the people could find a way to breakup with their imaginary puppet show political crushes, maybe we'd find a way to someday forge a real democracy that benefits the majority, but the spectator society is too in love with Trump's gold toilet, Obama's silver tongue, Pelosi's drunk aunt vodka kissy-kisses, Mike Pence and his bible photo-ops, CFR Susan Rice and HRC's red baiting, Libya bombing pink hats, or hair snaiffin' Joe Biden's covid masked, crime-bill "D" in parentheses.
The music here sucks and the politics are fixed fictions, totally phony narratives, like pro wrestling in the '80s. We need real rocknroll, now more than ever before, everything else seems so hopeless. No justice or liberty or even valid representation exists here. No millionaire lawmakers represent our true values. The violence voyeurs are only concerned with protecting the rights and privileges of their own tiny affinity groups. There is no cavalry on the horizon even when I squint. No saviors. So cats like me, we hunker down in our secluded basement rooms with stacks of old wax and retreat into the blazingly triumphant discography of the unstoppable Godfathers, always beckoning to us across the ocean and the decades, saying let's get higher, even if it's just you and me against the world. There is no future in the white hooded partisan pinups celebrity wag the dog programming, rigged elections, nightsticks and CS canisters, panopticon surveillance contact tracings, or murderous uniformed needle gangs. If Joe Strummer was alive today, and asked the kids if they really wanted to be cops, all too many would say fuck yes. Depraved sadist storm troopers dressed like Iron Man are glorified and glamorized by the corporate monopoly- media. Even the faux liberals are all just looking to make a bust. A damned nation of snitches, finks, bootlickers, and goose-steppers, we are so royally fucked. In these horrifying hours, the rich have reopened the economy, forcing minimum wage earners back into the work force for elite shareholder profits, so those who want to venture out and risk death by cops, or mysterious death plague can do so, but me I'm gonna stay right here in this miserably hot garage and listen to the Godfathers some more.
Life has passed us by, but once upon a crime, when the scrappy outcast punks were united, back in our more carefree and innocent days when we were the new boys manning the barricades in our ridiculous Bauhaus apparel, the Godfathers were our street fightin', rebel rock activator, initial inspirations. Dandified, pub rock action figures, who composed all our catalytic cassette compilation soundtracks for spontaneous cross country road trips and all night get downs, singing in each others faces, laughing uncontrollably, loitering on the corner stoop with our brown bagged malt liquor and Bow Wow Wow mohawks.
They were one of the main bands who moved us to form our own groups and establish our own after-hours speakeasies and publish our own fanzines and broadcast our own little songs and signals of solidarity out to the runaways, downtrodden, shit-workers and all our fellow guttersnipes. I'll love that band 'til my heart stops beating. "Walking Talking Johnny Cash Blues", "Because I Said So", "Those Days Are Over", "She Gives Me Love", "If I Only Had Time", "I Want Everything". They belted out hit after hit, custom made for scuzzy lowlife dreamers and dishwashers like us. Peter Coyne was the Strangest Boy-a never surrender alley tough in a silk suit, the Capo Di Tutti I Capi of subversive, post punk crossover.
Some of their boisterous rebel songs were even embraced by the squares and the straights at the campus jock bars if "Birth, School, Work, Death" came on the jukebox. Of course, all those baseball capped and khaki clad, piss stained athletic wear, cultural tourists soon abandoned their combat boots and went the way of all St. Elmos's Fire conformist assimilators and fratboys, but to a certain generation of signed on for life rocknroll outlaws, anti-fascist dropouts, street punks, and anti-social glamarchists, the Godfathers were the kings of the underground. Nowadays, the frontline resistors who took all the punches and the beatdowns and paved the way for all the alternative-mainstream Lollapaloozer trustafaraians and corporate-punk make a buck profiteers, have mostly all died off, or Gone To Texas. All our remaining freedoms and civil liberties are eroding, the state violence is outta pocket, the cops are the klan, there's nowhere to run from the racist police state and disinfotainment television, unaccountable private armies and immigrant gulags, we're all droppin' like flies over here, grim times indeed, so in these harrowing hours it is immensely gratifying, empowering, and consoling to hear the absolutely vital, and surprisingly still totally engaged and courageously alive Godfathers, still generously offering up these potent sounds of uplifting affirmation and gloriously joyful Hallelujah noises, for the people, and to behold Mister Coyne abiding steadfast at the helm. Shows it can be done.
Q Thank you for taking the time to do this interview. As you might already know, my friends and I are like your fan club. Anthony Castillo wants me to tell you that you have a devoted and grateful admirer in Long Beach, California, and if you ever require a stand-in guitarist, Neen Youkhana from Canada is a solid player, sings, looks great in a suit and probably knows your whole back catalog.
We have all been listening to you since the '80s. I did not have cable, but my goth pal, Scruff would frequently drive me like an hour to see 120 Minutes, the MTV show that played our favorite music, at our friend, Jenna's house in Ft. Wayne, Indiana. I would videotape the show for my other friends without cable. We wore your cassette out travelling in his rusty Oldsmobile. I'd been expelled from a series of schools for the usual transgressions-dresscode violations, attracting girls from the other side of the tracks, being a typical new wave era punk rock kid, but in a small rural town where that shit would not be accepted for another twenty five years, probably still isn't fully accepted, I think they still prefer Journey and Pearl Jam and Taylor Swift in that town to anything with style or any challenging content whatsoever. Your band instantly sent sparks through my whole nervous system. You were one of the reasons I started my first fuck you garage bands.
In 1995, corporate mergers and restricted play-lists killed rocknroll in this country. Or at least pushed us all back underground. The media-monopolies bought up the little venues, distributors, radio stations. Gentrification rent gougers pushed people from the cities. They replaced rebellious music with vapid consumerist lifestyle programming on MTV, bulldozed our subculture's landmarks, jacked up ticket prices to those big summer festivals, tried to erase our history, pretty much banned and outlawed our time honored traditions, and way of life, while thrusting all this trust funded, gimmicky bullshit muzak on us . Record stores closed, only wealthy, nothing to say, rich kid models from showbiz dynasties could even have bands
The music, news, history, science, elections, food, and medicine are all fake. So we still put big sea shells to our ears and listen hard for something with a bit of soul that still rings true. You never put the black flag down. We appreciate you.
First off, how do you do it? The inexhaustible arsenal of provocative, supercharged, singalong anthems? Always equal parts enraged dissident amidst the piles of broken glass and smoky debris, and romantic crooner striving to create an escapist eden with his old lady beneath the marmalade skies. You've continued to discover, recruit, and train so many formidable fighting units over the years-it's as if Australia and the UK are hoarding a surplus of die-hardest rocknroll firepower. How do you find these crack players and whip 'em into such battle-ready street-fighters? Who are the new boys?
Peter Coyne: Thank you! The current incarnation of The Godfathers is pretty tremendous...I knew guitarist Richie Simpson and drummer Billy Duncanson from the Scottish band Heavy Drapes, who supported The Godfathers on three dates in Scotland in 2018.
Heavy Drapes were just about to release their debut album when their singer Garry Borland died...so I set up two benefit concerts for his wife and daughter in Edinburgh and Glasgow. I played two sets each night, one with Heavy Drapes (playing half of their album "Crashing Like Stars" and a few classic covers like "Beat On The Brat", "Anarchy In The UK" and "I Wanna Be Your Dog") and of course a full live set with The Godfathers. So we played together on those two gigs and really enjoyed the experience & bonded...big time.
Someone else described Richie and Billy as the Scottish Asheton brothers - they are like a true double act. Jon Priestley, our bass player, was previously in The Damned - he is a really good songwriter and plays guitar, keyboards and of course wicked bass. He is also an excellent producer/engineer and produced our new double A side single "I’m Not Your Slave" and "Wild And Free" and did such a fantastic job!
Wayne Vermaak, our other guitarist, actually auditioned for the band in 2014 and for some inexplicable reason wasn’t asked to join - but I am so glad that he tried a second time and we recruited him this time round as he really is a brilliant player. So I knew Billy and Richie previously, and Jon and Wayne were contacted via Facebook....Richie Simpson plus Billy Duncanson plus Jon Priestley plus Wayne Vermaak plus Peter Coyne = some ultra serious rock & roll dynamite!!
Q Which albums from your prolific ouevre particularly deserved more attention, or were most overlooked, when hard pop and edgy old school punk were blotted out by all that artificial assembly line garbage and senseless fad mousepad techno of the past 20 years?
Peter Coyne: "Unreal World" has some of my favourite songs on it - the title track, "This Is War", "Believe In Yourself", "King Of Misery", "Drag Me Down Again" and "Something Good About You". People rave on about The Godfathers’ first three albums ("Hit By Hit", "Birth School Work Death" and "More Songs About Love And Hate") which is nice but "Unreal World" is easily equal to those records. And also "The Orange Album" as it’s known is pretty fucking good too and so is our last studio album "A Big Bad Beautiful Noise".
If I am honest, the only two albums I don’t rate that The Godfathers released are "Afterlife" and "Jukebox Fury" - there are a few good songs on each of those but not enough to make for a consistent, classic album. You can’t win them all!!
Q What do you listen to for proper nourishment? If you had to narrow down one song that stayed with you the longest by another songwriter that you find consoling, uplifting, or empowering in bleak or turbulent times, what would that song be?
Peter Coyne: Always problematic to answer such a difficult question! But I am going to go with The Beatles’ "Strawberry Fields Forever"...it’s such a strange record and it absolutely fascinated me as a little boy of 7 or 8, but even at that young age I knew that something very different was going on here. I would play it over & over, hearing something new or different in it every time...
The Fab4 were BIG in our house & they were quite obviously not the cuddly mop tops anymore! "Strawberry Fields" exists in its own musical universe and to this day whenever I hear it it still takes me back to the very first time I heard it spinning away as a 45 on the family record player. It makes me feel happy & sad simultaneously - I still get a tremendous rush whenever I hear that swooping mellotron intro...”Cranberry sauce...”!!
Q What are some of your own proudest compositions, or deep-tracks that you aren't weary of playing every night? Which ones can you always feel and wholeheartedly step into?
Peter Coyne: "Walking Talking Johnny Cash Blues" is always great to sing live...it’s where I get to channel my inner rockabilly. "Wild And Free" (one half of our new double A side single) is great too because it’s so rocking & fresh. "Birth School Work Death" is never a chore for me though, I love it! I never get jaded because although I might have sung it thousands of times before the person who has actually paid good money to see the band in concert that night wants to hear numbers like that or "I Want Everything" or "Cause I Said So" or whatever.
We have been kicking off our concerts with "This Is War" for the past year or so & that is a tremendously effective opening number - it stuns the audience into submission and let’s them know right from the start that The Godfathers are not here to take any prisoners!! So we begin with an explosion like "This Is War" and build & build from there...
Q Please discuss the new single and current Godfathers operations in the shadows of the creepy death plague....
Peter Coyne: The new single is a double A side..."I’m Not Your Slave" on one side and "Wild And Free" on the other. Both tracks were composed in September last year but rather conveniently they manage to chime with current events.
We played them live this year on four UK dates in February and also the three European dates we played in early March. One of those concerts was a TV special we filmed in Bonn, Germany for the legendary TV show Rockpalast, and that gig was such a brilliant experience to be involved with. The film was edited & then broadcast later on German, Austrian and Swiss national TV. Then after those three gigs, Europe went into lockdowns due to the Coronavirus pandemic, so we returned to the UK had one day off and then went straight into the studio to record the two numbers for our new record.
Our bass player Jon has his own studio just outside Birmingham and he produced andengineered both tracks & did such a fantastic job! These two new songs are just the start for us as a band - but in my "humble" opinion it’s a great, exciting start...it’s been a total pleasure to perform, record & hang out with Jon, Billy, Wayne and Richie.
We had LOTS of fabulous festivals, tours and gigs all round the world lined up to celebrate the 35th anniversary since the band’s formation...but then Coronavirus came along and kicked the world’s arse & everything stopped for everyone - we will play all those postponed gigs next year. So instead of touring we are releasing that new double A side on June 17...35 years exactly since the original line-up of The Godfathers played their first gig together at The Embassy Club in London. We will continue writing more material this year and then at some point in 2021, release a killer album. It’s ready when it’s totally amazing and not before...
Q Can you recommend some lesser known artists, authors, films, books, or songwriters worthy of our attention while in lockdown?
Peter Coyne: I constantly read books about my favourite music artists. At the moment I am reading Stuart Cosgrove’s excellent ‘60’s soul trilogy..."Detroit 67:The Year That Changed Soul", "Memphis 68: The Tragedy Of Southern Soul" and "Harlem 69: The Future Soul"...rich in social history & insights into some excellent characters.
I finished Monty Python member Eric Idle’s sortabiography (as he describes it) "Always Look On The Bright Side Of Life" - absolutely fascinating and, as you might expect, hilarious. Laurence Rees’ "The Dark Charisma Of Adolf Hitler" is a superb study of a madman. I would definitely recommend "Revolution In The Head" by Ian Macdonald - another look at The Beatles that makes you stop & think about the biggest band to ever hit the planet.
Emmet Grogan’s autobiography "Ringolevio, A Life Played For Keeps" is stunning...he was a very mysterious figure of the counterculture in the ‘60’s & a founder of the Diggers & so much more besides and he packed more into his 35 years than some people could do within 10 lifetimes ... seek and enjoy!!
I’ve just watched the film "Arctic" with the great Danish actor Mads Mikkelsen - that was real good. "Dolemite Is My Name" with Eddie Murphy in the title role is awesome and funny as fuck! Both of those movies are true stories & as we all know truth is stranger than fiction.
One of my favourite singles last year was "Spiral Eyes" by the British band Turning Black Like Lizards. They describe themselves as dark psyche garage alternative ...they asked me to record some spoken word vocals on a track called "Perspex"...I like them so I obliged. Another band I like is Temples and their debut album "Sun Structures" from 2014 which was fantastic, 'though their second album was crap...
The Godfathers 2020.
Q What have been some peak moments from the Godfathers storied history, so far, some all time rocknroll highs?
Peter Coyne: Well, I think we have definitely delivered some classic singles & albums along the way, I have got to be pleased about that...right up until now with the release of the new double A side "I’m Not Your Slave" and "Wild And Free"...I’m real proud of those two tracks and everyone in the band now who helped create them.
It’s great to have a long and fairly distinguished history but I want The Godfathers to have a future, too, and to release fresh, contemporary music that is just as cool & kick ass as our older stuff.
I got to meet and/or perform with some of my idols - David Bowie, Iggy Pop, The Ramones and Buzzcocks...I was a great fan of those people as a kid and it was a total blast to actually meet them in the flesh. We have played some fantastic concerts too around the world - I don’t wish to brag but the list is far too long to go into! Johnny Thunders heard our first record "Lonely Man" and said, “I fucking love The Yardbirds ending to that song!” Stiv Bators turned up out of the blue to see us in Paris and he was such a sweetheart and a great champion of our music, going out of his way to play "Hit By Hit" to anyone who would listen...all these memories to me are better than money in the bank.
There have been so many really golden moments but even now there are great things happening & that’s how it should be...in March 2020 we played Rockpalast and that’s a legendary, long running TV show that has had anybody who is anybody playing on it - Bowie, Bob Marley...check out the list of artists who have performed on that show, it is incredible. The Godfathers played for Rockpalast in 1990 and this year they invited us to play it again...a rare honour to be asked to do it twice. It’s a filmed concert and they edit it for a TV special that gets shown on German, Austrian and Swiss national TV. We might be releasing that as a live DVD later this year...
Q You have always seemed so courageous and ironman immovabl,- no matter how rotten the music business becomes, or loathsome the people who seize the podiums and platforms are, you keep your own dignity, sense of sovereignty, standing proudly in the ring of fire, testifying about the wildly blazing power of authentic rocknroll music. Where do you find your stubborn faith and were you born with that indomitable self belief? Were you like this as a kid? Do you have any regrets, or second thoughts, anxieties, or things you're afraid of?
Peter Coyne: As a young boy I was very, very shy but as I grew older I realised that you have to seize opportunities as they come along or you will lose them forever. I wrote the lyrics to a lovely song for The Godfathers’ "Unreal World" album called "Believe In Yourself" and I do have faith in what I do...everybody should.
But you have to try & work hard at what you do as life naturally throws so many obstacles in your path. I have a tendency to be extremely lazy which I counter by being extremely productive. Am I a contradiction? Yes I’m not!! I do believe in rock and roll - it has been a beautiful constant in my life from my very earliest memories.
Music has been my life & I have to say it’s been pretty kind to me. IF you offered me ten million dollars & I could take the money but never listen to music again I would tell you to FUCK OFF!! I do worry all the time about all kinds of things but if I can I try to find a solution...something always comes along & it works out for the best.
Q In the states, they've consolidated all the media into just five tightly ran corporations who control the popular narrative, frame the news. and advance the oligarchy's corporate- fascist interests and agendas. They've also passed all these horrifyingly draconian, dystopian laws, allowing the government access to our communications, bodies if we want to travel, and underwear drawers. Undemocratic laws incrementally limiting our mobility, prohibiting us from protesting against pipelines or police brutality. They rig our elections, only let corporatist puppet candidates to really even participate in debates or fixed primaries. They can detain whistleblowers and dissident journalists indefinitely without trial. One writer from Rolling Stone who was investigating crimes of our government died in a fiery ball of flames when his car abruptly drove itself into a tree. What is happening in the UK? Do you feel it is more or less free than this country? How do you stay informed? What is your own analysis of the big bloody horror show?
Peter Coyne: Well, I can tell you that what you describe in the USA is exactly what’s happening here in the UK! Strange that - almost as if it were planned...It’s like the James Bond criminal organisation SPECTRE is now running the world. Democracy is pretty much an illusion - they have control of the TV, media & internet so dissenting voices are becoming fewer & fewer...these are some of the things I worry about that you asked earlier. I stay informed by reading between the lines of the people I hate for their true agenda & listening to the people I love & respect for some kind of solution. I think it’s fantastic seeing people protesting all round the world & not accepting the miserable status quo...I find that very inspiring. Never give up, never give in - never surrender!!
Q Like I was saying, working class people can't have bands here, aside from maybe, busking, or playing with canned drum sounds on their computers, because no one's really paid a living wage, and if you struggle to make rent, you can't really pay for an overpriced rehearsal space, or fifty bucks an hour for studio time, or insurance on a band van. If you were a kid with the calling and the curse, how would you channel your rocknroll raw power creative energy, in these toxic times? Nowadays, they tore down all the affordable housing and replaced it with these prohibitively expensive sky high condominiums. Nobody has a basement to jam in, anymore. How would you suggest our less advantaged gutter punk bretheren go about forming their own against the odds rebel gangs? The shady billionaires are telling us the death cooties might never go away, we could be forced to take a series of experimental, annual, forever updated shots if we want a pass to travel out of our immediate zipcode, that gatherings of ten or more might permanently be forbidden.
Peter Coyne: I have been saying for years that working class people are being denied access to perform in the arts - bands like Slade or Sex Pistols would not be allowed to exist today & that’s worrying & a real shame. I don’t want to give advice to a younger generation - they are not going to listen to me & quite right too! They will find their own solution to the problems ‘life’ throws at them & they certainly don’t want or need some old git yakking on about how they should do it.
Q I've always envisioned a deluxe Godfathers box set with live concert CDs from every era of the bands and, ya know, the book of liner notes and rare pictures, rare and unreleased tracks, a poster, a sticker, a book of lyrics embossed in gold. Has such a heavy project ever been discussed? . Is such a thing even possible in these darkening days?
Peter Coyne: There was a box set actually planned for release this year to coincide with our 35th anniversary, with the three studio albums we recorded for Epic Records plus extremely rare live recordings & unreleased demos and alternate recordings...I can’t discuss why it’s not happening this year but it’s very possible it might surface in 2021...I am an avid collector and curator of all things related to The Godfathers and have some incredibly rare material that would be ideal for such a box set. Keep your fingers and toes crossed & let’s see...watch this space!!
Q How would you describe your own idyllic shangrilla dream of perfect happiness-your rocknroll heaven?
Peter Coyne: It’s happening right now & I am living it! I am working with a fantastic line-up of the band and we are releasing a brilliant new single & all solidly working towards recording and releasing a killer album for next year. There is such a great spirit within the group now & we truly enjoy every second & each other’s company...we have a great laugh together too. The guys in the band are all great characters & it’s a pleasure to be involved with them.
Q How have you and the people around you changed since the inception of the Godfathers back in the '80s?
Peter Coyne: Everything has changed & that’s natural - people move on by themselves because they want to do other things or are asked to move on...that’s life, as Francis Albert Sinatra sang!! I have always been extremely focussed about what I’d like to achieve with The Godfathers - to play the best concerts we possibly can & to always try & work towards releasing some brilliant, new records. My ambitions have never faltered in that respect.
Q How is the wife?
Peter Coyne: Karen is fine and thanks for asking but I don’t wish to talk about my family or private life here if you don’t mind. All I am going to say is she is an absolutely lovely person and I would not be here without her. I wrote two songs for her on that last studio album "A Big Bad Beautiful Noise" - "She’s Mine" and "You And Me Against The World" - have a listen to those two numbers & that will explain all...
Q What I personally found most exciting about your last record was how you've remained determined to forge new trails and do new things without ever sacrificing the integrity of your sound, or abandoning the torch of your core beliefs, there is a strong continuity of purpose, a silver thread throughout your discography, but you keep finding ways to comeback bigger, badder, more beautiful, noisier than ever. Where do you glean all the youthful inspiration? describe your songwriting process...
Peter Coyne: Thanks! I genuinely try to do things that excite & interest me & hope that will excite & interest other people too. Rock & roll is such a fantastically broad spectrum to work within & has so many great influences on it & styles & traditions within it that the song-writing possibilities are practically endless.
I honestly get a lot of ideas for songs by walking on the beach in Prestwick five minutes from where I live - let the sub-conscious flow & sometimes great things happen. There is a great, new Godfathers’ song called "Dead In Los Angeles" we have been playing live this year - it is a seven-minute epic, a stunning piece that we could not release right now because of the Coronavirus pandemic...it was composed last year and has got nothing whatsoever to do with that disgusting, shitty virus but we did not want to release it while people are actually dying in LA, that wouldn’t have been right.
"Dead In Los Angeles" is actually about the final night of a rock and roll star in LA & it will definitely be on our next album...remember you heard about that song here first, it’s fucking great!!
Q What historical figure do you personally relate to the most?
Peter Coyne: My all time favourite non-musical hero is the late, great Irish-American actor Patrick McGoohan. This man was so cool he turned down the role of James Bond - twice!! He was the star of the brilliant TV series "Danger Man" (known as "Secret Agent Man" in the States), and also the creator and star of "The Prisoner" TV series in the ‘60s. For those who don’t know "The Prisoner" with its surreal and, at times, psychedelic take on spy drama and science fiction was a landmark in television history, with McGoohan as the rebellious Number 6 who in each episode attempts to escape from The Village he finds himself imprisoned in.
His every move is constantly monitored by surveillance cameras & he can trust no one but himself as all kinds of methods are employed to try & break his defiant spirit - they always fail & Number 6 refuses to be broken...“I am not a number - I am a free man!!” In France "The Prisoner" is regarded as high art & rightly so. Like Orwell with "1984" McGoohan was a true visionary and a class act. “I will not make any deals with you. I’ve resigned. I will not be pushed, filed, stamped, indexed, briefed, debriefed or numbered! My life is my own!” Fucking brilliant - my kind of guy!!
Q What else should the rocknroll people know about THE GODFATHERS?
Peter Coyne: Our new double A side is available in a limited edition, clear red vinyl seven-inch single and a limited edition 4 track CD - if you love real rock & roll then you should definitely buy it & It’s available now exclusively from here.
Tags: godfathers, peter coyne, wild and free, birth school work death |
tv Maria Bartiromos Wall Street FOX Business March 28, 2021 10:30am-11:01am EDT
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check out barron.com don't forget to follow side twitter at barron online. where your mass, get your shot in the arm and will see you next week on "barron's roundtable". >> from the fox studios in new york city "maria bartiromo wall street". maria: happy weekend everyone welcome to the program that analyzes the week that was in helps position you for the week ahead, i maria bartiromo, the state in real estate now one and five homeowners plans to sell their homes this year, i'll talk with the ceo of caldwell bagel coming up later on in the show. let's take a look back at the week's big moment on "mornings with maria" in this edition of the week stalkers.
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talkers. watch. >> north korea since president biden took office after kim jong-un sister threat the united states. >> north koreans pattern has a ways then we will take aggressive action to acknowledge us in the nuclear power. it's not unexpected, you will see more of it. maria: give us your assessment of where we are today with regard to the border surge of people. >> we are looking at an unprecedented crisis going on on the border, the numbers are surging, the number of folks in cbp custody around 10000. maria: any change in your thinking now that you've seen up close and personal. >> the cartel are basically in charge of everything south of the u.s. border, you don't come through unless you have the identifiers, the closings, the bracelet. maria: what are the addition in your city. >> too many people are coming into the city and among them a large group coming in just the
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location, the smaller group coming in with bad intentions. maria: you jay powell and janet yellen speaking in front of the committee, what do you want to hear from these two. >> secretary yellen has stated she has tools to deal with the rise in inflation, i think would be informative to better identify what exactly those tools are. maria: it was a volatile week, take a look at the market. this week the dow, s&p 500 and the nasdaq for a second straight week of losses, dragged down by a major tax selloff the up slightly from a rebound encyclical names of course powell and yellen with the economic recovery is helpful, joining me the ceo and cio of morgan cricket capital management mark joining us this week and, toys a pleasure to see you and you have been talking a fair amount recently we have spoken in the past he believed the market is overvalued and
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continues to be so, tell me about that, did any of the decline, the selloff in tech take the worry away, are you still looking at valuation that have gone ahead of themselves? >> i think it's a most important question that we can all talk about which is valuations have been stretched for a while, we live in this qe era and abundant liquidity that has pushed prices into levels that we have not seen for 20 years that in the 2000 era and a little bit of contraction since election day, the fangs stocks, facebook, amazon, netflix, google have come down a little bit but they're still very highly valued and if you go down a little bit some of the glamour n n, nhey tt arellareareeeeverv oued.al s amll nmvo nervondusus thi t atheatimat for cauon. a:ri glaur nesam mng
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ateslslnsl tslhehihe nes testess yo alkialal authat is it i in tog eakak for f iestoesoo see siicant oan sloffelloightelloig loig you eect?ecec t i i r i i ryeallllll omic recov r standpoint asttnroo wells an earnings rngeryer stdpoi. covedrisissi, we have seen aefff very nice recovery and economic activity in earnings but i think the expectation of that recovery have gone ahead of themselves. we stand from a. evaluation standpoint, about 100% over fair value meaning it would take a 50% drop to get back to fair value that's not going to happen overnight and it would be a process of the period of time. i do think so long there's
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abundant liquidity from the fed, statements of confidence for additional physical and monetary support, were unlikely to see any big correction. but i do think this malaise and prices critically in the tech names is going to continue for a while. maria: how do you protect yourself, we spoke in the past about oil and energy related themes, i know that the favorite of yours in the news this week of the ship blocking traffic in the suez canal is worrying some people and certainly has sent oil prices higher, this could be the situation for weeks in terms of the suez canal having problems and delays shipping things like oil and gas among other products that are traveled through the suez. what are your thoughts on what's taken place and the impact on energy related securities? >> we talked about this last
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time we were together and again, really important insight that you made at the end of last year, the energy was at the lowest level ever in the s&p and everybody had basically said value is dead we will own the glamour tech names and starting the fourth quarter last year we started to see signs of real stress and supply, we new demand had fallen off because of covid and less travel and less gasoline usage and jet fuel but the supply problem started to get pretty acute, the suez issue certainly makes that a little bit worse. we see a continued rise in prices over the course of the year, p rhonda ron has said things can go $80 a barrel, i don't know if we get that strong but any further disruption in oil supplies is going to be really good for oil markets and
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are big thing last year that saying diamondback energy the ticker single thing would outperform facebook, amazon, netflix, google, it is up about 550% and the things are flat. maria: nice call in terms of the rest of the year, any other areas to hide in your view if we were to see a selloff led by tech? >> we actually like golden gold miners and maybe even silver in the silver minors. they have been punished since last august as rates rise it's a little counterintuitive so we
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think those went on sale, investing the one thing we probably talked about this in the past where things go on sale people run out of the store and the cheaper the price the faster they run so we do like those a little bit in commodity broadly there is a pretty interesting case for food inflation given some things that have been happening in the global food supply so agricultural commodities might be a place to hide, my favorite place to hide is a bitcoin we think everybody should have 1 - 3% is very asymmetric on the upside, uncorrelated to stocks and bonds and it really adds a level of protection in your portfolio as you think about diversification and overvalued world. maria: i'm really glad you mentioned bitcoin, the world is changing you can use bitcoin to buy a tesla. but you can also see a world where digital currency also takes over in this environment as some point it is great to get into this with you, let's keep the conversation going come back soon please, good to see you this weekend. >> the keeper having me have a great weekend. maria: mark joining us there, we
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will take a break when we come back home sales taken a hit but could rising mortgage rates creating longer-lasting headwind for the housing market all talk with the ceo of caldwell baker up next. up next.,
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maria: welcome back one in five homeowners are looking to sell their homes this year according to caldwell baker ryan gorman is with us as we can enjoy to me right now is ryan, ryan thank you very much for being here, talk to us about the market, those numbers, what is driving that and how does it compare to previous years? >> thank you so much for having me i really appreciate it. the inventory constraints are extremely tight give a million homes on the market but demand
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outstrips that that if we could convince some of the 20% of homeowners contemplating selling the next year to take the leap of faith it would definitely fill the funnel of buyer demand. a couple things holding the back covid is one purely safety, hopefully vaccines will address that concern but the others inventory it's a chicken and egg issue they wanted of the house and were the bible for they put their home on the market to sell. maria: let me go back to inventory and a moment, you said the demand is so strong tell me about the demand assess the situation. >> demand is extremely strong for those looking to buy first-time homebuyers that is statistic last night that a third of first-time homebuyers have been frustrated and have not been able to find a place to purchase and over 40% who did buy took more than a year to be able to find a place to buy, not for lack of trying for the most part there participated in multiple offer situations and not winning. maria: why do you think that is, is people just changing the way they live because the covid, is
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it because the interest rates are so low, what is behind the increase in demand? >> i think you had on two of the biggest points, interest rates being low facilitates of transactions but it's very organic people deciding they want to live differently in a different place. instance people in new jersey want to contemplate in a more friendly tax destination, there's a lot of movement down to the carolinas and florida and with covid people are able to look more remotely, maybe part-time or full-time that's allowing them to contemplate moves that were a few years off, they're moving this forward and maybe they need more interior and exterior space in a covid environment and maybe they look to bring family into their home so they need more space, it's a fundamental family growth driver which is great because it's organic and sustainable but we need more inventory to fill that demand. maria: what is it going to take to get the inventory on the daca and assess interest rates for
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us. even though we are still at rock-bottom levels, mortgage rates have moved up pretty quickly and the pace of the movement even in the tenure has been unnerving for markets because it moves so quickly it. >> i never thought i would complain about 3% interest rates but they are up a bit from where they were near hit and certainly supporting affordability. it's a little bit tighter because we see price increased almost 16% year-over-year, the price increase might be scary for those looking to buy but those looking to sell, that could accelerate their movement onto the market if they can become convinced they can find a place to buy over 60% those looking to sell are actually contemplating leaving the area and the city or the state where they are today, that makes a little more nervous if they don't have them but tori and the destination area. those prices can pull inventory onto the market almost 40% that we surveyed said literally covid
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the physical safety that they feared of bringing people into their homes was keeping them on the sideline with the vaccine numbers accelerating through the summer hopefully that varies potential sellers will feel more comfortable putting their home on and bringing folks to bite and moving on. maria: it sounds like you expect this boom in demand to continue as vaccination numbers increase? >> there is been a lot of speculation of whether vaccination numbers would set us back to business as usual and what that would do for housing but i do believe it will support what we seen in housing today because the demand is organic, not speculative and i wish there were building going on today but that's not what's driving is a fundamental family need people deciding they want to live in a different place in a different way than they have today and getting back to long-term run rate that we saw for 60 years leading up to the great recession. maria: i love the fact that you have this great portfolio and you have advantages points to
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see what's going on across the country. have you ever seen this kind of movement from state to state you mentioned earlier people leaving places like new jersey for lower tax places like the carolinas like florida, texas with no income tax. have you ever seen this movement from state to state before? >> we have never seen we've seen population growth throughout the sunbelt and the smile states for many years but today what we are seeing his inability for business owners or the ceos making decisions about where their headquarters will be deciding their comfortable moving themselves and their business to a different area because those who do not want to make the move can't actually work remotely fairly capably. i think were seeing a big acceleration for family reasons and also those businesses for financial reasons. maria: i think it's a great point, great to have you think of her walking us through the environment. we appreciate it. >> we appreciate it.
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maria: ryan gorman the ceo of caldwell banker. more and more companies turning to battery powered vehicles but my next guest says by doing so they may help china and the communist party, we will dive into it when we come back.! only pay for what you need. ♪ liberty, liberty, liberty, liberty ♪
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10:50. go to aerotrainer.com to get yours now.
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maria: welcome back the electric vehicle industry is booming of ev startups and traditional car companies getting into the space. investors and consumers may think cars are better for the environment than gasoline vehicles but we are finding out that is not a ways the case. i spoke with the car coach.
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>> when you collect all the wrong materials all the way when the vehicles are no longer useful what is the total impact not just to you as a consumer but the environment. they are finding attire when electric vehicles because of rare-earth minerals. cobalt, mineral, nickel there's a shortage of all of them and here's the big part no one is thinking about all of those are owned by china, we will not hold them to the middle east and no longer be energy independent, we will now be beholden to china which we already are. maria: this is a really important point that you make i wonder if this will get more play because china has had bad behavior from stealing intellectual property to the neighbors to obviously the human rights abuses with the uighurs in prison or in camps. this is the last country that we want to be beholden to, we found that out firsthand at the
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beginning of the pandemic when we all recognized that many of our prescription drugs are made in china, there were threats in the global time with the state run media with the chinese communist party told the u.s., maybe we will not send those drugs and prescriptions of the u.s. needs if they keep poking us on tariffs. >> part of it we have a shortage, if you're looking for a new car you may not find the vehicle you want or if you want to order we have a chip shortage you can't produce a car that's 99% done, you few have to wait for those to come from china we have found through a different couple of articles i've been looking on getting more research it seems like they cut back on what they're shipping us, that also hurts us that they can't produce cars, keep in mind the auto industry impacts half of the dow jones and people say it's the car industry, it's tires, bearings, bushings and metals every single component is
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from a larger company in that impact the dow jones when you're looking at the numbers if we can't produce automobiles like who's in charge of the department of transportation pete buttigieg we could have a real problem if he wants to cut back on what were putting out on the road not just production but lack of component you will see the impact us when it comes to the financial side anyone who is investing. maria: that is a great point not just impacting our businesses but the stock market as well. last fall california push a mandate that every new car sold in the state would be an electric model by 2035. what happens if more states do that? >> that's going to be a problem, right now two senators trying to push biden to make a deadline date to 2030 which is five years prior just so you have an ids you can get a feel for this as we say here today it's about 2% of all vehicles sold that's
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15.5 million cars and light duty trucks were sold, 2% are electric vehicles, that is just plug-in electric, they wanted to be 10% before we even get to 2030 and needed to be 100% california that would destroy the auto industry, you have to remember this does not work for everyone there needs to be a mixture of answers and you have other parts coming online which could be a better choice compressed natural gas, hydrogen being produced, hyundai putting together hydrogen powered and they work and they have 0 mission and one thing that porsche is coming up is e gas and what it is is synthetic gasoline no longer fossil fuels in the tailpipe is equal or better than what we're getting as an impact to the environment with electric vehicles. that is coming in there working on it in volkswagen owns porsche and they want anything. maria: my thanks, don't go
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anywhere more wall street right after this. ♪ (judith) at fisher investments, we do things differently and other money managers don't understand why. (money manager) because our way works great for us! (judith) but not for your clients. that's why we're a fiduciary, obligated to put clients. ♪ ♪ it's not "pretty good or nothing."
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it's not "acceptable or nothing." and it's definitely not "close enough or nothing." mercedes-benz suvs were engineered with only one mission in mind. to be the best. in the category, in the industry... in the world. visit your local mercedes-benz dealer for exceptional lease and financing offers. mercedes-benz. the best or nothing. ♪ ♪ losing a tooth didn't stop you but your partial can act like a bacteria magnet, putting natural teeth at risk. new polident propartial helps purify your partial and strengthens and protects natural teeth. so, are you gonna lose another tooth? not on my watch!
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maria: walking back we have another big show in the works for next weekend. tune into wall street every friday night 910 eastern, we will see you then and i'll see this weekend on fox news 10:00 a.m. eastern "sunday morning features" on the fox news channel i have interviews with ted cruz and the wheezing in a senator john kennedy who were back from the southern border also eric trump will join me with turning point founder and president charlie kirk,
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don't miss it 10:00 a.m. eastern live on sunday on fox news. right here on fox business start smart from 6 - 9:00 a.m. eastern with "mornings with maria" on fox business. that will do it for us for this weekend, thank you for joining me have a great rest o weekend. i will see you next time. ♪. gerry: hello and welcome to the wall street journal and large i am james freeman and for gerry baker. much of today's media dominated by progressive leftists who are good at destroying tradition, careers and free expression but what exactly are they building. after all the societal broken eggs where is the progressive omelette. in search of the model of success that gives the woke stores confidence in condemning america's constitutional republic i recently invited
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Aim
The Senior Specialist Track Research Fund (SSTRF) aims to build a culture of research in MOE and support the growth of Senior Specialists as thought leaders through providing opportunities for:
Leading and participating in research projects
Engaging in cross-divisional research collaborations
Communicating research findings and experiences
Informing policy and practice through research
Title:
Learning Tools Interoperability(LTI) Exploratory Learning Environment(ELE) Data Analytics
Abstract
Interactive simulations from the Open Source Physics at Singapore (OSP@SG) project's exploratory learning environment (ELE) has been used in several online lessons hosted on the Student Learning Space (SLS). These simulations facilitate inquiry (e.g. in physics, science) and gamification (math and languages) as students complete learning tasks online. With 4000 user referrals from the SLS in May 2020, the data on students’ mouse clicks and simulation states can be harnessed as learning analytics to better support teachers in monitoring and providing more personalised feedback for quality online ELE activities. Creating such a flexible ELE provider that can track and report ELE interactions (e.g. actions on buttons, time, duration) to teachers and resource creators would be research and development that can impact on teaching practice.
This study has three aims:
- Glean student difficulties by clickstream analytics while they are using any OSP@SG virtual laboratories/ELE-games by designing a Learning Tools Interoperability (LTI) provider on our multi-award winning ELE library.
- Test out what visualization and interpretation of these collected data on students’ actions via the ELE can be presented in a teacher dashboard for data informed teaching actions, transforming user data into teaching and learning insights
- Use a design based research approach to examine how teachers and students benefit from the data provided by such a platform, in terms of adapting instructions and enriching learning experiences.
Objective
Enhance teaching and learning practice by gleaning difficulties faced by students while using any OSP@SG/Easy JavaScript Simulation (EJSS) virtual laboratories/ELE-games
(In order to attain this objective, we need to first create a LTI tool provider for the entire 600 plus ELE to work on the SLS platform securely with OAuth signatures)
Experiment with what visualization of student-user data and representation (example scripted video playback, time stamp of actions, etc) will provide better support for teachers to facilitate ELE-simulation teaching and learning, in the context of EJSS ELE-interactives
Understand via a design based research method how teachers and students can benefit from the data analytics provided by such a platform, in terms of adapting instructions and enriching learning experiences
Research Questions
- RQ1: How can teaching and learning practices be enhanced and data informed while using any OSP@SG/Easy JavaScript Simulation (EJSS) virtual laboratories/ELE-games in the Student Learning Space (SLS) via LTI tool provider?
- RQ2: What visualizations of interaction and state data on the teacher dashboard are useful to provide better feedback and to enrich learning and teaching practices through ELE/simulation data analytics?
- RQ3: What are the ways in which teachers can improve their instruction, and students can benefit from learning through an ELE with the provision of such learning analytics?
Impetus for Research
Big Picture
There is significant potential in exploratory learning environments (ELEs) for teaching and learning (T&L), particularly in the development of 21st century competencies (21CC), to support learning experiences that promote self-directedness, critical thinking and collaboration. In addition, ELEs can also facilitate ubiquitous, unobtrusive and game-based assessment modes. Supporting the curriculum triangle of content, pedagogy and assessment across the whole instructional cycle in such ELEs will allow us to work towards AI-enabled ELEs. This is a possible area of deep research for MOE’s AI Use Case on Learning Companion.
Impetus for Research
The impetus for this research stems from:
1) Demand from teachers to monitor and guide students’ ELE-simulation activities
(Figure 1)
2) Rich source of interaction data from 4000 users per month referral from the SLS to the OSP@SG digital library
Figure 1: Sample screenshot of a SGLDC discussion on whether there is a need for such data analytics from simulations, suggesting there is demand for such features
This study would provide evidence for teachers who often wonder how their students are coping with the assigned simulation activity, what is their degree of proficiency, and whether students need guidance when they face difficulty during Home Based Learning (HBL). Literature on clickstream and game-based assessment research also supports ELEs to be able to provide insights into student understanding and misconceptions.
A teacher dashboard for data analytics visualization and filtering of students’ actions of the online ELE data will be built as an end-to-end solution. Teachers will have the ability to decide which user interactions to display or to export out for further data exploration.
Feasibility
After discussion with the SLS team, we propose developing our award winning digital library of ELE to be a Learning Tools Interoperability (LTI) tool provider so that the data collected on the ELE can be stored on a MySQL database server, and attributable to specific students. This is all done securely with OAuth signatures for validating messages between the LTI Tool Consumer (SLS) and the Tool provider (digital library of EJSS interactive/virtual laboratories). SLS will roll out its LTI enhancements by Sep 2020, thus there is a good chance that this proposal will be one of the first to test SLS’s LTI feature.
Research Method
In Chronological order.
Tool Development
The research purpose is to enrich learning and teaching practices by displaying a rich set of ELE data for better feedback and guidance through ELE/simulation data analytics. To realise this research, we need to build a LTI tool provider that serves the LTI tool consumer (SLS) through OAuth signatures validated messages.
The foundation and technical research on LTI tool provider-consumer will tap on our trainer Professor Felix to create the prototype solution and also to train project team members to contribute to the solution’s GitHub source code. The data needed for technical analytics are server logs and teachers and students usage data, expert scans on current state of LTI tool provider, LTI consumer and Oauth.
Design based Educational Research
A design based approach with an iterative cycle of development-implementation-evaluation on the technology tool, involving students and teachers is appropriate in this SSTRF.
The data needed for user research are student-user data (survey to gather feedback and areas for improvement, semi structured interviews to triangulate initial findings), teacher-user data (survey, unstructured interviews to get teachers comfortable to reveal their deep thoughts and feelings). The survey is implemented using Google forms with questions related to the research questions, and the interviews are intended to triangulate the initial findings from the survey.
Participants
Participants will be teachers from MOE-ETD’s SGLDC Facebook group, their selected students, expert consultation with MOE-HQ Senior Specialists and Master Teachers.
The sample size targeted is at least 3 teachers with at least 3 classes (online and/or face to face) of students (involving approximately 120 Upper Primary students). The choice of participants is aimed to collect enough varied ranges of responses and support iterations as new or unexpected findings may require further rounds of data collection and LTI tool and dashboard iterations.
MOE Senior Specialists will be consulted on specialist (educational technology and research)-related issues and Master Teachers on teaching-related matters.
The rationale for choice of participants is based on sample size that is sufficiently significant in the educational research context of 100. Another consideration is also not to overtax any one particular teacher so each teacher will only have to implement this in one class of 40 students.
As a pilot study, the 3 teachers X 40 students each = 120 students at the upper primary level is a manageable scope for a one year time frame.
MOE
This research serves to provide teachers with ELE simulation data, and SLS with clear visualization and student interaction data that will enable teachers to tailor for personalised instruction. This project significantly expands the capabilities of SLS without extensive development costs for building these functionalities into the core build, freeing up development for other important teacher and student features. It is estimated that a similar ELE dashboard built within SLS with front-end ELE design capabilities already in EJSS will cost upwards of \(X00K in development costs, and annual subscription of \)X0K per year in subscription costs. This SSTRF of \(XXK and annual subscription of \)XX0, it is an upfront cost saving of 66% and the SSTRF approach leverages on the experts in the Open Source Physics community with higher chance of sustainability and adoption (Table 1).
Table 1: Comparison of SSTRF and SLS component build with compelling reasons for support this SSTRF
To be even more compelling to develop this SSTRF, this approach is aligned with SLS’s LTI plan to communicate with external systems through adoption of LTI standards, collecting and sending encrypted learning data-information through the internet with external systems.
The research team will also present interim findings and progress reports to the SLS Steering Committee in Jun 2021 and final updates in Oct 2021.
ETD
As Artificial intelligence and Data Science is one of the Research Groups within ETD X-Labs (specialist wing supporting the division), this research serves as one of the pillar Senior Specialist projects to push the boundary of Data Analytics, complementing commercial tools technology-literature scans done by AI section of ETD. Iterative dashboard design with teachers and students will allow us to understand useful and reliable ELEs, as well as build capabilities among teachers and specialists to design assessment items that better assess user understanding and behaviors. Data gathered over time are stored within EJSS, can provide a rich database to train AI assessment engines that can map user interactions to learning mastery. Our 2030 vision is to create a consistent and rich database enabled to train AI assessment engines, specifically, based on Machine Learning (ML). For example, a ML method can use our database as a training dataset in order to generate a prediction model.
The project also can provide alternative assessment methods that can plug into MOE’s AI Adaptive Learning System (ALS), a thread under the MOE AI Use Case. The training provided by our trainer will also level up the team’s expertise and our trainer can also give talks to all specialists and MOE officers in the area of data science.
Teachers
No longer a black box for teachers who assign simulations as home based learning tasks, teachers can view and evaluate individuals as well as group data on particular simulation tasks (Figure 2).
Figure 2: A possible teacher dashboard visualization of students log of actions using a particular simulation showing Date, Duration and Actions
Data collection approach
Simulations or ELE will collect any event in the student’s browser such as button clicks, slider drags, combo-box selection, drag on plotting panel objects with position and time data are captured. This approach is well-known like Clickstream analysis. These clickstream data will be sent to an external database where different Learning Analytics (LA) indicators will be calculated.
Specific learning analytics indicators/dimensions and how they will help with teaching and learning
We will focus on LA indicators (Table 2) that are useful for knowing the student’s thought, behavior and engagement.
Table 2: Specific learning analytics indicators/dimensions and how they will help with teaching and learning
For example, if the student takes unnecessary simulation steps to get to the desire state, it shows the student’s thought process (see Figure 4 to 8)
When such data-driven evidence is presented to teachers, they will be in a better position to design remediation strategies and provide personalised feedback. Therefore, we hope our Learning Analytics tools (Table 3) can provide teachers with valuable insights of student engagement and learning. The teacher can use those insights to make decisions, change learning processes, and adapt learning contents (Figure 3).
Table 3: Types of LA system and the type of data and how it works
Figure 3: Screenshot of a possible real time teacher dashboard, showing students who are online or offline and what are their last 3 actions, that can help the teacher conduct live simulation demonstration, adapt the teaching content and get students to follow the steps as guided by the teacher
Students
Students are ultimately the recipients of all the enhanced strategies and feedback that can be harnessed from data. They will benefit from a more data driven ecosystem of SLS and LTI providers.
For example, in a kinematics mathematical modeling lesson, the student may choose to type in the model, ”X=0” as an equation that represents the motion of the simulated car when it is stationary (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Screenshot of simulation of a car on the left and the plot of position versus time on the right. The simulated motion is a stationary car and the student needs to use an equation to describe the motion via the combo box on the top right corner of model, X=0
What if the motion is now uniform with velocity at 2 m/s (Figure 5) and the student may select the model, “X = t” as an equation that can represent the motion of the simulated car. This first inaccurate selection is evidence of incorrect conceptual understanding.
Figure 5: Screenshot of simulation of a car on the left and the plot of position versus time on the right. The simulated motion is a uniform motion velocity of 2 m/s car and the student could have used the model, X=t to predict the motion inaccurately.
If the student continues to choose incorrect equations, say X= -t (Figure 6) it could mean that the student doesn’t have the concept of kinematics equations and the meaning of the coefficient v which is velocity, of the equation X = v*t for simple constant velocity motion.
Figure 6: Screenshot of simulation of a car on the left and the plot of position versus time on the right. The simulated motion is a uniform motion velocity of 2 m/s car and the student’s second attempt is the model, X=-t, to predict the motion inaccurately again
In addition, the choice of inaccurate equations say X = sin(t) (Figure 7) or any progressively closer fit equations to model the simulation’s car motion will all be captured and analysed, to provide teachers with indicators of student’s thought, behavior and engagement.
Figure 7: Screenshot of simulation of a car on the left and the plot of position versus time on the right. The simulated motion is a uniform motion velocity of 2 m/s car and the student’s third attempt is the model, X=sin(t) to predict the motion inaccurately again
Ideally, when the student gets the correct answer of X = 2*t (Figure 8), it is a clear indication of the student’s iteratively stronger understanding of mathematical models to describe uniform velocity at 2 m/s motion of a car.
Figure 8: Screenshot of a range of curriculum learning scenarios. The simulated motion is a uniform motion velocity of 2 m/s car and the student’s ideal attempt of the model, X=2*t to predict the motion accurately. Here, we are not looking for the correct model immediately but rather the struggle and repeatability of correctly using equations to predict motions in the curriculum
We speculate these data will benefit students tremendously when their teachers are provided with evidence-information on the student’s progressive modeling technique using equations as the sequence of data capture, that is an indication of the understanding and thinking behind those progressively better model- equations.
In addition, these user interactions can be compared with expected interactions in order to classify students according to their activity performance and teachers can ‘predict’ the performance of students.
With all the data from a learning experience safely stored, aggregated, and organized, it becomes possible to take full advantage of a learning analytics platform. Useful LA tools for teachers are such as real-time feedback system, student behavior analytics tool, student engagement classifier and student performance predictor provide teachers with insights and can address gaps in students’ conceptual understanding.
Data collected for teachers decision making and student learning
Table 2: kind of data to be collected, the rationale to inform the teacher and a possible layout of the display inside SLS and the web server hosting all the ELE.
Wider Open Education Community
MOE has expressed interest in the past to contribute to the open education community and EJSS is already an internationally recognised platform for designing learning with ELE. This LTI compliant learning tool data analytics feature will make EJSS able to plug into all LTI compliant LMSs benefiting all communities of EJSS users, and even accelerate research in clickstream and game-based assessment.
Is the solution scalable?
In the future, the LA dashboard could incorporate new functionalities such as decision-making support, clustering, and others to make easier teaching tasks.
We consider that our architecture is scalable because it is based on well-known technologies (LTI, web technologies, etc.) and, therefore further ML-based functionalities built over our system will be scalable as well. For example, in principle, other HTML5 games like those SLS team surfaced from other Institutes of Higher Learning (IHL) projects will need to incorporate the EJSS API (to be built in this proposal) in order to enjoy the same level of data collection approach for analytics in SLS.
Choice of ‘Trainer’
When the SSTRF runs into troubles with the deliverables, the project team will naturally have to ask Professor Felix for his help as he knows precisely what he has done in his 7 years maintaining and developing the EJSS authoring toolkit. It is naive to believe that someone else is willing and able to continue to build on Professor Felix's work without Professor Felix advice and wisdom.
Trainer’s CV
Felix J. Garcia-Clemente is Associate Professor at the Department of Computer Engineering of the University of Murcia (Spain). His research interests focus on Educational Technologies (edtech) and Learning Analytics (LA), and he specializes in applying data science to simulation-based online courses to enhance human knowledge on how we learn. He is co-author of over 100 scientific publications (including journal and conference papers) and an active member on different national and international research projects.
In relation with edtech, he participates on the following active projects:
Learning analytics and game based assessment (LAGA). Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
iLabs Digital Laboratory Twins. Stanford University.
Indra Cyber Range. Indra Sistemas (Spain).
And his last publications focused on edtech are:
Luis de la Torre, Lars Thorben Neustock, George Herring, Jesus Chacon, Felix J. Garcia, Lambertus Hesselink, “Automatic Generation and Easy Deployment of Digitized Laboratories”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 16(12), pp. 7328-7337, 2020.
Alberto Huertas Celdran, Felix J. Garcia Clemente, Jacobo Saenz, Luis de la Torre, Christophe Salzmann, Denis Gillet, “Self-Organized Laboratories for Smart Campus”, IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies (TLT), vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 404-416, 2020.
Alberto Huertas Celdrán, José A. Ruipérez-Valiente, Félix J. García Clemente, Maria Jesus Rodriguez Triana, Shashi Kant Shankar, Gregorio Martínez Pérez, “A Scalable Architecture for the Dynamic Deployment of Multimodal Learning Analytics Applications in Smart Classrooms”, Sensors, vol. 10, no. 10, art-no. 2923, 2020.
Felix is a co author of Easy JavaScript Simulations (EjsS) and a collaborator in the Open Source Physics (OSP) project and Open Source Physics@Singapore. As a member of the OSP Team, he received the Excellence in Physics Education Award from American Physical Society (APS). Felix was a visiting scholar at the research group Coordination & Interaction Systems (REACT) of the EPFL School of Engineering (Switzerland), the National Institute of Education (NIE) of NTU (Singapore) and the Ginzton Lab of Stanford University (USA).
Financial Compliance
As Professor Felix is the main leader in the Open Source Physics community who created the authoring toolkit called Easy JavaScript Simulation, there is no one else who knows how to modify the authoring toolkit to achieve the goals of this SSTRF quickly and efficiently for future adds-on. He is also a Data Analytics and Computer Science professor who can help develop the features and train the members of the SSTRF team with the necessary skills for the successful completion of this SSTRF. My conversation with ETD SSTRF Finance controller suggests this is in compliance with financial matters in MOE as Professor Felix is the only professor capable of delivering this SSTRF goals.
Return of Investment
Even though \)X0 000 is budgeted as Professor Felix’s visitation to Singapore to ‘train’ the project team members, we can easily scale the training to other interested SS who want to learn from Professor Felix to make the cost per head lower. The prerequisites are a strong interest in coding and a strong desire to create new content using EJSS authoring toolkit with the training received. Both Lawrence WEE and Darren TAN are past trainees of Professor Felix MOE-NIE edulab funded workshops and are most willing to continue training for other SS. This will lower the cost of training by many folds again. But the important question to ask is, is the training useful rather than how low is it per person?
The project team’s 900+ simulations received 4000 users per month from Singapore and 30000 users per month in the world and it is argued that return of investment needs to dig deeper into the impact of the funding such as in terms of usage in SLS and the world. With the SSTRF proposed deliverables, the number of users will likely trend up as we intend to provide tight integration into SLS as well (this can only happen if the proposal is funded) as make the 900+ and growing number of simulations with data analytics, something not achieved by any other Ministry of Education. Professor Felix can also conduct training and sharings to all interested including Master Teachers and Specialists on his work as well as the proposal’s deliveries.
I recommend for the very interested SS, to contact Lawrence WEE to join the proposal formally as a team member to legitimise the training, form good working relationships and contribute more sustainably beyond the funding period of this SSTRF.
Contingency plans
To answer the question if the trainer is not able to come to Singapore, we will move to online training via Zoom (discussions and meetings) and Microsoft Remote Desktop(technical support).
Extension of the training to other SS/officers
We will extend the invitation all SS and HQ officers to schedule 2 half days per week for clinics sessions(face to face or Zoom and Remote Desktop), where officers can get targeted training (advice and support) with the related data analytics or Easy Javascript Simulation issues and problems they need help in solving. This aims to ensure the trainer gets to help officers get their skills up and solve real problems over a longer 8 week period (4 weeks, SSTRF2020 and 2 weeks SSTRF2021 combined) with consultation and training.
Exploration
My position is to continue with SSTRF2021 as I am a SS trying to do work legitimately that can benefit SLS through simulation Data Analytics, it is a new area that SLS Assistant Product Owner (SLSAPO) spoke to me about pursuing under SS funds, instead of SLS build due to high build and high maintenance cost if done by a vendor.
COVID-19 cause my SSTRF2020 (SLS e-assessment interactive) and SSTRF2021(SLS interactive data analytics ) to use the trainer funds in the same year in 2021, thus it is not possible to conceptualise these 2 SSTRF as one engagement as SSTRF2020 was due to my involvement with SEAB-MOE electronic school based assessment (e-SBA) task force and SSTRF2021 was due to ETD's X-lab data analytics thrust.
I agree with SLSAPO that if I use my expertise and community (Prof Felix in particular) it will likely be more sustainable (open source physics professors will look into it and improve the technology over time) and cost effective
Greater financial prudence is already achieved by doing such a difficult data analytics project with \(X0,000, estimated at \)X00,000 for SLS vendor build, and the high yearly maintenance. If Professor Felix can finish these two SSTRF20 and SSTRF21
In 2022 if it is assesses that there is something that needs Prof Felix computer science skills, then we try to explore funds to pay for training, with a focus to level up colleagues in technical know how (Artificial intelligence, Data Science, Computer Modelling).
Job
- To design the simulations, assist in LTI tool provider scripting, survey and interview questions and data sense making, discussion with experts and reporting writing.
- To design the teacher dashboard interface integrative into SLS using carbon design framework and conduct research on user interface and experience. This is suggested by the SLS team as the teacher dashboard ideally needs to be polished and made using the same framework, sitting inside SLS for scalability.
Trainer
- To train the team members in the design and development of
- ELE design for authentic and meaningful teaching and learning
- LTI tool provider-consumer-Oauth framework
- Customize EJSS editor (Prof felix is the creator) to work in the LTI tool framework and eventually communicate with SLS through LTI standards. |
- Nano Express
- Open Access
- Published:
Carrier Redistribution Between Two Kinds of Localized States in the InGaN/GaN Quantum Wells Studied by Photoluminescence
Nanoscale Research Letters volume 14, Article number: 88 (2019)
2084 Accesses
14 Citations
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Abstract
The InGaN/GaN multi-quantum wells (MQWs) are prepared at the same condition by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) except the thickness of cap layers additionally grown on each InGaN well layer. The photoluminescence (PL) intensity of the thin cap layer sample is much stronger than that of thicker cap layer sample. Interestingly, the thick cap layer sample has two photoluminescence peaks under high excitation power, and the PL peak energy-temperature curves show an anomalous transition from reversed V-shaped to regular S-shaped with increasing excitation power. Meanwhile, it exhibits a poorer thermal stability of thick cap layer sample under higher excitation power than that under lower excitation power. Such an untypical phenomenon is attributed to carrier redistribution between the two kinds of localized states which is induced by the inhomogeneous distribution of indium composition in thick cap layer sample. Furthermore, the luminescence of deep localized states has a better thermal stability, and the luminescence of shallow localized states has a poor thermal stability. In fact, such a severer inhomogeneous indium distribution may be caused by the degradation of subsequent epitaxial growth of InGaN/GaN MQWs region due to longer low-temperature GaN cap layer growth time.
Introduction
InGaN/GaN multi-quantum well (MQW) structure has received great attention due to its wide use in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs) [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Although the high threading dislocation density and reduction of wave function overlap caused by spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization of InGaN/GaN MQWs, their luminance efficiency is still surprisingly high [7,8,9,10]. One of the main reasons is that the localization of excitons in potential minima due to fluctuations of indium content leads to the formation of quantum-dot-like states in InGaN/GaN quantum wells [11]. However, it remains ambiguous how the roles localization states play on the luminescence mechanism. Several studies have reported the effect of InGaN composition fluctuations on radiative and Auger recombinations [12,13,14]. Theoretical simulations of atomistic tight-binding used by Jones found that the localization increases both radiative and Auger recombination rates, but Auger recombination rate increases by one order of magnitude higher than radiative one [15]. Experimentally, carrier localization leads to the relaxation of the k-selection rule in the Auger recombination process, and thus strongly enhances the Auger recombination process in polar InGaN/GaN QWs under high optical excitation [16]. It is well known that the temperature-dependent S-shaped behavior of luminescence peak energy is a fingerprint of carrier localization. Many models, such as localized state ensemble (LSE) model, are proposed to explain the carrier localization and thermal redistribution behavior, showing that the variation of luminescence peak energy with temperature can be influenced by unique carrier redistribution process under different excitation levels [17,18,19,20,21]. Generally, the manufactured devices like laser diodes are always operating with a higher injected carrier density [22]. In this case, the photoluminescence spectra of localized states may exhibit a unique behavior at different excitation level associated with the uniformity of localized states. Further studies are therefore necessary to understand the effect of alloy fluctuations on InGaN devices.
In this work, two typical samples with different thickness of GaN cap layers which are additionally grown on each InGaN well layer are prepared by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition system (MOCVD). The properties of MQWs are characterized in detail by high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD), temperature-dependent photoluminescence (TDPL), and power-dependent photoluminescence (PDPL) measurements. It is found that the thick cap layer sample shows an anomalous peak at higher energy side under high optical excitation power. This implies a co-existence of two different kinds of localized states. Meanwhile, the PL intensity decays faster at low temperatures when the excitation power is increasing higher. Hence, we can assume that the photoluminescence of deep localized states has a better thermal stability, and the photoluminescence of shallow localized states has a poor thermal stability.
Methods
Materials
The InGaN/GaN MQW samples with different cap layer thickness grown on c-plane sapphire substrate by an AIXTRON 3 × 2 in close-coupled showerhead reactor are studied. Trimethylgallium (TMGa), trimethylindium (TMIn), and ammonia (NH3) were used for the epitaxial growth as Ga, In, and N source precursors, respectively, in which H2 and N2 were the carrier gas of the GaN and InGaN growth, respectively. MQW is consisted of two periods of InGaN/GaN QWs. During the growth of each well layer, the TMIn flow rate was kept constant. Then a GaN cap layer was grown at the same temperature as well layer, i.e., 710 °C. Afterwards, the temperature was ramped up to 830 °C, and stay several seconds, and then the barrier layer was grown at 830 °C. Both samples A and B are grown under the same conditions except the GaN cap layer growth time, i.e., it is 30 s for sample A and 200 s for sample B. The schematic diagram of structure and growth parameters of two InGaN/GaN MQWs A and B are shown in Fig. 1.
Characterization
To determine the average indium content, period thickness, and material quality of two InGaN/GaN MQWs, high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) measurement is performed with Rigaku Ultima IV with Cu-Ka radiation (λ = 1.54 Å) that operated at 40 kV and 30 mA. For temperature-dependent photoluminescence (TDPL) and excitation power-dependent PL (PDPL) measurements, a 405 nm laser was used as an excitation light source with spot size of 0.5 mm2, and the excitation power varied from 0.01 to 50 mW. The samples were mounted in a closed-cycle He cryostat and the temperature was controlled from 10 to 300 K.
Results and Discussions
To investigate the structural properties of two samples A and B, the ω-2θ symmetrical (0002) scans have been carried out, as shown in Fig. 2a. The substrate peak originates from GaN (002) plane, and satellite peaks come from MQWs. Satellite peaks up to the fourth order can be clearly observed in all two samples, indicating a good layer periodicity. In addition, the average indium composition and periodic thickness can be obtained by fitting the measured curves, as shown in Table 1. It can be seen that as the thickness of cap layer increases, the GaN barrier thickness and the thickness and indium composition of InGaN well layers increase slightly. Actually, because the growth rate of cap layer is as small as 0.006 nm/s and the growth temperature is as low as 710 K, the change of barrier thickness is relatively small. However, noting that the growth of additional GaN cap layers may have influences not only on the barrier layer thickness but also on the diffusion, evaporation, and redistribution of In atoms in the InGaN well layers, as will be discussed in detail later.
Meanwhile, to examine the strain state of GaN QB and InGaN QW layers, reciprocal space mapping (RSM) in the vicinity of the GaN (10–15) plane is performed. The result of sample A is shown in Fig. 2b (The RSM figure of B is similar, but not shown here). We can observe that for sample A, the satellite peaks of MQW and GaN peak align well on the same vertical line, indicating that the MQWs of both samples are fully strained without any relaxation [23].
Figure 3 shows the PDPL measurements for two samples at 10 K. It is interesting to find that the two samples exhibit quite different behaviors. For sample A, there is a small peak located at lower energy side (peak A1) of dominant peak A2. It is confirmed that peak A1 is phonon replica which is 92 meV away from the main peak A2. The phonon replica of B2 also appears in sample B and is called as peak B1. On the other side, in Fig. 3b, it can be observed that there is only one dominant luminesce peak B2 with the excitation power lower than 5 mW. However, when the excitation power is higher than 10 mW, another peak B3 abnormally appears at higher energy side of B2, and peak B3 gradually becomes the dominant emission peak instead of peak B2 when the excitation power increases further. Here, we can assume that the majority of the optical excited carriers first got trapped in the first type of electronic states (e.g., localized states created by the local In-rich clusters), and then radiatively recombine, producing luminescence peak A2 and B2. [24].
To examine the behavior of anomalous peak B3 of sample B further, we have performed the TDPL measurements under different excitation powers shown in Fig. 4, in which Fig. 4a and b are the PL spectra obtained under excitation power of 5 mW and 40 mW, respectively. Note that the two-peak phenomenon of the emission spectra in Fig. 4b was clearly seen at temperatures below 200 K and became blurred toward 300 K. Summarizing the emission spectra behavior, one can see that the transition from the low energy emission peak to the high energy emission peak occurs in a narrow range of excitation power and has a “switching” character. Outside the narrow transition region, single low energy (B2) or high energy (B3) emission peak dominates at low and high excitation powers, respectively.
Additionally, a closer inspection of the variation of dominant emission peak energy with temperature of both samples, we can find something unique. As shown in Fig. 5a, when the excitation power increases from 5 to 40 mW for sample A, the variation of PL peak energy with increasing temperature (called E-T curve below) shows “reversed V shape” curves, which is different from the regular “S” shape. The reversed V shape is almost unchanged with increasing excitation power except an overall blue shift of the peak energy. The reversed “V”-shaped temperature dependence is explained as a joint action of carrier filling effect at luminesce centers and bandgap shrinkage effect accompanied with increasing temperature [25, 26]. On the other hand, as shown in Fig. 5b, the E-T curves for sample B under the excitation power lower than 5 mW show a reversed V shape. This situation is similar to sample A. However, when the excitation power gradually increases to 40 mW, a first redshift appears at lower temperature range, and the E-T curves have a regular S shape. Apparently, this phenomenon contradicts the expectation that when the excitation power is large enough, the localization effect will completely disappear, and the temperature behavior of the peak energy will closely follow the Varshni law [27].
Thus, to quantitatively explain the observed anomalous excited optical power dependence of luminescence of localized states, the LSE luminescence model was employed to fit the E-T curves, which is proposed by Q. Li et al. This model can be used in all temperature ranges, and it can not only fit the “S” shape E-T curves but also the “V” or reversed “V” shapes. In addition, it was also proved that LSE model can be reduced to Eliseev et al.’s band-tail model at high temperatures [24, 25]. In this model, the peak energy as a function of temperature can be described as [18,19,20,21]:
where θ is the Debye temperature of the specific material and a is the Varshni parameter, kB is the Boltzmann constant, and x can be numerically solved by the following transcendental equation [18,19,20,21]:
where σ is the standard deviation of distribution of the localized states. In other words, it means the width of Gaussian-type state density distribution. τr and τtr represent the radiative recombination and escape lifetime of the localized carrier, and thus τr/τtr implies the portion of carriers which recombines nonradiatively. E0 is the central energy of the localized centers, and Ea gives a “marking” level below which all localized states are occupied by carriers at 0 K which is just like the quasi-Fermi level in the Fermi-Dirac distribution. It is obvious that E0 and Ea together are related to the origin of luminescence localized centers [17].
The obtained fitting parameters of both samples are shown in Table 2. For sample A, the central energy E0 and Ea changes to 19 meV and 18 meV from 5 to 40 mW, respectively. It is noticed that the E0-Ea and σ is almost unchanged. It is because that as the excited power increases, more and more carriers will be excited. First, the strong piezoelectric field of InGaN wells will be screened by the photogenerated carriers, leading to an increase of central energy E0. Second, more and more carriers will occupy higher electronic states according to the filling effect, which results in the increase of quasi-Fermi level of localized carriers Ea. Therefore, E0-Ea represents the joint action of polarization screening effect and carrier filling effect, and thus an overall blueshift in peak position for sample A is observed. Unlike sample A, for sample B, from 5 to 40 mW, there are bigger increases of E0 and Ea, 73 meV and 57 meV, respectively. E0-Ea increase by 16 meV, τr/τtr changes by several orders of magnitude, and σ decreases a little. Such changes are so big that we have to assume that the origin of luminescence centers is different at different excitation powers of 5 mW and 40 mW.
Therefore, it is suggested that for sample B, there are two kinds of localization states, distributing at two different energy depths in the well layers due to the inhomogeneous distribution of indium composition, i.e., with higher indium composition (deep localization states) and lower indium composition (shallow localization states). In addition, to explain the above phenomenon of sample B, the schematic diagrams indicating the possible mechanism of the carrier redistribution between two kinds of localized states are plotted in Fig. 6. At 10 K, under lower excitation power such as 5 mW, shown in Fig. 6a, the majority of the optical excited carriers first get trapped in the first type of electronic states (deep localized states) and thus the lower energy peak dominates, while at 40 mW, shown in Fig. 6b, more and more photogenerated carriers will occupy the higher energy level, and then the shallow localized states with the higher energy state density are also filled, and thus the higher energy peak dominates gradually with the increase of excited power. Therefore, E0 and Ea increase a lot, and τr/τtr increase by several orders which imply the escape ability of carriers out of localized states. As the temperature increases to 30 K, at 5 mW, as shown in Fig. 6c, the photogenerated carriers with a certain amount of thermal energy are mainly used to filling the deeper localized states, resulting in a first blueshift of E-T curves; however, in Fig. 6d, when it comes to 40 mW, based on the assumption that shallow localized states have more capacity than the deep localized states, the majority of the photogenerated carriers stay in shallow localized states, and it will be able to transfer to deep localized states which has a strong ability to bind carriers. Therefore, the E-T curves redshift. In other words, the appearance abnormal changes of E-T curves are concerned with multiple kinds of localization states due to the inhomogeneous indium distribution in InGaN well layers of sample B. And such compositional fluctuations are supposed to be mainly due to the random alloy fluctuations on an atomic scale [28].
Schematic diagrams indicating the possible mechanism of the anomalous variation of the PL peak energy vs. T curves with different excitation powers. The carrier distributions at lower T (10 K) are shown in (a) and (b) for P = 5 mW and 40 mW, respectively. The carrier distributions at higher T (30 K) are shown in (c) and (d) for P = 5 and 40 mW, respectively
Furthermore, the appearance of high energy emission peak under high excitation power of sample B also leads to an anomalous variation of the PL integrated intensity. In Fig. 7, the integrated intensity vs. temperature curves of samples A and B measured at excitation powers of 5 mW and 20 mW are plotted, respectively. First, note that the thermal quenching of sample B is obviously quicker than that of sample A. Generally, the luminescence thermal quenching of the InGaN MQWs is dominated by the nonradiative recombination processes which can be described by Arrhenius equation. Therefore, the quick thermal quenching implies a poor thermal stability of sample B. Furthermore, when the excitation power is high enough, the impact of nonradiative recombination centers at relatively low temperatures will not be so much significant, because the nonradiative recombination centers are easily saturated by excess carriers [27]. This can perfectly explain the slower variation of PL integrated intensity vs. 1/T curves with the increase of excitation power of sample A. However, it is quite interesting for sample B that the normalized integrated intensity under excitation power of 5 mW is even higher than that under 20 mW when the temperature is lower than 125 K, and it turns to be opposite at temperatures higher than 125 K. As mentioned before, it is assumed that only one lower energy emission peak which is originated from deep localized states is dominant at 5 mW, while another higher one originated from shallow localized states becomes dominant at 20 mW. Therefore, it is concluded that the deep localized luminescence centers have better luminescence efficiency than shallow luminescence centers. This agrees well with the previous research result related to the localized states [28]. Therefore, it can also be proved, to some extent, that there are two kinds of localized states excited at 20 mW for sample B.
Based on all these analyses, we demonstrate that peak B3 originates from the localization states with lower potential related to the inhomogeneous distribution of indium composition of sample B. It agrees well with the experimental results of the higher emission energy peak B3 and the reduction of IQE of sample B at low temperatures under higher excitation power. Actually, in the growth process of QWs, considering the pulling effects, indium atoms are prone to accumulate at the top of InGaN QW layer and form an extra layer known as indium floating layer [29]. Thicker GaN cap layer growth at low temperature is detrimental to the evaporation of these indium floating atoms. Consequently, In atoms may incorporate into GaN cap layer and barrier layer after the QW growth [30]. Naturally, this behavior will result in an increase of well layer thickness, and thus the QCSE is enhanced. The higher strain and the stronger piezoelectric field in the active QW would induce more localized relaxation and, thus, deeper localized potentials and higher barriers. Meanwhile, more dislocations and defects are introduced into the subsequent growth of GaN barrier layer. Generally, there is large tensile stress near dislocations, and indium atoms may tend to accumulate near the dislocations and distribute inhomogeneously. [31, 32] Therefore, in the growth of InGaN well layer, there are more indium-rich and indium-poor areas associated with the increasing dislocation density. It means that the scale of indium fluctuations will become larger as the capping layer thickness increases. In our experiments, it shows that two different kinds of localization states are introduced into sample B with thicker cap layer, and the PL peak of higher emission energy is activated under higher excitation power. On the other hand, the photogenerated carrier stay at deep localized states can screen away the defects and thus has a better thermal stability, while the photogenerated carrier stay at shallow localized states will be captured by the defect-related nonradiative recombination once they can overcome the relatively lower barrier height.
Conclusions
In summary, the InGaN/GaN multi-quantum well (MQW) samples with different thickness of GaN cap layers additionally grown on the InGaN well layers are prepared by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition system (MOCVD). Their structural and optical properties are investigated by HRXRD, TDPL, and PDPL measurements and analyzed. PDPL results show that an additional high-emission energy peak is excited at higher excitation power only for sample B which is grown with thick cap layers. Meanwhile, TDPL results measured at different excitation powers for sample B reveal that the E-T curves of dominant PL peak change from reversed V shape to regular S shape when the excitation power increases. Additionally, a poorer thermal stability of sample B at high excitation power was found. These anomalous phenomena imply that there are two kinds of localized states of sample B which are induced by the relatively inhomogeneous indium distribution. These conclusions give us a further understanding of photoluminescence mechanism of green InGaN/GaN quantum wells and inhomogeneity effect at high excitation level which may help us in the manufacturing of InGaN/GaN laser diodes.
Abbreviations
- HRXRD:
High-resolution X-ray diffraction
- LDs:
Laser diodes
- LEDs:
Light-emitting diodes
- LSE:
Localized state ensemble
- MOCVD:
Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition system
- MQWs:
Multi-quantum wells
- NH3 :
Ammonia
- PDPL:
Power-dependent photoluminescence
- RSM:
Reciprocal space mapping
- TDPL:
Temperature-dependent photoluminescence
- TMGa:
Trimethylgallium
- TMIn:
Trimethylindium
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Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Science Challenge Project and the National Natural Science Foundation of China for providing financial support.
Funding
This work was fully supported by the Science Challenge Project (Grant No. TZ2016003), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 61674138, 61674139, 61604145, 61574135, and 61574134).ing, Y., Zhao, D., Jiang, D. et al. Carrier Redistribution Between Two Kinds of Localized States in the InGaN/GaN Quantum Wells Studied by Photoluminescence. Nanoscale Res Lett 14, 88 (2019).
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI:
Keywords
- Semiconductor materials
- InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells
- Photoluminescence
- Carrier localization |
In 1964, after years of planning, work began on the Granduc Mine some 20 miles north of the town of Stewart in British Columbia, Canada. The mine was an ambitious project with two mining camps, one on either end of what was to be a 17 mile tunnel shaft through copper-laden rock under a glacier. The opportunity for good pay and adventure attracted men from all over to the site.
Among those who came to work at Granduc were Blake and Rod Rose, two young brothers, 21 and 23 years old respectively, who came from Vancouver against the advice of their parents.
Vilmos Fekete came too. To Vilmos, who had had to leave his wife and two children in his native Hungary when he fled political turmoil there some years earlier, the work at Granduc must have seemed like a perfect opportunity to raise some much needed money.
Tragically, on February 18, 1965, just months after the mining began and only a week after Blake and Rod Rose arrived at the portal camp, a massive avalanche poured off the surrounding hills, destroying the camp, killing 26 men and trapping others under the snow and in the still-shallow mine tunnel.
An extensive rescue operation got underway at the camp site while, in Vancouver, the Rose family waited eagerly for news of their boys’ fate and were later heartbroken to learn that both boys were among the dead. Their bodies were returned to Vancouver and are buried in the Mountain View Cemetery. The Fekete family in Hungary hadn’t known Vilmos was at the mine and had no news of the disaster. They were just left to wonder why they never heard from him again.
In 2013, while passing through Stewart on their way home from a trip to Alaska, Diane Gravlee and her husband noticed a small 116 burial cemetery. Being avid Find a Grave® contributors, they took a day, photographed the graves and added them to the site, including the grave of Vilmos Fekete.
About a year later, Diane received an email from a very excited man. It was Vilmos Fekete’s son, now a grown man with children of his own. His family had moved to the United States and one day he decided to search the internet for his father’s name. The Find a Grave memorial that Diane had created for Vilmos came up and from it he was able to learn what had happened to his father and where he was buried.
Vilmos’ son and his wife went to visit the grave and were welcomed warmly by a mounted policeman, the local priest, the mayor and other citizens of Stewart, all present to help celebrate Vilmos’ life. Diane said, “To have been a part of this happening has made all my Find a Grave work so worthwhile.”
You never know when a contribution you make to Find a Grave will provide just the information someone is looking for. Thank you to Diane and to Find a Grave volunteers everywhere who donate their time to make these kinds of discoveries possible and preserve the memory of those who have passed on.
My daughter and I, are Stonekillers too! We volunteer for a Grand Army Of The Republic Civil War
Cemetery, here in northeastern Pennsylvania. Families across the country, originally from the
coal mining valley, write or email with their requests. We have formed a paper log and most times
a family tree for them. This valley was a melting pot of people, from all countries. We have or had
13 cemeteries here, because we are on a mountain, thus grounds for burials. We have many,
many years in. Mining and shops, businesses and boarding houses! The first Rollercoaster,
called the Switchback, used for coal hauling, then for tourists riding. Jim Thorpe, buried here!
We believe we are making a patchwork quilt, one square at a time, with each find. We also
believe that those we find, are waiting for us and live again, in the hearts and minds of their
families and my daughter, Karen and I. Joyous reunions and tears unleashed, together we
celebrate their lives again.
All of this made possible by Find A Grave….
Diane thank you and your husband for your heartfelt help and bringing answers and closure for the family. Be blessed in all you doing.
I try to help ppl who are Arlington Memorial Park in Jacksonville Florida. My husband and I visit weekly and share pics and clean unmaintenced graves. Hoping to keep shining light for others.
Sincerely
Andrea
One of things I do on findagrave is sometimes (randomly) looking for people buried in Jewish cemeteries. Then if the inscriptions are in Hebrew, I provide the translation of their Hebrew names, and often the names of their fathers. (That is the Ashkenazi Jewish tradition; the Sephardi tradition often has the mothers’ names.) In this way, I hope this helps people confirm the ancestry of the deceased — at least partially.
I have also added photos and inscriptions from a couple of places in Europe, where some of the cemeteries have only some fraction of the original stones, that weren’t either destroyed during WW II; not repurposed for paving roads or other uses; and not completely vandalized.
Findagrave is one of the places where these can be made available for those who search. So it is a boon for all of us.
I don’t have relatives buried in Europe but have visited several cemeteries there and never thought of war time destroying them and the history of families. Thank you for putting another twist on my reading here.
Madeleine, thank you so much for doing these translations. You are a Godsend. I have been trying to translate what is on my dads headstone which is written in Hebrew. If it is ok with you, I will be looking you up on findagrave. My dads name is Frank Klein and he is buried in Mt. Lebanon in Sharon Hill, PA. My name is Deborah Klein Staats.
This is such a wonderful thing that you have done to provide those translations. I absolutely love Find A Grave and its search capabilities. I live in Texas but recently helped a Jewish friend locate the older graves of relatives in the Baltimore, Maryland. She had the opportunity to go for a visit and searched out the cemeteries. On her return, she couldn’t wait to tell me how excited and gratified she was to pay her respects to those elders in her family.
Madeleine. You know about JOWBR? It have Jewish graves. Go to Jewishgen.org and you will see it. Send your pics to them! Thank you.
Madeline
I had started entering the memorials for the Cimtero Ebraico in Acqui Terme, Italy. I managed to enter the names of some memorials that were transferred form the old cemetery since they were not in Hebrew. Would you do the translations for the other memorials that I take? It is a difficult cemetery to document since it is closed to the public. The memorials are in pretty rough shape and I wanted to create a record before time takes a further toll.
If you will help I will make an effort to take more photos next summer.
Thank you for your work and bringing closure to lost family members.
I also belong to FindAGrave: A few years back I was asked to locate a young teen daughter for a Mother that lived in a foreign European country. She could not come to America to bury her daughter. She provided her name and the location of the cemetery. It was in Sana Rosa Beach, Florida and was a very large and old cemetery. I contacted the caretaker and it took us several days , but we did locate her grave marker, the Mother was relieved to see her daughter’s final resting place. In our area we have a lot of foreign young people coming here to work, and they are provided bicycles for transportation. She was on her bike.
Sherry Lynn Tayor
I cried! Two times. First to know of those poor victims lost, they held such high hopes, and such a tragedy that ended those hopes and dreams. How beautiful that Vilmos’ son was showered with such love and long-awaited closure–thanks to Diane. I cried more! Sadly, they all left behind loved ones. I bless them all, and may Vilmos rest in eternal peace on this lovely ground.
Linda, there is an edit option on each Find a Grave. If you join find a grave you can suggest an edit. I do it all the time. Often people have two find a graves, or the date on the headstone doesn’t match what is written, or like you said, they just plain have the wrong information. I just suggest the edit and then I guess whoever is in charge of that memorial checks it out. I eventually get an email back saying they have accepted my edit or not. I have corrected hundreds of memorials. I am also all about accuracy. It’s a small thing compared to what a lot of people here are doing, but it definitely helps. We need all the help we can get with this ancestry work. 😊
Sincerely,
Debbie Brimhall
I too wish to thank those that take the time to work with Find a Grave. They definitely provide a valuable service. However, unfortunately I have found information attached to relatives that was not accurate. In one case numerous children and siblings names were added to an individual, but only about half of them were actual relatives. I made every effort to find out where the information was obtained that they had attached to my relative but never received a response from the person’s contact information that was listed. So, I am hoping that more care and accuracy is taken before adding information on a Find a Grave individual. I have a saying I tell my family – “I don’t care who I am related to, I just want it to be accurate.”
Linda – you can go in and edit anything that is incorrect. You will have to become a member to do it. I have corrected many and updated many stone pictures. I have been busy at our local cemeteries cleaning the stones and once they are clean I take a picture and update them on Find a Grave. Unknown identities drives me nuts.
When researching my husbands family In the 1970s In a genealogy library, I looked in the Tennessee section and found my Mother’s maiden name Haggard in a cemetery. I wrote it down just in case. It wasn’t until later that I began research on my family. It turned out to be my mother’s great grandparents. She didn’t even know who they were.
Wow, what wonderful hearts you all have!
Does any one know of research in the Pocohontas Cemetery in West VA/VA? My great grandfather, Joz’sef Szemetko was killed in a mining accident on Nov. 20, 1894. He is supposed to be buried on a steep hillside used by the cemetery. Two cousins visited the area and were shown a notation on the mining books that listed my great grandfather’s name and date of death but they were unable to negotiate the steep terrain. I have written the cemetery association but had no positive results. Does anyone have any suggestions or contact with people in this area?
Try the Pocahontas County WV Historical Society in Marlinton, WV.
Thank you so much for this information. I will pursue it.
Try I initially thought it may be in Pocahontas County, WV, but if you try this website, there is a story about a mining accident which leads me to believe your g grandfather is buried there.
I believe you may be correct. I live near Pocahontas Co. WV. It is not a coal mining county. I am unaware of any historical COAL mining deaths there.
Here is a place to start: . Best wishes.
Beautiful ending to a tragic story.
Mrs. Catherine Downs Luling, Texas, Luling Civic Cemetery, Luling, Texas
I happened onto FIND-A-GRAVE after I got a computer a number of years ago. It touched my heart deeply, as I thought what a GIFT to the world. People who had lived their lives—and more than likely might have never been known about and remembered—are “brought to life again” by Find-A-Grave.com.
It is a JOY and a Privilege to be able to have a small part in Remembering Precious Souls who have lived and died—and have “Gone On To Their Reward.”
We don’t come into this life to just take our place and inhabit Planet Earth…..Each of us born into this life are SPECIAL and MUST BE REMEMBER AS SUCH.
THANK YOU FIND-A-GRAVE for YOUR GIFT TO HUMANITY—–And because of YOU—All who become CONTRIBUTORS have the Honor and the Privilege to REMEMBER THOSE WHO HAVE GONE ON. Perhaps, at our “passing from this life to the next”—We too will be remembered…….MAY IT BE SO.
My mother died of pancreatic cancer when I was 4 years old, and all I knew was that she had been originally buried in the Gamboa Cemetery in Rio de Janeiro. I was then sent to England within 6 months to be brought up by my paternal grandparents.
Many years later, after I had said to my father on one of his infrequent visits that I wanted to go back to Brazil to visit her grave, he told me that she did not have an actual grave, this devastated me as it felt as if I had lost her forever. It was not until I searched FindaGrave that I found that a memorial to her had been listed. This was a revelation as I had thought there was no record of her anywhere, and I thank the person who photographed and researched the details for giving me closure.
Now I know that she is remembered and there is a plot number attached to her name, and I have been able to post a picture and more details of her life on the website. This has filled the hole left in my life by her early death, and given searchable proof that she actually existed.
Thank you FindaGrave from the bottom of my heart.
I just received notification that another friend was cremated and ashes scattered. I find no closure, no viewing, etc. Having done my family geneaology that facilitated my membership in the nsdar, I can’t help but worry about the generations to come.
Per my parents’ wishes, their ashes were scattered over a body of water. I was able to have this done by the US Navy (my father was a World War II veteran, and my mother was eligible by marriage). I had their cremains sent together for a double ceremony. After I was notified of the date/time/location of the scattering, I posted to the memorial on Find-A-Grave. I believe others have done the same. As you said, I didn’t want the final resting place to be basically lost to future generations. When my husband’s cremains are scattered and I receive the information from the US Navy, I will post that information there too.
Memorial markers can be obtained by family members with appropriate credentials for U.S. Veterans lost or buried at sea, cremated and scattered, etc. Baltimore National Cemetery has a designated area for such markers. All of the people I dealt with throughout the process of interment of my uncle’s ashes there were very respectful, knowledgeable, and kind. One of them suggested the memorial marker for someone who was buried at sea. Further information is available at:
I too find it very sad that so many are cremated these days, often without an obituary or any public remembrance of the lives they lived.
My father’s family left Liverpool in 1926 on the Montcalm for Canada. My father was born in Canada in 1927. He talked about his family in the UK but never knew where they were buried. After his death in 2005 I searched ancestry and came across “Findagrave”. It took a few years but I was able to finally locate the burial site thanks to a smart Salford Museum student He sent a detailed map of their location in Weaste Cemetry Salford. He found the location of my Great Grandfather and his family. And a further blessing came when.. a very kind man whom I chatted with on Findagrave site went to Weaste Cemetry and took pictures of their marker and posted them to the site for me! I cried! I couldn’t believe how wonderful this man was and how happy I felt connecting to my past family.
My uncle was killed in 1943, and his mother and his 9 siblings were informed that his remains were shortly buried at sea off the coast of Malta. We had a footstone installed next to his mother’s grave when she passed away in 1957. That was all any of our family knew, and, to our knowledge, that stone was his only memorial.
What a joy–a shock–an astounding moment–occurred when, one day, I entered his name to find his exact birthday. I had done this before, and the stone appeared. This time, pictures and information about a cemetery and huge memorial near Rome appeared. A photograph appeared of his name and some information was displayed showing that his memory had been memorialized on that wall with many others who lost their lives that day as well as many other days. Without Findagrave I would never have known about this–as soon as Covid is “over” I’m going there to touch that wall. Sadly, all his sibling passed away without knowing this, and there’s no one living in the family today who knew him–we’re all too young.
I thank Findagrave and some wonderful person or people who added that information. Knowing about this memorial gave me and my cousins such comfort, and I thank whoever was responsible for this gift without value for us.
I grew up in Mendota Illinois, at Restland cemetery where my father was the caretaker for 18 years, from 1935 to 1953. He dug 1800 graves (summer/winter), by hand, now power tools. This is an average of 2 a week. So anyone’s family member buried between spring 1935 until fall of 1953, my father did the services. My dads name was Floyd Howarth, known to many as “Red”..
By the way I’m 85 years young.
You do a great service for people who can’t travel everywhere…..
Thank you for this story!! So many times in the past, when taking photographs or entering new memorials for long dead individuals, I think about the possibility for this kind of outcome. Knowing that it actually does happen is greatly encouraging.
mbullard
I found this site on Ancestry .Curiosity got to me,I knew about our family cemetery in Conway ,VA. I hadn’t been there since my grandmother passed in 1963 I was in 9th grade. Now being 73 and both parents gone I knew my little sister was buried there but never seen her marker ,so lo and behold I went on and found the cemetery listed and also found a bit about my baby sister who died when she was almost 3. plus the caretaker had posted many pictures of my uncle, aunts and grandmother and grandfather. Sometime soon I am going to make it back there.
I am a member of Find A Grave. I have been working on finding my family members solely with the intent on finding their grave markers. Unfortunately, I am not finding any success on finding my sister Theresa Legore who was born sleeping in 1971 and my Aunt Marie Snyder who died of leukemia in the mid 1940s.
Have you any idea of their respective locations?
I love these success stories. Cemeteries and headstones mean much more to me since searching on findagrave. Thank you All.
We are friends with the Fekete family and I don’t believe they know anything about these family relations, the pictures are amazing # the young son looks very much like these two.
I think you may have misread the story. The two young Rose brothers weren’t related to Vilmos Fekete. They were two more of the victims of the same avalanche.
Hi Friends,
My name is Gail Climer, and I volunteer for Find A Grave in Calaveras County, Callifornia. I have a request for information, or possibly assistance in the complete restoration of our Gold Era graveyards in San Andreas and other areas in Calaveras County.
I got a request for a photo of one of the gravesites of a young woman who was buried in People’s Cemetery in San Andreas. I had been coming to the cemetery for awhile in an effort to start a grave-cleaning, decoration, and maintenance company there. Our cemeteries are in such sad shape. We have many graves of military veterans, gold seekers from the mid to late 1850’s, business people from our litt!e town, and lots of others. Many of the people in the older sections of the cemetery were paupers, and have just had their bodies placed above-ground, as our soil is very rocky, and in some areas dry/sandy. These graves are a mess. I finally found a person who is a local citizen, asked for permission to clean graves and was told no. The graves belong to the family members of the deceased. I asked if he had a register for all the graves which shows decendants. I asked about the possibility for a renewal/preservation of the cemetery, and was told they did not have money to fix it. That was early in 2021, and I not been back there, although he advised me that I should not attempt to clean any of the stones because the County could be sued. I use safe methods of cleaning, and took classes on the cleaning and preservation of historic graves.
So…here’s the rub.I want to help photograph the graves and find a grant that could be used to restore the cemetery. I’m a 70 year old female, and want to be proud of my town’s main cemetery.
I guess the list of photo requests will continue to grow, as the County takes no action on a proposal.
Gail Climer
I’ve been able to find 3rd greatgrandparents through Find a Grave and Ancestry. Com What a thrill to know where they are actually buried. In small cemeteries around Montana you can literally find a marker under a bush planted in a country cemetery. For my husband and I it is like a treasure hunt. You never know who you are going to find. Wish I had started this hobby sooner.
I am a volunteer for findagrave. I have done several in my city of Apple Valley, Ca that’s where the King of Cowboys Roy Rogers & Dale Evans are buried. My husband cousin was a champion NASCAR driver who killed at Riverside Raceway in 1964 & I found his grave stone on findagrave and was totally amazed it is the shape of the raceway and has crossed checkered flags where he was killed, his name is Joe Weatherly. It’s a great feeling to get others pictures when they can’t come to view the families finale resting place.
How do I get involved in Find A Grave? My Husband and i want to do this!!! December Caswell
I’m not sure if I’m a member. I have used this site several times. I recently had a discussion with my husband about so many people, maybe because of cost are opting for cremation. Our future generations will not have the ability to look for their ancestors in graveyards. I see cemeteries with very old tombstones that are barely able to be read. The cemeteries themselves are maintained but not the stones. I was wondering if there are groups that do that? If so, how does one get in contact with them? Thanks. Dianne Reece. Seaford, DE 19973.
I have found death certificates for my paternal grandfather & his 2nd wife showing they are both buried in Mt Jacob cemetery in Pennsylvania. I found them on find a grave but there is no lot information. I called the cemetery but no response. Any suggestions?
I was very moved by this story. It is so amazing that a son could find closure on his father. Life is so hard. Honoring our ancestors is extremely important. It helps us undersyand ourselves. THANK YOU for this article.!
Wonderful story, if only there had been happier endings .
I am the current Sexton at Fly Creek Valley Cemetery in Fly Creek, Otsego Town, Otsego County New York.
I am very willing to assist anyone who might be seeking information in our area. I am working on organizing our Cemetery records and we have interments that date to the early 19th Century. We have several thousand known occupied graves.
Wes Ciampo
I have information to add, but I have been unable to verify my account to be able to post.
If you send a message to [email protected], they should be able to help you with your sign in troubles.
I enjoy making sure all of my ancestors are remembered and that they are all connected to each other where they need to be sometimes I have to go too other states and research.
How do you become a volunteer for Find A Grave. Is there anything special needed to take pics of graves?
Not really but I use my iPad it makes it easier for me
Nothing special needed. A smartphone with location services turned on is a great way to go. The cameras are typically sufficient and having the GPS coordinates for the photo really helps. |
Quarterly Newsletter by the Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society
To keep the PECS community updated, the PECS Programme Office established a quarterly newsletter: In the newsletter you will find information on PECS and PECS related activities, updates on PECS working groups, regional networks, and affiliated cases, as well as publications, job opportunities, upcoming events, and more.
To subscribe to the newsletter, please use the form here.
If you have any questions concerning the content or if you want to contribute to the newsletter, feel free to get back to the Programme Office.
Newsletter
Quarterly Newsletter by the Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society – July 2022
News:
We are excited to announce the launch of new working groups/network. In June, we met online with the new members for the first time . It was fantastic to hear about the plans of the groups to dig into exciting topics and an exchange of cross cutting themes has already started. Every Monday, we will now introduce a new group on the PECS website and twitter, so check out #PECSWorkingGroup . Thanks to all the ones being involved and contributing to move PECS and place based social ecological research forward. The new groups are:
• Ocean equity for sustainable futures (led by M. Riechers & S. Villasante
• Decolonizing conservation led by L. Sandroni & M. Mabele );
• Trade-offs and synergies in multifunctional landscapes ( led by F. Turkelboom , J. Desair , S. Jacobs, M. Torralba, & C.
• Future governance for just sustainability transitions led by T. Muñoz Erickson, M. Berbés Blázquez, K. Wijsman , & L. Caughman
• Nature based transformations (led by S. Lavorel , B & Locatelli);
• Transdisciplinarity for transformation led by M. Sellberg , D. P. M. Lam, & J. Cockburn);
• Incorporating institutional dynamics (led by G. Cumming & G. Epstein);
• Collective and care full transformations for sustainability science ( led by J. Haider, A. Rawluk , C. Quintas Soriano, G. Caniglia, S. Kosanic , & I. Díaz Reviriego
• Transforming charcoal sectors for sustainable energy futures led by . T. H Mwampamba & M. Mabele );
• Nurturing sustainable agricultural and water transitions (led by J. Baird & C. Febria);
• SES methods training resource (led by A. de Vos & J. van Velden);
• Scaling transformative seeds of change (led by N. Magadzire & J. van Velden);
• Collaborativ governance and management (led by M. Schoon, J. Cockburn, & A. Ocampo Melgar);
• Telecoupling and equity (led by O. Selomane N. Sitas)
• Latin American Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society (led by M. Trimble & R. Caldéron Conteras).
Updates on:
PECS working groups:
- Collaborative governance and management : New webinars online on with Miranda Bernard on Marine Social Science , Cécile Barnaud on discourse
analysis and role playing games .
- Ocean Equity for Sustainable Futures : blog post on the Science For Sustainability blog by social ecological researchers at Leuphana University
Updates from Future Earth:
- Check out the Future Earth’s monthly newsletter, featuring the latest news, events, and opportunities in global sustainability research.
- Call for Expressions of Interest: Pathways Postdoctoral Grants, deadline to submit is 11 September 2022, 23:59 CEST. Read more here.
- Conference by the University of Exeter: Tipping points – from climate crisis to positive transformation, 12 – 14 September 2022
- Global Risks Perceptions Report 2021 is now available in four languages – English, Spanish, French, and now Japanese
- Webinar Series on Global Sustainability: Navigating DRR Solutions for Securing Resilient Futures, July 4.
… Did you know?
… Ecology and Society is undergoing a new adaptive cycle: new webpage, new Editors in Chief, new Subject Editors, revised guidelines for contribution. Take a look! Plus, check out the open call for the special feature ‘Meaningful Trans-disciplinary Collaborations for Sustainability: Local, Artistic, and Scientific Knowledge’. See more here.
Job opportunities:
- Postdoctoral Research Scholar, School of Complex Adaptive Systems, Arizona State University. Deadline: June 30, 2022 (applications will continue to be accepted on a rolling basis for a reserve pool).
- Six faculty positions in climate science, climate impact and climate adaptation, Utrecht University.
- Research Assistant (Experienced PhD/early postdoctoral researcher) in Shaping Interdisciplinary Research for Sustainability Transformation, Institute of Global Change Research of the Czech Academy of Science Deadline: July 8, 2022.
Publications & other:
- Brillinger, M., Scheuer, S., Albert, C. Deliberating options for nature-based river development: Insights from a participatory multi-criteria evaluation. Journal of Environmental Management (2022).
- Lam, D.P.M., Jiménez-Aceituno, A., Guerrero Lara, L. et al. Amplifying actions for food system transformation: insights from the Stockholm region. Sustainable Science (2022).
- Leadly, P., Gonzalez, A., Obura, D., et al. 2022. Achieving global biodiversity goals by 2050 requires urgent and integrated actions. One Earth (2022).
- Pingarroni, A., Castro, A. J., Gambi, M. et al. Uncovering spatial patterns of ecosystem services and biodiversity through local communities’ preferences and perceptions. Ecosystem Services (2022).
- Schmitt, T. M., Riebl, R., Martín-López, B., et al. Plural valuation in space: mapping values of grasslands and their ecosystem services. Ecosystems and People (2022).
- Zurek, M., Hebinck, A., Selomane, O. Climate change and the urgency to transform food systems. Science (2022).
The newsletter is provided by the Programme Office
Newsletter
Quarterly Newsletter by the Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society – April 2022
News:
It is with great joy that we announce and welcome nine new working groups in PECS. The topics range from transdisciplinarity for transformation, to sustainable energy, governance, care, seeds of change, ocean equity, multifunctional landscapes, decolonializing conservation and nature-based transformations. We will soon start to introduce the new groups on our website and twitter – so stay tuned!
Updates on:
PECS working groups:
- Collaborative governance and management: New webinars online on Environmental Philanthropy with Rebecca Gruby, multiple-evidence based approach for indigenous-led conservationwith Cathy Robinson, and on institutions and hydropower with Maria Claudia Lopez
PECS cases:
- BioKultDiv: New blogposts on the topic ‘Developing pathways to sustainable futures’ and the webinar series ‘A Global Conversation: What is biocultural diversity, and why should we care?’
- MigSoKo: Animation video presenting key results of the MigSoKo project: How can we understand the complex relationship between environmental change and human migration?
Updates from Future Earth:
- 2nd annual Land Data Assimilation Community Virtual Workshop ‘New Directions in Land Data Assimilation,’ June 13-15.
- Early-Career Fellowship, offered by the Future Earth China Global Hub.
- NRF South Africa to Host the Africa Future Earth Global Secretariat Hub
… Did you know?
…The IDRC (International Development Research Centre) funding for new Seeds of Good Anthropocenes project, “Seeds of good Anthropocenes: fostering food system transformation in Africa”
The project aims to enhance foresight capacity to guide future investments and response options that support transformation of African food systems towards more just, sustainable, and resilient futures. The project will identify examples of innovative food-related projects – which are called ‘seed initiatives’- across three coastal urban regions of Africa. The researchers will conduct interviews and participatory scenario workshops with these seed initiatives to identify strategies to support the emergence, development and scaling of initiatives that have the potential to contribute to transformation of the food system within the African context. They also aim to better understand the potential synergies and fault lines that affect the potential for collaboration among initiatives.
The project will advance foresight methods and support transformative change in developing country contexts by enhancing the ability to identify transformative seed initiatives, developing new understanding of how such initiatives may be supported to develop, grow and collaborate, and supporting networking and peer-to-peer learning among seed leaders. The researchers will produce a set of scientific papers, a booklet and video to communicate the insights from the project to researchers, policy-makers, innovators and practitioners to enhance their actions to support sustainability transformations.
Lead PI: Oonsie Biggs
Other PIs: Nyasha Magadzire, Nadia Sitas, Sandra Boatemaa, Laura Pereira, Garry Peterson, Elena Bennett
Job opportunities:
- Post-Doc Social Science/Social Ecology, Leuphana University, Germany
- Mountain Research Initiative Communication Officer, Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Switzerland.
- Executive Director of the Earth System Governance Project, Utrecht University
Publications & other:
Special Issue celebrating 10 years of PECS
- The collection in Ecosystems and People is still growing. The latest publications are:
- Felipe-Lucia, M. R., Frutos, A. de, & Comín, F. A. (2022). Modelling landscape management scenarios for equitable and sustainable futures in rural areas based on ecosystem services.
- Fischer, J., Abson, D. J., Dorresteijn, I., Hanspach, J., Hartel, et al. (2022). Using a leverage points perspective to compare social-ecological systems: a case study on rural landscapes.
- Meacham, M., Norström, A. V., Peterson, G. D., Andersson, E., Bennett, et al. (2022). Advancing research on ecosystem service bundles for comparative assessments and synthesis.
Debut fiction novel by PECS SC Member Harini Nagendra
- The Bangalore Detectives Club is the first in a charming, joyful crime series set in 1920s Bangalore, featuring sari-wearing detective Kaveri and her husband Ramu who solve a murder in the gorgeous setting of colonial Bangalore, garden city of India. The city’s social-ecological setting, with its botanical parks, zoo, lakes and the people who depend on the ecology of the city for their livelihoods, such as the milkmen, play a prominent role throughout the book. Perfect for fans of Alexander McCall Smith’s The No. 1 Ladies Detective Agency, this books brings the social-ecological history of the colonial Indian city to life. Releasing on 28 April in the UK and India with Little, Brown/Hachette, and 3 May in the USA with Pegasus Books.
Further publications:
- Vinke-de Kruijf, J., Verbrugge, L., Schröter, B., den Haan, R. J., Cortes Arevalo, J., et al. (2022). Knowledge co-production and researcher roles in transdisciplinary environmental management projects. Sustainable Development.
The newsletter is provided by the Programme Office
Newsletter
Quarterly Newsletter by the Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society – January 2022
News:
Update on the call for new Working Groups (WG): We are happy to announce that we received a great number of diverse proposals from all over the world for new PECS WGs. In January, the Programme Office together with the Scientific Committee are going to assess the proposals. In a next step, we will announce successful WGs in early 2022 and initiate an introductory virtual meeting of all working groups.
Missed the deadline? There are other ways of participating in PECS:
- Going forward, we plan to have annual call for working groups
- Working groups will mostly be open; you can contact the working group leader(s) to participate
- You can also a suggest a place-based case you are working on, to affiliate with PECS. Contact us for details.
Updates on:
PECS working groups:
- Collaborative governance and management: New webinars online on Polycentric Governance and Power Dynamics with Praneeta Mudaliar, on Institutional Grammar with Saba Siddiki, on Other Effective Conservation Measures (OECMs) with Georgina Gurney, and Social and ecological success of participation in protected areas with Jule Huber and Jacqueline Loos.
PECS cases:
- BioKultDiv: New blogposts on the topic of Discussing positive futures for the Muttama Creek Catchment area and Using the Three Horizons framework to explore the future of farming and biodiversity
- MigSoKo: New webinar online on Migration and Environment – Which Feedback Loops?
PECS networks:
- SAPECS is looking for participants to complete an online about nature-based ‘solutions’ and social equity in Southern Africa. Find out more here.
Updates from Future Earth:
- Request for Proposals: Future Earth Pathways Communication Grants. Researchers are invited to submit proposals for communication pro-ducts that aim to disseminate outcomes developed in inter- and/or transdisciplinary research projects, and that are addressed to the broader public. Deadline 31 January 2022.
- Submit session proposals for the Sustainability Research & Innovation Congress 2022 (SRI2022): This call is open to anyone working in sustainability science and practice, including research, government, business, philanthropy, art and civil society. Deadline 5 February 2022
- 10 New Insights in Climate Science: A year of climate-related science in review. For more updates follow #10ClimateInsights on Twitter.
- Second Edition of the Global Risks Perceptions Report launched – Future Earth, Sustainability in the Digital Age and the International Science Council are pleased to share the findings of the second annual survey of scientists’ perceptions of risks in the Global Risks Perceptions Report 2021.
… Did you know?
… The Postdoc Academy for Transformational Leadership? The Robert Bosch Stiftung collaborates with four leading academic research centers to unite expert knowledge and educate the next generation of leading sustainability and transformation scholars. Apply until 15 February 2022
Job opportunities:
- 5 Writing-up Fellowships on “Cognition and Knowledge: Between Evolution and Sustainability”, Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research (KLI), Austria
- Communications Officer in Press and Engagement (temporary employment) at Stockholm Resilience Center, Sweden
- 12 open PhD positions on conservation of forest biodiversity, University of Freiburg, Germany.
- Associate Programme Management Officer – Scientific Affairs (P2), to be based in the IPBES Secretariat Office in Bonn. Apply by 9 February 2022.
Publications & other:
- Calderón-Contreras, R., Balvanera, P., Trimble, M., Langle-Flores, A., Jobbágy, E., Maass Moreno, M., … & Velázquez, M. (2022). A regional PECS node built from place-based social-ecological sustainability research in Latin America and the Caribbean. Ecosystems and People, 18(1), 1-14.
- Unnikrishnan, H., & Nagendra, H. (2021). Building climate resilient cities in the global South: assessing city adaptation plans in India. The Round Table, 110(5), 575-586.
- Bennett, E. M., Baird, J., Baulch, H., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Fraser, E., Loring, P., … & Lapen, D. (2021). Ecosystem services and the resilience of agricultural landscapes. In Advances in ecological research (pp. 1-43). Academic Press Inc..
- Bennett, E. M., Biggs, R., Peterson, G. D., & Gordon, L. J. (2021). Patchwork Earth: Navigating pathways to just, thriving, and sustainable futures. One Earth, 4(2), 172-176.
- Quintas-Soriano, C., Brandt, J., Baxter, C. V., Bennett, E. M., Requena-Mullor, J. M., & Castro, A. J. (2021). A framework for assessing coupling and de-coupling trajectories in river social-ecological systems. Sustainability Science, 1-14.
- Wang, J., Rienow, A., David, M., & Albert, C. (2021). Green infrastructure connectivity analysis at multiple spatiotemporal scales: A transferable approach in Ruhr Metropolitan Area, Germany.Science of The Total Environment, 152463.
The newsletter is provided by the Programme Office
Newsletter
Quarterly Newsletter by the Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society – April 2021
News:
- Chair replacement: Elena Bennett (right) stepped in as co-Chair of the PECS Scientific Committee (SC), after Berta Martín- López (left) stepped down due to health. Berta will remain member of the SC.
- Special Issue: PECS is launching a special issue celebrating its 10th birthday in Ecosystems & People, stay updated for coming papers.
- The Programme Office and the SC are currently working to update the science plan. Check out a short summary here and stay tuned!
Updates on:
- PECS working groups: ‘Collaborative governance and management‘, New webinars online on adaptive water governance with Micaela Timbre and on machine learning and community-based natural resource management with Graham Epstein
- PECS regional networks: Introduction to ResNet, a community-engaged, transdicsiplinary research programme with the focus on monitoring, modeling and managing ecosystem services across Canada. Find out more here.
- PECS affiliated projects: MigSoKo– Human migration and global environmental change: A vicious cycle?
- In October 2020 MigSoKo hosted an online workshop titled “Place-based socio-ecological research in times of covid-19”. Together with about 20 participants from a range of socio-ecological research fields the group exchanged ideas about possible strategies and alternatives for place-based research to cope with the current global challenges of the pandemic. A publication with re-commendations prepared by the workshop group will be available in GAIA soon.
- Hot of the press as part of the PECS special issue paper: Groth, J. et al. (2021) ‘Investigating environment-related migration processes in Ethiopia – A participatory Bayesian network’, Ecosystems & People.
Updates from Future Earth:
- SRI Talks in April on ‘Advocating Knowledge-to-Action‘ and in May on ‘Integrated action for the SGDs‘
- Attend the 17th meeting of the Climate Technology Centre & Network Advisory Board. This opportunity is provided through RINGO, the NGO constituency in which Future Earth is represented at the UNFCCC. Find out more here.
- The Civil Society Unit from UNEP presents the first workshop of the year called Friends of Governance for Sustainable Development: How do we Accelerate the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda.
- The ISC and BBC collaborate in producing a new series exploring the role of science in solving humankind’s most complex challenges. Future Earth can help you to get your GRPs or KANs work featured in BBC Storyworks.
… Did you know?
… the online database of participatory social-ecological scenarios biosphereFutures.net?
The database offers a global collection of place based social-ecological scenario case studies—the initiators invite all (PECS) researchers to contribute their scenario planning work that bridges people and nature, @biosphereFuture
… the project ENVISION, a research project on inclusive conservation? ENVISION is a 3-year international project that aims to develop & apply inclusive approaches to the management of protected areas, including identifying different visions and navigating tensions for how nature should be conserved. Recent publications include:
- Cebrián-Piqueras, M. A. et al. (2020). Scientific and local ecological knowledge, shaping perceptions towards protected areas and related ecosystem services. Landscape Ecology, 35(11), 2549–2567.
- López-Rodríguez et al. (2020). Delineating participation in conservation governance: Insights from the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park (Spain). Environmental Science & Policy, 114, 486–496.
Job offers:
- Two Full-time Faculty Positions at Universidad del Rosario (Bogota Colombia): Socio-Ecological Systems and Microbial Biotechnology
- 3-year Postdoc position on urban food systems in Africa at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (Amsterdam)
- For early career researchers: Check out the Future Earth Early Career Professionals group here
Publications & other:
- Bennett, E., Biggs, R. Peterson, G. D., Gordon, L. J. (2021): Patchwork Earth: navigating pathways to just, thriving, and sustainable future. One Earth, 4 (2), 172-176. The authors suggest how science and policy can increase capacity to navigate towards a sustainable future by envisioning diverse desirable futures, nurturing seeds of sustainability, and navigating emerging pathways to sustainable and just futures. Read the paper here.
- Harini Nagendra (SC member) & Seema Mundoli win Publishing Next Printed Book of the Year (English) with ‘Cities and Canopies: Trees in Indian Cities’.
- New online blog: People • Nature • Landscapes reports stories and research updates from the Social-Ecological Interactions Group based at the Universities of Göttingen & Kassel; especially concerning rural landscapes, ecosystem services, and sustainable land use.
The newsletter is provided by the Programme Office
Newsletter
Quarterly Newsletter by the Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society – July 2021
News:
-. Thanks to support from the USAID Resilient Waters Program, this handbook is open access.
Updates on:
- PECS working groups:
- Collaborative governance and management: New webinars online on online teaching with Ramiro Berardo; on opening up the co-production black box for ecosystem sustainability with Josie Chambers; and on networks and environmental governance with Örjan Bodin
- PECS affiliated projects:
Upcoming events:
- Wed 7 July, 7 8 am EDT, 4.30 5.30 pm IST: Promise of the Commons for Sustainable and Equitable Food Systems “. Side event of the UN Food Systems Summit 2021. Free registration.
- Fri 2 July: Future Earth Taipei Early Career Researchers invites to discuss Assessment and accounting for ecosystem services: theoretical
basis and practical applications ” with Dr. Yuan Mei Hua; Language: Chinese. Register here.
… Did you know?
… the Restoration Stewards Program The Youth in Landscapes Initiative (and the Global Landscapes Forum (GLF) are launching the second
edition of the Restoration Stewards program to support and highlight the work of five young restoration practitioners and their team. Find out
more here Besides , the two organisations are now accepting applications by representatives of regional youth organizations for E-Regional Dialogues Digital conversations leading up to GLF Amazon”. For more info see here.
… the Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development e.V. V.(IOER) is inviting applications to Marie Sklodowska Curie Actions
Postdoctoral Fellowships as a host organisation . They are looking for applicants aiming to undertake cutting edge research in the spatial
sustainability sciences. For more details see here.
… Land just launched a call for a Special Issue on “The Transformative Potential of Transdisciplinary Research in Land Systems Science“. Deadline 1 September 2021. For more info see here.
Job offers:
- Tenure Track Position Assistant Professor in Environmental Economics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- 3 year Academic Associate in various thematic areas related to development, Azim Premji University, Bengaluru, India.
- 3 year Post Doc position (100% TV L E13) in Process based modelling of ecosystem stability and resilience, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
- Postdoc fellowship on Managing Invasive Species , Centre for Sustainability Transitions , Stellenbosch, South Africa.
- Up to 2 Postdoctoral Research Scholar positions in Urban Equity and/or Environmental Justice, Arizona State University, USA.
Publications & other:
- New paper of the upcoming PECS Special Issue : L. Pereira et al. (2021). Advancing a toolkit of diverse futures approaches for global environmental assessments. Ecosystems and People, 17:1, 191 204.
- C. Ofoegbu , & Chinwe Ifejika Speranza (2021). Making climate information useable for forest based climate change interventions in South Africa. Environmental Sociology.
- M. Egerer, D. Haase, T. McPhearson , N. Frantzeskaki , E. Andersson, H. Nagendra & A. Ossola (2021). Urban change as an untapped opportunity for climate adaptation. Nature Sustainability.
- P. Choksi , D. Singh, J. Singh, P. Mondal , H. Nagendra , J. Urpelainen , R. DeFries (2021). Sensitivity of seasonal migration to climatic variability in central India. Environmental Research Letters, 16.
- A. Rao, H. Unnikrishnan & H. Nagendra (2021). Restoration of urban water commons: navigating social ecological fault lines and inequities. Ecological Restoration. 39(1-2), 120-129.
- 2 educational works co-authored by SC member Harini Nagendra
- An illustrated book for primary school children that she and her colleague Seema Mundoli wrote on leaves , from a social ecological
perspective , available free online – So Many Leaves – StoryWeaver – currently translated into four languages (English, Italian , Hindi,
Marathi) with gorgeous illustrations that showcase the daily importance of leaves in our lives . Published by Pratham Books.
- Where have all our gunda thopes gone? An English Kannada bilingual illustrated story on wooded groves as social ecological systems also
written with Seema Mundoli . Published by Azim Premji University. 6500 copies of this book have been distributed to Government school
libraries across the state of Karnataka, along with an 8 page booklet of activities that school children can do with teachers in these groves .
We’re happy to share these with anyone who may be interested in taking this to other contexts to different parts of the world.
The newsletter is provided by the Programme Office
Newsletter
Quarterly Newsletter by the Programme on Ecosystem Change and Society – October 2021
News:
- Call for new Working Groups: It is with great excitement that we announce the call for new working groups (WG) for PECS. 10 years since its incep-tion, PECS is looking to broaden its scope based on the lessons of the past decade. With this call for WGs, we would like to engage new members and enhance participation of existing members. WGs within PECS are collaborative initiatives that aim to advance SES science and should align with the new thematic areas of PECS. The themes, developed with the scientific committee, lay out the broad fron-tiers for SES science within PECS for the coming decade. More details can be found on our website. Application deadline: October 1st and December 15th, 2021. For more information and any questions about the process, please con-tact us on [email protected]
Updates on:
- PECS working groups:
- Collaborative governance and management: New webinars online on Collaborative and Indigenous Science with Pia Harkness and on Indigenous Futures Thinking with Julia van Velden
- PECS affiliated projects:
- BioKultDiv: New blogposts on the topic of ‘The diversity around the term ‘biocultural’ in the Spanish scientific literature’ and ‘The diversity around the term ‘biocultural’ in the English scientific literature’, as well as ‘Participating Digitally in a Workshop in a Collaborative Case Study in Bolivia from Germany during a Pandemic’
Updates from Future Earth:
- Ceck out the Future Earth initiative Science-based Pathways for Sustainability which aims to be an inclusive and integrative response to the pressing need to produce knowledge and understanding in systemic interactions, competing development agendas, and transformations in concrete contexts. The initiative is still looking for new members!
- INNOVATE4CITIES 2021 conference, 11th -15th October, online. The con-ference programme will be built around the core themes of the Global Research and Action Agenda on the Cities and Climate Change Science developed at the 2018 Cities and Climate Change Science Con-ference, Edmonton Canada. Find out more here.
… Did you know?
… The Journal Ecosystems and People is looking to create a database of Early Career Researchers (ECRs) who would be interested in reviewing for the journal. If you’re interested, see here.
… The International Association for the Study of the Commons hosts their General Conference online this year, 11th -15th October. Find out more about the Our Commons Future IASC 2021 here or look out for the hashtag #IASC2021.
… The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation invites to apply for the International Climate Protection Fellowship, Application Deadline 1st February. Find more details for the ‘Fellowship for prospective leaders working academically or practically’ here.
Job offers:
- Director of the Ostrom Workshop’s Commons Governance Program, Indiana University, USA. Deadline 15th October
- Postdoctoral research assistant to investigate the socioeconomic and ecological outcomes of different pathways to achieving net zero in the UK, University of Oxford, Deadline 22nd October
- Postdoctoral Researcher in Marine Community Ecology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Sorbonne Université (SU), France, Deadline 22nd October
- PhD, Improving food security by enhancing women’s empowerment, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. Deadline 6th October
- Data Science and Supply Chain Mapping Technical Contractor, Global Land Programme, National Wildlife Federation, Deadline 13th October
- Future Earth vacancies: Science Officers, Paris Hub of the Future Earth Secretariat , France, Deadline 31st October
Publications & other:
- PECS Special Issue: Celebrating 10 years of the Program on Eco-system Change and Society you can find the collection in progress here. The collected papers represent a sample of the new theories, approaches, methods and evidence that social ecological systems research can generate to confront the challenges of the Anthropocene.
- CLIMATE ADAPTATION – Accounts of Resilience, Self-Sufficiency and Systems Change (2021) edited by the Arkbound Foundation: Case studies and models from 16 authors around the world show ways that we can build adaptation and resilience.
- Landscapes of High Value — Changing Dynamics of Agro-forestry on the Iberian Peninsula: With the Dehesa and Montado, Spain and Portugal host some of the most ex-citing European agroforestry landscapes. Today, these landscapes and the manifold services they provide are more and more under threat. In a recent synthesis, a team of re-searchers has reviewed the existing literature on dehesa conservation on the basis of the DPSIR model, thus providing overarching insights into the changing dynamics of dehesa landscapes. Read the full blog entry here.
The newsletter is provided by the Programme Office |
Mark Hoppus
Quick Facts
Biography
Mark Allan Hoppus (born March 15, 1972) houses, as they divorced when he was in third grade. He became interested in skateboarding and punk rock in junior high, and received a bass guitar from his father at the age of fifteen. After moving to San subsequently reunited in 2009 and continue to record and tour worldwide.
Aside from his musical career, Hoppus has had multiple successes behind the recording console, producing records for groups such as Idiot Pilot, New Found Glory, The Matches, Motion City Soundtrack and PAWS. He has previously co-owned two companies, Atticus and Macbeth Footwear, and has begun a clothing line named Hi My Name is Mark. Hoppus hosted a weekly podcast in 2005 through 2006 which returned in 2015, and he hosted his own television talk show, Hoppus on Music, from 2010 to 2012 on Fuse.
Life and career
Origins and early life
Mark Hoppus was born in Ridgecrest, California, on March 15, 1972, to Kerry Wernz and Tex Hoppus. Ridgecrest is a small town in the California desert, composed mainly of what Hoppus later described as "geniuses, scientists, physicists and then just complete strung-out meth-heads". Hoppus' Finnish paternal great-grandparents, Aaron and Lempi Orrenmaa, emigrated to the U.S. from Laihia. His father, like many in Ridgecrest, worked for the U.S. Department of Defense, designing missiles and bombs for the town's Navy testing center. Hoppus describes himself as "pretty mellow" until his parents divorced when he was eight, which had a "drastic, unsettling effect" on him. "When my parents argued, it was always behind closed doors. I remember sitting outside my parents' room when I was seven years old, hearing the dulled voice of anger behind the door. It upset me a lot." Following these events, he spent two years shuffling between his parents' homes with sister Anne, until he and his father moved to nearby Monterey. His father was often away earning a postgraduate degree in college. He later would describe his childhood as lonely, remarking, "[I] was living by myself in the fifth grade."
Hoppus describes himself as "pretty straight" until junior high, when he began skateboarding and listening to punk rock. He lived in Fairfax, Virginia (a suburb of Washington, D.C.) during his early high school years and attended Annandale High School during his second year, at which time he received his first bass guitar and attended his first concert: They Might Be Giants at the 9:30 Club shortly before his sixteenth birthday, March 4, 1988. "I didn't know where I should stand or what I should do, so my friends and I bought some menthol cigarettes and smoked for the first time and tried to look as cool as we could. We probably looked like idiots," Hoppus remembered. Hoppus received his first bass (a Mako) as a gift from his father, purchased at a local music shop in Annandale. He earned money for a set of amplifiers by helping him paint his house. Hoppus never took bass lessons, instead he taught himself by playing to bands such as the Descendents, The Cure, and Bad Religion. Hoppus has remarked that "Silly Girl" by the Descendents was the "song that made me fall in love with punk rock music […] that song changed my life forever." Likewise, Hoppus borrowed a cassette version of The Cure's Kiss Me, Kiss Me, Kiss Me from friend Wendy Franklin the summer following junior high school and was taken with "Just Like Heaven".
Hoppus began to dress like frontman Robert Smith, donning eyeliner and "occasionally bright red lipstick" to his high school classes ("This all went over exceedingly well with the faculty and staff in the small desert town where I grew up," Hoppus remarked in 2009). Beginning in his first year, Hoppus gained solace through music of both The Cure and The Smiths. Hoppus played by himself and sang in the band Pier 69, primarily covering songs by The Cure, and recorded a live demo with a group named The Attic Children in 1988, featuring covers of The Cure songs. Hoppus returned to Ridgecrest in 1989, completing high school at Burroughs High School. In his teen years, a friend of Hoppus would steal his mother's car in the middle of the night and pick Hoppus up; the two would sneak out to the desert and burn trees and any objects they could find. After graduating from Burroughs High School in 1990, he began playing in a band called of All Things he formed with two friends, covering songs by Descendents, Social Distortion and Bad Religion, as well as writing original punk numbers. The group primarily performed at friend's parties and bonfires, and once played Oasis, the local music venue. Hoppus left Ridgecrest in summer 1992 to attend college and get a job at a local music store in San Diego. Hoppus continued playing gigs with of All Things, returning on weekends. Eventually, Hoppus' manager became suspicious of his weekend activities (Hoppus having told him he worked with mentally disabled children in Ridgecrest) and refused any time off on weekends. His "short lived attempt" at college, studying at California State University, San Marcos, revolved around plans to become an English teacher. He recalls he "hated" college and his reasoning behind becoming a teacher involved sights set for educational reform. He dropped out in the early 1990s after "things began to take off with Blink-182" and lived with his mother for many of the early years of the band. Hoppus describes his mother as always supportive in his decisions to drop out of college and tour with Blink-182; however, he describes his father as "more realistic, [...] he said, 'Have something to fall back on.'" "I'm really fortunate that my mom always completely supported me, even to the point that I dropped out of college and lived at her house for five years before our band started to catch on," said Hoppus.
Beginnings of music career
After moving to San Diego in the summer of 1992, Hoppus was reunited with his sister Anne Hoppus, to whom he expressed his desire to be in a band. Anne attended Rancho Bernardo High School, and had become friends with new student Tom DeLonge over the summer. In August 1992, Anne introduced the two, and Hoppus and DeLonge immediately began performing music in DeLonge's garage. To impress DeLonge, Hoppus climbed to the top of a streetlight outside of DeLonge's home – however, he broke both ankles on the way down, resulting in being in crutches for the next few weeks. DeLonge recalled the meeting in 2000: "When I first met Mark, we were running around naked, doing weird stuff. We were up skateboarding until late hours of the morning, antagonizing security guards, and we were just always having fun." DeLonge recruited old friend Scott Raynor from his days at Poway to become the drummer for the new band, named Blink.
Hoppus and his girlfriend at this time lived in a basement apartment, barely scraping together funds to pay rent. With money in savings, Hoppus went out and bought his first professional equipment: a new amp and bass cabinet. He came home and his girlfriend proceeded to argue with him, angry that he spent money on something they did not need. "I just kept telling her that this was what mattered to me, this was my life," Hoppus recalled. She demanded. Three more demos were recorded over the course of 1993 and the band began performing its irreverent live show at local all-ages venue SOMA, which alerted local independent label Cargo Music. Cargo signed the band on a trial basis, and Hoppus was the only member to sign the contract, as DeLonge was at work at the time and Raynor was still a minor. During this time, Hoppus lived at home in San Diego at his mother's, where the band would prepare cassette demos and the entire family would fold cassette inserts. Raynor, whose parents moved to Reno, Nevada, stayed with Hoppus in summer 1994.
Blink's first album, Cheshire Cat (1995), was a strong seller for the independent band and would come to be regarded as iconic within the skate punk scene. In 1995, the band signed on for their first national tour, which extended as far as the East Coast. The band purchased their own tour van and embarked on the GoodTimes tour with Unwritten Law, Sprung Monkey and 7 Seconds. The band slowly built a young, devoted following with indie recordings and an endless series of performances and various clubs and festivals. MCA Records signed the band in 1996 and would co-distribute their next release, the sophomore effort Dude Ranch. Hoppus penned the record's lead single, "Dammit", which became a nationwide rock radio hit single as the band toured on the Vans Warped Tour.
Multiplatinum success
Hoppus grew increasingly lonely on these tours, having no significant other while other band members did. The exhaustive schedule created tensions within the band, who would fire Raynor in the summer of 1998 in mysterious circumstances never fully explained. With new drummer Travis Barker behind the kit, the trio hit the studio with producer Jerry Finn and recorded Enema of the State, which launched the band's career, catapulting them into the "stratosphere of pop music" and solidifying them as the biggest pop punk act of the era. Three singles were released from the record—"What's My Age Again?", "All the Small Things", and "Adam's Song"—that crossed over into Top 40 radio format and experienced major commercial success. Hoppus got married in 2000 (see Personal life) just before the band prepared to record their highly anticipated follow-up, Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001). Hoppus felt complacent creatively but DeLonge felt otherwise, creating post-hardcore side project Box Car Racer to experiment with ideas he deemed unsuitable for Blink.
Hoppus felt betrayed (Barker was also in Box Car Racer) and a rift developed between Hoppus and DeLonge that would carry on into the band's future. When the band regrouped to record their next record in 2003, all of the members had become fathers (or, in the case of Barker, becoming one) and the trio took a darker, more "mature" direction with their eponymous fifth studio album, infusing experimentalist elements into their usual pop punk sound partially inspired by Box Car Racer. Unresolved feelings from that project would arise in late 2004 when the band began to argue regarding their future and recording process. The February 2005 break-up of Blink-182 affected Hoppus greatly: "I had no idea what to do. After Blink broke up I had such a loss of identity and purpose. I just had a giant sense of void." Hoppus then began to work on even darker, electronic demos with Barker in his kitchen. He also turned to producing, hitting the studio with Motion City Soundtrack to record Commit This to Memory (2005). In October 2005, Hoppus and Barker purchased a studio together (named Opra Music), where they would bring together a full band to expand upon those electronic demos, creating +44's When Your Heart Stops Beating (2006).
The record, by all accounts, sold poorly and received mixed reviews in the music press. Hoppus and Barker continued touring on the Honda Civic Tour and commenced work on a second +44 album. The August 2008 death of friend and producer Jerry Finn deeply affected Hoppus, who referred to Finn as a lifelong friend and mentor. The following month, Barker and collaborator Adam Goldstein (aka DJ AM), were involved in a plane crash that killed four people, leaving Barker and Goldstein the only survivors. Hoppus immediately boarded a plane to the burn unit, and DeLonge reconnected with the duo under the tragic circumstances. When the band regrouped in the studio for a day, past acrimony vanished with near immediacy. Regarding these experiences, Hoppus wrote, "The events of the past two months supersede everything that happened before. Life is too short." In February 2009,."
Reuniting and recent events
The band reconnected musically and emotionally on the reunion tour, but were still "on eggshells" throughout the recording of their comeback album. The recording's delay was due to the way the band chose to work – in bits and pieces, alone and together, in a pair of California studios – in addition to each member's busy schedules. The band struggled to record juggling individual priorities; in the case of Hoppus, his new television show Hoppus on Music required him flying to New York once a week. Hoppus moved to London with his family late in the recording process, also complicating matters. The band's comeback album, Neighborhoods (2011), debuted high but undersold label expectations, and Blink-182 parted with Interscope Records in 2012, going independent for their next release, the EP Dogs Eating Dogs.
The band toured Australia in February 2013 without Barker, who did not attend due to his fear of flying (Brooks Wackerman of Bad Religion filled in for him). The band toured the United States in September 2013, where they planned to begin writing songs for their seventh studio album. "We're hoping to head into the studio next year [and to have the] album out in late spring/early summer," Hoppus told Kerrang!. In the interim, Hoppus began recording songs with frequent engineer and producer Chris Holmes that the duo plan to release by the end of the year. "We probably have seven or eight songs in various stages of completion," Hoppus remarked in August 2013. "I still haven't chosen a name [for the project] yet; we still have to figure that out. It's like guitar mixed with electronics…. at this point." Hoppus will share lead vocals with Holmes on the tracks. On April 25, 2014, Hoppus announced, via Twitter, the name of the band as Nothing and Nobody. Their first album is expected to be released in the "not-too-distant future".
In 2015, Blink-182 played three shows in California. With the departure of Tom DeLonge from the band, Matt Skiba of Alkaline Trio, filled in. It was the first time Hoppus performed under the name "Blink-182" without Tom DeLonge by his side. The shows were on March 18, March 20, and March 22.
In non-musical endeavors, Hoppus launched his own clothing line, Hi My Name is Mark (stylized as "HiMyNameIsMark"), in July 2013.
Musical style and equipment
Hoppus primarily writes most of his songs on an acoustic guitar. Hoppus is self-taught, "and consequently I don't have the best technique," he remarked in 2004. "I think you would learn how to paint by painting, rather than reading books about painters or painting and I think it's the same with music. You learn by doing and getting influences from other artists."
Hoppus used three different bass guitars while recording Enema of the State: a Fender Precision Bass, Fender Jazz Bass and a Music Man StingRay. Hoppus primarily recorded with the two Fender basses, and merged the two together for the Fender Mark Hoppus Jazz Bass, which debuted in 2000. "I took a Jazz Bass body because I thought it looked really cool and gives a good tone and then I put a P-Bass neck on it because it's a wider neck and it's easier to play—especially for my style, which isn't so much finger work," he said.
As of 2015, Hoppus has switched to customized Fender Jaguar Basses when performing on stage with Blink-182, although he still occasionally uses his signature model. For live sound, Hoppus plugs his basses into three Ampeg SVT Classic bass heads running into two Ampeg 8x10 SVT bass cabs. Prior to the use of the all-tube SVT Classic heads, Hoppus used two Ampeg SVT-4 Pro heads which only feature a tube preamp. As of the Neighborhoods album release, Hoppus has been using New Vintage amplifiers and cabinets, specifically the Undertow 300 amplifier and NW 8x10 bass cabinets.
Non-musical endeavors
Hoppus and Tom DeLonge co-owned two companies, Atticus and Macbeth Footwear, Hoppus has since sold his share in both companies; as well as loserkids.com.
Mark Hoppus has made several acting appearances in films and television, often as part of Blink-182. He first appeared as a member of a garage band in the hugely successful teen comedy American Pie (1999) with bandmates Tom DeLonge and Travis Barker, (Though the film's credits list Barker as Scott Raynor.) He appeared again with DeLonge, singing a cover of Jan and Dean's "Dead Man's Curve" in the CBS television movie Shake, Rattle and Roll: An American Love Story (1999). Hoppus and DeLonge hosted the MTV show You Idiot! in 1999. The band appeared in the Two Guys and a Girl episode "Au Revoir, Pizza Place" in 1999, as well as an animated cameo in The Simpsons episode "Barting Over" in 2003. The band made a guest appearance on MADtv in 2002, in a segment titled "Leave It to Blink-182", spoofing 1950s-era sitcoms. Hoppus was a guest actor on an episode of the show Haunted in 2002. In 2011, he appeared in the documentary film The Other F Word. Hoppus was featured as a panelist on the comedy show Never Mind the Buzzcocks in 2012.
He also wrote columns for Risen Magazine's March/April and May/June 2005 issues entitled "Beyond Us". Mark Hoppus has been confirmed to be a part of a documentary about modern punk music entitled One Nine Nine Four. The film was due to be released in 2009 but has been delayed.
In 2010, he joined the 9th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers.
Mark Hoppus worked to help relief efforts in Japan after the devastating earthquake and tsunami Tōhoku. He announced that his group Blink-182, will be auctioning off items to benefit the American Red Cross on EBay. "So sad for what's happening in Japan. Gonna dig in the bins & find some old blink-182 items to auction for the Red Cross" said Mark. The items auctioned off included the original lyrics sheet to the group's hits "The Rock Show" and "Adam's Song", Bad Religion autographed cymbal, hand painted 1.5 FT tall Bunny, blink-182 tour backstage pass, stickers, postcard/magnets, trading cards, the band's dressing room sign from the 2000 VMAs, and Hoppus orange sweater from the "Dammit" music video. Among the 33 items auctioned off for charity he totaled 4,318 dollars.
HiMyNameIsMark (2005, 2012–present)
"HiMyNameIsMark" is a podcast that was set up in the wake of the Blink-182 hiatus by Hoppus, and can be found at HiMyNameIsMark.com. Every few weeks he released a show of songs by underground bands, interviews with band members and/or friends, and reminisces about happenings in his life. He is often joined on the show by his friends Chris Holmes (+44's engineer) and James Ingram (+44's assistant engineer). Hoppus has also created various side projects including "Hopp on Popp" where he reviews one of his favorite up and coming artists, some of which have been Matt & Kim, fun., and Japandroids. In late 2014, the podcast returned from a hiatus.
Hoppus on Music (2010–2012)
On June 22, 2010, Fuse announced that Hoppus would be hosting his own weekly, one-hour television series entitled A Different Spin with Mark Hoppus. In relation to the press release, Hoppus stated "I am stoked to join the Fuse family and have a show where I can talk about a topic that I'm passionate about, music. More importantly, I'm excited to force millions of people to watch me on a weekly basis on national television." According to Fuse senior vice president of programming and development Sal LoCurto, "A Different Spin with Mark Hoppus was developed to compliment the wide variety of music programming on Fuse – including live concerts, festival coverage and in-depth interview series with the biggest names in music. On August 5, Hoppus revealed the co-host of the show would be comedian Amy Schumer."
The show focuses on music news, fun panel discussions and special reports from the show's correspondents. The show also features musical performances by both mainstream and emerging bands. The show officially premiered on September 16, 2010 on Fuse. The show's second season premiered in March 2011 and the show was re-titled Hoppus on Music.
Personal life
Hoppus married Skye Everly on December 2, 2000. Hoppus met Everly at a rehearsal for the music video of "All the Small Things". According to a 2004 interview, Everly, who was then an MTV talent executive, initially refused to date Hoppus: "Tom [DeLonge] always used to embarrass me. Any girl he'd talk to, he'd say, 'Hey, you wanna go on a date with Mark?' He asked Skye, my wife, who looked at me and said 'No.' That's how it all started." Two years after marrying Hoppus, Everly gave birth to a son in 2002.
In 2004, Hoppus told Risen that he was a registered Libertarian. "To me it means to respect other people and let them do their own thing. The government is there to help people but not control them," he remarked. A 2000 Rolling Stone profile notes that Hoppus "pray[s] every night". He elaborated on his religious views in a 2005 interview: "It's amazing to me that anyone can say that one thing is right. [...] To draw lines over something that none of us on earth could possibly comprehend seems like a waste of time."
In 2011, Hoppus and his family relocated to Mayfair, London, as Blink-182 were in the process of completing their sixth album, Neighborhoods. They would remain in London for another three years before moving to Beverly Hills, California in 2014. As a resident of London, he enjoyed jogging in the city's parks and became a fan of Chelsea FC.
Discography
- With Blink-182
- Buddha (1993)
- Cheshire Cat (1995)
- Dude Ranch (1997)
- Enema of the State (1999)
- Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001)
- Blink-182 (2003)
- Neighborhoods (2011)
- Dogs Eating Dogs EP (2012)
- California (2016)
- With +44
- When Your Heart Stops Beating (2006)
- Guest appearances
- "I'd Do Anything" on No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls by Simple Plan (2002).
- "Elevator" on Box Car Racer by Box Car Racer (2002).
- "Hangman" on Commit This to Memory by Motion City Soundtrack (2005).
- "Wrecking Hotel Rooms" on Panic by MxPx (2005).
- "Paper Dolls" by Renee Renee (2008).
- "Thank You & Goodnight" on What Are You So Scared Of? by Tonight Alive (2011).
- "Dementia" on The Midsummer Station by Owl City (2012).
- "I Hate Your Guts" on McBusted by McBusted (2014).
- "Tidal Waves" on Future Hearts by All Time Low (2015).
- "Ready and Willing II" on Resurrection: Ascension by New Found Glory (2015).
- "December (again)" on December by Neck Deep (2016).
- "Impermanent" on "No Grace" by PAWS (band) (2016).
- "See You Around" on The Knife by Goldfinger (2017).
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Branch News: 2007-2008
- Ancestors in Your Attic
- Quinte Branch at Conference 2008
- Jim Gilchrist on “The Marchmont Home”
- Genealogy 101 Workshop in Belleville
- Sher Leetooze on Northern Irish Research
- Genealogy 101 Workshop in Madoc
- Robert Dawes talks about Pay-Per-View Websites
- Quinte Roots at Belleville Library
- Alternate Death Resources from Paul McGrath
- Quinte Branch Receives Trillium Grant
- Linda Corupe UE alias Mrs. John Collins Clark
- Preserving Old Memories with Paul Clare
- Trenton Volunteer Fair
- Bell Canada Donates $2,500 to Quinte Branch
- Lisa Russell Brings AODA to Quinte
- 2019 News
- 2018 News
- 2017 News
- 2016 News
- 2015 News
- 2014 News
- 2012-2013 News
- 2011-2012 News
- 2010-2011 News
- 2009-2010 News
- 2008-2009 News
- 2007-2008 News
- 2006-2007 News
- 2005-2006 News
Article by Bob Dawes
Photographs by Georgette Green
The Quinte Branch Annual Ancestors in Your Attic meeting on June 21st attracted thirty-three genealogists eager to share their triumphs or brick walls with others. Members and visitors were asked to fill in a questionnaire outlining their problem which was passed on to an expert panel made up of Carole Foshay, Rod Green, Lynn Heale, Barbara Dawes and Marilyn Harry. The panel would read out the question and then offer their advice which was followed by open discussion from the audience. Questions ranged from how to get started on a family history through what pre-census Ontario records are available to research in the Netherlands.
Many new faces were visible in the group with a lady from Colorado attending after learning about the meeting while doing research in Kingston. Some members wanted to share their success stories and made little presentations of their family history, photographs and documents. Everyone attending appeared to learn something new, even the expert panel, making it a very successful meeting.
Quinte Branch OGS at Conference 2008
Photographs by Stacy Goddard
Jim Gilchrist on “The Marchmont Home”
Article by Carole Foshay
Photographs by Bob Dawes
Saturday, May 19, a capacity crowd again packed our meeting room in the Quinte West Public Library to hear Jim Gilchrist, of Trenton, author of “The Marchmont Home” speak about the British Home Children and the people (mostly women) who brought them to places like the Marchmont Home.
He explained the conditions of the times, when thousands of these children, through no fault of their own, lived on the streets of the British cities fending for themselves, in poverty and neglect, with no provision made to feed and clothe them. Concerned Christian people went about gathering and recruiting these street children. They were brought into orphanages, where they were cleaned up, fed and often given a rudimentary education in a trade.
People like Annie McPherson of the Marchmont Home in Belleville would come to these orphanages and gather groups of these children and bring them to Canada and elsewhere in the “Empire”. Upon arrival here they would then stay in places like the Marchmont Home until they were placed on farms to help out or in homes as domestics. Naturally, there was a good deal of culture shock for these city children upon their arrival, but most adjusted and made very successful lives for themselves. Some were very poorly treated and had to be placed elsewhere, but others were brought in and treated like members of the family. From 1870 to 1925 over 20,000 children were brought over and placed by Annie McPherson into her homes, Knowlton Home in Quebec, the Stratford-Galt Homes and Marchmont Home in Belleville.
Quinte Branch Newsletter Editor Larry McQuoid thanks Jim Gilchrist, author of “Marchmont Distributing Home, Belleville, Ontario 1870-1925” (Epic Press: 2003) for his presentation.
Genealogy 101 Workshop in Belleville
Presentation by Bob Dawes
Photographs by Harriet Richards
On a rainy Belleville Saturday afternoon, May 3rd, fifty-three people took advantage of the Genealogy 101 course put on by Quinte Branch in partnership with the Belleville Public Library. The feedback from the day was very good with several people offering to help the branch with its projects and keeping the publications sales table busy during the breaks. Our next Genealogy 101 is scheduled for Quinte West Public Library on July 19th and don’t forget to check the Genealogy 101 page on our website which always has new features.
Sher Letooze on Northern Irish Research
Article by Bob Dawes,
Photographs by Georgette Green
Our guest speaker for April was Sher Leetooze who spoke on Northern Irish research and played to a full house of interested genealogists. Sher covered the strange situation with Irish records where some are located at the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI) in Belfast and others are located at the National Archives or the National Library in Dublin in the Republic of Ireland. Before heading out on a research trip it is wise to contact the web sites of both locations and check their catalogs to see which records they hold. Sher described the province, county, parish and townland organization of the property in Ireland and how to find the specific part your ancestors came from. If you are unsure, she highlighted the GENUKI website as a place to look for surname lists to help you zero in on a specific county. She also mentioned how valuable the Ordnance Survey Memoirs are because they include written descriptions of parishes with lots of names particularly of the primary landowners. Of real interest to remote Irish researchers is the new index of transcribed BMD records covering both church and civil registration records for all of Ireland. This will be available in July 2008 from ifhf.brsgenealogy.com which is a pay-per-view website although basic searches are free. The charge for viewing a detailed record is 10 euros or about C$15.00. According to Sher, the majority of the work so far seems to be concentrated in Ulster which is good news to Northern Ireland researchers. The presentation was followed by a question and answer session where many members who were familiar with Irish research shared their tips and hints on how to make a research trip to Ireland successful. Visit Sher Leetooze at
Ted Cullen of Quinte Branch, OGS thanks Sher Leetooze for her presentation on Northern Irish Research
Genealogy 101 Workshop in Madoc
Presentation by Bob Dawes
Photographs by Georgette Green
April 5th, 2008: Forty people from Centre Hastings descended on the Madoc Public Library on Saturday afternoon to attend a Genealogy 101 presentation put on by Quinte Branch as part of their Outreach Program. The event was jointly sponsored and publicized by both groups and included a mini-genealogy fair with branch publications on sale and an information display of Quinte Branch and OGS material. The program was opened by Gayle Ketcheson (Library Board Chair) and Dick Hughes (Quinte Branch Chair) with welcoming messages. Bob Dawes presented a PowerPoint presentation, developed by the branch for beginners, and everyone took away a package of basic charts, OGS forms, sample newsletters and a Global Genealogy catalog. Feedback from the attendees indicated that the event was a resounding success and a format that will be rolled out to other public libraries in the Quinte Region in the future.
Robert Dawes talks about Pay-Per-View Websites
Article by Stacy Goddard
Photographs by Georgette Green
Over 40 people were privileged on March 15th to get a preview of Bob Dawes’ upcoming presentation at the OGS Conference. His talk, entitled “Getting Your Money’s Worth (The BIG advantage of Pay-Per-View and Subscription Based Websites)”, should make us all re-think the idea that we shouldn’t have to pay for our research or that everything will be out there for free if we just wait long enough. Bob demonstrated his talk with a well-illustrated PowerPoint presentation. We will all be able to get his references and links on our Quinte Branch website after the Conference is held. Meanwhile, if you have any questions about the talk, Bob will be happy to communicate with you at: [email protected].
OGS Conference 2008
Wired Genealogy: 30 May-2 June 2008
Fanshawe College, London, Ontario
More information at
Quinte Roots at Belleville Library
Article and photographs by Stacy Goddard
Carole Foshay, Richard Hughes and Stacy Goddard took the show on the road again on March 11, 2008 to participate in “Quinte Roots” held at Belleville Public Library. This was an event timed to coincide with the school March Break, consequently it was aimed at the younger set. Town Crier Bruce Bedell was there with his grandchildren and the three of them together rang in the event with gusto. Children had various stations to visit and activities to participate in; from listening to Native music or stories of pioneers to playing checkers. Our booth was able to provide complimentary “Give Me Five” genealogical charts from Library and Archives Canada and while we weren’t as popular as we have been with teens, we gave out several of these charts to children (as well as pamphlets to the adults); thus, our small visitors will be able to start tracing their own ‘Quinte Roots’.
Visit the Youth Corner at Library & Archives Canada for more interactive activities.
Alternate Death Resources from Paul McGrath
Article by Stacy Goddard
Photographs by Georgette Green
The Quinte Branch hosted the Crouse-Wanamaker Lecture on Saturday, January 19 at the Quinte West Library. This annual lecture is held to honour Gordon Crouse, the first Chairman, and Loral Wanamaker, Honourary President, of the Quinte Branch of the OGS formed in 1980. On this occasion, Paul McGrath. noted genealogist and popular figure from History Television’s “Ancestors in the Attic” made his first appearance as a speaker for us. The title of his talk, “Beyond the Death Certificate” was intriguing. Would he talk about ghosts? Family feuds over wills? Technological advances in reporting deaths? Handouts consisted of a sheet outlining the TV show and McGrath’s list of alternate resources. In glancing over the latter, we got a better idea of what the talk would be about; his resources included death notices, obituaries, news articles, compiled lists of death notices and family papers, tombstones, cemetery documents, church burial records, official reports like coroner’s reports or the Dominion Register, not to mention estate records. You can see why, with the aid of his projector, Paul gave a jam-packed presentation, leaving us breathless and yet wanting more. Paul hosts the popular website which includes several free databases.
Paul McGrath presents to a full-house in the Quinte West Council Chambers in Trenton.
MEDIA RELEASE
Quinte Area Family History Research Gets Major Boost
MPP Lou Rinaldi Helps Unveil New Equipment
Trenton, 7 Jan 2008: On Monday morning, the Quinte Branch of the Ontario Genealogical Society (OGS) celebrated some good news with the community at the Family History Research Library, located in the Local History Room of the Quinte West Public Library. Thanks to a $12,700 grant from the Ontario Trillium Foundation (OTF), Quinte Branch has been able to purchase new equipment to advance their goals of assembling, preserving and promoting the Quinte area’s family heritage and culture. To mark this special achievement, MPP for Northumberland-Quinte West, Lou Rinaldi, and OTF representative, Marty Halloran, presented the group with a plaque.
Quote from MPP Lou Rinaldi:
The Quinte Branch of the OGS owns a significant collection of historical records including census data, birth, death marriage records and newspapers contained within 1200 volumes of printed materials, 300 microfilms, and 500 microfiche. Thanks to the OTF grant, awarded this past November, the Society has been able to purchase a microfilm reader/scanner system, computer, storage cabinet and table to better store and allow access to family history for the Quinte area community. The Society expects, with the addition of the new equipment and the on-line listing of their collection, they will be able to double the amount of research inquiries they can handle each week.
Quote from Quinte Branch Chairman, Richard Hughes:
The Quinte Branch of the Ontario Genealogical Society (OGS) has been active for over 27 years and is supported by a corps of 19 volunteers and a membership of 377 people. The organization recently moved to the new Quinte West Public Library in 2006 where volunteers staff the Branch’s research library four days a week and respond, both in person at the library and by email to public requests from around the world for information and assistance. Quinte Branch’s central goal is to assemble and preserve Quinte area family history records and documents; it also provides public education.
For more information please contact:
1-613-394-3381 Ext. 3328
[email protected]
or visit our website at.
Linda Corupe UE alias Mrs. John Collins Clark
Article by Stacy Goddard
Photograph by Bob Dawes
At the last meeting of 2007, Quinte Branch was privileged to have Linda Corupe UE as guest speaker. She arrived wearing widow’s weeds, in the guise of Mrs. John Collins Clark of Ernestown, Lennox & Addington County. After taking her place in her rocking chair before us, crochet work in hand, she proceeded to welcome us to her home and hence to her time in history. We learned many things about those times through anecdotes from her “husband’s” diary written between 1832 and 1862 and were frequently amused by his perception of the world around him. Those of us intent on turning our family history into an interesting narrative undoubtedly learned a lot from the way Mrs. Corupe prepared her presentation.
Linda Corupe UE as Mrs. John Collins Clark.
Preserving Old Memories
Article by Stacy Goddard
Photographs by Harriet Richards
Most of us have boxes of photographs and old movie films lurking in our homes, making us feel guilty. The speaker at our meeting of October 20th can help. Paul Clare has a business called PH Productions waiting to turn your old memories into a convenient disc to show on family occasions. He showed us a variety of productions that he has put together for clients. From his presentation and from the questions that followed from the audience, we got a good idea of what can be done. We saw old movie footage and stills that had been put together with narration by the owners and experienced various ways that music and special effects can enhance your collection. Apart from guilt, another good reason to take care of these old formats is that machines to play them on are getting scarcer and the media themselves can break down with time or due to improper storage. Imagine your dismay if you went to show off some rare and precious footage to your descendants and found it ruined. Mr. Clare proved in his talk how valuable a service like his can be.
William Campbell of Quinte Branch OGS thanks Paul Clare for his informative presentation on Preserving Old Memories.
Carole Foshay (right) Quinte Branch Chair, presents an honourary life membership to Eleanor Moult.
Trenton Volunteer Fair
Article by Stacy Goddard
On October 17th, 2007, Quinte Branch participated in a Volunteer Fair. It was a new experience for me and also for our president, Carole Foshay and for Rod Green. The three of us spent the day at Trenton High School in the company of other non-profit organizations from the region explaining to several hundred students who we were and what we do. The organizers, who had decked the gym out with balloons and signs for each organization, treated us well, with a snack provided at the early lunch period and again in the gym to keep us going in the afternoon. We were able to use the lovely recycled display panels that had recently been donated to the branch. Student visitors to the booth had interesting questions about genealogy in general and us in particular. We hope to see some of them working with us in the near future.
Bell Canada Donates $2,500 to Quinte Branch
Article by Dick Hughes
Photography by Georgette Green
The Quinte Branch of the Ontario Genealogical Society has received a donation of $2,500 from Bell Canada’s Employees Giving Fund. Here, Bell retiree Rodney Green presents the cheque to Quinte Branch chairperson Carole Foshay while members Dick Hughes and Ted Cullin look on. The Quinte Branch, Ontario Genealogical Society, is a registered charity which works to assemble and preserve the family histories of the Quinte District and assists family history researchers both locally and around the world as they search for their Quinte ancestors.
Lisa Russell brings the Anglican Diocese of Ontario Archives to Quinte Branch OGS
Article by Tina Gemmell,
Photography by Harriet Richards
Lisa Russell, the Diocesan Archival Technician with the Anglican Diocese of Ontario Archives (ADOA) in Kingston since 1993, brought the ADOA to the
Quinte Branch of the Ontario Genealogical Society at Quinte West Public Library on Saturday, September 15th 2007. Lisa presented members and visitors with an inspiring insight into the holdings of the Archives and the wealth of material, knowledge and help available for family historians from the dedicated staff. Lisa set up several interesting displays that visually illustrated the history and development of the Diocese and the types of records that can be found in the Archives from congregations that were established in the late 1700’s (when only the Anglican, Catholic, Quaker and Jewish faiths were allowed to perform marriages in Upper Canada). A very informative handout, brochures and a 40-page book written by Lisa about the history of the Diocese were given to all in attendance. Samples of her “From the Archives” articles (published in “Dialogue”, the Diocese journal) that contain detailed biographical information about ministers, bishops, early pioneers and settlers families were available to browse.
The Diocese of Ontario includes four deaneries that cover the counties of Leeds & Grenville, Frontenac, Lennox & Addington, Hastings and Prince Edward. The most popular records for genealogists include the baptismal, confirmation, marriage and burial records. Helpful finding aids include index cards, computer indexes, transcriptions of baptisms, guide and inventory of the holdings and a map of the exact locations of all parishes in the diocese. Additional records of interest held in ADOA include vestry minutes, correspondence, land records and consecration documents, newspaper articles, journals, minutes of church and community groups and parish histories. All are welcome to visit the Archives located at 90 Johnson Street in Kingston – open Tuesdays and Thursdays from 1.15 pm to 4.30 pm or by appointment. Lisa is able to undertake genealogical research on your behalf if you are unable to visit in person. For more information visit the ADOA website at where you can also find Lisa’s articles in back issues of the “Dialogue”.
Members and visitors learn about the wealth of genealogical material available at the ADOA.
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Page updated: January 2021
Copyright © 2006-2021, Quinte Branch, Ontario Genealogical Society, All Rights Reserved |
by Michael Riddick
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THE PLAQUETTE
Plaquettes are small metal reliefs, typically cast in bronze, which belong to the category of Renaissance sculpture. The academic study of plaquettes did not develop until the 1860s during which time the term “plaquette” was invented by the French scholar Eugene Piot. Most early scholars of plaquettes resided in France, Germany and Britain[1] although knowledgeable Italian dealers like Stefano Bardini were at the forefront of encouraging Europe’s supply and interest in them through their sale to museums and collectors.
Before their categorization, plaquettes were referred to as piastre, medaglietti and rilievi.[2] Their function as small reliefs was varied during the Renaissance. Plaquettes permeated fashion, were incorporated with utilitarian desktop objects, used as objects of devotion, as decorations for the arms trade, employed in book-binding and were also revered simply as objects-of-virtue. Their reproductive nature also allowed them to serve as models of reference for various artistic tradecrafts like architecture, sculpture, painting and manuscript illumination.[3] As will be discussed, the eight plaquettes featured in the present exhibition touch upon these varied applications and uses.
The Italian appreciation of plaquettes by Renaissance high-society is evinced by the sculptor Moderno (Galeazzo Mondella) whose prolific activity of specializing in small reliefs indicates their appeal during the last part of the Quattrocento and beginning of the Cinquecento.[4] The earlier origin of the plaquette, with its genesis in the 1430s, is due to the influence of Donatello and his circle of collaborators who experimented with the serial facture of devotional reliefs in bronze.[5] In Rome, Filarete likewise experimented with small devotional and secular reliefs in bronze, contributing also to their early development.[6] [7]
It is the assembly of these small disparate reliefs into collected groups that eventually became the impetus for plaquettes as an art historical category. One of the earliest known collected group of plaquettes was formed in the first decades of the 16th century near Padua at the Castello di Cataio, which by descent, now forms part of the modern day Kunsthistorisches collection in Vienna, Austria. Similarly, the Munich Kunstkammer, completed in 1578, also included a small group of plaquettes. An early collector of plaquettes was Erasmus of Rotterdam who acquired several in Italy during his travels there in 1506-09 which now form part of the Amerbach Kabinett at the Historisches Museum in Basel.[8] The earliest significant group of collected plaquettes in which specific examples are identifiable through descriptive entries are those assembled by John Tradescant the Elder during the late 16th and early 17th century, now forming part of the Ashmolean Museum collections.[9]
As humanism spread across Europe so too did an interest in the plaquette. Over the centuries other royals, nobles and men of erudition and curiosity assembled groups of plaquettes which would later comprise the bulk of various collections found today in museums. In the taste of other enterprising nobles of the late 19th century, the Cagnola family also formed a pleasing group of plaquettes which today reside at the Villa Cagnola (Fig. 01).
THE KINSHIP BETWEEN PLAQUETTES, BOOKS AND THE INDUSTRY OF PRINTING
Of interest to the present exhibit are the selection of Renaissance books in the Cagnola library which offer a window into Italy’s cultural milieu of the period and its classical revival of the antique past. These books elaborate the wisdom of the ancients, cloaked in moral allegories and mythological accounts. It is from these themes, so often revitalized in other media like painting, poetry and free-standing sculpture, that the low-relief, miniature yet tactile beauty of plaquettes are equally expressed.
Books and plaquettes share an infrequent but fascinating connection with the incorporation of their designs on late 15th century and early-to-mid 16th century Italian bindings. For example, a cast of the Apotheosis of Scipio by Valerio Belli, represented by one example in the Cagnola collection, is also known by a singular example at the Civic Museum of Vicenza which has been cast in reverse, used as a matrix for blind-stamping the plaquette’s design on the leather binding of books. Several of Belli’s plaquettes were used for book bindings, such as those in the library of the Escorial, on books belonging to the Spanish Ambassador Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, published in Venice during the early 1540s.[10]
Two other plaquettes represented by examples in this exhibit have also been reproduced on Milanese bindings commissioned by Jean Grolier between 1510-16. The Sacrifice of Marcus Curtius by the Master IO.F.F., for example, appears along with his Horatius Cocles Defending the Bridge, blind-stamped onto a leather binding of Aristotle’s Opera Gracce published in Venice in 1498 (British Library). Another book from Grolier’s library, a 1504 Venetian edition of John Philoponus’ 6th century Commentary on Aristotle’s Posterior Analytics features Moderno’s Battle Scene (Fig. 02).[11] Plaquettes in applique-form, sometimes cast in finer metals like gold and silver, were also occasionally used for the ornamentation of bindings.
Prior to their feature on bindings, plaquettes cast from antique or contemporary hardstones (or derivative plaster impressions thereof) earlier served as models for the illumination of manuscript borders celebrating the classical past.[12] However, later well circulated plaquettes also inspired illuminators such as Narziss Renner in Augsburg, responsible for the 1521 prayer book of Matthaus Schwarz[13] who reproduced two plaquettes also represented by examples in the present exhibit: Moderno’s Cacus Stealing the Oxen of Hercules and IO.F.F.’s Triumph of Prudence (Fig. 03).
Though infrequent, plaquettes have also served as models for images intended for books, for example Doug Lewis notes a full-page woodcut featured in Francesco Colonnna’s Hynperotomachi Poliphili (Venice, 1499) (Fig. 04) was probably based upon the Sacrifice of Marcus Curtius by the Master IO.F.F.[14]
Individual prints have certainly been based upon plaquette designs, as the same aforementioned plaquette inspired a slightly later woodcut by Lucas Cranach the Elder, ca. 1506 (Fig. 05). In contrast, woodcuts and engravings have also occasionally served as models for some plaquette makers, especially North of the Alps.
Also of note is the influence of humanistic literature on the clever and occasionally genius designs of plaquette artists. Their compositions indicate these artists were as cultured as the educated patrons they served. For example, Francesco Rossi comments on the assured familiarity of the Master of the Orpheus Legend with the humanist literature of the period, pointing to a possible familiarity with the work of Angelo Poliziano at the Medici court.[15] John Spencer interestingly proposed Moderno’s series of reliefs involving the struggles of Hercules and Cacus were not a simple reproduction of antique myth but were rather an interpretive allegory of fortitude inspired by antique and early Christian commentaries on Virgil’s Aenid.[16] Lewis notes that Moderno may have had access to humanists from the Ferrarese court like Antonio Tebaldeo and Laura Brenzoni Schioppo by way of his brother Girolamo.[17] The avant-garde designs of IO.F.F. indicate a rich and complex knowledge of the literature from the period. Most recently, Lewis has pointed out that IO.F.F.’s Sacrifice of Marcus Curtius is a Christianized depiction of the myth possibly inspired by an episode from the Gesta Romanorum.[18]
THE PLAQUETTE IN OTHER MEDIA
Plaquettes also served as models for other forms of two-dimensional art, especially those tied to the minor arts. Two examples concerning plaquettes in the present exhibit are a niello reproducing Moderno’s Cacus Stealing the Oxen of Hercules[19] (Fig. 06) and another which adapts IO.F.F.’s Triumph of Prudence.[20]
With their origin in sculpture, plaquettes also came to influence other works of the genre, especially in relief. For example, Moderno’s Cacus Stealing the Oxen of Hercules found a certain favor in the region of Blois, France where it is reproduced in stone on the city’s main Chateau, ca. 1515-24 and also nearby in Olréans on an oak door, ca. 1520-30, where it is intricately carved on the left-register of its tympanum (Fig. 07).[21] [22] [23]
Of noteworthy import is the scarce plaquette of Mars, Venus and Cupid at the Forge of Vulcan[24] by the Master of the Orpheus Legend, an example of which is presented in the current exhibition. The plaquette was likely executed in the same period as a large and masterful silver and gold gilt bronze roundel of the same subject, attributed to Gian Marco Cavalli in Mantua and one of the most significant sculptural works of Mantua discovered in recent years (Fig. 08). The presence of an unusually winged Venus in the scene may suggest a common source, possibly literary, for both reliefs or perhaps the influence of one artist’s work upon the other which remains possibile considering Cavalli was himself involved in the execution of small reliefs as a goldsmith and medal-maker.[25]
Another example for the translation of plaquettes into sculpture is Cristoforo di Geremia’s Sacrifice to Cupid, represented by a rare example in this exhibit,[26] which served as the model for a motif depicted on a marble relief by Giovanni Antonio Amadeo executed between 1478-80 for the tabernacle of the Virgin at the Milan Cathedral (Fig. 09).
The Sacrifice to Cupid represents one of the earliest uses of small relief on utilitarian objects of the Renaissance, serving as the lid to a classicized oil lamp, one of which survives intact at the Victoria & Albert Museum (Fig. 10).[27] These lamps were so convincing in their design and decorative program that the early 17th century antiquarians Paul Petau and Fortunatus Scacchus believed them to be authentic ancient Roman lamps.[28]
In the round, a sculpted Chimera in the form of an inkwell and candlestick by Severo da Ravenna (Fig. 11), incorporates a sword pommel depicting Moderno’s Battle Scene plaquette while a satyr-adorned perfume burner attributed to Desiderio da Firenze features Moderno’s Cacus Stealing the Oxen of Hercules on its base (Fig. 12). While not the exclusive work of Moderno himself, these functional sculptures exemplify the way in which small reliefs could posthumously be appropriated with other dynamic works-of-art.
It was also common for later workshops, perhaps often provincial ones, to appropriate or plagiarize circulating plaquette reliefs for use on other objects. One example is an independent side-panel for a desk casket at the Palazzo Madama, crudely reproducing Belli’s Apotheosis of Scipio or another reproducing the Orpheus Master’s Mars, Venus and Cupid at the Forge of Vulcan, redacted from its circular format for use on a casket panel probably forming one side of a sand-box (Fig. 13).
Of final note is the incorporation of plaquettes on sword hilts. All of the major plaquette artists: Moderno, IO.F.F. and Riccio, were involved in producing plaquettes for the arms industry. Chief among them was IO.F.F. whose output probably also included the creation of the pommels as well. The influence of his work carried over into other facets of the trade where one can observe Bolognese sword sheaths and damascened or engraved blades reproducing scenes characteristic of IO.F.F.’s style or in some cases reproducing his designs. For example, an Emilian short-sword, ca. 1480-1500 at the Museo Bardini (Florence) features IO.F.F.’s Triumph of Prudence engraved on its blade.[29]
Although it is a later aftercast, the rare example[30] of IO.F.F.’s Sacrifice of Marcus Curtius featured in this exhibit is the only known surviving example of the relief displayed in its original context as a sword pommel. The pommel reproduces a type intended for IO.F.F.’s “shield shaped” plaquettes which Mario Scalini has noted was probably a pommel more practical in its functionality for battle than IO.F.F.’s other pommels intended for dress swords. A pommel-type like the one featured here on the Cagnola example is eloquently reproduced in Amico Friulano del Dosso’s Portrait of a Man, ca.1515-20 (cover image / Fig.14).
ENDNOTES
1. John Pope-Hennessey (1989): The Study of Italian Plaquettes. Vol. 22 Studies in the History of Art. Italian Plaquettes. National Gallery of Art, Washington DC., pp. 19-32
2. Dora Thornton and Luke Syson (2004): Objects of Virtue: Art in Renaissance Italy. British Museum, London. p. 117
3. Marika Leino (2013): Fashion, Devotion and Contemplation. The Status and Functions of Italian Renaissance Plaquettes. Peter Lang, Bern, Switzerland.
4. Doug Lewis (1989): The Plaquettes of “Moderno” and His Followers. Vol. 22 Studies in the History of Art. Italian Plaquettes. National Gallery of Art, Washington DC., pp. 105-41.
6. Pietro Cannata (1989): Le Placchette del Filarete. Vol. 22 Studies in the History of Art. Italian Plaquettes. National Gallery of Art, Washington DC., pp. 35-52
7. Of related note is Filarete’s often overlooked contribution to the genesis of the Renaissance medal, possibly even preceding Pisanello, to whom the medal’s invention is presently ascribed. See Robert Glass (2015): Filarete and the Invention of the Renaissance Medal. The Medal, No. 66. Trustees of the British Museum, UK., pp. 26-37.
8. Doug Lewis (2008): Collectors of Renaissance Reliefs: Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536) and Baron Boissel de Monville (1763-1832). Collecting Sculpture in Early Modern Europe, Studies in the History of Art 70, Symposium Papers XLVII. National Gallery of Art, Washington DC., pp. 128-43
9. Jeremy Warren (2014): Medieval and Renaissance Sculpture in the Ashmolean Museum, Vol. 3: Plaquettes. Ashmolean Museum Publications, UK.
10..
11. Anthony Hobson (2012): Humanists and Bookbinders. The Origins and Diffusion of Humanistic Bookbinding, 1459-1559. Cambridge University Press, UK.
12. M. Leino (2013), op. cit. (note 3), pp. 68-80
13. J. Warren (2014), op. cit. (note 9), pp. 762-77
14. Doug Lewis (2017), No. 157, entry for NGA Inv. 1957.14.478 (unpublished manuscript, accessed August 2017, with thanks to Anne Halpern, Department of Curatorial Records and Files): Systematic Catalogue of the Collections, Renaissance Plaquettes. National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. Trustees of the National Gallery of Art
15. Francesco Rossi (2011): La Collezione Mario Scaglia – Placchette, Vols. I-III. Lubrina Editore, Bergamo. pp. 93-94
16. John Spencer (1969): Two Bronze Plaquettes by Moderno. Allen Memorial Art Museum Bulletin 27:1, pp. 2-11
17. D. Lewis (1989), op. cit. (note 4), p. 111
18. D. Lewis (2017), op. cit. (note 14)
19. British Museum Inv. 1845-8-25-96
20. For the latter, see D. Lewis (2017), op. cit. (note 14)
21. Bertrand Bergbauer (2006): Images in Relief. La Collection de Plaquettes du Musee National de la Renaissance. Editions de la Reunion des musees nationaux, Paris, France. pp. 27-29
22. The door is in the Victoria & Albert Museum, Inv. 674-1895
23. It is to be wondered if one catalyst for the diffusion of Moderno’s designs in France may have been due to his presumed sojourn there, ca. 1513-15, with his pupil Matteo del Nassaro. For a history of Moderno’s career see D. Lewis (1989), op. cit. (note 4), pp. 105-06
24. Inclusive of the Cagnola example, only 6 casts of the Orpheus Master’s Mars, Venus and Cupid at the Forge of Vulcan have been published or cited and one of this group was destroyed in WWII, leaving only 5 known surviving examples.
25. The correspondences between the Orpheus Master’s plaquette and the large roundel by Cavalli were brought to the present author’s attention by Eleonora Luciano (private communication, October 2015).
26. Inclusive of the Cagnola example, only 16-17 casts of Cristoforo di Geremia’s Sacrifice to Cupid have been published or cited (census based on the collected data of Doug Lewis and the present author). For Lewis’ census see D. Lewis (2017), No. 90, entry for NGA Inv. 1957.14.344 (unpublished manuscript, accessed August 2017, with thanks to Anne Halpern, Department of Curatorial Records and Files): Systematic Catalogue of the Collections, Renaissance Plaquettes. National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. Trustees of the National Gallery of Art
27. Victoria & Albert Museum, Inv. M.674-1910
28. Anthony Radcliffe (1989): Two Early Romano-Mantuan Plaquettes. Vol. 22 Studies in the History of Art. Italian Plaquettes. National Gallery of Art, Washington DC., pp. 93-103
29. Christopher Fulton (1989): The Master IO.F.F. and the Function of Plaquettes. Vol. 22 Studies in the History of Art. Italian Plaquettes. National Gallery of Art, Washington DC., pp. 143-62
30. Inclusive of the Cagnola example, only 22 casts of IO.F.F.’s Sacrifice of Marcus Curtius have been published or cited (census based on the collected data of Doug Lewis and the present author). For Lewis’ census see D. Lewis (2017), op. cit. (note 14) |
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Ticks belong to the arachnid family. They have eight legs. Ticks live in wooded and grassy regions. They are reddish-brown, orange, or black. There are about 800 known species of ticks. Their saliva may contain microbes that cause diseases. They may feed on their host for days. Their saliva is not poisonous but may cause an immune response. This response may make the victim feel discomfort in the bite region.
Adult ticks may feed on different animals, including birds, humans, and dogs. Ticks use” questing ” to grab on to their hosts. They extend their forearms and use their back legs to hold on to grass or other objects. They patiently wait to crawl on the hosts if they pass by.
There are only a few disease-causing ticks in the United States. Pets such as dogs and cats are vulnerable to tick bites. This is due to their exploratory nature. They may become victims of various diseases. Let us discuss the tick-borne diseases in dogs and how to prevent them.
Can Ticks Cause Diseases in Dogs?
Tick bites transmit diseases to dogs. Dogs are more susceptible to tick-borne diseases as they spend more time outdoors. Tick-borne diseases can be life-threatening to dogs. It is significant to check for ticks on dogs regularly. Meet your veterinarian immediately if it shows symptoms.
Which Dogs Are The Most Vulnerable?
Dogs that live in warm tropical climates have greater chances of contracting diseases. Dogs which live in cold climatic regions might be less susceptible to tick diseases. Dogs that go hiking, walking, or live in rural areas are highly susceptible to tick-borne diseases.
Lyme Disease in Dogs
Dogs contract Lyme disease from tick bites. The blacklegged tick is the Lyme disease vector. This tick’s other name is the deer tick. It takes about 24 to 48 hours before the transmission occurs. Borrelia burgdorferi is a bacteria responsible for Lyme disease.
Once the Lyme disease bacteria is inside the bloodstream, it disseminates to various body parts. It is most concentrated in the joints and kidneys of the dog.
Lyme disease, if left untreated, can cause chronic complications such as arthritis, myocarditis, etc. It is significant to take the dog to the vet is significant if they show any following symptoms.
Lyme Disease Symptoms in Dogs
- Fever
- Decreased appetite
- Lethargy and fatigue
- Lameness may occur on either of the legs.
- Pain in joints and legs
- Rashes on legs, neck, and limbs
- Joint pain along with swelling and stiffness
Lyme disease Rash on Dogs
Apart from the symptoms mentioned above, Dogs may get a bulls-eye rash. This rash is characterized by a pale center and an oval-shaped rash. The rash is red. It is hard to identify the rash as it may occur under the hair coat. The absence of a rash does not conclude the absence of Lyme disease.
Chronic Complications in Dogs Due to Lyme Disease:
Myocarditis
Myocarditis is a condition where there is inflammation of the myocardium of the heart muscles. This disrupts the electrical signals of the heart. The symptoms include low heart rate, shortness of breath, swelling of ankles and knees, chest pain, and fatigue.
Myocarditis may cause heart failure, heart attack, or even cardiac death. It is crucial to take the dog to the vet if any of the above symptoms occur.
Glomerular Disease
A glomerulus is a filtration unit present in the kidneys. These units determine what elements should stay in the body and what should not. If these are damaged, it causes glomerular disease. Lyme disease, if left untreated, may cause glomerular disease.
Arthritis
Lyme disease may also be the cause of arthritis. This disease causes inflammation of the joints. The following are the effects of arthritis in dogs:
- Arthritis may make it difficult for the dog to jump.
- To go up the stairs or inclined regions.
- Struggles to stand up
Doctors may prescribe sulfates, glucosamine, or chondroitin as supplements. Doctors may recommend a nutritionally balanced diet that includes omega-3 fatty acids and an anti-inflammatory diet. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may help manage arthritis pain. Blood tests are taken for an accurate diagnosis of the disease.
Neurological Damage
Lyme disease may damage the nervous system. The illness may cause facial paralysis, difficulty walking, aggression, confusion, and other issues.
Nerve damage is rare in dogs.
Early treatment is required as it can prevent further complications from arising.
Lyme Disease Diagnosis:
The doctor may recommend testing the dog’s blood. They may consider the dog’s history of activities and symptoms. The vetenerian may proceed with the following
- Tests to check kidney and pancreatic function
- A complete blood count test
- This includes the C6 and Quant C6 tests and antibody level tests performed during treatment. This examination is to monitor the treatment’s effectiveness.
- Check the presence of intestinal parasites. Faecal tests are performed.
- A thyroid test to detect hypothyroidism.
- ECG to detect heart-related issues.
Treatment:
Prescription of doxycycline, tetracycline, or penicillin is the typical treatment for Lyme disease in dogs. The dog may see improvements within 24 to 48 hours of treatment. But the treatment is provided for about 30 days or more. The duration of treatment depends on the severity of the infection and symptoms.
Veterinarian Medical practitioners may recommend taking tests after and during treatment. These tests help understand the response to the treatment.
Lyme Disease Vaccines for Dogs:
Lyme disease vaccines should be given to dogs only after consulting the vet.
- As the regular vet may know about the medical history of the dog,
- For dogs with kidney disorders, vaccines may not be recommended.
- Dogs that have completed treatment for Lyme disease may take vaccines. Doctors may test dogs for protein loss. This is through the examination of urine tests concerning proteins.
Lyme vaccines are considered safe for most dogs as they protect the severity of the illness. This is not effective sometimes. So many experts recommend other tick prevention methods.
A vaccine is given at twelve weeks of age. It is administered in two shots, three weeks apart. Booster shots every year after that are recommended. Vaccines are quite safe if dogs do not have any preexisting conditions. Vaccination may have mild side effects such as lethargy or fatigue.
Ehrlichiosis
Tropical canine pancytopenia, or ehrlichiosis, is an illness caused by the bacterium Ehrlichia. This disease is difficult to diagnose. Brown Dog ticks, Lone star ticks
Black-legged ticks, etc., are the vectors of the disease. A dog may contract it even through a blood transfusion. There are various species of Ehrlichia.
Only a few cause diseases in dogs. These bacteria target white blood cells while they enter the system. They take up an intercellular position in the host. They thrive inside these cells. This aspect makes treatment of the disease with antibiotics difficult.
This disease was recorded with significance during the Vietnam War. The death of many German shepherd dogs during military operations sheds light on the illness. This is widely spread in the United States. The species of the Ehrlichia bacterium that causes the disease in dogs is not responsible for the same in humans. Greyhounds and German shepherds may get severe symptoms. They may also develop chronic symptoms.
This disease might show no symptoms in some dogs. Ehrlichiosis can sometimes go away on its own. While in other cases, dogs may enter the subclinical phase.
What are the symptoms of ehrlichiosis in dogs?
Overall, there are three stages of ehrlichiosis symptoms:
Acute phase: This phase lasts for 2 to 4 weeks. Some dogs may recover in this phase. While some may move on to the subclinical phase,
The symptoms in this phase are:
- Lymph nodes and spleen that are inflamed
- Febrile signs
- Hemorrhage or bleeding disorders
- Respiratory distress syndrome.
- Meningitis- is an infection in the brain tissues that causes unsteady feet in dogs.
- Lethargy
- Loss of appetite
- Abnormal bleeding: this could be under the skin or through the nose.
- Pain and stiffness in muscles and joints.
- Cough
- Nose discharge
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Abnormal weight loss
- Inflammation and discharge from the eye
- Nervous system damage. This is reflected through symptoms, such as confusion or paralysis,
Subclinical phase – This stage of ehrlichiosis is hard to detect. There could be no outward signs or symptoms. The dog might behave or feel normal. It is essential to regularly check with the vet to understand whether the dog has been cured or entered a subclinical phase.
If untreated in this phase, the dog may enter the chronic phase.
Symptoms are
- Anemia,
- lameness
- From bleeding incidents to
- Issues in the eyes as the dog faces blindness and hemorrhage
- Disruption of the bone marrow’s ability to produce blood. This condition leads to anemia.
- Neurological problems,
- swollen limbs
- If the bone marrow is damaged, The dog becomes unable to create any of the blood cells necessary for the proper functioning of the body. Blood cells include white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
If the bacteria are not removed from the dog’s body, it enters the clinical phase.
How Is Ehrlichiosis Diagnosed?
- A blood test helps determine the number of red blood cells in the body.
- Laboratory testing of cell samples from lymph nodes, spleen, and lungs for checking the presence of antibodies.
- Most tests would show a negative result before 2–3 weeks of the ehrlichiosis contraction. As it takes 2-3 weeks for the immune system to react to the bacteria,
- Diagnosis also includes considering the signs and symptoms seen in the sick dog. But tests are more accurate as the symptoms of ehrlichiosis are similar to those of other diseases such as Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RSMF), and various disorders.
What is the treatment for Ehrlichiosis?
In the acute phase, doxycycline and tetracycline are provided. There is improvement in the dog within 48-72 hours. But the medications have to be taken for at least three weeks. A blood transfusion is recommended for dogs with bleeding disorders as this causes anemia.
If early treatment is not provided, in such cases, other treatment methods are required, such as:
- intravenous fluids
- Steroid drugs
- Pain relievers and
- Immunosuppressive medications
Canine Bartonellosis
Bartonellosis is a disease that is caused by the bacteria Bartonella. This disease is also called ” cat scratch fever.” Dogs may get Bartonella bacteria through contact with fleas, ticks, mice, etc.
What Are the Symptoms of Canine Bartonellosis?
Canine Bartonellosis is rare in dogs. Even if they contract it, they might not show any symptoms.
The common symptoms are:
- Febrile signs
- Loss of appetite
- Swelling of lymph nodes in the neck area, armpits, or backs of the knees
- Joint pain
- Lethargy
- Difficulty in Breathing
- Coughing
- Weight loss
- Lameness in either of the legs or fatigue
- Eczema
- Jaundice
- Arrhythmias: This is a condition where the electrical impulses of the heart muscles are not strong.
Dogs with other pre-existing conditions may require additional treatments. Dogs who are malnourished, immunocompromised, or taking immunosuppressive medication may need extra medical support.
Some of the chronic inflammation issues that may arise are:
- Myocarditis is a condition where the muscles of the heart get inflamed.
- Polyarthritis – Pain and inflammation of the joints.
- Endocarditis Endocardium muscles get inflamed.
- Encephalitis: Swelling of the brain due to febrile illness.
- Lymphadenomegaly: swelling of the lymph nodes in the body. This condition may look like neck swelling.
- Vasculitis is a condition in which blood vessels swell.
- Uveitis: Swelling of the eye. This condition causes redness.
- Dermatitis or skin lesions
How is Canine Bartonellosis Diagnosed in Dogs?
- The detection of canine bartonellosis requires lab tests. These tests involve blood samples from dogs. The typical tests done are immunofluorescence antibodies (IFA),
- Urinalysis and biochemistry profile.
- Detection of leukocytosis and anemia in infected dogs is possible.
- Low levels of protein or albumin in the blood.
- By conducting a Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test on the cell tissues from the dermatitis region.
How is Canine Bartonellosis Treated in Dogs?
The doctor may prescribe doxycycline, amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, and rifampin for 4-6 weeks. Only dogs that show symptoms may require any of the above-stated medications. As the bacteria may develop antimicrobial resistance, these antibiotics are not effective enough in getting rid of the bacteria completely from the blood.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Dogs:
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is a tick-borne febrile illness. This disease is caused by an organism called Rickettsia. Rickettsia is an organism that is classified neither as a virus nor a bacteria. The vectors of this disease are the American dog tick and the brown dog tick. In all its life cycle stages, the tick is a vector of the RMSF. Humans may contract the disease from the dog if they come into contact with the body fluids of the pet. It takes about 5–20 hours before a tick infects the dog. The incubation period ranges from two days to two weeks.
Symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever:
If a dog is infected with RMSF, the owner might notice the following:
- The temperature increased to about 105 degrees Fahrenheit.
- The dog may be experiencing joint pain. If someone touches its joints, it may feel discomfort. Also, sitting and standing could be difficult for the dog.
- The dog may not be able to walk quickly. The dog will refrain from playing or venturing outside.
- They sleep more frequently than usual.
- They would have a lack of appetite. The dog would not eat food. Dogs may also vomit what they consume regularly.
- Blood disorders may occur. There may be blood in their feces, urine, or they may bleed through their nose. They might be red patches on the skin. Darker stools could also be a sign.
Specific organs may experience damage if left untreated. Treatment is required to avoid fatality.
Common symptoms, in brief, are
- Enlarged lymph nodes
- Muscle, joint, and abdominal pain.
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Abdominal pain
- Loss of appetite
- Febrile signs
- Lethargy
- Hemorrhage
- Cough
- Lameness
- Swelling of the face or legs
Symptoms in dogs alone do not suffice for detecting RSMF. Because dogs may exhibit some or all of these symptoms, Proper diagnosis at the vet is required. Only lab tests can be accurate for diagnosing the right cause of the illness.
Advanced cases of RMSF are likely to be dangerous to dogs. If left untreated, they may develop kidney disease, neurological disease, vasculitis, and bleeding disorders.
How is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever diagnosed?
For the diagnosis of RMSF, the medical practitioner may recommend blood tests, urinalysis, and x-rays. The following might be detected:
- The Complete Blood Count or CBC test may reveal anemia or an abnormal white blood cell count.
- The urinalysis may show protein loss.
- Abnormal calcium levels and electrolytes,
- Liver or kidney function may show abnormalities in tests.
Doctors would look at symptoms before considering any testing on the dog.
What is the treatment for RMSF?
Tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline are antibiotics administered to dogs with RMSF. Other intravenous fluids are also given if the dog faces severe symptoms.
These are provided for a minimum of 1 week to a maximum of 21 days.
It may take 24 to 48 hours for the dog to respond to the treatment. But in a few cases, the disease may not subside.
Anaplasmosis in Dogs:
Anaplasmosis in dogs is caused by an intracellular organism called Anaplasma platys or Anaplasma phagocytophilum.
They are both bacilli. These organisms are non-mobile. They use the ticks as vectors for spreading this disease. They enter the systems of the dogs through their bites. This infection is prevalent worldwide. In the United States, it is widely present in Florida.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum:
This disease is widely prevalent in the Northeast and Midwest regions of the United States. The ticks that spread the Anaplasma phagocytophilum are blacklegged ticks and western black-legged ticks. Rodents may be the reservoir animals for the Anaplasma phagocytophilum.
Anaplasma platys:
The brown dog tick acts as the carrier of this bacteria. The disease that results from this bacteria is called Infectious Cyclic Thrombocytopenia. Dogs themselves are considered reservoir animals of Anaplasma phagocytophilum.
What are the symptoms of anaplasmosis?
- Febrile signs
- Lethargy
- Joint pain This may cause lameness in dogs.
- Lack of appetite
- Seldom occurring symptoms include: coughing, vomiting, seizures, and
- Diarrhea
- Lethargy
- Pain
- Nose bleeding
- Meningitis (inflammation of the brain tissues)
- Impaired coordination of muscles
- Chills
- Respiratory Difficulties
Symptoms arise 2–4 weeks after the bite.
Anaplasma affects the blood platelets that are responsible for blood clotting. Most dogs that contract the disease do not show symptoms. Studies conclude that their bodies can clear out the illness-causing bacteria without any support.
How is anaplasmosis diagnosed?
For detection of anaplasmosis, doctors may recommend the following:
- ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
- IFA (indirect fluorescent antibody) and
- PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
The doctor may look into the medical history of the dog. They may consider whether the dog lives in endemic regions or tick-prevalent areas. A physical examination may be required.
What is the treatment for anaplasmosis?
Dogs require treatment for about a month. Doxycycline is the most preferred treatment. Some dogs may test positive despite the dog being healthy. Dogs may become persistent reservoirs of the disease.
This condition does not mean they have an active infection. So, retreatment is not required.
Canine Babesiosis:
This disease is a tick-borne illness caused by the bacteria babesia. Babesia can infect red blood cells. There are various species of babesia that cause this illness. This disease causes morbidity and mortality in certain severe cases. This disease ranges from acute to chronic to fatal. Most of the time, babesia in the United States is milder.
The most severe cases only happen in puppies. At the same time, adults recover quickly from mild illnesses. The incubation period is about two weeks. These protozoans attack the red blood cells. This situation causes hemolytic anemia and common anemia.
Symptoms and signs:
The three stages of babesiosis are as follows:
Acute phase:
Acute babesiosis is where hemolytic anemia occurs. Hemolytic anemia in babesiosis is due to protozoans’ destruction of red blood cells.
Common symptoms at this stage are:
- Fever
- Hemolytic anemia
- Swelling of the lymph nodes
- Enlargement of the spleen
- Jaundice due to damage to the liver
- Hematuria: blood in the urine
Hyper-acute babesiosis
This occurs in immunocompromised dogs, such as puppies. This may also happen if multiple infected ticks have bit the dog. Either way, this is fatal to dogs. As the treatment won’t help some dogs, This is due to the severity and fast progress of the protozoans. The following are the symptoms of hyper-acute babesiosis:
- Lesser than usual temperature. This condition is called hypothermia.
- Dogs may get a shock where proper blood flow to their organs would not be sufficient. This shock leads to a condition called hypoxia.
- Another possibility is damage to the liver and lungs or tumors on these organs.
Chronic babesiosis:
This condition is rare. In this phase, the dogs become reservoirs. This stage may not pose any life threat to dogs.
Some dogs may experience the following symptoms:
- Anemia
- Weight Loss
- Vomiting
- diarrhea
- Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
- Convulsions and coordination issues due to nervous system damage
How is babesiosis in dogs diagnosed?
- Babesiosis is diagnosed through urinalysis and blood tests.
- The doctor may look into the complete blood count to show anemia and a low platelet count.
- Urinalysis may show differences in albumin and bilirubinuria.
- PCR (polymerase chain reaction) to identify the protozoan gene
How Is Babesiosis in Dogs Treated?
- Dogs are given a drug called Imidocarb dipropionate, a drug recommended by FDA.
- Blood transfusion
- Administration of clindamycin
Prevention of babesiosis:
Regular deworming of dogs may prove helpful. This procedure is apart from tick bite prevention methods. The feasibility of the Babesiosis vaccine is an ongoing study.
Canine hepatozoonosis
This disease is most prevalent in the south-central and southeastern United States.
This illness is a tick-borne infection. Protozoans are the cause of this disease. There are two types of well-known hepatozoonosis – H. canis and H. americanum. H. Americanum was discovered only in the year 1997.
Transmission of Hepatozoonosis
The brown dog tick disseminates the H. canis, and the Gulf Coast Tick spreads the H. americanum protozoan. Tick bites alone do not spread the disease. Suppose a dog ingests a hepatozoonosis tick or eats animals with infected ticks. The dog might get infected.
After ingestion or bite, the protozoan gets absorbed into the bloodstream through the gut wall. Then it travels to organs such as the spleen, bone marrow, kidney, and lungs. These are affected by the protozoans.
At all stages of the life cycle, the ticks may infect the dogs as the transovarial transmission is possible from females to eggs.
Symptoms of Hepatozoonosis
- Fever
- Muscle atrophy
- Soreness
- Stiffness
- Eye discharge
- Joint pain
- Weight loss
- Periorbital swelling
- Lethargy
- Hyperesthesia, or sensitivity to the sun
- Bloody diarrhea
Old world hepatozoonosis can affect dogs that have weak immune systems. While for other dogs, the effects are minimal. H. Americanum poses a threat to all dogs as it has a high mortality rate. It is crucial to consult a veterinarian if some or all of these symptoms are present in the dog.
Diagnosis of Hepatozoonosis
Diagnoses involve the following:
Blood tests:
- These tests are helpful to determine whether the dog has a low RBC count or anemia, a high platelet count, or neutrophilia.
- The infected dog’s neutrophilia could be as high as 150,000 leukocytes/l of blood.
- Muscle biopsy: This is done to identify onion skin on the dog’s muscles.
- An X-ray is also crucial.
The doctors may note the travel history of the dog. The presence of symptoms is quite a valuable tool for doctors to diagnose. This is because blood tests cannot accurately confirm the presence of protozoans in the blood.
Treatment of Hepatazoonasis:
Doctors may administer Imizol (imidocarb dipropionate) to dogs infected with H. canis. In the case of H Americanum, dogs may require a two-week regimen of TCP medications. The TCPs are trimethoprim-sulfa, clindamycin, and pyrimethamine. Most of the time, a complete cure is not possible.
In some cases, this disease causes death, so early treatment is required to save the dog. A relapse of fever may occur in a few months. After taking the above-stated medication for two years or longer, doctors recommend giving Decoquinate for two or more years if the fever relapses. Taking decoquinate on a perpetual basis may give rise to side effects.
Anti-inflammatory drugs may be administered for pain relief. Apart from that, doctors may give intravenous fluid to the sick dog as it supports the loss of fluids.
Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE):
TBE is a tick-borne disease in dogs. This disease occurs when a tick carrying the neurotrophic tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) bites the dog. Neurotropic viruses are those viruses that affect the victim’s nervous system. Hence, this disease may cause a condition known as meningoencephalitis, meningomyelitis, or radiculitis. In some cases, both may occur.
The ticks that may spread this disease are deer ticks.
Dogs that have the following traits are more susceptible to this disease:
- Dogs that are on immunosuppressant drugs
- If they have any pre-existing conditions or diseases.
- The duration of exposure to tick bites
- Immunity of the dog
Symptoms are as follows:
- Ataxia is a condition in which voluntary muscles impairment. This condition leads to unusual walking patterns and speech changes. If the dog has this condition, he may drag and walk on one limb. Sleeping in abnormal positions with the unusual placement of the limbs during rest.
- Tremors and seizures:
- Muscle weakness, pain, tingling, numbness in dogs.
- Cranial nerve deficits. This deficit occurs when one of the twelve nerves in the cranium system fails. This condition may cause paralysis.
- This disease may affect the central nervous system, which results in death.
Diagnosis:
- A veterinarian may recommend blood tests.
- Serology for the detection of pathogens in the blood
- Immunohistology This is done to understand antigens, or proteins, in the cells.
Treatment of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE):
Treatment for TBE is just like any other viral infection. The vet may just provide supportive therapy. The symptoms are area-edited so that the immune system may get rid of the virus.
Tick Paralysis
Tick Paralysis is not an infectious disease. It is a syndrome that occurs in dogs. The neurotoxins in the saliva of ticks are the cause of this condition. The ticks that cause the syndrome are the Rocky Mountain wood tick and the American dog tick.
Symptoms of tick paralysis in dogs are:
- high blood pressure and rapid heart rate).
- Perpetual Vomiting
- Back pain and instability
- Absence or lack of reaction
- Lethargy
- Excessive drooling
Stages of Tick Paralysis in Dogs:
Unlike in humans, tick paralysis in dogs has five phases. These are:
Phase 1: This is the mild stage. This stage can affect the back limbs of the dogs. So dogs may be unable to do the puppy sit position.
Phase 2: This happens when the front limbs of the dogs are paralyzed. So, dogs may feel discomfort. So they may just be able to position themselves on the chest.
Phase 3: The chest muscles weaken or paralyze, preventing the dog from sitting.
Phase 4: Dogs would not be able to breathe.
Phase 5: This stage may result in the death of the dog.
What is the treatment for tick paralysis?
- Remove all the ticks from the body of the dog.
- After that, give the dog an anti-tick bath.
- As dogs may be under stress, medical researchers recommend sedative drugs.
- Atropine is a drug that neutralizes the tick saliva in the system.
- Tick antiserum to remove those neurotoxins in the blood which are not attached to the nerves.
- Veterinarians may recommend intravenous fluids if the dog’s throat muscles are affected. Throat muscles are fundamental to the swallowing process.
- If dogs are in phase 4, the vet may also provide oxygenation.
How To Prevent Dogs From Contracting Tick-Borne Diseases?
- Dog owners may apply anti-tick creams on their dogs before venturing outside.
- Also, avoiding places where there is heavy tick infestation could be helpful.
- Cutting grass short in the yard could prevent ticks from infesting the surroundings of the house.
- Calling for tick control for infested yards could keep one’s dog safe.
- Checking for ticks on dogs may be helpful if you live in a tick-prone region.
- Vaccinating dogs can also be helpful. It is important to note that dogs have no approved vaccines for certain tick-borne diseases.
- Treat clothes with Permethrin.
- Tick repellents could help prevent further tick bites.
Removal of Ticks
- Removal of ticks from the dog is very crucial. A simple bite from a tick does not cause disease. The transmission time is at least about 24 to 48 hours.
- After removing the tick, let the local health department know that your dog was bit by a tick or seek help from a medical practitioner.
- Tick collars are an easy and effective measure to prevent tick bites in dogs.
- Spraying pesticides such as Met52TM, carbamate, or pyrethroid-based can eradicate ticks in one’s backyard.
Bottom Line:
Prevention is better than cure. If the dog has the habit of exposure to ticks, it is significant to follow the above-stated measures to keep it safe. Most tick-borne illnesses are fatal in dogs. Early treatment if symptoms occur could prove helpful in saving the dog’s life. |
Scott Adkins has had a busy year with movies like Avengement, Triple Threat, Abduction and more getting released; it’s been a while since we chatted so we sat down with Scott and talked about his upcoming movies like Debt Collector 2, Accident Man 2 and the future of Boyka.
Eoin: You’ve had a great year with Triple Threat, Abduction and Avengement which may well be my favourite film of the year; how have fans reacted and what’s been the most popular with them?
Scott: Oh definitely Avengement which to be honest when we were making it we wanted to do something different and it is very different so I guess we weren’t expecting people to enjoy it so much. I mean at the end of the day 50% of the movie is me in a pub just having a word with people and a lot of talking (laughs). So we were doing it and I was thinking “man, I hope people get behind this”. For me it was like a piece of theatre; as an actor it was great and I enjoyed it but you’re never sure but I wouldn’t have thought Avengement would have caught on as much as it did. Obviously, we’re trying to make the best film we can and we believed in it but you just never know. People really seemed to get behind that one and to be honest it’s probably one of the first of my films (and I would have hoped it would have been Accident Man as it’s so British) that has been taken on by the British public. It was in the top ten on Netflix in the UK for a few weeks and I’m really happy to see my own country men enjoying one of my movies.
Eoin: Yeah, it’s been getting traction here too as I know plenty of people have been watching it; I wondered how it would appeal to international audiences as it seemed uniquely British but it’s great to see it being such a success.
Scott: I think more people might see Accident Man if it was available on Netflix but it isn’t but I’ve got to be honest and say that Sony UK completely dropped the ball as far as I’m concerned. They didn’t release it the way they should have done in the UK because it is a very English film. It had a much better release in other areas of the world. When Accident Man 2 comes out they’d better pull their socks up…
Alex: Speaking of that, how far along is Accident Man 2?
Scott: I really shouldn’t say too much but possibly if things go the way they should it’s imminent. I’m tempting fate right now saying that.
Alex: As the year is winding up what are some of your favourite movies from 2019?
Scott: Well, everyone’s raving about Joker and rightfully so as it was an incredibly film that blew everybody’s socks off including mine. I think calling it a comic book movie does it a disservice and it kind of annoys me. I think it’s just a fantastic movie that deserves to be seen by as many people as possible. Everyone’s seen it though as it’s made over a billion (laughs). That stands out of course this year. I really enjoyed Bradley Cooper’s A Star is Born too. Action-wise The Night Comes for Us and John Wick 3.
Alex: Really?
Scott: Yeah, I think John Wick 3 is the best one because it’s got more hand to hand combat. In the second one I thought it was getting a bit repetitive with the gun stuff. It’s all brilliant but there’s only so many times you can see someone getting shot in the head until you start getting a bit bored with it. What I loved about the third one was it was like what I do with more hand to hand combat, sword work, ninjas and Mark Dacascos so I really did enjoy it.
“Donnie Yen was one of the last guys that I grew up watching as a kid and idolising”
Eoin: We were saying earlier that we need to see you in John Wick 4…
Scott: It would be the smartest thing Chad Stahelski has ever done (laughs).
Alex: You’ve got Ip Man 4 coming up; what was that like to work on? It would surely be a very different vibe from the standard North American style of filmmaking that we are used to…
Scott: Oh yeah absolutely; it’s a very different way of filming out there. When I went back to do Wolf Warrior, I kinda forgot how things were. The first time I ever worked was in Hong Kong and it was so different. You have to be a bit more respectful and the director is king. You can’t speak out of turn and all the rest of it. When I went back to do Wolf Warrior I forgot about that and was like “oh shit, yeah I have to be more careful how I do things”. So yes you are to be far more respectful but you are expected to do things that you wouldn’t be expected to do in the west for an action film. You’re expected to get hit harder, to possibly get punched in the face on purpose and that’s why their action looks so incredible. They really put you through your paces and it’s hard, hard work. I’m not as young as I used to be either but it was a great experience. I’ve worked with Yuen Woo Ping before and I’d always wanted to work with Donnie Yen; he was one of the last guys that I grew up watching as a kid and idolising. I’ve pretty much worked with everyone now and he was last on the list. I guess the Gods were listening because he contacted me to be the bad guy for Ip Man 4. He wanted me to play that part which was fantastic.
Eoin: Can you tell us a little about Barton Geddes?
Scott: So Ip Man comes to the US in this one; he goes to San Francisco. They’re taking a lot of liberties with the real story but it doesn’t matter. I mean, for me it’s the same with Wong-Fei Hung; that was a real-life person who became a fable. They started to make films about him; they got more and more outlandish and they’re doing the same thing with Ip Man. It’s also becoming like a fable. Anyway, he comes over to the US and it’s in the 60’s and obviously there’s a lot of racial tension as there was in that time. That’s definitely a centre piece of the movie; my character is a bit of a mean sonofabitch. He’s a racist guy so I’m going to be hated in China… again (laughs) but it’s my job to portray the character the way to director wants me to portray him so he can tell the story that he wants to tell. If that means I’ve got to be a horrible bastard then so be it…
Eoin: Is it more fun to be a horrible bastard?
Scott: It is more fun yeah because I am a horrible bastard and I’m just playing myself which I’m really enjoying (laughs). I just show up on set and start shouting abuse at everyone (laughs). It is fun though; I’m like a drill sergeant in this kind of like R. Lee Ermy in Full Metal Jacket. That’s what they wanted; I didn’t want to do that sort of character that we’ve seen so many times in so many movies. I wanted to humanize him a bit more. I didn’t want to just rip of what that amazing actor did in the Stanley Kubrick film. In this story you’ve got Wing Chun being implemented to the US Marine Core. One of the other actors Chris Collins, he had a similar thing happen in his life where he went to the armed forces and he started training some of the troops in Wing Chun which is what he does. They kind of took that template and used it as the story for Ip Man 4. There’s this character played by Vanness Wu who shows some Wing Chun to my superior officer and he’s blown away by it. He insists that now we must train the troops in this art whereas I’m all about Japanese karate and I’m like “this is bullshit” so I send one of my men down to Chinatown to smash up a few kung fu dudes and that’s basically what’s going on (laughs). That’s how Ip Man gets involved in all these shenanigans.
Alex: The Wing Chun is basically Donnie Yen’s style for this film; is it tougher to do the choreography with the different styles?
Scott: It was harder, to be honest yeah because film fighting generally is the same anyway no matter what style. The whole thing about Wing Chun is the speed of the straight punches; one of the things he does is the quick barrel punching moving forward. As someone who is expected to block these punches which are very fast I’m using a karate style as well which has got big wide blocks so if I were going to block punch number 3 I have to try and block punch number 1 (laughs).It’s China so they’re going faster over there; Donnie Yen is a master, I mean I’m no slouch but you’re dealing with the very pinnacle of martial arts performers with someone like him, Jackie Chan, Tony Jaa or Jet Li. The very, very best. It was a different style for me to get my head around as with other films you can maybe show the punch a bit more where can see the shoulder come in; it’s going to be a wide hook but there was never anything like that because those straight down the line punches can come at you a lot quicker. So that took a bit of getting used to.
Alex: So that’s where the being hit in the face comes into play?
Scott: No, they would just say “we’re going to hit you in the face now in a slo mo shot, ok?” Oh okay properly doing a Hong Kong movie then (laughs). So it was one of those things. I don’t mind as long as it looks good. Some people have the illusion that what I do is easy for some reason; I don’t know how they get that idea.
Alex: Yeah, it’s like people who say professional wrestling is fake; I mean yeah up to a point it’s fake but every fall to the ground is real…
Scott: Yeah just run at me, bounce off the ropes and I’m going to slap you as hard as I can with my forearm across the front of your neck, possibly hit you on the nose so yeah… it’s real easy. I remember talking to Rob Van Dam (the wrestler) and he was doing a fight and the script was that he was supposed to win. One of the very first moves he did he broke his ankle and he couldn’t just go “get the doctor!”, he had to keep fighting on this broken ankle. It’s hard stuff.
Eoin: How are all your injuries now? When we spoke about Ninja 2 you had hurt yourself quite bad…
Scott: I’ve got a lot of injuries that come back and they’re kind of with you to stay and you just have to learn how to navigate them and live with them. Everyone gets older though; I’m getting older and I do feel that. Having said that I’m in great shape for my age but I do have to adapt my style a little bit. There’s not going to be a load of somersaults from here on in.
Eoin: You’ve also got The Intergalactic Adventures of Max Cloud coming up where you do more comedy. What drew you to that?
Scott: I haven’t seen the film yet so let’s hope that I’m funny (laughs). They said I was on the set but you can look at Accident Man or Debt Collector and you can see that I’ve been trying a bit more lighthearted stuff. I really should have tried doing it a long time ago to be honest but I’ve started taking control of the scripts that I do. I’m able to put comedy in there from the get-go. In the past it would be “this is the script, go and do it” but if I’m behind the scenes then I always try to do a bit of humour. There’s a lot in Avengement which is quite a dark film in places but I do feel you should try and keep it light at times. So Max Cloud is a very broad comedy so we’ll see how that does. I honestly haven’t seen it yet but it was a helluva lot of fun to do. Comedy’s a hard one though; you’ve got to see if it comes off or not. On Grimsby with Sacha Baron Cohen I was enjoying the improvisation with him. A lot of it was cut out for the runtime and everything but that was probably my first real taste of it.
Eoin: I watched The Search for the Last Action Heroes Documentary the other night and thought it was fantastic. Have you seen the finished version yet?
I have; I really enjoyed it, man. I thought I’d better be in this as I’m definitely gonna be watching it. It was fun to do and I’m glad I did it. I think it’s a really good documentary. I’m also in another one called Iron Fists & Kung Fu Kicks which is a really good one as well. That is out on Netflix soon I think.
Eoin: So Debt Collector 2? Is that a prequel, sequel?
Scott: We took a little bit of artistic license with this one; if I could do the first one again I wouldn’t have killed them. So we’re going into this one saying that they survived it. You’ve gotta watch it but somehow they managed to pull through and we take it from there. So a little bit of artistic license; if the audience can forgive us for that then they’ll have a great time. I really wanted to work with Louis Mandylor again; I had a great time working with him and we’ve got great chemistry. We came up with a great idea for the film and if the audience can get over that stuff then they’ll be in for a good ride.
Alex: Legacy of Lies sounds interesting too where you worked with Adrian Bol; how was he to work with and what can we expect from the movie?
Scott: I really enjoyed it; it’s a very different type of film. It’s got a sort of espionage thriller thing going on. It’s very emotionally driven. The central story is about a guy who is an ex-Jason Bourne/James Bond type who was so deep undercover that he’s had a child with a woman that he was with undercover. She gets killed and he is left to bring up this child on his own off the grid. He’s always ready to move if anything should go wrong and he’s basically a terrible father. So he’s basically training this girl how to kill people and stay on the move and generally be a spy but never really giving her a chance to be a normal person. There’s this conflict between these two characters the father and the daughter which is really interesting. There’s a lot of action around it and an espionage plot and yeah it’s really cool and I’m happy with it. It’s Adrian Bol’s first feature film; he did a great job and I’d like to work with him again.
“There was talk of an Undisputed TV series but I guess it’s not going to happen”
Eoin: Any chance of Casey Bowman coming back for Ninja 3?
Scott: I wanted to do another one and I wanted to get it going with another production company but wasn’t able to do so. I wanted to go full-on ninja with it this time with smoke bombs and proper ninja stealth stuff (laughs).
Alex: We need lasers too like American Ninja…
Scott: I grew up on those movies; good silly ninja movies and I used to love that stuff as a kid.
Eoin: I still do.
Scott: Yeah man, still do. American Ninja came out; I was about 12. I got a ninja suit on mail order and it was the first black belt I ever had. I used to put it on every night, do some ninja signs with my hands and then go off into the garden and disappear into the night. Now I just get paid for it so it’s all good (laughs). If only my dad had known whenever I was 12 he could have got me 2 ninja suits.
Alex: I think your most popular character is still Boyka; are we done with him or will there be another one?
Eoin: Isn’t there going to be a TV series?
Scott: I would love to do another one and there was talk of a TV series but I guess it’s not going to happen as it didn’t get the traction. The last one was leaked 6 months before it came out which is a very silly thing to have had happen especially with the history of what happened with the film before that. The same thing happened and then it happened again; people are like “Well it didn’t make enough money” well yeah, it was on the internet for 6 months before it was released officially. Maybe you should give the next one a chance to make some money. So that’s the situation with that. I’d obviously love to do it and I have a place in my heart for Boyka of course. In the Middle East people only call me Boyka; they shout “Boyka!” in the streets so I realise that it’s my most popular character and I’d love to do another one but it’s not on the cards at the moment. I have a very good idea for the story but we’ll see…
Alex: I loved how Boyka started off as the bad guy then went on to becoming the anti-hero. It’s funny how of all the things that come along that one really caught people’s attention.
Scott: It kind of works with the style of the movie; with the first Undisputed the real villain was Chambers who was played by Ving Rhames which was then played by Michael Jai White in Undisputed 2. So, in the second one he was the hero but more of an anti-hero and I was the villain. Then with the third movie I did it again where I became the hero. If we followed that then the next movie would have had Marko Zaror be the hero but I didn’t want to give the franchise up (laughs).
This is the thing, you never know what’s going to happen really; I played Boyka to be as villainous as possible and I wanted the audience to hate him and I wanted them to cheer when he got his leg snapped at the end. We wanted to create a real character as well and as Isaac is the director and we’re both martial artists obviously we wanted to instill the one martial artist in the movie with a lot of honour because ultimately, he wanted a fair fight. I think that helped us enable him to become the hero in the next one. So yeah for whatever reason people just loved that character. He’s like Wolverine, Snake Plissken or Dirty Harry; he’s one of those characters who doesn’t take any shit. He’s a man of action not words and just something about the look we created with the goatee and the hair and the accent. It all just seemed to really work. A lot of people say, “you should keep your hair like that and keep the accent” (laughs) but I like to act and play different parts so that’s fun for me. But yeah it really works, and I would like to do it again. You never know though; sometimes it just jumps off the page.
Eoin: I always like to come up with crazy ideas for crossover movies and I wanted to do a new Bloodsport movie with JCVD and Daniel Bernhardt returning with Boyka taking part in the kumite.
Scott: Oh yeah, man that’d work a treat! And we could have Mike Fallon, the Accident Man turn up in John Wick.
Alex: John Wick goes to London.
Scott: Yeah exactly; Wick goes to London. I kill him.
Eoin: The end (laughs).
Alex: What else do you have in the pipeline?
Scott: Actively developing Accident Man 2; hopefully we’re going to have good news about that very shortly. So that’s on the horizon and a few other films that are in development. A few in the pipeline for sure; it’s going to be a busy year next year.
Eoin: I was watching The Mandalorian last night and thought this show is awesome but needs more Adkins; would that appeal?
Scott: I would never do a Star Wars film; that would ruin my career. Are you crazy? Why would I want to do that? All that money! (laughs)
Eoin: I have a fan question from Lee Risbridger who asks how often would you recommend flexibility training amongst weight training?
Scott: Oh every day especially as you get older as flexibility is more important; you can call it flexibility or you can call it mobility; as you get older and especially if you do weight training your muscles will get tight and that leads to imbalances and that leads to injuries. I start off every training session now with at least 15 minutes of mobility work just to stretch the whole body out. Obviously, I’ll stretch my legs as I’m a martial artist but I neglected my upper body and that came back to haunt me. I had a few problems with my spine so I really try to stretch out my spine as much as I can. It stops you from getting injured if you can stay flexible and loose.
Alex: A buddy of mine recently watched Avengement and he saw it on Netflix and it got me thinking that we have all these streaming services and content; do you think all these streaming services make it easier for movies like Avengement or Triple Threat to be seen by audiences?
Scott: I think it’s helped somewhat but if you could get yourself a Netflix original and they agree on the inception of an idea then you’re going to get more of a budget, and you can go off and make your film. Of course we only get the big blockbusters in the cinemas now and even something like The Irishman has gone straight to Netflix so now we’re having to compete with the heavy hitters like Brad Pitt and Robert De Niro doing film’s for Netflix; it’s not like it’s any easier but there is more content and a lot more opportunity out there for actors. There’s so much content available that it can be hard to get your film seen. In the old days you could go down to the video store and make a choice; you’re gonna take it home and have it for a couple of nights. You’re going to watch at least half of it even if it’s crap but now it’s so easy just to watch 5 seconds or 5 minutes and think “Nah, I’m not into this, next?” and you just flick to the next thing.
In terms of getting a film made unless you’ve got a deal with Netflix, you’re still gonna have to make it for the same amount of money as an independent movie that’s gonna go straight to DVD. There’s no guarantee that Netflix are going to snap it up so you’d be a fool to make it for a higher budget hoping that they will then they won’t. They’re only going to pay you so much anyway but if you can get an original Netflix thing or Amazon then you’d have a bigger budget, but it hasn’t really changed it for me. A lot of my films are on Netflix; they don’t give out the numbers so they’re not telling me how much they make but they’re always on there so they must be making something.
Ip Man 4: The Finale hits theatres this Christmas
Photos courtesy of Scott Adkins |
Are you a singer looking for ways to make money online? If you are, you’re definitely not alone. Many aspiring singers are trying to figure out new ways to earn an income so they can support their music dreams.
Starting something online as a singer can be quite intimidating at first. However, creating a full-time income on the internet has never been easier because of the fantastic amount of resources for musicians that are available today.
So how do you make money online as a singer?
Here are 15 ways to make money online as a singer:
- Use online streaming services to share your music
- Start a Youtube Channel
- Start a Patreon page
- Start a blog about music
- Selling your merch
- Promote products using an email list
- Sell your singing services
- Teach singing online
- Create an online singing course
- Provide vocal music production services
- Start a podcast for singers
- Create and sell vocal sample packs
- Write songs for others
- Live stream performances
- Crowdfunding
Making money online as a singer doesn’t happen overnight. The sooner you start, the faster you’ll be able to use your vocal gift to reach your income goals. In this post, I’ll dive a little deeper with the ways that you can start earning money online so you have all the essential information that you’ll need to make singing your full-time income.
Let’s begin!
1. Use online streaming services to share your music
Selling your music is a big part of making money online for any singer. The best way to get your music out there and see some earnings is by placing your songs on music streaming services like Spotify, Apple Music, Google Play, and other digital music stores.
With these platforms, you can distribute your songs online and earn royalties from your music.
Placing your music on the platform isn’t as simple as just going to the app and uploading your song online. You’ll need to work with a music distributor or a record label to add music to all the different music streaming services.
I recommend using Distrokid because they charge a low yearly fee of $19.99 while offering unlimited music uploads for one artist. Unlimited uploads are crucial because if you have many songs that you would like to upload online, the fees and rack up pretty quickly.
After uploading your songs on Distrokid, you’ll be able to access your music on all the different streaming platforms within a few weeks.
Once your music is online, you can start generating revenue for your music.
How to Get Started: Before you record an album, you first have to learn how to write a song.
Check out this step by step guide that I wrote on how to write a song so that you can start uploading tracks on all the important music streaming services.
Earning Potential: Moderately. Revenue from your songs can blow up if you write a hit track, but expect very low earnings when you start.
Time Until Your First Check: Medium. It may take music streaming platforms around 90 -120 days to report earnings to distributors. But once you have some fans and your songs on popular playlists, the income is very passive and can grow quickly.
Startup Cost: Low. To distribute your songs to streaming platforms only costs $19.99 per year on Distrokid.
2. Start a Youtube Channel
Over the years, Youtube has positioned itself as a powerhouse, ranking #2 only behind Google. With all the traffic coming to Youtube, there will be viewers ready to consume lots of content.
Starting a Youtube channel can be challenging at first. But with the right guidance and strategy, it can pay off in the long run and help you make money online.
You can use this platform to create a group of audiences that, over time, falls in love with your music and supports your music journey. You can monetize your channel by promoting your music, sharing your Patreon page, selling your vocal services, and promoting sponsored brands.
You can also make money through advertisements that play before or after your videos.
The monetizing opportunities are endless!
How to build a Youtube channel for singers
To earn subscribers and build a proper channel, you have to create excellent and consistent content. Posting irregularly will not help the Youtube algorithm and your subscriber’s thirst for more videos!
An efficient way of scheduling your content is by spending a day creating a bunch of videos and then slowly releasing them by following a weekly schedule. Let’s say you want to publish two videos a week. Create 8-10 videos first and then publish two videos each week while continuing to create more content.
Batching your videos creation days at once will help reduce the number of times you need to set up your camera gear and lessens the stress of burning yourself out because you’re chasing the publishing schedule.
How to Get Started: Create a list of video content ideas (song covers, music videos, music-related tips) and set specific days to publish.
Earning Potential: High. If you have subscribers, the sky’s the limit for Youtube monetization.
Time Until Your First Check: Medium. It depends on what you’re offering your fans. If you have a dedicated fan base already, you can make money quite quickly. For those starting from scratch, getting your first check might take 3-6 months. What I recommend is to focus on content first. Content is king! Make good content, attract fans to your channel, and then figure out monetizing.
Startup Cost: Moderate. It doesn’t cost much if you’re recording yourself. You can film with your smartphone and buy inexpensive but good sounding microphones like this lav mic on Amazon.
3. Start a Patreon page
What if there’s a way to create a steady online income that you can use to support your music career? How would that change the way you approach your music? That’s what the folks at Patreon thought about when they created this online membership platform.
With Patreon, you can create membership-based income through the donations from your dedicated fans.
You can create different levels of donations that allow fans to have exclusive access to bonus content such as behind-the-scenes videos, free downloads, fan recognition, early access to new music, personalized gifts, and live zoom calls.
How to have success on Patreon for singers
The key to having a successful Patreon page is providing value and engaging with your audience. Focus on benefits that will best engage your fans and their interests. Some of the best benefits don’t take a lot of extra time, but they can keep a lot of loyal members happy.
Simply spending some time creating a new short video or giving a shout out to a fan can provide high returns to your members. If your fans feel like your content and engagement is high, they’ll continue to keep their membership.
Before you start your Patreon page, you’ll need to prepare which platforms to share your Patreon with. For instance, Patreon works great alongside Youtube to promote your membership to loyal subscribers.
How to Get Started: Organize a Patreon launch for your existing fans. Think about the rewards for different tiers of donations. Start promoting your membership on your socials.
Earning Potential: Moderately High. Providing value to your loyal fans will be the main goal for Patreon. The more engaged they are, the more they’ll keep their membership with you.
Time Until Your First Check: Quick. If you have a group of fans already on your fans list, you can monetize within the first month!
Startup Cost: Low. You’re just marketing yourself and your platforms.
4. Start a blog about music
Creating a blog about music or singing is a great way to make money online. It allows you to show your expertise in your field as well as showcase and build your personal brand.
Starting a music blog can also provide different monetization opportunities, many of which can be entirely passive.
Here are some ways to make money with your blog:
- Affiliate products – Promote products and services for a commission fee.
- Advertisements – Sell ad space for companies to place on your website
- Digital products – Sell your courses and ebooks.
- Sponsorships – Get paid from brands to give them a shoutout in an article.
All four monetizing methods can work together simultaneously, which can be quite lucrative for any singer looking to create income for themselves.
Depending on your music experiences, you can create informational content around your music knowledge and genre type.
Let’s say you sing rock, you can write about the different singing techniques needed for rock vocals, or the best ways to prepare your voice before you get on stage. Your personal views, experience, and creatively will help your blog stand out from the crowd!
To start a blog, you’ll need three things:
- A domain name
- A web hosting account
- Install WordPress on your hosting
I’ve tried many different hosting companies, and I recommend Bluehost to start your WordPress site. This hosting company is extremely inexpensive, provides a free domain (saves you $15), easy to use, and it’s very reliable.
The hosting only costs around $3 to $6 bucks per month, depending on their promotions. You have to pay upfront once a year, but that covers unlimited traffic to your website for the entire year.
Bluehost also has a “1-click WordPress install,” which can allow you to start your site very quickly.
With your domain, hosting account, and WordPress setup, all you have to do is start writing about what you’re good at singing!
Think about all the useful tips and tricks that you use that can help your readers. The main goal of blogging is to provide as much value to your audience as possible. If they’re learning something useful, they’ll be a repeat audience.
How to Get Started: Setup with Bluehost and start writing helpful content.
Earning Potential: Extremely high. Creating a music blog has one of the highest-earning potentials on this list, with all the different types of monetizing strategies available.
Time Until Your First Check: Medium. Between 3 and 8 months to start, but once you have some traffic, the income can become very passive and grow pretty quickly.
Startup Cost: Very low. Around $120 to get hosting, photos for blog posts, and a good logo.
If you’re interested in learning how to start a good music blog and start attracting an audience to your site, I recommend a great blogging course called Project 24 by Income School. They provide a step-by-step guide to creating a blog from scratch and have a great community for all students!
5. Selling your merch
Another great way to make money online as a singer is to sell your own merchandise with your online store..
A lot of artists allow for revisions if you need them and also deliver your work quite quickly.
Once you have your designs, you’ll need to create a website where you can put your items up for sale. An easy website builder to sell your merch is Bandzoogle. Bandzoogle is a toolkit that helps you quickly build, manage, and promote your music website. They also provide you a store section to sell your merch to your fans.
What’s great about Bandzoogle is that all sales are commission free! You can start selling your music and merch without worrying about giving a chunk out of your revenue.
Creating your own t-shirts or mugs is also very easy. You can add your design on the shirt and accessories just by dragging and dropping your designs.
They also have integration with popular social media platforms, making it easier for your fans to reach your website. Just share your website link on your socials to attract more visitors to your store.
How to Get Started: Make a design and setup Bandzoogle to sell your merch.
Earning Potential: Moderate. Most likely, your fans will be the only ones buying your merch. So earnings depend on how many supports you got.
Time Until Your First Check: Medium. If you have loyal fans who consume your content, you can start making money fast.
Startup Cost: Low. Finding a good artist on Fiverr can be inexpensive. Bandzoogle is around $9-18 a month, depending on their promotions.
6. Promote products using an email list
According to the 2019 “Adobe Email Usage Study,” Americans check their work email (three-plus hours a day) and personal email (two-plus hours a day), which comes out to around five hours per day checking emails.
This study shows that email marketing is an effective and lucrative way to market your music and services to your fans.
How do you set up email marketing for singers?
You first need to have a website where your fans can put in their email address to get your exclusive content and insights. If you’re using Bandzoogle to make your music website, you’ll already have the email capture feature.
As you’re collecting more emails on your website, you can write a series of automated emails that engage with your audience. You can use tools like Mailchimp to send them out automatically.
You can include content like exclusive welcome videos, songwriting experiences, and even your personal stories in your music journey.
The main goal with the initial emails is to create a relationship with your audience and bringing them from being a casual listener into a loyal fan that will support your music and your promotions.
Once you’ve built up a rapport with your fans, you can send your fans different promotions that you have.
Maybe you want to promote your single that’s coming out on a music streaming service. Or you have your artist’s merch that you want to sell.
Regardless of what you want to promote, building an email list will help you create a relationship with your fans. When you leverage the power of email, you can start making consistent money every month without “hard selling” your loyal followers. You’ll develop a relationship so that your supporters will want to purchase your music and invest in your music journey.
How to Get Started: Create a website, share your website link on your socials, and start collecting emails!
Earning Potential: Moderately High. You can make a lot of money by promoting an engaged email list.
Time Until Your First Check: Medium. It could take around 2-6 months, collecting enough emails to make some money.
Startup Cost: Low. All you need is a website builder and Mailchimp to send automated emails.
7. Sell your singing service on freelance websites
There are many freelance websites where you can provide your vocals as a service for music companies, producers, and musicians. Common projects that can use your vocals include commercials/advertisements, singing jingles, and recording tracks.
These gigs are a great way to supplement your income on the side and build up your vocal portfolio.
Although the competition can be quite high since the barrier of entry is quite low, you definitely shouldn’t brush off this opportunity quickly because high competition means high demand!
There are so many new commercials and music tracks being produced out there that make advertising your vocal services on freelancing websites a great option to make money online as a singer.
There are a lot of different platforms where you can offer your vocal services. Some platforms focus on recording tracks for music producers, while others generally hire all kinds of vocal services.
Here are some of the best freelance websites for singers:
- Fiverr – High amount of jobs.
- Soundbetter – The most popular website for remote freelance work.
- Vocalizr – Connects you to producers looking to hire vocalists for their tracks.
- Airgig – Quick approval process to join and high-quality jobs
All these websites are great if you’re looking for vocal freelance jobs. The way to succeed as a freelance vocalist is by providing quality work, providing excellent customer service and ultimately, building a great reputation. If you do this, you’ll stand out from all the other freelancers in this space.
If you’re recording from home, you’ll need to be able to record studio-quality vocals. To improve the quality of your recordings, check out this portable sound isolation vocal booth like Monoprice (Amazon) to enhance the acoustics of your room as well as a good microphone like ATX 2035 (Amazon) for clearer vocals.
How to Get Started: I’d start by setting up a simple DIY home studio first. Record some demos that you can showcase. Then apply for all the freelance websites.
Earning Potential: Moderately High. You can make a lot when you’re more established. But first, you’ll need to build up your reviews and rating.
Time Until Your First Check: Medium. You can earn very quickly if your portfolio is strong enough.
Startup Cost: Moderate. You can have a simple setup for your recordings. If you’re tight on budget, you can look for second-hand recording equipment to lower the initial cost.
8. Teach singing online
Teaching others how to sing online is a great way to make some extra cash for yourself. If you’re passionate about teaching and are a bit tech-savvy, teaching online can be quite profitable.
Good vocal coaches can demand quite a lot, especially if they have built up a solid reputation and market themselves well.
I’ve personally paid vocal coaches nearly $80 per hour to build up my vocal techniques and stamina. It can be quite a lot of money, but I feel like spending on improving my vocals is worth the investment.
I’m sure many singers in the world feel the same.
If you’re just starting, don’t worry too much about your hourly price at first. Work on improving your teaching techniques and do a good job so that your student can give you a positive review.
When you start having a few happy customers writing good reviews for you, you’ll instantly get the credibility to up your hourly rate.
You can use either Zoom or Skype to host your online classes. Just make sure you have a working microphone, headset, and, most importantly, access to reliable internet.
If you’re not sure about your singing techniques, you can first learn from some of the very best before venturing out as a teacher. I recommend the 30 Day Singer online program to build up your singing fundamentals before coaching other singers. They have a FREE TRIAL for a month if you sign up. You can also learn a few tips and tricks from them as well!
How to Get Started: You can start by building an audience using any social media platform and market to your followers who are interested in learning how to sing. Start with a lower price and slowly add to it as you gain more students.
Earning Potential: Moderate. If you grow a whole business around your effort, you could undoubtedly earn a full-time wage, but you’re more likely to bring in between $300 to $3,000 per month.
Time Until Your First Check: Moderate. If you advertise singing lessons on your social media pages, it could be quick. If you’re marketing through word of mouth or referrals, it could take longer.
Startup Cost: Low. You can start right away if you already have an internet connection, an instrument (piano/guitar), and a computer.
9. Create an online singing course
If you’re looking for a more passive way to teach singing, you can consider making a singing program and selling it online.
Online singing courses are becoming great substitutions for traditional methods of learning how to sing because of its convenience and flexibility.
Singing courses like the Singorama and 30 Day Singer are killing it online.
To create an online course, you can use platforms like Udemy or Skillshare to upload video tutorials. Once they’re uploaded, you can market your course through different avenues like your email list, website, and youtube channel.
The best part about making an online course is that all the work is done upfront.
Traditionally, singing teachers get paid by the amount of time they spend with their students, which can be quite worrisome if the hours are low. But with an online course, you’ll only need to teach and create your video lessons once at the beginning. Then just focus on packaging and selling your course.
To help your students, you can also include bonuses like Facebook/email support, downloadable pdf sheets, and workbooks. Adding a few extra bonuses will increase the value of your course, which will help entice more students to try out your course.
How to Get Started: I recommend starting a Youtube channel first to gain more experience in front of the camera and build a following before trying to market your course.
Earning Potential: Extremely high. It may take a long time to build up an audience, but this type of business can quickly bring in a lot of money IF you are successful!
Time Until Your First Check: This is a long-term investment in time and effort to build up an audience, create good content, and sell video courses. Expect it to take at least eight months before you make a significant income.
Startup Cost: Low. It doesn’t cost much to do something like this. You can start creating videos within a couple of hundred bucks (camera, tripod, and lighting)
10. Provide vocal and music production services
Do you have experience working on different DAWs like Apple Logic Pro or Pro Tools? Do you know how to make vocals sound better by adjusting the EQ, adding effects, and tuning the vocals? If you do, vocal engineering and music production can be an excellent way for you to make money online.
Many singers don’t know how to fine-tune their voice to make their tracks sound professional. Knowing how to adjust and create a vocal-focused mix is a valuable skillset that you can monetize.
Being able to produce music can be very helpful as well. Reputable music producers can charge a lot of money to produce one track for an artist.
The best way to sell your services is through freelance websites like Fiverr, Soundbetter, and Airgig.
Similar to online vocal recording services, mixing vocals and producing tracks for other artists can be very competitive. But if you have a particular sound that other artists like, it will help you stand out from the crowd.
You can also market your services on your social media pages and your website.
How to Get Started: Learn how to mix and produce your own tracks first. Create a good portfolio of songs and showcase them on freelance websites.
Earning Potential: Moderately high. Depending on how many clients you attract, you can be making quite a decent amount per track.
Time Until Your First Check: Medium. It depends on how fast you get selected to work on a project.
Startup Cost: Moderate to high. You’ll need a DAW and a midi keyboard for a basic setup. There may be additional plugins and effects that you may want to invest in as you work on more sophisticated tracks.
11. Start a podcast for singers
Podcasts are a fantastic way to gain an audience and attract sponsorships from brands, which can be very lucrative. As a singer, you can talk about your insights and experiences to become an expert in your space.
You can also talk about different singing techniques, teach music marketing, current events, and so much more.
Try to pick a topic that you’re knowledgeable about and can speak about for 100+ episodes. With podcasts, you’re playing the long game. But the rewards will pay off when your podcast starts to get popular.
There are a few different ways you can earn money through your podcast.
1. Feature brands and charge them to be in your episodes, so they get exposure to your audience. Most of the time, for this, you’ll need to create a 20 to 30-second voice ad promoting the brand.
Make sure the brand is trustworthy as you don’t want to lose followers for unreliable brands. Stick to brands and products you like and believe in.
2. Earn commissions by enticing listeners to check out different products and services by clicking to your link to access the product.
3. Use your podcast to promote your own products and services.
When you start a podcast, you’re positioning yourself as an authority as a singer. This will create the trust and connection that will help you attract large audiences and prominent brands, which will lead to more significant monetization opportunities.
How to Get Started: I’d highly recommend checking out Podcast Advance to start.
Earning Potential: Moderately High. You can make good money through big sponsorships. But advertising your products will be the biggest money-making method.
Time Until Your First Check: Long. It will take quite a long time to begin a podcast, publish it, promote it, and get sponsors. Plan on at least six months to a year.
Startup Cost: Low. Your main cost will be podcasting gear, a logo, and a website. A $200 investment in your podcast is a very reasonable budget, but you could do it for as cheap as $60.
12. Create and sell vocal sample packs
New vocal samples are always hot in demand as they can be great inspirations for producers to use for new beats or finishing touches on a new track.
The work for creating vocal sample packs is all done up front, and it can be a steady source of passive income. Vocal sample packs can include everything from echo-sounding la’s, weird vocal yells to syncopated woo’s.
Here’s a cool demo about vocal sample packs:
To create vocal sample packs that you can sell, you need to be familiar with some of the production standards and guidelines:
- All the sounds you create for sale should be 100% original and not retooled from any licensed source.
- Loop duration should generally be two bars. Although, four-bar loops are acceptable, but only if warranted.
- The file naming scheme and format for your samples should fit with wherever you’re uploading the packs.
A great platform that you can use to upload your vocal sample packs to is Sonoiz. Sonoiz helps you distribute your vocal sample pack and sell your sample packs to music producers and sound designers.
Another way of selling your vocal sample pack is by setting up a Shopify store and promoting the website using your own socials.
You can market your sample packs by creating “behind the scene” videos while you’re recording your vocals. It’s a great way to show your audience an inside glimpse of your recording process and pique their interest in your work.
How to Get Started: Start recording various vocal tracks. Decide whether you want to use Sonoiz to distribute for you or you sell your vocal sample packs yourself through Shopify.
Earning Potential: Moderately high. If you have an engaged audience, you can sell quite a lot of sample packs.
Time Until Your First Check: Moderate. Once you get your sample pack ready, you could probably start earning in a month or so, depending on your audience size.
Startup Cost: Moderate to high. You’ll need a DAW and an excellent microphone to start. You may want to invest in some vocal effects to make your sample pack unique.
13. Write songs for others
Many people are looking for songwriters to write melodies and lyrics for them. The songs could be for professional projects like promotion songs or jingles for brands. You can also write songs for special occasions like weddings and anniversaries.
Regardless of what the song is for, if you’re able to write songs that fit with the client’s vision, songwriting can be a good source of income.
One thing you must figure out before taking on the project is if the job is a one-off paid gig or if there are royalties involved. Be sure to make it clear from the start.
If you’re posting your job on Fiverr, most of the tasks will only be paid upfront without any royalties involved unless your song makes it into film or television.
How to Get Started: Search on Fiverr and see what your competitors are doing. Look at what you can do better, whether it’s the photos, intro video or description about the gig.
If you want to learn how to write a song from start to finish, I’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can check out here.
Earning Potential: Moderately high. If you have an engaged audience, you can sell quite a lot of sample packs.
Time Until Your First Check: Moderate. You’ll need to build up your songwriting portfolio before getting customers reaching out to you.
Startup Cost: Low. If you already have an instrument and a laptop, you’ll start right away.
Read Next: How to Pick a Topic for a song: 5 Simple Steps
14. Live stream performances
Performing live on camera is a great way to grow your brand as well as engage with your fans. There is something inspiring about watching a live, unedited, and unpredictable live stream. Over time, you can create an audience that is trusting of your brand, loves your music and your values, which is important with monetizing.
Popular platforms like Youtube, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitch all provide live streaming in their app.
There are a few ways where you can make money in your live stream performances.
Fan donations
When fans are enjoying your performance and having a good time, many of them will give tips and support your music.
When you’re live streaming, you have an excellent opportunity to let your fans know you at a personal level. If you’re creating a setlist for your live stream, use 30% of the set for Q&A sessions so that you’re spending time interacting with your fans.
To monetize, you can include a Paypal link in your stream. Some platforms like Twitch already have a donation function built-in to their app.
Brand deals and sponsorships
Affiliate programs are an excellent way to monetize your live streams. You can work with a sponsor and promote their service or a product.
Here’s how affiliate programs can work with your live streams: You mention your sponsor in your stream and promote their company. They provide you a unique product link (or promo code) for their services or product. And every time someone visits the link and buys the product – you get a percentage of the sale.
Whenever you’re working with a brand, make sure that the company is trustworthy. No brand is worth losing your entire following over. In the long run, your reputation is much more important.
How to Get Started: Pick your platform of choice and start playing your music! Promote your live stream every time on all your socials to let your audience know.
Earning Potential: Moderately high. If you have a broad audience, brands will come to find you. If you have superfans on your stream, there’s a lot of potential to get donations.
Time Until Your First Check: Long. You’ll have to be consistent with building your following.
Startup Cost: Low. Just grab your smartphone or computer, and start playing away!
15. Crowdfunding
Crowdfunding is a great way to fund your projects without needing to look for huge advances from either a record label or a loan.
Instead, you’re receiving a small amount of support from a large audience by tapping into your loyal followers.
The best part is: your fans WANT to support you. But all you need to do is ask. Crowdfunding lets you do it in a manageable way.
Crowdfunding platforms like Kickstarter and Indiegogo are both established crowdfunding companies that can help you fund the projects that you want.
For both platforms, you must set a goal for funding and set a timeline.
The main difference between Kickstarter and Indiegogo is how much money you receive after your deadline.
With Kickstarter, if you don’t meet your goal in time, all donations made by your fanbase will be refunded. However, with Indiegogo, they have “flex funding,” which gives you the option to collect your donations (with a 9% fee) even if you don’t meet the goal.
If you’re confident that you’ll be able to hit your goal within the deadline, go with Kickstarter. It will pay off in a big way.
But if you’re not sure that you’ll reach your goal, go with Indiegogo and see how much you can fund for your campaign.
How to Get Started: Make a business plan and make sure you know your budget. Think about the different offerings that you’ll provide for each level of rewards while creating all the necessary promotional content like videos and descriptions. Once you have everything set: mass promote your campaign.
Earning Potential: Very high. If you can create a successful campaign, you can make a lot from crowdfunding.
Time Until Your First Check: Moderate to Long. Your check depends on how long you set your funding. Typically campaigns run from 30-90 days.
Startup Cost: Low. In the beginning, spending a lot of time creating promotional content and planning will be the most significant initial investment.
Final Thoughts
Now that you have all the different ways of making money online as a singer. Take massive action! The most important part is starting and immersing yourself in your projects!
By taking immediate and bold action, you’ll see results quickly, which will help you gain momentum and motivation to keep going.
Good luck!
21 Ways To Promote Your Music Online: The Ultimate Guide
How much do Backup Singers Make?
9 thoughts on “15 Smart Ways For Singers To Make Money Online”
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Loyalist Trails Newsletter 2020-44 (November 8, 2020)
In this issue:
- Remembrance Day 11 November, and Veteran’s Week
- New Brunswick Loyalists and their Runaway Slaves, Part 2 of 2 by Stephen Davidson
- Podcast: Black Loyalists in New Brunswick, with Stephen Davidson
- A Family Note on New Brunswick Loyalists and Their Run Away Slaves
- Loyalist Samuel Williams’ Journey to Florida
- JAR: Thomas Machin and His Chains
- The Ties That Bind: My Scottish Loyalist Ancestor, Neil McRae by Carl Stymiest
- Lacemakers and Handicraft: 1750-1775
- Borealia: Are we there yet? On the Pandemic, Trumpism, and the History of Anticipation
- Bay of Quinte Branch: Loyal Americans Hall of Honour
- Book: Loyalist History of Nova Scotia
- Region, Branch and Member Bits and Events
- Available On-demand: Create Toronto
- Additions to the Loyalist Directory
- Where in the World are Your Photos?
- From the Twittersphere and Beyond
- Last Post: DARGATZ, Kenneth Robert
Connect with us:
Twitter:
Remembrance Day 11 November, and Veteran’s Week
The Canadian Government has designated November 5-11 as Veterans’ Week — a time when we honour those who have served Canada, past and present, in times of war, military conflict and peace. This year’s theme is the 75th anniversary of the end of the Second World War. Take some time to visit the Veteran’s Week website and read about the key milestones and battles that led to the conclusion of the major conflict, an important part of Canada’s rich military history. On November 11th please take time to reflect on the sacrifices made by all of our veterans.
we will remember them!
New Brunswick Loyalists and their Runaway Slaves, Part 2 of 2
Outside of purchasing their own freedom, enslaved Africans who sought emancipation during the American Revolution had but one option. They had to run away from their masters. Those who were enslaved by Patriots were given their freedom if they joined the British forces. The Blacks enslaved by Loyalists, however, had no such option. They had to follow their masters as the latter sought sanctuary within other parts of the British Empire. For the Blacks who were slaves in New Brunswick, their only hope for freedom was to run away from their Loyalist masters. Without any Underground Railway, they could only hope that they might find sanctuary somewhere where they need never fear being made slaves again.
The newspaper ads for the recapture of runaway slaves provide insight into those Blacks who risked everything to achieve freedom. The ads also show how determined New Brunswick’s Loyalist slave owners were to have their property returned to them.
In May of 1786, Captain John Whitlock of Grimross Neck in Queen’s County posted a detailed ad for the return of his 21 year-old slave, Pompey. Whitlock described Pompey as “about 5 feet 10 or 11 inches high, he is a stout well-made fellow, had on when he went a striped cotton jacket, a brown ditto, a linen shirt, Russia sheeting {plain weave hemp linen} trousers, white yarn stockings, tanned leather moccasins half-soled, and carried with him a grey homespun great coat, a sailor’s blue jacket, mixed rug, and a white blanket.” (Note how the escapee brought along a few “extras” either to sell for cash or to clothe himself during his flight.) Whoever captured Pompey on his flight to freedom would receive “two guineas reward and all reasonable charges”.
Like so many other runaway Blacks, Pompey’s fate is unknown. His master, John Whitlock, eventually acquired land near Montreal in Lower Canada. This may be where Pompey — if recaptured—spent the remainder of his days.
In July of 1787, three Blacks made their getaway from Thomas Lister in a birchbark canoe. A captain in DeLancey’s Third Battalion, Lister had settled in Waterborough, Queen’s County. An escape by boat allowed the runaways to follow the course of the St. John River to its mouth on the Bay of Fundy.
Lister’s fugitive slaves are interesting in that they included a brother and sister who were “raised in the family”. Familiarity had clearly not endeared the Lister family to Sam and Bella. Sam was about 18 years old, “middling tall and slim, quick spoken” and could play the violin. He had last been seen wearing a brown coat and trousers made of ticking — a striped material used to cover mattresses.
Like Sam, his sister Bella was described as being “between a black and a mulatto” in her complexion. She was also tall and slim, but was “slow in her speech”. She was “raw-boned” with a scar between her eye and temple. Her only notable attire was a black covered hat with white lining. The notice of reward for Bella’s capture also included the fact that she had once lived with Judge James Peters in Saint John. Perhaps Lister thought Bella’s familiarity with Saint John would make it the fugitives’ destination.
The third member of the fugitives who fled in a canoe “with sundry things” was Tony Smith. Also known as Joe, Smith was described as a “free fellow, but hired for a time”. This suggests that he was a Black Loyalist who had come to know Sam and Bella while working for Lister. Being free to move about the colony for the past four years, Smith would have had the knowledge necessary to help the siblings escape their Loyalist master. Smith’s English was “broken”, but otherwise his description was much like that of Sam: tall and slim, between a black and a mulatto, wearing a brown coat and ticking trousers. Lister accused Smith of being the one who carried away clothes from the Loyalist’s home.
The Loyalist slave owner asked that his fugitive slaves “may be confined in jail until called for”. Dire consequences were threatened if anyone harboured or concealed the runaways. This warning suggests that Lister was aware of those in the New Brunswick who would help Blacks to escape from slavery. Unfortunately such early abolitionists have never been identified.
Thomas Lister and his family eventually left New Brunswick and returned to the United States — presumably to New York where they had lived before the revolution. If Sam and Bella were captured, it is likely that they also ended their days in a society sustained by slavery.
Eighteen year-old London also escaped from his Loyalist master in the summer of 1787. Dr. Joseph Clarke was a Connecticut native who served as a surgeon with the British forces during the revolution.
When London was last seen in July of 1783, he was wearing a coloured jacket, ticking trousers, and a green shirt with white sleeves. His left foot would be the best means of identifying the fugitive. Its second toe was missing the first joint. The ad for London’s capture included the usual reward of one guinea and a warning to ship’s captains. It differed from other ads in that Clarke forbid anyone to “employ him as a servant or otherwise”.
This leads one to speculate that Loyalists in need of cheap labour might hire a runaway slave, turning a blind eye to the fact that the Black was –in the eyes of the law—someone else’s property. This 18th century form of “unregistered labourer” may have been the means by which runaways escaped slavery while living in a society that permitted human bondage.
The enslavement of Blacks was not limited to settlements along New Brunswick’s St. John River Valley.
A 1797 ad published for the capture of a runaway slave is interesting in that it involves a Loyalist master who lived along the New Brunswick/Nova Scotia border. Titus Knapp offered a five-pound reward for the capture of Nero. (This was more than four times the usual reward of one guinea offered in other notices.) Besides the fact that he was Black, the only descriptors for Nero were that he was about five feet eight inches high and was 27 years old.
The ad was placed in a Saint John newspaper, and the reward could be collected from its printer. This suggests that Knapp believed that Nero was headed for the port city and a sailing ship that would take him far from New Brunswick. Nothing more is known of Nero’s fate; Knapp would continue to buy and sell slaves for the next 13 years.
The historian Dr. W.A. Spray has identified the last advertisement for a runaway slave that appeared in a New Brunswick newspaper. On September 5, 1818, John Mount of Musquash posted a reward for a “Negro Boy named Samuel Hutchings“. However, it was not the last time that a newspaper referred to a Black as a runaway.
In 1847, three years after slavery was abolished within the British Empire, a New Brunswick Black man was accused of being a fugitive slave. The St. Andrew’s Standard quoted an American newspaper story that said William Richardson had been imprisoned in the States “as a runaway”. Born in Saint John in 1814, Richardson had moved to Deer Island in the Bay of Fundy to work for a farmer named Hatheway. Given that slavery was still legal in the United States, Richardson may have been captured with an eye to enslaving and selling him. As with so many other New Brunswick runaways, his fate is unknown.
These stories of enslaved Blacks who made a bold dash for freedom are just the “tip of the iceberg” of the many accounts that have been lost over time. Not only do they illustrate the pervasiveness of slavery within Loyalist New Brunswick, they demonstrate how often the Blacks enslaved by Loyalists tried to escape the ugly reality of human bondage. It was a time when slaves tried to flee what constitutes modern Canada –rather than heading north to Canada– to become free men and women.
To secure permission to reprint this article contact the author at [email protected].
Podcast: Black Loyalists in New Brunswick, with Stephen Davidson
Historian and now author Stephen Davidson shares some of his research into Black Loyalists in New Brunswick. A ten-minute podcast of an interview with Stephen Davidson by CBC Radio Fredericton. The program “Shift” was broadcast across all of New Brunswick. Listen in…
A Family Note on New Brunswick Loyalists and Their Run Away Slaves
Regarding the above article in the November 1, 2020 newsletter, across the Bay of Fundy from New Brunswick, in Nova Scotia, similar stories of enslaved persons freeing themselves from Loyalist masters have come to light. One such story involves my ancestor, Daniel Odell, Loyalist farmer from Dutchess County, New York, and an enslaved man named Joseph.
The July 3, 1792, issue of The Royal Gazette and the Nova Scotia Advertiser included a rough sketch of two runaway slaves with, Philip Earl.” A similar but more detailed advertisement describes Joseph as being about twenty four years of age, five feet six inches high with remarkable white teeth and notes he had on a light brown coat, red waistcoat and thickset breeches.
Daniel and Joseph had been recorded together in “The Book of Negroes” nine years earlier, as having traveled to Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia from New York City on board the ship Caron captained by David Balmanne. The entry notes a negroe named “Joe”, who is described as a fine 14 year old boy, is in the possession of Daniel Odel.
Daniel Odell was born in 1733 and lived in Beekman, Dutchess County, New York, until his farm and other property was confiscated by New York State. His lost property is described in detail in his unsuccessful claims for compensation. He and his wife Mary Spalding Odell, who died in Nova Scotia shortly after her arrival in 1784, had five children. One son, Daniel Jr. appears to be the Private Daniel Odle who served under Captain Andrew Maxwell in General Montfort Brown’s Prince of Wales Regiment. Another son, Uriah, from whom I descend, joined the other side as a member of the Dutchess County Militia and received a military land grant in Delaware County New York. Daniel was a cousin of the Rev. Dr. Jonathan Odell, first Provincial Secretary of New Brunswick. He died in 1816 and is buried in the Thomas Cemetery, Smith’s Cove, Nova Scotia.
As for Joseph, I have no further information. It is likely he changed his name. I hope he was able to join a community of free Blacks, either in Nova Scotia or elsewhere and enjoy the remainder of his life as a free man and not as property.
Thanks again for including articles on this important topic.
Dan Odell, San Diego, California
Loyalist Samuel Williams’ Journey to Florida
By Phil Eschbach
In Florida during the changeover to the British in 1763, the outgoing Spanish governor and the new British governor, James Grant, gave Spanish residents the choice of remaining under British rule, (promising no retaliation), or leaving, perhaps for Spain or Cuba. The vast majority moved to Cuba, taking with them their possessions and leaving behind their homes and property. As many as 3,726 people evacuated St. Augustine in 1763 and 1764. Some even disassembled their houses and shipped them to Cuba by boat. Under the terms of the treaty, they were allowed eighteen months to dispose of their property. Only a few Hispanic families, some say as few as two, decided to remain behind and chance dealing with their former enemies, the British.. In the 1760s, indigo, on the London mercantile exchange, sold for more per ounce than an ounce of gold. Hence land speculators descended on Florida to seek their fortunes.
In 1775, King George III advised Florida Governor Tonyn to issue a proclamation to the residents of all the American colonies, inviting loyalists to move to Florida, “for the encouragement of such persons as may under these creul [sic] Circumstances be induced to seek a happy Asylum in the Province, to make out of them gratuitous Grants of Land exempt from Quit Rents for Ten Years.”
In 1776, Samuel Williams, along with his sons, William, Wilson and Abner, and his two daughters and sons-in-law, the Nathaniel Ashleys and the Drury Forts, moved to Florida and received a land grant from Governor Tonyn. They settled on 500 acres, managed by a French overseer named Joseph Terrio at Doctor’s Lake on the St. John’s River. Later Samuel’s son, Abner, decided to go back to North Carolina to retrieve his family who had remained behind. Abner’s wife, Hannah Blewett, stayed in NC with her parents during the revolution, when the rest of the Williams families had gone south.
After arriving in Florida, Samuel, along with his sons Wilson and William and sons-in-law Nathaniel Ashley and Drury Fort quickly joined the East Florida Rangers, also known as the Kings Rangers, a militia group formed by Governor Tonyn to aid the British cause. They were based in Florida and sent north to fight against the rebels in Georgia and the Carolinas. The group was made up mostly of recent members of loyalist families who had migrated to Florida to settle in the new colony. Samuel Williams was granted a commission in March of 1776 by Governor Tonyn as Captain under Colonel Thomas Brown, mentioned in the segment in the previous issue.
In his report on expenses for the Rangers for 1776, Governor Tonyn showed a payment to Samuel Williams of £141 for his “secret service distributing Acts of Parliament and Proclamations in the Back Countries of the Carolinas and Georgia.” In June, he was on a mission to capture cattle near the St. Marys River. In March of 1778, he was wounded during the capture of Fort Howe on the Altamaha River in Georgia, after swimming the river at night for a surprise attack. While based in Florida, Samuel fought in many skirmishes and battles in the colonies of Georgia and the Carolinas throughout the Revolution, during which he was wounded five times.
In some missions, he was joined by one or more of his sons and sons-in-law, who had also joined various loyalist militias. Samuel was captured several times and exchanged. He supplied his own slaves to help fortify Fort Cornwallis at Augusta, Georgia. In 1781, Under Colonel Thomas Brown, three of Samuel’s sons joined him in an effort to hold off the rebels in a siege but were defeated. The Williams were taken captive along with five of Samuel’s horses and four of his slaves. Some prisoners were murdered by the rebels, but Samuel and his sons were spared, although the patriots tried to murder his son, Henry, who was shot and severely wounded while in prison.
All Samuel’s property, valued at £700 to £800, including some 800 acres, a general store, a sawmill, and a grist mill, in North Carolina, had been confiscated in 1779.
After the war, East and West Florida were ceded back to Spain by the Treaty of Paris in 1783. However, the transition took almost two years to complete. During this time outgoing Governor Tonyn ordered the formation of a troop of militia in North Florida under Captain William Young, a loyalist from Pennsylvania. This group was also called the East Florida Rangers, whose purpose this time was to preserve the public tranquility during the time of transition to Spanish control, as there was little police protection in the area of Northeast Florida. Listed on the militia rolls were Samuel Williams, Wilson Williams, William Williams, Drury Fort, Nathaniel Ashley and his son William Ashley. This Samuel Williams could possibly have been the son of Henry and not the older patriarch, Samuel, his grandfather.
During this interim time, many British residents hoped that the treaty would be rescinded, and Florida would remain British. Some settlers realized that it would not happen but were undecided as to what to do.
The new incoming Spanish regime in Florida decreed that all residents who wished to remain in Florida must become Catholic and swear allegiance to the monarch in Spain. In the first Spanish census (1784), Samuel declared he was a widower and owned four slaves and two cows. But he and his son Jacob refused to stay and left with British governor Tonyn on the last ship out, the Two Sisters, sailing from Fernandina back to England in late 1785, arriving in early 1786. Samuel died shortly after his arrival in England in 1786. Unfortunately, he left no will that we know of. His children’s struggles will be discussed, one at a time, in a set of upcoming articles in the series.
Endnotes
“Archaeological Data Recovery in the Northern Portion of 8SJ62NR Fish Island Plantation, St. John County, Florida,” Greg Smith, Brent Handley, Sidney Johnson, 2004.
Panagopoulos, E.P. New Smyrna, an Eighteenth Century Greek Odyssey. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1966.
Williams, Eric. “Florida Historical Quarterly,” Vol. 54
Feldman, Lawrence H. The Last Days of British Saint Augustine, 1784-1785. Baltimore: Clearfield Co., 1998.
Mowat, Charles Loch. East Florida as a British Province 1763-1784. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1943.
Searcy, Martha Condray. The Georgia-Florida Contest in the American Revolution, 1776-1778. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1985.
Moss, Bobby Gilmer. Roster of the Loyalists in the Battle of Moores Creek Bridge. Blacksburg, South Carolina: Hibernia Press, 1992.
Hawk, Robert. Florida’s Army: Militia, State Troops, National Guard, 1565-1985. Englewood, Fla: Pineapple Press, 1986.
“East Florida Papers” Reel 148.
Cashin, Edward J. The King’s Ranger, Thomas Brown and the American Revolution on the Southern Frontier. Athens & London: The University of Georgia Press, 1989.
Siebert, Wilbur H. East Florida as a Refuge of Southern Loyalists, 1774-1785. Worcester: American Antiquarian Society, 1927.
JAR: Thomas Machin and His Chains
by Bevis Longstreth 2 November 2020
Thomas Machin claimed to be a British-trained engineer. His record of achievements in the United States suggests the claim was true. Most of his past, however, remains largely unknown and what is known is both mysterious and controversial. And, yet, he was one on whom Gen. George Washington placed a huge wager in 1776 by summoning him to design, fashion and install across the mighty Hudson River between Fort Montgomery and Anthony’s Nose a chain to block the Royal Navy, soon to be assembling in New York Harbor with upstream intentions. And, then, when the Fort Montgomery chain was cut by the British, to repeat this astounding accomplishment with a new chain strung between West Point and Constitution Island.
While much is different in usage and development along its banks, the river, itself, has changed little since the late eighteenth century, when the struggle for control became an important element of the Revolutionary War. It is an arm of the sea—an estuary in which waters both fresh and salt mix in a four-foot tide extending 150 miles from its mouth in New York Bay north to Troy, New York. And, as a narrow arm of the sea formed by glacial erosion and bordered by steep cliffs, the Hudson may fairly be described as a fjord.
From Lake Tear in the Clouds near Mt. Marcy to New York Bay, the river flows a distance of 315 miles. For some sixteen miles from Newburgh Bay to Peekskill Bay, the Hudson Highlands rise high above a perilous channel known as “The Devil’s Horse Race.” The deepest sounding, at the southern end of Martyr’s Reach opposite West Point, is 216 feet; the river’s depth at Fort Montgomery is almost the same. Tides rise and fall in this stretch of river by one yard. Read more…
The Ties That Bind: My Scottish Loyalist Ancestor, Neil McRae
by Carl Stymiest. This was published in Kintail, the newsletter of the Clan MacRae Society of Canada, Issue 49, Fall 2020, pp. 5-7.
NOTE: In the Loyalist Directory, Neil McRae is filed under McGraw with McRae and McCraw being alternate spellings.
As a member of the United Empire Loyalists’ Association of Canada, and knowing that I have 18 loyalist ancestors, I ven-tured to prove my direct lineage to all of them. In my varied research on my MacRae/McRae family connections, it is not-ed that Neil MacRae UEL is my 3rdGreat-Grandfather. He was b. 1755, Argyllshire, Scotland, the son of Loyalist Pvt. Duncan/Donald MacRae b.1720, Scotland. Neil was a private in the 42nd Highland Regiment in the American Revolutionary War. His father and his brother, Duncan Jr. also served in the 42ndregiment.
Neil, while in the southern colonies migrated to North Carolina and fought in the Battle of Moore’s Bridge near the beginning of the American Revolution. From here, we find Neil joined the 42nd Royal Highland Black Watch and was mustered out after the Revolutionary War to Nova Scotia on Oct 24, 1783. The bulk of the discharged veterans from the 42nd who would settle in New Brunswick accompanied the final Loyalist fleet to leave New York. Fifty of these were on board the transport “Mercury“and 48 on the “Jason“. They arrived on the St John River on 17 Oct 1783.
Neil’s father, Loyalist Duncan MacRae settled on Lot # 53 on the south bank of the Miramichi River, (Loggieville), Northum-berland Co., Canada and later moved with his in-laws, the “Hierlihy’s” to Tabusintac, Alnwick Parish, Northumberland Co., New Brunswick in 1798. Read more….
Lacemakers and Handicraft: 1750-1775
— a Case Study of Traditions and Commerce
ikfoundation.org
Laces had been a luxury item long before the mid-18th century, primarily visible today via artworks often focusing on clothing details showing off impressive craft skills of complex needle or bobbin-made examples. To work as a skilled lacemaker, with specialist knowledge in producing laces for sale was undoubtedly backbreaking work over many long hours. In contrast to when lacemaking was part of a leisure activity for young ladies of the elite strata of society, such textile craft was evidently depicted as a relaxing and enjoyable moment in a comfortable or even extravagant domestic sphere. At times a lady seems to have preferred other sorts of handicraft — like embroidery — but laces still being an important part of her fashionable silk gown. This essay will focus on a selection of artworks, sumptuary laws and preserved handmade laces from Sweden, Denmark and France, but similar traditions and fashions could also have been applied to several other European countries or in the North American colonies.
Linen or silk lacework of this kind was detachable, so the delicate handmade laces were possible to remove for washing, starching and ironing. Read more…
Borealia: Are we there yet? On the Pandemic, Trumpism, and the History of Anticipation
By Jerry Bannister 5 November 2020 stayed in the glove box of our car while we spent as much time outside as we could. Waiting for the results of the election in the U.S. reminded me of that aborted essay, as well as the post I wrote for Borealia when Trump was elected in 2016.
Unlike 2016, the crises of 2020 do not, at least for me, raise questions about how, or even whether, we should approach the writing of national history. What struck me most as we endured the early phases of the pandemic was how much of our public discussion focused on the future. Even as we struggled to understand the nature and extent of Covid-19 infections globally, the mainstream media seemed to be fixated more on how long the pandemic would last than what its near-term impact would be. While we were experiencing the immediate disruptions of the pandemic, we spent a surprising amount of time talking about what would come next.
This appeared similar to what psychologists have called prefeeling. Reading so many people talk about the end of something while it was just starting prompted me to think about whether historians should factor this into our study of other periods. To what degree did people experiencing plagues, famines, or revolutions spend their days imagining the future? Read more…
Bay of Quinte Branch: Loyal Americans Hall of Honour
The Legacy of Loyal Americans ~ Hall of Honour was created in 2003 by the Bay of Quinte Branch. It has the following purpose: to identify and celebrate those descendants of the United Empire Loyalists who have made significant achievements, either locally, nationally or internationally.
The most recent appointees were just added:
- BREADNER, Lloyd Samuel, CB, DSC, UE (1894-1952) a founder of the Royal Canadian Air Force.
- PURDY, Alfred Wellington “Al” UE (1918-2000) Canadian poet and author.
Brian Tackaberry UE
Book: Loyalist History of Nova Scotia
Blog by Gail Dever. Read more…
Region, Branch and Member Bits and Events
Available On-demand: Create Toronto
On Wed 4 Nov, we had an enthusiastic audience attend the “Create Toronto” webinar by Richard Fiennes-Clinton with many full-screen slides, quick presentation style and well-researched content. From the end of the last ice-age, arrival of First Nations, their evolution and growth across North America, languages, first arrival of the Europeans through Simcoe’s founding the Town of York and on through the renaming to City of Toronto in 1834. If you are interested, watch “Creating Toronto”
Additions to the Loyalist Directory
As time permits, we add information to the Loyalist Directory. The latest additions and updates are as follows:
- Joseph Aplin – contributed by Kevin Wisener (new one from NS and PEI)
- William Graham – contributed from Branch records by Jo Ann Tuskin
- James Hughes – contributed by Michael Umpherson
- George Jakes – contributed by Kevin Wisener (new one from PEI)
- Neil McGraw – contributed by Carl Stymiest
Please help us build the directory by contributing more information for it. Contact [email protected] for instructions and guidance.
Where in the World are Your Photos?
“Missing Opportunities” … Where in the World will be back again when some Photos arrive?
- Paying respects at monument to Captain John MacDonald of 84th Regiment at Cemetery in Scotchfort, Prince Edward Island
- Thrilled today to be given a copy of “History of Freeport” by Rev. Walter Greenwood. Freeport was settled by Loyalists in 1784 so book is especially interesting.
- This Week in History
- 1 Nov 1765 Stamp Act takes effect, intended to pay for defense of Colonies.
- 31 Oct 1776 George III addresses Parliament, celebrating victory at Long Island, warning of more fighting to come.
- 6 Nov 1769, the Boston Gazette told a story about Customs Commissioner Charles Paxton greeting a man with “your most obedient humble servant, Sir!” only to hear, “Yes, yes, every man’s humble servant, but no man’s friend.”
- Before Halloween, early Boston celebrated Pope’s Night on November 5th, a festive, deeply anti-Catholic holiday celebrated with parades, bonfires, and lots of drinking and brawling. It pitted the North and South Ends of the town against each other.
- 5 Nov 1775 Pope’s Night in Boston Gen Washington admonishes his troops against the anti-Catholic celebration as it is offensive to the French Canadians with whom he hoped to make common cause against the British.
- 2 Nov 1776 American officer deserts to Lord Hugh Percy, delivers plans for Ft. Washington on Manhattan.
- RI, leading to capture of crew and weapons.
- 4 Nov 1782 American forces attack foraging party on John’s Island SC, last battle before Treaty of Paris drafted.
- Townsend’s
- Clothing and Related:
- 18th Century dress, front detail of Robe a l’Anglaise bodice, embroidered with pretty florals, c.1770’s
- 18th Century dress, Woman’s mantua with stomacher & petticoat, c.1700 made of silk satin with gold & silver metallic thread embroidery
- waistcoat or vest, taffeta and fluted simplicity, striped, silk brocade and silver spun, French, 1785-1790
- 18th Century men’s Court Coat, pocket detail showcasing paste stones, foil, sequins, and metallic-thread embroidered appliqué, soft pinks on a bright yellow, 1780-1785
- 18th Century men’s 3 piece suit of gold silk, c1780-1785
- Miscellaneous
- At the American Revolution Museum at Yorktown, Dominique chickens graze along the landscape of the re-created Revolution-era farm.
- Pinch, punch – first of the month! I wish all my followers a happy & healthy November. Print from set of twelve fashion plates, 1749
Last Post: DARGATZ, Kenneth Robert
September 16, 1933 – November 4, 2020
Kenny passed away in Chilliwack, at the age of 87 years, after a short but courageous battle of Esophageal cancer. He was born September 16, 1933, in Hay Lakes, Alberta, to Albert and Lydia Dargatz. Kenny is survived by his beloved wife, of 62 years, Shirley-Anne Dargatz, his many adored nieces and nephews, his many brothers/sisters- surviving sister Emma, and brothers Reg and Allan, predeceased by his brothers Harry, Lloyd, Harold, Albert, Leroy, and Elmer; survived by his brother-in-law Tim(Marge), and his best wingman Billy Bohn(Ina).
Kenny was a businessman and original founder of Chilliwack’s West End Auto body (1952). Alongside his brothers, he was an owner and operator of Dargatz Glass LTD. Kenny’s greatest hobby was gardening his beautiful dahlias, as well as, hunting and fishing with his buddies. Fishing trips at the Nootka float cabin brought Kenny so much joy. He told his nieces he wanted to be remembered by the giant rock in his front yard which provided lasting memories for the nieces and nephews who played on it during the many family gatherings.
Kenny’s short, but courageous battle of Esophageal cancer was fought in his home, with his family by his side.
Our thoughts and prayers go out to Shirley who has been a mainstay of the Chilliwack Branch of UELAC and who has made many major contributions in the Pacific Region and the UELAC across the country. She is in our hearts.
Marlene Dance, President, Chilliwack Branch
Published by the UELAC
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SSL Letsencrypt on Wowza 4.x Server – Frontend + Backend
Update July 1st, 2020
I created new pages for installation of Letsencrypt on CentOS7 and Ubuntu 18/20.04
Wowza 4.8.x – Ubuntu 18.04/20.04 – Letsencrypt
Wowza 4.8.x – CentOS7 – Letsencrypt
The post below is deprecated and not supported anymore.
Update june 22 2020,
I deleted the latest update, because somehow the letsencrypt setup doesn’t work anymore since 4.8.0. I have to do extended testing on this. So from today this page is not supported anymore. Feel free to leave a comment if you want. Whenever i have an update on this i will create a post.
Update april 18, 2018
I found out that when Java8 had issues installing on Ubuntu 16.04. After that fixed, i wanted to install letsencrypt, but that part also has changed a bit. Will update this tutorial in the next coming days and probably have an update in 2 days (april 20). Tests went fine, but will double check with a fresh install of ubuntu, wowza and letsencrypt. The tutorial should work (i adjusted some commands and explanation).
I will also update this tutorial with how to setup a firewall (i use CSF) for my wowza usage
Update okt 20, 2017. I found out the letsencrypt certificate is not being updated automaticly. Added the upgrade process at the botttom of this page before trouble shooting
Update august 17,2017 – I had problems to get the backend running on ssl too, but i got that fixed.
How to install Letsencrypt on a Wowza Streamingengine server
The problem:
I ran into the problem where i had a webserver and a domain running on an ssl certificate. From that point on i got errors that i couldn’t connect to my wowza server (which was non-SSL). So i had to figger out at least how to get the frontend of wowza also be able to send out streams based on an SSL certifate. Here you can see the issue i got in my jwplayer which runs on a domain with ssl certificate on it:
Analyze:
So i started googling for it, but couldnt find a real solution for it to enable letsencrypt on wowza. You can use streamlock within wowza, but im just running a developer wowza server, so i wanted a different solution. The major part was the frontend. Would be nice to also use the backend on SSL (enginemanager). At this point i got it both working
So i did some testing, tweaking and got it figgered out. This is what i will explain:
- installation of letsencrypt
- 2 cronjobs for automatic renew and update letsencrypt automaticly
- convert the SSL certificate to a JKS format
- configure the Certificate within Wowza
Keep in mind:
- Your server might will have an increase of virtual memory because of the ssl
- Always test this in your test environment. Don’t keep me responsible for it. This is a guide as is.
I decided to make a complete installation guide of a Letsencrypt setup with the things i have found. Make sure to do this on a test environment first, i won’t take responsibility if it will brake your setup. This tutorial is just a guide on how you might can get it work within your environment! Last thing is that you should have root access to your server, knowledge of your firewall (i can recommend csf) so knowing how to open ports, is a must.
The installation is broken down into 2 parts (installation of LetsEncrypt and the configuration within Wowza)
References/Credits:
- installation of letsencrypt:
- letsencrypt:
- Robymus (Github user who made a converter for the SSL script so we can use it in Wowza) I couldn’t make it to work without it. :
Installation LetsEncrypt SSL
Login to your wowza server with putty or other ssh client and go to the tmp directory or your home directory, i always prefer the tmp directory
cd /tmp
Make sure your server is up to date:
apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade
Install Git and add the repo to your server
apt-get install git git clone /opt/letsencrypt
Navigate to your letsencrypt directory
cd /opt/letsencrypt
From here you have to change the domain name. My domainname (vps4.vanmarion.nl) points to my wowza server, so i will use that domain. You have to change that to yours.
sudo certbot certonly --standalone --preferred-challenges http -d vps4.vanmarion.nl
Now you have to set a valid emailaddress which will be administrative emailadress. It will be used if the certificate is giving you issues. Also agree with the terms.
The last Question is if you are willing to share. I set an Y. Its up to you what you want.
Enter email address (used for urgent renewal and security notices) (Enter ‘c’ to
cancel): [email protected]
——————————————————————————-:
tls-sni-01 challenge for vps1.vanmarion.nl
Waiting for verification…
Cleaning up challenges
After the installation you should see a similaire message like this:
The expiration date is over 90 days
- If you lose your account credentials, you can recover them through e-mails sent to [email protected]. - Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at /etc/letsencrypt/live/vps1.vanmarion.nl/fullchain.pem. Your cert will expire on 2017-10:
Some checks to see if your certificate has been created
List the /etc/letsencrypt/live directory:
ls /etc/letsencrypt/live
Each domain name you specified in Step 1 of the Create an SSL Certificate section has its own directory. List any of these domain name directories:
ls /etc/letsencrypt/live/vps1.vanmarion.nl
You should see it like this:
cert.pem chain.pem fullchain.pem privkey.pem
Each key (.pem) file serves a different purpose:
- cert.pem: server certificate only
- chain.pem: root and intermediate certificates only
- fullchain.pem: combination of server, root and intermediate certificates (replaces cert.pem and chain.pem).
- privkey.pem: private key (do not share this with anyone!).
Let’s Encrypt issues certificates from intermediate certificate authorities. Intermediate certificates have been cross-signed by Identrust, which ensures compatibility between the end certificate and all major browsers
For good measure, display the file status of fullchain.pem: (change vps1.vanmarion.nl with your domain)
stat /etc/letsencrypt/live/vps1.vanmarion.nl/fullchain.pem #which will give this output File: ‘live/vps4.vanmarion.nl/cert.pem’ -> ‘../../archive/vps4.vanmarion.nl/cert1.pem’ Size: 46 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 4096 symbolic link Device: 801h/2049d Inode: 1298340 Links: 1 Access: (0777/lrwxrwxrwx) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) Access: 2018-04-18 02:58:40.840073805 +0200 Modify: 2018-04-18 02:58:40.812073942 +0200 Change: 2018-04-18 02:58:40.812073942 +0200 Birth: -
Cronjobs
These are needed to automaticly update letsencrypt en renew your SSL certificate is needed. Add these 2 lines to crontab and change vps1.vanmarion.nl to your own domain. I use the vi editor, so if you use nano you know how to edit the crontab file
crontab -e #add these 2 lines @weekly root cd /opt/letsencrypt && git pull >> /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt-auto-update.log @monthly root /opt/letsencrypt/letsencrypt-auto certonly --quiet --standalone --renew-by-default -d vps4.vanmarion.nl >> /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt-auto-update.log
So now every week letsencrypt is updated and everymonth the ssl is checked and updated
Ok. for now letsencrypt is installed. Time to switch to the Wowza setup
Wowza Configuration
Robymus made java converter file which converts je SSL to an JKS file. For more information, please visit his Github page. For this installation i like to keep my wowza java files in one place, so i will download the jar file to the lib directory
cd /usr/local/WowzaStreamingEngine/lib wget
- The letsencrypt-live-path parameter defaults to /etc/letsencrypt/live, as is in common Linux systems, might be different on others.
- The output-path must be an existing and writable directory, here a new JKS keystore will be created for every certificate in the input directory.
- Together with a file jksmap.txt containing the domain to keystore mapping to be used in the VHost.xml of Wowza Streaming Engine.
- The generated JKS password will be ‘secret’.
So now we will put the files needed in the conf directory. You are free to do otherwise, just as long as you know the locations where you put the files, because you need the paths later on in this installation
cd /usr/local/WowzaStreamingEngine/lib java -jar wowza-letsencrypt-converter-0.1.jar -v /usr/local/WowzaStreamingEngine/conf/ /etc/letsencrypt/live/
So, lets see if the files are created:
cd /usr/local/WowzaStreamingEngine/conf/ ls #you should see these files (where vps1.vanmarion.nl should be your domain) vps1.vanmarion.nl.jks jksmap.txt
We now need the content of the jksmap.txt file, so we can use that in the Wowza configuration (VHost.xml).
The jks file is needed for conversion. The jskmap you can read, because you need the settings in it, so we change that in the VHost.xml file cd /usr/local/WowzaStreamingEngine/conf/ cat jksmap.txt #result: vps1.vanmarion.nl={"keyStorePath":"/usr/local/WowzaStreamingEngine/conf/vps1.vanmarion.nl.jks", "keyStorePassword":"secret", "keyStoreType":"JKS"}
As you can see there is the data we need
- keyStorePath: /usr/local/WowzaStreamingEngine/conf/vps4.vanmarion.nl.jks
- keyStorePassword: secret
those are the only 2 lines you need (copy and save them somewhere local).
Open the Wowza VHost.xml and search for the 443 HostPort and comment out the <!– before HostPort and –> at the end of /HostPort
vi /usr/local/WowzaStreamingEngine/conf/VHost.xml # remove the <!-- at the start and --> at the end of the HostPort element. <!--> -->
In the meanwhile you also have to edit the 2 lines:
<KeyStorePath>${com.wowza.wms.context.VHostConfigHome}/conf/keystore.jks</KeyStorePath> <KeyStorePassword>[password]</KeyStorePassword>
To: (change vps1.vanmarion.nl to your domain)
<KeyStorePath>${com.wowza.wms.context.VHostConfigHome}/conf/vps4.vanmarion.nl.jks</KeyStorePath> <KeyStorePassword>secret</KeyStorePassword>
So the new <!– 443 with SSL –> part should look like this after changing.
<!--/vps4.vanmarion.nl>
Ok. Done, save the file and restart the Streamingengine
service WowzaStreamingEngine restart
Make sure you have opened port 443 on your firewall.
Backend (EngineManager) on SSL
To be able to run the Enginemanager on https too, you have to change the startmgr.sh file. The enginemanager runs on his own port (normally 8088), but for ssl we are going to use 8090. That is just for the enginemanager service but you will use that port next time.
Ok. Open the file startmgr.sh
vi /usr/local/WowzaStreamingEngine/manager/bin/startmgr.sh
In this file you will see 2 CMD commands. Because im using the StreamingEngine and not the cloud, i only have to change the second CMD command. We need the location of the jks file we created above here. So if you have done that right it should be like this: (my jks file vps1.vanmarion.nl.jks is located in the conf directory)
Note: its best to comment out the line to put # in front of the line. Then copy that same line to notepad, do your adjustments and paste it below it. So in case it won’t work, you can always rollback easy
Note: Make sure the complete command is on 1 line: (my new command)
CMD="$_EXECJAVA -Dcom.wowza.wms.ConfigURL=\"\" -Dcom.wowza.wms.ConfigHome=$WMSMGR_HOME -Djava.io.tmpdir=$WMSMGR_HOME/temp -Dlog4j.configuration= -Djava.net.preferIPv --httpsPort=8090 --httpsKeyStore="/usr/local/WowzaStreamingEngine/conf/vps1.vanmarion.nl.jks" --httpsKeyStorePassword="secret" --directoryListings=false"
So what did i do? I added this line after –httpPort=8088 and before –directoryListings=false
--httpsPort=8090 --httpsKeyStore="/usr/local/WowzaStreamingEngine/conf/vps4.vanmarion.nl.jks" --httpsKeyStorePassword="secret"
–httpsPort=8090 // will be the new port where the Enginemanager will run on for SSL access
–httpsKeyStore=”/usr/local/WowzaStreamingEngine/conf/vps1.vanmarion.nl.jks” // the location of my jks file
–httpsKeyStorePassword=”secret” // the password needed for the jks file
After this you can restart the WowzaEngine and manager
service WowzaStreamingEngine restart service WowzaStreamingEngineManager restart #make sure to check if both are started ps aux
So your new urls would be:
Frontend:
Backend:
If all checks (see below SSL checks are ok, you could disable the http and switch the backend complete to https
If you only want to run the backend on SSL you have to edit the startmgr.sh file again and change the –httpPort=8088 to –httpPort=-1
and restart the enginemanager again
SSL Checks
If you want to do a check on your fresh installed SSL certificate, make sure to do a detailed test on it. Go to this url in your browser (change vps1.vanmarion.nl to your domain)
get some coffee, the complete check can take a while ;).
The SSL check results also shows some checks i have to fix on my server (its a fresh installed server, so i havent fixed the checks yet). So it will also give some advise on fixing your server
Make sure to fix the problems from the report or as far as possible. In my case it is a fresh server and i have some work/fixing to do:
Conclusion
I have the SSL installed. I changed my wowza url in jwplayer from
to:
# mind the http to https and the port change 1935 to 443
And now it starts playing again.
Renewing your SSL certifate
I hoped by using the cronjobs the renewal process would go automatic, but that didnt happen. So this is what i did when renewing the SSL. First stop the wowza server, otherwise it cannot bind the address/port
service WowzaStreamingengine stop service WowzaStreamingEngineManager stop
And follow these steps
i did a renewal of the script by running it again.
cd /opt/letsencrypt sudo certbot certonly --standalone --preferred-challenges http -d vps4.vanmarion.nl
It will ask you what you want. choose: 2
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log Plugins selected: Authenticator standalone, Installer None Cert not yet due for renewal You have an existing certificate that has exactly the same domains or certificate name you requested and isn't close to expiry. (ref: /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/vps4.vanmarion.nl.conf) What would you like to do? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1: Keep the existing certificate for now 2: Renew & replace the cert (limit ~5 per 7 days) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Select the appropriate number [1-2] then [enter] (press 'c' to cancel): 2
After that the installation will renew the SSL
Renewing an existing certificate Performing the following challenges: tls-sni-01 challenge for vps1.vanmarion.nl Waiting for verification... Cleaning up challenges IMPORTANT NOTES: - Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at: /etc/letsencrypt/live/vps1.vanmarion.nl/fullchain.pem Your key file has been saved at: /etc/letsencrypt/live/vps4.vanmarion.nl/privkey.pem Your cert will expire on 2018-07-18.:
Then rerun the letsencrypt-converter to create a new jksmap.txt
cd /usr/local/WowzaStreamingEngine/lib java -jar wowza-letsencrypt-converter-0.1.jar -v /usr/local/WowzaStreamingEngine/conf/ /etc/letsencrypt/live/
Check if the file has the date of now
cd /usr/local/WowzaStreamingEngine/conf; ls -la
And thats all you have to do. Restart wowza again and do an ssl check again, and check if the streams still play on your current urls and ports
service WowzaStreamingengine start service WowzaStreamingEngineManager start
SSL check. change domain_name to your wowza server address
Troubleshooting
If for some reason your ssl is not working or your stream is not being played, check these things
- Make sure in your VHost.xml the comment tags are deleted in the SSL part. You can restart wowza without any problems, but if there is still an unclosed comment tag (<!– or –> ) in it, your ssl isn’t working.
- Check if port 443 is open on your server:
- Check if your firewall has port 443 open
If you have any comments or suggestions, feel free to leave a reply
Hello, Thank’s you for your wowza with ssl instruction . I’ve one question .Do you face memory consume after switch to https streaming ? I’ve faced this problem . only 100+ viewer , wowza eat my memory about 48GB ( if without https , it will eat about 6-8GB) .
Hi,
Thx for the feedback.
ssl probably will consume more ram because of the encryption. Is your server using more ram for caching or is your server actually running out of memory? I don’t have a big wowza server running like that, but i will do some testing on one of my vps machines (only have 4gb ram on the biggest one). i assume it will use more ram. Will do some research on it.
Hey Maca,
Not sure if you’ve gone any further in this, but I used some of your suggestions in here, so I thought I contribute a bit. In terms of automating letsencrypt (BTW, I use certbot which is from eff and seems to be more stable….just google “certbot linux installation” and pick the eff.org link) SSL cert issue, I used the DNS challenge. I have a dedicated Wowza server that does not have anything else installed on it and I do control the DNS zone files for our domain.
The command I use to initially get the cert is :
certbot certonly –preferred-challenges=dns –manual -d wowza.server.domain.com
This process (after the email registration questions) prompts you to create a TXT field in your DNS with a random string value they give you. Once you’ve done that and updated your DNS server, you continue the process for certbot (certbot actually stops and waits for you to do the DNS stuff and come back to it), which then goes on to do the verification. You do not remove the TXT field out of DNS, all future renewal challenges are done using this method. You just have to give your DNS server enough time to update and flush it’s cache before you let certbot continue to “verify” the random value for the TXT field, otherwise it fails and you have to do the whole thing over again with a new random value (which is a bit of a PITA).
Once you have the cert you can just use the following in cron to renew and import (thanks for the info about the jar tool to import):
22 1 * * * /usr/bin/certbot renew
@weekly /usr/bin/java -jar /usr/local/WowzaStreamingEngine/lib/wowza-letsencrypt-converter-0.1.jar -v \
/usr/local/WowzaStreamingEngine/conf/ /etc/letsencrypt/live/ > /dev/null 2>&1
Since your challenge process is not independent of Wowza server (or apache/httpd), the renew process runs without prompts.
Thanks for the info on robymus’ import tool….
Hi Many,
Thx for your feedback and commands. Highly appreciate that!. Will certainly try it. Im always in for new things to try. I wonder though about the renewal. I was in contact with robymus on this and he said that you might still have to renew the wowza certificate manually. But there’s only one way to find out what works and what doesn’t.
At the moment im working on a new wowza dashboard renewal. The current code was a good first try. And still i don’t see anything else around, so i will renew that part, maybe with extra server support. So… for that i will reinstall my dev wowza server and give your setup a try. Will let you know. Can i contact you by email if i have any questions?
Regards,
Jeroen / Maca
Very nice write-up. I certainly appreciate this site.
Stick with it!
Your are the best!!.. works perfect
Thx. Glad you liked it.
How to run My stream HLS with Https Like This
Hi, can you be a bit more specific what your problem is? Because that is what i’ve added in the conclusion part
Url before SSL:
Url after SSL:
make sure you have opened port 443 in your firewall
i renew a certificate but still days is not increased why i want to know?
Hi,
what are the exact steps you did for renewal? The tutorial is over 2 years old and i haven’t checked it lately, so can you point out what is going wrong?
Hi, dont work in my Centos 7 witch Wowza 4.8.0…. various erros…..
I can’t help you if you don’t tell me what the errors are.
Ok. did a test with CentOS7 and there is a slightly different approach now (since 4.7.3)
Will do an update on the Wowza with SSL frontend and backend for CentOS7 and for Ubuntu 18.04 and 20.4 and the latest wowza and Java. I think that will cover it all then.
I also found out that when i updated the site a couple of days ago, the code tag wasn’t working anymore, so the tutorial became a bit messy now.
do you think i better try to install ubuntu server and wowza 4.8.0?
do you think that your tutorial will work for me?
From what i see the situation for ubuntu is also changed. Will run a test on that one too. It’s up to you what to use for OS. If you are comfortable with CentOS feel free to use that.
But I didn’t get it at Centos 7.
I do everything right, but when I modify the Wowza panel to use port 8090 in https, then the Wowza page doesn’t open anymore, nor the page in http.
this step to modify the file that manages the page in http and https is very confusing when placing the CMD code.
Hi Alencar,
according my (old) tutorial you are doing it correct, but the method has changed. The startmgr.sh doesn’t need to be changed anymore, now you have to change the tomcat properties. I will write a new tutorial this weekend.
Hello, your new tutorial was wonderful.
I managed to follow him perfect.
However, stremaing on port 1935 does not work either over http or https
Was something missing?
When I put the URL in Player Wowza it doesn’t play.
I took the test now.
I’m using Centos 7 with Wowza 4.8.0
If I go to and assemble the player with my stremaing, the Wowza player does not play.
But if I take my URL and open it on VLC then it will play.
However it only accepts if it is http, if I put https in my url then it does not work at all.
Is this method only for the Wowza SSL panel?
You can’t stremaing https on port 1935, right?
MY URL WORKING ONLY VLC:
I NEED THIS URL:, AND I NEED WORKING IN PLAYER WOWZA:
edit(maca): i removed your ipaddress and streamname. I would advise not to use them in comments.
I didn’t understand why you deleted my last question …
I just asked that this tutorial only works for the Wowza management panel?
I really wanted to be able to stremaing port 1935 in ssl.
But in the wowza player, video stremaing does not work on either http or https.
I can only see my stremaing at http on port 1935 by VLC.
Ok, let me recap some things:
Q: “Is this method only for the Wowza SSL panel?”
A: At the time i wrote this tutorial (3 years ago) It was for frontend (in jwplayer, vlc) and for backend (enginemanager).
– I don’t support wowza player, because for some parts of wowza you need a subscription (which i don’t have), and the player is buggy. I most of the time use jwplayer or vlc for testing/playback. So for extra information regarding wowza player i refer to:
A note on that page: Effective April 2, 2020, new Wowza Player licenses no longer available. So i don’t know if wowza will keep supporting the player
Q: “You can’t stremaing https on port 1935, right?”
A: It shouldn’t be a problem.
If you really are in a hurry i would advise you to use Streamlock from wowza. It used to be a payed subscription, but it is free now. So if letsencrypt is not for you and you don’t feel like debugging, please feel free to use StreamLock.
I have to test what the problem is with this version if it is ssl related, or OS related. I have very limited free time to test this. I have send you a quick fix (by email), but that didn’t work for you. So at this point i don’t have a solution for you.
Hello, yes I did your step by step and Wowza 4.8 worked on https with LetsEncript perfectly.
The only thing that doesn’t work is streaming over https on port 1935.
So the only thing that works on ssl is the Wowza control panel, the streaming has to be done only on http on port 1935.
I wanted to make Wowza work entirely in ssl, both the panel and the stremaing on port 1935.
The Wowza player will be discontinued, I’m still kind of desperate for another solution, as I can’t use any other player to distribute my streaming.
Wowza Player will stop working in January 2021.
Hi Alencar,
I just finished a clean setup on Centos 7 with Wowza 4.8.0 and 4.8.5
It allows me to stream over ssl over port 443 or over port 1935
In case you want to use port 1935:
In the enginemanager go to Virtual Host setup > Edit the Host ports.
Add port 443 > enable SSL and place the jks location including the password there
Port 1935 is standard present, also enable the SSL and place the location of the jks file
I will start creating a new page for this. This page is getting viewed many times and im getting more questions about current setups. |
Curt
I began my wandering ways in the foothills of California. Avoiding the wrong end of a skunk in the woods seemed infinitely more attractive to me than being bonked on the head by a Little League Baseball.
The sixties saw me off to Berkeley and the student revolution and then on to Africa and the Peace Corps. Then, in rapid succession I worked as a teacher in Philadelphia and a Peace Corps recruiter out of Atlanta and Sacramento. Earth Day 1 pulled me into the environmental movement which eventually led me into working as a health advocate doing battle with the tobacco industry.
My love of the wilderness led me to create the American Lung Association’s Trek program, which happily kept me leading wilderness trips for over 20 years.
Every few years I quit whatever I am doing to roam the world for six months to a year. I have been a janitor, pear picker, teacher, recruiter, wilderness guide, executive director, fund raiser, professional lobbyist, campaign director, writer, house husband, and well, the list goes on. My resume is not one to inspire a potential employer, or a potential wife for that matter. Peggy smiles whenever anyone asks me to describe what I do.
I am presently utilizing my blog to revise this book I wrote about my Peace Corps experiences in Liberia, West Africa.
I am also blogging a book about my experience of backpacking 750 miles down the Pacific Crest Trail to celebrate my 75th birthday plus other wilderness adventures. The working title is “It Is 4 AM and a Bear Is Standing on Top of Me.” And yes, I have actually been awakened by a bear standing on me. Its snout was six inches away from mine.
I met Peggy in 1989 when I finished a 10,000 mile solo bicycle trek around North America. I had been through one marriage and several relationships. They were all good. But it was love at first sight with Peggy. All I had to do was convince her and her children, Tony and Tasha, that it was mutual. The first time I took Peggy backpacking, the 14 old Natasha made her mother a sweatshirt that said, “Don’t Mess with the Mama.” She came around, eventually.
Like Peggy, I love to read and do photography.
Peggy
You may wonder how a nice Midwestern girl from Ohio who went to college at Mary Baldwin and the University of Tennessee, became a special-ed teacher, married into the army, and ended up as an elementary school principal, eventually hooked up with a man who prefers wandering to work. You are not alone. I first met Curt when I was employed at the American Lung Association in Sacramento and was between lives, so to speak. He walked into the office pushing his bike at the end of his 10,000 mile bicycle journey. He was, uh, quite svelte in his tight fitting bike clothes. Things evolved from there.
“Curt’s a safe date,” my sister Jane, who was Executive Director of ALASET and a long time friend of Curt’s, assured me. Safe for what? After 30 years I am still working on that question.
I have two great children, Tony and Natasha. Both are married— Tony to Cammie and Tasha to Clay— and have children. Since it is the digital age, I have three million four hundred and forty two pictures (slight exaggeration) of the grandchildren: Ethan, Cody, Connor, Christopher and Cooper. Curt, who didn’t have any kids, quickly and easily slipped into the role of Dad and Grandpa.
Beyond travelling, my hobbies include photography, reading, playing the guitar, quilting and creating unending projects for the grandchildren.
96 thoughts on “Bios”
Love the bios! I chuckled all the way through!Well written and fun to read. Can’t wait to read the other parts-when I don’t have a two year old crawling all over me. Although, he immediately recognized, G’ma hovering over the crater in Death Valley, and G’pa rowing the boat!
Bone will be visiting Nashville/Hendersonville in a month. He is hoping that some grand adventures will be arranged for him.
Hi, Curt,
I don’t think we ever met, but it seems likely we were in Liberia about the same time. My Peace Corps training was in Gbarnga and I was stationed in Kakata from 1967-70. I found your blog by googling 1955 Liberia Kerosene doing research for an upcoming staged reading of a stage adaptation of my novella STORY FOR A BLACK NIGHT (a copy of which I shall send you, if you reply to my email account at [email protected]). The book came out in 1982 (Houghton Mifflin) and was named Phoenix Honor Book in 2002 as a book for children in the English language that has “endured”. It’s a gripping mostly true story told to me by the mother of one of my students who invited me home to dinner. And thus began my career as Clayton Bess, writer for children and young adults.
The reason I am doing this research is because I need to find out (for staging purposes) what kind of illumination this woman would have had for her hut, about one hour outside of town, in 1955, no other huts nearby. The dramatist has stipulated a candle in a bottle, but that doesn’t seem right to me. My own novel does claim (but now I’ve been wondering about it) that the family would have had a kerosene lamp, and I think that is the likeliest illumination, that far out of town. I guess they would have carried 5 gallon cans of kerosene an hour, and then husbanded every drop.
What is your take on that?
Bob Locke, Peace Corps 13
Pseud. Clayton Bess
P.S. I am anxious to browse your blog, love the Liberian stuff I’ve found here, recognize it all, remember it too well, too fondly, too sweet. If you are in the L.A. area in March, the proposed staged reading is going to be at the Simon Wiesenthal Museum of Tolerance, if all goes well and the crick don’t rise.
Hi Bob…
It is always fun to hear from other Volunteers that served in Liberia. My best guess is that your group served as our replacements. I would have been involved in the training had I still been living in Gbarnga at the time. I would love to hear more about your experience. I am also interested in learning more about your book and your writing career in general. I am not sure about lightning in 1955. I am still in contact with my ex-houseboy, who is now a physician, but who grew up in a village in the late 50s. If i can catch up with him, I will ask about lighting. I will also pose your question on the Friends of Liberia site on Facebook.
Dear Curt,
I have a new book written by a school friend of mine last year who is a descendant of John Brown,Martyr and Covenanter Of Priesthill.I have told him about you and he would dearly love to get in touch,so I said I would try to trace you for him. Please contact me robin_linda [email protected],uk for further information as soon as possible.
Hi Robin, I Emailed you with my address, etc. Let me know if you receive it. I would very much enjoy making contact with your friend and reading his book. –Curt
I really like the tetuerxs on both the ponytail and the one with the weird braid. They look good with light hairs. They don’t have the typical too-dark base to it.The ponytail is really pretty, but it sits so high on the head, it looks like I have a majorly receding hairline 😦 If it was lowered down a bit, it would be the perfect ponytail, imho <3The one with the braid…. I was worried about a big bald spot at the hair part. But there is none that I could see. It's really pretty. But that braid is way too thick at the base. But that's just personal preference. I would love to see a version of it without the braid, but it's not as simple as chopping the braid off. It would need some reshaping at the top to cover up where it used to be
So I don't expect we'll see a version without.
I agree. Just read the blog for the first time in my own phone and loved it. Such a great thing to read when you are feeling down.😁
Glad it brought a small to your face, Cody! Encouraging people to smile and laugh is one of my goals. Thank you and welcome aboard. –G’pa
I always love reading about Peggy and Curt’s latest adventures and musings and am very proud of my little sister!
I love how you did your bios! Can’t wait to see where Bone heads next.
Hey Jay, Bone is off to the Big Island of Hawaii and then Burning Man in the next three weeks. What’s the old saying, a rolling Bone gathers no calcium deposits?
How about going letter boxing with Ethan when you reach Nashville? Heard it dates back to the 1800’s. There are several treaures to find in the area including one at Rock Castle and another at Old Hickory Nature Trail. Bone might have to create his own handmade stamp to participate.
Where is Marshall these days! I met him camping in Martin County . . . and what a great guy! Tell him Dave Williams said hellp and I need some more pointers on great places to camp in Florida!
I will tell Marshall you are requesting more Florida campground info when I talk to him again. He is an encyclopedia of info on free camping and living inexpensively! I could use some pointers myself.
Curt, Mary Brewington Johnson here. Please respond off line in an email. Would like to get in touch.
Thanks for checking in Mary… Always enjoy a voice from the distant past.
Curt & Peg,
If you haven’t caught it yet the Macomson families of Georgia are distant cousins.
Bill
Hello, thank you very much for visit my site. You have a nice site too. Cheers!
🙂
I would like to read your blog on petroglyphs. Wish you had a “search” feature!
Thanks, Mary
Hi Mary, You should be able to go to this post and work backwards through the series I did on the Three River’s site in New Mexico. –Curt…f-three-rivers/
Hi Curt, I am a blast from the past and I’m trying to reach Peggy… this is Mary Schoenfeldt… did contract work in school safety for PCOE. Can you please ask Peggy to contact me at [email protected]. I’m trying to track down Peggy, Ken and Tad to tell them some news and thank them for being a motivator and supporter for my work.
Will do Mary. –Curt
Love your interests and curiosity.
Thanks Hillary. I jumped to your post on the POW camp. Wonderful story. I hit the follow button. –Curt
Hi Curt & Peggy: We are new to your blog by way of mutual blogging friend, Cindy Knoke. What a beautiful blog filled with amazing pictures taken by two adventurers. What a life you’ve lived, real life Jonez’ (the Indiana kind) lol. I also play guitar, (a hummingbird passed down to me by my father.) We are a mother daughter writing duo, Authors of 3 published books. We look forward to visiting more often & sharing in the photo’s of your future adventures!! 🙂
Hi Inion: Welcome to my blog. As I type, Peggy is reading up on your books in her Kindle. 🙂 Presently we are in Puerto Vallarta, which I will blog about when we return to Oregon. Thanks for your kind words. We love wandering and like to share our adventures. I am guessing you have had some great ones also. Interesting that you write with your mother. I’ve hit the follow button on your blog and look forward to reading about you. –Curt
I stumbled on your bios as I was trying to copy and paste the blog link to my sister’s email so she could follow as well. So, admittedly I just gave them a cursory glance and then…, I got drawn in by the comments –“I love how you did your bios,” etc., etc. I thought to myself, how can anybody do a bio that would elicit that response, so I scrolled up. (I’m always in a hurry you see) Oh yes, I heartily agree.. Your bios are great. As with everything you write, just great. Unique, funny, adorable really, with a great deal of warmth and even humility. And. I didn’t really know how you met. It’s a wonderful story. Thanks.
Thanks Alice. It’s a red-letter day when I hear from both you and Bill. Writing the bios, and most of what I write, is fun for me… so I am glad my writing reflects it. One should always meet a woman he wants to impress after a 10,000 mile bike ride. (grin) –Curt
Yes! You got a great gal there, and visa versa of course. You guys are wonderful together. An inspiration to all of us really…. Think maybe I should check the itinerary next time Bill pulls his bike out.
Hi, I am trying to get a hold of Ken Lake, I took a class of his a few years ago and his email does not work. Can you help me contact him? Thx!
[email protected]
That should do it. –Curt
Curt, I have been reading your blog with great interest. I’m in my 50s and have traveled extensively in the world as a govt employee. I’m reflecting on the many times I interviewed Peace Corp folks, at the time it was just part of what I did, I did not give them much credit for the work they were doing. Now I’m circumspect that I was able to gain the correct insights because my view of the world was guided by a policy perspective. Your experiences moved me to appreciate that measuring inertia is short sited, improving the conditions of people is so much better that being an observer. Thanks for your service, the world needs more people like you.
Thanks so much Rendel. I really appreciate your comments. –Curt
Hi,
I just found your site and want to know if you may be interested in providing a guest post for our retirement site, Retirement And Good Living () about your travels.
Currently the blog section of our site is comprised entirely of posts by guests on a variety of topics. To date nearly 150 guests from around the globe provided posts for our blog.
Thanks,
Simone
Might be fun, Simone. Anything you would like in particular? –Curt
Hi Curt. Thanks for your reply. You have had an incredible life and a post on one of many topics would be great: Your Peace Corp experiences, Your wilderness trips, your many jobs allowing you to do what you want, places you would recommend to others (older adults:-) to travel to, etc.
Please send me a direct email and I will send you a page for your post submission.
Thanks,
Simone
Thanks Simone. Would you mind if it’s a chapter from a book I will be self-publishing on my Africa Peace Corps experience? I have two or three fun chapters that your readership might enjoy. Or, I have several wilderness trips I could write about. Anyway, my Email is [email protected]
Long-dead relatives? Don’t expect much conversation (and the coffee flows like treacle …)
And now I really must get on with something else—your blog has already taken half my morning … mutter mutter mutter …
I am laughing. Thanks so much for taking the time. I spend a couple of each day catching up on blogs I follow. I always enjoy it… there are some great folks out there with very interesting things to say, but it does take time! _Curt
Hi Curt. How come you’re not on the FS Archives mailing list? Big plans for the 50th this fall.
Thanks for the heads up Barbara. I would love to go. Was thinking about FSM the other day when I attended a Joan Baez concert. I hadn’t seen her in person since I sat on the floor of Sproul Hall and sang We Shall Overcome with her. What do I need to do to get on the mailing list? –Curt
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Thanks so much for the link. –Curt
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Such a wonderful space you have created. Looking forward to following.
Thanks JoHanna. I have a lot of fun blogging and sharing our adventures and photos. –Curt
I do too!
Hi Peggy and Curt. I wonder if you might be able to send me your contact email so that I can get in touch directly? Many thanks, Becky.
Hi Becky, you can reach us both at [email protected] or me at [email protected].
When were you in Liberia, Curt? I spent some time in Ghana doing volunteer work, during the summer of 1980. I think the troubles were just beginning then in Liberia – I was supposed to go there but then they sent us to Ghana instead. And Peggy – you went to Mary Baldwin, as in MB in Staunton, VA? I live an hour’s drive from that place 🙂 The world is small, isn’t it?!
Hi Annette, I was in Liberia right out of college in 1965-67, thankfully before things fell apart. What was your volunteer work in Ghana? Yes Peggy went to Mary Baldwin for two years. 🙂 We were near there (and where you live) when we drove up the Blue Ridge Highway a couple of weeks ago retracing my 1989 bike trip. –Curt
I went to Ghana with Operation Crossroads Africa. They still send groups of people (mostly students, some professionals) to different countries there, for a summer. It is typically a life-changing experience for most participants. It was for me!
As the Peace Corps was for me…
I always love reading your bios over and over. If I didn’t already know you, I couldn’t wait to meet you! 😉
What a sweetheart, daughter of mine. 🙂
My name is Joel McCormick Stager. The important part of that is the McCormick. The McCormicks… came from Scotland via Ireland… to… Paxtang Pennsylvania. Again.. not so important except Mathew Brown… a grandson of John had a great grand daughter named Martha Brown Yoder… who married Cyrus McCormick in Union County north of route 144 near Allenwood Pa. Matthew
Brown was chosen as a representative for White Deer township to
the Committee of Safety for Northumberland county for the first six
months of the year 1776. Not so long after, a conference was called of delegates from all the county committees, which assembled at Philadelphia on
the 18th of June,1776. This conference prescribed the mode of electing delegates to a great provincial convention for the forming of a new constitution, and the qualifications of electors who might vote for delegates. Matthew Brown was a
member of this conference, and also was a representative from Northumberland county in the convention which assembled at Philadelphia on the 15th of July, 1776, and which declared the independence of the colony and formed the first State Constitution, which he signed September 28, 1776. Ahhh… and those McCormicks? And it turns out that Mathew Brown was a well known guy there in revolutionary times but now with a memorial surrounded by state games lands. How this happened is another story for another time. But… you should read about Mathew Brown… and his wife Eleanor Lytle if you havent already. Then… soon, it turns out the Browns and the McCormicks apparently got along well… the marriages are multiple and frequent. The subsequent McCormicks being PA AG and well ,,, fairly famous for other stuff as well. Cyrus? Finally, the Stagers? Emigrated to the US from Germany about the same time as the Browns and McCormicks from Ireland and Scotland… via Paxtang Pa. Up the Susquehanna towards Dauphin County, Lancaster, Lebanon, Miltown and Watsontown and Allenwood. Which brings you to me. And me to you. We’re related… but way way back! Who knew?
Hello Curt, Found your post when researching John Brown of Priesthill. I am a descendant as well through the Marshalls and Browns of Centre County, Pennsylvania. I am doing research for my book including family history and have been to the British Museum which has the original Covenant in the King’s Library. I did not get to hold it yet, but will go back as it is such an historical document. I also want to make it up to Murikirk as well. Thanks for all the interesting background and information. Hope to meet up with you some time to discuss. Davis Musser
Glad to meet you, Dave. Thanks for sharing. I am fascinated with the Browns and would love to get back into research. (Unfortunately, I have too many other projects going at this time.) I look forward to your book. Muirkirk and Brown’s grave are worth a visit for sure. If you make it to Muirkirk, be sure to stay at the Old Church B&B and tell them I sent you. They are good folks. BTW, my mother’s side are Marshalls who arrived in Connecticut in 1630. We amy have more ancestors in common. –Curt Katie, What fun! Yes, you may use my photo. Just be sure to credit the source (the blog reference would be great). Thank you! Peggy
Hello Curt, Sorry but I have not been checking this site and just saw your response from March 8th. One of my great Grandmothers was Maria Corilla Marshall who married George Hubler Musser. They lived near Bellefonte, Pennsylvania and are buried there. I used the Centre County Historical Society in Bellefonte to find some background on them. But haven’t gone much further into the Marshall family migration routes. Thanks for the referral to the Old Church B&B and I will check them out when I get back across the pond to Scotland. Thanks, Davis Musser
You are welcome, Dave. –Curt
Great bios, Curt. I hoped to find a contact info since I have a question for you. A friend of mine is planning a trip to Prince Edward Island and I gave her the URL of your blog, knowing you had posted about this area. She couldn’t find anything and I haven’t easier. I know it’s somewhere 🙂
I had fun browsing around, though!
If you have a second could you send me the link, please?
You can forward it to [email protected]
Thanks a lot!
The link didn’t take me anywhere, Evelyne, but here’s the link:
Thank you so very much, Curt. The link will take my neighbor somewhere:)
To PEI. 🙂
Ah that Grand Canyon.
Life is the great adventure – if one is willing to go
Sounds like a great run. I would think you’ve had a perfect resume – all sorts of transferable skills. Always thought people/companies would be better off if everyone took a change of direction every 5-6 years and reinvented themselves. Used to drive my parents crazy when I did it.
Blog looks really interesting thanks for stopping by mine and giving me a head’s up.
Waves and blog on.
Thanks, Phil. Life is short as they say, and the more meaningful experiences we can fit in the better, from my perspective. But even more important is doing something you really like to do— and giving back. –Curt
Hello Curt and Peggy, my blogging friend GP Cox suggested I visit over here, in response to a recent post I put up asking for advice on a driving holiday from Seattle to San Francisco. My husband and I will be visiting from Australia, first of all doing an organised tour of Western Canada and an Alaskan cruise; and then arranging a hire car for some independent travel (not camping). I wonder if you could direct me to any of your posts which might include travel tips? Any advice gratefully received, all the best, Gwen
Hi Gwen. Go to my post and check out the “At home in Oregon” category. It includes a number of posts on the Oregon Coast. On the Road US and National Parks also include a number of posts on California and Washington. That’s the best approach. Enjoy your trip. You have a great deal of beauty ahead of you. –Curt
Thank you SO much Curt. I have made a note of all that and will have a good look around your site. best, Gwen
Enjoy. I hope it is helpful, Gwen.
Hello, Curt. My sister, Courtney, and I are researching our “Kidd” family tree. John Brown showed up as our 7x great grandfather, as our paternal grandfather’s mother was Lucy Brown Kidd. I am reaching out to you because my husband and I are traveling to Scotland in May. I would love to see if you have any advice for us as we will want to visit the grave. Thank you so very much! Stephanie Kidd Figa
Love it! Your words and pictures, both are like well travelled, shall we say.
Following you!
Thanks, Adia. Jumped over to your about page and really agree with your philosophy of life. –Curt
Hi Curtis…I left a long message but apparently it didn’t save. I don’t know how to comment on your fab PCT photos…I am technologically challenged! great meeting and spending that bit of time with you at Boundary springs…plse be in touch! want to meet Peggy and get together with you both when you make it to Sacramento…good luck and stay safe from smoke and fires! Sheri ([email protected].)
I’m laughing a bit about technology, Sheri. It is always a challenge. I enjoyed meeting up with you at the “lake,” and then traveling on to find water (and numerous through-hikers) at Boundary Springs. Sounds like you got back to Sacramento. Hope you found your lake. The smoke from the Carr fire was so heavy I’ve moved on a bit south with my next section between Carson Pass and Sonora Pass. I’ll return north when it ceases to be so nasty. 🙂 It will probably be this fall some time before I make it back to Sacto, but I have your info. –Curt
Hello Curt! It was very nice to meet you on the PCT! Unfortunately, Deb and I had to leave the trail because of the Donnel fire. We are planning how to go out again! Happy Birthday and wishing you many, many miles of happy, healthy hiking! Best, Denise and Debra
I worried about you and Debra when Peggy picked me up, Denise. The smoke moved from campfire size to filling the sky in a matter of minutes. 30 minutes after we reached Highway 395 they had closed Sonora Pass. Did they pull you off the trail?
Thanks for stopping by my blog! –Curt
Love, love ❤ this bios page that's either new, or one I hadn't seen before. You two are amazing and there's this magical thread that runs through your story that strikes a chord of familiarity with me!
Curt, I've loved following your blog since I found you thanks to comments you posted at Andrew Petcher's blog. This is such a great online community in so many ways. Glad you two found each other!
Like the new format, too, BTW.
That’s special, Gunta. Thank you. Actually, I have to go in and update the bios to include the PCT adventure. 🙂
Andrew would be pleased. Maybe he will read your comment here. I think most of us find the people we follow from other people’s blogs. It is a great community! –Curt
What a life and career. Kudos. Love your Mary Baldwin Wallace and UT lady! My teaching career began at Tenn. Tech U in Cookeville. Congrats on the Sunshine Blogger Award from Annika Perry. Lovely post and thanks. Keep on walking!
Thanks, Mary Ann. Much appreciated. Peggy and I do have some wonderful adventures. 🙂 It’s a good life. –Curt
Curt -Life is meant to be lived to the fullest. Enjoy the journey! Mary Ann
It is. Laughed at your post about showing up in a Spanish class to teach German. 🙂
A daily dose of humor makes life a happy one. Thanks for the comment.
Have you ever thought of searching for Forrest Fenn’s treasure? I have a spot I would like you to search am disabled and can’t go would you retrieve it for me? 50/50
It’s a fun story about Fenn, Vicki, but treasure hunting isn’t my thing. –Curt
Good morning Peggy and Curt…been checking your web page quite often….just realized I could leave you guys a note on your web page….loved reading about Peggy and her life and also how you guys met…so wonderful….love your travels….hoping that someday in the near future we will be able to hug and share our travels together…I love my pictures of us at Truckee “ Coachland RV park…I will share those pictures with you guys on Peggy’s phone number…
Looking forward to reconnecting with you and having Curt meet you both! Thanks for following us and your comments……grin….Peggy
Hi, I am with the Depoe Bay Chamber of Commerce. I am seeing some amazing storm shots. Would you mind if we use some of them? We won’t be selling anything, just showing examples of spouting horn, punch boil, boiler bay, etc.
Thank you!
Absolutely, Laura. Please use the photos! My only request is that you give credit. –Curt Mekemson |
How can our world and our experience of it look different if we could have a change in perspective?
I reflect on Psalm 92:1-5 and how it can help us to unlock the Truth of the Gospel for a more meaningful human experience.
How can our world and our experience of it look different if we could have a change in perspective?
I reflect on Psalm 92:1-5 and how it can help us to unlock the Truth of the Gospel for a more meaningful human experience.
I am sharing one of my favourite stories from the Bible – Saul’s end and David’s beginning. We often read the Old Testament as history, but actually the same story plays off in our own hearts.
Watch this video and find out how 1 Samuel 15 has been playing off in my heart but how there is hope in the line of David for us all.
This week I am sharing my videos in a vlog. I do not have all the answers to this very real problem of the human life. However, I do believe Psalm 91 gives us some perspective. I hope to share that with you, whilst I am working through this on journey to the eternal hope.
Since my days at university messages centering on identity struck a cord. I believed that everything is about who you are.
Around the age of 20-25 finding one’s identity becomes one of the main goals. Some hit the spot whilst others keep on searching for many years and die still not knowing who they were.
For me, it was during this time that I questioned things around myself and my own identity. Some of these questions were valid but others were lies and deceptions. I wish I could say that I wasn’t deceived but I was, often on the same questions.
Life runs with us and most of the time we just try to keep up. We try to build the plane we need to navigate life with whilst flying. This is most often disastrous. Not only for ourselves but also for other people that cross our paths.
It is crucial to a man’s well-being and his relationships that he discovers who and what he is. A man needs to know what he is made of. That is why most boys challenge one another either in play or sometimes even as if life itself depends on it. As we grow older we do not stop challenging, our opponent just starts to look different – our marriages, our kids, our jobs. We are constantly challenged and we need to know the answer to the question – what are we made of?
It is crucial to a man’s well-being and his relationships that he discovers who and what he is. A man needs to know what he is made of.
Eric Taylor who is regarded as one of the best football coaches in the history of Texas said: “Every man at some point in his life is going to lose a battle. He’s going to fight and he’s going to lose. But what makes a man is that in the midst of the battle he does not lose himself.” When I first read this quote four years ago it struck a chord. At this time I was in my first job, still single but longing to be in a relationship, so challenged and losing on most fronts.
“Every man at some point in his life is going to lose a battle. He’s going to fight and he’s going to lose. But what makes a man is that in the midst of the battle he does not lose himself.”Eric Taylor
When God replaces King Saul (Israel’s first human king) he describes his replacement, King David, as “a man after my own heart”. In 1 Samuel 14 – 17 we meet these two contrasting characters. King Saul is full of himself, follows his own wisdom, regards the opinion of man higher than that of God, and is proud. The king to be, David, is the youngest of 8 sons, he is a brave little shepherd, red of colour. He is the weapon bearer of a king who wants to kill him but he never takes revenge even though the opportunities arrive many times. David is humble and at this point he is honourable and Saul is the bad guy.
However, if we continue reading the records in 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel David’s flaws become visible too. The most scandalous is his affair with Bathsheba and the murder of her husband on the battlefield to cover up his sin. Their first child then dies due to his sin as well. Now if David is described as “a man after God’s own heart” what does it mean in the context of his flaws? What does it mean in the context of his glaring sins?
Yes, I know that ultimately Jesus who was born from the lineage of David was the fulfillment of God’s description of David, but these words are also true in the immediate context where we find them in the Bible.
The words of Eric Taylor resonates in my mind when thinking about this situation – “Every man at some point in his life is going to lose a battle. But what makes him a man is that in the midst of that battle he does not lose himself.”
Saul’s biggest flaw was his pride. Pride meant that he was disobedient. Pride meant that he was unable to repent and he was not remorseful over his sin. Saul lost himself in the fight as he thought the fight was about him. He sought himself and his identity in the position he held.
Saul’s biggest flaw was his pride … David, in contrast, was humble
David, in contrast, was humble and the Psalms testify of his remorse. If we read Psalm 51 it is clear that David knew who he was. Not something special. Not something worthy of God’s grace. He did the only thing he could – he went back to the Father. He went back to the One who defines him and in the midst of the battle, he did not lose himself.
Each one of us has our daily battles. It is not the battle that counts or the number of times that we lose that matters. Our battles and our losses do not define us. It matters if we are willing to grab the hand that has already grabbed us. It matters if we are willing to stand again just to fall again but in the midst of this falling and standing and falling, we hold fast to our true identity. This is what matters. This is what it means to be “a man after God’s own heart”.
Amid the battle, we can see in our mind’s eye the image of a true general fighting on the front-line. A general who fought and “lost” but in the midst of it all He did not lose Himself. A general who broke the weight of the cross and our sin. A general who, if we take the Bible at its word, is with us every step of the way.
A general who fought and “lost” but in the midst of it all He did not lose Himself.
I do not know your battles. But I do know the One that can help you win. I know the One who has won them all. Jesus Christ. His victory is available for you. His identity can be yours. He became a son of man so that men could become the sons of God. Allow Him to define you during your battle and journey with me as we discover the grace that makes this possible.
Peace be with you.
In the past there has been a notion that real men do not take care of the kids. Real men do not do dishes. Real men do not change diapers. Real men do not babysit. Child-rearing is the responsibility of women.
This has done irreparable damage to generations of young men and women. Has led to the breakdowns of many a wife and mother and has left manhood in the ICU. I am not surprised at all the feminist anti-heterosexual male calls that constantly reverberate on social media and nowadays in the marketplace. Men have made themselves replaceable. Not that I am suggesting that a man cannot be replaced, all that I am saying is that God never intended for women to raise children alone.
If we examine the Scriptures we note that both in the descriptions of qualifications for deacons and elders Paul mentions that church leaders should ensure that they manage their households and specifically their children well (1 Timothy 3:4 & Titus 1:7). Now some may argue that this means disciplining, but show me how you will discipline a child who you never worry to share your and their day to day life with.
Changing nappies, feeding them, cleaning them and after them is not tasks of the household. It is them. It is their lives. If a father misses these seemingly mundane tasks everyday how many days of his child’s life is he not missing out on? How many times does a baby poop? A LOT. A CRAZY LOT. Does it smell nice? Is it a nice task? NO. But it is them. In their most vulnerable state you can be their. This is also not only their own most vulnerable state, but often that of the mother as well.
Mothers go through massive trauma during and after the birthing process. Being the one that is mainly responsible for the rearing of the young child is already a very heavy burden. Being the only one to bear that responsibility is not right. It is not as it was supposed to be.
When men start sharing the load in the household they do not only meet their children, but they come alongside their wives and in doing so they meet their needs without doing anything spectacular. For a tired mother one diaper change can make a massive difference. One set of dishes that you wash can lighten her day. One feed can mean she gets 4 hours uninterrupted sleep and feels refreshed.
Be a man. Wash the dishes. Change the diapers. Feed the child(ren). Be a husband. Be a dad.
This post was originally delivered as a chapel message on 1 August 2018 at one of South Africa’s top private boys’ boarding schools.
As a scientist (I am a Chemical engineer by education and a Physical Sciences and Chemistry teacher by profession) I come across facts that often blows my mind. I sometimes just go “WOW!”. Light and the properties thereof is something I find to particularly have an awe-factor of ten plus.
Number 1: The properties of light.
Light is amazing. Without it we cannot see anything. Without light we would not be here. Without light there would be no life at all. This is the effect of light, but what are the properties of light?
First, white light is not white at all, but is a mixture of three primary colours – green, red and blue. We use this property of light in projectors, LCD screens and in graphic design. Light has the property that three primary colours are one. A trinity. Why is this mind blowing?
Christians believe that God is one being consisting of three persons – Father, Son and Holy Spirit. It is interesting that the Bible describes God in various places as Light.
1 John 1:5 reads “God is light and in Him there is no darkness at all.”
And 1 John 5:7 says: “For there are three, that bear witness in heaven the Father, the Word and the Holy Spirit and these three are one.”
Just like light consists of three primary colours, red, blue and green, each distinct, but one. So does God consist of three persons, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, three in one – Light.
You might say, wait, when we use a prism in science to split white light we get seven colours. Yes that is so. Does the Bible refer to this? Well yes of course. The Bible describes God as light, consisting of three unique persons, and seven spirits. Revelation 1:4 reads “from the seven Spirits which are before His throne”. It is amazing that in the Old Testament God gave Moses the menorah – a lampstand consisting of 7 stands with three branches, all being one.
Is it not mind-blowing that the words written down by people with no scientific education so accurately describes the attributes of God, which we find when we study the properties of light? Is this purely coincidental?
I do not think so. No other religious book gives such an accurate description of its god when it compares it to natural phenomenon..
Number 2: Moving at the speed of light
At the age of 25 Albert Einstein described his Special Theory of Relativity in the year 1905. Einstein stated that when you move at the speed of light time no longer exists. Time ceases. Clocks stand still. Why is this fact mind blowing? I find it mind-blowing as God is described as being before time, outside time. How did people with no scientific knowledge know this when they wrote down Jesus’ words in John 8:12 which declares “I am the light of the world.”
When John writes in John 1 “The Word was with God and the Word was before all” just to declare later and the “light of the world was coming to the world” How did he know that light has the property that time does not exist for it?
Not only does time cease to exist when moving at the speed of light, but also the very notion that it takes time to travel to some place. When moving at the speed of light the distance between two planets is exactly zero and the time between the start and the end of the journey is also exactly zero. This is from light’s point of view. What do we call this? We call this entanglement, the ability of a particle to be at more than one place at the exact same time. When you here that God is omnipresent, you ask: “How is it even possible?”, but light shows this ability and the entanglement of particles all over the universe has been a hot topic in science since 1936.
We struggle to understand these concepts as we are within time. We accept these attributes when scientists write about it in the natural world, but why do we then question it as the very attributes of the one and only, living God? Is it a coincidence that the Creator who is described as Light is also described as being outside of time and omnipresent?
We accept these attributes when scientists write about it in the natural world, but why do we then question it as the very attributes of the one and only, living God?
Is God a light particle, NO, but by observing nature we can see and observe the attributes of God, just as Paul declares in Romans 1:19-20 “For what may be known about God is clear to them. The invisible things about Him – His eternal power and deity – have been clearly seen since the creation of the world and are understood by the things that are made, so that they are without excuse.”
Paul is saying that we have no excuse to say “God cannot be known”, “God cannot be seen”, “there is no evidence for God”, because God’s very creation is telling us about Him. When we look at the properties of light we see three in one, being seven, which is ever present and outside of time.
Number 3: The speed of light – a “constant”
The speed of light was first determined in 1657 by a Danish Mathematician by doing studies of Jupiter’s moons. Roemer calculated the speed of light to be 307 600 km/s.
It was more than 200 years later that scientists at Harvard could redo the calculation with better telescopes and when Jupiter’s moons were visible to the earth-dwellers once more. They found a value of 299 921 km/s.
In 1983 the NBS confirmed that the speed of light was 299 792 km/s.
Our first inclination can be that the accuracy of our equipment improved and therefore it explains the difference between the values. However, is this true?
It is so that we now have better equipment, but the different values calculated over more than 350 years does not even overlap.
It was suggested in 1998 for the first time that the speed of light is not constant at all, and that at one point light was travelling much faster. Although scientists are still exploring this, preliminary results indicate that the speed of light is slowing down. Based on calculations by the Canadian Mathematician Alan Montgomery the speed of light was 10-30% faster in the time of Christ; twice as fast in the days of Solomon; four times as fast in the days of Abraham, and perhaps more than 10 million times faster prior to 3000 B.C. What does this mean for science?
It means that the age of the universe is most probably not 13,7 billion years. A faster speed of light will also explain why the remaining energy of the so-called Big Bang which Scientists cannot explain, is so uniformly dispersed throughout the universe. If the speed of light is not constant it changes everything we know about theoretical physics. Most of our calculations of the beginning of the universe will be proven wrong.
Why is this a mind-blowing fact? It shows the limits of what humans know and the fallibility of our assumptions. Actually according to some of NASA’s latest work, the universe should not exist. Mathematically it does not make sense that we are here. What is the problem? We are here. We do exist and we have to ask the question, “Why?”
If the universe is not 13,7 billion years old and the Earth not 4,5 billion years old, what are we going to do with the theory of evolution? A smaller period of time will not help, and even the current assumed period of time does not provide a probability that is likely at all.
The vocal atheist and genealogist Richard Dawkins is on record for admitting that no one knows the origin of the first self-replicating molecule. Science cannot even explain the start of life, therefore how can it postulate a theory of the evolution of that life. We need a start to life, before we can have a theory of how it developed. Science fails.
The vocal atheist and genealogist Richard Dawkins is on record for admitting that no one knows the origin of the first self-replicating molecule.
This is also true for the beginning of the universe, for even if the Big Bang happened, it still leaves us with the question – how did something come from nothing. Science does not have a good and conclusive answer. Our knowledge as humans are limited by time and space. Unlike light, we do not have a vantage point from without time and therefore we should tread lightly on matters we only have little information on.
What then is my conclusion? This – our human minds are unable to shed light on the roots of our origins. We can theorize and we can think, but ultimately we do not know. We cannot go back in time to confirm our theories and hypotheses. Our calculations fail and our constants are not that constant after all.
What are we left to do? How do we find truth? Pontius Pilate, the man who condemned Jesus to death under pressure from the Jews, asked the question “What is truth?” Modern society asks the same question – “What is truth?”
What is truth?Pontius Pilate
The dividing lines between wrong and right have become blurred. Hitler would hopefully have no support among Christians for his cleansing of the human race. Hitler cleansed society of those with disabilities. Those who did not make the cut. Hitler conducted experiments on humans, trying to modify them, cutting up twins and mutilating kids. He ostracized those who were Jews, and those not part of his view of a pure human race. What does modern society do? We get rid of inconveniences by abortion. We abort even healthy babies. We abort those with disabilities. We use genetic manipulation to form the human race of our choosing. Who is worse? Modern society or Hitler. Who is worse the “modern, liberal” Christian or Hitler?
Ah! It is relative you say. There is no right or wrong. People are unable to say “It is objectively morally wrong to abuse babies for pleasure.” You got to be kidding me. Do you hear what you say? How have we gotten to a point where we cannot say This is right. This is wrong.
There is no social justice when we are unwilling to have Light shed on our culture. It fails if we do not see right and wrong clearly. It means nothing if there is no objective right and wrong.
CS Lewis said: “I believe in Christianity, like I believe the sun has risen, not because I see it, but by it I see everything else.”
I believe in Christianity, like I believe the sun has risen, not because I see it, but by it I see everything else.CS Lewis
We need light. Jesus said: “I am the Light”. The attributes of God are revealed within nature and through His nature we are to view ourselves and humanity.
John 1:5 reads “the light shines in the darkness and the darkness has not overcome it”. The Light of the world was born into a small, useless Roman province. He was denied authority by both the Jewish leaders and the Roman government. Pilate asked “What is truth?” when He condemned Jesus to crucifixion, and yet this man with no authority would be the division of history. This man’s followers will convince even the Roman government itself of the Truth which is this man. How could this be if this man is dead?
If you have not critically engaged with this Truth, you have not engaged with life itself. Christianity is of no importance if Jesus was a good man that rotted away in a grave, but if He rose from the dead we have to face the Ultimate Truth.
Truth is not relative. Truth is a person. Jesus said: “I am the Way, the Truth and the Life, no one comes to the Father except through me” in John 14:6.
There is one truth that is eternal and seated in the person of God. A truth that is unchanging. A truth which is Light, ever-present, three in one. What will you do with the Light?
This post was originally delivered as a Chapel message at a top South African boys’ boarding school, on 18 April 2018. As part of the school’s ethos Chapel attendance is compulsory.
When I was at school bracelets were not allowed. The only bracelets that were allowed were the What Would Jesus Do (WWJD) bracelets. It did not really matter what you believed, that was all which was allowed. At least you had a choice of the colour you liked. It was like compulsory Chapel.
These bracelets did, however, provide some food for thought. Like compulsory Chapel also sometimes does. You could apply the WWJD-model to everyday situation like – Would Jesus listen to an old bore in Maths? Would Jesus complain about the lunch for the day? Or we can apply it to the question of this post – Would Jesus force you to go to Church? I mean is it even Christ-like to force someone, against his will to attend a Church service.
Diocese schools was founded on the premise that as arithmetic is for the mind and exercise is for the body, so is worship, religion and specifically Christianity for the soul.
However, today I am not going to tell you why I believe you should sit in Church against your will. I am not going to highlight the advantages of Church and I am not going to put you on a guilt trip for not remembering the last message or any messages you have heard in a church.
I am here to ask questions. In asking questions and going where the answers lead, I have found many answers in my life. This is also not only the foundation of Scientific Inquiry, but also of a lot of conversations, Jesus himself had when He walked the earth.
So taking the question at hand – Would Jesus force you to go to Chapel?
I believe if we view the question only like this, we miss the bulk of the question and the whole answer.
The use of the word force assumes that you do not really want to attend Chapel. That it is against your will. This question at the heart assumes that people has a free will. At the heart of the question lies – Will Jesus force me to do something against my own free will? What is interesting to me is that lately it has been the scientific world that denies the existence of free will, not Jesus. If it is true that we have no free will, then we have a very big problem, but also an answer to our question that we need to be happy with – If you have no free will, then forcing you to attend something does not really mean anything. It just means that matter is filling up time and space due to chance as matter does. The problem with this reasoning is that it creates a ton of other problems. Not only can’t you complain about compulsory church attendance, but you can also not complain about murder, racism, cancer, rape – because it is all just a farce – it is just matter, with a presumptuous idea of free will that does not actually have free will that is doing what matter does.
What is interesting to me is that lately it has been the scientific world that denies the existence of free will, not Jesus.
The second question I want to ask is who is Jesus and what is Church? Each one of us need to consider and distinguish these two concepts. Church can be an event, church can be a building but it cannot be a person. Jesus on the other hand can be a moral leader, he can be a historic figure, he can be a legend, liar, lunatic or he can be Lord, but he is always in every context a person, regardless of people’s opinion about him. It is interesting that Napoleon Bonaparte, a man who had no time for religion and destroyed quite a few churches himself, as some of you might wish, remarked: .”
Why would a man who destroyed churches make that remark? We need to answer this question for ourselves.
When you visit Rome one of the remains of the ancient empire can be found towering over the Piazza della Rotonda, it is called the Pantheon. The original Pantheon was a Roman temple build to honour all the gods during the reign of Augustus Ceasar (27 BC -14 AD), the Ceasar that reigned during the time of the birth of Jesus. The Pantheon we can see today was reconstructed in 126 AD. The ancient Romans loved their gods and any god of any nation for that matter, were worshipped.
Around the Pantheon there were shrines to honour gods. There would be sex shrines to honour the sex gods and various other gods. Worship in Rome thrived.
What is striking about Ancient Rome is that it is vast and expansive. Buildings were big and majestic. It makes you wonder who were more evolved? Who had the better architects? When you enter the Pantheon you experience this grandeur.
But the thing that struck me most about the Pantheon was that this place that was at the centre of pagan worship. This building that was dedicated to all the foreign gods became a church in the 7th century. How on earth did this came to be?
This is a question that I believe each one of us needs to ask and needs to find an answer to.? How did Jesus accomplish this if he was killed on a cross in Jerusalem more than 600 years before this place of pagan worship became a church??
I know and I understand that the church has hurt people in the past. And I understand that at this very moment the church might be hurting some people. Maybe you were hurt by the church or by people claiming to be the church, but Jesus? What did He do to you?
This is the final question I want to ask – what did Jesus do?
We started our quest with the question what would Jesus do? I want to rephrase it What did Jesus do?
Jesus said, “No one can take my life from me. I sacrifice it voluntarily. For I have the authority to lay it down when I want to and also to take it up again.” John 10:18.
The well-known John 3:16 says
“For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish, but have eternal life.”
Jesus laid down his life. The cross was proof of His free will, and the cross is payment from him for me and your free will. You see it is only in the cross of Christ that we have free will. It is the cross of Christ that give you the option. Believe and faith is not equal to forced, compulsory or mandatory. As Christ gave his life willingly, we have the same option.
As CS Lewis said – “In the end you will either say to God: ‘Thy will be done’ or He will say to you, ‘Okay, have it your way.’”
In the end you will either say to God: ‘Thy will be done’ or He will say to you, ‘Okay, have it your way.’CS Lewis
God gave you free will. He designed it. He ordained it. He will not take it away from you, but that does not take away your responsibility.
I want to end off with a quote from a song by Hozier, Take me to church
“My lover’s got humour
She’s the giggle at a funeral
Knows everybody’s disapproval
I should’ve worshipped her sooner
If the Heavens ever did speak
She
Take me to church
I’ll worship like a dog at the shrine of your lies
I’ll tell you my sins and you can sharpen your knife
Offer me that deathless death
Good god, let me give you my life”
The sentiments shared by the artist is one of a church that seeks out sin to injure and set themselves up on moral high ground. And therefore he decides to rather worship his lover. He worships her. He worships sex. Some of us worships money, others work, others adventure, other fun. We are taken to church by our own free will.
Would Jesus force you to go to Church? Would Jesus force you to worship sex? Would Jesus force you to worship money? Jesus will not force you to worship anything, but He knows that there is no such thing as happiness outside himself and until we seek fulfillment in him we will be worshiping like dogs at the shrine of lies.
Jesus will not force you to worship anything, but He knows that there is no such thing as happiness outside himself and until we seek fulfillment in him we will be worshiping like dogs at the shrine of lies. |
Ellador
A storied, secretive, and war-torn land, Ellador is a remarkable source of Nelfin and Dwarven strongholds. The history of this land involves many peoples, from the primeval Seraph to the secluded Drovv to the enduring Dwarves to the mysterious Isldar. Ellador has also seen many conflicts, between the Dwarves and the Isldar, the Ailor and the Isldar, and the Dwarves against the now lost Dakkar. Scholars, adventurers, and mercenaries once flocked to Ellador to both uncover the secrets of the land and partake in the furious conflicts of the last few years. These efforts are now hindered by the Isldar, who have seized most regions for their own, making travel through the continent’s interior difficult. Despite this, Ellador is and likely will remain a land of tragedy, glory, and opportunity.
History
Ellador was a wild, untapped land for centuries, if not millenia. While the Seraph did have some impact here, and the Drovv existed in small populations at the fringes of what is now the vast northern continent, it was the Dwarves who first made Ellador their own. Prior to the Age of Beginnings, the era when the first Dwarven Hold was founded, the Stout Folk emerged in the caves and depths of Ellador’s many great mountains. They formed ties with one another, and many came to the surface, their early settlements around the mouth of caverns and later, often with many hidden entrances from the dark depths out into the rich wilderness of Ellador. Later, the Proto-Velheim reached Ellador, as did fleeing slaves of the Allorn Empire, and they settled the coastlines of the generally temperate-to-cold region. The Dwarves who encountered them welcomed them as friends, but another visitor reached Ellador only to cause chaos: the Altalar. These Altalar, breakaway cultists who worshiped Dragons, fled up into the mountains and were pursued by Allorn Altalar scouts who soon found the growing Dwarven Empire. These scouts schemed, and over time, ultimately convinced the Dwarven people to turn against these Dragon followers. What followed was the Age of Strife, and then the Age of Tragedy, over two centuries of war against what are now called the Isldar where many died, and Ellador faced its first major ecological damage. But this paled in comparison to what the Dwarves ultimately forced the Isldar to unleash.
In 114 BC, at the Battle of Udillin’s Foot, as the last of their defenses fell and when only one Violet Creation Dragon remained, a spell of immense magical power was unleashed. Thousands of Dwarves were killed instantly, as cold, unnatural and hostile, exploded across the continent and swept over the entire North Belt in a matter of days, if not hours. Thousands more died, while dozens of animals and plants went dormant, were frozen solid, or went extinct. Ellador was completely changed, its temperate fields turned into frozen wastes, and its mountains snow-white knives. The Isldar then retreated up these peaks, and the Dwarves fell into fighting with each other even more, while Ellador froze. The Cataclysm which came soon after further altered Ellador, but the Dwarves underground barely felt the shifts and tremors. Their Holds were built strong, and all the Cataclysm did was benefit them, as the deep earth shifted and new materials unearthed themselves. On the surface, the Ailor had been thriving. The Hedrylli Empire, a Velheim state unrivaled even by modern Nordskag, had control of much of Ellador’s southern coastline, and raided near and far in the final days of the Allorn Empire. But the Cataclysm shattered their stability, half of their land sinking into the sea while thousands died, and their naval strength was crippled as the turmoil of oceans cut them off from the far flung network of Velheim outposts and trading points. But then came more threats, to both parties.
Deep in the earth, the Dwarves encountered the flaming Dakkar, beasts of elemental power who now raged and surged up against those who had disturbed their deep, mysterious lands. Tens of thousands of warriors, miners, and more perished as the Holds tried to save themselves, but largely failed. Much of the Dwarves evacuated the depths of Ellador and scattered across Aloria, becoming the bevy of subraces known today while some remained in their native land. As for the Ailor, the Unspoken Wars fell upon them as a dark, evil and corrupted new power rose from the far north of Ellador: the Dorkarth Vampires. Ultimately overcome and assumed destroyed, the Hedrylli Empire still crumbled into a kingdom where it lies to this day. Eventually, the Dorkarth Vampires returned, and are now a threat for all. While all this happened, the Isldar remained aloof and afar. Well known, and feared, recent events have seen chaos on Ellador as the Isldar suddenly surge into action after over two centuries of near silence. They seized much of Ellador shortly following the new century, under the guise of protection, and actively fended off threats to their new “subjects.” But then, following draconic events where their grand, undead giant mistress, the Great Ice Dragon, or Frostweaver as some call her, vanished, the Isldar broke into civil war, divided between loyalties to unknown motives. Much of Ellador is now quieting, the Isldar slowly beginning to repair the harm of their civil war among their ranks while Ailor towns and states slip further from their control, if they were within it to begin with. But new threats are also rising, while Ellador’s mysteries remain unanswered. Hopefully, such mysteries are soon unraveled, and the dark forces that emerge on Ellador are quelled by either the Regalian Empire, or powers beyond their knowledge.
Geography
Ellador is located northeast of the Regalian Archipelago, northeast of Cain, and south of the Northern Expanse. Its southern coast borders the Windward Sea and the east sits at the edge of the Great Unexplored Expanse. Ellador is a vast icy landmass divided between five regions, easily distinguished due to a series of four mountain chains that roughly ring the center of the continent. The northern ridges are the Veggstor Mountains, vast, and filled with sheer mountain drops and few if any passages. This land holds the fewest Isldar Holds, the few that are present highly militaristic and look down to the stark, dark northern coastline. This land is filled with similarly jagged drops and honeycombed with dark, damp caverns, and is often known as the realm of Vampires and their dark castles. To the east of Ellador are the Moonlit Mountains, and these are considered the homeland of the Isldar. The Mountains here are vast and many, spread out and more easily navigated, and hold both the Crystal Spires as well as the Moon Vaults. The eastern coastline is dense with pine forests, as are the mountain slopes, though much of the terrain is clear past a certain point, and many consider it to be the start of Isldar watchfulness. To the south sits the long, narrow, and winding Stillen Mountains. These mountains are the oldest in Ellador and are laced with Dwarven ruins, but also the last thriving Hold in Aldruin. There are also many passages through them to the heartland of Ellador, be that over the mountains or under them through largely abandoned Dwarven cities. The southern coastline is the only area of Ellador to still experience a seasonal change, its great ice sheets melting in the summer before refreezing in winter, while the area also has the most surviving pine trees in Ellador, along with somewhat arable dirt. The south also holds the Hjemkysten Peninsula, home to most of Ellador’s significant nations, and a vast web of islands called the Flakes.
To the west sits the clumped up Sløvon Peaks, densely packed around the core of the thick Bredrekk Peninsula, which ends at Makat Island. This region is also filled with Dwarven ruins, but also is home to the remains of Grebor. This territory is flat and open, the mountains short from most being sheer flat by the force of the ancient winds that blasted out from the heartland of Ellador into the rest of The North Belt. Then, there is the heartland of Ellador. A mix of short mountain ridges, great frozen lakes, and short spurs of pine trees, the central lands of Ellador are home to Shiva's Cavern, a magnificent, vast cave located near Udillin’s Foot. The central lands of Ellador are also known for their Dwarven ruins, with the frozen, cold remnants of Ølovomm seen here. Other features across Ellador are strange ice formations, likely the result of the ancient spell that froze the region, as well as possible Isldar activity since that time. Additionally, the region is laced with rivers and caverns, but many of these waterways are frozen while these caverns are full of hostile wildlife. Ellador’s climate is hellish, with frequent blizzards and large stormfronts blown in from the nearby Great Northern Expanse, but there is warmth to be found. From the deep earth comes heat, and some areas feature geothermal vents and hot springs that are welcome respites from the cold. These are often heavily defended by civilized groups, who hold them in high regard as holy gifts.
Notable Flora
Being a tundra in most areas, Ellador boasts little flora across the entirety of its barren surface aside from scattered patches of pine and evergreen forests. However, in the cold forests and near frozen waters of the south, one can find Ogrebait, a common tool in the kit of an Elladorian hunter seeking to topple a tall Ogre, and Modra Root, which is commonly used by both Velheim Ailor and Dwarves for tattooing and in some rare cases, cooking. Aside from these, one is most likely to come across mushrooms and other fungi in Ellador, which grow deep in the underground caverns hollowed out by the Dwarven people, Dakkar and nature itself. Flora found underground include plants such as Brightmoss, a glowing plant, and fungi like the Undercity Shroom, which grew in Dwarven cities and now populates many of their ruins.
Notable Fauna
The wildlife of Ellador have adapted to their inhospitable climate and its hazards, producing some of the most dangerous animals in the known world. There are beasts like the devilish Antelabbit, an alien monster hidden in the form of a leporid, the related but still different tall Ogres and subterranean Trolls, the fearsome Dire Wolf, the insidious necrophagic Knûrka-Vørak and the great Wyverns, tamed and ridden by the Isldar in combat. There are less fierce creatures, like the family-focused Elladorian Badger, the Blubber Seal of the coastlines, and finally, there are those animals domesticated by the Ailor and Dwarves, like the Whitebred Elladorian, a horse with splendid eyes and a coat the color of snow, and the Morrok, the vast high-mountain eagles tamed at the dawn of Dwarven civilization. But there are also the tragic remnants of animals, wiped out by the many drastic changes that Ellador has undergone. One such creature is the Stone Bee, rendered extinct by the arrival of the Dakkar and the collapse of the Dwarven civilization.
Politics
Regalian Empire
The Regalian Empire has long held a tenuous interest in Ellador, drawn there by the Ailor presence, and held there by a desire to get rid of Vampires, but also benefit from the regional resources and technologies to be gained through trade with the Dwarves. However, many believe that Regalia’s grip is slipping away. Their complete inability to do anything about the Isldar for half a decade has not been viewed favorably by the Dwarven community of Aloria, while the Velheim Ailor are also furious that the many small Velheim communities in Ellador, along with the culturally significant Hedryll Kingdom, were similarly abandoned. While affairs might recently be changing, many believe that positive sentiments toward Regalia will continue to drop in the coming years.
Regalian Aligned States
- Maarket Colonial Charter, a strip of colony land wholly loyal to the Regalian Empire. Settled in the 230s as a buffer along the Hedrylli border from raiders and Isldar “probes”, the Regalian Pessimism shortly after shot down any efforts Regalia had planned to reinforce the region. Largely serving as a point of resource extraction, the territory is primarily manned by Velheim from Drixagh and serves as a transit point.
- Hedryll Kingdom, decaying but not dead. The Hedryll Kingdom was once an empire, but the Cataclysm, the Unspoken Wars, and further political intrigue saw their influence crumble and then conquest by the Regalian Empire. Hedryll is best known for its mercenaries, but also for its skaldic bards and ancient records of the Velheim world. The territory is also a strange union of Velheim Old Gods watched over by zealous Unionist crusaders against the Vampires and all evil, the Ohrneti. Sadly, the region's constant attacks at the hands of Vampires has kept them in a decayed state.
Independent States
- Grebor & Aldruin, the last of a great Empire. Grebor and Aldruin were once great Holds of the Dwarven Empire which stretched both above and below the ground of Ellador, at least until the Dwarves were lured to their doom by whisperers of the Allorn Empire. Retreating below ground, thousands died, and many more thousands would die when the Dakkar emerged. Grebor and Aldruin ultimately became the last two Holds standing, Grebor the home of the Greborrin, staunch traditionalist warriors and Aldruin, more open to the outside world and a mix of subtypes. They are both located in the southwest of Ellador, but their territory appears on no maps because it is wholly underground, beyond the eyes of Ailor mapmakers to mark out.
- Tryllejag Realm, strength from nothing. Tryllejag has risen as a warrior state influenced by Skagger refugees from the Skagger Wars, but also at seeing the political reality of Nordskag and Hedryll both serving Regalia. Tryllejag kings have often led wars against nearby Cain, seeking to carve out a larger kingdom than their territory of the huge Makat Island. Tryllejag also holds the fifth, final Julvin Gate. Femsis is located at the center of their island, close to the regional capital in the dense pine forests that coat the interior. The region is also known for its constant wars against the Ogres.
- Ostermanh Kingdom, rogue but respected. Founded in the wake of the Cataclysm, the Ostermanh Kingdom claims descent from a Hedrylli Sealord called The East See-er, who supposedly reached far into the east. The stories and tales told of these voyages make up a key part of Hedryll’s cultural identity, and the Ostermanh Kingdom is best known for its musicians who compliment their tales and poetic epics as told by the skalds of neighboring Hedryll.
- Dorkarthi Desprinces, dark horrors lurking on a shockingly large portion of Ellador. The Dorkarthi Desprinces are successors to the Dorkarth Kingdom of old and are a collection of squabbling Vampire covens lurking in grand castles while the local populace toil and shiver as blood slaves. Dorkarth is well known for raiding across The North Belt, even into Essalonia and, on rare occasions, Daen or Corontium in the search for fresh blood slaves to increase their depleted stocks. The Vampires here are arrogant, but with good reason, as their land is rich with Vampire history lost on the other Bloodlines.
Notable Locations
Ølovomm
Ølovomm was once the capital of the Dwarven Empire and the heart of their thriving civilization. Found beneath the soaring Mt. Vommon, Ølovomm had both a peak door at the tip of its mountain for connection with the grand Morrok flock, which once roosted there year round, and a grand, ground-level entryway with a thick door forged of many metals, surrounded by stunning habitations around a small pool fed by an underground spring. Through this grand entryway sat the Hold proper, a vast open cavern with huge walkways, vast mechanical contraptions, imposing statues, and many buildings centered around the octangular Central Platform. Here, a massive stalactite was carved into the center of Dwarven life, with the Central Hall for government affairs, and the passageway up to higher tunnels and the peak door matched only by its plunge down deep into the distant darkness of the mines. The great walkways and stairs that fed off from this base led to grand tunnels, leading to more urban, housing regions, or to other, distant Holds or extended Ølovomm facilities. But this was in the past as soon after Udillin’s Foot, the Isldar came for the Dwarven capital. Within mere hours, below freezing temperatures killed hundreds of thousands, and completely iced over the city. Three centuries later, and this ice remains, the corpses now horrifying mummies, while the city’s grand doors were long ago broken down, the pond out front frozen, and many of the walkways or other methods of transport crippled. Many explorers, plunderers, and more have plunged to their deaths here seeking the treasures of the Dwarven past, be they Dwarf, Ailor, or of other Races, the ruins of this great Hold treating them all equally in icy coldness.
Wolfswind Bay
Wolfswind Bay holds a deep religious significance for the Velheim Ailor of Ellador and other regions beyond these shores. During the Hedrylli Empire days, the Bay was a mere fjord and held a resupply base at its mouth. But when the Cataclysm came, the region around the fjord changed, and suddenly the small bay emerged in southern Ellador. For some unknown reason, perhaps its new geography sheltering them from the harsh winter winds, or perhaps those winds howled in a welcoming tone to all canines, Wolves and Direwolves practically flocked to Wolfswind Bay. The Velheim locals soon retreated, unable to maintain their presence, but they spoke of wolfmen walking through the pine forests at night. Soon, the bay became spoken of as the personal hunting ground or domain of the Maarda of Basjtur, and a new outpost of hunters was established in the bay. Reports have persisted over the years of the presence of the Maarda, though most Regalians believe the woods to actually hold a Trugg of Ogres, confused in the darkness for the giant Maarda of the Old Gods faith. Still, the outpost made a tidy profit to support itself through the hunting and killing of the wild canines so thick in the area, and the warriors of the Velheim tested themselves through these efforts. The outpost was abandoned when the Isldar took over, but the wolves remained, their ghostly howls carried on the powerful wind serving to remind those even miles away of their continued presence, and enforce the presence of the Maarda in these lands.
Emarkäss’majolidona
Emarkäss’majolidona is the great core of the Isldar world, found dominating the peak of Mt. Alämajiórdora nestled at the center of the Moonlit Mountains. The Hold is vaulted high, much of it built onto the western slope of the peak, but with the central spire reaching up into the clouds, looking like a glittering broadsword reaching into the air from afar on rare, clear sky days. Emarkäss is believed to hold all types of natural Isldar together in a grand, sprawling capital. The high peak is operated by the Lessay of the Spire, who runs a cabal of Crystal Spire Isldar that spies and keeps records of the Isldar people. The western slope caverns are said to hold the Wyvern pens with Voltalar housing and the Voltalar Lessay named Baroovin. This man is considered the great Wyvern rider of his time among the Isldar. The central caverns, a vast network of elegant natural caves carved and enhanced through the use of Magic, are run by Shiva Cavern Isldar, and their Lessay. This is also the artistic heart of the city, where ice silk is woven into clothing, and beautiful art is created from Soul Essence and ice. Finally, there are the Vast Vaults, which takes up the rest of the city and has broad avenues with much of the city’s housing. The Lessay here is in charge of military operations for the city, and it is also here that the city’s guards and warriors train. It has quick access up, through, and down to all other areas of the Hold because of this, and is also said to hold frozen waterfalls. The Hold is said to also hold the bodies of some of the greatest of Isldar kind, recovered over decades and carefully stored away in cocoons of ice and silk in beautiful catacombs. However, many outsiders believe the city to have a dark side, Dwarven slaves laboring deep in the mountain to produce the raw material used by the artisans and craftsmen far above, or forced to make tools and weapons for their keepers. Additionally, in contrast to the beautiful catacombs for their own kind, the foot of the mountain is said to show the corpses of one and a thousand Dwarves, Ailor, Vampires, Cahal, and more who found the Hold or sought to harm it. Their ghostly moans and screams of pain are said to echo in the surrounding valley. It is unknown if Emarkäss’majolidona was drawn into the recent Isldar civil war, though most suspect it may have remained neutral or uninvolved to prevent harm to its multi-facetted, unified way of life.
The Deep Dark
While not strictly a singular location, “The Deep Dark” is the loose name attributed to a long series of ruins and holds beneath the Stillen Mountain Chain, not far from the Dwarven Hold of Aldruin. In the fallout of their conflicts with the Dakkar, the Dwarven people were forced to abandon many of their in-progress holds and mine shafts. In that absence, the interconnected ruins and tunnels still attract the odd adventurer, keen on uncovering what the Stout Folk were forced to abandon in their conflicts with the Dakkar. Rumours have persisted that the Dwarves of Aldruin are attempting to retake those lost tunnels, while others insist an entirely new society has sprung up under the Stillen Mountain Chain. Only one rumour ever had any substance to it, when a small merchant caravan returned from Ellador with a sizable cart of Skysteel weapons and armor, supposedly taken from the Deep Dark. Whether anything living remains in those dark corridors is beyond public knowledge, but merely the chance of knowledge or reward is enough to draw curious adventurers, much to the annoyance of the Dwarves remaining in Aldruin.
Byenavenhet is the capital city of the Tryllejag Realm and an impressive example of Velheim inland settlements. The city is at least a century old, but many local tales set it as being as old as the Cataclysm. Several broad, well-traveled paths lead into the city past great oaken doors and thick stone walls interlaced with wood. Inside of the city, the homes are simple but effective, made of thatch, wood, and stone in sizes from only a few dozen square feet to the large and open halls of several hundred square feet. The northern area of the city is set on the local lake, Lake Byen, and while a portion of this shoreline is used as a harbor, the rest is a training ground set within sight of the largely wooden royal hall. From here, the Kings of Tryllejag have watched their greatest warriors train for combat in the water and on land. A sizable Urlan population also exists in the city, with some being guests from Jorrhildr but the majority are actually created through purposeful infestation in “transformation groves” found near the royal hall. The city is dotted with fine examples of Tryllejagger wood carving, from within homes on the walls or support columns, to public sculptures commemorating great victories of their nation. The final Julvin Gate also sits close to the city, and a broad path leads the way to its location at the edge of Lake Byen. The site is a place of religious pilgrimage, like all Julvin Gates, and the city has benefited greatly from the many yearly visitors from across the Velheim world, but so have the Tryllejag kings, who are always known to be quite interested in the Velheim opinions from distant lands.
Trivia
- Many dark-hearted Dwarves speak of ways to destroy the many Isldar Holds that coat the mountains of Ellador, as many of these peaks hold peak doors which theoretically hold access to the heart of the Isldar cities built atop them. Others point out that the Isldar often destroyed these doors, but that does not stop the dreamers and schemers.
- The Isldar, at least before they fell into conflict amongst themselves, were true to their word about protecting their subjects. When the Anglian Mist Crisis caused grain shipments from Anglia to cease, the Isldar kept the Regalian-dependant regions fed and alive.
- Ellador’s Drovv ruins are believed to have fallen into the sea when the Cataclysm took place. |
From the 2003 Abbeville Institute Summer School
This morning we’re talking about the two greatest losers in American history. “Loser’s History” is the only history that needs to be told. With the winners, you know everything about it, even if you don’t care to know it; just turn on the History Channel. My suggestion is to never watch the History Channel if you want to learn something about history. That was a great line by Ralph Raico. Whenever you watch the History Channel, you get the official view of how things were and I think you should avoid that unless there’s some good documentary. They occasionally get things right. Now, we’re going to be talking a lot about Jefferson and Calhoun. I do believe that these two guys, Jefferson and Calhoun, are the best and the most powerful intellectuals that America ever produced, and were it not for their being too interested and involved in actual politics, they would compare with Immanuel Kant, John Locke, David Hume, even G.W.F. Hegel, the great minds of humanity. Unfortunately, they were distraught by practical politics, as happened to a lot of Americans in those times. For a long time, Americans had this inferiority complex against Europe for almost 200 years until the end of the Second World War. Americans accepted Tocqueville’s explanation of themselves for more than a hundred years. Here’s this brilliant Frenchman who comes to the United States, doesn’t speak a single word of English, goes around with a couple of translators, talks to some people, is here to take a look at the prisons more than anything else, goes back, and writes a brilliant book about America. There’s no doubt that Tocqueville’s book is excellent, but that happens to be America for a lot of people for more than a century. Tocqueville defined America. You know in Europe, for the thinkers of the 1800’s, the question was never: “Did he know anything about America?” The question was: “Did he read Tocqueville?” For Americans and Europeans alike, Tocqueville became the official explanation of America throughout the 1800’s, and my contention is that there are better sources and there are a lot of sources and Tocqueville is just one among many.
We will discuss the Jeffersonian political doctrine and something about the Hartford Convention. When I was writing this book on Jefferson, I spent five or six years with the guy, and for some months it was more than twelve hours a day spent in his writings. So, when I was reconstructing his political thought on certain issues like the right of property (which almost a-hundred-and-fifty pages on that) I just wanted to show that he was a pure Lockean in regard to property as a completely natural right, and, because of the fragmentary nature of Jefferson’s reflections on these issues, that was done by inferences and inferential arguments. But when it comes down to Jefferson’s Federalism, certainly one can say that destiny has looked more favourably upon me and us in general, because Thomas Jefferson has left us something absolutely certain and very sound on which to base our arguments – an entire document of almost 3,000 words which contains his complete theory of the Federal bond. This is, of course, the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798. In many ways this is an explosive document and is destined for a prolonged period of time to be regarded within American political history as the starting point of the school of States Rights. Jeffersonian scholars don’t like it at all because it is embarrassing for them. They are keen to create the icon of the Virginian that loved the Union just as much or even more than Abraham Lincoln. Jefferson, a guy who never considered himself an American, but just a Virginian, somehow was the builder of the nation. And so, the major Jefferson biographers tend to pass it off as worthy of no more than a few pages among thousands, a mere note out of tune which occupies a purely marginal role in the work of an otherwise crystal-clear lifetime, to be brushed aside like a bothersome fly that threatens to alight on a tasty morsel. For instance, take Dumas Malone, who wrote the definitive biography on Jefferson. He wrote his first article on Thomas Jefferson in 1926 or 1928 and the last one was in 1982. He wrote six volumes on the life and times of Thomas Jefferson and it’s easily more than 3,000 pages. Guess how many pages are devoted to the Kentucky Resolutions? Out of 3,000 pages, there are six pages on the Resolutions. Six. Malone covers them favourably, but six pages out of 3,000 makes them seem totally unimportant. The fact is that the Resolutions are really the core of Jefferson’s Federal conception and they embody in a nutshell the whole of his Constitutional doctrine. They actually represent Jefferson’s greatest contribution to a Constitution in whose drafting he took no part, since as you all know, he was in Paris, France at the time as an ambassador to Louis VXI. In a certain sense, Jefferson felt that the Federal system could almost boast a priority even over the rights of man. You know that Jefferson is the guy in American history who was the most concerned with the rights of man and the rights of the individual and so on, but at a certain point after 1798, we could even say that the real Federal system boasted priority over the rights of man. This is to say that for Jefferson, the centralized republic, consolidated, one and indivisible, was always and necessarily tyrannical even when it benefited or formally recognized the rights of man, and over time actually what happened is that it replaced the simple natural rights creed of 1776 with a Federal conception of the body politic because he came to recognize that the protective walls of our liberty are our State governments. He wrote as much to French philosopher Antoine Louis Claude Destutt de Tracy in 1811: “the true barriers of our liberty in this country are our state-governments.”[1]
In Jeffersonian terms, political tyranny would be defined as: “The consolidation of power in a single center.” There’s no other definition of tyranny in Jeffersonian thought after 1798. So, the rights of man would certainly remain at the center of his political reflection, but the strategic design to safeguard such rights came to include the reinforcement of the power of the States at the expense of the Federal government. The Alien and Sedition Acts were the two laws that prompted the response from Jefferson and Madison. Jefferson drafted the Kentucky Resolutions and Madison drafted the Virginia Resolutions. In doing this, Jefferson took the first available opportunity on which the Federalists broke the Constitutional pact in order to seriously address the entire problem of Constitutional interpretation – the relations between the Federal government and the States. These laws concerned freedom of expression pretty clearly and for a long time people just thought that what was going on was actually a battle for freedom of expression, not a battle over Constitutional interpretation. But Jefferson wasn’t defending the First Amendment. Jefferson was talking about Constitutional interpretation. The Alien and Sedition Acts were approved in the summer of 1798 and when Jefferson was vice-president and they sparked the definite split between Jefferson himself and the Federalist Party. The law on aliens was a pretty bad law, but it was not applied because in those times you became a citizen through a State, so Federal law could not do anything to you for the status of foreigner. However, the law increased from five to fourteen years the period of residence required for naturalization and post-compulsory registration of all aliens. Aliens were coming into the country and they were joining ranks with the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican Party immediately and that was something that the Federalists didn’t like. The law also gave the President of the United States the power to decree the expulsion from American soil, without any trial, of any alien citizen, which was considered pretty un-American. The Federalists didn’t have a problem with the immigrants per se, but they hated that these new arrivals were joining the Jeffersonian Party. The law on aliens was quite severe, but as I said, it was not applied at all, plus they were foreigners, so a lot of people didn’t care too much about that.
The law on sedition stated that it was an offense punishable with a fine of up to $5,000 and five years in jail to act in such a way as to prevent the full implementation of the laws of the United States or to intimidate anyone who sought to obtain a Federal office or more generally to participate in any sort of seditious assembly. Now, how do you define that? It clearly violated the First Amendment. Anyone found to be the author or publisher of defamatory material that was offensive against the President or Congress could be punished by a fine of $2,000 and imprisoned for two years and it’s difficult to know how many people were, because the old common law action for libel was still there, but we’re talking about thirty or forty very prominent people who went to jail. The basic result was that the First Amendment, the one that establishes the right of every citizen to absolute and incoercible freedom of manifesting of his own thought, was no longer enforced, superseded by a mere act of Congress in what was clearly an arrogation of power. These laws also clearly overstepped their delegated powers since no article of the Constitution delegated to the Federal government the power to regulate the status of aliens, much less the power to repeal freedom of expression.
The background of these measures was the French scare. There was a French scare in 1798. While it was clear that there should have been a French scare in Germany and all over Europe, it’s not understandable why there was something like that in the United States, but it spread like wildfire through America during the 1790’s. And it was really the fear that the French Revolution would burst its banks and spread beyond its natural borders, but as John Adams said: “There’s no more prospect of seeing a French army here than there is in Heaven.” Just after the passing of the two laws, Jefferson privately reassured John Taylor of Caroline, saying: “a little patience and we shall see the reign of witches pass over,”[2] but this proved not to be the case. and he had little patience afterwards, when his opposition to the measures could not have been more clearcut. A few years later, in 1804, he wrote to Abigail Adams, who was also a fervent Federalist: “I considered & now consider that law to be a nullity as absolute and as palpable as if Congress had ordered us to fall down and worship a golden image.”[3] If you know Jefferson, that’s a pretty powerful image. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions were the Jeffersonian and Madisonian answer to that, and in the Kentucky Resolutions Jefferson really for the first time put forward the political and juridical doctrine of the school of States’ Rights, which retained its primacy up until the War for Southern Independence. I call it the War for Southern Independence because I think it was a war for Southern independence. It’s not a civil war because in a civil war, both sides fight to gain control of a given central government and of the same territory, which clearly was not the case. And it’s not The War Between the States because the States as States had no part in the war. There were no armies from the States. They all fought under the army of the Confederacy or the Union. So, it should be called the War for Southern Independence because that was the cause for it. The South wanted to be independent and the U.S. government wouldn’t let them go.
So, when was the beginning of this school of States’ Rights? It was during the ratification of the Constitution, and especially in Virginia, New York, and Rhode Island. New York and Rhode Island were even more specific than Virginia when they ratified the Constitution. They basically said: “The people will just get back their powers whenever they want. We do ratify the Constitution, but it has to be very clear that we can just regain our powers whenever we like.” Antifederalist feeling was extremely strong in Virginia where the Constitution plan was passed by a vote of 89 to 79 in 1788. And most of them were just conned into it. I think there was a clear majority of Antifederalists in Virginia, but they were out maneuvered. The Federalists were definitely the slicker politicians. But at the moment of ratification in the Virginia Convention they added a clause that was intended to provide a clear statement of the meaning of this traumatic act of subscribing to the new plan of government, so we should look at this for the definite birth of the States Rights’ school. They said something like:
“We the delegates of the people of Virginia do declare and make known that the powers granted under the Constitution, being derived from the people of the United States may be resumed by them” (Daniel Webster later used this same quotation to argue the exact opposite. He was another slick politician.) “whensoever the same shall be perverted to their injury or oppression and that every power not granted thereby remains with them and at their will. That therefore no right of any denomination can be canceled, abridged, restrained or modified by Congress, the Senate, or House of Representatives…& that among other essential rights the liberty of conscience and of the Press cannot be cancelled, abridged, restrained, or modified by any authority of the United States.”
Isn’t it interesting that they’re talking about liberty of the press and liberty of conscience? So, ten years later Virginia and Kentucky found themselves leading a battle that stemmed precisely from the freedom of speech and ultimately involved the interpretation of the Constitution. Now let’s forget anything about history because although it’s really interesting, I don’t want to dwell to much on that, because otherwise we cannot talk about the theory. Let’s go to the theory. Today a large portion of political and Constitutional theory holds that Federal citizenship is unthinkable without common and uniform safeguards of rights for all citizens. That’s part of what they call Federal citizenship. The States can decide a couple of things, especially if people can have fireworks or not. Contemporary scholars unanimously agree that individual rights have the greater protection under Federal than State power. I don’t know why, but that’s a given you cannot argue about. What they want to say is that there shouldn’t be any disparity of treatment on this very sensitive issue and the equality of citizens before the law cannot be guaranteed but at the Federal level. That’s the juridical thought of these days and the past hundred years. Well, Thomas Jefferson declared exactly the opposite. It was not the Federation, but the States, the buffers against the Federalist cravings to amass the American population into a single political community, that represented the true guarantee of the freedom of the citizens. So, the Kentucky Resolutions are first and foremost a recognition of the irreplaceable role played by the States in safeguarding the Constitutional balance against the risk of consolidation of Federal power. And as we shall see on the First Amendment, Jefferson thought that the States could do something against the First Amendment, but the Federal government could not. He took “Congress shall not” very seriously. It is appropriate to cite the core of the argument set forth in the Resolutions. The first resolve said:
.”
That’s the crucial point! That’s the crucial part of the Resolutions. There are other very important parts, but that is the most important part, because that’s the part that started the school of States’ Rights. In this resolution Jefferson asserted that the States, in as much as they were sovereign parties that formed the Constitutional compact, had created the Federal government as a nation subordinating it to their own power and designed to carry out limited and well-defined functions. The Federal government had no right to expand its own sphere of authority without the agreement of the contracting parties and, in Jefferson’s opinion, each individual State, when dealing with controversies that concerned the Constitution had the right to establish two things: First, when the pact had been breached, it was up to the State to decide that. Secondly, each State could decide the measures required to restore the order that had been disrupted. Jefferson argued in favour of the existence of a natural right of each State to declare the illegitimacy of an act of Congress deemed to be contrary to the Constitutional compact. He called it a natural right because it is based on the laws of nature, as these are the laws that best apply to powers having no common judge. Now, you have to remember that Jefferson was a pure Lockean, so you’re in a state of nature when you have no common judge, but in a state of nature there are the laws of nature that govern the state of nature – it’s not a lawless state. The view of the state of nature was quite different between Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. So, if you do not have a common judge what you have is a state of nature, and like individuals, the States are in a state of nature and the laws of nature do apply and therefore the natural right is the right to nullify. This is a purely Lockean framework. Furthermore, in the draft to the Kentucky Assembly, Jefferson had used the term “nullification” to refer specifically to that particular right – the natural right to stop a Federal law within the territory of the State because they had no common judge. This term “nullification” became very important thirty-two or thirty-three years later in American history. When they discovered that Jefferson was the author of the text, as had been suspected by a lot of people earlier on, the original version of the Resolutions was found among his papers in 1832, complete with the word “nullification.” The nullifiers scored a big point at that time because there were some articles in the Richmond Enquirer in which the editor said it couldn’t have been Jefferson. Then they found the letter and showed it to him. He was a very honest man and came out with another article admitting “nullification” was a Jeffersonian word and correct to use, because it had been struck out of Jefferson’s draft by the Kentucky Assembly.
The most crucial passage was actually the one we find in the eighth resolution of Jefferson’s draft, and it’s the measure to redress the Constitutional violation:
”[4]
So, in the case of ordinary abuses the remedy would be the free change of elected majorities and minorities, something that we tend to call democracy, without the States becoming protagonists in the battle. There’s no need for the States to step in if the jerks are running the Federal government. The people will take care of that supposedly. But when it becomes a question of arrogation of powers that have not been delegated, then it is both the duty and the natural right of the State that it becomes the protector of its own citizens as the underwriter of the original Constitutional pact. Since the States are the underwriters of the Constitutional pact, they have to shield their own populations from an illegal, totally unconstitutional measure. This function whereby the State protects its own citizens against the abuse of Federal power and shields them from unconstitutional laws would also be called the power of state interposition. The resolutions of the two Virginians concluded with an appeal to the co-states urging them to orchestrate common actions in order to expel the monstrosities represented by the 1798 laws from the legal system.
So, how was the Kentucky doctrine received in America? One clear division to emerge was its sectional character. South of the Potomac, the States simply did not respond to the exhortations because they were not strong enough. The Jeffersonian Party was gaining support but it was still too weak to pass resolutions of that kind and all the Northern States protested loudly through their assemblies, asserting first and foremost the full legitimacy of the Alien and Sedition Acts. Now, the fact that they were defending the Constitutionality of those laws tell you something. They didn’t say, “you are obliged to follow the general government whatever they say,” they just argued, “these are perfectly Constitutional laws so you have to follow them.” In those times nobody would have said something like: “It doesn’t matter. It comes from the Federal government, so tough luck because of the Supremacy Clause.” Nobody talked about the Supremacy Clause. Actually, the difference was that of a political nature and in the Southern States Jefferson’s Party was gaining strength, while the whole of the North was still in the hands of the Federalists. Thus, the tone of the States’ responses varied widely, but the leitmotif was that the States were not empowered to judge Federal laws for which there already existed one arbiter: the Supreme Court. So, they just said it’s up to the supreme court to see if it’s constitutional or not. The nature of the American Union as a pact and as a contract entered into by those who were parties to the pact was called directly into question. So, for the first time in 1798 you have the school of states rights at the beginning of that, but then in the answers you see something else – the beginning of the nationalist interpretation which was proclaimed most loudly by the infamous State of Vermont.
For the first time in history, Jefferson and Madison put forward the theory that the Federal government was created by a compact between the States and we the people acceded only as States and the States became not only the legitimate judges of the Constitution, but the executors of their decisions with regard to the Constitutionality of Federal laws. This precise point was directly refuted by Vermont, whose assembly ventured into an interpretation which, to say the least, was a real innovation in American history, if not the first time that it was said. Listen to what Vermont had to say:
“The people of the United States formed the Federal constitution and not the states or their legislatures and though each state is authorized to propose amendments, yet there is a wide difference between proposing amendments to the constitution and assuming or inviting a power to dictate and control the general government.”
So, the extremely brief propositions of Kentucky and the other one from Vermont really embody the whole of the controversy. The subsequent doctrine elaboration of John C. Calhoun and Daniel Webster in the 1830’s would simply embellish the arguments with analysis and historical facts and render the debate much more sophisticated, while the core of the matter was laid down in 1798. This thing about Vermont is not very well known. Even a lot of professional historians have paid no attention to it. It is really interesting to note that the position by which the Constitution was regarded as a pact founded on the States and entered into voluntarily was championed by the South, while the centralizing consolidated creed position that the American people were to be considered as one people was defended by a Northern State. Nevertheless, it would be really misleading to believe that States’ Rights was the doctrine of the Union according to the South alone. Actually, there are a lot of pamphlets that came out from New York as late as 1864 and 1865, defending the right of the South to secede. There were a lot of good New Yorkers who were on the side of secession and on the side of Constitutional government for the United States. To give you just one example, in a pamphlet on States’ Rights a respectable Northerner asserted:
“Questions which involve the reserved rights, the moral existence, the sovereignty of the States individually must be settled not by the general government, but by the States collectively. The States, the only parties to the compact which established and still the in the main so nobly sustained this Union, the States themselves are the source of political power and not the general government, a mere creation of this power for limited purposes.”
He was right on target. This man’s name was Estwick Evans, and this is from his Essay on State Rights, which was published in 1844. At the end of the book there’s a list of notables who wanted to buy it, and it seems that John C. Calhoun ordered eight copies. Before we go back to the Kentucky doctrine, let’s debunk a big myth in U.S. history, namely that Jefferson loved the Union more than anything else. For example, Peter Onuf. If you read his stuff about Jefferson there’s a clear line between Jefferson, Lincoln, FDR, and maybe Wilson. According to Onuf, these are the great Presidents, so Jefferson must be of that kind, so he loved the Union, did he not? Well, not really. Because in a letter to Madison dated August 1799, Jefferson proposed that Virginia and Kentucky should proceed side by side in a very resolute manner. Having taken note of the responses from the other states, he was now convinced that it was necessary to:
, we are willing to view with indulgence to wait with patience till those passions & delusions shall have passed over which the federal government have artfully & successfully excited to cover its own abuses & to conceal it’s.”[5]
That was a very clear statement. Of course, Madison was so scared that he immediately went to Monticello and tried to calm Jefferson down, and we don’t talk about the proposed secession of 1799, but otherwise it would have been possible that Virginia and Kentucky immediately left the Union. From that moment on, this was going to become one of the classic Jeffersonian topics, and in my book, I counted at least thirty to forty letters in which Jefferson very lightly talks about secession and leaving the Union. For Jefferson, freedom and self-government could not be subordinated to the Union and he placed no absolute value on Union. Compared to the extreme evil of ruthless violation of liberty, a dissolution of the compact was a lesser evil. For Jefferson, it was the rights of self-government and not the Union that were the guarantee of the safety and happiness of the people. It was clear as a Lockean that he believed that government itself was a man-made artifact to serve certain purposes. The Union was even less than a government. It was just a coalition of governments, an assemblage of State governments, so it was even lesser. If it serves the end, which is liberty, then fine, but if it does not, forget it.
During the 1820’s, Thomas Jefferson’s predictions about the possibility of maintaining a Constitutional (meaning limited) government in America grew increasingly pessimistic. A letter written a few months before his death shows him in favour of secession and even armed resistance, but only as a matter of principle, for the time had not yet arrived: “Not yet, not until the evil shall be upon us, that of living under a government of discretion.” So, he would be in favour of secession for 90% of American history. Living under a government of discretion, secession and armed resistance is certainly justified. A government of discretion was what the United States had for most of its history. A government of discretion is consolidation of power. when there are no checks and the Congress can decide upon its own powers. But the idea that the Union was just a means to an end was widely shared and was not a peculiarly Jeffersonian ideal, though Jefferson was peculiarly careless about it. One time when he was President, just after the Louisiana purchase, he said: “Well, this is probably going to split the country into two or three confederations and you know what, we’re pretty much the same people and I’ll feel that the western confederation will be my children as well as the eastern.”[6] He wrote of it as a matter-of-fact without any drama about it. The mystical doctrine of Union as a supreme end, as the absolute good to be defended at all costs, was certainly not part of the American tradition, not even to Daniel Webster. Webster begins the tradition that eventually will lead there, but there is nothing like that in Webster yet. This idea that to destroy the Union is a moral catastrophe? There’s nothing like that until the man from Springfield comes around. And so, it was really shaped in a completely novel form by Lincoln, and the idea of Lincoln (which was really metaphysical), of the existence of a single American people and its Union was gradually gaining ground. The conception that a sort of moral catastrophe would ensue from the dissolution of the union was the constant refrain of Lincoln, and when the crisis reached a peak on the 4th of July 1861, the Great Emancipator stated: .”[7] In 1981, when Ronald Reagan was trying to talk about Federalism and what he called “New Federalism,” he said: “All of us need to be reminded that the Federal Government did not create the States; the States created the Federal Government.”[8] He thought this was just a matter-of-fact statement because supposedly he wanted to empower the States a little bit more. At the beginning it was called New Federalism. In 1982 they called it “Reaganomics” and that was it, nobody talked about New Federalism anymore. But for two years it was known as New Federalism. The history departments in this country went crazy, absolutely berserk. This one guy, Samuel Beer, said that the President was totally wrong on all accounts: “The Union was first! Don’t you know what Lincoln said?” as if Lincoln was the ultimate historical authority. Reagan was on the right track, and he, not Abraham Lincoln, was the one appealing to the tradition of Thomas Jefferson. Thank you.
[1]Jefferson to Destutt de Tracy, 26 January 1811
[2]Jefferson to Taylor, 4 June 1798.
[3]Jefferson to Abigail Adams, 22 July 1804.
[4]The punctuation and brackets are Jefferson’s own.
[5]Jefferson to Madison, 23 August 1799.
[6]This is, of course, a paraphrase. See Jefferson to Dr. Joseph Priestly, 29 January 1804.
[7]Lincoln’s Message to Congress, 4 July 1861.
[8]Ronald Reagan, 1st Inaugural Address, 20 January, 1981.
One Comment
i suppose the hypocrisy of the north came to light when they invoked states’ rights to not fight against great Britain a decade or so later. when they denied sufferage to blacks at the end of to war for southern independence. and the Hartford convention and the rest of the blather that that region has diseased this republic with. Netherlands looks nice…i like the bike paths. Google maps said the ‘treasury of virtue” was a place in mesquite texas called “PLS check cashers”. guess ill have to check them out. |
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11-07-2012, 08:37 PM
AmyM
Junior Member
Join Date: Nov 2012
Posts: 22
3 discs damaged in car crash by intoxicated driver in So Cal...what to do?
Hi all,
I've visited this site several times looking for answers, but I think it's time I posted my story to see if anyone has any advice. I can't sleep for worrying about my situation & what to do, and I really need to make some decisions. I hope someone here can help!
Background - On April 11, 2011 I was hit not once but
twice
by a woman who was on narcotics (this was at 5 pm on a Monday as I was heading from a PTO meeting to my youngest son's tball game). She was arrested & later convicted. I was taken to the ER by ambulance in a neck brace & on a backboard, where they x-rayed me & released me with a diagnosis of whiplash. The next day they called me back for a CT-Scan but again, said it was whiplash. My doctor suggested acupuncture & chiropractic care, which I did 2x-3x week for 2.5 months. When the pain did not resolve, my doctor then prescribed physical therapy & massage. I had a massage once a week and PT 2x a week for 2.5 months, then my physical therapist released me since my condition did not improve. At this point it had been 6 months since the accident and I was no better, so I retained a lawyer and had a MRI, which showed severe disc damage at c 3/4, 4/5 & some lesser damage at 5/6 (my doctor's review of my MRI read "ouch!"). She & my physical therapist both then referred me to a pain specialist. I had paid for everything out of pocket up until this point - about $15,000 - but my lawyer arranged for a lienholder to cover my epidurals. I had three steroid epidurals in Nov/Dec '11, but my condition did not improve. The headaches were pretty much mostly gone by this point, but I still had neck pain and my right shoulder & top of my arm ached constantly (the 2nd time I was hit by the intoxicated driver I was looking back over my right shoulder, so the damage is mainly on my right side).
I took a few months off hoping that maybe things would resolve if left alone, but they did not, so in spring of 2012 I went to a neurosurgeon in Orange County. He recommended a 2-level anterior cervical discectomy with plating & fusion. I was shocked as I truly did not think I would ever need surgery. I decided to get a 2nd opinion from another neurosurgeon in La Jolla, who said he could go in through the back & clean out the discs, and that I would "probably" be fine. As I really did not want surgery, in July of 2012 I decided to try a different kind of epidural procedure through the front of my neck using a different kind of medicine. I had high hopes but it did nothing.
The pain doctor who did my last epidural suggested I see an orthopedic surgeon since perhaps they could do something less invasive. So in August '12 I saw an orthopedic surgeon in Oceanside who also said I needed a 2-level fusion (no one wants to touch the 3rd disc, as it's not as bad as the others). I didn't have confidence in this doctor's facility, so I decided to do one more consult with Dr. Regan in Beverly Hills in Oct. '12. Dr. Regan said he could do a 2-level fusion, but there was another option - a 2-level cervical disc replacement. I had never heard about this procedure before, but I liked what he told me, especially that I would not have to worry about adjacent disc disease - a real concern since I have that third damaged disc - and I really just want to go through this once. I went home, did my research & decided that was the surgery for me. I called to book it a week later, but was unable to do so as I needed approval from my lien holder. He was reluctant to back it since disc replacement is so new in the US, and not all insurance companies cover it so he wasn't confident I would get a settlement large enough to cover his costs. So I looked into my Cigna (which I had not yet tapped into for anything related to the accident), and found they do not cover cervical disc replacements, but that they might if it was one level only. Since I needed to repair two levels, I was back at the mercy of my lien holder.
After much discussion with my lienholder, and waiting 4 days for my doctor to call me back, we decided on a compromise - a hybrid surgery of a disc replacement at 3/4 and a fusion at 4/5 (again, they want to leave 5/6 alone). From what I have read, while not as good as a 2-level ADR, a hybrid is a better option than a 2-level ADCF. So again, I tried to schedule the surgery. Then I got the lienholder's estimate and it's $260,000!!! They say it's "worst case scenario" and it will be negotiated down, but I can't risk my family's financial health on this.
I have asked Dr. Regan's office to submit my insurance for pre-qualification, and they told me they can try, but that Cigna will not cover a disc replacement if you need work on more than one level, even if you are doing a fusion on the other level. Honestly, I don't think they are even going to try.
I will very likely get a settlement from the woman who hit me, possibly up to $300,000 which sounds like a lot (it IS a lot) but my lawyer will take 1/3 and if my medical bills are more than $200,000, I will end up OWING. This is to say nothing about getting compensation for my pain, time & emotional distress over the last 18 months.
I should also mention that my symptoms have been changing over the last 4-6 weeks. Where I once had pain just in my shoulder & in my arm, it's now all the way down to my hand & my fingers tingle constantly. I am very worried that I will end up with permanent nerve damage if I don't act soon. The last two doctors I saw both told me my muscles in my right side are beginning to atrophy, and I can definitely tell I am not as strong on that side. Even typing or writing for more than a few minutes hurts. So I am feeling pressured to do something soon before it's too late. Emotionally I am a wreck trying to figure this out.
My husband & I sat down last night & came up with these options:
1) I have the hybrid surgery with Dr. Regan this month and hope that the lienholder will be able to negotiate the cost down. It would be nice to at least be able to recoup the cost of the car we had to buy to replace the one that was paid off but totaled.
a. I can continue to push Dr. Regan's office to work on getting it covered with my insurance, but I am not very optimistic that they are putting much effort in it. I can't count on it happening.
b. I could find another surgeon that does ADR whose office staff might be more receptive to working with insurance, but that would take more time & could end up with the same options. I would prefer to get this taken care of sooner rather than later since it HURTS...which is a big reason for not wanting to fight with Cigna on my own.
2) I have a 2-level fusion here in San Diego. I would be pretty much guaranteed that Cigna would cover it so I wouldn't need a lienholder, and I would walk away with some cash after paying my lawyer & medical bills. However, I am greatly concerned about developing adjacent disc disease and eventually needing more surgery. I also don't love the idea of reduced mobility and the longer recovery. Finally, I think I would be really bummed out to settle for this option when I know there is something better out there (ADR).
3. I go abroad & have the 2-level ADR or a hybrid there. Pros - qualified surgeons, cheaper, likely that we could get the costs eventually covered with settlement. Cons - we'd have to pay for this out-of-pocket up front, it would take longer to arrange, plus we'd have to factor in travel time (time off from work for my husband to accompany me), inconvenience & costs, dealing with child care while we're out of the country, plus the scary what-ifs that could pop up (follow up care, what if there is a problem, etc).
None of these options are great. There's not a clear-cut answer. This is taking over my life, between the pain and having to make the right decision. Can anyone tell me what their abroad experiences have been like? How much was it, how long were you there & what about follow-up? Or has anyone had a hybrid surgery? How do you feel? Or if anyone has had a 2-level fusion, what's recovery really like? I have so many questions, and not enough answers. I am still delving into this board but would greatly appreciate any words of wisdom.
Thank you!
-Amy
Car acccident 4.11.11 - damaged c 3/4, 4/5 & 5/6
pain in neck (ha), right shoulder, arm & tingling hand
debating between 2-level ADR abroad, hybrid here in US or 2-level fusion
AmyM
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11-07-2012, 10:56 PM
Harrison
Administrator
Join Date: Oct 2004
Posts: 6,978
Wow, Amy, sorry about your situation. Like many here, you've had so many challenges. Have you already made up your mind about going abroad?
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11-08-2012, 08:44 AM
jss
Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2009
Posts: 1,411
Amy,
What a terrible story! And condolences on the loss of your spinal health due to this intoxicated driver.
I don't know which course of action is best for you, but it sure looks like you've done your homework and put together a list of reasonable options. I had a cervical fusion in 2000, another in 2002 and in 2009 was told that I needed three more! I put together pretty much the same list of options that you have and ended up choosing your option 3; having a double M6 ADR abroad.
On getting your insurance to cover the hybrid procedure... It is common now for insurance carriers to cover a hybrid, and I'm a little surprised to hear that yours doesn't. We see many cases on this board of people challenging their insurance company that doesn't cover ADR to cover; but we see very few successes. The poster that goes by the handle "gymnast1981" was successful. She posted a great deal about it in the "Insurance Hell" forum. If you need more information than she's posted there, you can always send her a PM.
On the double fusion... In his 1999 landmark study,
Radiculopathy and Myelopathy at Segments Adjacent to the Site of a Previous Anterior Cervical Arthrodesis
, Dr Alan Hilibrand followed 409 patients that received cervical fusions; 374 single level, and 35 multil-level fusions (like yours and mine). He found that of the single level fusion patients that 25 percent would require an additional surgery at an adjacent level within 10 years. An interesting observation gleaned in his work is that that proportion of required follow up surgeries was "significantly lower" in patients that received multiple adjacent fusions. Yes, 35 is a small sample, but it looks like adjacent segment disease is not as prevalent after a two level fusion as it is a single level.
On going abroad for ADR... It will cost less, you can choose a respected and renowned surgeon, and in my view will probably have the best outcome that it is possible to have. But, as you have noted such an act is abundant with risk that you won't have if you stay here in the US. Here are the ones that come to mind:
In the event of complications the provider will want payment at the time of service, before you leave the hospital; which could be tens of thousands of dollars
If you come out of surgery worse than you went in (it happens), getting back home will not be as simple as a car or ambulance ride
If there is negligence, you will not have the protection or recourse provided by the US legal system
When you get home, finding a doctor to treat any future spine issues, or even perform a simple follow up could be difficult
Doubtless you've observed the very high probability of an overseas surgery by members on this site. The aforementioned problems are rare (except for the last one), but I've seen all but one of them experienced by posters on this site.
On waiting too long for surgery and incurring permanent nerve damage... I've done that myself. I'm three years post surgery and my left hand is still, and will likely always be mostly numb. The problem is that you can't know that you've waited too long until after you've waited too long.
In 2009 I had a double M6 ADR in Barcelona. I was in the hospital two nights. Except that no one spoke English (and I mean NO ONE but my doctor and his two associates) and that I was hooked up only to an IV in recovery, it was just like being in Medical City Dallas for my two fusions years earlier. I left the hospital completely ambulatory and spent the next ten days touring Barcelona an Paris, 8+ hrs per day, on foot. Some cervical patients can do that and some can't. I had one post surgery check up before leaving Spain, an 18 month check up with a local surgeon in the Dallas area, and will have a 3 year check up tomorrow. So far, so good. The surgical cost was just under $30k (it costs more now) and the travel/logding related expenses were about another $5k.
The poster on this site that goes by DAnn had a cervical hybrid at TBI. I know that she'd be happy to share her experience if you PM her.
Good luck, Jeff
__________________
C4/5 - ACDF in 2000
C5/6 - ACDF in 2002
C3/4 & C6/7 - M6 ADR, Nov 2009, Barcelona
Conceded defeat to a manifestly disingenuous BCBS-TX in my quest for reimbursement, Jan 2011
jss
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4
11-08-2012, 04:06 PM
adrigail
Senior Member
Join Date: Oct 2012
Posts: 106
Hi,
I too have Cigna as my companies insurance administrator. Specifically I can't speak to your situation, but I WAS approved for a single level ADR (Prodisc) by Cigna and am currently scheduled.
My company self-insures and I'm not sure how that affected the decision to approve ADR surgery.
My approval came on the first submission. I have a similar conservative treatment history as you (massage, PT, Epi's) that spans about 8 years. This too might have streamlined the approval process. My approval actually came on the first submission, didn't even need to appeal.
I suggest you keep hammering away at Cigna. It appears that they are becoming slightly more inclined to approve ADR surgery as an alternative to Fusion.
Mike
__________________
Mike
49
2006-2011 Chiro, epidural steroids, nsaids, PT for L4-5 bulge/annular tear
April 25th 2012 35MPH rear end collision, blows out L4-5 and ADDS a tear in C4-5
Cancelled ADR to continue conservative therapies
April 10th 2013: Insurance re-approved and I'm scheduling lumbar ADR for end of the month!
*schedule* ADR Prodisc L April 29th 2013
5-2-2013 ADR using Prodisc L
7-10-2013 New MRI on neck. Surgeon DOES NOT recommend ADR for Cervical.
"I'll be your Huckleberry"
adrigail
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5
11-08-2012, 07:37 PM
2Confused
Senior Member
Join Date: Jun 2011
Posts: 322
ADR cervical
Hi Amy,
Wow, you've done your homework and sounds like you are ready to move forward.
I also was in an auto accident, whiplash & damaged discs just over three years ago and went through every option hoping to avoid surgery. I finally gave in, realizing I could no longer live in constant pain & made the decision to have surgery. Then discovered that I would have to jump many hurdles to get insurance to pay....
So, we made the decision to go to Spain, Dr. Clavel. My surgery was 15days ago & my neck is mostly pain free!!!! Still dealing with some nerve damage & nerve pain, but I made the right decision and am so happy that I chose to have the ADR surgery.
I encourage you to do what YOU feel is best for you based upon your research & what your doctors say....
Best of luck.
I also sent you a PM.
__________________
50 year old female
Rear-Ended in 2009
Disk rupture cervical 5-6 & 6-7
2 level M6 ADR, Dr. Clavel - Oct. 2012
Insurance paid
Not a day goes by that without me whispering a silent "thank you" to Dr. Clavel
Post Op 2+ years
Cross Fit 3-5 times a week
Running 5ks
2Confused
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6
11-19-2012, 08:10 PM
newleaseonlife
Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2012
Posts: 101
Amy,
I am so sorry that you are having to go through this. I was in a similar situation with my car accident, although the woman who struck me was not on drugs. I fought with insurance agents and had to eventually resort to hiring a lawyer. Turns out, the woman didn't have enough coverage. I researched having an ADR done, and knew it was the surgery I wanted with regards to my age and lifestyle. My BCBS insurance refused to pay for the surgery. The cost would have been $150,000+ for the ADR, plus I needed to have an additional surgery on my L5/S1. I was beside myself and became desperate for pain relief.
I too heavily researched all the options and decided to go with option #4. I chose to travel to Cyprus to have my ADR done. My local surgeon, Dr. Peterson, told me about a program he was involved in. Basically, I would have all my pre-op stuff done here at home. We would then fly to Cyprus and have the surgery done there, and then he'd to all my follow up care once I went home.
I wasn't sold at first, but I knew I couldn't deal with the pain too much longer. I got the maximum payout from the woman's insurance company ($100,000 although my lawyer got to have her 1/3) and then started pricing ADR surgeries overseas.
I knew that Europe was ideal for the ADRs. I looked into Spain, Germany, and England, but decided that Cyprus was the best bang for the buck. I was quoted an ADR price of 30,000 Euros. That included my surgery, medications, and my stay and all meals in a 5 star hotel for my husband and I. Also, part of the program that the surgery was under included visits to ancient ruins and cities, shopping trips, and any sight seeing that I wanted to do. My "guide" was the most wonderful person. She was British Cypriot and so she translated for me. She has a proper British accent, so she was easy to understand We became such good friends that I still Skype her once a month.
All the other countries were 40,000 Euros and up when I priced them. I also wanted to go someplace warm and sunny to recover. It was beautiful 80-85 degree weather and it was amazing!! The food was delicious and the people were wonderful. Since Cyprus is a former British colony, almost everyone speaks English as a second language. We were able to get around because the bus line was really easy to use and there were plentiful and cheap taxis everywhere. All the signs are in English, so it was easy to find out where I wanted to go. The people were really easy going, and accommodating. I swam/floated in the Mediterranean prior to my surgery, got a lovely suntan, and gorged myself on the most delicious baklava I have ever tasted.
Since Cyprus is part of the EU they have to meet certain standards. The hospital that I used was one year old and was impressive. It was all state of the art and super clean. I had a private room and my own little TV. I will say that the hospital food wasn't too bad either. I was out the next morning and back in my beautiful hotel room. My surgeon, Dr. Peterson, checked on me before and after the surgery and talked with my husband about everything. It was just like being back home.
I would be more than happy to tell you more about my experience and the program I used, if you want to know more.
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11-19-2012, 09:11 PM
Lillyth
Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2012
Posts: 679
I'm in the same boat as you ladies, only my driver was uninsured.
I have Cigna too, and the reason they don't like cervical ADR is that the guy who shapes their policy is a lumbar ADR specialist. If only it had been our lower backs, we might be approved.
CIGNA is telling me the same thing, but we are having my husband's HR people put some pressure on them.
I would love to know the program in Cyprus, and if they used the M6.
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11-19-2012, 09:43 PM
Lillyth
Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2012
Posts: 679
Also, what about Cyprus's proximity to Turkey, Syria, and Israel? My husband and I are worried about being so close to war torn countries.
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11-20-2012, 07:27 PM
newleaseonlife
Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2012
Posts: 101
First off, please let me say that I'm not a salesperson for the company or anything like that. Eve I'm just a satisfied customer who went over on her own dime and had surgery done. I only want to help others.
That being said, the company I used was called AIMIS. It stands for the American Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery. Their website is
AIMIS - World Leading Spine Centre Organization
. You can upload your MRIs to their surgeons to review, and then the surgeons can recommend the best implant for your scenario. I am not familiar with the M6 device, so I can't say anything to that. I do know that since the surgery isn't done in the US, you have access to other implant options that are available in Europe. I know that if you aren't in an area where there is a AIMIS member surgeon nearby they offer video conferencing. My surgeon happened to be local, but not everyone is as fortunate on that count. I know that Dr. William Smith out of Las Vegas is one of the top guys to work with. He travels to Cyprus multiple times a year to perform ADR or TDRs as they are called in Cyprus. He probably does more procedures a year than most American doctors do in their lifetime.
As for the safety of Cyprus, I too was worried. However, since Cyprus is part of the European Union, they aren't considered a part of the Middle East, but Europe. They are closer to Greek in their politics, except for the whole bankruptcy issue going on in Greece. The people of Cyprus are mostly Greek Orthodox, and there is very little issue with the religious groups. Turkey controls the northern top of the island, but it is a mostly peaceful sharing of the island. The Cypriots are the kind of people who perfer to argue politics over dinner and a glass of wine than with guns and missiles. It is odd to think of being so close to the fighting going on, but really Cyprus is like an insulated bubble when it comes to the fighting over there. If you have any questions about the political climate, I could refer you to my friend. She lives in Limassol and could help allay any worries you have.
As for local crime, I felt very safe there. I walked alone and rode busses with cash in my handbag during the day and at night with my husband, and never felt any danger. Crime is relatively low there. People rarely gave me a second glance. Truthfully, I felt safer in Cyprus than I did in Amsterdam.
The hospital was built in 2011, I think. It is in a nice area. Again though, AIMIS uses a private hospital. That means you get the top of the line care. The day I went in to surgery I waited all of ten minutes after the nurse put in my IV before I was wheeled down to the operating room. Checking out was a breeze. I had my own dedicated nurse while I was there.
Wow! I didn't realize how long my post had gotten. Oops!! I don't want to hijack this thread, so please feel free to PM me.
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11-20-2012, 08:43 PM
laid up doc
Senior Member
Join Date: Sep 2010
Posts: 775
i do know that there are a fair # of US surgeons looking to establish an out of country hub to use different implants, stem cells, etc... some of my local orthopedists have been very curious about my experience.
oh the FDA... ugh.
as far as Cyprus - first i have heard of such a setup, glad it worked out so well.
__________________
US non-spine MD - laid up no more!!!
had recurrent annular tear L5/S1, failed everything
M6L done 10/19/11 w/ Dr Clavel
getting back to my old self more and more every week!
[email protected]
if my PM box is full
The content herein represents my professional thought and opinions in a general sense only; they do not constitute professional advice or services. if you need medical advice, please consult a licensed physician.
laid up doc
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