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Color in the image can be done in many ways, but the two most popular methods are using Adobe Photoshop or Blender. In this article, we’ll show you how to replace the color in an image using both Adobe Photoshop and Blender. When it comes to image editing, there are a variety of different techniques that can be used to change the colors in an image. we will focus on two specific software programs Adobe Photoshop and Blender we will show you how to use each program to replace colors in an image. While both programs can be used to achieve a similar result, the process for each program is slightly different. Therefore, it is important to familiarize yourself with both programs before attempting to replace colors in an image. Different software has different tools for color correction. In this article, we will teach you how to replace the color in the image using Adobe Photoshop and Blender. First, open the image in Adobe Photoshop. Go to the “Image” menu and select “Adjustments” > “Replace Color…”. In the “Replace Color” dialogue box, You can select the color you want to replace, and then you can replace it. Then, click on the “Find Similar Colors” button and adjust the “Fuzziness” slider until you are happy with the result. Finally, click on the “Replace” button. Read on if you are ready to learn how to replace colors in an image using Adobe Photoshop and Blender! Contents - 1 What is the color replacement? - 2 Tips for successful color replacement - 3 The benefits of color correction - 4 When to use color correction - 5 What are the benefits of using Adobe? - 6 Why is it important to replace colors in images? - 7 What makes Blender the best tool for the job? - 8 How to replace color in images using Adobe? - 9 How to replace colors in images using Blender? - 10 Which method is better? - 11 How to make your color changes permanent - 12 Other things to consider when editing your images - 13 To wrap things up What is the color replacement? Color replacement is a color correction technique that uses the original image to determine the missing colors, then replaces them with the closest equivalent colors in the image. This results in a natural-looking, accurate rendition of what you’re trying to achieve. If your image has been taken on a high-contrast subject, or if there are large areas of similar colors that need to be changed, color replacement is an excellent choice for your project. Color replacement is a simple way to change the colors on your website without having to use Photoshop or other complicated software. The trick is using hexadecimal values and a few simple CSS rules. Hexadecimal values are created by combining two other numbers, 0s and 1s. When you put them together, they create a string of 16 characters that represent the color you want to change, or the hex value for that color, by putting these hex values inside of an HTML element with your desired background color set as its background property. You can easily change the colors on your site without having to use any other tools! Color replacement is a process that helps you use your existing images to create a new design. It’s pretty straightforward: you take an image and replace the color of one or more objects with another color. Tips for successful color replacement Color replacement is a tricky thing. It’s also an essential part of good design, and we’re here to help you get it right. First off, don’t be afraid to try something new. Color is a huge part of our aesthetic, so if you don’t like how something looks, it’s okay not to use it. Sometimes you’ll find that your favorite colors just don’t work with the new design and that’s okay! It might be time for a change! Also, remember that color can be used as both a complement and a contrast so don’t forget about that. For example, if you’re designing a logo for A company, try using black as the contrast color against another color such as red or orange. This will help draw attention to key details in your design while also making sure it doesn’t look too overwhelming. Finally, remember that sometimes less is more when it comes to color especially when there are multiple colors in your design! We suggest using fewer colors than usual when doing something like redesigning your logo or website. Because this will make everything easier on the eyes and make it easier for people who are working with limited technology (like tablets). The benefits of color correction Color correction is like a time machine, allowing you to travel back in time and make your photos look incredible! If you’re looking for the best way to edit your photos, you’ve come to the right place. We’ll show you how to get perfect color correction results every time. The benefits of color correction. There are many reasons why you might need to correct your images before they’re published. For example, you might have taken a photo in a low-light setting, but the color isn’t quite right. Or maybe you’re shooting a portrait and want to make sure the model’s skin looks just right. Either way, there are ways to fix your problem that don’t require spending hours on Photoshop or editing software, and these tips will get you started. Use an external monitor. The best way to see what’s going on in an image is with an external monitor. This way, you can see how the color looks from all angles without having to crop or edit the image itself. The screen should be at least 24 inches in size and be able to show 72 pixels per inch (ppi) resolution or higher. Make sure that it has an HDMI input as well because this is what allows you to connect it directly into your computer system without needing any additional cables or adapters first! Use reflection mode. Reflection mode is one way to get around having a large external monitor sitting beside you while working on your images! When to use color correction Color correction is a process that can be used to make your photos look more vivid. It’s like an artist’s paintbrush, with the ability to change the color of your photo in a way that will make it stand out from the crowd. Color correction is especially helpful when you have a shot that looks too dark or too light. It’s also great for shots where you want to add some pop to an otherwise dull image, or where you want to bring out details in an image that might not have been seen clearly before. It’s easy to use just pick the correct color levels on your camera and you’re all set! Color correction is for more than just brightening up your photos. It’s also a great way to make sure that your photos don’t look washed out, dull, or flat. Color correction can be used to soften a photo’s background and brighten up the foreground to create a more vivid and dynamic look. It’s like using a filter on your photos except you’re doing it in post-production! Here are some tips for when to use color correction: - Use color correction in landscapes to create a sense of depth and distance. If a photo has strong shadows or contrast between light and dark tones, try adding some warmth with a filter (like Soft Light, Color Balance, Vivid Light, or Pin Light) before applying the color correction. This will help balance out the image and make it feel less flat or monochromatic. - Use color correction on portrait photos that might otherwise appear too washed out or pale (like skin tones). Try adding warmth (such as by using Vibrant Color) before applying color correction so that those areas don’t appear too dark or cool next to brighter parts of the image. What are the benefits of using Adobe? Adobe is a great tool for color replacement in images. It can be used to improve the clarity of your photos and make them more vivid. Adobe’s color replacement features can be used to replace objects or people in your images. They can also be used to enhance the mood of a photo by changing the colors in a snap. Adobe has several different tools that allow you to choose from hundreds of thousands of colors or shades of gray and help you replace whatever color you want with another one. You can even create custom palettes Here are some of the benefits: - It’s easy! Just click on the color you want to replace, then click on the new color, and you’re done. - You can use custom palettes, so if you want a more dramatic effect than just changing colors, you can use your own palette instead of relying on presets. - You can easily adjust other settings like opacity or layer blend modes while you’re working (which means less time spent figuring out how to do something). Why is it important to replace colors in images? If you’re like most people, you might not have given much thought to the fact that your photos aren’t exactly what they seem. When you take a picture, it’s not just a snapshot of an instant in time it’s a record of your experience. The colors and lighting in your shot may not match what you remember seeing when you took the photo, because of things like weather conditions, sunlight, or personal preference. Even if the lighting is perfect and everything else looks like it should, the colors might be off. You can use a tool called color balance to get rid of this discrepancy by adjusting the individual values (the reds, greens, blues, and other hues) of each color channel in your photo. A good color scheme should be able to help readers identify specific parts of the page and make it easy for them to navigate between sections and different types of content. For example, you might use a bold red color scheme for headers and subheaders, but use a lighter red for body text. This makes reading through your pages a breeze! You can also use different shades of the same color in your header or subheader so that readers can easily see where they need to go next in order to get back on track with their reading. Additionally, using different colors throughout your site helps keep it visually interesting. By breaking up large blocks of text into smaller bits so that readers don’t get bored with looking at one section over another when they scroll down too quickly! What makes Blender the best tool for the job? The best part about Blender is that you can create very complex paintings without having to spend hours doing so. It’s also incredibly easy to learn how to use this program since it has tons of tutorials online that show you how to use each feature. Blender is the best tool for replacing colors in images because it can do it faster, better, and more efficiently than Photoshop or any other program. With Blender, you can paint directly on the image and use filters to change the color of the painting. You can even add text to your paintings and change their color, size, and style. First of all, Blender has a built-in color mixer to help you choose colors for your image. This means you don’t have to go through a lot of trial and error like you would with Photoshop or Gimp. Second, it is faster than Photoshop when it comes to generating or editing images. For example, if you need to change the color of an object in your image from red to yellow, Blender will take less time than Photoshop to get those colors right. Thirdly, Blender’s renderer is much better at dealing with large amounts of data than Photoshop’s renderer. This means that if you wanted to render out a large number of objects in your image (like trees) with different colors. Then Blender could handle that task much more quickly than Photoshop could. How to replace color in images using Adobe? In this tutorial, we will learn how to replace colors in images using Adobe. - First, open your image in Photoshop. - Then, select the Lasso Tool from the Tools Panel or use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + L. Draw a selection around the part of your image you wish to change. - Next, go to Select > Inverse and press OK. This will create a selection that takes out all of the backgrounds except for what you have selected in this case, the object or object parts that are still highlighted after inverting. - Now choose Select > Mode > Adjustments> Replace color and enter 2 px for both Width and Height (this will shrink down the size of your selection). Next, click OK twice to exit each dialog box. This will contract down your selection so it doesn’t take up too much space on screen anymore. - Click anywhere on your background canvas with black color and press Alt+Backspace (on Windows) or Option+Delete (on macOS), which will replace it with white color by default; this is called “Replacing Color” mode because it attempts to find an exact match between two different colors (usually one foreground color and one background color). Use the Replace Color dialog box Adobe has a great new feature that allows you to replace colors in your photo with different colors. It’s called Replace Color and it’s super easy to use. Just click on the Replace Color box in your photo and choose the color you want to replace. Then, click on “Replace” to begin the process. You can also modify other settings like brightness, contrast, and saturation before you click “Replace.” - Step 1: First and foremost step is to Select the area of your image that you want to replace with a new color. - Step 2: Go to the Replace Color dialog box by going to Mode> Adjustments and then clicking on the Replace Color option. - Step 3: Select a new background color and select whether or not you want this new color to be transparent or opaque. - Step 4: You can also play around with different settings such as hue, saturation, and lightness before confirming your changes with the OK or Cancel buttons at top of the dialog box. Use the Color Replacement tool The Color Replacement tool is a powerful tool that can help you to transform your images in various ways. It allows you to replace the color of one pixel with another by clicking on it. In this article, we will discuss how to use this tool and how it can help you to improve your images. To use this tool, first, you need to select it from the toolbox. Then choose a brush tip in the options bar. Generally, the blending mode is set to color so you basically should enable it. For the Sampling option, you can choose any one. First, go to the Limits menu, and select any one of those according to your edit requirement. For instance, we will have to choose a low chance, so that you can replace colors that are veritably similar to the pixel you click, or the pixels you raise the chance in order to replace a broader range of colors. Which will produce a smooth edge in the corrected areas and also the select Anti-aliased. Choose a color that has a good focal point and then replace the unwanted color (see Select colors in the toolbox). Click on an area where there is unwanted color and drag in an area where there is wanted color until all unwanted color has been replaced with the wanted color (if needed). How to replace colors in images using Blender? If you’re looking for a way to replace colors in images, consider using Blender. It’s a free and open-source 3D design application that is available for both Mac and PC. You can use Blender to create different types of scenes, including landscapes, characters, and even animated movies. The software is very flexible and has a wide range of functions that allow you to create anything from simple to complex projects. Blender also comes with a built-in renderer that allows you to preview your work as it develops. You can see how things look as they change over time and make adjustments accordingly. The best part about Blender is its flexibility. You can do so much with this tool! You can import images or other files into the program and then start editing them right away. Or if you’d like more control over what kind of image you’re creating, you can choose from pre-made scenes or create your custom one in just minutes! Steps to make it easy Color grading in Blender is a bit different from other programs. Here’s how to change the colors in an image: - Choose New from the File menu. This will open a new window where you can name your new file and choose an image to import it into. - Import the image by clicking on it and dragging it into your project window (where the white space is). You should see an icon appear in the lower-right corner of your screen, indicating that your image has been added to your project. - In this same viewport, go up to Properties and click on Color. The Color Properties box will appear on top of everything else in that viewport area. To change the color of something in Blender, simply adjust its Hue value by clicking on one of three boxes at the top left corner of this box (red, green, or blue). You can also double-click on each box to change its hue value by 1. Which method is better? Adobe Photoshop and Blender are both great tools for replacing color in an image. Though they have different strengths and weaknesses, the two programs share a lot of similarities that make them both suitable for the task at hand. In both programs, you can create new layers and masks to edit specific parts of your image without affecting other parts. In Photoshop, you can also use a variety of filters to change your image’s color or contrast quickly and easily. One major difference between Adobe Photoshop and Blender is that Blender doesn’t support layers as Adobe does. This means that if you want to make changes throughout your image (as opposed to just on one layer), then you’ll need to use a more advanced editing program such as GIMP or Inkscape instead. The best way to replace the color in an image is with Adobe Photoshop. Adobe Photoshop is a powerful image editing tool that has been used by professionals for over 20 years. It has a wide range of features that allow you to achieve the results you want quickly and easily. You can change the color, brightness, contrast, and other properties of your images without having to use any additional software or plugins. On the other hand Blender Blender is an open-source 3D modeling software used by professionals as well as amateurs who are interested in making 3D models. Blender’s most popular feature is its ability to create realistic renderings of objects with realistic lighting effects, including shadowing and reflections. If you’re looking for an image editor that will let you change the color of your images quickly and easily without using any additional software or plugins then we would highly recommend Adobe Photoshop over Blender because it offers more capabilities than Blender does when it comes to color correction on images.” How to make your color changes permanent You can make your color changes permanent in Photoshop by using the “Auto Color Correction” option. Here’s how: - Open a new document and make sure it’s the same size as your original document. - Go to “Layer” -> “New Adjustment Layer.” - Select “Auto Color Correction” from the drop-down menu, and then click OK. - In the dialog box that appears, choose your color correction profile from the pull-down menu at the top of the window. This will appear to be a check box with a plus sign next to it (if there’s no check mark, try opening an existing color profile). - Click OK. The green check mark indicates that you’ve selected a good profile. You can click on it if you want to use it again later on! Blender It’s easy to make your color changes permanent in Blender. You just need to follow these steps: - Add a material that you want to tint, like a new texture or a texture mask. - Go to the “Modes” tab and select “Seamless Drawing.” - Click on the color wheel on the left side of the interface and change the hue value for each channel you want to tint (e.g., red, green, blue). - Select all of the channels that you want to be tinted by clicking on them one at a time and then clicking “Ok” in the pop-up box that appears when you click it. Other things to consider when editing your images When you’re replacing the color in your images, you have to consider a variety of things. First, what are the limitations of your product? If your product has a small number of colors, or if it’s made of material that can’t tolerate drastic color changes. Then you may not be able to change its color using CSS alone. Second, what are the strengths of your product? Consider how well it performs under different lighting conditions and in different surroundings. Is there something about your design that will make it harder for people to differentiate between different shades? For example, if your product is black-and-white, but you want it to appear more vibrant when viewed under bright light or on a dark background (rather than in other situations). Then you’ll need to include additional instructions in your code. Third, what do you want users to think when they look at your product? You may have a specific feeling or experience you want them to have when they see it, for example, an overwhelming sense of sadness or joy. If this is true for your design as well as for each aspect of it (color schemes included). Then be sure to include instructions with each change so that users can find ways around any obstacles they might encounter along the way. Read Also: QHD vs 4k Display To wrap things up In conclusion, to replace colors in an image, you can use a few different software programs. Adobe Photoshop and Blender are two of the most popular options. Each has its own unique set of features and tools that you can use to achieve the desired results. This guide showed you how to replace colors in an image using Adobe and Blender. First, you opened the image in Adobe Photoshop. Next, you used the color picker to select the color you wanted to replace. Finally, you exported the image as a PNG file and imported it into Blender. Blender has a variety of tools that you can use to replace colors in an image. Thanks for reading!

Discussion and test of single-ended output transformer The single-ended output transformer is an iron core plus primary and secondary coils. The primary to secondary turns ratio is the voltage ratio. The square of the primary and secondary turns ratio is the impedance ratio. The inverse ratio of the primary and secondary turns is the current ratio. It looks very simple. Let us see if this is the case. The output transformer is composed of a copper part (winding) and an iron part (iron core). Both parts have an effect on the sound. First, the iron core is an alloy mainly composed of iron, nickel, cobalt and silicon. (矽) and other components, different components have an impact on the magnetic properties and then affect the sound effect. The proportion of high-quality transformer core alloy and processing details are trade secrets, not easy to know, but they are inseparable from the basic principles. The transformer core is rolled from a steel ingot to a thickness of about 0.25 mm to reduce the eddy current effect. The punch is then punched into an EI type, and also rolled into a round shape and then cut In two halves into a C type, commonly known as C core. Please see picture: The processing is divided into cold rolling and hot rolling. Because of the high temperature, the hot-rolled steel sheet is still melting and has no directionality. Therefore, the hot-rolled steel sheet is more suitable for EI type because the magnetic flux will be deflected by 90 degrees in the EI shaped steel sheet. Because the temperature of the cold-rolled steel sheet is low, the fluidity of the molecule has been weakened, and it can only be formed in the direction of rolling, which is more directional, so the cold-rolled steel sheet is more suitable for the directional magnet flux as C core. Because the magnetic lines of force are moving in the direction of the C core steel sheet, please see the figure: Because there is no magnetic line 90 degree deflection relationship, C core generally works well. So in recent years, C core core is used to make single-ended output transformer, and later DIY has an illusion that EI is not good enough, C core will not be wrong, forming a market point of tracing the C core and ignore the EI. In addition, the frequency response of the core, regardless of the winding, the metal is composed of crystals, the shape of the crystal is determined by the molecular structure of the alloy, the size of the crystal is determined by the speed at which the melting temperature drops to the condensation temperature, and slower the rate of decline, The larger the crystal, the faster the rate of decline, the smaller the crystal, the temperature drop on the crust can be hundreds of thousands of years, and the length of the crystal can reach one meter. The figure below shows a metal crystal with a side length of 25 mm in the earth’s crust for tens of thousands of years temperature drop is formed: In the factory, the melting temperature of the core material drops to a condensation temperature of usually several to ten hours to control the size of the crystal in the micro meter range. Please note that the temperature is controlled to make the size of the crystal and the cold rolling is two different work. The most extreme example is that the temperature drops by one million degrees per second to form a nanometer-scale crystal, called an amorphous alloy. It is said that the high-frequency response is excellent because the smaller the crystal, the smaller the mass. High-speed magnetic jitter is easy to keep up with the winding high-frequency signal. The output transformer of this alloy has a high-frequency response of up to 100KHz, while the output transformer of a micro-meter scale crystal has a high-frequency response of about 60KHz to 80KHz. This is the highest response frequency of the core. The winding is independent, that is, the highest magnetic jitter frequency of the core crystal body. No matter how the winding is obtained, the response exceeding this highest magnetic jitter frequency will not be obtained. The following figure A shows that the winding has no current, the molecular magnetic distribution is not oriented, and B is positive. Current magnetization, C is reverse current magnetization: Since the smaller the crystal, the smaller the mass, the higher the high-frequency response, and the use of an amorphous alloy (Amorphous alloy) to make the output transformer suppose will do, but in the sense of hearing, amorphous Amorphous alloy output transformer high frequency bright enough but low frequency sense is insufficient, medium frequency is not thick enough. whilst the output transformer of micro meter crystal is well averaged, medium frequency thickness and low frequency are good (related to hysteresis characteristic curve), high Frequency can also reach 50KHz is good enough, and finally look at personal choice. Generally speaking, the winding itself has no upper frequency limit, the only issue is stray capacity makes the high-frequency response rolls off at 6 db octave. Even so, its operating frequency is still much higher than the iron core, so the high frequency upper limit of the output transformer is determined by the characteristics of the core. To know the technical specifications of the transformer, the first thing to do is to measure the highest response frequency of the core. . . In the 1940s to 1970s after the Second World War, it was the golden ages of vacuum tubes. The demand for a large number of output transformers led to the development and production of high-quality silicon steel iron cores. In the late 1970s semiconductors industrial applications successfully eliminated the vacuum tube , the transistor amplifier was popular, and the demand for high-quality output transformer core steel sheet was reduced, which caused the output transformer iron core material research development stopped. In the 1980s, high-power high-speed semiconductors have become popular, high-power switching power supplies have high efficiency, low cost and high demand (for industrial Internet servers), working frequency requires 50Khz square wave, or 250Khz sine wave, industrial Internet server upgrade very fast, large Power switching power supply demand is then large. Since the 1980s, most Iron and Steel manufactures has invested a lot of resources in the development of Ultra-thin silicon steel C-core iron chip for high-speed high-power switching power supply, in order to improve the frequency response, use a smaller volume of nano meter grade crystal, frequency response up to 300KHz sine wave, also known as Amorphous Cut Core, switching power supply with C-core core design has a very high frequency response, that is, even using ordinary power transformer method to make winding, the frequency response could still be easy to reach more than 300KHz, but the low-frequency response and distortion are not keeping in considerations very much. Please google search “Switching power supply transformer c core” for detailed information. The demount of high-quality output transformers is decreasing day by day, and the steel sheet production plant in the 1990s is reluctant to take orders because of high technical requirements and low order quantity, which is not economical. High-quality output transformer production plant after using up the iron core inventory, the production has been discontinued. Some manufacturers simply sell the brand, some moved to Southeast Asia for production, the quality is not guaranteed. The original West Electric WE 171A, Tango X10SF and Tamura F2013 are high-level single-ended output transformer all has been discontinued, and the inventory has been sold out ten years ago. Now it can only be bought at a high price. The following picture is Tamura F2013 (single-ended flagship): Modern output transformer production plants use standard specifications of iron chips such as M6, Z11, Oriental Hi B, etc., the effect is not bad. A good output transformer is determined by two sets of data, one set is hard data, that is, physical characteristic data, and there are physical standard. The other group is soft data, that is, the ear feeling data, which cannot be measured, only depending on the human hearing and cultivation. Personally I think that hard data is like the foundation of the building. Soft data is like the upper level of the building, if There is no good enough foundation. The beautiful building will collapse. That is to say, good sense of hearing is based on technical data of excellent physical characteristics. . . To measure the highest response frequency of the core and other important data, a mathematical model called an ideal transformer is used. Its primary and secondary coils have zero DC resistance, ie, copper loss is zero, no stray capacity. The iron loss is zero, the number of turns coupling coefficient factor of the primary and secondary coils is 1, and the energy of the primary coil can be 100% to the secondary coil without leakage inductance. Without any loss, the frequency should be infinite. Actually this does not exist, it is a concept for transformer analysis. Because there is no energy loss, the capacitance or resistor load between the primary and secondary can reflect each other, see picture: Coupled with the potential of the primary winding, the transformer itself does not consume energy, which is equal to non-existent. see picture: Connected to a source with 50Ω internal resistance, because of the low internal resistance, 625PF capacitor will not bypass the high frequency, see the picture: Connect the oscilloscope to the 8Ω resistor to measure the maximum operating frequency of the core. This test does not consider the static current flow factor, but if the working range of the transformer is in the linear region of the hysteresis characteristic curve, even if there is static current flow, the results are a bit different but not too far apart, so there is still reference value, this method is mainly convenient and fast, and ultimately still have to be tested on the machine in the final step. . . IN order To understand the hysteresis characteristic curve, we have to go through an experiment: Figure 1, the coil is not connected to the power supply, the core has no magnetic force, the compass does not move: Figure 2, the coil is connected to the power supply, the core has magnetic force, the compass deflects: Figure 3 , the reverse power supply connected to the coil, the core has magnetic force, the compass reverse deflection: Figure 4 shows the coil is disconnected from the power supply, the core has residual magnetism, and the compass remains deflected: The problem of the hysteresis characteristic curve is actually the residual magnetic field in the iron core. The stronger the residual magnetic field is, the worse the sound is. See the picture: The electric current increases from the O point to the +Max point. The magnetic field strength also increases to the +Max point. Then the current is decreasing and so as the magnetic field strength, then the current at point A has dropped to zero but there is still magnetic strength (remanence). Until the reverse current increases to point B, the remanence is cancelled, and the reverse current increases to -MAX so as the magnetic strength also to the -Max point. Then the current is reducing to 0, but there is still magnetic strength (remanence) until the forward current increases to point D to cancel the remanence magnet field, and then forward current increases. The magnetic strength also increases to +Max, which completes a cycle. If there is no remanence, the magnetic hysteresis characteristic curve will be a straight line, which is the ideal transformer. See the picture: To further understand the specifications of the output transformer, it is necessary to look at the hysteresis characteristic curve of the core. It requires a low-frequency AC power supply of 10Hz 450V 200ma. For example, the primary inductance of the output transformer is 50H, the impedance is 10KΩ, the maximum PLATE current is 100ma, and the maximum output power is 40W: The primary winding can withstand a maximum AC voltage equal to 10Kx40W square ROOT or 632V RMS 2×3.1416x60x50=18.85KΩ (primary winding AT 60Hz city electrical impedance) 632/18.85=33.5ma RMS ie primary winding peak current 33.5X1.414 = +/- 47.4ma The maximum current is only +/- 47.4ma by using the maximum AC voltage of 632V RMS from 60Hz mains, but the maximum PLATE current will be 200mA for the static plate current at 100ma. If the power supply frequency reduced to 14.2Hz, the maximum peak current is just +/-200ma at 632V RMS, then we can see the core hysteresis characteristic curve of the actual working range. If the frequency drops to 10Hz Then 450V RMS will do. Look at the picture: Air gap calculation: A straight wire passes through 1A of direct current in a vacuum, the strength of the magnetic field on a circumference with a radius of one meter centered on the wire is: 2x〖10〗^(-7)Tesla The circumference of a circle with a radius of one meter is 2π, and the two numbers are multiplied: 2πx2x〖10〗^(-7) = 4πx〖10〗^(-7) H/M This constant is the vacuum permeability, see picture: The air permeability is the same as the vacuum permeability. The magnetic permeability of the transformer core is several thousand times that of the air. The specific number depends on the core material. The magnetic permeability of the core material can be measured and the air permeability is a constant, knowing the two magnetic permeability, core size and max static plate current can accurately calculate the size of the air gap. By the time, 100KHz signal generator, oscilloscope, 10Hz 450V low-frequency power supply, as well as AC wattmeter for measuring iron loss, distortion meter and precision LCR bridge, etc., general amateur DIY enthusiasts may not be ready, in order to popularize DIY here, a request is made. If a digital multimeter and an adjustable power transformer are used, a physical core material is given, and no data is available. Can we calculate the primary and secondary turns and the air gap to some extent in accuracy for a designated tube such as 2A3? The answer is yes. . . Before using a digital multimeter and an adjustable power transformer to calculate the number of primary and secondary turns and the size of the air gap, there are three things to know: 1. The effective slope, this is the ratio of the core magnetic strength to the winding current, see picture: The effective slope of different core materials is different, which is the basis for calculating the inductance of the primary winding of the transformer. Trying to use a general formula to cover different core materials, the calculated result depends on luck. 2. The magnetic permeability coefficient is a multiple of the magnetic permeability of the core material compared with the air permeability. For example, if the permeability of a core material is one thousand times that of air, the magnetic permeability coefficient is equal to 1000. 3. Equivalent air gap, under the condition of winding current unchanged, one equivalent air gap can reduce the magnetic field strength of the core material to half of the original (that is, the inductance decreases to half of the original). Equivalent air gap = core magnetic path length / magnetic permeability coefficient, please see the following table: . Let us illustrate with an example: Find a transformer, first take the shell apart, take out the first piece of steel, and then take the coil holder out, see picture: Measure the length of the side and the width of the tongue to calculate the magnetic length of the core and the cross-sectional area of the core: Remove the original winding, re-wrap 1200 turns with 0.3mm magnet wire, and replace the iron core, no air gap required, see picture: Then find a digital multimeter and an adjustable power transformer: Connect the winding in series with a 100Ω ohm resistor to the adjustable power transformer output terminal, please see picture: The function of the 100Ω ohm resistor is to calculate the winding current using Ohm’s law, because the voltage is measured with one digital multimeter. The result is shown in the figure below: Draw a voltage and current curve: The figure shows that when the winding voltage exceeds 200V, the current increases rapidly, that is, it starts to move away from the ideal line into the nonlinear region. This shows that the core material starts to magnetically saturate. To maintain the linear response, the winding current should not exceed 34.2MA (RMS). That is, the winding voltage should not exceed 200V (RMS), which reflects the effective slope of the core material. The magnetic permeability coefficient formula is as follows: L is the core magnetic path length (m) = 0.15 V is the winding voltage = 200V RMS A is the core cross-sectional area (m2) = 0.000625 I is the winding current = 0.0342 A N is the number of winding turns = 1200 F is the mains frequency = 60 Calculate the magnetic permeability coefficient = 2059 This magnetic permeability coefficient formula is not available in any book. It is derived from the principle of Electromagnetism and confirmed by experiments. It is now disclosed. If the winding worker does not understand the formula ,the equivalent air gap can only be relied on estimate, not perfect. Calculate the equivalent air gap: = core magnetic path length / permeability coefficient =150/2059= 0.073 mm winding impedance = 200V(RMS) / 34.2MA(RMS) = 5848 ohm winding inductance = 5848 / (2 × 3.1416 × 60) = 15.51 H Henry winding peak current = 34.2MA (RMS) x 1.4142 = 48.36 MA Maximum static plate current = winding peak current / 2 = 24.18 MA (peak current is twice the static) Number of winding turns = 1200 Equivalent air gap = 0.073 mm . . According to the winding inductance (15.51 H Henry), the maximum static plate current (24.18 MA), the number of winding turns (1200) and the equivalent air gap (0.073mm), we can calculate the required number of turns. Suppose we need a maximum static plate current of 40 MA, the primary winding inductance is 25H. The impedance ratio is 5K: 8 OHM 40MA/24.18MA=1.654 times 1200 turns/1.654=725.5 turns (basic turns) Basic turns inductance = 15.51H / (1.654 × 1.654) = 5.67H 25H/5.67H=4.41 times 725.5 turns x4.41=3199 turns (primary winding) 3199 turns / 25 = 128 turns (secondary winding) Air gap = 0.073mmx (4.41-1) = 0.249 mm The inductance of the primary turns becomes 5.67Hx (4.41 × 4.41) = 110.27H The air gap is 0.249 mm and the inductance is reduced to 110.27H/4.41= 25H Calculate is completed: 3199 turns (primary winding) 128 turns (secondary winding) Air gap 0.249 mm Suppose again that we need a maximum static plate current of 50 MA, the primary winding inductance is 25H. The impedance ratio is 2.5K: 8 OHM 50MA/24.18MA=2.067 times 1200 turns / 2.067 = 580.5 turns (basic turns) Basic turn inductance = 15.51H / (2.067 × 2.067) = 3.63H 25H/3.63H=6.89 times 580.5 turns x6.89=4000 turns (primary winding) 4000 turns / 17.68 = 226 turns (secondary winding) Air gap = 0.073mmx (6.89-1) = 0.43 mm The inductance of the primary turns becomes 3.63Hx (6.89 × 6.89) = 172.32H The air gap is 0.43 mm and the inductance is reduced to 172.32H/6.89= 25H Design is completed: 4000 turns (primary winding) 226 turns (secondary winding) Air gap = 0.43 mm From these two examples, we can see that for a same core material, even if the inductance requirements are the same, the larger the maximum static plate current the more the number of primary turns, the thicker the copper wire, indicating the larger the static plate current the bigger the transformer will be, the single-ended output transformer is big and heavy with more expensive for high static plate current. The designer can’t increase the static screen flow arbitrarily because the maximum size of the winding is limited by the core material window. This example uses the following design: Maximum static screen flow 40 MA Primary winding inductance 25H Impedance ratio 5K: 8 OHM 3200 laps (primary winding) 128 turns (secondary winding) Air gap 0.249 mm The primary winding is wound with 3,200 turns of 0.2mm magnet wire, and the secondary winding is wound with three 0.5mm wires in parallel and wound into three layers. The two primary windings are sandwiched by a layer of secondary winding. As for many websites have detailed winding making information, so it is over ride here. As for the actual air gap, 0.249/2=0.124mm, because the magnetic lines will pass through the air gap twice, so the thickness is half of the calculated value. The following is the completion and audition situation, DIY RCA 245 tube amplifier push Tannoy SGM12X speaker In fact, this is the core of a 0.5mm thick power transformer. If the design is accurate, the overall effect is not too bad. The high-pitched segment is affected by the eddy current loss and the air feels just a bit weak. The frequency response of a single-ended output transformer is determined by the core material and stray capacitance of the winding and the leakage inductance. The distortion of the output transformer is determined by the hysteresis characteristic curve. The hysteresis characteristic distortion is mainly reflected in two factors: 1. Residual magnetic distortion coefficient is equal to neutralization current over max current, please see the picture: The stronger the residual magnetization, the larger the neutralization current which cancels the remanence, leading to larger residual magnetic distortion coefficient. 2. Peak distortion, please see the picture: The closer to the magnetic saturation, the larger the peak deviation is, the larger the peak distortion coefficient is. . . Residual distortion and peak distortion are firstly reflected in the excitation current of the primary winding, which in turn affects the output signal. The excitation current distortion of the primary winding is easily seen on the oscilloscope. The effect on the output signal is not easy to see on the oscilloscope, but the ear can tell. However, the residual magnetic distortion and peak distortion are particularly obvious in the low frequency range. The superior winding technology can only reduce the potential capacitance and leakage inductance to improve the high frequency response, and it is helpless to improve the two kinds of distortion. But there is still some way to do something. The above-mentioned transformer winding design method shows that a core material can be wound into different specifications, which is in line with the calculation principle. The three parameters, the number of winding turns, the primary inductance and the air gap thickness are mutually constrained. They work together to create different specifications. Among the many different specifications, there is always one that is particularly suitable for the core material, called the optimal scale. The optimal scale of different core materials is different. The formal transformer factory had set up laboratory tests to obtain the best scale data, in addition to the optimal scale , the copper loss ratio design theory with the optimal scale to achieve the best results, In order to solve the problem of different hysteresis characteristic curves, the famous factories in the last century have been mass-produced for decades, and they have already been thoroughly penetrated, and the source of high-quality iron core materials is superior. DIY is not easy, residual magnetic distortion and peak distortion are reflected in low frequency replay, and low frequency replay is an important factor of sound touching, so the hysteresis characteristic curve of the output transformer core is important. If DIY wants to make high quality single-ended output transformer, don’t stay on those so called public experience formula. to sum up: The success of a high-quality single-ended output transformer consists of three aspects: high-quality core material, second, true engineering level winding and air gap design, and high-level hand winding technology. It makes sense to sell the transformer so expensive. Since the high-quality single-ended output transformer is so expensive, what can it give us? The answer is that if you match the direct heating triode correctly, you will get an acoustic touching. . (End of the article) . Appendix 1 . Tube output transformer hysteresis loop basic concepts: Most!

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO [Hon. Carmen Consuelo Cerezo, U.S. District Judge] On April 5, 1995, a federal grand jury returned a multiple count indictment against defendant Jose Blasini-Lluberas ("Blasini"), a former executive vice president of Ponce Federal Bank, 1 and his co-defendant, Ramiro Colón-Muñoz ("Colón"), president of the bank. The indictment charged both defendants and one count of conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. § 357. 2 The jury returned guilty verdicts against Blasini on all but one count, acquitting him on the charge of benefitting from the loan transactions. 3 On appeal, Blasini challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict, instructions to the jury, and several aspects of the sentence. For the reasons discussed below, we conclude that there was insufficient evidence to support the jury verdict on four of the five counts of misapplication of bank funds and order an acquittal as to those counts. Finding no reversible error in the jury instructions, we affirm the remaining convictions and remand for re-sentencing. I. From a review of the evidence in this case, the jury could have found the following. On July 15, 1987, co-defendant Ramiro Colón, president of Ponce Bank, and his wife purchased a farm from thirteen members of the Usera family who had inherited the farm from Julio Usera Santiago. The total purchase price for the farm, known as "La Esmeralda" and located in the municipality of Salinas, Puerto Rico, was $555,600. Colón paid $83,340 at the closing with the remaining balance due nine months later on April 14, 1988. 4 The agreement provided that no interest would be due on the outstanding balance. As security for the $472,260 balance, Colón granted the Usera family a mortgage on the property. Following Colón's purchase of the farm, but prior to the due date of Colón's outstanding $472,260 obligation, four members of the Usera family approached Colón requesting money. Monserrate Usera and her sister Ana Usera were the first two, approaching Colón in August of 1987 for money to pay off personal debts: Monserrate needed funds to pay student loans and her daughter's college tuition; Ana Usera needed funds to make repairs to a building. Although Monserrate Usera understood that Colón's obligation to the family was not due until the spring of 1988, she went to Colón for an advance. Colón said he would look into getting her the funds she needed. Monserrate explained that when Colón agreed to help her, she understood that she would be taking out a loan from the bank, the obligation for which was hers alone. Ana Usera also decided to contact Colón in an effort to obtain money to pay off her current debts since it was taking such a long time to complete the sale of the farm. Ana explained that, after Monserrate Usera made the initial contact with Colón, they both decided to "make a loan." Although Ana understood that she and her sister had other options, she thought it best to take out a loan from the bank to satisfy her outstanding obligations. Subsequent to these Discussions, Colón sent the sisters to see Blasini, then an executive vice president of Ponce Federal Bank. Colón instructed Blasini to assist each of them in securing a loan from the bank, which he did. As vice-president of the bank, Blasini was authorized to approve unsecured loans up to $50,000 and secured loans up to $100,000. When the sisters arrived, he authorized an $11,000 loan for each, subject to a rate of interest and a due date. Neither loan application included a financial statement or credit history. Monserrate Usera and Ana Usera signed the promissory notes and executed partial assignments of their mortgage interests in the farm as security for the loans. The partial assignments were signed by both Blasini and Colón but were not included in the loan file. The stated purpose for the loans was personal; the means of repayment was the sale of a farm. Because the loans did not exceed $50,000, their approval did not require collateral. In January of 1988, Carmen Maduro Usera, the mother of Monserrate Usera and Ana Usera, received a loan from Ponce Federal Bank under similar circumstances. Although the loan documentation was introduced at trial, Carmen Maduro died before trial and her testimony was never taken. Ana Usera testified that she helped her mother make arrangements over the phone to obtain a $15,000 loan and then accompanied her mother to the bank. The documents themselves indicated that Blasini authorized the loan, that the purpose of the loan was personal and that it was needed to pay off an outstanding $5,000 loan to the bank. The promissory note set a rate of interest and a due date for repayment. Although the application did not include a financial statement or credit history, it noted that Carmen Maduro was well known to the Colón family. Carmen Maduro also executed a partial assignment of her mortgage interest as security for the loan one day after the loan was disbursed to her, signed by Blasini and Colón, but it did not appear in the loan portfolio. In March of 1998, Vincente Usera Tous received a $20,000 loan from the bank, authorized by Blasini. Vincente Usera also died prior to trial and never testified about the loan transaction. Although he was a member of the Usera family, he did not stand to inherit proceeds from the sale of the farm. Instead, he was due a commission of $23,613 for his assistance in brokering the sale of the farm. His loan application, admitted in evidence, was missing a financial statement and a credit history, but the application stated that he was well known to the bank, in particular to Colón, and that he was a responsible person. The stated means of repayment was the commission from the sale of a farm. When Colón's debt to the Usera family came due on April 14, 1988, he was unable to meet his obligation. On April 19, 1988, another member of the Usera family, Consuelo Garcia-Gomez, went to the bank and demanded payment of her share of the purchase price. Consuelo Garcia-Gomez was entitled to $200,000, the largest share of the inheritance. Wendell Colón, Colón's brother, told Consuelo Garcia-Gomez that the money was not immediately available. She then asked for $100,000. Thereafter, Blasini brought Consuelo Garcia's mortgage interest in the farm. The listed purpose of the loan was the purchase of an apartment. Directly above Blasini's signature, Blasini wrote, "discussed and agreed to by attorney R.C. Colón." 5 At trial Consuelo Garcia-Gomez explained that, although she signed loan documents to receive the $100,000, she did not go to the bank to obtain a loan and she never read the loan documents before signing the documents. She maintained that the $100,000 was partial payment of the money owed to her rather than a loan. A few weeks later, in May, Colón wrote two sets of checks. The first set paid off the debts of Monserrate Usera, Ana Usera, Carmen Maduro, Vincete Usera and Consuelo Garcia-Gomez. He listed the appropriate amount of their outstanding debts and named both the bank and the borrower as joint payees. The second set paid each Usera the balance of what he or she was owed. Each member of the Usera family then signed a cancellation of the mortgage. On December 19, 1996, a jury convicted Blasini of the charges described herein. On February 23, 1998, he was sentenced to thirteen months imprisonment to be followed by two years supervised release. He was fined $8,000. Blasini now appeals. II. A. Sufficiency of the Evidence When there is a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support a guilty verdict, "the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). A conviction may rest, in whole or in part, on circumstantial evidence. See United States v. Mena-Robles, 4 F.3d 1026, 1031 (1st Cir. 1993). It is well established that "an appellate court plays a very circumscribed role in gauging the sufficiency of the evidentiary foundation upon which a criminal conviction rests." United States v. Woodward, 149 F.3d 46, 56 (1st Cir. 1998). Nevertheless, we have cautioned that "[d]espite." Id. (quoting United States v. Spinney, 65 F.3d 231, 234 (1st Cir. 1995)). We noted that "[t]his function is especially important in criminal cases, given the prosecution's obligation to prove every element . . . beyond a reasonable doubt." Id. at 56-57 (quoting Spinney, 65 F.3d at 234). We must reverse a conviction "on the grounds of evidentiary insufficiency where an equal or nearly equal theory of guilt[] and a theory of innocence is supported by the evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict." Id. at 57 (citing United States v. Guerrero, 114 F.3d 332, 344 (1st Cir. 1997))(internal citations omitted). B. Misapplication 6 Courts have struggled to give precise definition to the crime of misapplication, 7 consistently noting that "[t]he problem that has confronted and perplexed the courts is that there is no statutory definition or common law heritage that gives content to the phrase 'willfully misapplies.'" United States v. Wester, 90 F.3d 592, 595 (1st Cir. 1996). 8 These uncertain origins have posed a challenge to courts attempting to distinguish bad judgment from bad conduct that is illegal. Nevertheless, in Wester, we recently discussed the two notions that underlie the crime of misapplication: one relating to conduct, i.e., wrongful use of bank funds, the other focusing on an intent to injure or defraud a bank. The government cannot prove its claim of misapplication without establishing both elements. See id. The interrelationship between these elements is subtle, given that "the same facts can easily be the basis for deeming the conduct to be wrongful and the intent fraudulent." Id. Counts Two through Five In this case, the government's theory was that Blasini was attempting to deceive the bank as to the true purposes of the loans: namely, that the disbursements to the Usera family were partial payments of Colón's debt. However, Colón's obligation to the Usera family did not come due until April 14, 1988. Blasini approved loans to Monserrate Usera and Ana Usera in August of 1987; to Carmen Maduro in January of 1988; and to Vincete Usera Tous in March of 1988. Because Colón had no current obligation to the Useras at the time these four loans were extended, the loans cannot be characterized as partial payments of a debt. Both Ana Usera and Monserrate Usera testified that they needed money and, since the balance on the farm would not come due for many months, they went to Colón to seek an advance of funds. Although the jury could have concluded from this testimony that they were initially requesting an advance of the money Colón owed them, both sisters testified that they understood they were executing and signing loan documents. Ana Usera testified that, following her Discussions with her sister and Colón, she decided to take out a loan from the bank. Monserrate Usera explained that she understood her obligation to the bank and she noted that, even if Colón had not paid the balance of his debt, she would have paid the balance of the loan. Although we have no direct testimony concerning Carmen Usera's loan, her daughter Ana testified that her mother was also interested in obtaining a loan to satisfy some of her debts. The government's theory that Blasini was executing "sham" loans and intending to defraud the bank as to their true purpose is simply not supported by the evidence. With regard to Vincente Usera, the government's theory of misapplication is even weaker. Colón had no outstanding obligation to Vincente Usera, who was simply owed a commission following the sale of the property. He was not entitled to a share of the profits. There was no debt that Colón had to pay at any time. Nor are there "other circumstances" sufficient to convert these loans into misapplication of bank funds. See United States v. Gens, 493 F.2d 216, 222 (1st Cir. 1974)(holding that "where the named debtor is both financially capable and fully understands that it is his responsibility to repay, a loan to him cannot - absent other circumstances - properly be characterized as a sham or dummy"). The loan applications lacked financial statements and credit histories yet they comported with minimal requirements for legitimate loans. The former Ponce Bank commercial credit officer testified that she could not think of any bank policy which would forbid the bank to disburse a loan without any financial statement. Similarly, she testified that the lack of a credit history did not mean that a loan could not be authorized. The stated purpose on the loans was accurate and Blasini was well within his authority to approve the loans. The four members of the Usera family signed promissory notes and partial assignments for the loans. Although the partial assignments of Colón's obligations to the Useras were not included in all of the loan applications, collateral was not required for these loans and thus the partial assignments were not prerequisites to their authorization. At trial the government suggested that the failure to include the partial assignments in the files was an attempt to withhold the fact that Colón's future obligation was the means of intended repayment for the parties. This omission, without more, is not enough to transform the transactions into willful misapplication of bank funds. We do not mean to suggest that Colón and Blasini were not playing it close to the line. Blasini may have been helping Colón to curry favor with the Usera family so that they would be lenient with Colón in the event that Colón had trouble satisfying his obligations. This possibility, however, given the totality of the circumstances, does not rise to the level of willful misapplication. Count Six The loan to Consuelo Garcia-Gomez stands in stark contrast to the other four loans. Colón's debt to the Usera family had matured and he was late with payment. Consuelo Garcia-Gomez went to the bank and demanded payment. She did not request a loan. At the bank she initially met with Colón's brother who informed her that the money was not available. She demanded that he pay her something and she suggested $100,000. Thereafter, Blasini took Consuelo Garcia-Gomez to meet with the loan officer and instructed the officer on the details of the loan application. On the actual application, Blasini included the notation, "discussed and agreed to by attorney R.C. Colón." Although there is some uncertainty in the evidence as to how Consuelo Garcia-Gomez was brought to Blasini's attention, the jury could have reasonably concluded, given Blasini's notation on the application, that Colón himself contacted Blasini and requested that Blasini facilitate a $100,000 loan from the bank to Consuelo Garcia-Gomez. In cross-examination of Consuelo Garcia-Gomez, Blasini attempted to show that she knew she was taking out a loan from the bank. Consuelo Garcia-Gomez denied this knowledge, maintaining that she did not pay any attention to what she was signing, even though she signed and notarized all the pertinent documentation for a $100,000 loan. She was simply happy that she was getting at least half of what was owed to her. Morever, there was evidence, discussed infra, from which the jury could conclude that Blasini misrepresented the purpose of the loan in the application (stating that the loan was for the purchase of an apartment). As a result of this deceptive conduct, Blasini caused the bank to part with its monies through a sham loan to pay a portion of Colón's delinquent debt. This wrongful use of bank money, carried out with an intent to deceive the bank about the true nature of the transaction, involved all of the essential elements of the crime of misapplication. C. Bank Fraud 9 The Government charged Blasini with one count of bank fraud, the elements of which are well established: 1) the defendant must engage in a scheme or artifice to defraud, or must make false statements or misrepresentations to obtain money from 2) a financial institution and 3) must do so knowingly. See United States v. Brandon, 17 F.3d 409, 424 (1st Cir. 1994). 10 A scheme or artifice is defined to include "any plan, pattern or course of action, including false and fraudulent pretenses and misrepresentations intended to deceive others in order to obtain something of value." Id. (emphasis added)(quoting United States v. Goldblatt, 813 F.2d 619, 624 (3d Cir. 1987)). The statute provides that each execution of a scheme to defraud will constitute a separate indictable offense. See 18 U.S.C. § 1344; see also Brandon, 17 F.3d at 422. We have explained that "each time an identifiable sum of money is obtained by a specific fraudulent transfer, there is likely to be a separate execution of a scheme to defraud." Id. The government need not prove actual loss as a result of the scheme, however. See United States v. Goldblatt, 813 F.2d 619, 624 (3d Cir. 1987)("The Government was not required to show that [the bank] incurred a loss in order to prove a scheme to defraud . . . ."); see also Brandon, 17 F.3d at 427. Nor must the government show that the defendant personally benefitted from the alleged scheme. See Goldblatt, 813 F.2d at 624. In the indictment, the government charged Blasini with one count of bank fraud based on five separate loan transactions, each of which could have served as the basis for the fraud allegation. See Brandon, 17 F.3d at 422. Thus, the bank fraud conviction is unaffected by our finding that four of the loans were legitimate. With respect to the fifth transaction, the evidence was sufficient for the jury to conclude that Blasini's conduct satisfied the elements of bank fraud because he knowingly engaged in a scheme to obtain bank funds, deceitfully characterized as a loan, to satisfy $100,000 of Colón's outstanding obligation to Consuelo Garcia-Gomez. Proof of Blasini's intent to deceive, a necessary element of the misapplication charge, was also proof of his scheme to obtain money from the bank by false representation, a necessary element of the charge of bank fraud. Accordingly, the evidence establishing misapplication of bank funds on the fifth loan also supports a conviction on the charge of bank fraud. D. False Entry 11 We have not had an occasion to construe § 1006. Read literally, § 1006 provides that any employee of an insured bank who makes a false entry in any statement to such institution with the intent to defraud such institution is subject to federal penalty. See 18 U.S.C. § 1006. In interpreting this section, however, the Fifth Circuit has read a "materiality" 12 requirement into the provision: that is, the government must show that the defendant knowingly and willfully made or caused to be made a false entry concerning a material fact in any statement to the institution. See United States v. Parks, 68 F.3d 860, 865 (5th Cir. 1995). But Cf. United States v. Harvard, 103 F.3d 412, 417-20 (5th Cir. 1997)(finding that materiality is not an element of 18 U.S.C. § 1005, a nearly identical statute). In his argument, Blasini adopts the Fifth Circuit's approach and contends that materiality is an element of the crime. The government also reads § 1006 to include materiality as an element of the crime. Despite the shared views of the parties that materiality is an element of the statute, we can find no other circuit court which has directly addressed this question. Recently, in United States v. Wells, 519 U.S. 482, 117 S. Ct. 921 (1997), the Supreme Court indicated its intent to construe similar statutory definitions narrowly. There the Court concluded that materiality of the falsehood was not an element of knowingly making a false statement to a federally insured bank under 18 U.S.C. § 1014: "Nowhere does it further say that a material fact must be the subject of the false statement or so much as mention materiality. . . . Thus, under the first criterion in the interpretive hierarchy, a natural reading of the full text, materiality would not be an element of § 1014." Wells, 117 S. Ct. at 927(internal citations omitted). The Court went on to conclude that the common law would not import a materiality requirement into the term "false statement" and that ultimately the "statutory history confirm[ed] the natural reading." Id. at 928. In light of this recent pronouncement of the Supreme Court about a comparable statutory provision, 13 the absence of advocacy in this case on the inclusion of a materiality element in § 1006, and our own Conclusion that the evidence was sufficient to allow the jury to conclude 1) that the entry in question was false and 2) that it was material, we assume without deciding that materiality is an element of the crime of false entry for the purposes of this appeal. Marisel Marrero, an assistant manager of the bank at the time in question, testified that Blasini instructed her to prepare documentation for a loan to Consuelo Garcia-Gomez. She testified that Blasini provided her with the basic information for the application and instructed her that the purpose of Consuelo Garcia-Gomez's loan was the purchase of an apartment. Given Consuelo Garcia-Gomez's testimony that she did not believe she was taking out a loan, and given her brother's testimony that she was not intending to purchase an apartment, 14 it was reasonable for the jury to conclude that the statement on the loan application about the purchase of an apartment was false and that Blasini knew it to be so. 15 Materiality requires proof that the entry would have the capability or tendency to influence the bank in its decision-making process, or impair or pervert the functioning of the government institution. See United States v. Parks, 68 F.3d 860, 865 (5th Cir. 1995); see also United States v. Corsino, 812 F.2d 26, 30 (1st Cir. 1987)(discussing the materiality requirement in 18 U.S.C. § 1001). "[T]he standard is not whether there was actual influence, but whether it would have a tendency to influence." United States v. Edgar, 82 F.3d 499, 510 (1st Cir. 1996). Thus, the government is required to demonstrate the false entry's potential effect on the governmental agency, even if the false entry did not actually affect the government function. See United States v. Swaim, 757 F.2d 1530, 1534 (5th Cir. 1985)( the government need not show actual reliance on the false statement, only that the statement itself would have impacted the bank). Ironically, it was Blasini's own expert witness who offered the testimony from which the jury could reasonably have concluded that the false entry as to the purpose of the loan would have the tendency to influence the bank's decision or, alternatively, would affect a bank examiner's later review of the propriety of the loan. Michael Cinkala, a bank examiner with over twenty years experience, testified that "the information you would be looking for in a loan file would be, for instance, the financial statement of an individual or corporation, the collateral, the - any comments written as to the character of the individual, the purpose of the loan, [and] some ability to repay the loan." From this testimony, the jury could conclude that the stated purpose on the loan application would be the type of information relied upon by bank examiners in reviewing loans to determine whether the bank is adhering to proper procedures. Accordingly, we find that the jury was presented with sufficient evidence from which it could conclude that the entry on the loan application was false and material in violation of § 1006. Blasini further contends that the court's failure to define "materiality" in its instructions to the jury was reversible error. Blasini did not raise this objection to the instruction at trial and our review is for plain error. See United States v. Santana-Rosa, 132 F.3d 860, 863 (1st Cir. 1998). "[E]rror rises to this level only when it is so 'shocking that [it] seriously affect[ed] the fundamental fairness and basic integrity of the proceedings conducted below.'" United States v. Ortiz, 23 F.3d 21, 25 (1st Cir. 1994)(citation omitted). We "review the context of the charge as a whole to determine if it contains an error that threatens to undermine the fundamental fairness of the trial." Santana-Rosa, 132 F.3d at 863 (internal quotation marks omitted). Again, assuming that materiality is an element of the crime, the court's failure to define "materiality" in its instructions to the jury on the charge of false entry does not constitute plain error. The issue of materiality was submitted to the jury, with instructions that the false entry must be material and that materiality was an essential element of the crime. Blasini did not offer an objection to the instruction at trial and makes no developed argument on appeal why failure to define material would constitute plain error. We conclude that "materiality" is not such a technical concept outside of the jurors' experience that failure to define it rises to the level of plain error. Cf. United States v. Fulmer, 108 F.3d 1486, 1495 (1st Cir. 1997)(meaning of the word "intimidate" not outside a juror's understanding such that failure to define the word would be an error that threatened to undermine the fundamental fairness of the trial). 16 E. Conspiracy 17 To convict Blasini on a charge of conspiracy, the government was required to establish that: a conspiracy existed; Blasini knew of and voluntarily participated in the conspiracy; and an overt act took place in furtherance of the conspiracy. See United States v. Woodward, 149 F.3d 46, 67 (1st Cir. 1998). The agreement can be tacit rather than express. See id. Neither the agreement nor Blasini's participation in furtherance of the agreement need be proved by direct evidence. See id. at 68. We reject Blasini's contention that there was insufficient evidence to support the conspiracy conviction. As discussed above, there was sufficient evidence from which the jury could conclude that Blasini engaged in misapplication of bank funds, bank fraud and making a false entry on a loan application -- the three substantive counts underlying the conspiracy count. There was direct evidence of Blasini's conspiracy with Colón to use bank funds to satisfy Colón's outstanding debt: Consuelo Garcia-Gomez's application includes a handwritten notation by Blasini stating that the loan was "discussed and agreed to by attorney R.C. Colon." Moreover, there was circumstantial evidence from which the jury could infer that Blasini agreed to assist Colón in satisfying his debt to Consuelo Garcia-Gomez with bank funds, and that he knowingly participated in the execution of the plan to use bank funds for this purpose. Finally, Blasini contends that the use of a general verdict form invalidates his conviction on the conspiracy count because the jury acquitted him on Count Nine, one of the overt acts charged in furtherance of the conspiracy. He claims that "the use of a general verdict form does not reveal which objects or overt acts the jury relied on to find Appellant guilty of conspiracy." This argument is against the force of the law and was rejected in Griffin v. United States, 502 U.S. 46, (1991), where the Supreme Court stated: "When a jury returns a verdict on an indictment charging several acts in the conjunctive . . . the verdict stands if the evidence is sufficient with respect to any one of the acts charged." Id. at 55-56 (quoting Turner v. United States, 396 U.S. 398, 420 (1970)); see also United States v. Mitchell, 85 F.3d 800, 810-811 (1st Cir. 1996)(discussing application of Griffin). The use of a general verdict form does not invalidate the verdict on Count One. See United States v. Fisher, 22 F.3d 574, 576 (5th Cir. 1994)(holding that in light of Griffin, there is no error in the use of a general verdict form for a conspiracy count). III. Sentencing In light of the convictions that must be vacated, we must also vacate the sentence. We do so without analyzing the alleged errors in sentencing. On remand, the sentencing court will have the full opportunity to re-evaluate and recalculate Blasini's sentence in light of our rulings. See."). The judgment is VACATED on Counts Two through Five, AFFIRMED on Counts One, Six, Seven and Eight, and REMANDED for re-sentencing. Upon remand, the district court shall enter a judgment of acquittal on Counts Two through Five. 1. At all times relevant to the issues in this appeal, Ponce Federal Bank was insured by the Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation. 2. Each count, other than the conspiracy count, further charged that the defendants aided and abetted each other in furtherance of the crimes charged in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2 (1998). 3. Blasini's co-defendant, Ramiro Colón, was convicted of all these charges plus one additional count of making a false statement in a subsequent loan application. Colón's additional conviction related to a loan he obtained to pay off his outstanding debts to the Usera family. See part I. infra. As Blasini was not charged with a crime on the basis of any conduct relating to these subsequent transactions, we omit any detailed reference to them. 4. Each of the thirteen members of the family was owed a pro rata share of the purchase price according to each member's inheritance share. 5. Although the bank officer used the initials "R.C. Colón" when offering the testimony at trial about Blasini's notation on the loan application, the correct reference would have been to "R.L. Colón," as set forth in the indictment. The officer made clear, however, that she was referring to the president of the bank, co-defendant Colón. Although the bank officer refers to Colón as an attorney, it is not otherwise clear from the record that Colón was in fact an attorney. 6. The alleged offenses of misapplication, bank fraud and false entry were committed in 1987. Although each of the relevant statutes has been amended since then, the amendments do not bear directly on the issues on appeal. For the most part, changes to the statutes concerned punishment for -- not elements of -- the offense. We therefore refer throughout this opinion to the statutes in their current form. Of course, for the purposes of sentencing on remand, the statutes as they appeared at the time of the offense control. 7. The statute provides in pertinent part: "Whoever, being an officer, agent or employee of or connected in any capacity with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . . . (1998). 8. We note that both parties rely on cases construing willful misapplication under 18 U.S.C. § 656 and 18 U.S.C. § 657 interchangeably. The Fifth Circuit has noted that, textually, the two sections are virtually identical except that § 656 applies to banks and § 657 to savings and loan associations. See United States v. Parks, 68 F.3d 860, 864 (5th Cir. 1995). Not surprisingly, many courts have relied on prior analysis of one section to support a Conclusion as to the other section. See United States v. Olano, 62 F.3d 1180, 1200 (9th Cir. 1995); United States v. Marquardt, 786 F.2d 771, 778 (7th Cir. 1986). In the absence of legislative history to suggest that there is any substantive difference in meaning, we find the reasoning in cases construing § 656 equally applicable to our reasoning in the instant appeal. See, e.g., Atlantic Cleaners & Dyers, Inc. v. United States, 286 U.S. 427, 433 (1932)(presumption that the same words used in different parts of an act have the same meaning); Fortin v. Marshall, 608 F.2d 525, 528 (1st Cir. 1979)(same). 9. The]." 18 U.S.C. § 1344 (1998). 10. We note that bank fraud and misapplication do not prohibit the same conduct; for example, bank fraud requires proof that the defendant executed a scheme or artifice to defraud while misapplication has no such requirement. Misapplication, on the other hand, requires the action of a bank officer while bank fraud does not. See United States v. Wolfswinkel, 44 F.3d 782, 784-85 (9th Cir. 1995). 11. The statute provides in relevant part: "Whoever, being an officer, agent or employee of or connected in any capacity with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . . . or any lending, mortgage, insurance, credit or savings and loan corporation or association authorized or acting under the laws of the United States . . . with intent to defraud any such institution . . . or to deceive any officer, auditor, examiner or agent of any such institution . . . makes any false entry in any book, report or statement of or to any such institution . . .[is guilty of a crime]." 18 U.S.C. § 1006 (1998). 12. Materiality is whether the statement has "a natural tendency to influence or [be] capable of influencing, the decision of the decisionmaking body to which it is addressed." United States v. Gaudin, 515 U.S. 506, 509 (1995). 13. For a Discussion of whether "materiality" is an express or implied element in false statement/entry statutes, see Elizabeth G. Livingston, Comment, Judicial Treatment of the Element of Materiality in Federal Criminal False Statement Statutes, 72 Tul. L. Rev. 1343 (1998). 14. Although defense counsel insisted at oral argument that there was no such testimony, a careful reading of the trial transcript reveals that her brother did in fact testify that his sister did not intend to purchase an apartment. 15. At oral argument, defense counsel suggested that, since there was no direct evidence to establish that Blasini knew that the statement was false, and since it was possible that the information about the purchase of an apartment might have been given to him by an unexplained source, the jury could not convict on this count. There was no evidence, however, to support his theory of an unexplained source and, given the evidence available to the jury, we cannot say that it was unreasonable for the jury to infer from the evidence that Blasini knew the statement was false. 16. Blasini contends that United States v. DiRico, 78 F.3d 732 (1st Cir. 1996), stands for the proposition that failure to define materiality requires a reversal of the conviction. DiRico, however, was concerned with the court's failure to charge and submit the very issue of materiality to the jury and in no way stands for the proposition that if the issue of materiality is submitted to the jury, it must also be defined. See id. at 736. 17. A person is guilty of (1998).

We independently research, test, review, and recommend the best products. Healthcare professionals review articles for medical accuracy. Learn more about our process. If you buy something through our links, we may earn a commission. :max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():gifv()/BYRDIE-11-best-period-underwear-4769219-primary-b4bf3802e87144dbb15053c41eec10ab.jpg) Byrdie / Chloe Jeong Anyone who's ever gotten a period has something to say about the inconveniences of menstruation. Public visit from Aunt Flow without a tampon? Yep. Flabbergasted by the price of pads? Uh-huh. Favorite panties ruined due to an irregular period? You betcha. There's no shortage of reasons to complain about a menstrual cycle, but what if we told you there's a solution to all this madness? Byrdie Researched & Approved When it comes to period panties, the Super Hiphugger from Thinx hits every mark: absorbent, leak-proof, stylish, and flattering to wear. For a more budget-friendly option, opt for the Innersy Period Panties which are available in packs of three and offer a wide range of sizes. Period underwear is exactly what it sounds like: panties worn during your period. They're absorbent like a pad, typically leak-proof, offer odor-control, and allow you to forgo not only buying feminine hygiene products but also adding them to a landfill. When period underwear came to market less than a decade ago, it wasn't long before brands and consumers caught on to the life-changing phenomenon—or what Malcolm Gladwell might call "The Tipping Point." According to Kiarra King MD, a board-certified OB/GYN in Chicago, they're absolutely a suitable alternative to pads and tampons. "Women and girls should feel comfortable and secure in whatever period product they choose," she tells Byrdie. And honestly, there's something just so freeing about letting it flow right into your panties. "On light days, period underwear can be used alone. You can shop by style and absorbency (light, moderate, heavy)," says Dr. Carolyn Moyers, DO, FACOG, a board-certified OB/GYN based in Fort Worth, Texas. We rounded up the best period underwear for light days, heavy flows, and everything in between with all this in mind. Best Overall: Thinx Super Hiphugger :max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ThinxSuperHiphugger-f61ce244057a4263b6f5510f15beab29.jpg) Thinx Super-absorbent Inclusive size range Complimentary cut Expensive Who else recommends it? Heathline, Forbes, and NBC News all picked the Thinx Super Hiphugger. What do buyers say? 2,500+ Thinx reviewers rated this product 4.8 stars or above. These are Thinx’s all-time bestselling period panties, and they’re designed specifically for your heaviest flow. They hold up to a whopping four tampons’ worth of blood, making them the most absorbent option Thinx offers. The hip-hugging design completely covers your bottom, while the extra-absorbent fabric ensures you won’t experience any leaks. They’re a great pick for overnight protection or any time you need extra coverage. Plus, the chic black color and geometric pattern at the top mean you’ll be protecting yourself in a whole lot of style. Material: Nylon, elastane, polyester, PUL | Absorbency: Super | Colors: Black, fig, dusk | Size Range: XXS to 3XL Best Budget: Innersy Women's Period Panties :max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/InnersyWomensPeriodPanties-e75b5431c2dc44109d9785d4fa6cffd5.jpg) Budget-friendly Inclusive size range Not ideal for heavier flows It's nice to have enough pairs on hand to get you through your whole cycle without having to do laundry. That's why we're loving this affordable three-pack of period panties by Innersy, which have premium cotton linings to absorb blood and prevent stains on your clothes and sheets. Material: Cotton, spandex, PUL | Absorbency: Moderate | Colors: Various | Size Range: XS to 3XL Best for Light Days: Thinx Air Hiphugger :max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/thinx-air-hiphugger-18843898183844_1296x-fc3180b2c7ee4cc28c6c5d4a647c88d4.jpg) Inclusive size range Breathable Odor protection Only one color available On your lightest days, slip into a pair of Thinx Air Hiphuggers. Made of breathable materials like micromesh and cotton, they hold up to one-and-a-half tampons' worth of blood. What's more, they contain non-migratory silver to control odors while keeping you cool and dry. Material: Polyamide, elastane, cotton, PUL | Absorbency: Light | Colors: Various | Size Range: XS to 3XL Best Moderate-Absorbency: Ruby Period Underwear Brief :max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/RubyPeriodUnderwearBrief-a4c249294ea746329cabd3ef891c2e5e.jpg) Inclusive size range Super-stretchy Odor protection Not ideal for heavier flows Made of an ultra-stretchy interlock-twist yarn and cut above the hip with a semi-high-rise fit, these period briefs are endlessly comfy and ideal for moderate flows. Material: Interlock-twist yarn, dry-tech mesh | Absorbency: Moderate | Colors: Various | Size Range: XS to 3XL Best Super-Absorbent: Rael Reusable Period Underwear :max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/https-) Super-absorbent Breathable Limited sizes For those with heavier-than-average flows, we recommend Rael Reusable Period Underwear, which boasts four layers of absorbency to hold up to three tampons' worth of blood. To prevent accidents on heavier-flow days, Dr. Moyers says, "It is best used in combination, for instance, with a tampon or menstrual cup, for overflow." Material: Cotton, spandex | Absorbency: Super | Colors: Black | Size Range: S to XL Best Size Range: Bambody Absorbent Panty :max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/BambodyAbsorbentPanty-18f87982511042b485a27ea5f84704ea.jpg) Inclusive size range Odor protection Slightly bunchy fit The Bambody Absorbent Panty comes in an impressive 11 sizes ranging from XX-small to 6X-large. Made of naturally absorbent bamboo and featuring an extra leak-proof layer, you can count on this pair to hold the equivalent of two tampons worth of blood while wicking away sweat and odors. Material: Bamboo | Absorbency: Super | Colors: Various | Size Range: XXS to 6XL Best Thong: Knix Leakproof Thong :max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ScreenShot2019-09-03at12.51.35PM-9ccd4089755a439e8d8a59b064cc6b32.png) Courtesy of Knix Inclusive size range Seamless fit Leak-proof technology Not ideal for heavy flows If you thought thong underwear was out of the question during your period, allow us to introduce you to this sexy, seamless number from Knix. Featuring triple-layer leak-proof technology, it absorbs a full teaspoon of blood, which is about average for a light day. Material: Spandex, polyester, seaweed fiber, modal | Absorbency: Light | Colors: Various | Size Range: XS to 4XL Best Antimicrobial: PINK Period Panty Hipster :max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/111877252ZUO_OM_F-f27c88a9dff04f7a92d809bab477f179.jpeg) Victoria's Secret PINK Many colors to choose from Relatively inexpensive Super stretchy and breathable Not ideal for heavier flows You've likely relied on Victoria's Secret PINK to provide you with the best hipsters and thongs for the last decade or so, and you can now rely on the brand when it comes to period-proof panties, too. They're relatively inexpensive compared to a lot of the other options on the list, plus these are designed with antimicrobial technology, which helps reduce that not-so-great smell that comes with having your period. This particular panty is designed for light to medium flow days, but PINK also offers a Period Panty Shortie which is supposed to be better for heavier flows (and absorbs the equivalent of three tampons). Material: Polyamide, elastane, cotton, polyester, polyurethane | Absorbency: Moderate | Colors: Black, neon purple, soft pine, teal, garden moss, and more | Size Range: XXS to XXL Best Fit: Thinx Cheeky :max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ScreenShot2019-09-03at2.31.24PM-709d859b89774ac089cee8d78f2e1a67.png) Courtesy of Thinx Complimentary fit Inclusive size range Moisture-wicking Not ideal for heavy flows Who says you can't feel cute while on your period? When you strut your stuff in a pair of Thinx Cheeky Panties, you'll have peace of mind knowing you're protected against leaks, odors, and moisture. Material: Nylon, elastane, cotton, PUL | Absorbency: Light | Colors: Black, fig, dusk, beige, chroma | Size Range: XXS to 3XL Best for Working Out: Modibodi Active Brief – Light-Moderate Absorbency :max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Active_Brief_-_Black_-_sz10_-_front_b3b271bb-ee95-4499-a0b5-600d6b0323df_720x-4e368818dfd448cda3ea62a2819dfc48.jpg) Courtesy of Modibodi Moisture-wicking Odor protection Breathable Not ideal for heavy flows Only one color available "Period underwear helps keep you active and moving with confidence during your period," says Dr. Moyers. Whether you're into HIIT, running, cycling, or barre, Modibodi Active Briefs will save you from leaks on moderate days while keeping your nether region dry and odor-free during your sweatiest workouts. Material: Merino wool, spandex, polyester, polyamide | Absorbency: Light to moderate | Colors: Black | Size Range: XS to 2XL Best High-Rise: Proof Leak-Resistant High Waisted Smoothing Brief :max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ProofLeak-ResistantHighWaistedSmoothingBrief-281aa6c2a78d44f6ba4848a08fad30ce.jpeg) High-rise design Smoothing fit Inclusive size range Not ideal for heavy flows We're also big fans of Proof's High Waisted Smoothing Brief. These period panties are ideal for days when you're feeling bloated, offering light compression and a complimentary fit that hugs you in all the right places. Material: Nylon, spandex, cotton, polyester, acrylate | Absorbency: Super-light | Colors: Black, sand | Size Range: XS to 3XL Best Stretchy: Saalt Elemental Lace Hipster :max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/SaaltElementalLaceHipster-20cbbfed429d4a13a22b82a373cd2cc5.jpeg) Stretchy Complimentary fit Expensive Not ideal for heavy flows Saalt's mid-rise Lace Hipsters are woven from extra-soft and stretchy European lace for all-day comfort and a barely-there feel. Offering as much absorbency as up to two tampons, these cheeky panties provide peace of mind on light and moderate days. Material: Recycled polyester, elastane, polyamide, spandex, PUL | Absorbency: Light to moderate | Colors: Black, earth, blue, blush | Size Range: XS to XXL Best Overnight: Thinx Sleep Shorts :max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ThinxSleepShorts-305a8439f69243a39ecf19583a4c7724.jpeg) Super absorbent Leak-proof Pockets Limited sizes Slip into a pair of Thinx Sleep Shorts and rest assured you'll be fully protected all through the night. These boxer-style pajama shorts offer super-absorbent period protection to keep you comfy and dry while you doze—extra points for the pocketed design. Material: Modal, elastane, organic cotton, polyester, PUL | Absorbency: Super | Colors: Black, gray | Size Range: XS to XL What Our Editors Say "I haven't slept in a tampon since discovering Thinx. The Sleep Shorts—my favorite product—are completely leak-proof, buttery soft, and not uncomfortably compressive. They give me the confidence to sleep on my crisp white sheets without a worry in the world." —Holly Rhue, Editor Best for Swim: Knix High Rise Leakproof Swim Bottom :max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/KnixHighRiseLeakproofSwimBottom-da555adfaaaf4f67b93180c28950c0fc.jpg) Complimentary fit Anti-leak technology Only one color available Thanks to Knix's Leakproof Swim Bottoms, you can, well, nix the tampon next time you go for a dip while on your period. The high-waisted design is great on all body types, and you can count on the brand's anti-leak technology to soak up as much as three teaspoons of blood. Material: Nylon, spandex, polyester | Absorbency: Moderate | Colors: Black | Size Range: S to 3XL What Our Editors Say "I tried this high-waisted bathing suit bottom on vacation earlier this year—bad timing to get my period, I know!—and I can't say enough about it. Its fit is flattering, its material feels high-quality, and it's very much leak-proof but doesn't look like period swimwear at all. I love it." —Avery Stone, Senior Commerce Editor Final Verdict Thinx Super Hiphuggers are, by far, the best period underwear overall. They absorb up to five tampons' worth of blood, offer a comfortable fit that doesn't bunch up, and come in a wide range of sizes. That said, if you don't need something quite as absorbent, go with Thinx Air Hiphuggers, which hold one to two tampons worth of blood. Meet the Expert - Kiarra King MD is a board-certified OB/GYN in Chicago. - Dr. Carolyn Moyers, DO, FACOG, is a board-certified OB/GYN based in Fort Worth, Texas. - Kristy Chong is the founder and CEO of period and leak-proof underwear brand Modibodi. What to Look for in Period Underwear High Absorbency We all know that leaks can happen, but, of course, we want to avoid them at all costs. When it comes to shopping for period underwear, look for brands that offer high absorbency, especially if your flow is on the heavier side. Don't forget to read through customer reviews to make sure these products live up to their claims, too. A Good Fit A good fit is key when it comes to avoiding leakage—especially while you sleep or work out. Look for products that provide curve-hugging styles and higher waistlines that way you know your underwear will fit you comfortably but also won’t budge throughout the day or night. A Comfortable, Non-Bulky Design The whole point of period underwear is to eliminate the need for pads and tampons, and the last thing anybody wants is to have the ability to free bleed but feel like they’re wearing a diaper. Look for styles that are specifically designed to offer great absorbency, even on your heavier days, without feeling bulky or stiff. - How does period underwear work? According to Kristy Chong, the founder and CEO of period and leak-proof underwear brand Modibodi, how your period underwear works will vary from brand to brand. "Made with different materials and technology, the purpose of period underwear is to absorb, protect, and allow you to continue your daily activities without feeling discouraged or shamed,” she says. Many different ranges of period underwear now exist. You can now find various designs to cater to your cycle, pregnancy, and postpartum needs—there are even styles designed to protect you at the gym. - How do you wash period underwear? Chong says that most, if not all, period underwear products are machine washable, which makes cleaning them a breeze. However, to ensure they last you, she shares her tips for taking the best care of them: “It’s recommended that period underwear be rinsed out first, washed on a cold, gentle cycle without softener, and hung up to dry.” - How long can you wear period underwear? How long you can wear your period underwear depends on your flow as well as the absorbency level of the pair you're wearing, explains Chong. “The higher in absorbency, the more the period underwear can hold. Some can be used all day depending on the brand’s range.” Impressive! - Can you wear period underwear with a heavy flow? According to Chong, yes, you can wear period underwear with a heavy flow; just be sure to wear a pair designed with heavy absorbency. Most brands carry different styles in a range of absorbency levels designed to protect you comfortably from your lightest to your heaviest. For example, Modibodi’s Maxi-24Hrs styles are designed to hold up to ten tampons worth of fluid, which means they could definitely keep you leak-free through one of your heavier days. - Can you swim in period underwear? In general, it’s not advised to swim in your period underwear since it will absorb the water rather than blood and, depending on which brand you’re wearing, pool or salt water can affect the fabric and fibers used. However, some brands have launched period and leak-proof swimwear, including Modibodi and the above-mentioned Ruby Love, which not only absorb blood but keep water out.. Why Trust Byrdie Byrdie contributor Theresa Holland is a freelance writer specializing in beauty, wellness, and women's issues. Once she tried her first pair of period underwear, all bets were off. She hasn't purchased tampons or pads in over a year and has personally tried styles from Thinx, Proof, Modibodi, Ruby, and Rael. For this story, Theresa spoke to multiple OB/GYNS, reviewed options from a wide range of brands and retailers, combed through reviews, and carefully considered absorbency, fit, size range, and material before making her selections. According to our Diversity Pledge, 15% of products in our newly-published market roundups will feature Black-owned and/or Black-founded brands. At the time of publishing, we were not able to find enough period underwear from a Black-owned and/or Black-founded business to meet this percentage. If you know of one we should consider, please email us at [email protected], and we will evaluate the product ASAP. The best period underwear options for any situation. Healthline. 9 best period panties that let you go with the flow. Forbes. 10 best period underwear of the year: thinx, knix, modibodi. NBC News.

Roger Petersen is the Arthur and Ruth Sloan Professor of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). SINCE the end of the Cold War, the world’s only superpower militarily intervened in a large number of conflicts. The most well-known cases include Operation Provide Comfort in Northern Iraq after the First Gulf War, Operation Gothic Serpent in Somalia, Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti, Operation Deliberate Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Operation Allied Force in Serbia/Kosovo, Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003 Iraq, Operation Odyssey Dawn in Libya, and the intervention against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. This article considers the trajectory for U.S. military intervention for the near future. Many commentators hold that the failures of the Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya cases have effectively ended an era of large-scale U.S. military intervention. Others point to the entry of Susan Rice and Samantha Power into the Biden Administration and expect the persistence of the use of the military in the vein of “liberal interventionism.” I will try to address this abstract question in a concrete manner by drawing out lessons from the 2003-2011 U.S. experience in Iraq. Among all of America’s military adventures, the Iraq intervention was the costliest in terms of blood and treasure. The conflict was also exceedingly complex. In my present research on the Iraq conflict, I identify how the United States employed five different military strategies at different times and different places: warfighting, clear/hold/build, decapitation, community mobilization, and homogenization. Instead of making blanket statements about military intervention, we can better understand the trajectory of U.S. military intervention by examining the nature of success and failure of these particular strategies during 2003-11 in Iraq. Which of these strategies have seen continuation in the ten years after U.S. withdrawal from Iraq? Which have become the basis for action moving forward? Which have truly been discarded? Warfighting As the term “warfighting” suggests, this strategy is about fighting a war—soldiers act to “kill the enemy, not to win their hearts and minds,” in the words of Major Christopher Varhola, a U.S. Army Reserve civil affairs specialist summarizing the position of a commanding officer in the early days of the occupation of Iraq. The primary methods are firepower and mobility. Obviously, an invasion uses these warfighting tools. However, many American practitioners continued to engage in warfighting against insurgents long after the invasion. They persisted in the use of armor, indirect artillery shelling, cordon and sweep operations, large scale detention, and displays of force as a deterrent. In the form of invasion, America’s warfighting success was stunning. U.S.-led armored forces took Baghdad in a matter of weeks; major combat operations lasted only 26 days; coalition casualties were minimal. The lesson learned from the First Iraq War was reinforced: no force in the world can match the United States in mobility or firepower. In the form of counterinsurgency, on the other hand, warfighting left much to be desired. In contests where information is critical, armored “presence patrols” are essentially worthless. In struggles where legitimacy is important, collateral damage from indirect fire and large scale sweeps rounding up large numbers of detainees are detrimental. Fairly early in the war, many U.S. soldiers came to believe that warfighting alone was not likely to bring about a stable Iraq. Even before the dissemination of Field Manual 3-24 Counterinsurgency (FM 24), first published in December 2006, officers in the field were moving to more nuanced counterinsurgency strategies in their localities. If American soldiers learn, so do their opponents. Above all, they have learned not to provoke an invasion. The United States is so good at the conventional warfighting game that adversaries know not to play it. Opponents also know that while America has unchallenged military power, it also operates under heavy political constraints. Given these conditions, actors will engage in what David Kilcullen has termed “liminal maneuver” as defined as “taking sufficiently few and ambiguous actions to achieve core political objectives, but not enough to trigger a military reaction.” Furthermore, if the U.S. were to invade and conduct warfighting, opponents around the world have also learned (not the least from the Iraq case) how to exploit that strategy’s shortcomings. For the near future, the United States will be able to use its military superiority to “break things.” America can invade and overthrow governments if it wishes. This brings us to the famous “Pottery Barn” axiom of Colin Powell. In the discussion of the consequences of the American invasion of Iraq, Powell argued that the United States would inevitably become responsible for the consequences of that invasion. As in the policy of the Pottery Barn store: “you break it, you own it.” But what if that is not true? Looking back at the Iraq case, what if the United States “broke it,” removed Saddam Hussein and just left? The larger question is whether America can go around “breaking” its enemies through relatively cheap means and then leave. Despite these theoretical musings, the bottom line is that unless international norms (and public opinion) change, the United States is not likely to engage in breaking things anytime in the near future. Clear/Hold/Build. While warfighting is about breaking things, the counterinsurgency strategy of clear/hold/build focuses on building things. In December 2006, following the lead of General David Petraeus, the U.S. Army published FM 24, essentially a blueprint for the strategy. The strategy contains three interlocking tasks. First, insurgent sympathizers and neutrals must be moved into the role of government supporters. For the strategy to be successful individual citizens must be willing to provide information to the state-aligned forces about the actions and whereabouts of insurgents. While building support from the population, the counterinsurgent must recruit and train indigenous military forces. State forces must be able to use the information flowing from the population to hunt down and kill or capture mobile insurgent forces. As opposed to warfighting and other counterinsurgency strategies, clear/hold/build sees the general population as the Clausewitzian center of gravity. The most crucial step is creating supporters able and willing to provide information. This feature underlies the definitional core of the mission as “population-centric” and associates the strategy with “winning hearts and minds.” In terms of resources, clear/hold/build is troop intensive. There must be a sufficient number of “boots on the ground” to “clear” insurgents from their strongholds. Then those troops must move out of large Forward Operating Bases to neighborhood Command Outposts to “hold” the area from a relapse into violence and “build” legitimate institutions. Success builds on success as the “oil spot” of stability spreads. At a more general level, the “build” is about state-building. The strategy aims at accomplishing two ambitious tasks simultaneously. First, the creation of loyal citizens who will provide information and participate in governance. Second, the creation of loyal soldiers capable of protecting he citizenry. Following the work of Charles Tilly, the state forms from this “loyalty for security” dynamic. The only problem is that Tilly’s work outlines how this bargain evolved over decades or centuries in the West. Nonetheless, the United States was intent on state-building in Iraq. Consider the words of both President George W. Bush, introducing the surge (with its underlying clear/hold/build strategy), and President Barack Obama announcing an American military wind-down. First, to quote President Bush from a speech on 10 January 2007:. Next, to quote President Obama from a speech on 27 February 2009:. Despite the rhetoric about freedom and democracy, at the core of these passages is the three-word phrase of Obama— “sovereign, stable, and self-reliant.” These are the attributes that define a functioning state. In the years following the American withdrawal in 2011, Iraq performed poorly on all three of these measures. If sovereignty and stability have any meaning, it involves a measure of control over the territory of the state. The Iraqi state lost control of one-third of Iraq’s territory to the Islamic State (ISIS) in 2014, not long after the American departure. Essentially, a relatively small militant religious group seized command of governing authority in Mosul, Ramadi, Tikrit, and other major Iraqi cities. The Iraq Army crumbled in the face of relatively small numbers of ISIS forces. Baghdad itself was threatened. For the first time in one hundred years, the supreme religious leader of Iraq’s Shia faithful issued a fatwa calling on individuals to mobilize in the face of a threat to the country. Non-state armed militias came to the defense of the Iraqi state. Furthermore, the Iraqi state is not self-reliant. At the outset of the invasion in March 2003, major policymakers were not concerned with the Iraq state’s ability to fund itself. As often quoted, Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz told Congress that due to its oil revenues “we’re really dealing with a country that could finance its own reconstruction.” Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld made similar claims at the time. The reality was that during 2003-2011, the United States spent approximately $60 billion on reconstruction alone above and beyond war costs. In February 2018, in the wake of ISIS, donors pledged $30 billion for reconstruction, a number far short of the $88 billion that Iraqi leaders were seeking. Iraq managed a per capita GDP of less than $10,000 in 2017. In the intervening period, those numbers have not changed significantly. The government and economy suffer from major corruption. In January 2021, Transparency International ranked Iraq 160th out of 179 states on its Corruption Perception Index. Moreover, with nearly 47 percent of the population under the age of 20, the “youth bulge” will likely make matters worse. Robert Gates famously told an assembly of Army cadets back in February 2011, “In my opinion, any future defense secretary who advises the president to again send a big American land army into Asia or into the Middle East or Africa should ‘have his head examined.” No doubt, American policymakers in 2021 likely concur with Gates. For many, the Iraq case shows that “nation-building is impossible” and that military interventions are not worth the effort and usually turn into “endless wars.” Moreover, the problem in Iraq was not just that America could not achieve the lofty goals of democracy; rather, the United States, despite tens of billions of dollars spent and the work of thousands of trainers, could not build a functioning Iraqi Army, an essential part of the clear/hold/build strategy. The Iraq case points out something broader than simply an American failure to rebuild a strong and well-functioning Iraqi state. The very nature of the Iraq state that has developed is also telling. Even though Iraq is a very weak state, it does manage to govern itself. In fact, it has managed to make some progress in terms of democratization. In its 2021 evaluations, Freedom House gives Iraq a 29/100 score. Here are the scores of other states in the region: Syria 1, Jordan 34, West Bank 25, Lebanon 43, Iran 16, Saudi Arabia 7, Yemen 11, Oman 23, UAE 17, Qatar 25. By regional standards, Iraq is above average and the report indicates it “holds regular, competitive elections.” In a sense, one could say that it qualifies as an “electoral democracy”—a term that Freedom House used in the recent past to describe the country. Iraq has managed to achieve some level of resiliency, but it has done so through sectarian bargaining, reliance for security on non-state actors including militias taking orders from Iran, and the social services practice of religious organizations. In short, Iraq had taken on many of the characteristics of Lebanon. That is not what American interveners had envisioned when they set off on their state-building mission. The broader problem for Western state-building projects is that for much of the world, states are no longer states in the Weberian sense. States increasingly lack control of the legitimate means of violence and the means to project centralized power. Correspondingly, Western interveners may not wish to launch state-building strategies in an environment they cannot predict, shape, or fully understand. Perhaps the biggest reason we will not see the Iraqi surge model of clear/hold/build again is that we saw it not just once, but twice. In February 2009, President Obama ordered a surge in Afghanistan sending 17,000 more troops to the 32,000 U.S. forces and 38,000 NATO personnel already there. As with the Iraqi surge, the change involved not only more troops but also a move to a population-centric strategy seen in Iraq’s clear/hold/build. The consensus view is that the move failed to reach its objectives in Afghanistan as well. Even if liberal interventionists continue to hold power in Democratic Party controlled administrations—even if the Responsibility-to-Protect (R2P) lobby sustains its presence—we are unlikely to see military-led troop intensive state-building projects like clear/hold/build in the foreseeable future. Decapitation For those who would give up on state-building interventions, decapitation offers an alternative. I want to underline that I use the term “decapitation” loosely here to describe targeted raids against both broader mid-level network leadership (often described as counter-network operations) and smaller numbers of killings of senior leaders (usually termed decapitation and sometimes assassination). Decapitation calls for going after insurgent organizations directly by enhancing the acuity and coverage of surveillance and the speed and precision of strike forces. When manhunts are coupled together such that intelligence from detainees and materials gathered from one raid provides leads for new raids, then decapitation efforts are often called “counter-network operations” or simply “counterterrorism.” U.S. Special Operations Forces describes this cyclic methodology as “find, fix, finish, exploit, analyze” (F3EA). Whereas “clear, hold, build” attempts to address grievance as the root cause of insurgency, F3EA aims to liquidate the clandestine organizations that insurgency requires, whatever its cause. The population’s hearts and minds and its factions are not major concerns. Nor is the provision of goods to the population a part of the equation. The strategy’s goal is simply to kill or capture senior and mid-level insurgent commanders faster than they are able to regenerate in order to sow fear and confusion and ultimately to cause the network to collapse. Both decapitation and warfighting wish to use military means to go after mobile insurgents. The differences between the two strategies are large though. Decapitation is selective violence; it tries to avoid interacting with the population much at all by seeking reliable intelligence to trigger a raid and by keeping a discrete footprint. In some ways, the strategy is the polar opposite of warfighting with its highly visible and indiscriminate tactics of “cordon and search,” “harassment and interdiction” bombing, and “search and destroy.” The primary “executioners” who conduct decapitation can be found in the U.S. Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). JSOC was officially formed shortly after the attempted hostage rescue disaster of the U.S. Embassy in Tehran during the Carter Administration. It draws from the military’s most elite units—75th Army Rangers, Delta Force, and SEAL Team 6. The original intent was to create an elite force that would report directly to the president. As described by General Hugh Shelton, JSOC was meant to be “the ace in the hole. If you were a card player, that’s your ace that you’ve got tucked away.” In the 1990’s, JSOC pursued war criminals in the former Yugoslavia and targeted members of the emerging al Qaeda organization. It also set up shop in the 1990’s in Iraqi Kurdistan with Task Force 20. After 9/11, Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld greatly expanded JSOC’s mission and, correspondingly, JSOC’s capabilities. In September 2003, Stanley McChrystal became JSOC Commander for the next five years. With Iraq’s most wanted portrayed on a deck of cards, McChrystal and JSOC went to work. As insurgent networks proliferated, the target set expanded exponentially. As mentioned above, counterterrorism operations run on a cycle represented by F3EA. With experience under its belt, JSOC dramatically increased the speed of this cycle. Once a target was found, drones helped fix that target’s location. Combat teams finished the target (capturing or killing) but now specialists accompanied the combat team and immediately exploited the information found on laptops, flash drives, and cell phones. With ever expanding data, a rapid analysis of the new information created the abilities to immediately seek new targets. The cycle was reduced from days to hours. These capabilities expanded again during the war against ISIS. Starting in full force in September 2014, U.S. operations against ISIS exhibited truly astounding technical capabilities. Multiple digitally streamed video from drone feeds fill screens at strike centers. Infrared technology heightens targeting specificity. Information funneled through multiple sources makes it way to Joint Terminal Attack Controllers (JTAC). The JTAC, in conjunction with Collateral Damage Analysts, chooses among a menu of strike options including laser guided 300-pound Maverick missiles, F/A18 500 pound bombs, AC-130 30mm cannon fire, Predator drone 100-pound Hellfire missiles. There are selectable fuse options for some munitions that allow a choice between contact blast or air blast. In the war against ISIS, U.S. forces made thousands of strikes that killed up to 300 ISIS fighters a week. These same capabilities could be used in a more precise way as seen in the assassination of Qasem Soleimani on January 3, 2020. There is little doubt that decapitation will remain a major part of American strategy, both in counter-terrorism and in counterinsurgency. Among possible strategies, decapitation is the cheapest in cost and manpower and the least intrusive in terms of a “footprint.” Operations are carried out either by unmanned drone strike or by small groups of Special Forces in precisely targeted raids. Even if one thinks the benefits of the strategy are not that high, at least the costs appear very low. President Obama did not hesitate to use decapitation. While decapitation is likely to play a role in future U.S. military interventions, its more exact future is not clear. The ISIS war suggests a range of possibilities, some expansive. As mentioned above, despite massive U.S. training and investment, the Iraqi regular army exhibited neither professionalism nor patriotism when confronted by ISIS. In the ISIS war, the United States did find professional partners in the Iraqi Counterterrorism Service and some Peshmerga units. This experience suggests that America could downplay military-military relationships with partners around the world and instead build close relationships between U.S. special forces and partner state special forces. The U.S. military could select and train these partner special forces to act as the eyes and ears for American decapitation. The Israelis have a phrase for the constant killing of militant opponents: “mowing the lawn.” Due to the nature of Israel’s region, militants and terrorists are as inevitable as grass growing in the front yard. All a state can do is develop a machinery to cut the grass, a lawn mower so to speak. In a similar fashion, the United States could forego state-building, develop relationships with special forces communities in allied states around the world, and engage in “lawn-mowing” on a global scale. The Iraq wars showed that America has a machine to do so. For some, the business of the United States—given what has been learned from the Iraq and Afghanistan examples—is counterterrorism, not state-building. Putting the results of Iraq in context, all the United States should hope for is short-term successes, and decapitation is the most cost-efficient way to accomplish them. There are questions of efficacy, legality, and morality. Decapitating leaders of established organizations often has limited effects. For example, U.S. forces killed the leader of al Qaeda in Iraq, al-Zarqawi, in June 2006. Yet, AQI still thrived. By this point AQI was built to survive decapitation. In Weberian terms, the charismatic founder of AQI created a formal-rational organization that was able to replace him with new charismatic leaders. There is also the issue of collateral damage, although some argue that the incredible precision of current weapons, combined with oversight by legal teams, has confronted this problem. There is also the gut emotional reaction to making decapitation central to U.S. military intervention. One Joint Terminal Attack Controller operating in the third Iraq war described his reaction after a strike: The smoke slowly cleared in light winds. Soon we distinguished bodies strewn all over the west side of the berm—some with limbs separated and others in contorted positions. Those were always solemn moments, but ones we were conditioned to appreciate as warfighters battling a bloodthirsty enemy. As strange as it may seem to some, for guys like us it was a scene of somber beauty to see our enemy cut down and lying in pieces on the ground in front of us. Whether the world can become “conditioned” to appreciate this style of military intervention is an open question. Community Mobilization With community mobilization, the counterinsurgent interacts with groups of individuals who have been knit together through networks, family ties, or organizational history. The goal is to bring whole collectives into supportive roles both in terms of intelligence provision and as a source of manpower for the police and security organs. The strategy can also involve “flipping” an entire community-based militia from support of the insurgent over to support of the state. While clear/hold/build stresses the importance of regular engagement with local elites, the role of those local elites is limited. Community mobilization, on the other hand, calls for basically allying with local elites and bringing in their organizations intact. Although there may be plans to break up or integrate these organizations into the state, the strategy simply calls for making a deal to bring the support of the organization over to the counterinsurgent’s side. Clear/hold/build does not see such alliances as the way forward, especially in terms of state-building. Accordingly, as outlined in FM 3-24, irregular units always pose a potential threat. As the Field Manual concludes: “If militias are outside the [host nation] government’s control, they can often be obstacles to ending an insurgency.” Despite the objections in the U.S. field manual, the American experience in Iraq provides a paradigmatic case of community mobilization with the “flipping” of Bedouin tribes from cooperation with AQI to alliance with the United States. This alliance produced a dramatic drop in violence in the region. In September of 2006, violence in Anbar peaked at nearly 2000 incidents a month, more than in any other province in Iraq. Remarkably, the rate plunged to just 155 incidents in January 2008, as reported by Anthony H. Cordesman in a Center for Strategic and International Studies. One of the most violent provinces had become the most peaceful. The local tribes became indignant over the brutal extremism and economic usurpation of AQI and also found themselves in an ever declining strategic position vis-à-vis ascendant Shia factions. Their decision to cooperate with the U.S. military provided intelligence and manpower to defeat AQI. The American victory over AQI occurred first in al-Qaim on the Syrian border in late 2005, then in Ramadi in late 2006, in Fallujah in early 2007. The success in Anbar led to Sons of Iraq alliances being formed throughout much of Iraq. Whether the strategy produces long-term success is more questionable. Many U.S. practitioners envisioned community mobilization as a way to fold Anbar’s Sunni tribesmen into the security system of the Iraqi state. While community mobilization empowered tribes in the short run, the Maliki regime did little to integrate significant numbers into the Army and other state security organizations. After the withdrawal of the United States in 2011, Sunni relations with the Maliki controlled Iraq state soured. Protests led to violence. With the situation in Sunni majority areas festering like an old sore, many tribes allied with ISIS when they swept into Anbar. Community mobilization allows groups to retain autonomy. However, that autonomy means that “flipped” groups can “flip” back to oppose the state. These groups can work both sides changing back and forth and always looking for a better deal. Furthermore, even if the group does not completely “flip” into opposition, these non-state organizations will have incentives to seek their own goals rather than the state’s. They may be allying with the state to protect revenue streams gained from smuggling or criminal or semi-criminal practices. Whereas FM 3-24 assumes that the solution to civil war anarchy is a Weberian monopoly of violence invested in the state, the community mobilization strategy may give rise to a stable truce among an oligopoly of feudal warlords (or party bosses, mafia dons, tribal patriarchs, or whatever the polite term might be). How and whether these can be consolidated into the central state is a major research area in comparative politics, but historically the process has been both lengthy and violent. The United States continued to play forms of the community mobilization strategy in Syria even if they did not openly admit doing so. The U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces are less “democratic” and more a collection of community/ethnic groups dominated by the Kurdish Peoples Protection Group (YPG). As could be expected, the agendas of these community-based proxy groups differed from their American sponsor. The United States is likely to continue practicing forms of community mobilization in the near future, but the nature of this game is usually opportunistic and ad hoc. In Iraq, it was the tribes that approached the United States to make a deal after interests changed and aligned. In Syria, the United States was looking for on-the-ground short-term partners to help eliminate ISIS. In practice, community mobilization often has idiosyncratic origins and unpredictable trajectories. It is unlikely to be the basis of consistent American policy. Homogenization When ethnic war breaks out in a state with highly mixed populations, political scientists like Chaim Kaufmann argue that the best way to end ethnic violence is to allow, or even encourage, physical separation of the warring sides. With interspersed populations, the dynamics of the security dilemma can come into play—one side can quickly attack the other, there is little way to distinguish defensive preparations from offensive ones, there can be an urgency to quickly attack to rescue pockets of vulnerable co-ethnics. However, if all co-ethnics can demographically concentrate behind a defensible boundary, the opposing sides can both effectively shield themselves from attack and signal defensive intentions. If the ability for quick and easy strikes are eliminated, incentives to engage in ceasefires and negotiations appear. There are good examples where ethnic homogenization led to a decrease in violence. Consider the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-1995. Ethnic separation during the war had drastically reduced the number of demographically mixed, contestable, and potentially violent hot spots. At the end of the war, the non-Serb population living in Republika Srpska fell from a pre-war 46 percent to 3 percent. Likewise, the Serbian population in the territory of the Federation had fallen from 17 percent to 3 percent. Without this separation, the Dayton Accords may not have been possible. The civil war in Iraq during 2005-2007 witnessed a similar separation among Sunni and Shia in Baghdad. Consider the U.S. military map from this period illustrating Baghdad’s sectarian cleansing. Given that this is a military map, the U.S. military was obviously aware of the homogenization of Baghdad and aware of the “flashpoints of violence” marked on the map. Consciously or not, U.S. forces constructed concrete T-walls that reinforced the new ethnic demographic lines. In effect, although the U.S. military could not stop the homogenization process, it did facilitate the creation and continuation of homogenous neighborhoods. In the debate about the causes of the dramatic declined in violence in Baghdad, one of the major points of contention is the causal role of homogenization. Because sectarian cleansing and the surge (as well as community mobilization and JSOC’s decapitation for that matter) took place at roughly the same time, it is difficult to separate out their respective effects. Governments and occupying forces do not usually choose ethnic homogenization as a strategy; it is normatively too close to ethnic cleansing. Governments may turn a blind eye to the process, or they may work with the result of ethnic cleansing to maintain peace. On the basis of interviews I conducted in the region a few years ago, many in the Middle East believe that the United States allowed homogenization of warring communities in Syria. In the absence of American will to military intervene, homogenization may become an unstated policy in many of the world’s most violent ethnic conflicts. The Future The U.S. intervention and war in Iraq has been the most important conflict of the twenty-first century so far, but it will almost certainly not be the last U.S. military intervention. Members of the U.S. military may want to get out of the post-war reconstruction business and emphasize kinetic warfighting and deterrence operations but given their experience and resources they are unlikely to be able to extract themselves from the increasingly complicated nature of violent conflicts in today’s world. What has the exercise here, based on examination of American practice in Iraq and the following period, suggested about the near and medium term future? First, the U.S. military will turn away from warfighting for small wars. The United States will not wish to break something that they do not wish to own. The central mission of warfighting will remain the main focus of the U.S. military but that focus, above all else, will be to develop warfighting capacity to deter China. Second, to echo Robert Gates, troop intensive state-building military interventions will be unlikely. There is no political will for them after Iraq and Afghanistan. Given recent events in the United States, the effective slogans, and likely policies, will concern building democracy at home rather than abroad. Neither the ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya in Myanmar nor state collapse in Venezuela have moved American policymakers toward serious consideration of large scale military intervention. Third, there will almost certainly be a role for decapitation. The technology, as seen at work in Iraq, is too seductive. The United States, perhaps relying on transnational relationships among special forces, will likely use decapitation to erode insurgent organizations (counter-network operations) in the Middle East and Africa. Then there is the form of decapitation that targets only the very top leadership. The shadow of the 2011 NATO Operation Unified Protector in Libya remains as a powerful cautionary tale for that strategy. Although NATO denied it was employing a decapitation strategy, the bombing campaign clearly targeted command and control centers and Qaddafi personally. The head of the snake was indeed cut off. In the famous words of then Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, “we came, we saw, he died.” But the decapitation of Qaddafi and the deaths and defections of his leading generals was followed by political and social chaos, the murder of the U.S. Ambassador, and the rise of Islamist militants. President Obama summarized the progression of events as a “shit show.” A 2014 RAND report written by Christopher Chivvis and Jeffery Martini estimated that a stabilization force of only 13,000 troops could have changed the course of events, but in the wake of Iraq the Western powers were in no mood for even this relatively low level of deployment. R2P advocates originally hailed the multinational UN-sanctioned military intervention in Libya as a low cost and effective model for future humanitarian interventions. In the longer term, Libya became a symbol of humanitarian hubris and wishful thinking. Fourth, there is no end in sight for opportunistic community mobilization. If the United States is involved in a conflict, why not take advantage of able and armed communities ready to provide manpower and intelligence to complement American firepower and organization? The Iraq experience has shown, however, that these short term military synergies are not always compatible with longer term political goals. Fifth, given the overall reticence to engage in large scale military intervention, we can expect the United States, and the Western powers as a whole, to allow more and more conflicts to burn on. Some of these conflicts will produce homogenization, defensible boundaries between warring groups, and eventual hurting stalemates. In these cases, the international community may step in to negotiate peace. In other cases, as in Syria, the war will rage on spewing death until one side gains victory. The Iraq war was traumatic. Few wish to think about it. Most wish to dismiss the conflict with predictable general statements. But the Iraq case presents us with incredible fields of variation in violence, state-building, U.S. strategies, and opponent counterstrategies. This article has drawn on some of that variation to understand the possible future trajectory of U.S. military intervention. No doubt some of these conclusions will be wrong, but hopefully they do some justice to the sacrifice and suffering of both civilians and soldiers witnessed during the U.S. intervention in Iraq. Back to Table of Contents

Paul Beers discusses Building Envelope Hotspots. - Below Grade Waterproofing - Amenity Decks - Planters - Rooftop Pedestrian Areas - Water Features - Balconies - Stucc exterior building envelope including waterproofing, glazing, cladding and roofing. Please visit our web site, where you’ll find access to each episode, along with show notes and a special video section the same as content. Please subscribe to the Everything Building Envelope podcast on iTunes and Android outlets such as Stitcher. Today’s topic revolves around vulnerable areas within the building envelope. What I would call building envelope hotspots. In other words, what at the biggest areas of concern. We’ve been in the consulting business for quite a long time and, you know, we always think we’ve seen it all but we have not, and trends to emerge, things that really top out as being areas that need special attention, so let’s look at some of them. Let’s start with digging holes in the ground below grade waterproofing. This has been one of the really hot spots in our consulting business, great interest here. People are very concerned about it, and the reason is, if you think about it, when you apply below grade waterproofing you dug a hole in the ground. You put the material in to keep the water out. It may be a basement. It may be below grade parking, elevator pit, things like that, and once you then pour the concrete and cover it up you can’t get back down there to fix it, so it needs to be done really well really correctly the first time. You need to select a quality system. You need to have warranties in place. You need to have oversight. You need to have involvement from the manufacturer. It’s really important if things go wrong, it’s a very difficult fix. It’s taking a shot in the dark. You’re drilling holes injecting epoxy things like that. For the below grade waterproofing is a big concern is something that really needs a lot of attention and rightly so a big part of our focus on projects when you do have anything that’s basically below the grade or underground. The next area that we see on a lot of buildings, not just in Florida but all over, are what we call amenity deck. An amenity deck is a common area on a building. It may be a plaza. It may be a recreational area. It may even be a park, and there’s space underneath that’s either occupied by the building, parking garage something like that. A lot of hotels, condominiums, apartment buildings even office buildings have amenity decks where you might have swimming pools, tennis courts, green areas, pedestrian areas, plazas whatever, and again, not unlike below grade waterproofing, as you are building it you apply the waterproofing systems, and if there are problems it’s a very expensive fix. You’re digging up or tearing up finished area be it planted or be it tennis court, and chasing around trying to figure out what the fix is, so we really like to pay attention to amenity decks as well. Usually, it’s a waterproofing system that beneath it. We look for having proper slope to drain to get the water out. We look for using it with the proper system that will basically be able to stand the test of time. We look for, again, warranties, manufacture ****. I didn’t say this about the waterproofing, but having the whole team involved. It’s good to have a pre-construction meeting before with the subcontractor, the superintendent, the owner, the architect all involved manufacturers to go over everything, so that everybody really knows what supposed to happen, how it’s supposed to be done, what all the project requirements are, how to make and ensure quality control, when to have inspections to ensure that everything looks good and get a good outcome. Another thing that related to an amenity decks are planters. Planters are, I had a contractor tell me one time, planters are one of the lowest costs scope items in a large project but one of the biggest costs when you have to go back and fix them. So, planters, a lot of thought needs to be put into them, what proofing materials can be used. You can use a fluid applied or a sheet applied. The sheet applied can have problems sometimes with roots and things like that getting into it, so you want something that, you know, because obviously you have planters and have things growing in it, and you want to have a material that will be able to withstand any invasive roots and things like that. Again, you’ve got to have drainage. You got to use the right materials. It seems simple, but it’s more complex than it seems. Another area that’s related to this are rooftop pedestrian areas. We’ve seen a lot of problems here on projects where it’s kind of a natural architect’s and building owners or building users should I say, really like these rooftop areas. If you think about it, it’s a great opportunity to have a sundeck swimming pool. You see a lot of swimming pools on roofs these days, and obviously what’s underneath the roof occupied space and probably not just occupied space, probably the most expensive space in the building. If it’s a apartment or condominium, it’s typically a penthouse apartment. If it’s an office building it’s typically a premier suite in the building, so you don’t want water down in there. It will be very expensive to fix. You have finishes not to mention angry people that live there who probably have lawyers, so these areas take a tremendous amount of scrutiny to make sure that everything gets done correctly. In a rooftop pedestrian area, usually it’s a waterproofing system that applied, although, the roofing manufacturers have these types of systems also. There is a crossover there, but you need to be really, really careful, again, with specifying materials, getting the manufacturers involved, getting a good installer, having the proper warranties in place. We like to test these areas before they’re completed doing a flood test, where we’ll plug the drain and then flood the area with water, leave it overnight, come back the next day and make sure all the water is still there and hasn’t leaked anywhere. If you have a leak, you want to find it during construction not afterwards. Another area that we’re seeing more on buildings these days are water features. In fact, we have a building we’re working on in Miami right now has a 75-foot waterfall in design, and it’s another waterproofing issue. I remember working on a restaurant a few years back in Miami. It was very trendy, and it had a lot of water features, and they leaked, and it was a disaster. It was causing all kinds of problems in the space with mold, and rot and odors, and it was an extremely expensive fix. Basically, shut the restaurant down, drain the water system and redo everything and do it right. It was obviously not done correctly. Anywhere, you’ve got water or the potential for water to come into the building like that, then you need to really, really pay attention to it. Many building nowadays have balconies. People like the outdoors, even on high-rise buildings. Balconies are always an area where you have to be careful and **** seen a lot of problems with things are not done correctly, so balconies interfaces with the exterior wall of the building. Of course, it’s got some sort of sliding glass door or swinging door on it. We prefer sliding glass doors because they perform better, and they don’t have as much problems with the wind. Balconies can get in some very extreme conditions as far as window loading goes if they’re near the corner of the building, and if it’s not occupied space, but if is occupied space you should have tile or marble finishes that you put on it, and so many things need to be considered. Let’s start with the sliding glass door or swing door. You’ve got to really think about how you detail that because a lot of buildings, particularly condominiums you’ll put the window in and then have a buyer come in 2 years later and put down marble which could be very thick, several inches in thickness, and if the marble is higher than the sliding glass door track, for example, then the water can be trapped in the sliding glass door track and that obviously is a big problem. It can’t get out. It’s going to come in, so you’ve got to detail the sliding glass door or swing door track up in the air enough to anticipate what a future owner will do. So, typically that involves put it on some sort of curve, and then the question comes, have you waterproofed that. We’ve had a lot of curved leaks that we’ve seen over the years. You basically have to have a waterproofing system that extends over the entire balcony surface up over any window or door curve or sills and also of the exterior walls. So, there’s a sequencing issue here as well, where every thing’s got to be done. If you put the window in first before you waterproof, obviously you’re not going to have the opportunity to waterproof the curve underneath the window which is very important. And, speaking of waterproofing on the balcony decks that’s another question we get sometimes. Why do we have to waterproof it? Well, waterproofing is good practice because what’s inside the slab typically is your concrete slab what’s inside the slab seal and as water gets through the concrete to the steel it can cause the rebar to rot and expand, and that causes the concrete to crack or even blow out, and that’s a very, very expensive fix, and this can happen quickly or it can happen 20 years later. You want to do everything you can to prolong the life of the balcony. Builders use galvanized rebar. They use sealers. They use waterproofing systems. You can’t really go too far here to try and do things in a way that will decrease the opportunity to have this problem happen. You’ve got railing penetrations on balconies, and the something very, very important seems like a no-brainer but it’s not is the slope. The balconies have to slope to get the water off or have drains in them if they’re really large. If they’re really large, then they have to slope into a drain, but ponding water is a big no-no, and if it occurs a lot a lot of these buildings have post-tension slabs, and they’ve got everything sloped looking good, and then they tighten the cables on the structural system inside the slab and that outer edge of the balcony curls up and then all of sudden you don’t have the property drainage. So, all that’s got to be contemplated and considered in the structural design and in the waterproofing design to have a successful balcony. Another big hot spot are stucco systems. Many buildings, let’s say probably 75 percent of the buildings that we see are maybe even more have stucco as the exterior cladding, and it’s pretty complicated to get it right. It seems simple just slap the stuff on the wall and everything will be good, but it’s not. You have different structural frames that you have to consider. In South Florida, you have masonry, and lot of the other areas of the country we have studs and sheathing, and what’s really important with both of these systems is to get a good waterproof membrane underneath the stucco. Stucco cracks. Stucco is porous. Stucco is not waterproof. We found that out back in the day of the heyday of EIFS exterior installation and finish systems, that were barrier systems basically, they were just adhesively applied and the whole system was supposed to keep water out of the building a hundred percent of the water, no provisions for drainage, and of course there were a lot of problems. Now, EIFS, I’m not badmouthing EIFS because EIFS has its place. It’s a high-performance finish with installation on the outside of the walls. It’s very highly regarded in some circumstances, and what I am badmouthing are barrier systems, not just EIFS but any barrier system with stucco-type systems are prone to problems. So, we want to have water drainage behind the system with either a fluid applied or sheet applied membrane. We even want to have that on masonry. Now, masonry a lot of our clients put the waterproofing around window and door openings and not on the bulk of the wall. While we’d like to see on the bulk of the wall, it’s very expensive, and we get it. There’s budgets that need to be met, so a lot of times it’s not done on the entire exterior wall, and with masonry that’s okay because if masonry gets a little bit wet there’s no harm done. It will dry out. We do recommend testing these system, field testing them, do a mock up early in the project to make sure everything is good. You’ll find out right then and there. You know, we’ve done jobs where the owner didn’t want to put waterproofing around the window and door openings. So, we said okay, let’s test it with and without, and the without leaked and the with didn’t. So, obviously it made a lot of sense to do it, and of course the owner didn’t want any water in the building, do had to pay a little extra money and do that. The other thing with stucco systems are the areas where the stucco is adjacent to other materials, junctures, penetrations, control joints things like that. So, a juncture would be where stucco meets a window or a door or where stucco meets say a different type of cladding system. A lot of thought needs to be put into that how it’s detailed, how it’s sealed, so that it stands the test of time until water doesn’t get in. Penetrations if you think about it, you look at a building there are many. There are hose bibs, there are drying vents. People put signs on buildings, satellite dishes, electrical light fixtures. All those areas are opportunities for water to get in even around a well-designed stucco system. If you don’t contemplate and detail every one of those penetrations that’s where the water could come in. Then, the other area that we’ve seen problems with a lot in the past are controlled joints. Now, control joints are a necessary evil in stucco, and sometimes an architectural feature that can give the building a certain look maybe of different textures, of different colors or you just want to break up the monolithic surface. Very, very carefully consideration needs to be put into control joints because they’re basically kind of a penetration in the stucco, but definitely a break in the plane and an opportunity for water to get in, so you’ve got to have your waterproofing system behind it that will compensate for any water coming in, and you also need to really consider where the control joints are. You don’t want them terminating in say a window opening where they could just channel water right behind the window, and they’ve got to be properly sealed. Manufacturers control joints do have instruction on sealing them, and that needs to be done. If not, then you’re probably going to have a problem. Glazing systems, I’m not going to go into that today, but glazing systems obviously you need to select the proper window, door, fixed glass, curtain wall. It needs to have the proper performance criteria. It needs to be properly installed and very important, when you have any building, and I would say any size building may that’s a little bit extreme, but steel water infiltration testing is very, very helpful during construction to see if the window, door, fixed glass curtain wall are performing as intended. A lot of times these systems are tested in a laboratory as vanadium systems not installed into a particular wall system, and that’s where the rubber meets the road. What you want to do, you want to test as early as possible in the project. Do an in-place mock up, test it. Many, many times we do this we’ll find a leak somewhere. If it’s early in the project we can make an adjustment to the installation or the design of the wall system and have it interfacing with the window, or maybe the window has some problem coming out of the factor. Let’s find out about it. Let’s get it fixed while everybody is still on the job before people have moved into the building, and we have a much better outcome than not doing that. You don’t want to find out later. You don’t want to find out when the building has been built, people have moved in and all of a sudden you’ve got leaks. That’s a disaster, typically. Roofs are an obvious area of concern. We like to keep the as simple as possible. The less penetration the better, proper drainage, proper slope to drain, how they interact or intersect with parapet walls, curtain walls whatever interfaces with them. We want to use a good system with a good warranty be it built up, single fly, ETDM whatever you want to get make sure you have a good roofer, and a good manufacturer, and you want to follow all the rules or all the conditions to get the warranty, and that’s not just during insulation that’s after the roof is installed. We get involved in projects all the time that have a 20-year warranty and one of the conditions of the warranty would be an annual inspection by the manufacturer. If that’s not done, then it’s a big problem trying to get a warranty claim where you haven’t done your part of the bargain, and the roof manufacturers will almost always deny a claim because they want to inspect it every year, and if there’s a problem then they can identify and fix it, if it’s a small problem before it becomes a big problem. Sealants, when everybody thinks of sealants they think of windows, but sealants are used in many areas throughout the project, control joints, expansion joints anywhere you have change in ****, junctures, penetrations all things we talked about before. Again, this is being simple but just putting the goop in there isn’t necessarily going to solve the problem or prevent the problem. Sealants are very complex. There’s a lot of different types. They have different elasticity, different properties as far as how they perform in UV with the sun hitting them. The sealant design is really important where you have to have a two-side adhesion you have to use bond breaker tape or backer rod, and by the way backer rod does not have anything to do with waterproofing. It has to do with the proper profile of the sealant joint so it can expand and contract, and the sealant joints typically need to be thinner than they are wide, so they can move in and out, kind of like pulling on a elastic band, and then using the proper materials silicone versus urethane. They all have their uses. We like to see silicon where it’s hits the sun. Urethane has the potential to break down over time when exposed to sunlight, but urethane may be a great sealant in a concealed condition where you want really good adhesion and strength. Coating, you know we talked about stucco, and stucco typically needs to be painted at the end of the project. Everybody loves to want to gravitate to elastomeric coating which is kind of a waterproof coating. Not necessarily a good choice on a building that was just stucco’d recently or newly constructed building because the stucco still has moisture in it. You don’t want to trap the moisture. You would use an acrylic paint typically of that or if you did use an elastomeric paint you want to have a lot of porosity to allow moisture in and out. Now, 10 years later when this building needs to be repainted yes, elastomeric is probably a good idea. It’s dried out at this point, and there’s cracks and things like that that need to be overcome, so the thought needs to be put into what’s going to be used, and there’s different products for different scenarios and also different life cycles of the building. Last, I have on my list here is pretty interesting because we see this all the time, and I’ve got it. I’m calling it glass quality, so there’s two things that I think of with glass quality, and this can be big money. You can be so, so careful with it. One, is having the glass get damaged while it’s being installed in the building. Scratches would be the primary thing. You get stucco on it, drywall, mud, people bang into it with tools whatever. When glass gets scratched, they buff it out. Typically, when glass gets scratched it needs to be replaced especially if it’s got a lot of scratches on it, very, very expensive. The unit owners come into their million dollar condominium they’re not going to put up with having a big scratch going through the painted glass, and there are industry standards to evaluate scratches which can be helpful, but ultimately if the unit owner is sitting at their breakfast table, and they’re looking out at the ocean, and there’s a scratch say at the bottom corner of the window right in their field of vision, they’re not going to put up with that, and it’s a big fight, and it’s a fight you don’t want to have, so protecting the glass during construction with film, with good practices, good housekeeping everything you can do to keep that from happening is really, really important. The other thing that we’re seeing more and more of these days is the distortion. In fact, I recently replaced the windows in my house in Florida, and the glass came out distorted. It was laminated glass. It’s no good. It looked like you’re looking at the fun house when you looked through the glass. Industry standards really do not address the distortion in a way that meshes with the consumer expectations. All glass has some degree of distortion in it, so it’s basically what you can see when you’re looking through it, but very, very important I highly recommend inspecting all the glass. Well, first of all set the expectations upfront with the supplier. Get some samples, do some mock ups then have something as a baseline to compare all the rest of the glass on the project to, and inspect it when it comes out. Don’t put it in the building if it’s distorted. Have it replaced immediately. Fixed fight waiting to happen if you’re not really careful with this. So, those are my hot spot, and what do we do about it. I have talked about this along the way. Obviously, paying a lot of attention to the design and making sure everything is well detailed. We come in a lot of times working on projects where we assist the line team, or the owner or do a peer review to see if everything has been addressed and has been addressed up to the industry standard of care. A great idea to get manufacturers themselves involved during the design. Get their input. They work with this stuff every day, and they know how things need to be. Also, manufacturers also have a lot of requirements that need to be met, and they can advise on what should and shouldn’t be done. Warranty requirements, again, if you don’t get it right up front and you don’t follow all the rules, so to speak, of what needs to be done of the warranty and that includes proper us of materials, proper detailing, installation, probably some inspections and documentation that things were done right during the installation, and as I said before post-installation requirements **** roofs if you don’t have the manufacturers inspection annually you’re probably going to lose your warranty. As you go through the construction process there’s submittals. Always require full submittals like windows and doors are a great example, shop drawings. All major projects you do shop drawings for windows and doors. When you get into some of the smaller stuff, you know, wood frames, multi-family, hotels things like that and submittals aren’t done that’s just looking for trouble. If you want to make it work on paper first, then you want everybody in the field to understand how it works and give you a much better chance of success. Pre-installation meetings, we love to do those. We do them typically for waterproofing, glazing, cladding and roofing. Get everybody together, go over the plans and specifications, review the submittals, have the installers out there, go out in the field, look at the field conditions, discuss any issues, answer any questions, get everybody on the same page gives you a much better chance of success. Quality control inspections during the work, a great idea to go check and make sure things are getting done right. If you catch a problem during construction it can be fixed. If it’s missed then afterwards problems develop, you’re tearing out finishes. You have angry occupants of the building. It’s typically a lot of drama a lot of problems so why not catch it during construction. I talked about field testing. We like to do it on windows, doors and the surrounding wall areas. We like to do flood tests with waterproofing. There is steel and adhesion tests that can be done. There’s a whole mired of tests that can be done to make sure that everything so copasetic and that if there are problems, again let’s find it during construction. So, I think the big thing is as construction is going on and you’re doing your inspections and you’re doing tests, if you do have issues make sure they get followed through on and make sure they get fixed. Sometimes where we work on projects we do inspection we send our reports, and we wonder if anybody is even reading them, and it’s great to do all that, but if the problem ultimately doesn’t get fixed then what good is it. So, I hope you enjoyed this episode of Everything Building Envelope and found it interesting and thought provoking. I really appreciate, by the way, the comments people have been sending me after these episodes and encourage you to please if you have any ideas, thoughts, comments whatever bring it on. I’d love to hear it. Please subscribe to the Everything Building Envelope podcast at iTunes or any Android outlet such as Fixture or visit everythingbuildingenvelop.com. You’ll find show notes, previous episodes and voluminous content videos. An added bonus for visiting everythingbuildingenvelop.com web site, we’ve added a free Whitepaper for Building Envelope hot spots, so I’m going to put this into a little essay and kind of a checklist, but if you would like a copy of that please visit. Thank you for listening. Please tell your friends and colleagues about Everything Building Envelope podcast. This is Paul Beers saying so long until next time. Podcast: Play in new window | Download

The history of Greece and the Greek-speaking people goes back to ca. 1600 before our time calculation. The Greek antiquity extends from 800 BCE. to 395 AD and was a period of political, philosophical, artistic and scientific innovations that constitute a cultural heritage that has exercised fundamental influence on Western civilization. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Greece was part of the Byzantine Empire, before the Ottoman Empire took control of the Late Middle Ages. After a war of freedom against the Ottoman Empire, in 1832 Greece was recognized as an independent state. During World War II, Greece was occupied by Nazi Germany. The liberation in 1944 was followed by unrest and civil war that lasted until 1949. A military junta seized power in the country in 1967 and kept it to 1974. After the restoration of democracy was Greece at a referendum declared republic in 1975. See abbreviationfinder for geography, history, society, politics, and economy of Greece. The Middle Ages Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Greece was part of the Byzantine Empire. From the 500s an extensive Slavic immigration took place, but the slaves merged with the Greeks. From the 9th century, Norman knights began to settle in the country. As the Byzantine Empire fell apart during the Crusade, a number of small states were formed, including Epirus, the Principality of Akhaia, the Kingdom of Thessaloniki and the Duchy of Athens. In the 1200s subjugated Venice itself Crete (Kandia), Evboia and several other islands in the Aegean and Ionian Seas, and also had periods sovereignty over parts of the Greek mainland. In the first half of the 1400s, the Ottomans (Turks) occupied most of Greece north of the Peloponnese, and in the latter half also the rest of the country, with the exception of Crete and some of the other Venetian areas. - COUNTRYAAH.COM: Provides latest population data about Greece. Lists by Year from 1950 to 2020. Also includes major cities by population. The Ottoman Lordship 1460-1828 This era was characterized by large movements of people groups. Many Greeks fled to Italy or the Ionian Islands to escape Ottoman rule. For political and economic reasons, the Turks settled throughout the Ottoman Empire. In Greece, they mainly settled in cities or in fertile agricultural areas. Ottoman cavalrymen took over large lands owned by Greek peasants and then leased this land to the Greek peasants. This was called the timer system. Many Greek boys were also picked to become the Sultan’s slaves, including in the Janits army. When the cavalry gradually lost its importance, the Ottomans switched to cargo operation, and it was common for Greek peasants to be forced into a living. A large part of the Greeks were financially exploited or persecuted because of their religion during the Turkish rule, but the Greeks still retained a degree of self-government, such as religious and linguistic freedom. This was done through the millet system, where the various religions within the book people were given a certain administrative direction to ensure loyalty to the Ottoman government. The latter half of the 17th century was characterized by fierce fighting between the Ottoman Empire and Venice. The Ottomans invaded Crete in 1669, while Venice gained control of the Peloponnese and the islands of the Ionian Sea in 1699. Under Venetian rule, there was severe unrest in these areas, which helped the Ottoman Empire to easily take back the territories in 1718. By the end of the 18th century, Greek trade and shipping had flourished, and economic progress promoted national sentiment and freedom. Greek merchants abroad helped create the “Freedom Association” Filiki Etairia, which was mobilizing on the freedom struggle. The Ottoman Empire was at that time weakened by the Russo-Turkish war in the late 18th century. The Greek War of Independence 1821-1829 In 1821, a vicious revolt broke out against the Turkish rule of the Peloponnese. The rebels quickly spread to the islands and north, and in the summer of 1822 Athens was conquered. The Greeks’ struggle became a symbol of liberalism and national liberation. Both were important in the nation-state rebellion after the Napoleonic wars. At the same time as there was a rebellion against the Ottoman rule, there were strong political contradictions within Greece. Liberals and conservatives, Republicans and monarchists fought against each other to win power. The anti-Turkish struggle eventually developed into an international conflict. Egypt, which was an independent part of the Ottoman Empire, intervened in Greece in 1825 to defeat the Greek rebels. The Egyptian Pasha Ibrahim came to Peloponnese, and after hard fighting he took Mesolongion in 1826. Then Britain, France and Russia intervened (London Protocol 1827) to support Greece, and the naval forces destroyed the Turkish-Egyptian navy at Navarino, October 20, 1827. The following year a war broke out between Russia and Turkey, and Russia won decisive victories the following year. Peace was made in Edirne (Adrianople), and the Ottoman sultan had to recognize Greece as an independent state. Independent kingdom By a new London protocol in 1830, the three great powers recognized Greece as an independent but not autonomous state. Count Kapodistrias (former Russian Foreign Minister) was appointed new regent. He led a pro-Russian foreign policy, and nationally he worked to introduce a centralized state power. In the provinces there was strong opposition to the policy of centralization. Kapodistrias’ opponents carried out a conspiracy against him, with support from France and England, and in 1831 Kapodistrias was assassinated. The following year, Greece gained the status of an independent kingdom under the protection of the great powers of France, Russia and the United Kingdom, and Prince Otto of Bavaria was appointed king as King Otto 1. He introduced a strongly centralized regime and sought to conduct an independent foreign policy, without the influence of great powers. After a revolt, constitutional monarchy was introduced in Greece. Political life was largely characterized by a conflict between “radical” and “conservative” about constitutional development. During the Crimean War (1853-1856), a British-French fleet forced Greece to remain neutral. In 1862 a provisional government deposed King Otto, and the great powers recommended Greece to take Prince William of Denmark as king. Prince Vilhelm took power in 1863 and took the royal name Georg 1. After this change of power, Greece received the Ionian Islands as a gift from the United Kingdom. King Georg 1 led an expansive foreign policy and his choice language was: From King of Greece to King of the Greeks. The expansionist policy, the so-called Megali Idea, came to dominate Greek politics for almost a hundred years. Efforts to achieve territorial enlargement have largely neglected internal social tasks. A new and more democratic constitution was introduced in 1864 (among other things, universal suffrage was introduced for men), but political strife continued. As a “reward” for conducting a neutral policy during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, Greece was promised territorial enlargement at the Berlin Congress in 1878. Thessalia and part of Epirus became Greek territory in 1881. Nevertheless, the country continued to struggle to incorporate the remaining territories with Greek inhabitants of Europe and Asia Minor. Greece supported, among other things, the uprisings in Crete and Macedonia, and in 1897 a war broke out between Greece and the Ottoman Empire over the rights of Crete. Greece suffered defeat and was forced to withdraw from the island, but Crete was declared autonomous state by the great powers in 1898. Greece demanded the whole of Macedonia, and this demand led to conflict with Romania in 1905, and in 1906 with Bulgaria. In 1908, after Austria-Hungary’s annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Crete’s Declaration of Independence, Greece remained passive. After a time of great conflicts between politicians, a military league was established in 1909. In practice, this meant that the army assumed power. In 1910, the Cretaceous formed Eleftherios Venizelos The Liberal Party, Komma Fileleftheron, while the conservative nationalists gathered in an “anti-Venizelian” People’s Party, Komma Laikon. These were the first signs of party formation in Greece. Venizelos removed the military league and took control of the country itself. The National Assembly elected in 1910 supported Venizelos, and the 1912 parliamentary elections gave him a large majority. He ruled for several years self-employed. The financial system was in order, the army was reorganized by French officers, but at the same time there was deep division and great turmoil in Greek politics at this time. Balkan wars During the first Balkan war in 1912–1913, members of the new Balkan Alliance (Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece) fought against Turkey, securing almost all of the Ottoman Empire’s possessions in Europe. The peace was concluded in London on May 30, 1913. The Second Balkan War of 1913 was a conflict between Serbia, Greece and Romania, on the one hand, and Bulgaria, on the other, over the distribution of the conquests. Bulgaria attacked Greece and Serbia, but was beaten and relinquished Macedonia to the opponents. The result of the Balkan wars was that Turkey could only retain a small land area on the European continent, while Greece and Serbia in particular were allowed to expand their territories significantly. Greece’s land area increased by 56,000 km2 and nearly 2 million inhabitants. In 1913, King Georg 1 was assassinated in Thessaloniki. His son and successor, Constantine 1, became very popular with the nationalists because he had won major military victories. This was the beginning of the battle between Venizelos (liberal) and Constantine (conservative). World war one At the beginning of the First World War, the entente powers tried to get Bulgaria and Greece into the fight against Turkey. Venizelos had plans to join the attack on the Dardanelles (Turkey), but this was not supported by the general staff. The king therefore deposed Venizelos in March 1915. Despite this, Venizelos got the majority in the elections that year, and he again became prime minister. When Bulgaria mobilized against Serbia, Venizelos mobilized the Greek army and allowed French and British troops to land in Thessaloniki and operate from there. This was a violation of the policy of neutrality, and became an important issue in the struggle between liberal and conservative forces. The question of participation in the First World War was largely related to the so-called “national schism” (Ethnicos Dichasmos) in Greek politics: the fate of the Greeks who lived outside the country – primarily in Turkey. When Bulgaria went to war against Serbia in 1915, the king again dismissed Venizelos. In 1916, the entente extended the Saloniki front to the Adriatic. Bulgarian troops were able to occupy any Greek fort east of Thessaloniki, without combat. Because this happened without fighting, the entente suspected the Greek government of having a secret deal with the enemy. The Entente therefore demanded demobilization of the Greek army. With the support of the entente, an unofficial pro-entente government was formed in Thessaloniki in 1916. Venizelos was among the leaders of this government. In June 1917, Constantine 1 was forced to leave the country and left the government to his second oldest son, Alexander. He took Venizelos as prime minister and let him reign supreme. Greece then declared war on Germany, Bulgaria and Turkey. The Greek army was reorganized and fought in 1918 against the Bulgarians. At the peace in Neuilly-sur-Seine, November 27, 1919, Greece gained Bulgaria’s part of Thrace. Greek troops participated the same year in the entente’s occupation of Smyrna (Izmir) and the surrounding area. The peace agreement between the Entent, Greece and Turkey was signed in Sèvres on August 10, 1920. Greece took over almost all of eastern Thrace, in addition to the Smyrna area. The interwar period During the 1920 election, King Alexander died. There was a controversy over Constantine’s chances of becoming king again after his appearance during the First World War. In the 1920 election, Venizelo’s defeat suffered and he left the country. In December 1920 Constantine 1 returned to Athens, but he was not recognized by the Entent, and his return particularly changed France’s attitude towards Greece. France stopped providing financial support to Greece and decided to give Turkey better conditions than the Treaty of Sevres. This led to the Greek government going to war against Turkey to secure the rule of Asia Minor, and to incorporate the Greeks who lived there in Greece. In 1922 the Greek troops were expelled from Asia Minor by the Turks, and Constantine I had to abdicate. He was succeeded by his eldest son Georg 2, and Colonel Nikolas Plastiras took over the government. At the Lausanne peace with Turkey in July 1923, Greece had to give up all that was won in Asia Minor and renounce part of Thrace. This was the definitive end to the Megali Idea (expansion policy). The Peace Agreement (Lausanne Agreement) between Greece and Turkey entailed an exchange of Greek and Turkish peoples. Nearly 500,000 Turks (ie, Turkish-speaking Greeks) were relocated from Greece to Turkey, while around 1.5 million Greeks (ie Greek-speaking Christian Turks) were relocated from Turkey to Greece. A large part of the refugees who came to Greece settled in Macedonia. The Greek proportion of Macedonia’s population increased by 43% to 89%. In the early 1920s, there was an ever-increasing demand from the Greek people for economic and social reforms. In 1924, a referendum was held in which the majority voted to introduce a Republican state form, and Georg 2 was deposed. Venizelos again became prime minister in June 1928 and ruled almost unanimously until October 1932. This period was marked by political instability and major financial problems. In 1932, Venizelos had to step down as prime minister when he was no longer able to deal with the country’s problems, especially the economic crisis. After years of discontent and crisis, the Greek voters voted in November 1935 to reinstate the monarchy. King Georg 2 returned, but his attempt to implement a parliamentary regime was unsuccessful. General Ioannis Metaxas appointed himself head of government in April 1936. He suspended the constitution and served as a dictator. For four years he ruled Greece according to semi-fascist principles, with Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler as role models. WWII On October 28, 1940, Italy attacked Greece from Albania, but the attack was turned back. Metaxas died in January 1941. German forces attacked Greece on April 6 of that year. Despite some British support, all of Greece was occupied by Germany, Italy and Bulgaria. The king and the government had to leave the country. The government finally settled in Cairo, the King of London. Greece was among the countries most severely looted and injured as a result of World War II. Greek resistance groups were at odds with the occupying power throughout Greece, but were divided among themselves. The strongest was the radical Republican National Liberation Front, EAM. The Front’s military units were organized in the Greek People’s Liberation Army, ELAS, which became its successor in the Communist DSE. In April 1944, the Cairo government was transformed on a broader party political basis, with the centrist Georgios Papandreou as the head of government. Both the monarchist organization, EDES, and EAM were dissatisfied with the representation in the new government, and the opposition within the resistance movement was deepened. Civil War In October 1944, the government returned from Cairo after the German troops left Greece. Papandreou ordered the dissolution of the liberation army ELAS. The organization refused to be disarmed, and there was a government crisis when seven EAM ministers left the government. Papandreou retired in December 1944. There were demonstrations all over Greece, and around New Year 1944/1945 fighting broke out between British soldiers and ELAS forces. During the spring, the authorities gained control of the situation, and EAM supporters were removed from the administration. In the elections to the National Assembly in March 1946, the monarchists prevailed, and in September of that year, a referendum was held on whether King Georg 2 should return. Since December 1944, Archbishop Damaskinos had served as regent. The vote showed a majority for the monarchy, and in September 1946, Georg 2 was able to return from exile for the third time. Greece had major financial problems in the first post-war years. There was a shortage of food, housing and clothing, and this formed the basis for opposition to the sitting regime. In the fall of 1946 there was a powerful clash between guerrillas and police and military forces. Later in the fall, an “independent” Greek government was proclaimed under the leadership of Communist General Markos Vafiadis. Especially in Northern Greece there were serious battles between the government forces and the communist rebels. The authorities received technical and material assistance from the United States, and the rebels had to give up the fight against the government forces. In 1949 the Markos forces ceased all organized resistance, and the parliamentary ‘right’ had prevailed. Tens of thousands of people lost their lives in the civil war, and major material destruction was done throughout Greece. In the 1951 elections, a rally of right-wing parties, led by Field Marshal Alexandros Papagos, who had been at the head of the government troops during the Civil War, prevailed. Despite Papagos’ victory, the National Progress Party, led by General Nikolaos Plastiras, formed a minority government. It retained power until 1952, when a new constitution was passed and elections were introduced in one-man circles. Due to the new electoral system, a number of smaller parties lost their seats in the National Assembly. This led to a clearer division of the space between the Greek Assembly and the Democratic Union under Plastiras. Greek assembly won a superior victory, and Papagos again formed government. Postwar In 1952, Greece joined NATO. The following year, the country entered into an agreement with Turkey and Yugoslavia on military cooperation. In 1954, the agreement was extended to the political, economic and cultural fields (the Balkan Pact). This cooperation agreement had no practical significance. In 1954, anti-critical demonstrations broke out in Cyprus and in several Greek cities. The protesters objected to the British government refusing a request from Greece to negotiate Cyprus’ status. The UN General Assembly dealt with the matter without result. The situation on the island was aggravated and British nationals and Turkish Cypriots were attacked by Greek Cypriots. The problems in Cyprus caused Greece to have a tense relationship with both Turkey and the United Kingdom. In 1955 the British deported Archbishop Makarios, who was the Greek leader in Cyprus. The Cyprus conflict was the dominant foreign policy issue in the late 1950s. General Georgios Grivas started a movement demanding that Cyprus be subject to Greece. In autumn 1960 supported 1/3 of National Assembly members this movement. In 1955, Prime Minister Papagos died, and Konstantinos Karamanlis became new head of government. The Coalition Greek Assembly was reorganized as the National Radical Union. In the elections to the new National Assembly in 1956, the National Radical Union gained the most seats, although the Democratic Union got several votes. This was a result of the new electoral system. Women had the right to vote for the first time, and the election marked the beginning of a stable period in Greek politics, with Karamanlis serving as prime minister until 1963. In June 1963, Karamanlis resigned, and various business ministries ruled the country until the election the same year, with Papandreous Center Union receiving the most seats in the National Assembly. Papandreou refused to form a government as he would then depend on the support of the Communists. The king was forced to print new elections to ensure the country’s stable government. In the 1964 election, the Central Union triumphed, and Papandreou was able to form a government. Shortly after the election, King Paul died, and his son Constantine 2 took over. Prime Minister Papandreou came into conflict with the young king on the issue of control of the military forces, and he resigned in July 1965. Junta rule 1967–1974 In the spring of 1965, the king accused a group of officers of preparing a coup. The charges sharpened the political controversy. Throughout much of Greece there were demonstrations and unrest. In September 1965, King Stefanos Stefanopoulos from the right wing of the Central Union formed government. This was dropped as early as December 1966 and a Ministry of Business took over. King Constantine 2 asked Panayotis Kanellopoulos, the leader of the opposition in parliament, to form a new government, instead of asking Papandreou, who had the majority behind him. Kanellopoulos dissolved parliament and wrote new elections. In April 1967, a group of colonels made state coups for fear that reforms in the armed forces would be introduced if the Center Union won the election. The junta appointed Attorney General Konstantinos Kollias as prime minister, but retained real power himself. The Constitution was put into effect and 6,000 to 7,000 people, especially left-wing politicians and trade unionists, were arrested. Strict censorship was introduced, and the planned National Assembly elections were canceled. The population was largely passive to the coup, and the king’s position was long unclear. A few months after the coup, General Grivas, who had become commander-in-chief of Cyprus, attacked Turkish villages on the island. Turkey reacted immediately, but due to pressure from Western powers they failed to go to military invasion of the island. General Grivas had to step down and a large number of Greek troops were withdrawn from Cyprus. Following this defeat, the King, together with Prime Minister Kollias, attempted a counter-coup on December 13. This was completely unsuccessful, and the king had to flee to Italy with his family and Collias. In June 1967, the junta appointed Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos as head of government. He had been one of the leaders of the coup in April of that year. In addition to becoming prime minister, he became defense minister, later also education minister and foreign minister. In 1972 he also took over as regent. In the spring of 1968, Denmark, Norway and Sweden, with the accession of the Netherlands to the European Commission on Human Rights, complained that Greece had breached the human rights convention and was successful. Greece thus lost its place in the Council of Europe. Following disclosures of planned coup plans by Royal Navy officers, Greece was proclaimed a republic for the first time on June 1, 1973. A referendum approved the change in state form. Papadopoulos became president and appointed a civilian government, but the junta still had strong control over the country. Papadopoulos liberalized the economy, abolished the state of emergency and released political prisoners. At this time, the junta government was characterized by internal divisions, and there was strong social unrest in the country, due to an increasingly difficult economic situation. In November 1973, students and workers demonstrated against the country’s economic policies, especially against high inflation. The student demonstrations outside Athens Polytechnic University were brutally beaten by security police and resulted in 24 people being killed. The demonstration on November 17, 1973, was seen as the beginning of the fall of the military junta, and is marked annually in Athens. A group of right-wing generals dismissed Papadopoulos because they believed his liberalist policies had gone too far. General Fedon Gizikis took over as president, introduced a state of emergency and postponed the scheduled election indefinitely. Republic The fall of the junta came in July 1974. The Greek government supported a coup d’état in Cyprus, and Turkey responded by invading the northern part of the island. The Greek General Staff declared that the country’s armed forces were not prepared for a new war, and the junta departed on July 23, 1974. Later that year, Greece regained its membership of the Council of Europe. After the military state of emergency was abolished, Konstantinos Karamanlis returned from exile and formed a new government. In the November 1974 election, his party captured New Democracy, Neá Dimokratía (ND) 220 out of 300 seats in parliament. The second largest party was the Panhellenic Socialist Movement, Panellínio Socialistikó Kínima (PASOK), led by Andreas Papandreou, son of Georgios Papandreou. Greece was given a new Republican constitution in June 1975, after a referendum in December 1974 refused to reinstate the monarchy. In the autumn 1975 lawsuits, the junta leaders from 1967 to 1974 were convicted, along with a number of their supporters. Later, the sentenced death sentences were turned into life imprisonment. The opposition criticized the government for not going far enough in settlement with the past. In 1975, Konstantinos Tsatsos, who was politically close to Karamanlis, was elected president. At the 1977 parliamentary elections, New Democracy gained an absolute majority, thus retaining government power. The government pursued a moderate policy, with particular emphasis on strengthening the economy and improving the country’s social conditions. Karamanlis served as prime minister until he was elected president in 1980. Georgios Rallis took over as prime minister. At the election of a new National Assembly in 1981, the right side lost. PASOK got an absolute majority and Andreas Papandreou became prime minister. The party went to election with the slogan allaghi (change), and was presented as the heir to the Greek center. Papandreou pursued a leftist policy. In 1985, PASOK declined somewhat, but still retained an absolute majority. That same year, Papandreou refused to support Karamanlis as president for a new five-year term. Karamanlis, in turn, withdrew from the election in protest of proposed amendments to the constitution, which was aimed at transferring the president’s executive power to parliament. In 1986 the amendments were adopted. The National Assembly elected Supreme Court Judge Christos Sartzetakis as new president. In 1989, Greece entered a political crisis characterized by stagnation and unclear governance. PASOK struggled, especially as the government’s role in various economic scandals came into the spotlight. Papandreou and four other former government members were also charged with involvement in various corruption cases. A special tribunal was set up to deal with the situation. After the June elections, PASOK lost the majority and ND formed a government with a coalition party. A new election was held as early as November 1989, but neither party won a majority. In the period from October 1989 to April 1990 several different interim boards were put in power. The conflicts with Turkey have largely dominated Greek foreign policy. When Turkey invaded Cyprus in 1974, the relationship tightened. The establishment of a Turkish-Cypriot Republic in 1983 did not make the relationship better. In 1984, Greece refused to participate in a NATO exercise because of this conflict. In addition, the question of sovereignty over the oil-rich continental shelf in the Aegean has led to conflicts between the states. There was almost a military conflict in 1987 because of this. Right after Karamanlis returned from exile in 1974, he expressed that Greece should join the EC. The EF had played a prominent role against the junta, and in addition the EC could be a potential backer for Turkey. The Greek application was sent in 1975 and the negotiations ended in 1979. From 1981 Greece became a full member of the EC. Greece joined NATO in 1952, but after the fall of the junta, Karamanlis wanted to distance Greece from the United States. In August 1974, he stated that the time period for US military bases in Greece had to be renegotiated. In 1983, however, the Greek government signed a five-year defense and economic cooperation agreement with the United States, which maintained the four US bases in the country. This despite the promises that the bases should be removed, and despite the fact that the US still wanted a close relationship with Turkey in NATO. Greece in the 1990s Party politics and elections After the April 1990 elections, a pure Conservative government was formed, led by Konstantinos Mitsotakis. In the same year, former President Karamanlis was elected new president. The case against Papandreou came up before the Special Tribunal in 1991, and in January 1992 he was acquitted on all counts. After the acquittal, Papandreou demanded new elections because he believed the charges against him had played a major role in the Conservative election victory in 1990. When two of the New Democrats in parliament left the party in favor of a newly formed center-right party in 1993, the ND lost the majority. Mitsotakis resigned and wrote new elections. The defiant prime minister was accused of exploiting the prime minister’s position for personal gain and corruption, but parliament withdrew the charge in 1994. In the 1993 election, PASOK got 46.9% of the vote and a pure majority in parliament. Papandreou became prime minister, but illness forced him to resign in January 1996. In June of that year he died. After internal disputes and power struggles in PASOK, Kostas Simitis took over as prime minister. He also took over as party leader, and his entry as leader of PASOK led the party to approach the Social Democratic parties in other Western European countries. In 1995, Parliament elected Konstantinos Stefanopoulos as president. The following year, Simitis wrote a new election to parliament to give the government a firm mandate to implement the economic reforms needed to achieve the goal of membership in the EU’s monetary union. In the September elections, PASOK received a majority. Despite major demonstrations and general strikes, Simitis’ government continued to pursue the austerity and austerity policy needed to adapt to EU requirements. The right side made a relatively poor choice and Miltiadis Evert stepped down as the leader of ND. In 1997, Konstantinos (Kostas) Karamanlis, nephew of the former president of the same name, was elected a new leader in ND. In June 1997, the Supreme Court approved that the estates of King Constantine 2 could be nationalized and that his family’s citizenship be revoked. The King presented his case to the European Court of Human Rights and was granted a hearing in November 2000. In 1999, it became known that Kurdish guerrilla leader Abdullah Öcalan had been given protection in the Greek embassy in Kenya before being taken by the Turkish authorities. Three ministers had to step down because of the handling of this matter. Foreign Policy Foreign policy in the 1990s was characterized by several conflicts. The old conflict with Turkey over the oil resources in the Aegean flared up again in 1994, and from 1996 to 1997 Turkey and Greece stood against each other in Cyprus and in connection with border issues in the Aegean. Relations between the two countries improved somewhat towards the end of the 1990s, and in 1999 Greece expressed its wish to welcome Turkey as a future EU member. Another foreign policy conflict came to the surface in 1992, when Greece failed to recognize Macedonia in connection with the EU’s recognition of the new states of former Yugoslavia. Much of the former historic Macedonia is part of Greece, and the Greeks feared territorial demands from the new Macedonia. In 1994 Greece introduced a blockade of Macedonian goods. The Greeks reacted particularly to the country using the name Macedonia and an ancient Greek-Macedonian sun symbol in the flag. The case was provisionally resolved in 1995, when the sun symbol was slightly changed and the country’s official name became “The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia” (English abbreviation: FYROM). The conflict flared up again in 2004, when the United States recognized the country as “Republic of Macedonia”. The anti-American currents, which have been latent in Greek society ever since the junta era, ignited fiercely during NATO’s bombing of Serbia in 1999. Greece has traditionally had close relations with Serbia, and only reluctantly agreed to the use of weapons. Polls showed that over 95% of the population was against the bombing, and when Bill Clinton visited Athens in the fall of 1999, there were fierce demonstrations against the United States. Terror Attacks In the 1990s, several Greek groups targeted bomb attacks and assaults on political, military and commercial targets in Greece. The government launched a series of measures to combat the attacks in 1994, but the authorities failed to stop them. In June 2000, British defense attache Stephen Saunders was killed by the terrorist group on 17 November. The group justified the assassination with Saunder’s role in planning NATO’s bombing of Kosovo in 1999. The left-wing terrorist group was founded in the mid-1970s and has focused its actions on American and Turkish targets in particular. Saunders’ murder led to international concern that the Greeks would fail in the fight against the attacks. In July 2000, Britain and Greece agreed on a series of measures to combat terror.

The post details 3 simple sound activated relay switch circuits which can used as a module for any system that might be assigned to trigger by detecting some kind of sound pressure level.Or simply applications such as a voice activated alarm security circuit. 1) Circuit Objective Utilizing this basic sound activated switch design, toggling a system by a sound pulse could be done very effectively, not only with a robotic system but as well as for any desired of home automation. As an illustration the circuit could be used like a sound-activated light bulb to illuminate a porch light in response to a knock on the front door. This light would then switch off automatically after some delay. An optional implementation may be in the form of a security protection system. In this system whenever an intruder aspires to break open the front door or steal a thing, the sound vibrations made during the robbery could then light a bulb or sound an alarm, quickly indicating that someone uninvited has visited your home. The circuit could work from any 5-12 VDC controlled power source as long as a relay with the appropriate coil voltage is employed. Video Demonstration How it Works As soon as the sound activated switch circuit is powered ON, you might find the relay activating briefly due to the presence of capacitor C2. After this, whenever you create a noise in front of the MIC, the relay is going to activate briefly depending on the value of C2 and then switch OFF. Any AC or DC load connected with the relay contacts will subsequently switch ON and OFF in response to the relay switching. A couple of seconds must be allowed for the relay to be toggled off. If felt necessary you could to increase or decrease the ‘on’ time period of the relay by modifying the uF C2. A larger uF contributes to an extended ‘on’ period, and the opposite way round. However, you should not employ a value exceeding beyond 47μF. Biasing resistor R1 becomes the main part which decides how sensitive the MIC or the microphone can be. Lower values will increase the sensitivity of the MC and the circuit, and vice versa. An electret microphone commonly possesses just one central FET inside which strictly requires a bias voltage to function. The best possible R1 value for effective response to audio or noise signal could be determined only through some practical experimentation. All of the related and essential electronic protection precautionary measures is required to be implemented each time a mains AC powered load is to be connected with the relay contacts. Parts List - R1 = 5k6 - R2 = 47k - R3 = 3M3 - R4 = 33K - R5 = 330 OHMS - R6 = 2K2 - C1 = 0.1uF - C2 = 4.7uF/25V - T1, T2 = BC547 - T3 = 2N2907 - D1 = 1N4007 - Relay = coil voltage as per the supply voltage, and contact rating as per the load specs - Mic = electret condenser MIC. Applications The concept can be used as a vibration activated LED lighting, for sound triggered recording systems. It can also used as a sound toggled night bed room light circuit 2) Sound Activated Switch with Customized Sound Frequency The next project below explains a simple, accurate remote control system through sound vibration that will work on a particular sound frequency. Therefore it's perfectly foolproof since it won't be disturbed through other unwanted sound or noise. The idea was requested by Mr. Sharoj Alhasn. that's fed across its input and which exactly matches the frequency fixed across its pin5 and pin6 via the relevant R/C components. The formula for determining the latching frequency across pin5/6 may be calculated using the following formula: F = 1 / R3xC2, where C is in farads, R is in Ohms while F is in Hz. Here it's set to around 2kHz. Pin3 is the input of the IC which tracks, responds and locks on an frequency which may be reaching the 2kHz figure. Once the IC detects this, it produces a zero logic or an instant low at its output pin8. This low at pin8 sustains as long as the frequency at the input pin stays active, and becomes high as soon as it's removed. Circuit Diagram In the discussed sound triggered remote control circuit, a MiC is configured across pin3 of the IC. An external matching frequency (2kHz) in the form of an audible sound or whistle is pointed toward the mic such that the sound hits the mic starighton. The mic converts the sound into electrical pulses corresponding to the received frequency at the relevant input pin of the IC. The IC immediately acknowledges the matching data and reverts the output into a low for the necessary actions. The output may be directly connected with a relay if only a momentary toggling is required or only for the time the input is active. For an ON/OFF switching the same may be configured with a FLIP-FLOP circuit. Sound Activated Remote Transmitter Circuit The following circuit may be utilized for generating an audible frequency for the above described sound remote receiver circuit. The circuit is based on a simple AMV concept using a few ordinary transistors and some other passive parts. The frequency of this transmitter circuit must be first set to the receivers matching frequency which is calculated to be 2kHz. This may be done by suitably adjusting the 47k preset and monitoring a latching response from the receiver simultaneously. Applications The above explained project which uses foolproof unique frequency for sound triggering can be specifically for remote locks in cars, house doors or safes for jeweler's shops and office entrances etc 3) Alarm Trigger with Sound using Piezo So far have learn regarding ON/OFF application using noise generation, now let's see how the same could be used for triggering an alarm, whenever a noise or a sound is detected. A simple sound triggered alarm circuit is a device which is used for triggering an alarm on detection of a sound vibration. The sensitivity of the unit is set externally according to the requirement of the user. The circuit discussed in this article can be implemented for the above purpose or simply as a security device for detecting an intrusion. For example it can be fitted in a car for detecting a possible intrusion or a break-in. Looking at the circuit diagram we see that the circuit uses only transistors and therefore becomes very easy even for a new hobbyist to understand and make the system at home. How it Works Basically the whole circuit is made up of two small signal amplifiers which are connected in series for doubling the sensing power. T1, T2 along with the associated resistors becomes the first small signal amplifier stage. The introduction of the 100K resistor across the emitter of T2 and the base of T1 plays an important role in making the amplifier stage very stable due to the feedback loop connected from the output to the input of the stage. The input of T2 is connected to a piezo transducer element, which is used as a sensor here. Sound signals hitting the piezo transducer surface is effectively converted to tiny electrical pulses which are amplified by the amplifiers made from T1 and T2 to a certain higher level. This amplified signal which becomes available at the collector of T2, is fed to the base of a high gain PNP transistor T3 via the 47uF coupling capacitor. T3 further amplifiers the signals to yet higher levels. However, the signals are still not strong enough and won't detect the minute sound vibrations, probably which might be emitted by human physical contacts over a particular body. The next stage which is a replica of the first stage, consists of the transistor T4 and T5. The amplified signals generated at the collector of T3 is further coupled to the above stage for the final processing. T4 and T5 makes sure that the signals are amplified to the required limits as per the units expectations. If the piezo is attached to, say for example a door, even a slight knock over the door will be easily sensed and the alarm connected to T5 will become active. The 10uF capacitor across the 10K preset keeps the alarm activated for a few seconds of time, its value may be increased for increasing the above delay of the alarm sound. The discussed sound activated alarm circuit will work with any supply in between 6 and 12, however if the alarm is a powerful one, the current might have to be selected accordingly. The preset may be used for setting the sensitivity of the circuit. Circuit Diagram For the sensor, a 27mm piezo transducer will work the best, the following figure shows the image of this device: Applications The sound vibration operated switch as explained above looks suitable for creating alarm or siren alarms in response to sound vibrations and therefore could be installed under mats or fixed on doors as safety alarm units. Whenever a intruder or thief tries to trespass the area by stepping on the mat or opening the door, the sound activates the alarm allowing the user and the neighboring people to get warned about the break-in. Julian says Hello What adaptions would be required to create a switching system to break a mains circuit when excess sound levels are encountered such as loud music in a quiet zone ?. A relay would be sufficient to control a mains contactor and the off period would need to be variable. I cannot find a device to operate in this way and this may be a commercially viable project for you. Swagatam says Hello, you can use the first circuit from the above article for implementing the process. R1 controls the sensitivity of the circuit, and C2 value determines how long the relay might stay activated once the relay is activated. Cody Thompson says Hello: I doubt I receive a reply, but I thought it would be worth a try because of the interesting topic. I have a rare toy from the 1960s called Charm the Cobra. It was made in Japan by the Poynter Products Co. of Cincinnati, OH. It’s incredible in that it uses sound activation technology of the period. The idea is when you blow a little plastic flute that comes with it, a toy cobra rises up out of the “snake charmers” basket. When you stop blowing the flute, he goes back down. It’s quite incredible. I am in the process of trying to restore it (it’s actually in pretty good shape internally), but I have little understanding of how the squeaky little sound from this cheap little plastic flute can make the cobra actually rise up the wire he is attached to. There is a tall plastic cylinder with a thin circular metal disk on top with a thin needle-like device attached. Kind of looks like a record player. I also see a resistor attached. There is a reverse polarity motor and a whole bunch of wires going to various connections. It runs on three C batteries. I can understand the motor part, but the sound activation portion escapes me, hence, I thought I would write to ask for some possible advice on how to approach fixing this incredibly rare and rather cool toy. I would attach a photo, but I do not see the option. Thanks for looking, Cody Swagatam says The toy must have been really interesting. The toy appears to be more complex with its mechanical assembly rather than the electronics. In the electronics sections there could be a sound sensor which keeps the motor switched ON as long as the sound from the flute is available. While the flute sound is present the motor is held operational allowing the snake to unwind and rise. However, yes, if the toy is designed to respond only to the flute sound, then it is indeed marvelous, in today’s modern world we use the IC LM567 which can be wired to sense only a specific sound frequency and reject the other sound frequencies, but I am not sure which IC they might have used in this fascinating toy. Cody Thompson says Thanks so very much for your reply. I tried sending photos, but I do not know if you got them or not. I apologize if I come off as a little eager…it’s just that I sure would like to better understand how the system works and get it working. How it manages to activate by the little squeaks made by this tiny toy flute is beyond me. If you don’t mind, I would like to send you photos of it if you’re intrigued by such a device. There are no ICs that I can see, but there is a resistor atop the cylindrical object that has a very thin tin circle on top with what looks like a phonograph arm attached. It looks like a little record player. Could it be this is how it works…similar to a record player or primitive recorder by capturing the sound from the flute and relaying it to the motor somehow?. Swagatam says I would have certainly liked to see the images, however, unfortunately there’s no image uploading facility available in this platform. There’s an alternative way of doing it. You can upload the images to any online free image hosting site and then provide the link to me here. Please remove the https while submitting the links otherwise the comment will be sent to the spam folder. Cody Thompson says Wow, thanks for your interest and willingness to advise. When you have time to take a look, here are links to the images: I hope they open. I can add more if needed. Note the little “record player” looking thing atop the cylinder with the tiny stylus. I had the theory that it worked something like a primitive Edison recorder with the thin tin disk and a small stylus that moves back and forth to record the sound from the flute, then, somehow, sends it to the motor. I don’t know. It just reminds me of that. How that would activate the motor to raise the snake is confounding and amazing. All the best, Cody Swagatam says I tried to open the links, but none of them are opening. It is showing “this site cannot be reached” Cody Thompson says I forgot to remove the Here they are: ibb.co/YX6yXwW ibb.co/xjvz7wN ibb.co/TLRVZhn ibb.co/kJ5fYZ9 I hope you can view them. Thanks very much for your willingness to advise. I think it may work like an old Edison recorder. Note the little tin disk and stylus on top of the cylinder. I don’t know, it reminds me of that anyway. Thanks much, Cody Swagatam says Even these links without https are not opening, not sure what may be the problem? Cody Thompson says This is strange. Making it so you can’t post images is weird. I’ll try one more time. ://postimg.cc/gallery/y8FCBRX Swagatam says Thank you for the images! Yes I can see the images now although they are quite small to notice the fine details. Yet still I can see the mechanism which is intriguing, but highly complex to copy or replicate at our level. Cody Thompson says I can try to resend bigger images. But do you have an idea how it might work?. Under the plastic cap, there is a little thin metal disk with a stylus, and a wire going from that cylindrical object to the polarity switch for the motor; does it work kind of like an old Edison recording device?. There is a resistor at the top you can see in one of the images. Swagatam says My expertise is limited to designing small electronic circuits, so honestly I don’t think I would be able to understand the mechanical details of the system. Cody Thompson says Okey-doke. Thanks for your input. All the best, Cody Richard says Regarding….. 2) Sound Activated Switch with Customized Sound Frequency Can thisbe built to acitvate a relay when a 500 khz sound is picked-up? If so, what would the values needed be for the R2 and C2? Also, any ideas on how I can use the input to a piezo alarm speaker to control a relay? I have a simple transistor ckt that works across a regualr speaker input but when I put that ckt across the piezo the volume is greatly reduced. When used with a conventional speaker the volume is not effected. Swagatam says Yes that is possible, but 500 kHz is the maximum detection range of the IC LM567, beyond which its range diminishes. You can get the formula for the frequency in the following article: To drive a piezo you will need an inductor parallel to the piezo for amplifying its output. Without a high frequency, and an inductor the piezo will not amplify the input signal. Paul Dunn says Hi, Swagatam. My dad recently passed away leaving my elderly mom living by herself on a farm. I installed a simplisafe alarm system to give her, and me, some peace of mind. Everything works well except for the exterior siren. It is just not loud enough – you can barely hear it from the shop (about 150′ away), so no way it would act as much of a deterrent, let alone alert the neighbors (closest ones are about 1/4 mile away.) So I’ve been hunting around to try and find a relay that I could place close to the simplisafe siren (so something about 85 db), that would turn on a separate, louder siren on ONLY while the simplisafe siren is activated. Thus far I’ve had no luck. I have two sirens, one that’s powered by 110V, the other low voltage. I’m a mechanical engineer and have done a lot of electrical wiring work so am very comfortable around 110, but have done very little in the way of circuits (vaguely remember stuff from a class almost 40 years ago ….!) Any help you could give me would be greatly appreciated. Thanks! Swagatam says Hi Paul, the first circuit from the above article is exactly what you need. The sensitivity of the circuit can be controlled by adjusting the R1 resistor. Lower values will increase the sensitivity and vice versa. The capacitor C2 decides for how long the relay stays activated after the sound input has stopped. DAVID AVAKIAN says Please confirm that your listing a resistor as “3M3” is equal to 3.3Meg ohms. I haven’t seen this notation before. Thanks! Swagatam says Yes 3M3 = 3.3 Meg Ohms Eugene Valdes says Do they make a switch that can turn on if noise hits a certain decibel and then switch back within 2-5 minutes of no more sound at that decibel? I have a parrot that sometimes gets extremely loud. the only way to make him be quite is cover him. I want to have my automatic shades go down when he start squawking and draw back up after 5 minutes of being quite. I have no background with building circuits, so looking for a device that currently exists. Thank you for your advice! Swagatam says Sensitivity can be decreased by increasing the value of R1, you can try 22k or 47k for R1 and see the difference…however, the operation can create a lot of stress for the parrot, which may be already in lot of stress due to caging Don West says I would like to wire in the existing mic/speaker in a security camera in place of the condenser microphone in your schematics. Is this a problem or what changes do you recommend in order to do this? My idea is that i could “activate” the security camera mic/speaker function from my phone app and speak, whistle, actually make any sound and it will activate the relay. Really enjoy your ideas and have subscribed to your newsletter. Swagatam says What is the output like that you get from the mic/speaker unit? If it is a positive voltage then you can replace the MIC in the first design with an NPN transistor with its base connected to your mic/speaker unit’s output via a 100k resistor. However, the relay is not a flip flop type, it will remain activate only for sometime and then switch OFF until an input is detected….I am glad you subscribed to my newsletters. Curtis Lenehan says My neighbor has a 22kW 240V generator unit 25′ from my bedroom window separates by a fence and his house. He does not care about his noise waking others up. So I am looking to buy a module with an adjustable input sound pressure level (range of 57dB to 87dB) to close a relay horn that I can locate near his bedroom to make to 97dB of noise. His bedroom window is 75′ diagonally opposite mine. Swagatam says Sorry, I don’t sell electronic items in this website! Curtis A Lenehan says Thank you very much for the prompt reply! Radhika Nikum says Hlo, The pressure cooker whistle counter project concept is vey nice. Can you give us the whole circuits discription and how it is going to work. And also about how to alert the customer after 5 counts. Swagatam says Thanks and Glad you liked it. The entire explanation is presented in the following link J. Dennis says Hi Swagatam – We would like to plug and aux. speakers into our ham radios, and when the speaker gets an incoming signal/transmission, a LED would flash to let the operator know which radio just had a message. (We have a line of radios in a van we use – gets loud and confusing at times). On the LED – I assume a simple ‘Kill” switch would reset it by the operator, but is there a diagram/circuit for the LED to stay on until the operator transmits again? Either way is a start for us – thanks for the help! JTD Swagatam says Hi JTD, you can try the following circuit the latch can be broken by shorting the 0.22uF capacitor leads. John Dennis says Thanks! Dumb old guy query – what would be the recommended diodes for the bridge? Yes, I have been away far to long to remember some basic stuff:) Thanks! JTD Swagatam says No problem, you can use 1N4007 diodes for any bridge rectifier network Mike says How can this circuit be adapted for 24 volts? Here’s how I would like to use your design. Our combination scale beeps when an overweight occurs. Workers cannot hear the beep when the cutter in the same room is working (sounds like a wood chipper). I can rig a LED light to flash when the beep sounds (while blocking the cutter sound). I want to tap the 24 volts available in the control package as a power source and keep the relay 24 volts as well. Regards Mike Swagatam says You can use the first circuit with 24V also just by adding a 1K in series with the base of T3, an by replacing the 12V relay with a 24 V relay. Or more simply just use a 7812 regulator with the first circuit Norman Kelley says Hi Swagatam, I bread boarded the “alarm trigger with sound using piezo” and the buzzer sounds when power is applied and continues. Have you checked this circuit? When I look at the circuit I understand that if T1 is triggered, then T2 will be off and T3 will be off. Will T4 be on and therefore T5 will be on. If T1 is off, then T2 will be on and T3 will be on and T4 will be off and therefore T5 will be off. I really don’t understand capacitors used this way, so I am at a disadvantage. If you have time, please explain the circuit for me. Swagatam says Hi Norman, it is a thoroughly tested circuit, but looks like an overkill….why don’t you use the first circuit with a piezo? You can replace the MIC with a piezo and check the response… for the last circuit you can try connecting an LED in series with the 1K or T3…this LED should remain shut off unless the piezo is knocked. This will give you a clear idea regarding which stage is wrongly configure or is faulty. Norman Kelley says Thanks, Swagatam! The first circuit works very good with the Mic or the Piezo. Swagatam says Thanks Norman, I’m Glad it worked! Pradeep Kumar Bajpai says Swagtam ji ,I am in need of a circuit of digital indicator of number of whistle produced by a pressure cooker , i.e. digital indictor shows 1 for the first whistle , 2 for second whistle and so on . The circuit should have a button to reset counter. It can avoid surrounding noise so as to show exat number of whistle. As I am 65 yrs of age some times it becomes difficult to count the exact number of whistle due to doing other house hold work .Thanking u in anticipation……………..P K Bajpai Swagatam says Hello Pradeep ji, that’s a very good project idea, I’ll surely try to design it soon for you! The challenge is to make the the circuit “listen” to the cooker whistles and not any other sound disturbances…I’ll try to design and post it, and let you know once it’s done! Pradeep Kumar Bajpai says Thanx a lot Swayam ji I am very much obiliged towards such a prompt attention . Pl. design a circuit without incorporating Arduino or Programmable ICs as I do not have any practical experience on them. Thanking u again ……..P. K Bajpai , Lucknow ,UP Swagatam says Thank you Pradeep ji, I’ll let you know soon! Ajay Trivedi says Thank you sir for these sound operated circuits. I was looking for economical projects on home/car security Swagatam says Thank you Ajay, I am Glad you liked them! HARSH SONI says Will it work without relay? Swagatam says you can connect any preferred load in place of relay, it will work Norman says Hi Swagatam, I think I figured it out. I increased the resistance of R1 and it is now more sensitive to sound. Your comments please. Swagatam says By changing the R1 value you have changed the MIC’s internal FET’s biasing level, so that might have caused the MIC to become a bit more responsive…you can also try increasing the C1 value and see if that helps to further improve the performance. Norman says Hi Swagatam, I would like to make this circuit more sensitive. I removed the 4.7uF cap so it would follow music and flash a LED. It works but misses some of the sound, so I would like to make it more sensitive. Suggestions please. Thanks! Norman Swagatam says Hi Norman, yes removing the 4.7uF cap will remove the latching function of the circuit and will allow instantaneous detection of the input vibrations. Bubai says Where to place an LDR to turn on a AC lamp at darkness only? Swagatam says this is not designed to work with an LDR darz saludar says 0.1uF/25v? Swagatam says 25V, 50V, 100V anyone will do Sharoj Al Hasan says ok….. sir i will try .. if stopped then plz help me Swagatam says OK Sharoj Al Hasan says Sir, I want to make a Circuit which Can Active BY getting a siren Sound since 3 second Continiously … And relay will Active For 30 Second….. sir please help me easily It will very helpful for me Swagatam says then please do exactly as I have suggested in the previous comment…make the two referred deigns separately first and check them separately… Sharoj Al Hasan says Sir it will Very hard for me . i am basic Hobbist . Sir I want make a nice device with your kind help. i have a good idea . i want to tell you details then i think you will must help me. So Sir how can i contact with you . and also i can discribe my idea to you. Swagatam says Please describe it here, I'll try to help Sharoj Al Hasan says Sir please help me i want to modify this circuit. i want like this when, get a sound Continuously 3 seconds Then the relay will energized for 35 seconds . After 35 seconds relay will turn off Automatically. Everything will Reset Swagatam says Sharoj, you will have to add the following circuit with the above circuit remove the relay from the "sound activated relay" circuit and connect the T3 collector with R2 of the linked delay circuit. make sure to remove R2 end from the positive. Swagatam says You can try a "speech jammer" circuit Sharoj Al Hasan says Sir How many Voltage For 100 uF Capacitor??? Swagatam says 16V or 25V Sharoj Al Hasan says Sir Actually I Want To tell you that I want Make this System when This Circuit get a Sound Continuesly 2 Second Only then The will Start Working. Swagatam says for that you will need to connect a 100uF (approximate) capacitor across base and emitter of T3…. Sharoj Al Hasan says Thank You Sir For Your Kind Reply. When This Circuit Get Sound Since 2 or 3 Second Then The Relay Will On. Sir please Help me Swagatam says yes the relay stay activated for 2, 3 seconds if the C2 is accordingly selected… Sharoj Al Hasan says Sir Please Let me know Sir Sharoj Al Hasan says Dear Sir I want to Make A System. I Want To Connect My Alarm Circuit Speaker Out Cable To Your Sound Active Relay On Circuit. When Get A Sound This Circuit Will Get On. My Mobile Speed Dail Number 1 is Connect With This Circuit relay. So when This Circuit get any alarm Then Relay will on. Thn My mobile genate a call . Now Sir I Want To Remove My Mobile Microphone and Replace Mp3 out line on the point of my mobile Microphone So Sir How Can i do this ??? Can u help me sir Swagatam says Dear Sharoj, I am not sure about how to replace mobile mic with MP3 feed, you will have to consult this with an expert mobile phone technician… Sharoj Al Hasan says Hello Sir If Get Any Sound Relay Will Active. But For How many Second ?? How Can i Adjust This As my Wish?? And Sir Another Question Is How Can I Remove My Phone Microphone And Replace 2 Mp3 out Cable Inthe place of My Mobile microphone Thank You Sir Swagatam says Sharoj, yes it will be activated with any form of signal input…you can alter C2 value for the setting the time duration as per your requirement. I am sure what exactly you are trying to do with your MP3 and cellphone mic….please clarify more for a better understanding. Sharoj Al Hasan says Yes Sir I Need mp3 sound active relay on Circuits. Sir basically I Want To Make An Circuit When this Circuit Get a signal From my Alarm Circuit this Circuit relay will on an i Want To Connect A phone Speed dail i mean 1 button with relay point. So when get a Sound I Will get a Call Swagatam says OK, then you can connect the junction of C1/R2 and the ground wires with the MP3 input…and the relay contacts configured with the phone speed dial button internally Sharoj Al Hasan says Sir Can I Remove The microphone And Replace Mp3 out at the point of Mic…. ???? Swagatam says Sharoj, what's your requirement, is it to activate the relay using MP3 signal?? Unknown says to avoid shattering , use Schmidt Trigger circuit Bubai says Sir, How can I modify the circuit in such way that another similar sound or clap is required to turn off output (return relay NC position ) regarding your previous reply… Shorting R6 with 10uF capacitor not behaving to eliminate Infrequent chattering effect. Swagatam says Bubai, if you are intending to build a clap switch circuit then you can build the second circuit from this article: try connecting a 100uF parallel to D1, this will definitely solve the issue. Bubai says Thanks for posting such interesting circuit.. How to cancel Relay chattering effect ( some time happening) while returning NC position ? How to increase or decrease sensitivity ( louder or low sound) triggering NO position? Swagatam says to stop chattering, try using a 10uF capacitor parallel to R6…. sensitivity can be increased to some extent by modifying (increasing) the value of C2 Nilesh Pachunkar says nice sir..bahut badiya work krta he yr circuit Chayan Mistry says It's good Mayank Padm Bhushan says Sir , Very nice circuit i like this Swagatam says thanks Mayank! Swagatam says please comment under the same article, I'll try to help

The Eight Mad Men of Manmad by Dave Craik 2000-11-06 Phil Wormald's trip report can be found here: pwormald-200101-india.html India: The final frontier? Hmmmm, maybe!! But with 44216 kms of broad gauge (1676 mm), 15178 kms of metre gauge, 3415 kms of narrow gauge (610/762 mm), 4586 diesel locos, 2785 electric locos and 58 steam locos all of which is largely unexplored by the modern traction enthusiast, it was hard to refuse. At least a hardy few were willing to bite the bullet and venture to the Indian Sub-continent; Rob Fraser and his wife Peta Caine, Phil Wormald, Craig Ryan, Alastair Tillotson, Mark Bristow, Vic Lines, Richard Morrison and myself. The visit had been planned over a period of about a year with all travel reservations being done through an Indian Railways Agent in Wembley, London and Rob and Peta fighting with the Indian telecommunications network arranging the hotels. My time off work was authorised months in advance although at the last minute I was called to India on business which meant I had to fly out with Lufthansa from D�sseldorf to Delhi (via Frankfurt) on 6th November, then on to Calcutta with Indian Airlines on 7th November. I was keeping my fingers crossed that my work would finish in time. The arrival/departure times shown are the scheduled times as shown in the relevant timetable and do not necessarily represent the actual arrival/departure times (deviations greater than 1 hour are mentioned in the text). Due to the confusing numbering scheme used by Indian railways, the class of loco is also shown ahead of the loco number. Monday 6th November 2000 I was lucky enough to have to go to India on a business trip thus saving me the cost of the flight and I got to fly business class as well. Only difference with Lufthansa is that you have more legroom, the unfriendly service is the same! Not impressed at dud 747-400 to Delhi. Tuesday 7th November 2000 Landed at Delhi in the small hours and managed to get through Customs and Immigration pretty quickly as I was one of the first off the plane. Jumped in a Bajaj and went to Radisson Hotel just outside the Airport to have shower and a couple of hours doss. New Delhi airport is the last place I wanted to spend the night. Managed just over 2 hours doss before using the courtesy bus to get me to the domestic terminal which is on the opposite side of the runway to the International terminal. Comfortable flight in Indian Airlines A300 although the state of the interior decor leaves a lot to be desired. Hopefully they maintain their aeroplanes better than they do the interiors! Met at Calcutta's Dum Dum Airport by a local representative of the company I was working with who had already arranged transport to Tatanagar. As usual when travelling large distances, the Indians resort to Indian Railways. 2nd Class (Sleeper Class) with open but barred windows and enough space to stretch out on the Gitanjali Express through the Bihar countryside to Jamshedpur (also known as Tatanagar). Day 1: Monday 20th November 2000 Despite some last minute protests from my Client, who only allowed me to leave after I promised to return after my holiday, I was released from my duties at Jamshedpur in the eastern Indian state of Bihar and driven 3 hours to the nearest airport at Ranchi for the only flight of the day out of there. Indian Airlines provided an A320 for the flight via Patna to Delhi. I am usually not a nervous flyer but the Indian pilots' approaches to runways are "wobbly" to say the least and the landings were very rough and take some getting used to. But they got me to Delhi in one piece. A pre-booked taxi was waiting to take me to the hotel for a shower and dump my rucksack before returning me to the airport to meet the rest of the group arriving from the UK with Austrian Airlines. As with anywhere in India there are crowds and Delhi International Airport is definitely no exception. The outside area of the airport is eerie at night with a veil of smog covering the yellow and black taxis, rickety buses and air-conditioned coaches for western tour groups and of course the omnipresent Indian "auto-rickshaw" (referred to here as "Bajaj's" after the major manufacturer of these vehicles). A far cry from Heathrow or Frankfurt, but then this IS India and not Western Europe. The group appeared from Customs more or less on time and we split up and crammed into the two taxis I had arranged. Predictably the taxis quickly managed to lose each other but both took about thirty minutes to reach the hotel via numerous potholes and side streets. The hotel was located near Connaught Place which is one of the nicest areas of Delhi and also happens to be only 15 minutes walk from New Delhi railway station. Beers were taken on the "veranda" to the accompanying sounds of Alco horns echoing in the distance before retiring for the night. Day 2: Tuesday 21st November 2000 Up at 06.30 for breakfast consisting of Cornflakes, hot milk, tea and toast again served on the "veranda" overlooking a busy Delhi road. It was about a 15 minute walk to New Delhi station to try to get confirmation of all the long-distance reservations sorted out. Phil had pre-booked these through an Indian Railways agent in Wembley, London. The Tourist Reservation Office on the first floor of the station building opens at 08.00 but we had to wait until 09:30 for the relevant member of staff to arrive. There is a special desk for Indrail passes issued in UK which means avoiding the long queues of "alternative" Western tourists waiting to make normal reservations. To while away the time we went for a wander around the station. Within 30 minutes we had seen examples of a WDM2 (Co-Co Hood Unit, 2600 hp, 16-cylinder Alco/DLW power unit), 16834 in smart orange/yellow Western Railway livery, a WDP1 (Bo-Bo Hood Unit, 2300 hp, 12-cylinder Alco/DLW power unit), 15004 in orange/cream livery and a fairly new WDP2 (Co-Co full-width twin-cabbed bodyshell, 3100 hp, 16-cylinder Alco/DLW power unit), 15507 in blue/white livery. Upon return to the reservations office all the formalities were completed in about thirty minutes. With our reservations in our pockets (or at least in Rob's folder) it was time to let the serious search for Alco's finally begin, although strictly speaking there are very few genuine Alco's running on Indian Railways, since nearly all have been licence-built locally by the Diesel Locomotive Works in Varanasi. For the sake of simplicity I have referred to the locos as Alco's. As there are no diesel-hauled trains out of New Delhi station at this time of day, we jumped on an e.m.u. which a member of staff reckoned was heading for Delhi Junction. Jumping into the coach was like being transported into another world, wooden seats, rubbish all over the floor and a sea of metal handles which were at a very low level for the average European adult. The e.m.u. crept along for what seemed like ages and we were even on the point of getting off because we had convinced ourselves that we were going in the wrong direction. However, after some 25 minutes we had completed the 4 kms round the corner to Delhi Jn. Station. By rights we should have just missed the northbound 10:20 departure to Ambala, but as luck would have it the train was still in the adjacent platform and we scrambled between platforms and through the stock. On the front of the 15 coaches we found WDP1 15054 (12-251B power unit) "snoring" contentedly to itself. It soon became apparent that there was some sort of delay, which according to the driver was due to single-line working. We need not have hurried after all, we eventually left 150 minutes down! However the wait was certainly worth it, the fifteen month old Alco sounded fantastic although at full power it sounded much more like a 12FDL-engined GE than an Alco! Phil managed to make some excellent sound recordings from the front coach as we went along much to the amusement of the curious locals obviously not local to Westerners wielding microphones and minidisk players. Due to the considerable late-running we decided to bail at the fly-infested Meerut City. The next train north was packed upon arrival so there was only one alternative; do as the locals do and stand on the running plate around the loco! Hellfire! The local population was somewhat amused to see Westerners travelling like this with lots of chattering, pointing and staring. The departure from Meerut Cantt. was the first of many really classical smoky departures we were to witness. Our return back to Delhi was split between a local "Passenger" and a following Express. The first was powered by a recently rebuilt WDM2 (rebuilt at Patiala works) which was making a lovely noise with a nice turbo "scream" to boot. We went as far as Ghaziabad Jn. With 17874 dropping back onto the following express with 16535 on the front. Once back at Delhi Jn. we decided to call it a day. To get back to the hotel quickly we hired three Bajaj's. The ride was thrilling with the three yellow and black two-stroke three-wheelers haring down narrow back streets past hundreds of small shops and traders with 8 of us crammed into the three machines. It was the nearest I have ever come to being in a scene from a "James Bond" film. I was expecting us to collide with an ox, fly through crates full of chickens or be mown down by an oncoming bus but the drivers although erratic appear to know how to negotiate the amazingly chaotic Delhi road system. This makes the M25 look like child's play and certainly gets the adrenaline rushing! Pizza Express just around the corner from the hotel provided a gentle introduction to cuisine in India. Although not Indian in flavour the food served was excellent and after over two weeks of Indian cuisine I was ready for some more familiar food. Lesson of the Day: Extract from South Eastern Railway Timetable no. 77, July 2000, Section 3, Page 24, Part A; Rail Travel Concessions Available to various categories of passengers: Non-infectious leprosy patients being eligible for a 75% concession". Note: Certificate must be issued by officer in charge of a recognised leprosy hospital in prescribed proforma. Day 3: Wednesday 22nd November 2000 Rob, Peta, Mark and myself decided to visit the railway museum this morning with the "Desperate Gang" going in search of more "local" moves!! The railway museum provided some good pics especially of the rusting hulk of pioneer WDM1 "World Series" Alco 17000 which had recently been moved to the museum from Gonda Jn. (I believe). No real useful diesel info or maps were acquired but it was worth the visit all the same. The taxi had waited for us (normal in India) and returned to the hotel by way of India Gate (India's answer to the Arc de triomphe and dedicated to the 11,000 Indians who fell fighting for the British before 1918) and the Parliament buildings. The snake charmer and his pet cobra were duly bypassed! Freshened up in hotel before making our way to New Delhi station to meet up with the others who had succeeded in having a sole WDP1 for 6 kms ending up in the carriage sidings at Hazrat Nizzamudin for a WAP4 electric back. Adjacent platforms with navy blue/cream liveried WDM2s, both heading towards Varanasi was a fine sight. We were booked on 4258 with the uprated version (3100 hp) of a WDM2 on the front in the shape of WDM2c 14002. Oh yes, the load? A mere twenty-one coaches! Luckily we were in the fourth coach from the front so noise sampling wasn't a problem. Accommodation was in 2-tier A/C class which has 46 berths arranged 4+2 across the coach (bay of 4 transverse and 2 longitudinal berths). Plastic covered seats but one or two sheets, a pillow and a wool blanket are provided. Not a bad introduction to long-distance rail travel on the sub-continent. 14002 didn't disappoint with some excellent 16-251 "dumping" accompanied by some loud howling at high power (traction motor blowers?). We also quickly left the MAS of Delhi behind and were running under lower-quadrant semaphores complete with lattice posts and finials. Time-keeping started off well (arrived 20 early at the extensive station of Moradabad). Huge long platforms, a sea of semaphore signals and a selection of cows, pigs, dogs and monkey's wandering around the station made it a fascinating stop. As darkness descended dinner was served (choice of veg or non-veg airline-style meals) with Mark and Vic receiving the freshest possible chicken straight from the Pantry Car! Having seen the poor creature being slaughtered a few minutes earlier they weren't exactly feeling hungry. As the evening continued thick mist descended and slowed down the passage of the train, Mark and Vic went hungry and we started to run later and later. My first overnight journey in India. Day 4: Thursday 23rd November 2000 Awoke after a broken night's sleep with a stiff back to find that we had lost much more time during the night and were now over three hours late. The fog was a real pea souper that was causing the driver to run at much reduced speed (still running under semaphore signals). No problem, after all we had been due to arrive at Varanasi at 05.25. The 2-tier A/C sleepers had been reasonably comfortable during the night but the transverse bunks appeared to be more comfortable than the longitudinal one which I had. We were met on arrival at Varanasi by a contact from the Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW) and he had two vehicles waiting for us. We were driven straight to the "Hotel Ashok Varanasi" which DLW had kindly arranged for us. After a shower and breakfast the effects of an Indian overnight became more distant. DLW is located on the other side of the city approx. six kilometres away. We were met there by Mr Shubhranshu who had made all the arrangements for our visit. He ushered us into a meeting room and we couldn't fail to notice the sign on the wall saying "Operation Crankcase". Was this DLW's way of briefing their staff about the arrival of these cranks from the UK? I did wonder. Our factory tour ranged from the welding of underframes through machining of cylinder blocks right up to the final assembly and the paint shop. As enjoyable as it was I couldn't but help think that I had been expecting a busier production line. There were probably only parts for 15-20 locos in the whole workshop area. Somehow I had expected a whole line of locos. However, it was the end of the year and DLW still appear to receive their annual "quota" of locos to be built from the nationalised Indian Railways. I guess it was another successful year with all quotas being met!! Construction was primarily of WDM2c and WDP2a models, both being fitted with a 16-251B ALCO engine (3100 hp). Unfortunately we were not allowed to take our own photos, however, DLW kindly provided us with an official photographer who was more than willing to take photos of virtually anything we wanted. Outside the paint shop we found two more WDM2c's (14063/14065) in beige primer, two in ex-works orange/cream livery (14062/14064), also a WDP2a in a new blue and white livery with "Diesel Power" painted on one side in English and on the other side in Hindi (15536). One of each class was started up for our benefit and we even had a short "demonstration" run in the WDP2A (even the paint was still wet!). A lengthy discussion ensued amongst various members of the group as to whether or not this loco could be counted for haulage!! Upon leaving the works we were driven to the impressive Buddhist temples at Sarnath just to the north of Varanasi. This is recognised as the birthplace of Buddhism in the sixth century BC and we unfortunately only had time to have brief visits to a museum and several temples. The temples were incredibly atmospheric, especially the huge "Dhamek Stupa" which was complete with chanting monks and accompanying chanting Japanese tourists! After the fall of darkness we returned to the hotel and dined in the hotel restaurant. Back in the room and trying to get to sleep Phil resorted to counting how many Alco's (instead of sheep) he had travelled behind in various countries around the world. It had the desired effect as he dozed off in mid-sentence leaving me pouring over the local timetables trying to decide what was to be done the following day! Day 5: Friday 24th November 2000 The Indians are renowned as an incredibly hospitable people and this morning was no exception. Our contacts had arranged an (very) early morning boat trip down the Ganges river so we could view the assembled pilgrims bathing in the sacred river from the array of Ghats (translation: "steps leading to water") and temples which line the waterfront. And all this during sunrise whilst being rowed in a leaky wooden boat! Again it was incredibly atmospheric and made the 04.00 wake-up call worthwhile. Sacred river or not, I have to question the practice of washing, bathing and brushing teeth in a river which contains numerous dead carcasses mere metres away from the local sewage effluent point! But maybe I am just an ignorant tourist? Like I said; "atmospheric!" After the boat tour everyone politely declined the freshly-brewed cup of chai which we all assumed was made with sacred water! We returned to the hotel, breakfasted and then split up into various groups for the rest of the morning and afternoon. Mark, Alastair and Phil returned to the works, Vic and Peta went off to visit the local University and do some shopping and Richard, Craig and myself were dropped at the entrance to DLW so we could photograph the replica short hood and cab of 18233 embedded in the Works wall. The significance of 18233 is that it was the first loco to be assembled by DLW (albeit from an Alco-built knock-down kit). That was back in 1962 and 38 years later the same factory is still producing basically the same loco. Richard, Craig and myself then walked the kilometre or so to the nearby station of Manduwadi to await the arrival of train 559. Train 559 duly arrived behind 16033 with Rob leaning out of the front door. The run along the secondary line (single line with passing loops and semaphore signals) towards Allahabad proved to be much quicker than I was expecting with speeds as high as 90-100 km/h. When 16033 was held at Katka we leapt off to the amusement of the locals and returned towards Varanasi leaping short at Bhulanpur which is also only a few minutes walk from the DLW factory. From here there is a rather nice photo of a plinthed metre gauge YDM3 (GM 12-567, Co-Co) which stands in the DLW grounds. Also photted our first low-nosed ("Jumbo") WDM2 which passed through on a freight. We had been intending to continue on a following Express but with time running out we decided to flag down a passing Bajaj and head down the line to Manduwadi. Rob duly succeeded in flagging down a rickshaw wallah who stopped even though he already had a family of 3 in the back of his Bajaj. He reckoned it would not be a problem to squeeze in the three of us too. So we somehow crammed 6 passengers and the driver into a (by now) very listing Bajaj for the short journey. Unfortunately he decided to take a short cut because we were soon negotiating dirt tracks and huge puddles instead of the tarmac roads I was expecting. Craig couldn't fit in and had the luxury of a relief Bajaj to himself, running some 30 seconds behind ours. His rickshaw failed within sight of the station and the driver refused any payment! 18468 was waiting at the head of train 5001 and looked quite smart in a light blue livery. Just prior to departure time there was a blast on a horn from the direction of the DLW works just across the yard and 14062 appeared, running light engine out of the Works. Dreadful!! Here we were behind a 35 year-old member of a class with a brand new loco of basically the same class on delivery to Indian Railways. Both locos were sounding their horns for the road crossing at the east end of Manduwadi station providing an almost unique spectacle in the fading light. We leapt off 18468 at Varanasi City and having watched it depart we stood around waiting for the next train back across Varanasi to Manduwadi. Just as Craig was trying to rescue the contents of his bag from a leaky water bottle, an Indian gentlemen dressed in a military uniform (police?) wandered across to us and asked us what we were doing. "Waiting for a train to Manduwadi" was our answer pointing at the relevant train in the timetable. At this he just smiled and shook his head, telling us the next train was in a couple of hours and we ought to take a taxi. We checked the timetable again. He was right, we had found a misprint!! Nothing for it but to accost the nearest Bajaj on the station forecourt, cram four of us into his rickshaw and crank it up for a run back across town to Manduwadi. Arrived with about two minutes prior to the booked departure time but then had to hang around as 17531R (R indicates Rebuild) rolled in some 40 minutes late. It was hardly worth it but we took it for the 2 kms round the corner to Bhulanpur where we set about trying to hunt down yet another Bajaj. This time it took us nearly 45 minutes to find an empty one and he set off towards our hotel. Unfortunately he pulled up outside another "Ashok Hotel" and told us we were where we wanted to be. We tried explaining that this was the wrong hotel but he couldn't understand us. In the end we got him to take us to Varanasi Jn station where we left him very bemused as we headed off across the footbridge to pick up another Bajaj from the north side of the station. From here it was just over 5 minutes back to the hotel for a shower and some food before being returned to the station to await our overnight to Howrah. Regional timetables had been located at the bookstalls on the station so we each bought Northern Railway and North Eastern Railway volumes. The rucksacks were beginning to get heavier and this was only the start!! Our train was late and I wandered across the footbridge to the station concourse to have a look at the blackboard that many Indian stations appear to have where the staff chalk up any delays or cancellations. Our train was shown as only 20 minutes late so I began to wander back along the platform towards the others. As I was doing so I noticed a white cow on the platform wandering amongst the public. This wasn't particularly strange as I had seen numerous cows on previous stations. They roam everywhere; along roads, across railways, along platforms but this one now proceeded to follow me up the steps and across the footbridge! The overnight eventually arrived over one hour late and Venkat who had been looking after us during our stay in Varanasi said his farewells. The main reason for choosing this train towards Calcutta was that we had been told that the diesel runs along the so-called Main Line via Mughal Sarai, Patna and Kiul Jn. into Howrah. This route is in the process of being electrified and I had already seen wires at Patna during my flight across to Delhi on Monday. Incidentally the shorter and quicker "Main" electrified route from Mughal Sarai into Howrah via Dehri-on-Sone is referred to as the "Grand Chord". Day 6: Saturday 25th November Woke around Asanol Jn. relieved to still find the same WDM2 on the front. Phew! One possible Electric loco avoided. The overhead wires are up from Patna to Asanol but apparently not yet energised. Arrival at the dramatic red and white brick Howrah station on the west bank of the great, brown Hooghly River was more or less on time. Our hotel was across the river in Calcutta so we took a couple of taxis via the impressive Vivekananda Setu suspension bridge and past the white, marble-domed Victoria Memorial and some of India's only trams to our hotel. Left bags in the rooms, fast taxi to Calcutta Sealdah station (designed by I.K. Brunel) which possesses a very impressive overall roof with the brickwork in an attractive red and white paint scheme. We were looking for the 13.40 departure but with time ticking away and only a "Jumbo" in the middle of a push-pull rake to be seen we jumped on as the engine revved up (despite locals protestations) and thought we'd scored. (Note: Indian Railways refer to this type of train as d.m.u. which leads to confusion for anyone used to the European style of self-propelled d.m.u.!). Our joy was short-lived as we noticed that a) the train was virtually empty and b) we were slowly but surely snaking across the pointwork in the direction of the carriage sidings! Sure enough the loco came to rest at a fuelling point and there we sat for nearly one hour before trundling back to Sealdah! Here the train was invaded by hundreds of locals the instant it arrived in the platform leaving us with very little room. Very unpleasant so we decided to get off and find an alternative. During the wander round the station trying to decide what to do we were hassled by groups of filthy kids who ended up trying to push each other into us and grabbing us appearing to try and steal Richard's camera. Richard's protestations echoed around Sealdah which caused even more stares than we were already receiving. We guessed that the next loco-hauled train would be at 16.30 but I didn't fancy waiting in these surroundings so I retired to the hotel for a freshen up and planned to hunt for an internet cafe. After my shower I studied the local suburban timetable (ridiculous price of 5 Rupees) in an attempt to see how a service known as the "Circular Line" works. I met up with Mark and Craig at 16.30 intending to look for an internet cafe but I suggested that we at least attempt to rescue something from the day by taking a taxi to the nearby Prinseps Ghat station in the shadow of the suspension bridge we had crossed earlier in order to investigate the Circular Line which runs along the eastern bank of the River Hooghly. They agreed and we were all surprised to find a WDS4 (0-6-0 shunter) at the head of 9 empty and decrepit coaches complete with a generator in the middle coach. Loco sounded a bit like a CD 751 (it is after all a 6 cylinder!) but with addition of clanking connecting rods. There are several small stations dotted along the route which runs along the banks of the River Hooghly for several kilometres with the WDS4 having to pick it's way between market stalls, run down buildings, warehouses and makeshift housing for the poorest of Calcutta's residents. A real display of life at it's most desperate (not a reference to the bashing moves!). Crossing WDM2 on another diagram we continued in this mad frenzy of passenger trains on a dock branch until we crossed another WDS4 trundling from the wonderfully-named Dum Dum Junction (near Calcutta airport) to Prinseps Ghat. We doubled back to the equally ridiculously-named B.B.D. Bag station (previously known as Dalhousie Square) where we crossed the WDM2 returning northwards. This was taken up through the yards at Tala, where the line becomes electrified and we saw a couple of WDS6s shunting. Dum Dum Junction was simply a heaving mass of people and we were glad to be alighting here. When 17298 departed for Gede there didn't appear to be a single space left anywhere inside the coaches. We returned to the hotel by means of India's only underground Metro which is conveniently located in the station concourse. Alighted at downtown Calcutta Park Street just around the corner from the hotel. Cost RS 5!!! Excellent Indian meal in hotel restaurant (Gaylords!) followed by half an hour in an Internet cafe just down the road. Returned to hotel for much needed sleep and respite from the outside world. Day 7: Sunday 26th November Room service breakfast at 06.45 consisting of orange juice, tea and toast. Not a huge breakfast but enough at that time of the morning. A fast, decrepit taxi to Howrah via the World's largest cantilever bridge (705 m long) which is also said to be the World's busiest bridge. For years this was the only link for vehicles between Howrah and Calcutta. Predictably it is in a terrible state and the tramlines across it have recently been lifted because the weight if the trams is said to be too much for the structure! Invested in a publication claiming to be an "Indian Rail Atlas" on sale at Wheeler's bookstall on the concourse of Howrah "new" station. Not exactly the detail of the Quail maps but a useful start with lots of dubious facts and figures, including the claim that the Indians have the longest railway tunnel in the World. At 6 km is appears to be somewhat shorter than the Channel Tunnel. Maybe news of this tunnel has yet to reach the publishers of this atlas? Howrah station is split into the "old" part which appears to be on the mainline (North Eastern Railway) to Asanol, Mughal Sarai and Delhi and the "new" part (South Eastern Railway) which is for services to Nagpur and Vishakapatnam. The stock of our "Falaknuma Express" duly arrived and was hauled by a WDM2C of Kazipet depot which gave us hope that despite the route being electrified between Howrah and Kharagpur and again between Vishakapatnam and Guntur that we would indeed have the suspected through diesel. Unfortunately we were in the 2AC coach was the 17th out of 20 so we couldn't hear much from the opened doors as the train snaked it's way out of Howrah. We stopped briefly at Kharagpur (118 kms from Howrah) to view the World's longest platform (833 m) before leaving the overhead wires and turning south to head down through the state of Orissa. Pleased to see that this line is still mechanically signalled for mile after mile and with long sections of single track we were halted several times to pass northbound workings including a couple of huge coal trains headed by pairs of grubby, smoking WDM2s. Just before Cuttack Road the railway crosses the huge River Mahanandi by means of a girder bridge which is easily a mile long. The equally-impressive road bridge with sluice gates for water control is a few hundred yards inland. Arrival at Cuttack Road was about 30 minutes ahead of schedule so we had the opportunity to stretch our legs and photographing a couple of WDM2s and a WDS6 that were stabled under the lovely selection of semaphore signals. Again extended stops at Bhubaneswar and Khurda Road Jn allowed a wander down to the front of the train for some photos and a word with the crew. Allowed in the Guard's compartment of the front coach between Bhubaneswar and Khurda Road for a listen to the WDM2c hard at work. Saw the remains of a very twisted WDM2 16597 on a flatbed, parked on shed at Khurda Road. Power unit and underframe visible but very little of the bodywork and cab remaining. Must have been nasty! Lots of glares from depot staff as we photographed the wreck but no-one said anything. As the darkness and the monotony associated with a 28 hour journey at the back of a long train set in we resorted to playing cards!! Drifted off to sleep ready to view the reversal at Viashakapatnam where we hoped that an electric would not drop on the back of our train. Day 8: Monday 27th November Awoke in the middle of the night by the sound of a horn which sounded particularly squeaky. Made my way to the door and opened it and peered out bleary-eyed. The familiar sound of a 16-251 Alco power unit thrashing away instantly woke me up and I stayed at the doorway of what was now the fifth coach from the front for 15 minutes before retiring to my berth again and some sound sleep. Awoke again in the platform at Vijaywada around 06.00 and wandered out of the train to find Phil with a cheesy grin on his face. Yes I did know that we did still have a WDM2c on the front but what I didn't know was that it was a different one! Shortly after Vijaywada we crossed over the Krishna Canal by means of a huge girder bridge which must be about one mile long. The Vijaywada Driver and Driver's Assistant spoke broken English but were definitely game for a laugh and were able to answer many questions. Passed a couple of WDP1s on local passengers and our first WDM2 shedded at Gooty Jn. which carried a very attractive orange and light blue livery. Once again to our surprise after such a long journey we arrived virtually on-time (10 minutes late) at the busy junction station of Secunderabad. Although the line towards Kazipet is electrified there are still three major diesel routes out of the twin cities of Hyderabad/Secunderabad as well as a metre gauge route north out of Secunderabad. Usual routine of taxis to the hotel, which on this occasion was the very well-appointed Viceroy Hotel overlooking the lake between the two cities known as Husain Sagar Lake. Thankfully, the somewhat strange address of Tankbund Road did not live up to our expectations (had visions of the hotel being situated next to an oil refinery!). Returned to Secunderabad station in a fleet of Bajaj's and split into two parties; one heading north on our first encounter with YDM4s and others heading south on a WDP1. It would appear that the fleet of 69 WDP1s are based only at Delhi Tughlakabad and Kazipet shed. Since we would encounter metre gauge later on I chose to sample another WDP1. The line towards Kurnool turns due south after leaving Secunderabad station and climbs up quite a sharp hill before dropping down through Kacheguda. The stations are very close together which some platforms visible from the end of the previous station and indeed it would be possible on a long train to have the front coach in the platform of one station with the rear coach still in the platform of the previous station. Having misread the timetable Phil, Mark and Vic leapt off early mumbling something about not going to the crossing point. I stayed on for one more stop. It should make easily. Got an excellent photo of 15068 powering away from Huppuguda station and indeed need not have worried about the train back, it was late. I settled down on a bench and changed the film in my camera which attracted many stares from the locals. Obviously not yet used to diesel cranks sampling the local power. The stares which had been un-nerving initially had by now begun to simply be part of the scenery along with the ubiquitous "Where are you from?", "What is your name?", "Where are you going?", "What are you doing?" Questions which were asked numerous times each day. The first three questions were easy enough to answer and the answers were understood. The fourth question when answered with the truth (chasing trains) caused a look of confusion and much muttering in a local dialect. Understandable I suppose. Train 572 appeared about 20 minutes late and I was not amused to see a self-propelled d.m.u. (as opposed to the d.m.u. we had encountered in Calcutta with a mid-train WDM2 sandwiched between coaches and driving trailers). With no other train back for a couple of hours I reluctantly boarded and was immediately subjected to the usual "Indian Inquisition" by a group of students. It turned out that they were all studying Mechanical Engineering at the local University and they were amused that I had studied the same and I was now telling them to change while they still had the chance! I told them that I was meeting friends at the next station so they all looked out for the group of three "foreigners" on the platform and took great joy in pointing them out to me. The three "foreigners" were definitely not full of joy when they too boarded the crowded d.m.u. Luckily we were offered a way out when we rolled into Kacheguda. 17142 was sat in another platform and a quick consultation of the timetable revealed a departure less than an hour later. Bade farewell to my fellow Engineers-to-be and we all alighted, crossed the tracks and sat drinking soft drinks in the setting sun watching baskets of chickens being loaded into the Guards compartment. Whilst quietly enjoying this tranquil scene the soft drinks vendor suddenly said that he recognised me and that he was a big fan of mine (I didn't realise that the reputation of the "Legendary Dave Craik" of Dan Cross' trip down the Duoro Valley in Portugal had travelled so far). I was impressed. So was my biggest fan!! At least until he started telling me about all the films I had appeared in. By this time we were all in stitches and having difficulty following his ramblings. All I could make out was something about "First Blood" (Rambo? Sylvester Stallone? I hope not!!), then something about Jackie Chan!! Heah? Me Chinese? Er.....take a closer look, pal!! I never did find out who he thought I was. Good for the ego though. OK, back to the matter in hand. We boarded the front coach of the train (labelled "Ladies Only"!) for the short journey with 17142 of Guntakal shed "over the hill" to Secunderabad. It was a short but excellent storm up the hill out of Kacheguda with cautionary signals clearing to green as we approached the end of stations resulting in "Notch 8" being liberally used to deafen the local commuters. Met up with the rest of the group at Secunderabad. They were already installed aboard train 593 which left from the metre gauge platforms on the south side of Secunderabad station. The sound of 6604's 6-cylinder Alco/DLW power unit ticking over was lovely and reminded me very much of a Scottish Class 26 although when powering away this resemblance disappears. The metre gauge single line winds it's way out of Secunderabad station, crossing the broad gauge line to Kacheguda by means of a rail-rail crossing before climbing steeply and swinging to the north over the electrified line towards Kazipet and the north east. From here a broad gauge line parallels the metre gauge line and is also used by a suburban d.m.u. service. This leads to the strange sight of dual-platformed stations with a broad gauge line for one platform and a metre gauge line for the opposite one. Train 593 is booked to stop at several intermediate stations which lead to impressive departures on the climb out of Secunderabad. At Cavalry Barracks we made an unscheduled stop to await the passing of train 609. I decided to double back to the hotel on this train and make use of the hotel restaurant and internet facilities. Even though the return run was largely downhill 6558 was driven very hard away from stations leading to a lovely foot long flame being emitted from the stack when on full power. Day 9: Tuesday 28th November Woke at 05.30 without the aid of an alarm clock feeling slightly queasy, I decided a lie-in was required this morning and I returned to my slumbers. Phil was equally impressed by the idea of some more sleep. Finally got up around 08.30 and had a leisurely breakfast followed by Bajaj to Secunderabad station for another metre gauge leap. 6370 was producing huge clouds of acrid black clag when powering away from stations. Jumped off the train at Ammagudu to get a phot of this machine in action as it departed. The driver didn't disappoint as 6370 was wound up and disappeared around the corner leaving a trail of black Alco smoke. You could follow it's progress for about 5 minutes by means of the black trail! The same YDM4 as last night (6558) again hauled us back down the hill into Secunderabad, unfortunately running 35 minutes late which meant we missed the 12.00 departure back up the m-g line which had an MLW-built YDM4 at the head. This set off before our driver had even thought about applying our brakes. "Plan B" meant going around the shore of Husain Sagar lake to Hyderabad Nampally terminus before hailing yet another Bajaj back to the hotel for lunch. The hotel had allowed us the use of one of the rooms up until 16.00 so we were able to have a freshen up before returning with rucksack to Secunderabad for another WDP1 "over the hill" to Kacheguda. Alas my sole "fan" wasn't here today and had obviously not spread the word. No recognition as a film star, just the usual glances at an eccentric who likes to lean out of the front coach of trains pulled by loud diesels. 17585 provided a repeat performance of 17142's aural exploits the previous day. Upon arrival at Secunderabad there were WDM2s everywhere and I managed one photo of 4 different liveried ones lined up in the evening sunshine. Train 7085 was rumoured to be booked a WDM2c and indeed it was with another orange and cream Kazipet example providing the power. Once again stuck down the back of the train in our 2AC coach. This train proved to be the longest we had loading to 23 carriages. Day 10: Wednesday 29th November Woken sometime in the middle of the night by the familiar screaming of a WDM2c to discover that we had reversed at Guntakal around Midnight. Arrived at Bangalore on time and bailed one station before Bangalore City station as Bangalore Cantt station is nearer to hotel. The usual procession of taxis to hotel and we were able to check in, shower and have breakfast before meeting one of the local IRFCA members who had arranged a shed visit for us for the following day. Returned to Bangalore Cantt to head back north to Hindupur in the hope of picking up the booked pair of WDM2s on the southbound "Karnataka Express" which runs all the way from Delhi to Bangalore. Not sure how late this train was going to be, after all it had been on the move for nearly 2 days by the time it reached Hindupur. Our fears were unfounded as the booked pair of Itarsi WDM2s howled in on full dynamics running a mere TWO minutes late. Mark managed to talk his way into the Guards compartment right behind the locos and when the Guard indicated that I join him, I did so. Spent most of the next two hours window-hanging and enjoying the scenery which became rather rugged and hilly. I had somehow failed to spot this on the way north, probably due to excessive chatting and not enough window-hanging. The climb was good but even on Load 22 the pair of WDM2s managed to maintain speeds of around 30 mph but spectacular departures from a couple of speed restrictions with the rear WDM2 of the pair clagging particularly badly and several of the hood doors on both locos swinging wildly as they rocked and rolled their way up hill and down dale. Temperatures in the mid 20's (Celsius) and a good amount of cloud cover coupled with the high altitude (xxx m?) made travelling very pleasant indeed today. Upon leaving Bangalore Cantt. station it became very evident that there is a steep drop down to Bangalore City (about 4 kms of 1 in 70). This gradient continues after Bangalore City station down the Mysore line for another 10 kms or so meaning that Bangalore City station is in a strange location on the side of a hill. By this time we were travelling in the parcels van which had caused some distress to one of the station staff at Bangalore but Srinivas managed to convince him that we knew what we were doing. The Mysore line is electrified for several kilometres beyond Bangalore although no electrics appear to work down this line. According to Srinivas there are plans to use e.m.u's on short-haul commuter services at some point in the future but no real plans to electrify the line all the way to Mysore as I had been lead to believe previously. The Mysore line is again a single line with passing loops at virtually every station but the line speed is high with lots of 90-100 km/h running along the twisty line. The route also follows the remains of the old metre gauge alignment which criss-crossed the newer broad gauge route numerous times. Late running meant we had to get off somewhat earlier than planned but I was very pleased when a smart green and white Southern Railway WDM2 rolled in on train 6232, both Driver and Assistant Driver wearing bandanas and looking more like film extras than a railway crew. What I wasn't prepared for was the sound when the loco pulled away.....even at low power a distinct turbo scream was audible, becoming more and more intense as the driver notched the loco up until the turbo sound was reminiscent of a DR Kolomna-powered 132/232 back in the early 1990s before they were silenced. Even with the loud turbo scream it was still possible to hear the characteristic 16-cylinder noise underneath. The next two hours were absolutely deafening and the ascent of the bank back up into Bangalore City station in the dark was inspired. In fact it was so good we just had to return to the bottom and do it all over again! Upon returning to Bangalore City we discovered a pair of Bangalore-based (KJM) WDM2s on train 6526 which proved to be a fitting end to the noisiest day so far. Dinner was taken in the hotel restaurant but the service was terrible with waiters dropping things and tripping over table legs. It took ages to serve the food and was more akin to "Faulty Towers" but we weren't really in a hurry. Day 11: Thursday 30th November With Srinivas offer to accompany us today and having arranged so much for us we couldn't refuse his plans. He collected us from the hotel at 09.30 and drove us out to KJM depot for a guided tour. We were even given the current diagrams (loco links) for the WDM2s from this shed as well as receiving a fax for the WDP2 diagrams from Golden Rock shed in Tiruchchirappali which would help us tomorrow! Highlights included seeing stripped down turbos and a WDM2 on test on the load bank. A completely deafening experience. Unfortunately the weather was cloudy today and we even experienced our first rain of the holiday. Photographed today's Itarsi pair (16412+17604) thrashing through on the southbound "Karnataka Express" (load 23 today thanks to additional "Green Parcels" van attached to rear for the transport of perishable goods). Lunched at Pizza Hut in downtown Bangalore which was located amongst exclusive boutiques, furniture shops and clothing emporiums. It almost made you forget you were in India. Suitably refreshed returned to hotel to retrieve luggage and head to Bangalore City for the overnight to Thanjavur. Surprised to see WDP2a 15534 brand new ex-DLW Varanasi stabled in between the platforms in a smart blue and white livery. This had apparently been released from DLW, Varanasi about two weeks previously and had taken that long to reach Bangalore under it's own power. No-one seemed to know exactly what it was doing there or even if it was going to be allocated to KJM shed. The only other WDP2s currently in the south of India are based at Golden Rock shed and appear to work the Chennai - Tiruchchirappali - Kanniyakumari line so the appearance of a WDP2 at Bangalore is breaking new territory for the class (I suspect). We still had to make some reservations for the last day of our trip and we were still wanting to try and get from Agra to Delhi using diesel traction. There were two alternatives; Plan A was to go via Jaipur as we had been informed that a WDM2 works out of Agra towards Jodphur, Plan B was to head straight up the main line on a train rumoured to be a WDP1. In the end we decided to keep our options open and try to book both variants! Our attempts were invaluably supported by Srinivas, who whisked us between counters and floors of the two-storey reservation centre. In the end we didn't succeed due to "system difficulties" with the computers. However, Srinivas promised he would follow up the bookings, inform us and even courier the tickets to Pune Making a seat reservation in India is a long and complicated process even for an Indian involving a chain of random events including the correct phase of the moon and alignment of several heavenly bodies: - 1. Find assisting Indian with intimate knowledge of IR - 2. Even through assistance of above a process of iteration ascertain which window in the booking office is responsible for foreign tourists and Indrail passes is unavoidable. This involves visiting virtually every window on both floors of the reservation centre. - 3. Having located the relevant window, locate relevant supply reservation application forms. - 4. Fill in reservation forms giving details of all passengers; name, age, ticket no., sex, departure station, arrival station, passport number, train number and train name. - 5. Form must then be checked, approved and signed by Chief Reservation Supervisor - 6. Locate Chief Reservation Supervisor. This was adeptly done by Srinivas, who simply went into the Manager's office and demanded to see the relevant Officer immediately. - 7. Queue up at relevant window (marked "Foreign Tourists" by means of a very small, almost invisible sticker in the window). - 8. Discover that reservation computer system has crashed and is unable to connect to the relevant reservation centre in Delhi. Reservations cannot be processed until the following morning. - 9. Assisting Indian offers to follow up reservation and courier tickets to convenient stop off point. - 10. Admit defeat, retreat and hope for the best. Having singularly failed to reserve our seats for the journey from Agra to Delhi we trooped back to the station to collect our luggage and wait for our overnight. Several of the more desperate members of the party opted for the pair of WDM2s for 4 kms up the bank to Bangalore Cantt. on the northbound "Karnataka Express". Rubble, Mark, Peta and myself remained on Bangalore City station to meet the local Divisional Manager who wanted to meet us before we left. 18555 of Golden Rock provided the power for the overnight to Thanjavur. Yet again the 2AC coach was towards the rear of the rake. Somewhat apprehensive about the weather situation in the state of Tamil Nadu. Over the last few days there had been a flash monsoon which had apparently washed out several of the metre gauge lines in the State. Day 12: Friday 1st December Opened my eyes this morning and looked out of the window to see a metre gauge line running parallel to our broad gauge line. We had reversed at Tiruchchirappali Jn. (known locally for obvious simplicity as Trichy) and between Trichy and the end of the broad gauge "branch" at Thanjavur metre gauge and broad gauge run parallel to each other. Arrival in Thanjavur was only 10 minutes late and Rob immediately jumped in the cab of the loco to find out where the loco change had taken place during the night. The weather still cloudy but much more humid and became quite unpleasant when the sun broke through mid-morning. The Hotel Oriental Towers was only 5 minutes walk from station and appeared very empty when we checked into the somewhat dark reception just before 07.00. Shower, Breakfast then back to business. Due to the recent flooding we were presented with choice of a YDM4 or WDM2 towards Trichy. The YDM4 running some 6 hours late on load 16 on an Express to the port of Rameswaram. Chose WDM2 hoping it would catch the YDM4 which had been let out just ahead of us. 16860 raced 6149 on the parallel broad gauge/metre gauge tracks but the WDM2 on load 7 was unable to catch the YDM4 on load 16 over a 50 km stretch. Passed Southern Railway's Golden Rock works at Ponmalai with an ex-works Guntakal YDM4 on a transporter wagon ready for shipping back to South Central Railway after overhaul. Doubled back to Ponmalai with 6283 intending to continue back to Thanjavur but when an original Alco-built 6032 hauling a huge rake coaches crossed our train we just had to sample it. By now the direct sun was fierce and we retreated to shade wherever possible. Quick out and back to Trichy Fort where "Jumbo" 17835 absolutely howled into the station on full dynamics catching Mark and his microphone unawares. The main idea for today had been to sample a decent run behind a WDP2 which are currently only based around Delhi and at Golden Rock. So when 15518 backed on to the 14.40 stopper up the main line towards Chennai to Villapuram Jn it was an easy decision. Passed Trichy's main landmark (and Golden Rock's depot symbol) the Rock Fort on the outskirts of town. This is a huge sandstone rock with a fort perched on the top and the rock gives it's name to the local diesel shed. Unfortunately the train absolutely tottered to Srirgangam where we opted to bail for the express behind hoping for another WDP2 but this time with a better driver. We had 50 minutes to kill so Rob, Vic, Richard and myself leapt in a Bajaj for a whirlwind tour (even by our standards) to the nearby Ranganathaswamy temple, which is southern India's largest and can be seen rising out of the trees for miles around. The decor is absolutely stunning and it was a shame to have to leave so quickly. It would have been easy to spend hours here. Another green and white Golden Rock-based WDM2 rolled in on train 6804, which although not the hoped-for WDP2 provided us with an absolutely storming run to Vriddhachalam Jn which I sampled sitting on the step of the front door watching the world go by and 18362 leave a trail of Alco clag over the Tamil Nadu paddy fields and temples strewn along the trackside. It proved to be one of the runs (if not THE run) of the holiday. Arrived at Vriddhachalam Jn to a cacophony of birds, monkeys, insects and other wildlife in the trees at the south end of the platforms. In fact the scene was so impressive that Mark was witnessed standing next to a tree pointing his microphone at it! This looked very strange from a distance but proved immensely amusing both with the locals and with the four cranks observing him. But I have to admit the recordings are excellent. Train 2605 rolled in only 10 minutes late but the expected WDP2 was missing. 16878 was a more than adequate stand-in as the chugging 16-251 powered up it became evident that we had another monster with a turbo scream. It was deafening inside the front coach and very difficult to converse with the locals. Another storming run through the darkness back to Trichy Jn. Again the locals amazed to see a group of western tourists travelling in the unreserved second class accommodation. Once back at Trichy Jn. Rob tried to interview the Driver about the turbo fitted to this loco. The Driver said it was an ABB turbo (WDM2's are apparently fitted with GE, ABB or Napier turbos. This being one of only two components that actually still have to be imported by DLW for the manufacture of their "Alco's". The other component is the crankshaft). Settled down for a doze on the run back to Thanjavur behind an Erode-allocated 16668 which was dumping very nicely. Mark was very agitated and hanging right out of the door examining the behaviour of the stack! Upon doing the same it was easy to see why; with the loco on full power a 2 foot flame was illuminating the surroundings and was especially impressive when the transition kicked in. Day 13: Saturday 2nd December Very lazy morning after yesterday's late finish. No desire to do any trains this morning. Used internet facilities in hotel to catch up with my e-mails. Light lunch in hotel restaurant prior to boarding train 6761 for our only non-AC long distance run (no AC on this train). Not disappointed by the spacious 1st Class (non AC) 4 berth compartments complete with locking doors and metal drop-down shutters to turn the whole compartment into an impregnable prison cell! Our party of 8 were allocated 2 complete compartments with myself drawing the short straw and sharing the rear compartment of the coach. Real Alco-built 6034 was a bonus on the front but we were somewhat disappointed when it was replaced by 6229 at Trichy. The quality of the metre gauge track left a lot to be desired with some very fierce rocking and long sections of track with "roaring" from the wheels. We even saw 3 upturned coaches adjacent to the line about an hour south of Trichy. Not exactly comforting!! Actually these were the only derailed coaches we saw during the whole trip. Is that a good sign? Hmmmmm, not sure. I'm just not used to travelling around countries where you see train wrecks left next to the track. South of Trichy the line also becomes semaphore-signalled changing from 3 aspect upper quadrant ("LMS-style" arms) to lower quadrant ("LSWR-style" arms) at Karaikuddi Jn and then back to upper quadrant somewhere in the night. The night was lit by the stack of the loco which was glowing nicely when on full power (YDM4s seem to be very good at this!). We were looped for a train to pass and were able to witness the dreadful practice of token exchange first hand. The Station Master stands on a small podium between the two tracks and holds the token and wicker holder aloft in his right hand and as the train approaches at speeds of around 40 mph he lights some oil-soaked rags and holds this torch up in his left hand so that the Assistant Driver can sight the token holder. The Driver didn't ease off the power as the YDM4 screamed through, the Drivers Assistant throwing the old token on the ballast and picking up the new token as the loco passed the Station Master at around 40 mph. And this scene lit only by the flaming rags and some weak coach lights!! Awesome to see still being practised in 2000!! The order for dinner was taken around 19.00 and was waiting for us on the platform at Manamadurai Jn when we rolled in. It took the form of Japatis or rice wrapped in newspaper and banana leaves served with a plastic bag of brown liquid and the mandatory chilli sauce. Most people seemed to retire early due to the very early arrival time in Quilon. I continued to watch the world go by from an open door before retiring to my compartment which was occupied by two sleeping Indians, who had luckily not locked themselves inside. I clambered up one of the top bunks and used my sleeping bag as a pillow being rocked to sleep by the motion of the train. Day 14: Sunday 3rd December YDM4 wake up call at about 03.30 as we were staggering up through the Cardamom Hills at about 15 mph with the YDM4 on full bore. Lay in my berth and stared up at the unbelievably clear stars through the window and enjoyed the scenery and the sound. Arrival in Quilon Jn. was 19 minutes early and meant that we just missed one of the small class of only fifteen 12-cylinder Ernakulam-based WDM7's on the 04.30 departure to the North. As a result 9 bleary-eyed souls were forced to spend another 2 hours on the platform. Paid a visit to the Tea Room for an early-morning cup of Chai (another 3 Rupees down the drain!!) and marvelled at the rake of around 75 4-wheel, vacuum-braked kerosene/petrol tanks that were heading north behind a pair of Golden Rock WDM2s. We were to see numerous trains of this sort over the next few days as there is a large refinery just to the south of Ernakulam on the line to Kottayam. WDM2c unexpectedly appeared on the train to Ernakulam which arrived more or less on time. Occupied the front door of the second coach (front coach locked out of service) for the whole of the 3 hour run to Ernakulam. There was a complete change in scenery now that we were in Kerala with the line running across small palm-lined inlets and rivers, many with fishing boats. At Kayankulam Jn the line splits with one route following the coast via Alleppey and the busier inland route which we took heading inland and via Kottayam. Both lines meet up again at Ernakulam. 14052 was on excellent form on L21 and produced impressive departures from a couple of stations, notably from Kottayam where there is a short but stiff climb through a cutting. I hadn't understood properly why some trains called at Ernakluam Jn, station, some at Ernakulam Town station and some at both. When we rolled round a curve into Ernakulam Jn station and reversed things became a little clearer. Ernakulam Jn station is at the southern tip of a triangular junction, Ernakulam Town station is at the northern tip of the triangular junction and the route we had just come off from Kayankulam Jn (via Kottayam) forms the eastern tip of the triangular junction. The other route from Kayankulam Jn (via Alleppey) arrives at Ernakulam Jn from the South. The train we had just got off re-engined with an Electric loco for the continued journey northwards. The usual procession of Taxi's and Bajaj's conveyed us to the splendid Taj Residency Hotel which was to be our base for the next two nights. Minor problems with the bookings which were luckily sorted out quickly. Excellent buffet lunch in the hotel restaurant then to Ernakulam Town station just managing to catch train 6350 by 1 minute because it was hidden behind a freight train meaning I had to run across 4 tracks and clamber up onto the platform. Cold drinks at Kottayam from one of the Auxiliary Vegetarian Tea Stalls on the platform. Photted two more WDM7s on stabled passenger trains before taking an Erode WDM2 back to Ernakulam Jn. The booked +20 onto my first WDM7 was ruined by local signalman who managed to hold us three times on the approach to Ernakulam Jn. Rolled into the platform to see Phil sat in the front coach of train with WDM7 11009 at the head. Unfortunately our train rolled all the way to the south end of the station and came to a stand next to some empty stock with closed doors. Seeing this I leapt onto the platform and was immediately swamped by the hordes of passengers getting off. By the time I got to the end of our coaches 11009 was already on it's way. Alastair had made it by leaping down onto ballast, up through the empty stock and running down platform jumping into rear vestibule of the moving train. I decided to retire to hotel, showered and went for a walk to search of internet facilities. After about 30 minutes I found a small internet cafe and spent an hour clearing out my mailbox and sending a couple of e-mails to people back home. Returned to hotel to find several of the group already eating in one of the hotel restaurants. Food was good but again extremely slow service. Having not had a WDM7 I was eager to know what they sounded like. My queries were met with long faces and a general disapproval of the sound which was said to be very un Alco-like. Rob and Craig even compared 11008 to a Greek or Turkish Alsthom - Urgh!! Surely not? Exhausted by a very good but hot and sticky day and disappointed by the prospect of unratable WDM7s I retired to bed. I was asleep the moment my head hit the pillow! Day 15: Monday 4th December Breakfast in bed at 06.45 for fast Bajaj to Ernakulam Jn station to find a choice of 3 WDM7s all going in different directions. I chose 11015 on train 312 and went "all the way to Alwaye" for another WDM7 (the infamous ill-sounding 11008) back in on an absolutely heaving local with only standing room in the luggage compartment of the front coach. That was enough for me. The others stayed at Alwaye for a following train as they had sampled 11008 last night. I must admit that it certainly didn't sound overly rateable but I couldn't personally make the connection to the power units of the Greek Alsthoms. Again numerous signal checks on the short run to Ernakulam Town station. As far as signalling is concerned Ernakulam seems to be a real shambles with every train so far crawling into the stations and suffering several signal checks. Nice photo of 11008 leaving before retiring to the shade and waiting for the Bangalore - Kanniyakumari Express which produced twin KJM based WDM2s instead of the booked WDM2c. An uninspiring run followed despite L21 mainly due to problems with out of course crossing points. Had to stand due to wedge factor but passed the time at the crossing loops by managing a couple of excellent phots and watching Mark recording the various vendors going about their business on the train. The familiar gruff sales pitch of "chai chai" and "coffee coffee" were supplemented on this occasion by a fruit juice vendor who had us in stitches when he approached Mark and asked "You Fruity?" Hot and sweaty by Kottayam so leapt for cold drinks and the balancing northbound working which also produced a pair of KJM locos!! Much better run back to Ernakulam Town but again the unreserved second class coaches at the front of the train were wedged with passengers and we had to stand in 3rd coach. Nice departure from Ernakulam Town station with both locos belching out black clag and darkening the sky. 18491 provided a useful (if dud) means of getting between the two Ernakulam stations allowing us to avoid yet another Bajaj. A grubby orange and cream liveried Ernakulam-based 16857 was sitting at the head of train 337. Initially got in first coach but we were quickly ejected due to it being Ladies Only!! Had to retire to 2nd coach but still managed to find seats. As this WDM2 powered up a strange metallic screeching sound started emanating from turbo when on full power.....very unusual and not very pleasant. Train back provided a good chance to sample another run with a WDM7. This time it was 11005 and it was in fine fettle. This was more or less what I had hoped these locos would sound like; very like a Greek A-451 but with an interesting "dumping" noise to boot. THIS I could listen to for hours on end!! On load 10 and stopping at all stations 11005 provided me with another contender for the "Thrash of the Holiday" award. Once out of stations the Driver only knew two positions for the power control; ON and off!! His braking style also used the same binary principle!! Driver was full of smiles and many head wobbles when Rob went up to him to shake his hand and congratulate him on his style of driving. Having written the whole class off last night as useless, Rob had now done one of the fastest U-turns in the history of crank-kind and was completely impressed!! Nice little move to finish the day off by doing the branch to Cochin Harbour Terminus. This is a very slow branch but with huge rickety bridge with a 10 km/h speed restriction, a wooden gated level crossing complete with small signal box and a terminus station which could have been Heysham in the 1960s lit by individual light bulbs at about 50 yard intervals leant a very strange atmosphere to the whole line. A quick inspection of the station buildings including the framed cabinet containing the "Rogues Gallery" detailing local criminals. Straight back up to Ernakulam Jn behind 18491 (YET again!) for a fast Bajaj back to the hotel and another excellent meal (with much better service). Again I was asleep as soon as my head touched pillow with 11005 still ringing in my ears!! Day 16: Tuesday 5th December Needed a lazy start after yesterday's desperation. Rang Apurva in Pune to confirm that we would still be arriving on Friday morning as arranged as he'd agreed to meet us and be our guide for the duration of our stay. He also said that he had arranged a surprise for us. Having checked out of the hotel and agreed the use of a room this evening to freshen up before the overnight, I wandered out onto the road to flag down a Bajaj and go to Ernakulam Jn. station and join the others. Decided to concentrate on WDM7s today after yesterday's riotous run with 11005. 11009 was on 10.30 to Kayankulam Jn which was almost empty for a change making it a pleasure to travel even though we were travelling on wooden seats. Very fast run from the WDM7 which was even more like a Greek A-451 than 11005 had been and with more pronounced "dump" to it. There was no way I was going to get off this before Kayankulam Jn., it was too much fun! Lost a little time during the run then sat outside the station for a what seemed like ages before being allocated a platform. Eventually arrived about 30 minutes late. During the quick run-round in the baking midday sun we were just able to obtain some ice cold drinks before 11009 headed back north around 30 minutes late. Again the front coach was largely empty and we were treated to another excellent run as far as Alleppey where we alighted. As only mad dogs and Englishmen go out in the midday sun I decided to run off the end of the platform and up the track to get an excellent photo of 11009 powering away past the laundry drying on the ballast. An Erode-based low-nose "Jumbo" was on train 6042 for the second day running and took us forward to Ernakulam Jn. It was then a repeat of last night's move train 337 for train 338 in the hope of another storming WDM7 run. Train 337 rolled into the heaving platform about 2 minutes before departure time and we had to resort to travelling in the luggage compartment of the second coach. One of the locals appeared to be under the influence of something dubious and kept insisting that he was our friend. He constantly annoyed us by insisting on us having to "help" him and wanting to touch us!! This started to become more than a joke and being in the luggage van with open doors made us all feel a bit wary. At the second stop Phil had had enough of this and leapt off, promptly followed by our new found friend. Alastair and I assumed that Phil had just moved down into one of the coaches. On departure we could see our "friend" was now annoying a local in the next coach. Due to late running we decided not to risk going as far as the crossing point so we leapt off in the middle of nowhere at Thiruvizha. No sign of Phil! 11004 provided almost as good a run as 11005 last night thrashing through the Keralan dusk past local kids' cricket matches and racing across numerous Keralan canals. Phil reboarded on the return so our assumption that he had moved further down the previous train proved to be wrong, he had actually got off. Transported back to hotel by a Bajaj who's driver initially wanted 75 Rupees for the 5 minute journey (previous max was 30 Rps) so we just laughed and walked away. 2 minutes later he was beside us again wanting only 30 Rps so we got in. On arrival at the hotel he claimed we had caused a tear in the back seat of his dilapidated Bajaj and demanded an extra 50 Rps. We laughed even louder this time and left him ranting at us. The Taj Residency had kindly agreed to allow us the use of a room for a few hours this evening so we could freshen up before the overnight for which they didn't charge us!! Room turned out to be a suite which was more than adequate for our needs. Shower was much needed as a day's travelling in Kerala tends to leave you covered from head to foot in red-brown dust. Dinner in the hotel before requesting the hotel to arrange two taxis to take us to the hotel. Despite having numerous vehicles on the hotel forecourt, the somewhat aloof woman at the Travel Desk started to ring around what I took to be taxi companies. After 15 minutes she said that we "may" be able to have a vehicle around 22.30. We gave up and I told her it wasn't the sort of service I expect from a hotel such as the Taj. Headed out onto the road and managed to quickly flag down enough Bajaj's to get us to the station in plenty of time. The onward journey from Ernakulam Jn was by means of the twice-weekly "Rajdhani Express" ("Capital Express") service which connects Trivandrum in the south of Kerala with Hazrat Nizzamuddin station in Delhi. We were booked on this as far as Madgaon on the Konkan Railway in the small state of Goa. Day 17: Wednesday 6th December Woken at 06.15 by Carriage Attendant serving tea and biscuits. Rajdhani service was not particularly well patronised with only a few western tourists and even fewer locals. The run up the coast beyond Mangalore to Madgaon (referred to in some guide books by the old Portuguese name, Margao) along the recently built Konkan Railway was very scenic and quite fast in sections with frequent glimpses of the Arabian Sea and palm-lined beaches. The Konkan Railway has been built over the past few years to provide the missing link between Mumbai (Bombay), Mangalore and the existing Indian Railways network of southern India, cutting up to a day off travel times between the two areas. Surprisingly it is a single line with passes loops and none of it is electrified. It has also been built with private money, but since it appears to own no locos I assume Indian Railways pays for the use of the line (which might account for the sparse service). We did notice a few coaches which were labelled "To ply the Konkan Railway only" in a couple of rakes but we had also seen a coach at Ernakulam which had obviously escaped! Arrival was slightly late. Rob, Peta and Richard decided to hire a taxi to take them to Vasco da Gama in order to check into the hotel and dump the bags. The rest of us passed the time in the buffet at Madgaon having a spicy omelette in the process and being entertained by a WDS6 storming up and down the station. Whilst wandering back onto the platform we noticed 18697R in the centre road. Huh? That number seems familiar!! It was the loco we had had on the Rajdhani and no-one had realised that the loco was being changed during the stop at Madgaon. The reason for heading up to Kulem was to photograph the bankers being attached to the rear of train 2779 for the ascent of the Braganza Ghat. This line was re-gauged in 1997 but passenger traffic has only been re-introduced in early 2000 due to safety concerns associated with working the 1 in 37 gradient. The solution has been to fit about 25 Gooty-based WDM2's with an emergency braking system that operates automatically at speeds above 25 km/h during the descent. The locos fitted with this system have a big yellow sign under the cab windows. Train 2779 duly arrived with Richard and Rob hanging out of the front coach. They had easily made the journey to Vasco da Gama and checked into the hotel. While clamouring in the scrum to board the express Phil noticed that someone had just picked his pocket. He immediately gestured to a couple of Police Officers who strangely enough just happened to be hanging around the front coach. One of them disappeared into the coach and within a couple of minutes re-appeared with the wallet in his hand having allegedly found it on the floor of the coach. Phil checked and to his relief nothing was missing. However, after the initial relief of having retrieved the wallet, the efficiency of the local constabulary started to make us somewhat suspicious. After all, what better than to have someone's credit card details and for the someone to think that everything is fine and not to bother reporting the card as stolen! To be on the safe side Phil reported the card as stolen anyway when we reached Kulem. As the wallet incident was going on and we were waiting to depart, a train arrived from the Kulem direction labelled as "Goa Express". It was this morning's inbound service running a mere 7 hours late. The line actually starts to climb almost immediately from Madgaon but with grades only around 1 in 70/80. We passed a couple of yards and noticed bankers waiting to work freights up the Ghat. At Kalem (one station before Kulem) we even saw a pair of orange/white Gooty WDG2s fitted with the emergency braking system. As far as we were aware there were NO WDG2s fitted with this system. At Kulem no less than THREE Gooty WDM2s were attached to the rear of the train. After a lengthy brake test the whole cavalcade departed for Castle Rock, just over one hour and 27 kilometres distant with a significant amount of 1 in 37 en route!! We returned back down the hill towards Madgaon and on to Vasco da Gama with 17695 on a local passenger train. Apparently there are self-propelled d.m.u's on these local services but they are often out of service. During our stay in the area we didn't see any of these with both local turns being Gooty WDM2s. The hotel was conveniently less than 5 minutes walk from the station. During the confusing check-in Phil was checked in as Mr Prucao Wormark which must be the Portuguese equivalent of Phillip Wormald!! Shower, change and ate in the hotel's Chinese restaurant which provided us with excellent food. Day 18: Thursday 7th December Lazy morning with sociable (but slow) breakfast followed by tour of Velha Goa (Old Goa) the erstwhile state capital and Panjim, the present state capital having negotiated the hire of the hotel minibus and driver. Velha Goa was virtually abandoned following malaria and cholera epidemics in 17th Century but what remains is nevertheless very impressive; a collection of grandiose churches and convents that have been granted World Heritage Status by UNESCO. I wasn't quite expecting the area to have such a Portuguese feel about it. Silly really since Goa was a Portuguese colony until 1961 but I just wasn't expecting such an non-Indian feeling. Our return route was via an impressive road bridge (adjacent to an even more impressive Konkan Railway bridge) across the Mandovi River and Panjim (Panaji). The Rough Guide describes Panjim in the following terms: "Take any mid-sized Portuguese town, add a sprinkling of banana trees and auto-rickshaws, drench annually with torrential tropical rain, and leave to simmer in fierce humid sunshine for at least 150 years!" Stopped off for a quick wander down to the Mandovi River before heading back to Vasco da gama and the hotel. After checking out of the hotel we wandered across to the station to covered the local passenger running ahead of the "Goa Express". Very surprised to find a pair of WDM2s at the head and we joked how funny it would be if these two locos were to bank the "Goa Express" in a couple of hours. These were taken as far as Madgaon for the Express forward to Kulem which rolled in with the same single WDM2 at the head as yesterday. Our reserved 2AC coach was 4th from the back with the rear two vehicles not being in use. However at Kulem Richard discovered that one door was unlocked so several chose to stand at the rear and listen to the bankers. Only two bankers were attached to train 2779 today and yes, it was the same two locos which had worked out of Vasco da gama a couple of hours previously! Typically we saw at least 3 sets of triple bankers in the area. This train can get anything from 3 to 5 WDM2 on it so we were a little disappointed! The locos powered the 18 coach train effortlessly away from Kulem and chugged their way up the first 3 or 4 kms with far too little power being required. However the 1 in 100 increased to 1 in 75 then 1 in 50 then 1 in 40 and finally 1 in 37 and the noise increased accordingly maintaining the speed between 35 and 40 km/h for most of the ascent. We stopped in 3 passing loops to allow bankers to descend (one single and two triples) and each time the locos had no problem restarting the train. Spectacular views were to be had the higher we got, including the incredible 600 m high Dudhsagar Falls which the railway passes by on a stone viaduct. There wasn't much water to be seen but this must be absolutely awesome after the monsoon season. Not so awesome was the sight of a runaway WDM2 in a sand drag at one of the passing loops which had come to rest against a rock face!! Apparently there is a freight train at the bottom of an embankment somewhere on the ascent which only ran away a year or so ago. Ummmmm, maybe the safety concerns are justified? The end of the 27 km climb from Kulem is marked by a sign "Thank You, Braganza Ghat" on the approach to Castle Rock station. Here the bankers were detached and we continued downhill to Londa with the single WDM2 on the front. At Londa Jn the train was re-marshalled with 3 coaches being detached and a 3 coach portion from Hubli Jn being attached. Londa Jn resembles the old Carstairs Jn in many respects being a single island platform with very Scottish-looking station buildings. Resurfacing work was in progress on the platform with a gang of women wandering seemingly aimlessly around with bowls full of concrete balanced on their heads. The diesel-powered concrete mixer standing right next to one of the local food vendors made his variety of fresh (?) food delicately flavoured by the exhaust of the mixer seem even more enticing! And this whole scene was lit by a single light bulb. Scenes such as this are virtually impossible to catch on film. The rest of the journey in darkness north towards Miraj Jn and Pune was quite uneventful. Everyone turned in very early due to the ridiculously early booked arrival time in Pune. Day 19: Friday 8th December Typically with such an early arrival time our train just had to arrive at Pune 38 minutes early at 03.22 depriving us of even more sleep than we had anticipated. We decided that we had nothing to lose by wandering across to the hotel anyway which was visible from the platform about ten minutes trudge away past sleeping bodies and avoiding the inevitable Bajaj's and other vehicles on the road. Surprisingly the hotel was more than happy to allow us into our most expensive rooms of the tour at 04.00 AND not charge us for the privilege. Back down to reception at 05.30 to find a sole Indian waiting for us. The legendary Apurva Bahadur, who Phil, Mark and I know from the IRFCA mailing list. He had made many arrangements for our stay in Pune and had very kindly offered his services as a guide for the area. We walked back across to station to board the "Maharashtra Express" which Apurva had strongly recommended as a day out from Pune. So we duly headed back up into the hills to the south of the city from whence we had just come unaware of quite what a rateable line we had just travelled over during our slumbers. I was awake enough to watch the first section from Ghorpuri up to Jejuri and actually enjoyed the cool breeze, finally feeling refreshingly cold after so long in a hot climate. The sunrise was spectacular over the barren almost mountainous landscape which was totally different to anything we had seen so far during our travels. It reminded me more of South Africa than anywhere else. Again this line is semaphore signalled (3 aspect upper quadrant) with tokens which are exchanged manually at anything up to line speed (100 km/h) which adds an immense amount to the atmosphere of the line. The sight of the assistant driver wearing his gauntlet, glove and goggles and then leaning out of the cab to collect the token for the next section which is contained in a leather pouch on a wicker hoop is absolutely fascinating and a joy to watch. The locos are fitted with a primitive token catching arrangement but this is not used as it is too unreliable and the token bounces off too frequently. So it is up to the men riding their Steel Stallions to literally risk their limbs to run the railway. The further the line twisted up into the hills the more and more we were forced to think about Greece and the northbound climb out of Lianokladi. Although not as stiff, this climb is much longer and in many respects more scenic, running through an area hardly served by roads - a cross between Rannoch Moor and Lianokladi with rugged rocky hills and the odd horseshoe curve thrown in for good measure. As Apurva says, this is the best place to hear the voice of the king WDM 2 climbing the high Sahyadri mountains and making it's way through an almost unreal and desolate landscape. The line was realigned during the re-gauging (broad gauge opened in 1971) but much of the old metre gauge infrastructure is still visible including a few viaducts. The summit at Wathar (799.99 m above MSL) is also the highest point on the South Central Railway. Having now seen this section of the line in daylight we scoured the timetable for an excuse to do another run across this section. Perfectly timed local trains were available for a nice double back to Adarki so we leapt off at Jarandeswar. Ran about 200 m up the ballast for a lovely shot of 18976 doing it's best to eclipse the sun departing for Kolhapur. During the wait for the local passenger train we were shown the workings of a token machine by the Stationmaster (in India the Stationmaster has responsibility for the operation of the sections each side of him. The signalmen are merely there to operate signals and points). After the sky-darkening departure of 18976 from Jarandeswar the crew of 18925 were primed to give us an equally impressive departure from Adarki. Unfortunately not too impressive but after departing the station the line sweeps round in a right-hand horseshoe curve and runs down the opposite side of the valley. When the loco was opposite the station the driver obliged by providing some black smoke to add to the already impressive backdrop! Instructions were then issued by walkie-talkie to the crew of the incoming train who then also obliged, again providing is with some lovely side-on phots. At Wathar an omelette and chips was consumed in true Greek style in the buffet before an excellent fast run back towards Pune with 17477 of Bangalore shed subbing for a Guntakal loco. Excellent and prolonged use of the dynamic brakes! Leapt off at the last station before Pune, Ghorpuri which is adjacent to Pune shed. Apurva had kindly arranged for an official shed visit as well as springing his surprise on us; an interview and photo session with a Reporter from the "Times of India" who was a friend of Apurva's. The depot tour was conducted by the shed manager and was followed by a photo shoot with the members of the group lining the running plates of 14818 (WDG2). We returned to the hotel for a further group chat with the reporter before adjourning to the hotel brasserie for an excellent meal. A superb day, possibly the best of the holiday for me. Day 20: Saturday 9th December I was very reluctant to leave the comfort of Le Meridien hotel this morning. A very comfortable hotel indeed. Apurva turned out to bid us farewell after our very short visit to Pune and surroundings. I think it is safe to say that I will be back to Pune in the future. The local passenger to Daund was quite fast with good Notch 8 acceleration and equally good use of dynamics (although not matching yesterdays spectacular efforts!). Passed a rake of Indian double-deck stock heading westbound to Pune. Even the double-deck stock has bars on the windows! Whiled away the wait at Daund by wandering off the end of the platform and into the yard to photograph a narrow gauge ZDM4/A and two coaches on transporter wagons. The 22 coach "Karnataka Express" and it's pair of Itarsi WDM2s duly appeared half an hour late for the long run up to Itarsi where the locos are scheduled to be replaced by electric traction. Again unfortunately our coach was virtually at the rear of the train but we were able to take many photos of the train curving through the desolate countryside towards Manmad. This again reminded me very strongly of South Africa. Yet more semaphore signals in evidence (lower quadrant) at every station along the line to Manmad. The sight of the local vendors attending train at every opportunity when the train stopped made the whole scene very colourful and diverse and I used the opportunity to take a few atmospheric photographs. A 45 minute early arrival at Manmad Jn allowed time for Peta to take a seminar phot of the 8 "mad" men under the Manman station sign before a prolonged stroll around the station for some diesel phots (camera beginning to go into motor-wind mode now). From here it was a long and mostly fast run "under the wires" to Itarsi. En route we passed two southbound workings also running with diesel power. The WDM2s were removed at Itarsi (as booked) and Rob did the honours of walking up 19 coaches and back during the 15 minute stop to find out which exciting electric (yawn) had replaced them while the rest of us slept. Just for the record the WAP4 broke a run of 58 consecutive runs behind Alco's over a period of 13 days. Day 21: Sunday 10th December Today proved to be full of "Agra-vation"! We were hassled by touts the moment we set foot on Agra Cantt Jn platform with the usual "taxi, taxi mister? hotel mister? rickshaw, rickshaw mister?" We agreed a price with one of them and he told us to follow him off the platform as he knew a "short cut" which started to make us somewhat suspicious. Within seconds baton-wielding Police were chasing the him off the station making us even more suspicious. Why were the police being so forceful here? We were aware that Agra is "scam-city" but this just made us think that absolutely everyone was out to fleece you. We wondered if we just been saved from some scam? Once the commotion had died down and we had fought our way across the station and out onto the station forecourt into the sea of jabbering taxi and Bajaj wallahs we saw that the touts are simply not allowed on the platform. Here outside on the forecourt the Police just weren't interested and leave the tourists at the mercy of the melee of touts. Eventually we managed to sort out two taxis to hotel ending up with the first guy who approached us on the platform anyway! He seemed pretty insistent to his colleagues that we were "his" and whenever anyone lowered the price he lowered his price too! Clark's Shiraz Hotel was set in nice gardens in a quiet road although it was situated just down from a Barracks! Quick shower and breakfast before hiring two of the hotel's cars for a few hours to take us not only to the infamous Taj Mahal ("the zenith of Moghul architecture") but also the equally infamous Agra Fort station. OK maybe Agra Fort station is not quite in the same league. The cars dropped us at one of the car parks and we were immediately surrounded by touts selling everything from Taj Mahal lighters and Taj Mahal T-shirts through to tacky looking Taj Mahal wooden elephants. No, no, thrice no! We don't want any of this rubbish!! But these gentlemen have been to the "Phillip Wormald School Of No Is Not An Answer" and followed us to one of the environmentally-friendly battery-driven shuttle buses which shuttle tourists from the car parks to the gates of the Taj in a laughable attempt to reduce air pollution. Of course the buses also charge a nominal fee of a few Rupees. The somewhat more extortionate entry fee to the Taj itself is a joke. Locals are charged 10 Rupees (except on Friday when it is free but the crowds immense), Non-Indians are charged a mere 96 TIMES that - 960 Rupees. Well actually, $10 + RS 500 to be more precise. But then one is consoled by the fact that this "special" ticket is supposedly valid for a number of tourist attractions in the Agra area including Agra Fort. Anyway this was definitely a case of we've come this far so we're not going back now. Not even the tightest Scotsman can come all the way to the Taj and refuse to go in because of a few quid although Richard almost did (just kidding). Quick history lesson: The Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan to enshrine the body of his favourite wife who died after giving birth to her 14th child in 1631 (What did they do before the invention of TV?). It took 21 years to build and material was brought from all over Asia. History then tells of the Shah being ousted from power (by his Son) and imprisoned just along the river in Agra Fort and the Romantics would have us believe that he spent the rest of his days "gazing wistfully at the Taj Mahal". However, history appears to be somewhat less romantic and states that he actually died in 1666 from an overdose of Opium and Aphrodisiacs during an orgy at the ripe old age of 74!! But I digress. Getting the tickets was not a problem, actually getting into the Taj is more akin to boarding a plane after a major security alert. No mobile phones, No food, No lighters, No tripods (?) etc etc. My small rucksack was searched and declared fit to enter with the guard missing mobile phone, a penknife, food, very dubious looking SIGG water bottle which could easily be a small bomb AND small tripod because he didn't bother to search the two side pockets! Several others weren't quite so lucky having to deposit phones, packets of crisps, batteries and tripods with the Left Luggage Office. Once inside we were followed by a "Guide" who introduced himself to us and offered his services for 50 Rupees/person. We said "no thank you", very politely but he still persisted in following us around, telling us how symmetrical the layout of the Taj is and annoyingly where the "best" photos could be taken from. We did our best to avoid him with little success. He too had visited the "Phillip Wormald School Of No Is Not An Answer". The Taj Mahal is indeed a very beautiful (and symmetrical) building in very beautiful (and symmetrical) gardens but a very thorough (and symmetrical?) knowledge of the Koran and Muslim Faith is required to appreciate the "Perfection" of the design. The classic (and symmetrical) photographic image of the Taj surrounded by (symmetrical) water-filled ornamental "rivers" (depicting water, milk, wine and honey) allowing even more symmetry were not available as the ponds were dry. Apparently they are only filled on special occasions. We left the (non-symmetrical) hordes of Japanese tourists queueing to have their photos taken on "that" marble bench that Princess Diana made even more famous a few years ago. The items were recovered from the (definitely non-symmetrical) Left Luggage Office and we finally managed to lose our "Guide" who was last heard saying something about symmetry. We returned to the cars and made our way to the huge red sandstone Agra Fort which is just along the river Yamuna from the Taj Mahal. Here we discovered that we would have to pay another $10 to enter the Fort as our "special" ticket only covered the 500 Rupee part of the two-tier entry price. We wandered around the outside of the Fort which does actually look quite impressive before deciding we were really bored of being Tourists and it was time to return to the railways. Agra Fort station nestles between the sandstone Fort and the Jami Masjid mosque and boasts an overall roof which reminded me of Huddersfield for some reason. It consists of a single broad gauge electrified platform and three metre gauge platforms. 6442 was spluttering away at the head of 14.10 departure for Gonda Jn. Very nice backdrop in the shape of the 17th Century Mosque making the YDM4 look ancient. 6442 spluttered out of the station with 9 absolutely heaving coaches and headed off slowly through the absolutely rancid slums of Agra. Once clear of the city the journey became much more rural and pleasant with several locals travelling on the roof as we spluttered our way through the flat countryside. The unlikely location of Achnera Jn must boast one of the finest collections of lower quadrant semaphores I have ever seen including two outrageous gantries at the west end of the station. We positioned ourselves at the west end of the station to photograph the YDM4 leaving but within minutes a crowd of the local kids had swamped us, excited at the sight of camera-wielding strangers off the beaten tourist track. Once the novelty had worn off (for us) we tried in vain to persuade the assembled masses to refrain from wandering into our viewfinders. It wouldn't have been so bad had they stayed in one place but when we moved they followed us and insisted on surrounding us. In the end I had to resort to using a zoom lens to get them out of the picture. The departure of 6442 was to be followed by 6334 on a local passenger so we wandered further down the track to phot this departure passing the splendid gantries. Naturally our new found friends followed. The scene must have been reminiscent of the days of the "Pied Piper of Hamlin" as we led about 70 jabbering kids and juveniles down the ballast and attempted to find a suitable location. Rob did his best to organise the kids under one of the gantries for a phot but no sooner would he turn his back and retreat to take the phot than the kids would follow him. Communication was pointless! One of the kids then appeared with a cricket bat and ball and invited us to join in an impromptu cricket match. Rob and I accepted, the others decided to view from the sidelines. And so Rob and myself found ourselves opening the batting for the "British Metre Gauge XI" against "Achnera Junction Boys XI". For the Cricket-Lovers it should definitely be noted that this game was probably the first in cricketing history which had to be abandoned due to good light (and associated photting conditions!). The photo of 6334 on the "local" would have been an absolute classic had it not been for the dozens of kids wandering around in front of the cameras. Oh well, can't win them all. It was a wonderful experience all the same. Mark and Alastair arrived at Achnera on 6346 and got off in disgust because it was staggering badly. We bailed on and went as far as we could to Chikasana which is a former loop in the middle of some fields. Many photos of 6346 receding into the distance with groups of passengers on the roof. Station became a temporarily staffed halt as a local appeared to sell tickets to intending travellers. Even though we had Indrail Passes I bought 4 singles to Agra Fort as souvenirs at the outrageous price of 8 Rupees each. The run back to Agra Fort with 6528 was nothing special. We were all keen to get back now, especially as we had discovered that it really can get cold in India once the sun disappears. A light sweater or sweatshirt was definitely required. The Bajaj ride back to hotel produced the most clapped-out vehicle of the whole holiday. It was a real stagger with Richard, Rob, Mark and myself crammed inside. It had to be pushed out of the dirt up onto the road before we could set off, almost shooting straight out in front of an oncoming bus in the process! It spluttered and staggered it's way back to the hotel and almost gave up the ghost completely within sight of the hotel grounds. The scene would have been perfect had it fallen to pieces after we stepped out. Dined in excellent hotel restaurant eating an Indian meal with accompanying traditional music overlooking an Indian wedding 5 floors below us in the hotel gardens. Day 22: Monday 11th December The last day! Up before the dawn today and rather glad to leave the hassle of Agra behind. The only available taxi had to do two runs to the station. Rather pleased to find that our suspected WDP1 under the wires to Delhi had actually produced a diesel, although it was a WDM2. The intended move via Jaipur was forgotten in favour of a run up the main line to New Delhi which meant the rest of the party were closer to Delhi airport just in case any riots occurred with the railways. The run started off well but it seemed that the nearer we got to Delhi the slower the train became. We were looped at Ballabgarh running around 30 minutes early for a Rajdhani to pass enabling me to get a photo of the Tughlakabad WDM2. The remaining 36 kms into New Delhi were covered at speeds that a horse and cart could have improved upon. Passing the suburban station of Tilak Bridge meant that we had finally completed our circle around India. We eventually arrived on time and wandered out of the station into the Paharganj area of the city directly to the west of the station and headed for a hotel that Phil and some others had seen on our previous visit to Delhi. The hotel staff were somewhat taken aback when confronted by 9 people wanting one room. But we explained it was only for the bags and we wouldn't be staying overnight they agreed charging us the rate for a double room for one night. Mark and I spent an hour or so on one of the 90+ internet terminals available in this hotel whilst the others dined in the hotel restaurant. Just after 13.00 Mark and I left the hotel and headed back for New Delhi station leaving the rest still waiting for their lunch to arrive! We had hoped for another WDM2c on train 4258 which was the train we headed out of New Delhi on nearly three weeks previously. Strangely today it was a standard WDM2. The others arrived just before departure and we all squeezed into one of the front two or three coaches. In situations like this we always have an advantage because we don't necessarily want a seat and are more than happy to stand at the doors. Mark, Rob and myself were heading out to Hapur Jn to cover a WDS4 turn which runs cross country for about 80 kms but due to track and re-signalling work between Ghaziabad Jn and Hapur Jn we were over 40 minutes late by the time we arrived and we had long since missed our intended train. Fortunately there was a late-running Express from Guwahati heading back towards Delhi which we scrambled aboard as it started to move. 17113 was an absolute Beast kicking out a screen of brown clag when it opened up, on one occasion literally producing a wall of clag which the train then had to pass through. Train 4645 was full and standing when it arrived at Ghaziabad Jn and there were hordes of people waiting to get on. We approached the Guard to see if a combination of Mark's microphone and Rob's Driver ID Card would convince him to let us join him in his compartment. After staring at both for several minutes he seemed to agree so we clambered aboard relieved to not be clinging to the outside of the train. We had expected to meet up with the others at some point behind 15509 but they were spotted heading in the other direction towards Delhi having had enough for today and wanting food. 15509 suffered from the same "screech" as 16857 out of Ernakulam Jn., again only when near full power but this time slightly more subdued. 15509 had a nice crisp exhaust note. Off with most of the rest of the Delhi commuters at Modi Nagar. The return train was running late and we as the sun set and the temperature dropped boredom set in and we found ourselves for the first time in the holiday wishing we were back in the hotel. We eventually wandered off the end of the platform and into the narrow alleyways of Modi Nagar. It was like being transported into a different world, dozens of little shops selling numerous items or people at work with wood or cloth all lit by simple light bulbs. Water running in open sewers down each side of the alley. Not many tourists come down these alleyways judging by the looks that we got. It would have been easy to get lost in the maze of alleyways so we retraced our steps to the platform and continued our wait in the increasing cold of the evening. Be warned temperatures in this area can drop as low as 6 or 7 degrees Celsius during the night at this time of year. I was beginning to wish I hadn't left my sweatshirt in my rucksack at the hotel. Fortunately just as we were contemplating searching for a taxi back to Delhi 16502 appeared running about one hour late. We climbed into the dark coach and stood in the vestibule. It was strange, all the windows were shut and it was pitch black inside. Only when we started moving did the lights come on and we could see the mass of Indians huddled in blankets trying to keep warm. Space was very quickly and politely made for us to sit down and so we travelled in relative silence back to Delhi Jn with very little noise coming from the inside of the coach and just the subdued thrash from the WDM2 to entertain us. Back at Delhi it was time to find a final Bajaj for the run back across the city to the hotel. This time we had the tuned version and a driver who was India's answer to Michael Schumacher. Met up with the rest of the group at the hotel and after a quick freshen up we were ready to head for the Airport and back to "Civilisation". I had asked the taxi driver to drop me off at another hotel as I was staying the night in Delhi before heading back to Jamshedpur the following morning. Despite repeating the request three times and showing him the address and seeing him nod he still insisted on taking me to the Airport with the others and was most confused when I asked him to take me back to a hotel in Delhi City! A brief but heated discussion with him via the Receptionist after arrival at the hotel quickly cleared the situation up and he actually apologised. I settled down for a decent night's sleep but was quickly woken by the cold!!....and Delhi's hotels are NOT fitted with heating. Tuesday 12th December 2000 The rest of the party had headed back to the UK courtesy of Austrian Airlines. I headed back to work for a couple of days. Indian Airlines A320 to Ranchi which is in the middle of nowhere and still a 3 hour drive from site along Indian roads! Friday 15th December 2000 Finally time for me to go home!! Managed to get away from work quickly and back to Calcutta airport via Howrah and a night in a hotel in Calcutta which gave me time to pay another visit to the Circle Line and Sealdah to chase a few WDM2s. Taxi from hotel to Prinsep Ghat station to find 16409 was in the middle of a push/pull rake heading to Hasnabad on the Bangladesh border. "Dumped" nicely along the riverfront through the crowded bazaars, between parked lorries and buses. Train was absolutely heaving by the time it rolled into Dum Dum Jn. where I squeezed off and made a minus onto a similar push/pull working into Calcutta Sealdah terminus which was mobbed as usual. Out again on the first possible departure which just happened to be on load 18. Storming run which included thrashing non-stop through Dum Dum Jn. with the driver on the horn for at least two minutes. North of Dum Dum Jn. the fast lines parallel the slow lines which are used by the hopelessly overcrowded suburban e.m.u.'s. Lots of exchanging of horn blasts between drivers as we stormed past several e.m.u's. Leapt off at Naihati Jn for the following WDM2 which was taken to Ranaghat Jn. where I managed to squeeze on an unidentified working back to Dum Dum Jn. The service north of Ranaghat Jn. towards Lalgonda was disrupted due to flood damage caused during the monsoon season a few months earlier. No-one seemed to know how long the disruption would last. Back onto the Circular Line at Dum Dum Jn. with another 0-6-0 WDS4D which spluttered along nicely. For some reason train was terminated at the outrageously named station of B.B.D.Bag from where I caught a Bajaj back to the hotel for the night. Saturday 16th December 2000 Tourist day in Calcutta. Went for long walk amongst the markets, bazaars and fumes and got through over two films in the space of as many hours. Taxi to the Airport for another Indian Airlines A300 back across to Delhi. Sunday 17th December 2000 Glad to finally get on board a Lufthansa 747-400 and head back home. Asleep as soon as the plane was airborne and slept for most of the flight to Frankfurt which is hardly surprising considering the anti-social departure time of most flights from India heading back to Europe. Yet again a dud 747-400 AND a dud A321 on the connecting flight on to D�sseldorf. ← Back to trip report index

Review Abstract Background: In the last few years, several studies have focused on describing and understanding how virtual coaches (ie, coaching program or smart device aiming to provide coaching support through a variety of application contexts) could be key drivers for health promotion in home care settings. As there has been enormous technological progress in the field of artificial intelligence and data processing in the past decade, the use of virtual coaches gains an augmented attention in the considerations of medical innovations. Objective: This scoping review aimed at providing an overview of the applications of a virtual coach in the clinical field. In particular, the review focused on the papers that provide tangible information for coaching activities with an active implication for engaging and guiding patients who have an ongoing plan of care. Methods: We aimed to investigate the use of the term virtual coach in the clinical field performing a methodical review of the relevant literature indexed on PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases to find virtual coach papers focused on specific activities dealing with clinical or medical contexts, excluding those aimed at surgical settings or electronic learning purposes. Results: After a careful revision of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 46 records were selected for the full-text review. Most of the identified articles directly or indirectly addressed the topic of physical activity. Some papers were focused on the use of virtual coaching (VC) to manage overweight or nutritional issues. Other papers dealt with technological interfaces to facilitate interactions with patients suffering from different chronic clinical conditions such as heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression, and chronic pain. Conclusions: Although physical activity is a healthy practice that is most encouraged by a virtual coach system, in the current scenario, rehabilitation is the great absentee. This paper gives an overview of the tangible applications of this tool in the medical field and may inspire new ideas for future research on VC. doi:10.2196/12805 Keywords Introduction Background Virtual coaches are seen as key drivers for health promotion in home care settings. Concurrently, against the background of demographic development, the continuity of care from the professional environment into the home has become critical to ensure patients’ quality of life and to optimize the economics of medical and social treatments. Nowadays, 1 out of 6 people in the European Union (EU) has a disability []. Over one-third of people older than 75 years old have disabilities that restrict them to some extent [ ]. Acute disease episodes such as stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, heart attack, or diabetes cause most long-term disabilities and entail very costly care processes. In industrialized countries, stroke is the third major cause of death and the most frequent reason for neurological disability [ ]. Rehabilitation is a process by which a patient follows a care plan, first in a protected environment (ie, clinic or rehabilitation center) and second at home, the latter case requiring a tutor. The current evidence shows that home-based programs are effective [ ], especially in terms of exercise capacity and health-related quality of life, offering comparable benefits to hospital-based programs [ ]. As there has been enormous progress in the fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and data processing in the past decade, the use of virtual coaches has gained increasing attention in the considerations of medical innovations. The term virtual coach refers to a coaching program or smart device aimed at providing coaching support through a variety of applications. The virtual coach will be able to personalize and adapt goals according to the progress achieved by the user in their recovery from their impairments or disabilities. It is broadly defined as any form of coaching using electronic media, including or excluding input from a real (human) coach. The virtual coaches guide and train users through a set of tasks, with the aim of supporting positive actions or assisting in learning new skills. For example, virtual coaches could help users to define and preserve a fitness program, suggest problem-solving skills training, or advise patients with specific medical conditions [- ]. The latest technological developments have shown promise as effective, accessible, and cost-effective solutions. Recent research about the use of embodied conversational agents (ECAs; ie, a computer-generated cartoonlike character, with the ability to produce and respond to verbal and nonverbal communication) has shown that users can efficaciously form a working alliance relationship with a nonhuman agent (ie, a virtual coach) []. Virtual coaching (VC) is becoming increasingly important in medical care and in health-related research investments. For example, the recent EU’s Horizon 2020 research framework program funded several projects on VC through a specific call entitled “Personalised coaching for well-being and care of people as they age” []. The primary objective of this call was the development of VC solutions that provide personalized advice, guidance, and follow-up support for key age-related issues of daily life that sustain a person’s abilities to remain active and independent (eg, diet, physical activity, risk avoidance, and overall wellness). Objectives Currently, VC for rehabilitation support in the home environment is still in its initial phases of development from the technical, organizational, medical, and ethical points of view. It is of the foremost importance to provide a terminological and conceptual foundation for this new field. Therefore, we sought to investigate the use of the term virtual coach in the clinical field by performing a methodical review of the relevant literature on VC. Pretests of the body of literature for finding a suitable review method revealed a variety of VC approaches, conversational agents and avatar applications, study designs, diseases, and outcome measures, such that the approach of a traditional systematic review appeared inappropriate. We decided to use the scoping review method [] to map the key concepts behind a research area as well as the main sources and types of evidence that are available [ ]. In addition, we wished to underline that, during the investigative process, we focused on coaching activities intended as innovative modalities designed to engage and guide patients who have an ongoing plan of care. This review can be used as a starting point by clinical researchers and clinicians interested in VC, revealing the potential of VC systems in the clinical domain, and supporting the understanding of the essential components of such interventions. Methods Search Strategy We chose to adopt and follow the Arksey and O'Malley scoping review methodology []. The literature review was conducted on the PubMed [ ], Scopus [ ], and Embase [ ] databases to find VC papers focused on the medical domain. Studies were collected up to July 2019. Considering the main key concept for our research, specifically a coaching program or smart device aimed at providing coaching support through a variety of applications, we identified the relevant key words (namely, virtual coach and virtual trainer) for an initial search strategy. These keywords were then refined and used for the identification of related terms. Thus, the final keywords were as follows (syntax was adjusted for each database as necessary): “virtual coach” (OR “virtual coach interventions” OR “virtual coaching”); “virtual trainer”; “virtual training” (OR “virtual training platform” OR “virtual training system”); “virtual therapist”; “virtual nurse”; “virtual agent”; “embodied conversational agent”; “avatar assisted therapy” (OR “avatar mediated training” OR “avatar therapy”); “e coach.” In addition, wildcard symbols, such as hyphens or inverted commas, were used to consider all possible variations of root words (eg, plural). Limiting categorical area terms were used for the Scopus database: Medicine, Health Professions, and Psychology. Only published journal papers written in English were included, but there was no limitation regarding the publication date. In addition to the electronic database search, a manual search was performed in JMIR for issues dated up to July 2019. Moreover, we carefully checked references to each article we found to avoid missing relevant papers not identified in the electronic search (namely, handsearching). Two authors (PT and IS) conducted the literature search, and they stored the references in a spreadsheet program, removing duplicates. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria In a second step, after electronic searching and handsearching, we used the titles and abstracts of the identified articles to check their pertinence to the medical domain. At this step, we selected papers that focused on specific VC activities dealing with clinical or medical contexts, excluding those aimed at surgical settings or electronic learning (e-learning) purposes. The preselected abstracts were considered for full-text analysis if the related VC had a reasonable sense of agency, with some extent of autonomous behavior able to exhibit some form of reasoning. Furthermore, 3 reviewers (PT, IS, and MCo) independently examined the search results of possible relevant papers. Consensus rounds were used to solve disagreements in the selection. Full-Text Assessment Publications that satisfied the initial inclusion and exclusion criteria were downloaded into bibliography manager software [] for further screening toward a deeper investigation of the same, previous listed inclusion and exclusion criteria. To meet the objectives of this scoping review, we gathered the following information from each paper: (1) clinical field of application, (2) interface used, (3) study typology, (4) type and number of enrolled participants, (5) intervention duration, (6) study aim or purpose, (7) outcome measurement, and (8) overall conclusions. Data were summarized in a descriptive form. A quantitative assessment was attempted, but the wide heterogeneity in the study design, instrumental technologies, characteristics of the studied subjects, and analytical methods adopted in the studies prevented any type of meta-analysis of data. Results Quantitative Results and Overview). After reading the titles and the abstracts, 309 records clearly did not meet our eligibility criteria; the 89 remaining records were selected to undergo further analysis. Several articles were related to clinical aspects; however, they were not focused on specific coaching activities. Therefore, we further excluded 49 records that did not meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria for full-text assessment. In detail, 27 papers were excluded because they were related to mere virtual training approaches, without any implication on coaching activities or clinical applications, 8 analyzed e-learning platforms, and 6 were related to emotional aspects of ECA (nondirectly related to clinical interaction). In addition, 3 were excluded because they presented a model of user-interface communication services, 2 were only related to reminder or agenda services, 2 presented the analysis of interactions between users and commercial virtual environments, and 1 was a review on behavioral changes. In addition, using handsearching, we retrieved 6 additional records, 1 of which was a conference paper previously not included by automatic research. After a careful revision of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 49 records were finally selected to undergo the full-text review. In addition, 16 of the 46 studies selected were clustered as randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 21 as exploratory studies, 5 as review articles, and 5 as theoretical studies., showing the distribution in time of the selected 46 scientific articles in terms of their publication date (ranging from 2005 to July 2019), reflects a noteworthy increase in interest regarding the use of VC in the clinical setting in the last few years. - summarize the main features of the identified scientific articles on VC.- summarize the main features of the identified scientific articles on VC. aECA: embodied conversational agent. aIPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire. We identified 5 reviews on VC. To define the fundamentals and elementary components of the term virtual coach, we first analyzed the reference paper by Ding et al []. Recently, another review examined electronic health (eHealth) interventions with the combined use of self-tracking and persuasive electronic coaching (eCoaching) [ ]. In the psychiatric field, 2 reviews were focused on the use of ECA in psychotherapy [ ] and the use of conversational agents for benefits in psychoeducation and self-adherence in the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of mental illnesses [ ]. Another recent review identified some technological systems that could rehabilitate elderly patients with insomnia, including virtual coaches [ ]. Regarding their clinical fields of application for VC, most of the identified articles classified as RCTs directly or indirectly addressed the topic of physical activity [- , , ]. Some RCTs were mainly focused on the use of VC to manage being overweight [ , , ] or nutritional issues [ ] instead of physical activity. Other RCTs dealt with technological interfaces to facilitate interactions with patients suffering from different chronic clinical conditions such as heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [ ], depression and chronic pain [ ] or therapy adherence [ , ]. Similar usage contexts, namely physical activity [ , , , , , ], nutrition [ ], and chronic condition [ , , , , , , ], were also found in most exploratory studies. Finally, we also identified other interesting exploratory studies that evaluated the psychological effects [ , ] and the psychoeducational benefits of VC for the users [ , , ]. Conversely, we identified several scientific articles that highlighted the growing interest in the use of computer-based ECAs for clinical purposes, both in the context of physical activity [- , - , , , , , ] and psychological applications [ , , , , , ] ( ). Moreover, the ECAs that simulated the key features of a human conversation have also been the subject of a scoping review centered on clinical psychology [ ] and 5 theoretical articles focusing on their modeling and architecture [ - ]. shows the distribution of the clinical conditions treated in the 46 studies. aECA: embodied conversational agent. bMissing data. aNot applicable. be-coach: electronic coach. cECA: embodied conversational agent. Definition of Virtual Coach Overview The term virtual coach was firstly used in the athletic context during the 1950s, in reference to sporting coaches that were leading the teams behind the scenes or over distance. The earliest medically oriented usage of Virtual Coach was in 1997 in an operating room for guiding a nonstandard surgical procedure. Nowadays, the term virtual coach is a specific technological concept referring to ad hoc platforms comprised of one or more devices with a dedicated software that are used for training and coaching interventions. VC platforms use several tasks to support the learning of new activities and encourage positive or correct behavior. According to Ding et al, 4 components (ie, self-monitoring, context awareness, coaching strategy, and interface modality) define the space of action of such interventions and address when, how, and what message, feedback, and stimuli to deliver. Self-Monitoring This could be defined as the observation and recording of a specific activity or a specific condition, related to personal and physical information (eg, activity levels, calorie intake, and weight). Self-monitoring is performed (also in real time) with a wide variety of sensors that allow the tracking of the user performance, triggering messages to the user only when they are necessary and relevant. Context Awareness This consists of a collection of specific contextual parameters (eg, location, time, identity, and activity) and of the responsiveness to an interruption of a task based on that contextual information. However, many more factors, such as the emotional state of the user and the reason and modality of the interruption, are crucially linked to the responsiveness []. Sensor technologies combined with VC algorithms empower a system to improve the identification of contextual elements (eg, location and user activity), optimizing the identification of activity discontinuation by the user and delivering prompt messages in appropriate moments. Coaching Strategy A coaching strategy selects which kind of content should be contained in each message delivered to the user, distinguishing general versus specific messages and the incorporation of proper emotional effects within them. The strategy also aims to perform a dynamic adaptation of the activities to the needs, performance, and improvements of the user, which are collected through the two self-monitoring and context awareness phases. Due to the adaptation, the annoying effect could be avoided and the user may be more confident in their use of the system. Moreover, positive messages may help to reinforce the performance, comfort, and interest in using the system. Conversely, the use of negative feedback and messages should be limited as they are normally inappropriate and the aim is to decrease errors. Interface Modality This includes the different kinds of interfaces (ie, visual, auditory, and tactile) that can be used to deliver coaching messages to users. As matter of fact, ECAs have become the most popular interface because of increasing innovations in the field of computer graphics. ECA interfaces could be very different, ranging from simple animated characters to humanlike or animal-like entities, talking animals, or many other varying forms. One of the common trends is to design animated humanlike agents and then characterize them with a great heterogeneity of features, from its gender, aesthetics, and voice to its personality and behavioral patterns. Interaction Between Virtual Coach and the User As previously mentioned, the ability to provide coaching messages in a way that is personalized both to the user and the situation will likely develop a trustworthy relationship between the VC platform and the user, improving the acceptance and effectiveness of the technology. In this context, the interaction between the virtual coach and the user acquires a priority role. From the analyses of the literature, a description of the interaction between VC and users was found as the relevant topic. Several articles examined this theme in depth [, , , , , , ]. The most comprehensive description of the interaction between VC and users was proposed by Watson et al [ ]. In their study, they suggested several steps to organize VC-user communication as a structured process: (1) opening with salutation and social contact; (2) proceeding to review of data acquired, feedback, and goal setting; (3) advice about specific topics (eg, activities and diet); (4) guarantee to time of next contact; and (5) ending with encouragement and farewell. Moreover, the structure and format of the dialogue, together with the content of individual expressions, needs to be personalized according to the users’ progress in the system, their current status, and the speech context []. An acceptable interface for communication should be able to distinguish the communicative and social attitudes of users, and adjust the dialogue and the interaction style accordingly [ ]. Due to this personalization, individuals who did not reach their proposed objectives or who had a different attitude towards the communication would have had a different interaction than those who met their goals. The ability to provide personalized feedback and support, in an interactive manner, was the most successful coaching feature [ ]. According to Kreps et al [], the success of health communication interaction depends upon multiple factors, including the accuracy, timeliness, fidelity, persuasiveness, and sensitivity of messages exchanged. In addition, the immediacy is a critical factor in determining whether communication processes work and could help users to work together to achieve important health goals [ ]. A group of 20 out of 46 revised papers (seeand and ) used the human ECAs as interface modality of VC. Provoost et al [ ] published a scoping review about the use of the ECA in the field of clinical psychology. The authors defined the concept of an ECA via the classification of the roles, characteristics, and skills of these interfaces. Thus, the ECA consists of 3 components: - the interface that allows users to communicate with the ECA (eg, from Web-based questionnaires to real-time audio and video input); - the algorithm that consists of the mental capacities of the ECA, allowing the ECA to react empathically with users; - the so-called embodiment (or visual representation) of the ECA, meaning how it appears (eg, humanoid, toylike, photograph, or fantasy). The look of the ECA is also defined by the way in which it communicates with users (eg, verbally vs nonverbally, text messages vs speech, and with or without gestures and facial expressions). The authors also categorized the way in which information was conveyed: ECA and users could communicate with each other through speech, facial expressions and eye gaze, hand and body gestures, or simply text []. The negative experience performed by Friederich et al [ ] corroborated the relevance of considering the multiple verbal and nonverbal communication modalities when designing ECAs. In the cited paper, the avatar, with limited relational skills and unable to respond in gestures to the user’s state and input, was not able to enhance the intervention and therefore did not increase the intervention’s impact. Simulating facial expressions and eye gaze (face-to-face conversation) is particularly important in health care when dealing with users with low literacy because in those cases, face-to-face encounters with health providers remain the most effective interaction modalities []. Regarding the aesthetical characteristics of the ECA, it is important to state that the level of trustworthiness is increased by the personification of the agent. The most recent systems incorporate bots, games, and simulated environments to talking/thinking/teaching ECAs, allowing them to understand the effect of different features of the system on human acceptability, understanding, and learning [ ]. The effects of mimicry on likability in human-ECA interaction were tested to investigate whether visual cues displayed appropriate signals than those in the no-mimicking condition. Similarly, the effect of the ECA’s facial gestures (ie, smiling, winking, and rolling eyes) was investigated in a parallel experiment to understand whether comprehension of a story was increased when recited by an ECA with facial expressiveness [ ]. Expressive facial gestures may aid learning through increased redundancy and increased cognitive load. In contrast with this, it is reported that some users experienced a phenomenon referred to as the uncanny valley [ ], where the general trustworthiness of the agent negatively correlates with the degree of visual realism of the ECA form. In other words, ECAs that are more cartoonish are perceived as more acceptable and effectively realistic than more visually realistic ones [ ]. Regarding the social aspects of ECAs, it is worth mentioning that one of the selected articles described 4 social roles for ECAs []: (1) the social interaction partner aims to engage in an interaction with the user to improve specific social skills, (2) the tutor aims to teach something, (3) the coach aims to motivate and engage the user, and (4) the health care provider aims to simulate the behavior of a health care provider. In addition, a pilot study evaluated how older adults could interact with a pet avatar []. This study examined the perceived acceptance and utility of a tablet-based conversational agent in the form of a pet avatar that was used by older adults over 3 months ,during daily interactions. The results disclosed that this interface (ie, a digital pet) could provide older adults with companionship and enhance social interaction. In conclusion, studies indicate that ECAs have the following benefits: - Social interaction: relations between a human being and a machine are social; an avatar supports contact in a natural way, like with other human beings. - User attention: animated characters can attract the user’s attention. - Real simulation: embodied relational agents provide the illusion of liveliness and interacting with a real person. - Body language information: facial expressions of the avatar contain a lot of information. - Trustworthiness and believability: the level of trustworthiness is amplified by the humanization of the ECA; a realistic face seems to be rated as more intelligent, engaging, and likeable. Medical Care Sectors Summary The analysis of the literature showed that the application of the VC has involved different areas of the medical domain, which allowed us to address the problem from different angles. In particular, the studies evaluated specific topics, such as physical activity and nutritional regimen, or wider contexts linked to the reduction of the risk of illness. The following are the main topics covered. Lifestyle: Physical Activity The physical activity of adults and elderly people is increasingly recognized as an essential lifestyle behavior in maintaining health and preventing diseases. Therefore, it is not surprising that many articles have tried to introduce an automated exercise promotion system to support motor activity in healthy or overweight elderly subjects. At the beginning of this decade, Segerståhl and Oinas-Kukkonen [] supported the idea that physical exercise monitoring systems could be improved by combining mobile and Web functionality. So, they conducted a qualitative field study with 30 participants using a heart rate monitor and a Web service in their training for 3 weeks. Despite the limitations of the study because of the lack of a control group, the authors showed that a system employing multiple modes of delivery may influence personal exercise monitoring as perceived by users, and highlighted the importance of future developments of intelligent coaching that can provide useful and personalized information. Indeed, keeping an optimal physical status is a critical issue in an ageing society. Hui et al [ ] tested the effectiveness of a Web-based virtual training system with ECAs to improve physical activity in a sample of middle-aged adults. The system was flexible and convenient for adults, especially for those with a busy work life. In a preliminary validation study, Fadhil et al [ ] discussed the outcome of a 1-month use of a conversational agent–assisted health coaching system designed to support health intervention delivery to individuals or groups, showing initial promising results in the engagement and adherence of users and the role of a conversational agent in delivering health-promoting activities. Among the elderly population, Bickmore et al [, ] evaluated the efficacy of an automated intervention with the ECA to improve physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption in sedentary older adults, showing an effective result at changing health behavior with this computer-based program. Regarding physical activity, results of the RCT demonstrated that participants who received the ECA intervention walked significantly more steps, recorded by a pedometer, than control participants at 2 months [ ]. In particular, the authors highlighted 2 fundamental factors on the success of physical activity promotion: the importance of face-to-face conversation, using voice, between the ECA and the participants, and their level of health literacy. A subsequent work by Friederich et al [ ] confirmed that the relational skills of the avatar are very important in strengthening the relationship with the user and may enhance intervention impact. In fact, they developed a Web-based physical activity intervention based on motivational interviewing that was done by an avatar positioned behind a desk in a small office ( , on right). The avatar communicated through text balloons, without the use of voice or nonverbal expressions such as empathic gestures and eye and head movements. Consequently, the avatar used in the study was not able to increase intervention effectiveness and the authors concluded that the action of a virtual coach with more complex relational skills had to be recommended for future research. In this context, King et al [ ] conceived a study design to evaluate the comparative effects of physical activity recommendations by humans or computers in unserved populations. The authors, confident of the results obtained by using a virtual advisor (ie, ECA) in a preliminary study [ ], hoped to obtain, through a comparative effectiveness trial, the confirmation that this program could offer a substantial potential to reduce the health disparities gap by influencing a key health behavior in underserved populations. In addition, a Web-based physical activity intervention was proposed to increase health and reduce risk factors in the elderly population. In several studies from the same group [, , ], an internet program aimed to increase physical activity and improve quality of life of inactive older adults using monitoring and feedback by accelerometers and digital coaching. The authors found that an internet-based physical activity program was effective in improving quality of life after 3 months, particularly in participants that reached their individually targeted increase in daily physical activity. More importantly, they also observed an improvement of objectively measured daily physical activity and metabolic health after a 3-month, Web-based, physical activity intervention. Such Web-based interventions provide new opportunities for large-scale prevention of chronic and metabolic diseases in the aging population. Similarly, in a preclinical exploratory trial [], an information technology–based training app that runs on tablets and monitors older people was used to follow personalized training plans autonomously at home, and to improve balance and strength in 44 older adults. The app seemed to assist and motivate the subjects to autonomously perform strength-balance exercises and increase their gait speed. The social motivation strategies were more effective at stimulating the participants to comply with the training plan and lowered the dropout rate. Lifestyle: Nutrition and Obesity Watson et al [] demonstrated a sustained level of activity in overweight adults provided with a VC in addition to a pedometer and Web-based feedback, compared with a decline seen in those without VC. Even the use of an electronic coach (e-coach) to support and help users has resulted in them keeping their weight under control [ , ], or the development of an intelligent virtual agent (ie, ECA) to persuade people to improve their eating habits [ ] has provided promising results. Limited experiences are documented in the context of nutrition education apps, which however seem to be potentially useful in providing effective prevention and health promotion programs for overweight children [ ]. To provide guidelines for the design of persuasive technologies for promoting regular exercise behavior, Oyibo et al [] conducted an empirical study on 659 subjects to uncover the determinants of the performance of bodyweight exercise behavior. After modeling 2 popular bodyweight exercise behaviors using a virtual coach, they showed that perceived self-efficacy and perceived social support are the strongest determinants of this exercise behavior. In a cohort of 10 patients with prediabetes, Srivastava et al [] recently offered a module consisting of a Web app supporting diabetes prevention education and a mobile app with an electronic diary and virtual coach. Thanks to an efficient review of user performance and the ability to send support notifications from the user’s coach or physician, the module reached a high success rate (60%), allowing patients at high risk for diabetes to be engaged in the process of lifestyle modification. Chronic Diseases VC could play a fundamental role for people with chronic diseases, providing them with support for the self-management of their problems at home. This explains why some authors have begun to evaluate the use of e-coaches in communities of no longer healthy subjects. In 2008, Allen et al [] developed an internet-based health coaching intervention to enhance patient-provider communication regarding 3 common conditions: chronic pain, depression, and impaired mobility. This efficient and low-cost approach offered an innovative opportunity to improve patient and clinician partnerships in managing chronic conditions. An internet-based health coaching intervention that can offer a significant benefit to many patients, but differs substantially from usual nursing care, was also implemented to empower patients toward collaborative self-management. Providing and evaluating the experience gathered within a community of patients with Crohn disease, Kreps et al [ ] showed that VCs and comfortable human-computer interfaces (based on user-centered AI approaches) could stimulate active information processing and adoption of new thoughts, such as motivation and behavior changes. A proof of concept of a pervasive gamified platform framework that is a combination of integrated sensors (wearables), a VC, and serious games in health care has been recently reported by Klaassen et al [ ]. Interestingly, they combined different technology components to promote positive health behaviors among young people with type 1 diabetes. Ritchie et al [] conducted a study on the use of the system and readmission outcomes of a pragmatic randomized trial of e-coach (as the VC was called in this paper). In the study, the system was used in a diverse sample of complex medical patients with congestive heart failure and COPD from a wide geographic region in the Southern United States. Although 30-day rehospitalization rates did not statistically differ between the e-coach and usual postdischarge care groups, in the COPD subgroup the e-coach was associated with significantly fewer days in the hospital. This indicated that interventions may need to be disease-specific to decrease rehospitalization rates and to ensure adequate postdischarge care. This study addressed the problem of how to manage care transition from the hospital to the home for people with two different critical illnesses. E-coach, supported by an interactive voice response (IVR) system, did not reduce the rehospitalization of these subjects. This evidence led the authors to conclude that, to date, a combination of an IVR and personal contact with the treating physician is the solution to that has the most beneficial effect on reducing preventable readmissions and providing optimal transitional support for these complex patients. In the cardiological field, Adams et al [ ] described a single case of a patient who was a powerlifter and returned to his sport after coronary artery bypass grafting with long-distance coaching by the cardiac rehabilitation staff. Through high-intensity training that was complemented by phone and email support, he lifted heavier loads than he had before the bypass grafting. Regarding the neurological diseases, Ellis et al [] conducted a phase 1, single-group, nonrandomized clinical trial in Parkinson disease (PD). The intervention was designed to increase the physical activity of 20 subjects with mild-to-moderate PD by promoting additional daily walking using a pedometer and brief daily interactions with the computer-animated virtual exercise coach. Patients successfully used the virtual coach at home over a 1-month period, demonstrating the initial feasibility of this approach. With a virtual therapist designed for speech therapy that works across devices, and built-in Web monitoring, scheduling, and communication technologies, van Vuuren et al [] recruited 8 participants with chronic aphasia to receive intensive computer-based script training differing in the amount of high or low cuing provided during treatment. With the limitations of a small sample size and the lack of separation of auditory and visual cuing, the overall effect size for the computerized treatment was large and like what would be expected when treatment was delivered by a speech-language pathologist. With the role of virtual nursing avatars (VNAs) considered to be promising and evolving [] in the context of chronic disease, Cotè et al [ , , , ] promoted the application of VNAs through a Web app to support the management of antiretroviral therapy and the adoption of healthy behaviors in HIV patients. In a 3-month pre- to postdesign pilot study, the promotion of HIV medication adherence was also explored in 43 patients using a theory-based, mobile-delivered, ECA to provide information and behavioral skills. They showed good acceptability and preliminary efficacy in improving drug adherence []. The promotion of therapy adherence in other chronic diseases was also described through a Web-based nursing intervention in some pilot RCTs [, ], whose results support the feasibility and acceptability of the virtual nursing sessions in a small sample of patients. Psychology The use of VC has also involved the field of, both in offering new educational approaches or psychotherapeutic support, and in trying to understand the relationship between ECA and user. In 2013, Hudlicka [] reported that the virtual coach–based training of mindfulness was potentially more effective than a self-administered program, including written and audio material, in a group of students initiated to this practice. Although it had a low number of participants, the study highlighted the possible effectiveness of virtual training and coaching in ending or acquiring a behavior that may be deleterious (eg, smoking) or healthy (eg, exercise) in people exposed to medical risk. A virtual agent was also used with good results in favoring adherence to a therapeutic task within a psychoeducational process [ ]. However, the study showed that if psychoeducation was presented in the text, it resulted in better adherence than if the agent offered it verbally. Indeed, we know how important the mimicry and the expressiveness of the ECA are for its effective interaction with the user. These 2 aspects have been addressed in 2 interesting experiments reported in a recent article by Stevens et al [ ] (see “Interaction between virtual coach and the user”). Recently, ECA applications in clinical psychology have been reviewed but the authors concluded that these applications are still limited [ ]. Risk Factors Reduction ECAs and VC services with an integrated cognitive training system, interactive clinical scales and tests to identify chewing and swallowing difficulties, with integrated pedometers and other wearable sensors (fall, freezing, or motor fluctuation detection systems), as well as a home-based interactive information environment can be used to identify and prevent disease-related complications at home or outdoors. This type of coaching system has been demonstrated in health problems such as obesity and a sedentary lifestyle [, , ]. This user interface would also provide daily motor, cognitive, and behavioral exercises and tips, monitor lifestyle and take care of treatment adherence monitoring, with AI to solve basic inquiries, and would provide contact with urgent or nonurgent health care responses if needed. The hardware of this system would be a combination of home-based wall microphones, speakers, and screens and a mobile phone–based system. A comparable system for heart failure was implemented for the My Heart IST-2002-507816 project [ ]. This system was designed to be remotely supervised by humans specialized in health care, such as nurses, providing an environment for transitional care of patients. This would have had an additional positive impact on the prevention of hospital admission–related complications and in reducing sanitary burden and costs by minimizing admission days in the hospital and out of community [ ]. Treatment Adherence Any implemented VC service such as ECA should also take specific care of treatment adherence monitoring. In this sense, the creation of a virtual social environment may include that patients could exchange information with other patients or could directly contact their reference health care professionals for treatment-related inquiries []. However, the adherence to the treatment or intervention very much depends on the humanity of the ECA, such as showing empathy, emotions, or using human-like speech. Those devices that are monitored and controlled remotely by humans have been shown to be particularly effective [ , ]. Kreps and Neuhauser demonstrated that it is possible to provide computer-mediated support to patients to track their medication adherence [ ], and this evidence may be very useful in preventing motor fluctuations and dyskinesias in PD patients, where the chronology of treatment is important [ ]. Discussion Findings This scoping review shows that in the last 10 years, there has been a growing interest in implementing VC programs aimed at stimulating and guiding users toward positive behaviors in the various sectors of the health care world. In the review, we evaluated all available evidence on the use of VC, defined a coaching program, and suggested problem-solving strategies helping users to face specific medical conditions. In most cases, a successful VC approach must consist of participant-involving methods, with a focus on the individual patient’s lifestyle conditions. In addition, the review allowed us to map the key concepts currently tied to the users’ or patients’ VC, such as function and symptoms, medication, dietary recommendations, recognition and coping with alarm signals of worsening of the disease, psychological and emotional reactions in connection with the disease, and exercise strategies. The patients’ relatives or other acquaintances can be involved depending on the patients’ needs and requests, and education must be conducted in a combined individual and group-based setting. Recently, another review examined eHealth interventions with the combined use of self-tracking and persuasive e-Coaching []. It is interesting to note that the review provides information on which key components can be effective on health outcomes, usability, and adherence. Although the analysis is relevant for future strategies that combine self-tracking and persuasive e-Coaching, it addresses the topic of the virtual coach differently from our review, which aimed to analyze the context and the medical implications of the interventions carried out rather than the aspects that can influence the effective use of technological solutions. We extended the investigation to the study protocols, the types of interface adopted, and the medical areas of interest, adding a dedicated section for the latter, and we decided to gather this information as it would allow us to assess the state of the VC application related to its degree of use and diffusion in the medical health field. General Implications in the Medical Sector Regarding the medical care context, to date, the use of virtual coach technology–assisted care seems to be more represented but it has mainly been implemented for healthy subjects with the aim of improving their health behaviors and reducing the risk factors for cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases, such as obesity or physical inactivity. On the contrary, only 7 studies considered groups of patients with chronic diseases (ie, depression, heart failure, COPD, PD, Crohn disease, diabetes, and urinary incontinence) with the intent of demonstrating the usefulness of different internet-based health coaching interventions. These were aimed, for example, at improving communication with nursing staff, reducing the rate of rehospitalization of patients, or promoting their daily physical activity. It is noteworthy that this review found 16 RCT studies among the 46 articles selected for concrete coaching interventions in the medical health field in the last 10 years. However, although this may represent an interesting fact for a topic that has appeared over the last 15 years, it deserves some specific considerations. First, as the majority of RCT studies involved healthy subjects, although often constitutionally overweight or in old age, their primary aim was often to promote healthy behavior. Moreover, with particular reference to this type of intervention on a healthy population, RCT studies have so far preferentially evaluated the use of VC for the purposes of primary prevention [, , , - , , , ] and only in 4 cases [ , , , ] have they speculated about its application in chronic pathological conditions. Thus, most RCT studies have, above all, demonstrated how various technologies used to activate VC are feasible and acceptable and, consequently, how they can have a potential impact on preserving public health. In relation to the ambitious goal of helping with the implementation of primary prevention, it is obvious that both the limited number of subjects studied and the short time of use of the technological solutions have not yet allowed research to sustain the absolute effectiveness of VC in producing a change in harmful behavior or maintaining good habits that can positively affect people’s health. Conversely, it is known that studies related to lifestyles and how these can be modified in a positive and healthy way require several years of monitoring of a large population. Second, although 6 RCT studies evaluating physical activity and 3 being overweight are present, the comparability of results within each of the two groups is inadequate for differences in average age and sample size of the studied populations, in the types of interface, and in the used outcome measures. Most of the remaining studies, definable as exploratory, return little information beyond the interest of some authors in evaluating the application of VC in the management of some pathological conditions. Health promotion can be achieved by using ECA or IVR systems, as the usability and acceptance of these devices is usually high [, , ]. They have been used for engaging the elderly in regular physical exercise [ , , ], and they have been applied in combination with tracking devices and sensors, such as pedometers, to promote a healthy lifestyle in older adults with obesity and a sedentary lifestyle, [ , , ] and to enhance an adult’s social interaction. The therapeutic alliance between the patient and the health professional has also been considered an integrative element in all forms of therapy, regarding both the efficacy of treatment and the improvement of adherence. Interestingly, ECAs, especially those exhibiting empathic behaviors, can potentially deliver nonjudgmental support like real face to-face communication, and thus may compensate for clinical failures in some groups of patients. ECA might also be used to promote healthy eating habits specific to neurologic and cardiologic patients. In addition, taking care of nutrition in patients is very important, particularly during pharmacological treatments as many nutrients may interact with drugs (eg, levodopa), thus interfering with their intestinal absorption. Although the ideal characteristics of an ECA developing an empathic relationship with the user are still under study, this interface seems to bring good acceptability in many studies and could be the best solution today in terms of an interface for controlling the regular intake of drugs in patients with chronic diseases. Cardiological and Neurological Areas The review has revealed a certain interest in cardiological and neurological diseases which, as is well known, often require changes in lifestyle, adherence to drug therapies, and specific rehabilitation programs. Specifically, cardiological and neurological diseases are especially relevant for people as they age. They include cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack and heart failure, cerebrovascular diseases, such as stroke, or neurodegenerative disorders such as PD. Admittedly, these diseases have quite different pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic treatment, with an acute onset or a chronic course. However, the structure of the rehabilitation programs is quite similar, even if the care plans and their basis might differ at some points. Their main objective is to help the patients in improving their quality of life as much as possible through recovery of their fitness levels and motor and cognitive disabilities. People should be supported in relearning or regaining the ability to deal with their home environment without (extensive) help. Thanks to the progress in acute treatment (eg, coronary angioplasty, thrombolysis, the concept of stroke units, and dysphagia management), most people survive acute pathological events but they are often affected by long-term disability. Consequently, rehabilitation (mainly as organized inpatient multidisciplinary rehabilitation) remains one of the cornerstones of disability treatment. Rehabilitation strategies help survivors to relearn skills that are lost. In the literature, there are models [, ] that illustrate disease progression with and without rehabilitation, emphasizing its importance in improving functional performance. The main idea is that rehabilitation is necessary to develop and expand functional recovery in acute disease (eg, heart attack or stroke) and to slow down cognitive and motor function decline in chronic disease (eg, heart failure or PD). Currently, the adjustment of chronic drug therapy and rehabilitation therapy may start from the acute care hospital after the person’s overall condition has been stabilized, and it should be a long ongoing process continued after being out of clinic for months or years. However, the surveillance of correct drug intake and the continuation of rehabilitation treatment are difficult in the domestic environment, especially if not supported adequately by informal caregivers and in the presence of frailty conditions likely to be relevant for the older population. So, in most cases, the correct drug intake may not occur and the rehabilitation process will end following clinical discharge, so patients will have a risk of a clinically unstable condition or a gradual increase in their disability level by detraining. In this scenario, the intervention of a VC would have significant and positive implications in terms of home therapeutic management of patients suffering from these diseases. Lack of Continuity of Care The lack of continuity of care leads to a gap between the real patient’s condition and the level of recovery that they could reach with a constant, well-structured rehabilitation process [, ]. To maximize the rehabilitation outcome, the patient’s motivation should be sustained during exercise repetition. Patients need to be able to practice motor actions in different tasks and environmental contexts to develop motor schemata that are versatile enough to meet the situations they encounter in daily life. The difficulty level of the motor and cognitive task assigned to the patient, together with their subjective awareness of the obtained global performance and the quantity and quality of feedback received during training, can influence patient motivation and produce different means of acting and different performances. In addition to improving motor and cognitive manifestations by proper monitoring and rehabilitation programs, one of the main elements determining quality of life is related to rehabilitation strategies oriented to promote independence in basic and instrumental activities of daily living. For all these reasons, it is time to design and implement coaching systems capable of activating the appropriate strategies to improve the motor and cognitive disabilities of patients, including those promoting independence in personal hygiene, dressing, self-feeding, using the telephone or other forms of communication, and taking prescribed medications. Thus, continuously applied and personalized rehabilitation programs help people with disabilities to improve the body functions that limit reinsertion into their home or community, living independently, and participating in education, the labor market, and civic life []. Currently, the major disadvantages of home-based rehabilitation solutions are the lack of specialized equipment and insufficient alignment and adaptability of the technical possibilities to the individual care needs and abilities, but ad hoc VC systems could be the answer to these problems. Future Perspective of Virtual Coaching System The review of the VC literature confirms an increased diffusion of technologies with strong interaction with human beings in the world of health and medicine. The increase in interest on this issue is evident not only in the number of publications since the beginning of the current year but also in the guiding vision of the EU’s Horizon 2020 research framework program. If up to now most studies have tested the goodness of the technological interlocutor and the availability of the human one, in the future, we will try to strengthen this relationship in the medical sector as we are working to foster patients’ engagement toward a process of self-awareness and self-confidence in health management. Nevertheless, advanced modes of presence will lead to ubiquity of the VC and allow further interaction modes. Integrating the VC within the real world in terms of an augmented reality (eg, the avatar could also be present in the car) will broaden its abilities to guide the user and therefore increase the literacy of the suggested actions. Advanced sensing and acting levels allow seamless adaptation in relation to the people’s conditions. Prospectively, multiple linked coaches will allow better monitoring and guidance of the user. Furthermore, the to-be virtual coach will not only improve basic treatment scenarios, but the advanced AI may also infer new treatment strategies. Hopefully, these changes will allow us to deal with increasingly complex clinical situations, mainly belonging to the world of chronic diseases and disabilities. The lesson acquired so far, aimed at promoting coaching interventions often on healthy subjects, independent thinking, and acting, represents an important step in transferring the experience of the interventions on the major themes of primary prevention to the more complicated and specific ones of secondary prevention. Thus, the future of VC for frail or sick people is expected to provide solid evidence about the usefulness and effectiveness in preserving physical, cognitive, mental, and social well-being for as long as possible. More specifically, the VC will educate and finally empower patients to increase their adherence to drug therapy and to pursue physical and cognitive rehabilitation programs to regain independence with a healthier lifestyle and a better quality of life. Strengths and Limitations of This Scoping Review This scoping review was guided by a protocol reviewed by a research team that adopted Arksey and O’Malley’s definition for scoping reviews at the outset of the study and found that their simple definition was generally useful in guiding study selection. To ensure a broad search of the literature, the search strategy included 3 electronic bibliographic databases, the reference list of different articles, the websites of relevant journals, and the snowball technique. Each citation and article were then reviewed by 3 independent reviewers belonging to different disciplines (medicine and bioengineering) who met at regular intervals to resolve conflicts. For several reasons, this review brings new information to the reader’s attention. First, it revised the definition of virtual coach, demonstrating the current validity of the first description made by Ding and how it can still include the technological developments of recent years aimed at improving interaction between virtual coach and user. Second, with an innovative approach, the review significantly aimed at highlighting which medical care sectors were considered to apply VC. Considering this extensive analysis, the review aimed to return useful information to bioengineers regarding the current potentialities of the medical application of VC and look at its possible future uses. Nevertheless, some limitations are worth noting. First, because of variability in the conduct of scoping reviews, we are aware that there is a need for methodological standardization to ensure the strength of evidence. Second, this review may not have identified all the papers in the published literature despite attempts to be as comprehensive as possible. Our search algorithm included 9 different terms (and their declination) previously used to describe the VC devices and services; however, other terms may also exist. Although our search included 3 databases (ie, PubMed, Scopus, and Embase), the overall search strategy may have been biased toward health and sciences. Moreover, we may have missed some papers in the gray literature. Conclusions The continuous technological progress is changing the impact on users of the use of a humanoid avatar, which is an artificial figure apparently substitutive for a health professional. This relationship could entail numerous preconceptions, such as the lack of a direct dialogue between doctor and patient. As already underlined, a trusty relationship will be based on the good interaction between the user and the avatar and on how much the latter is recognized as an element of a high-quality medical care process. However, the psychological implications of this relationship can only be known through the concrete application of these technologies. Based on our analysis, we must look forward with confidence, aware that there are still several open questions. In a broader vision, many articles on VC have directly or indirectly addressed medical aspects of utmost importance in both primary (eg, risk factors reduction) and secondary (eg, treatment adherence) prevention. However, the review gained evidence that VC is more rarely applied in medical care for secondary prevention. As a matter of fact, although physical activity is mostly encouraged by a VC system, we know that it cannot be compared with a real rehabilitation program, whose indication is of extreme importance in patients suffering from acute disabling events or motor functional impairments because of several chronic conditions. Therefore, in the current scenario of VC application, rehabilitation is the great absentee. Thus, looking at a secondary prevention of chronic diseases, VC has a concrete potential to improve medication adherence and to extend existing rehabilitation programs for patients, providing a great opportunity to guarantee the continuity of care between hospital and home. Considering these considerations, it is essential that the constructive dialogue between bioengineers and clinicians in creating innovative technological platforms continues and improves to deal synergistically with new challenges in the world of medical care. Acknowledgments This work was partially supported by the EU within the vCare project (funded by Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 769807). The authors would like to acknowledge all vCare colleagues and the Need Institute Foundation for their supportive collaboration. Authors' Contributions PT, HS, IS, KG, MCa, and MCo conceived of the presented idea. PT, IS, and MCo analyzed the data and interpreted the results. 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Living a healthy life has a lot of aspects. It is more than just having a proper diet or exercising. One area that is often ignored when it comes to living healthy is nail and skin health. Our skin and nails are the other layers that frequently come in contact with the outside world. Thus, it is important that you maintain nail and skin health to avoid issues such as fungal growth. Take the example of your toenails, if you wear shoes all day and then don’t take proper care of your toenails, it is highly likely that you can develop toenail fungus. The same is true for your hands. Nail fungus can lead to further infections as harmful toxins that get caught in your nails can end up in your stomach while consuming food. This can impact your immune system. Toenail infections and toenail fungus stemming from nail growth and improper care can lead to adverse effects. Similarly, skin health is also just as important. Our skin is very open to skin issues such as bacterial infections that can happen due to sweat, external climate, bacteria, etc. These can deteriorate the skin condition, make it poor, and make you look worse than you already are. Dry skin can cause a lot of irritation, whereas skin problems such as bacterial infections can lead to the formation of pus. This is why it is important that we take care of our skin and nails to avoid any more fungal infections. One way to go about is to practice proper hygiene, avoid sweaty feet, and practice personal care. But this cannot be sustained on a daily basis for most people. So, how can you maintain healthy skin and healthy nails without having to spend too much time on skincare or nail care? With the help of supplements. In today’s article, we will be delivering our verdict on a natural solution to toenail fungus, smelly feet, athlete’s foot, skin problems, and more. Many people frequently struggle with fungus infections. This is no less serious than any other poor health condition as it too can turn chronic. These illnesses can result in toxic intruders entering our bodies which often results in bad or harmful effects. But thankfully, this can be eliminated, though, with a rigorous commitment to keeping cleanliness and hygiene around oneself. Nevertheless, despite adopting all necessary safeguards and preventive steps, many people still voice their complaints about the problem’s persistence. The answer is to take supplements and natural products like Kerassentials, whose outcomes have long been supported by users. Kerassentials is a supplement that is made from natural extracts with various healthy ingredients. It supports nail growth and helps you deal with brittle nails, nail infections, dry skin, and any other nail and skin condition. In this Kerassentials review, we will be taking a closer look at the various ingredients that make up this natural formula which can make your nails and skin feel good. From helping you deal with toenail fungus to providing you with healthy skin, this natural formula claims to do it all. From real customer Kerassentials reviews to all other information related to Keraasentials and nail and skin-related problems, we will be delivering an in-depth analysis of how using Kerassentials may help you get rid of that toenail infection that’s been bothering you for days. So sit back and keep reading as we uncover how exactly Kerassentials can help you keep skin troubles and adverse effects away in this Kerassentials review. What Is Kerassentials Oil? A natural oil supplement called Kerassentials aids in preventing toenail fungus, fungal nail infections, smelly feet, and yellow, brittle nails. Its potent composition penetrates the skin and purges microorganisms from your body. A doctor-formulated mixture called Kerassentials for toenail fungus contains herbal extracts from natural plants. Effective substances that deeply cleanse your skin of hazardous contaminants include clove bud oil and aloe vera gel extract. You can achieve dramatic results with Kerassentials oil that will last a lifetime. Antioxidants and anti-inflammatories are also present, which soothe and calm sore nails and scars, as stated on their official website. Kerassentials has a very potent and effective formulation that is made after meeting various quality and safety standards to help your nail health and provide you with beautiful skin. Kerassentials oil is made with a lot of natural ingredients, which is why it can claim to provide you with antifungal properties and strong nails. Treating nail fungus is just as important as dealing with any health condition. A Fungal nail infection often goes under-checked because a person doesn’t have the means to deal with it. This is where Kerassentials nail health formula comes into play. This formula has been made so that it can treat nail fungus. reduce the risk of toenail fungus, and make it easier for you to take care of your health. This oil is a mixture of some of the best quality components that include lavender oil, tea tree oil, organic flaxseed oil, aloe vera, almond oil, and more, which we will be discussing further in this article. All these ingredients work well together to make sure that you can get rid of fungal nail infections and maintain healthy skin and healthy nails. One thing that sets Kerassentials apart is that you can find all the information you need about them on their official website. They are very transparent, and even the ingredients, alongside customer reviews, are listed on the official website. Speaking of customer reviews, you can read reviews from real customers on the Kerassentials official website. We will be sharing some of the reviews that we found helpful later on in this article, but most of the reviews were positive, and the people seem to really enjoy the fact that Kerassentials oil can help them with their nails and skin health. You would utilize the Kerassentials oil like any other essential oil because it is an oil-based supplement. After taking a shower, you can apply the oil to your nail bed using the simple brush applicator that is included. The Kerassentials oil is made at facilities that have been registered with FDA and are said to be GMP-certified labs. They also maintain that their oil is completely free from GMOs or genetically modified organisms which makes it extra healthy. Kerassentials is made completely in the United States of America. In addition to preventing the infection from spreading further, Kerassentials is renowned for acting on the presenting issue very easily and reducing the symptoms at their source. The start of the monsoon season heralds the arrival of humid conditions, which in turn encourages the growth of all the fungus and bacteria necessary for the infection to spread. It is often recommended to speak with a doctor or fungal expert if any symptoms of a fungus infection are noticed. Additionally, it’s crucial to start the first phase of treatment with Kerassentials and begin implementing sensible precautions at your own pace. Make sure to shower frequently, chop and clean your nails regularly while also using an emery board to file them. How Does The Kerassentials Oil? According to Kerassentials’ maker and their official website, the product uses a natural ingredient blend that can help treat toenail fungus in a number of ways. By removing the fungi from your nails, Kerassentials treats the source of toenail fungus and helps you get rid of it. The components of Kerassentials all act together to kill the fungus’ spores and stop their spread. The fungus is then eliminated from your nails by the formula, which also stops it from growing. Additionally, you can be confident that your skin and nails will be of the highest quality when they grow back after the infection has been warded off, thanks to the natural component combination. It serves to stop new fungal infections from developing in the skin or nails. Knowing that inadequate immunity is one of the main causes of fungal infections, Kerassentials works to strengthen the immune system by supplying the body with a combination of vitamins and minerals. With the antifungal properties that you get from using the supplement, you can be assured that the formula won’t just get rid of the fungal infection but also keep your nail, skin, and feet dry to avoid build-up due to humidity and sweaty feet. It supports nail growth after eliminating fungal infections. Furthermore, it aids in maintaining healthy skin free from allergies and other side effects brought on by the infection. It is designed to target every growth brought on by fungal infections in the skin and the nails and works to eradicate the associated bacteria without causing any damage to the nail or skin’s structure. It makes room for the growth of moist, nutritious, and healthy cells, which shield the newly formed skin from becoming vulnerable to further fungal infections. How To Use Kerassentials Oil And What Are Its Benefits? As stated on their official website, they recommend using their natural ingredients blend up to 4 times a day. You can use the oil with the help of the enclosed brush applicator or the dropper, whichever you receive. While you may experience immediate results, it can take a while to get permanent or long-term benefits. Kerassentials makes more than a few bold claims, but the customer reviews seem to be of the opinion that these claims are legit. You can improve the health of your nails from the hands and toes, as well as your skin. It may make it easier for you to deal with nail infections and skin-related issues. It can also provide you with a way to maintain overall health and avoid unwanted diseases, which can only be possible if your nails and health are clean. It has antifungal properties from the use of healthy ingredients such as organic flaxseed oil and other essential oils which are rich in components such as vitamin E. This supplement’s all-natural components, particularly those used to treat nail fungus, can aid in the treatment of fungal infections. In numerous Kerassentials reviews, it has also been referred to as Kerassentials anti-fungal oil for the same reason. Long-term maintenance of healthier skin and nails can be facilitated by these anti-fungal characteristics. In addition to promoting nail health and preventing toenail fungus, the Kerassentials supplement can help you maintain youthful skin and keep you free from any fungus infections that could damage your skin. What Is Nail Fungus? Nail fungus is a common condition that can affect the nails of both men and women, although it’s more commonly seen in women. It’s caused by an overgrowth of fungi on the surface of your nail plate. This causes them to become thickened and discolored. The most common type of fungal infection affecting the fingernails is called distal subungual onychomycosis (DSA). DSA occurs when the fungus grows under the nail bed, causing the nail to thicken and turn yellowish-brown or white. If left untreated, this can lead to permanent damage to the nail. What Causes Nail Fungus Infection? The exact cause of nail fungus infections is not known. However, there are several factors that may contribute to its development. These include: - Poor hygiene – Poor hygiene can increase the risk of developing nail fungus. For example, if you don’t wash your hands often enough, you could be spreading bacteria from one part of your body to another. This can make it easier for the fungus to grow. - Hormonal changes – Hormone levels fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle. During menstruation, estrogen levels are high, which makes it easier for the fungus spores to multiply. In addition, during pregnancy, hormone levels rise as well. This increases the likelihood of getting nail fungus. - Medications – Certain medications can also trigger nail fungus. Some examples include oral contraceptives, antidepressants, antihistamines, and antifungals. - Diabetes – People with diabetes have higher than normal blood sugar levels. This can allow the fungus to thrive. - Trauma – A traumatic injury can also lead to nail fungus. For instance, if you get cut while gardening, you might develop a small wound that becomes infected. What Are Natural Ingredients Used In The Kerassentials Oil? It is now time to move on to the ingredients that go in Kerassentials. Kerassentials is no ordinary skin oil or health supplement. It has been crafted with very high-quality natural ingredients that come from natural and organic sources. This natural formula that Kerassentials has consists of a lot more than just essential oil compounds. These ingredients are free from unwanted harmful toxins or chemical additives and full of antimicrobial properties that can help you deal with any fungal infection with ease. Only the best essential oils are infused in Kerassentials nail health solution to help remove dead skin cells. They all have elements that are known to be good for the health of your skin and your nails. In addition, the Kerassentials recipe contains components with antibacterial, anti-fungal, and even anti-inflammatory characteristics. In relation to the reasons why it is so effective in preventing fungal infections, toenail fungus, and more. What makes this blend of Kerassentials ingredients so special is that it not only consists of 4 high-quality, very potent oils, but it also consists of 9 essential minerals and oil. The combination of these ingredients is what makes it easier for this natural solution to tackle the root cause of fungal infection and skin conditions. So, here are the natural ingredients that go into the Kerassentials formula: Lemongrass Oil Over the years, lemongrass oil has gained a lot of notoriety for being great for your health, as it has exhibited many benefits. The tropical and grassy lemongrass plant, which is frequently used in cooking and natural remedies, is used to extract lemongrass oil. Its oil is utilized in many soaps and other skincare products because of its strong citrus aroma. Lemongrass oil is an excellent treatment for brittle nails, toenail fungus, and skin infections due to its antioxidant, antifungal, and antimicrobial properties. Due to its calming and relaxing effects, it is well known for aromatherapy. Additionally, this oil aids in the prevention of stress, anxiety, and hypertension. Lemongrass oil is great at providing you with healthier and rejuvenated skin along with nails that look healthy without the risk of a fungal infection. Tea Tree Oil Melaleuca oil, sometimes referred to as the well-known tea tree essential oil, is a powerful essential oil that treats various skin conditions like lice, fungus, bug bites, and acne. Kerassentials owes a high chunk of its success to tea tree oil, which is one of the greatest treatments for fungal infection. Tea tree essential oil is ideal for treating fungal infections because of its antibacterial and antifungal properties. This effective fungus fighter is an all-arounder for your nails because it also softens rough, dry cuticles. With several health benefits, Tea Tree oils have been used in various areas of health to help people with their needs. Outside of clearing nail fungus and getting rid of fungal infection, Tea tree oil can be used for skin benefits. This oil is said to be great for boosting the keratin in your body. Many people make use of tea tree oil by mixing it with their moisturizer before applying it to their skin as preventive measures against skin-related problems. Organic Flaxseed Oil The use of Organic Flaxseed is not surprising at all, especially when you consider the fact that it is essentially a superfood that supports skin health and is proven to be effective against inflammation. It provides your skin with some much-needed immunity. Omega-3 fatty acids are abundant in flaxseed oil, which also strengthens your nails naturally. It makes sense that this oil is among the most promising for use on nails. Important fatty acids will save the day whether you possess brittle nails or your nails are flaking away. Flaxseed oil is abundant in all of the essential fatty acids. Additionally, you can strengthen your nails long and strong by applying flaxseed gel to them. This is why the Kerassentials oil formula makes use of flaxseed oil. Flaxseed extract or oil is widely used by people trying to live a healthier lifestyle. It has now become more common than ever thanks to its health benefits and anti-inflammatory properties, which are great for people with sensitive skin. Lavender Oil One of the most commonly used essential oils that are also used in Kerassentials is Lavender oil. This is used on its own by many people every day because of the health benefits that lavender oil has. Your nail’s keratin is supported by lavender oil. One of the main nutrients necessary for the development of strong nails is keratin. Additionally, it tends to prevent serious fungal infections and can benefit skin health. Many individuals add lavender oil to their lotions and creams on a daily basis, but the Kerassentials mix allows you to obtain all the advantages of this essential oil as well as those of other healthy ingredients. Lavender oil is said to have relaxing properties. It is a great oil for relaxing your mood and is used in aromatherapy. It gives your cuticles and nails strength, as well as the moisture they need to keep their gloss. Have ragged, dry, or irritated cuticles and nails? See the miracle of lavender oil by using it for a few weeks. Not to mention the all-day freshness that lavender oil’s aroma will provide! For nails, lavender oil is a complete game-changer. ALSO READ: Kerassentials Oil Customer Reviews and User Testimonials: Does It Work For Everyone? Almond Oil These days, our surroundings are so harsh, and our nails have to endure so much. Your nails may break off easily due to the mud, smog, and regular exposure to water. The use of almond oil has been shown to be a successful treatment for such brittle nails. Using almond oil on your hands and on your nails is completely safe. Vitamin E, which is abundant in almonds and is excellent for the health of your nails. Almonds have always been a source of nutrition, and they are said to be good for your brain. This is why almond oil, made from real almonds, is so beneficial. Not only can it make your skin healthier, but it can also keep nail fungus at bay. Almond oil is also used as a common massage oil, and in many places around the world, it is used for newborn babies to ensure that the child grows up with glowing and beautiful skin. Aloe Vera Aloe vera is well known for aiding in the repair of dry, flaky skin, and nails are no different. Aloe vera can moisturize nails and treat dry and dull skin and cuticles, according to scientific studies. Aloe vera gel is quite simple to use and relieves the area surrounding your nails. It is a tall, short-stemmed shrub with thick, water-filled leaves. Antioxidants like polyphenols found in aloe vera help prevent the formation of germs and fungi. Additionally, it has antibacterial, antifungal, and antiseptic qualities. By having a calming effect, the extracts also aid with skin inflammation and itching. The use of aloe vera gel in this natural formula takes it to the next level, and it can help your skin by acting as a naturally occurring moisturizer. Other Ingredients In addition to the above-mentioned natural ingredients, Kerassentials also has other prominent components that have been used for skincare and nail care for many years. These ingredients are as follows: - DL-alpha-Tocopherol - Isopropyl Palmitate - Undecylenic Acid All of these ingredients have been proven to be helpful in dealing with issues related to skin or nails. Many so-called ‘fungal expert’ creams also make use of some of these components. Each of them serves a very specific purpose. For example, due to the defense it offers to the nails and its assistance in preventing fungal infections, undecylenic acid is another one of the very helpful fatty acids that have been included in Kerassentials. Does Science Back The Kerassentials Formula? The natural ingredients in the Kerassentials formula are widely used in various supplements and thus under constant scientific scrutiny, which makes it easier for the common consumer to ensure that they are getting the real deal. A research study pointed out that one of the leading causes of fungal infections or fungal diseases is when the fungal bacteria enter our body through nails. Similarly, it was revealed in another research article that fungal infections stemming from nails could cause more health issues. Similarly, another study that observed the benefits of Aloe vera found out that it does have anti-inflammatory properties, and it was shown to inhibit inflammation in patients. Thus, it is safe to say that the Kerassentials ingredients are not just used in household remedies but also proven by science that they can help your nails and skin by keeping them free from any fungal infection. What Do Real Customer Reviews Say About Kerassentials Oil? The official website of Kerassentials shares many Kerassentials reviews that come from people who have been using their oil for a long time. Here are a few reviews that we have handpicked for your reference. “I’ve tried many products to get rid of foot fungus before Kerassentials. I even had one nail removed, but when it grew back, the fungus returned. Kerassentials is the only thing that actually helped.” – Brandon Jhonson – CI, USA. “This literally saved my feet! I can’t recommend Kerassentials enough!” – Ella Simpson – New York, the USA “I’ve been struggling with foot fungus since high school and this is the only thing that helped. I still can’t believe how great it worked!” – Riley Harrison – Wyoming, USA. How Much Does It Cost? If you are looking to buy the Kerassentials formula, then you should head on directly to their official website. The official website is the only source of getting authentic products at a great discounted price. As of writing this article, they offer the following options of their formula that can help your skin and nail health. - 1 bottle – 30-Day supply – $69 - 3 bottles – 90-Day supply $177 (Only $59 per bottle!) - 6 bottles – 180-Day supply $294 (Only $49 per bottle!) Kerassentials ships free of cost all over the United States, and all of these purchases come with a money-back guarantee when shopping on the official website. Is There Any Money-Back Guarantee? Kerassentials offers a 100% money-back guarantee that is valid for up to 60-day from your initial date of purchase. This is only available when you buy Kerassentials from their official website. If you aren’t happy with your results, you can return the products and get your money refunded. Final Verdict To conclude this Kerassentials review, we can confirm that this is a legit solution for your skin and nail-related problems. The use of GMO-free natural ingredients in this formula can help you stay away from fungal infections and keep your nails healthy as well as keep your skin rejuvenated. Make sure you consult a fungal expert if you are suffering from a fungal infection. Clean your nails with a cotton swab and maintain proper hygiene. (SPECIAL OFFER) Click Here to Get Kerassentials Oil with an Exclusive Discount Price Online RELATED ARTICLES:

Dentons’ selection of news in Czech, Slovak and EU competition law that happened in Q2 of 2022. Enjoy the summer holiday read! Top news in brief: - The European Commission’s new block exemption on vertical restraints (distribution, franchise, agency agreements) came into effect on June 1, 2022. The accompanying guidelines clarify a plethora of issues related to dual distribution, e-commerce and online intermediaries. Firms have until May 31, 2023 to adjust existing agreements. - The EU General Court upheld the new practice of merger control of below-threshold transactions. This poses new challenges to M&As, especially in innovative industries. - The Czech Office for the Protection of Competition (ÚOHS), continuing its streak of judicial victories, issued yet another fine for gun-jumping and may be setting a trend towards resolving antitrust cases outside formal investigations, if firms can remedy the problem quickly. - The Slovak Antimonopoly Office (PMÚ) published an analytical report on its activities over the past decade, considered several difficult mergers and imposed fines on firms that failed to provide correct information. How to use: This newsletter also includes references to articles or client briefs where Dentons’ lawyers took a deep dive into the selected topics. Links are also provided to primary legal source or press releases. European Union After more than 10 years the European Commission formally adopted a new Vertical Block Exemption Regulation (VBER) and accompanying guidelines. This impacts how suppliers run their distribution, franchise as well as agency relationships. The new rules are intended to bring EU law on vertical agreements more up to date to reflect developments in e-commerce and experience with various distribution systems from the past decade. The new instrument expands on multiple topics including dual distribution—a setup where the supplier competes with its distributors (where more emphasis is put on information exchange in such cases)—the possibilities of dual pricing (online vs. offline), the use of parity clauses by online intermediaries and much more. The new block exemption regulation is effective as of June 1, 2022, with a grace period till May 31, 2023 for firms to adjust their existing distribution agreements. To help navigate the new regulation, Dentons launched its online Antitrust Verticals Tool, which can be used to compare the old and the new rules and legal limits on various distribution systems and franchise and agency agreements. The introductory video is available here. The text of the Vertical Block Exemption Regulation is here and the Commission’s Vertical Guidelines are here. The European Commission suspects České dráhy (ČD) and ÖBB, the Czech and Austrian national railway transport incumbents, respectively, of a collective boycott of the market for used passenger railway wagons. In its statement of objections sent to the two companies on June 10, 2022, the Commission adopted a preliminary view that between 2012 and 2016 ČD and ÖBB concluded secret agreements to hinder RegioJet, a competitor, from access to ÖBB’s used wagons for long-distance passenger transport. The Commission thinks this may have shielded ČD’s market position and impeded RegioJet’s expansion, given the fact that RegioJet relies heavily on used wagons to be able to compete with the incumbents. The Commission seems particularly worried because the efficacy of rail transport is one of the environmental pillars of the EU Green Deal policy. The Commission’s press release is available here. While the text of the DMA regulation seems to be set in stone and its adoption imminent, only future practice will shed more light on some pertinent questions about the DMA’s application and impact. The EU courts may have inadvertently clarified the issue of double jeopardy under DMA and competition law, though. In the last CLQ (here) we reported that the EU legislature has reached a high-level agreement on the DMA proposal. Meanwhile, the final text has been agreed and published, although the regulation still needs to be adopted formally by the European Parliament and the Council, scheduled to happen in July. The DMA seeks to regulate so-called gatekeeper firms, typically large tech platforms that have been found or are suspected to be able to distort competition. The EU legislator considered that traditional competition law ex-post tools were not sufficient to prevent these failures. The DMA proposal remains controversial, however, with a plethora of open questions about how it will be applied in practice. In addition, estimates of public enforcement costs as well as costs for ensuring compliance by tech companies seem to exceed initial expectations. In recent news, the Commission asked for a threefold increase to the initially requested budget bump and will reportedly seek to hire at least 150 extra staff to bring the DMA to life and could even hire external specialist firms. In an article we wrote for Dentons TMT Bites we argued that at least the threat of double jeopardy under the DMA and competition law for the same offence could be avoided, thanks to recent case law of the European Court of Justice. Be tempted to read the full article here. The latest DMA proposal text is available here. In another major blow to the European Commission, the EU General Court (GC) annulled the Commission’s 2018 decision fining Qualcomm for abuse of dominant position on the worldwide chipset market. In 2018 the Commission imposed a fine of almost €1 billion on chipmaker Qualcomm for providing incentive payments to Apple. The Commission found that these payments incentivized Apple to source its chipsets requirements for iPhones and iPads exclusively from Qualcomm to the exclusion of competing chipset suppliers. The GC identified multiple procedural and substantive flaws in the Commission’s approach. It failed, for example, to record various meetings and interviews it held with companies and individuals during its investigation, thereby depriving Qualcomm of an effective right of defense. As regards substance, the GC observed that Apple in fact had had no real technical alternative to Qualcomm’s chipsets, so the whole argument about foreclosing competition was rather moot. In any event, the GC found that the Commission has failed to consider all relevant circumstances in its assessment of possible anticompetitive effects of Qualcomm’s conduct. While the judgment is not in itself groundbreaking, it showcases the EU court’s stricter scrutiny of the Commission’s decisions paved by the Court of Justice’s judgment in Intel and the striking down of the €1 billion fine for Intel’s exclusivity rebates by the GC earlier this year (see our past CLQ here). The GC’s judgment of June 15, 2022 in case T-235/18—Qualcomm v Commission may be found here. EU General Court upholds acceptance of below-threshold merger referral to European Commission (Illumina/Grail case) By a judgment of July 13, 2022, the EU General Court (GC) dismissed Illumina’s appeal against the Commission’s decision, which accepted the first-ever referral of case under Article 22 of the Merger Control Regulation. The underlying acquisition did not meet any EU or national thresholds for triggering mandatory merger control clearance. Illumina, an American genomic sequencing company, proposed to acquire Grail, another American biotech company in September 2020. The transaction was not notified for prior merger control screening in any EU country, as it did not meet the requisite thresholds in national or EU merger-control legislation. But several EU member states resorted to trigger Article 22 of the EU Merger Control Regulation and referred the case to the European Commission. Under that provision member states can request the Commission to review concentrations that don’t meet EU notification thresholds (so-called Dutch clause). The clause had been dormant until March 2021, when the Commission altered its longstanding policy not to accept such referrals by issuing a new Article 22 guidance / policy (available here). The Commission announced that it will now regularly accept referrals of transactions below turnover threshold that affect trade between member states and threaten to significantly affect competition. The guidance further explained that the Commission especially wants to review acquisitions of companies whose turnover does not (yet) reflect its actual or future competitive potential, such as start-ups, innovators, or firms with access to important assets or in control of key inputs and components. Illumina’s wish to acquire Grail’s highly innovative sequencing business for development of cancer tests clearly met those criteria. The GC’s dismissal of Illumina’s judicial challenge now means that the court agrees with the overall change of the Commission’s policy to accept these types of referrals and that the ensuing merger control proceedings do not amount to a breach of Illumina’s and Grail’s legitimate expectations. We anticipate repercussions in the way risk is negotiated and gauged in M&A deals as regards regulatory approvals, particularly in highly innovative industries. You can find Dentons’ deep dive alert on this seminal topic is here. The GC’s judgment of July 13, 2022 in case T-227/21 Illumina v Commission is available here. European Commission investigates Vifor Pharma for disparaging practices, other companies also under scrutiny for misleading information about pharmaceutical products On June 20, 2022 the Commission opened an investigation to assess whether Vifor Pharma illegally disparaged products of Pharmacosmos, its closest competitor on the market for intravenous iron treatment. The Commission has information that Vifor Pharma conducted a misleading communication campaign, which was mainly targeted at healthcare professionals, about the safety of its competitor’s treatment. Should these concerns be proven, Vifor Pharma can expect fines for an abuse of its dominant position up to 10 percent of its annual turnover. The Commission’s press release is available here. The proceedings are being conducted against the backdrop of another case of anticompetitive disparagement, by Roche and Novartis, that has already twice been considered by the Court of Justice of the EU. In that case, investigated by the Italian competition authority, Roche and Novartis colluded to discourage off-label use of Roche’s products in favor of a more expensive competing product marketed by Novartis, by falsely claiming that the off-label use has safety implications. The most recent judgment of the CJEU in case C‑261/21 Hoffman-La Roche and Novartis is available here. Commission closes investigation into Czech mobile network sharing agreement by accepting commitments After more than seven years of pending investigation, the European Commission closed the case of alleged anticompetitive network sharing between O2, T-Mobile and CETIN by adopting a commitments decision on July 11, 2022. Although network sharing is a widespread practice among mobile network operators—as it can reduce costs and lead to quality improvements—in this case the Commission thought that the agreement might have restricted competition. The Commission was concerned that the agreements may have hindered the networks’ technological developments in some areas, reduced operators’ incentives to invest, and led to exchanges of sensitive information that may have reduced parties’ incentives to compete. O2, T-Mobile and CETIN proposed a set of commitments to dispel these concerns. They include the commitments to modernize mobile network equipment to facilitate the rollout of 5G technology, amend financial conditions in their agreements to remove investment disincentives and to improve contracts and implement measures to keep the exchange of information at the necessary minimum. Operators also undertook not to extend the existing scope of network sharing arrangement to Prague and Brno, where the operators are to develop their networks independently in the next seven to 10 years. The Commission decision makes these commitments binding on the parties and will be monitored by an independent trustee going forward. You can find the Commission’s press release is here; the final decision has not yet been made public. More EU news: Phase II merger control review in wood paneling industry; dawn raids in fashion industry The European Commission has pushed the proposed acquisition of Pfleiderer Polska by Kronospan into a Phase II in-depth merger control review. The Commission is concerned that the merger could reduce competition for supply of various types of wood panels in Poland and neighboring regions (press release here). On May 17, 2022 the Commission, in cooperation with national competition authorities, carried out a series of unannounced inspections in companies of the fashion industry across several member states, on suspicion of a cartel (press release here). The Office for Protection of Competition (ÚOHS), the national competition authority, has published its annual report for 2021 (available here). ÚOHS has continued its focus on investigating bid rigging (procurement cartels), for which it levied fines in an aggregated amount of over CZK 160 million, and for the first time imposed a prohibition to participate in public tenders as a penalty. ÚOHS also underscored its success rate at winning court cases, which in 2021 concerned important questions of the authority’s statutory powers. (Two of those cases were discussed in our last CLQ available here). The Office for Protection of Competition (ÚOHS) scored another two court victories concerning cases of supervision of conduct by public authorities and abuse of dominant position. ÚOHS thus follows up on the good results in the past year when it did not lose a single court case. This time, ÚOHS defended its earlier decisions in (i) the application of Section 19a of the Act on Competition (anticompetitive conduct by public authorities) and (ii) abuse of dominant position. (i) On April 5, 2022, the Czech Supreme Administrative court dismissed an appeal by the city of Děčín against ÚOHS’s decision from 2017 by which it imposed on the city a fine of CZK 499,000 for breach of Section 19a of the competition act. The city infringed competition rules by adopting a local regulation to allocate places where gambling houses can be run legally and to limit the number of gambling machines per place, without adhering to any objective, non-discriminatory criteria publicized sufficiently in advance. (ii) On March 4, 2022, the Regional Court in Brno dismissed the appeal by České dráhy (ČD), the incumbent railway transport company, against a decision by which ÚOHS imposed a fine of CZK 274 million. ČD had been found to have abused its dominant position in connection with contracts for arranging transport services on the Pilsen-Most and Pardubice-Liberec routes by proposing an offer to the Ministry of Transport with a disproportionally low expected level of provable losses. This seemingly advantageous offer led to ČD’s selection as a contractor on those routes for 2005–2014, to the detriment of competitors Viamont and Conex. Details on each case are provided in ÚOHS’s press release here (in Czech only). On May 17, 2022 the Office for Protection of Competition (ÚOHS) imposed a fine of CZK 143,000 on Company New a.s., a member of the Natland Group, for closing a transaction before formally seeking ÚOHS’s prior clearance. In April 2020, Company New acquired 100 percent of the shares and voting rights in ZOOT, a.s., an online fashion retailer, and went on to exercise control in ZOOT until May 2021, by making changes in ZOOT’s board of directors and supervisory board. It wasn’t until April 30, 2021 that Company New submitted a formal notification to ÚOHS. While the acquisition was eventually cleared as unproblematic as regards competition, ÚOHS still imposed a fine for a clear-cut breach of the stand-still obligation. The authority reduced the fine considerably, though, given the fact that the acquirer volunteered information about the transaction, admitted the infringement in a settlement procedure (which reduces the penalty by 20 percent) and ÚOHS also applied the principle of absorption because the Natland group had recently been fined for gun-jumping in another unrelated case. ÚOHS’s press release is here. ÚOHS accepts commitments from Hruška to ensure retail chain’s compliance with Significant Market Power Act The Office for Protection of Competition (ÚOHS) investigated Hruška, a chain of grocery stores, for imposing on its suppliers an obligation to accept returns of food before the end of its expiration period or to apply reverse discounts on the price of supplies shortly before the period was about to expire. In ÚOHS’s opinion, such practice shifted commercial risks and losses to the suppliers and could be considered as abusing the chain’s significant purchasing power. To avoid an infringement decision and fines, Hruška committed to reimburse 74 different suppliers payments of over of CZK 39 million made under the problematic agreements. The grocery chain also committed to remove problematic clauses from its agreements and report to ÚOHS a range of internal measures to ensure that clauses in breach of the Significant Market Power Act are not included in future supply agreements. You can find ÚOHS’s press release here. ÚOHS uses informal “advocacy” approach instead of launching formal investigation in two cases, hopefully indicating a trend ÚOHS’s approach towards an alleged abuse of dominance by Cinema City and potentially illegal price announcements by the Czech Meat Processing Association indicates that it may be increasingly open to resolving antitrust cases outside of a formal investigation procedure if a quick fix can be made. That would be a welcome trend. Cinema City, the largest multiplex operator in the Czech Republic, had been claiming a €500 fee from film producers for each cinema that screened those producers’ movies, justifying this by costs incurred to improve the cinemas’ digital equipment. ÚOHS considered this a potential abuse of dominant position because Cinema City could not satisfactorily explain why only some producers were subject to the levy and not others. Instead of launching a formal investigation, however, ÚOHS informed Cinema City that if the bad practice can be quickly and effectively removed, it will consider the file closed. You can find ÚOHS’s press release here (in Czech only). The Czech Meat Processing Association had been issuing announcements that commented on future price increase trends of meat products. A ÚHOS probe found this potentially amounting to an illegal agreement between the Association’s members and called on the Association to cease such announcements going forward and adopt adequate measures. Specifically, ÚHOS asked the Association to advise its members that price trend announcements may only be done independently by members on their own behalf, and not on behalf of the Association, and to duly discuss the need for compliance at future meetings. ÚHOS considered the Association’s guarantees as sufficient and refrained from opening a formal administrative procedure You can find ÚHOS’s press release here (in Czech only). On appeal, ÚHOS’s chairman confirmed a summary CZK 80 million fine for IT cartel participants. Seven firms coordinated and allocated bids for an e-Government services tender in the Olomouc region in 2012. Their strategy was to submit one offer under which all the other firms served as subcontractors, and then submit one “cover” offer to create an illusion of competition. You can find ÚHOS’s press release here (in Czech only). The Association of Language Schools received a fine of CZK 9 million for resale price maintenance practice (RPM). The Association had instructed its approximately 40 member schools to set a minimum price for class/hour for the purpose of tender calls for offers of language education services. This was the first time ÚHOS made use of a 2018 legislative amendment to calculate the fine based on aggregate turnover of the association members. Previously the calculation could only be based on the value of turnover/assets of the association as such. Such fines were considered inadequate. Members must now guarantee that the Association pays the CZK 9 million fine, which represents about 1 percent of the combined members’ turnover of over CZK 900 million. You can find ÚHOS’s press release here (in Czech only). Slovakia The 215-page analysis looks at major developments in Slovak competition law and policy over the past 10 years. The report provides insight and statistics on a variety of topics, such as dawn raids, the PMÚ’s fining policy, leniency program, merger control and bid rigging. It also deep dives into enforcement, in particular into various economic sectors including healthcare, railway transport, financial services, automotive as well as the food industry. The PMÚ looks back at the past decade as a “turbulent time” in which the competition authorities had to deal with digitalization—theirs and the world around them. Even though the office shies away from critically evaluating its own performance over the period, the description of its activities serves as a useful retrospective. The 2011–2021 analytical report is available here (in Slovak only). On March 28, 2022 the Slovak Antimonopoly Office (PMÚ) cleared the MOL’s acquisition of Normbenz SK, which operates a network of 16 fuel stations under the LUKOIL brand, but only subject to substantial divestitures and ancillary commitments. PMÚ was particularly concerned about the parties’ overlap in retail sale of petrol, diesel and LPG fuels, where MOL (via Slovnaft) controls around 30–40 percent of all fuel stations—and where petrol and diesel sales via fuel stations are concerned, the share is about 40–50 percent. This led the PMÚ to believe that adding another 10–20 percent of the market share by acquiring the target’s fuel stations, the transaction would create or strengthen MOL’s dominant position. On the other hand, the PMÚ did not find any significant issues in the prospect of vertical integration between the companies. To clear the deal, MOL offered to divest four fuel stations to an independent third-party purchaser in areas where the PMÚ had its main concerns: Košice, Michalovce and Prievidza. The purchaser turned out to be PKN Orlen, which operates 41 fuel station in Slovakia under the Benzina brand. Its acquisition of MOL’s assets in Slovakia and Hungary has just been cleared by the European Commission as this newsletter went to press. These transactions happened on the backdrop of a wider industry restructuring across EU member states, as fuel prices skyrocket. MOL just secured Commission clearance of its acquisition of Polish fuel station operator Lotos Paliwa but is facing some opposition from the Commission to its acquisition of OMV’s business in Slovenia. Another related transaction is the acquisition of 39 fuel stations by PKN Orlen from OLIVA group, which PMÚ cleared at the beginning of June. When assessing the concentration’s impact on competition, PMÚ took into consideration the parallel transaction between MOL and PKN Orlen, but in the end found it non-problematic. In addition, PMÚ is currently reviewing the acquisition by Dalibor Janega (DALITRANS, s.r.o.) of fuel station assets of Oktan, a.s., Progress Trading, a.s., a Petroltrans, a.s. You can find the PMÚ’s press release on the MOL/Normbenz deal here (in Slovak only). In its decisions of May 7, 2022 the appeal board of the Slovak Antimonopoly Office (PMÚ) changed its three first-instance decisions penalizing company T.E.O., spol. s.r.o. v likvidáci, for a failure to comply with the statutory duty to provide information to the PMÚ. Two decisions on fines were issued for failing to provide information requested by the PMÚ, and in one instance for providing information that was incomplete. In the third case, the PMÚ found that the company should have reported its entry into liquidation on its own initiative, as a relevant fact to pending proceedings. That said, the appeal board decreased the fines somewhat because the PMÚ wrongly identified an aggravating circumstance. The total fines amounted to €15,000. You can find the PMÚ’s press release is here (in Slovak only). In another case the PMÚ imposed on an undisclosed company a fine of €14,000 for failing to provide requested information on a yet undisclosed company. The PMÚ’s decision of May 13, 2022 is not yet final; the press release is available here (in Slovak only). On April 6, 2022 the Slovak Antimonopoly Office (PMÚ) conducted unannounced inspections at the business premises of a firm active in selling and repairing robotized workplaces, on suspicion that the firm has colluded with three other firms to rig a public tender. The PMÚ’s press release is available here. In another instance of the PMÚ’s push against bid-rigging practices, the office launched administrative proceedings regarding possible anti-competitive agreements in multiple public tenders in Eastern Slovakia. According to the PMÚ’s information, three bidders coordinated their preparation and submission of offers to tenders for overseeing and servicing an electrical transmission network so that the pre-agreed tenderer would win the deal. The PMÚ’s press release is here (in Slovak only). The Slovak Antimonopoly Office (PMÚ) has had to tackle several complex merger-control cases, which were ultimately cleared but only after closer scrutiny. On March 30, 2022 the PMÚ cleared the acquisition of control by NN Group N.V., over Finportal, a.s. a company from the Arca Capital group. While the PMÚ found no horizontal overlap between the parties, it had to deep dive into certain vertical links between NN’s financial services business and Finportal’s financial intermediation activities. In particular, the PMÚ looked at whether the combination of NN’s supplementary pension savings services could result in customer or input foreclosure with regard to Finportal’s services to intermediate supplementary pension savings services to customers. The PMÚ considered, however, that there were other significant competitors of Finportal active on the market and that supplementary pension companies were using a number of sales channels to market their products. Accordingly, the PMÚ concluded that the parties would not be motivated to restrict access to suppliers or consumers after the merger’s completion. You can find the PMÚ’s press release here. On May 27, 2022, the PMÚ cleared the takeover of S IMMO AG by CPI PROPERTY GROUP S.A. The international group CPI owns and operates a portfolio of real estate, including office, retail and residential spaces, as well as investment and development land. In Slovakia, S IMMO is active in leasing office and retail premises (in Trenčín and Prievidza) and in operating hotels and resorts. It is interesting to note, first, is that the concentration was a follow up to an earlier acquisition of sole control by CPI over IMMOFINANZ AG, which held a 26.49 percent stake in S IMMO (we already reported on this transaction here). Because CPI already held its own 16.06 percent stake in S IMMO, the combined minority stake (42.55 percent) led to CPI’s acquisition of a decisive influence over S IMMO, following removal from the company’s articles of association of a 15 percent cap on shareholders’ voting rights. The PMÚ looked at shareholder turnouts at meetings over the past three years and the how S IMMO took strategic decisions and concluded that the minority stake was enough to result in sole control by CPI. Second, the PMÚ defined the relevant geographic market narrowly as the area of a given city. Regarding the market for lease of office spaces, the PMÚ assessed the parties’ position in Bratislava, and in case of a lease of retail spaces in Bratislava, Prievidza and Trenčín. Even on such narrow markets, however, the PMÚ concluded that the merger did not pose a threat to effective competition. You can find the PMÚ’s press release here (in Slovak only). We will keep you regularly informed about any legal updates via newsletters or LinkedIn social network.

“HILLERMAN!” That’s how New Mexico’s favorite mystery writer answered the phone—with a newspaperman’s gruff bark. It was all bluff and habit. He loved people. Everyday folks, cops, aspiring writers, fellow authors, autograph-seeking fans, sheepherders, striking union workers ... even politicians and students. Millions more knew Tony Hillerman through his award-winning Joe Leaphorn and Jim Chee mystery novels. I got to know him when I studied journalism at the University of New Mexico in the late 1970s. He was admired but not yet famous. As a teacher and a mentor, Hillerman helped me in countless ways, as he did so many other writers. He never seemed to mind getting a call at home or, in later years, stopping to chat at Flying Star Cafe on Rio Grande Boulevard in Albuquerque, a mile from his house. The topic was usually writing. Did I need a blurb for my novel? Sure, he’d write one. Should I contact his editor at HarperCollins? Here’s her phone number. Or he’d deliver a perplexed, peevishly resigned lament about losing the latest Leaphorn or Chee manuscript in the digital bowels of his computer. A friend would always eventually scrape it out of some autorecovery file pit. Those Navajo detective stories occupied huge tracts of mental territory in the overachieving Hillerman brain. Other things occupied him, too, mind and body: newspaper reporting, New Mexico politics, family, the Navajo Nation, the university classroom, anthropology, church, campus politics, movies, fishing, and the weekly poker game. That game spanned decades and gripped Hillerman so tightly that he once put off Robert Redford when the Hollywood legend wanted to meet about a film option on poker night. Priorities. It wasn’t about the cards, it was about the friends. Everything he did, poker included, fed his creative imagination; the smallest tidbit might spawn a paragraph, a page, or an entire plot in one of his novels. To know the man, one friend says, you have to understand his hardscrabble upbringing. Born Anthony Grove Hillerman in 1925 in Sacred Heart, Oklahoma, he grew up poor and happy, attended an Indian girls’ school, and survived the Great Depression and World War II. After recovering from severe war wounds, Hillerman helped deliver a truckload of materials to the Navajo Nation, where he witnessed an Enemy Way ceremony for veterans returned from World War II, an event he drew upon in defining his future literary niche. Handling copy at the UPI Santa Fe bureau, circa 1952. After attending the University of Oklahoma, Hillerman punched typewriter keys at small-town newspapers in Texas and Oklahoma. In 1952, the hand of destiny nudging his back, he and his wife, Marie, emigrated to Santa Fe. Their family grew to six children—Anne, the eldest, and her five adopted siblings, Jan, Tony Jr., Monica, Steve, and Dan. Hillerman soon became executive editor of the Santa Fe New Mexican, the capital daily. In 1962, UNM president Tom Popejoy, another towering New Mexican, inflamed the American Legion by standing with faculty members critical of a certain loyalty oath. Popejoy delivered a ringing defense of free speech. Two days later, Hillerman published an editorial in the New Mexican siding with Popejoy and quoting Voltaire: “Liberty of thought is the life of the soul.” Impressed, Popejoy hired him as special assistant in 1963 and the family moved to Albuquerque. Hillerman helped Popejoy navigate tough legislative issues, reorganized the university news bureau, got his master’s in English, and chaired the journalism department. And now that he wasn’t cranking out news stories and editing the paper 60 hours a week, the yen to become a novelist hardened into an obsession. By 1970 Hillerman had published The Blessing Way, the first of his genre-launching Navajo detective novels. Warm reviews rolled in. Book followed book and award followed award: the Mystery Writers of America’s Edgar Award, the Western Writers of America’s Spur and Owen Wister awards, France’s Grand Prix de Littérature Policière, the Agatha Award, the Special Friend of the Dinétah (from the Navajo, for his authentic writing about them), and so on. Best sellers attracted film deals. Imitators popped up like goat-head weeds in June. By 2008, when he died at 83 of pulmonary failure—he would have been 90 this year—Hillerman had written more than 30 books and was undoubtedly New Mexico’s most widely read author. A friend of his remembers Hillerman mentioning millions of books sold. Most by far were the Leaphorn or Chee mysteries—he wrote 18. The specter of the Great American Novel stalked Hillerman, but the detective stories earned his spot on the top shelf of New Mexico’s literary canon, alongside Frank Waters, Mary Austin, Max Evans, N. Scott Momaday, Rudolfo Anaya, Edward Abbey, John Nichols, Cormac McCarthy, and a handful of others. His impact was enormous: If you want to get the crosscultural complexities of late-20th-century Navajo life in New Mexico, Hillerman is indispensible. What follows is a profile of Hillerman composed of recollections from his daughter, friends, peers, students, and others. From their reflections, a 3-D image materializes, hovering around their words, alive in their memories. Tony seated at left in wagon, with siblings and cousins at the old Hillerman place in Sacred Heart, Oklahoma, ca. 1928. COUNTRY BOY Hillerman attended St. Mary’s Academy, a school for girls from the nearby Potawatomi reservation. At one point, he organized—and gobbled up—the books in the local church’s library. He later checked out books by mail from the State Library of Oklahoma, from Pollyanna and Her Puppy to The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Fishing in the summer of 1959. Jim Belshaw, longtime columnist for the Albuquerque Journal and close poker buddy: Tony told me once that his view of the world was formed growing up in Oklahoma. In his mind there were two kinds of people in the world, broadly speaking—city and country people. And he was country. They didn’t have power. City people had power. No one I know talks like he writes. I’ve always wondered if people who met Hillerman for the first time were puzzled about this. In conversation, he might say something about “Eyetalians” and “heeliocopters.” He might tell you he went on the Internet and looked up something on “Goggle.” His spoken voice was very different from the one that came through his fingertips and onto a keyboard. SOLDIER In 1943, Hillerman enlisted in the Army and was sent to fight Germans in France. He earned a Bronze Star, a Silver Star, and then a Purple Heart when he stepped on a landmine, which blew away his heel, hashed his leg, and peppered his eyes. With the help of experimental penicillin—a treatment unknown to him at the time—he recovered. Hillerman in top row, center (grenade in lapel), with members of the 4th Platoon, C Company, 410th Infantry, France, circa 1944. Max Evans, cowboy, native New Mexican, and award-winning author of The Hi Lo Country, The Rounders, and many other books: We never did talk about the war, the ones that actually fought in the infantry. But Tony and I had to laugh about it because we had it in common. Anne Hillerman, daughter, journalist, and author who is carrying on the Chee-Leaphorn series with novels of her own: He never talked about the war. His autobiography was the only book he asked me to read before he published it, and I think it was because of the war stuff, even though he handled it lightly. He thought, “I wouldn’t be here if the Army hadn’t experimented on these soldiers with penicillin.” Jim Belshaw: Tony was an infantry grunt in World War II. That experience seemed to underlie much of the way he looked at the world. If you ever wanted to hear him talk about the abuse of power, all you had to do was ask him about a bad officer in an infantry unit. HUSBAND Hillerman married Marie Unzner in 1948. And without her, we might not have had “Tony Hillerman.” In Seldom Disappointed, he credits her with giving him confidence to dive into writing novels: “It was because Marie (Oh, woman of infinite faith) got me to believing I was as talented, competent, etc. ... as she believed I was.” With bride Marie Unzner in Shawnee, Oklahoma, August 16, 1948. Dick Pfaff, Hillerman’s friend since about 1964, a poker pal, and longtime business supervisor of student publications at UNM, where Hillerman served on the student publications board: You can’t know Tony if you don’t ask about Marie. He told me, “The best and smartest thing I ever did was talking Marie into marrying me.” He felt that so deeply. If anyone should be canonized by the Catholic Church, it’s Marie. She was always doing something for other people, and always compassionate. Jim Belshaw: Tony and Marie were the kind of people that, if you could vote for who your next-door neighbors would be, these would be the two you’d vote for. FROM NEWSPAPERMAN TO PROFESSOR After returning from the war and recovering from his injuries, Hillerman studied journalism at the University of Oklahoma, then worked as a newspaperman, honing his observational and writing skills. In the Brazos high country of northern New Mexico in the sixties. Dick Pfaff: By the time he was 40, he had said, he wanted to be the editor of a capital city newspaper, and here he was in his thirties and he was already there. Anne Hillerman: I think a lot of journalists want to be novelists, maybe because we run into so many interesting characters. They’re bigger than life, but they are life. When he was at the New Mexican, almost every evening after dinner he’d be working on the novel at his rolltop desk in the bedroom at the back of the house. He wrote on a typewriter. Part of his leaving the newspaper was his increasing desire to get that novel finished. I remember him and my mom having a conversation about it. We were pretty happy in Santa Fe, and moving a family of that size was an effort, but Mom said, “As long as you’re working as a journalist you won’t get that finished. ... I think we should move to Albuquerque.” He had to go back to school [at UNM] to get a master’s to teach. He was also writing magazine articles to supplement his income. Melissa Howard, former Hillerman student and journalist: We never called him Tony. I started with him in 1966. He seemed to have no ego involved in it at all. As a former newspaper writer and editor and wire service writer, he was very comfortable that he knew the business, and he didn’t use a textbook. Jim Belshaw: The first time I ever got a paper back from him in class [in 1970], I remember on one page he had circled a paragraph and wrote “Ugh!” in the margin. My heart sank. On the next page, another note said, “Good.” That was all I needed. I remember how quickly, in the space of two pages, all the wind went out of my sails, and suddenly the wind came back. AUTHOR While Hillerman taught at UNM, he finished The Blessing Way (1970), featuring Navajo detective Joe Leaphorn. Next he wrote the political thriller The Fly on the Wall (1971). Then he returned to Leaphorn and—after selling the rights to Leaphorn—introduced Jim Chee, also Navajo. In later novels, the rights restored, Hillerman energized the stories by having the two cops work together, their distinct personalities and investigative methods creating an intriguing counterpoint. N. Scott Momaday, Kiowa author who set his Pulitzer Prize–winning novel House Made of Dawn at Jemez Pueblo and who now teaches at UNM and St. John’s College in Santa Fe: He had possession of the spirit of story. He knew how to tell a story and he appreciated storytelling, as I do. We shared a confidence that story is universal and important. It’s at the heart of language, and he knew that. Sheila Tryk, former New Mexico Magazine editor: He always came up with something fascinating. He’d approach you with a story and you’d say yes. You knew who would need massive editing, and he wasn’t one of them. He was a great storyteller, too, and it was sometimes hard to separate what he wrote from what he told you. Fred Harris, author, former US senator from Oklahoma, presidential candidate, and UNM professor who attended the University of Oklahoma a few years after Hillerman, studying with many of the same professors: Tony’s prose was so spare. [One professor] taught him that adverbs are the enemy of verbs and adjectives are the enemies of nouns. I asked, “What do you mean?” And Tony says, “Instead of saying he walked slowly, say he ambled.” Anne Hillerman: His idea was that he’d start with a mystery and go on to write more profound novels, but he discovered he really liked Joe Leaphorn and writing mysteries. Craig Johnson, author of the Walt Longmire mystery series—now an A&E cable drama— who considered Hillerman a mentor: It’s the descriptive passages that blow me away. His dialogue is wonderful, his characters are great, but what makes me pull up on the reins and go whoa! is one of those magnificent descriptive passages that he does. He doesn’t take pages, he does it in just one paragraph—he encapsulates the vista, the geology, the color and the beauty and the magnificence of the Southwest. You learn from Hillerman that you become universal by giving the detail. It’s important to know exactly where that story takes place, who it is, and the time. N. Scott Momaday: The land was important to him, and he did well by it. He had such a keen understanding of the Southwestern landscape and the Navajo reservation. He evoked the spirit of place extremely well. I rather think it was fortunate and to Tony’s advantage to have such a regional subject and specific cultural subject. Dick Pfaff, recalling a boating trip on the San Juan River with Hillerman, who was the celebrity attraction: Four professional people were in one of the dories. One of them knew he was the smartest guy on the river, and he was determined to write. He wanted to know how Tony outlined his books. Tony said, “I don’t do that.” Then how do you know when to end? “I just get to the end.” Fred Harris: I studied his writing, and I could never outline his books—I never figured out how they worked. ... When I got a two-book deal with HarperCollins, the contract said that for the second book, they would pay half the advance upon approval of an outline. I said to Tony, “I can’t outline a book in advance.” He said, “Neither can I. Don’t worry about it, just write up anything for the outline, and then turn in the book you want to do.” CELEBRITY Hillerman gave up teaching and left UNM to concentrate on writing novels in 1985. Anne Hillerman: It wasn’t till Rupert Murdoch took over Harper & Row that Dad’s fiction really took off. Rupert picked writers with a strong following to do a breakout book combined with a book tour and more national promotion. It would make a difference. That was Skinwalkers [1986], which was Dad’s first on the New York Times best-seller list. Then every one was on the best-seller list. Luther Wilson, former acquisitions editor at Harper & Row, director of UNM Press (and several other presses), and regular poker buddy: Very few writers make their living off writing. ... That pyramid is very narrow at the top. Jim Belshaw, who traveled with Hillerman to the 1996 Super Bowl: Somebody noticed Hillerman was on the plane. The next thing we knew, a line of people almost the entire length of the plane waited patiently to get his autograph. From time to time, and with a big grin on his face, he’d look over at me and say, “You watching this?” Tuesday [poker games] turned into a four-hour exercise in ego control: Here we had this man who was one of the best-selling authors in the world. If you didn’t know who he was, you’d never know that. Craig Johnson: One great thing was his philosophy that you can’t help the people further up the career ladder, but you can help the people coming along behind you. He had an old-school graciousness that’s kind of a unique perspective for an author at that level of prestige. He’s the godfather of western mystery writing. A lot of big authors forget their humble beginnings. Anne Hillerman: Dad didn’t allow much mythology to be built around him. He was the same guy in 2008, when he died, as he was in the 1940s, when he started in journalism. NATIVE SPEAKER In Seldom Disappointed, Hillerman writes about the literary agent who told him The Blessing Way was a “bad book” that he could improve by “getting rid of all the Indian stuff.” Luther Wilson: [After World War II, Hillerman and his companions] stopped somewhere on the New Mexico side of the reservation. As far as he could tell, every person in the Navajo Nation had shown up to honor a few wounded Marines and go through a ceremony to get the evil out of them and reintegrate them back into Navajo society. He thought, “Why didn’t anybody do anything like that for me?” That’s what got him interested in the Navajos and interested in New Mexico. It turned out it was a great thing for the rest of the world. Max Evans: He invented that style of writing about the reservation. A number followed him, but none were as successful as Tony. Anne Hillerman: Originally the main character was going to be a white anthropologist, and Leaphorn would be his sidekick, but then as it developed, Dad realized Leaphorn was a much more interesting character, and luckily the editor at Harper did, too. N. Scott Momaday: One of his strong points was his knowledge of the Southwest and of Navajo culture. I’m not sure how he came by that, but his Navajo characters are vivid and alive. The Indian has a keen understanding of that spirit of the land—it’s intrinsic to Indian life, and Tony knew that and he expressed that essence very well in his treatment of Native American culture and character. Anne Hillerman: At UNM he had access to Zimmerman Library, which has wonderful collections of Navajo information. Dad always was very interested in religion, or in spiritual beliefs, how people imagine themselves as part of the bigger picture. And that was one of the things that really intrigued him about the Navajo—their cosmology and how complicated it was and how accepting it was of differences. That was part of his affection for the Navajo people and their culture. At UNM, he had Navajo students and he would build up relationships and go home and meet their folks. And, being a journalist, he wasn’t shy about calling up people and asking questions, and he had that good ol’ boy attitude. It wasn’t like talking to a college professor. Fred Harris: You wouldn’t think the Navajos would accept a guy from the outside—they’d resent a white guy explaining Navajos to the world. He just empathized with them. He liked their humor. They were funny to be around. He could put himself in their shoes. He grew up with Indians and went to that Indian school. James Peshlakai, Navajo medicine man and storyteller, who was translating Navajo to English when he met Hillerman and became a friend: We’d meet here and there and go out into the country [on the Navajo reservation] and just talk about little things. I told Tony about the plants. When we’d go walking someplace, he would ask questions: “What’s this? Do they grow in Crownpoint, too?” He had a very scientific mind. We would talk about how we teach each other to live together on this earth. He was very respectful that we [Navajos] don’t talk about death or religion. He’s the one that told us that the Navajo belief is not a religion at all—it’s metaphysical. He says, “Your belief is more like science than a religion. A religion is where people have hope, they wish for things, an afterlife.” Navajos, we don’t have heaven and don’t have hell. Everybody wanted us to become white people and be assimilated into the American way of life. And then Tony Hillerman came along and started writing books about Navajos, and then our schools started using his books in literature classes, and the little kids started asking questions. He brought the young people’s interest back into their culture. Tony Hillerman woke us up to this. Craig Johnson: Tony doesn’t get credit—being an Indian in 1968, when he was first writing, was not cool, not like it is nowadays. It was a bold decision to make, to have those characters be Native. But that’s kind of your job as an author: When everyone’s running in one direction, run in another direction. Here everyone was writing about cowboys, and this writer from New Mexico decided to write about Indians. I hear Native people say they love this series with two Tontos—and the Lone Ranger never shows up! Jim Belshaw: Who has and doesn’t have power—that’s always struck me as one of the reasons he was attracted to the Navajo people. He saw himself in them. He saw a culture that at least in one regard was very much like the one he’d grown up with—country boys and city boys. He was a country boy and so were the Navajo people, and they didn’t have power. POKER GUY Hillerman joined a poker group at UNM in 1965. About a decade later, Jim Belshaw and UNM public relations director Jess Price started another game for lower stakes among professors and staffers, including their buddy Hillerman. Although the membership has shifted throughout the decades, a core cadre still plays. Anne Hillerman says “the poker guys” were his best friends outside of family. Jim Belshaw: I never met a poker player so optimistic about two pair. If someone at the table had a megaphone and was announcing a full house, Tony would call with two pair in his hand. One night a player said, “Hillerman, I finally got around to reading The Fly on the Wall. I’ve got a question about that poker scene. The hero is a reporter, which I guess is supposed to be you. I want to know who wrote that poker scene for you. You have this hero folding and folding and folding. You never folded a hand in your life. You couldn’t have written that scene. So who did?” John Perovich, former UNM president who helped interview Hillerman for a job at the university in 1963: Tony won his share. When he was young, he was a good poker player. I remember one time we went up to Red River and the legislators were having a poker game. I wasn’t invited to play, but Tony was. He did very well. Jim Belshaw: Tony hated missing those games. He said they reminded him of what it felt like to be in his old Army squad. We still talk about him at the poker games. His presence is always very much there. When the chatter would get to be too much at the poker table, Tony would say, “Did you birds come to talk or to play poker?” He was the only one who could get away with saying it. The players would grumble and laugh, but they’d shut up. And then half the time, Hillerman would begin telling a story of his own. It was great fun. I miss him. I sense him every time we sit down and begin shuffling the deck. “A PRETTY GOOD FELLER” He was a devout Catholic, but his interest in metaphysics ranged widely. Anne Hillerman: Dad was a regular Mass-goer, but he wasn’t didactic about it. He disagreed with a lot of the official positions. He said you can’t let the Church get in the way of God. Jim Belshaw: People of that generation and upbringing didn’t talk about it. You do your good works and the Lord sees them. If you had something troublesome going on in your life and Tony and Marie found out about it, they had a way of letting you know you were in their prayer circle. Dick Pfaff: His spirituality and his fairness and his forgiveness and his generosity were big parts of who he was. He believed in miracles, curiously. And Marie had compassion for every living thing in the world, and that splashed over to Tony, and he was therefore incredibly forgiving. Max Evans: Tony Hillerman wasn’t just a fine writer. He was a true gentleman who had a genuine interest in other people’s lives. He was just as sincere as you could be, what we used to call when I was cowboying “a pretty good feller.” That was the greatest compliment ever. HILLERMAN 101: A READING LIST The Blessing Way (1970), the inaugural Joe Leaphorn mystery, taps Hillerman’s initial fascination with the healing power of Navajo metaphysics and psychology. The Great Taos Bank Robbery (1973) assembles a collection of Hillerman’s essays, including the title piece, first published in New Mexico Magazine. Read it for insight into mid-20th-century New Mexico. Dance Hall of the Dead (1973) sends Joe Leaphorn outside the Navajo world to solve a mystery at Zuni Pueblo. In doing so, it punctures myths about a monolithic American Indian culture. Hillerman Country (1991), a coffee-table book, provides Hillerman’s verbal tour of the places he wrote about, with photos by his brother, Barney. To reckon the man, reconnoiter the land he loved. People of Darkness (1980) introduces Navajo Tribal Police sergeant Jim Chee, who’s magnetic south to the north set by his fictional predecessor and eventual collaborator, Joe Leaphorn. When Hillerman unites them in later books, their chemistry and conflict energize his cultural explorations. Finding Moon (1995) breaks out of the mystery series all the way to Vietnam. Hillerman said it was “the closest I’ve come to writing a book that satisfied me.” Seldom Disappointed (2001) treats the reader to several hours in Hillerman’s affable and astute company. It would be worth reading even if you’ve never read one of his mysteries. The World War II section alone earns the cover price. The Wailing Wind (2002) explores complex relationships among Navajo heroes and Navajo villains. It’s eerie. Want more like this? Subscribe now!

Despite not being a fancy and complicated component, your car’s tires are crucial to your driving experience. Keeping them properly inflated will allow you to ensure safety, better handling, even tire tread wear, maximum tread life and better fuel economy. The best way to make sure your tires are inflated to the correct optimum pressure as provided by your vehicle manufacturer is to get the best tire pressure gauge. A top rated tire pressure gauge will only cost you less than $30, such a small investment for the convenience of easily checking your tire pressure on a monthly basis. It is a must have tool for every car owner. To make your purchasing decision as stress-free as possible, we have browsed the market and compiled the best tire pressure gauge products based on their design, specifications, construction quality and in-depth tire pressure gauge reviews by actual buyers and expert opinions. There is a high quality tire pressure gauge for every car owner, regardless of your priorities and budget. To help you better make an informed investment decision, this comprehensive guide will also include all the crucial information you will need to determine the right auto tire pressure gauges for you, including their benefits, the different types and their pros and cons, important buying criteria, usage and maintenance tips, tips for ensuring correct tire pressure as well as answers to frequently asked questions. Contents - Tire Pressure Gauge Basics - The Best Tire Pressure Gauge: An In-Depth Review - 1. Milton S-921 Single Chuck Head Pencil Tire Pressure Gauge 5-50 PSI - 2. AstroAI Digital Tire Pressure Gauge 150 PSI - 3. Dirt Renegade Tire Pressure Gauge 75 PSI - 4. TEKTON Digital Tire Gauge 5941 - 5. TireTek Tire Pressure Gauge 0-60 PSI - 6. Slime Digital Sport Tire Pressure Gauge 5-150 PSI - 7. Rhino USA Heavy Duty Tire Pressure Gauge 75 PSI with Hose - 8. JACO ElitePro Tire Pressure Gauge 100 PSI - 9. Joes Racing 32307 Tire Pressure Gauge 0-60 PSI - 10. Longacre 53036 Tire Gauge 100 PSI - Types Of Tire Pressure Gauge - How To Pick The Best Tire Pressure Gauge For Your Money - Tire Pressure Gauge: Usage and Maintenance Tips - Auto Tire Pressure Gauges: FAQs Tire Pressure Gauge Basics What a Tire Pressure Gauge Does Car tires must be correctly inflated to the optimum pressure specified by your vehicle manufacturer. Both under-inflated tires and over-inflated tires can adversely affect handling and control, make your tires worn out faster, and can compromise your safety on the roads. - Under-inflated tires: Under-inflated tires means increased contacts with the road, thus your tires will wear faster and unevenly, and build up excess heat as you drive. These can result in tire failure and negatively impact the vehicle’s braking and handling, increasing the risk of accidents. Too much traction with the road also means your car needs to work extra hard to maintain its speed, thus wasting fuel. - Over-inflated tires: Over-inflated tires are more problematic on rough terrain. They will amplify the physical impact on bumpy roads and cause premature wear and tear on your tires, on top of uneven tread wear. Over-inflated tires also affect handling and your safety. - How a tire pressure gauge can avoid these: To ensure your tire is inflated to the optimal pressure, the cheapest, easiest way is to use a tire-pressure gauge to check the pressure of your tires regularly and before starting on any long trip. The recommended interval is at least once a month. How a Tire Pressure Gauge Works To measure a tire’s pressure with a. - If the pressure is higher than the recommended level, most of the best tire pressure gauges will also allow you to release air from your tires by putting the opposite end into the valve stem. Then how does a tire pressure gauge return a pressure reading? There are different types of pressure gauges, but let’s look at the simplest type, that is pencil gauges, to understand their basic mechanism. The body of a pencil gauge consists of a long, small tube, and the inside of the tube is polished smooth and lubricated with a light oil. Inside the tube sits a piston made of soft rubber that is designed to seal nicely against the tube but can move along the interior of the tube when air is released from the tire to the gauge. The piston is tight-sealing, thanks to its soft rubber material, the smooth surface of the tube interior as well as the enhancing light oil. The piston sits at one end of the tube, at the other is a stop and between them is a compressed and calibrated spring that runs the entire length of the tube. This spring pushes the piston toward the left end of the tube. When you apply the pressure gauge to a tire’s valve stem, the pressurized air from the tire is released into the gauge’s tube and pushes the piston toward the right, and the spring is compressed. The more pressurized the air in the tire is, the more it will push the piston inside the tube. The mechanism for giving a pressure reading is simple: the distance the piston travels measures the pressure of the air in the tire. Also, to provide a reading, all tire pressure gauges are designed to have some maximum pressure. For instance, if the gauge’s maximum pressure is 60 PSI and the air pressure of the tire is 30 PSI, the piston will be pushed half-way along the tube towards the right end. If the tire’s air pressure is 60 PSI, the piston will be pushed all the way to the right end of the tube, and so on. There’s a calibrated rod that fits inside the spring. When you release the gauge from the valve stem, the piston moves back to the left since there’s no longer a flow of pressurized air, but the rod is designed to stay in its position to allow you to read the pressure. Why You Need a Tire Pressure Gauge You can easily buy tire-pressure gauges online, or at auto-parts stores, big-box department stores, and other retailers like Home Depot. For typically $5 to $15, you can get a functional gauge already, and even the absolute best tire pressure gauge wouldn’t set you back more than $50. Since it’s not expensive, there’s no excuse for not having one around, even two. A tire gauge is not a one-off expense. Buying the best tire gauges is a reasonable investment that might save your life, provide your precious vehicle with many benefits or at the very least avoid premature and expensive repairs and replacement. But first: You can’t rely on your car’s tire pressure monitoring system You might have known that most new vehicles come with a tire pressure monitoring system, and might be expecting that this system should do the job of a tire pressure gauge. That is not the case. Such a system only illuminates a light on your dashboard to warn if a tire’s pressure is significantly lower than the recommended pressure and does not allow you to check the accurate pressure. So just because the warning light isn’t illuminated doesn’t mean that your tire pressure has been set correctly. Also, note that if your car is older, it might not come installed with a tire pressure monitoring system. Also… Don’t try to save a few bucks and rely on free tire pressure gauges at gas stations. They usually get little or no maintenance and are not handled with care. Experts also warn that most gauges on a gas station’s tire inflators are built to a lower standard than stand-alone tire pressure gauges, regardless of what types they are Better Handling and Ride Quality If all four tires on your car are at the same level of pressure, and none is under-inflated or over-inflated as per the manufacturer’s guidelines, it’s no rocket science that you will gain better control of your vehicle. Enhanced stability and handling means a smoother ride for everyone onboard. Better Braking Your braking experience is directly related to tour tire pressure. For instance, under-inflated tires will increase the stopping distance whenever you slam on the brake pedal. Therefore, regularly checking your tire pressure and consistently maintaining proper tire pressure means consistent braking performance, less guesswork, and safer driving. Fuel Economy Maintaining a uniform and appropriate tire pressure also puts less strain on the rest of your vehicle, thus helping it achieve better fuel efficiency. For instance, as explained above, under-inflated tires make your car work extra hard to make up for increased friction with the road, which prevents your vehicle from achieving its normal speed. Properly inflated tires can yield a 3.3% increase in fuel economy, which might not sound like a lot but would quickly add up over time. Less Tire Wear & Premature Replacement Both under-inflated and over-inflated tires create uneven tread wear and undesirable wear pattern, which would mean premature replacement if you don’t want to compromise your safety. Under-inflation means larger tires contact with the road surface and less vehicle stability, resulting in excessive and uneven tire wear. Meanwhile, over-inflated tires means less rubber is in contact with the road, thus reducing traction and the wear would be concentrated in the center of the tire. Meanwhile, proper tire pressure allows for even wear on each tire and across all four tires, thus prolonging the life of your tires. You only need to spend less than $50 for the best tire pressure gauge to avoid premature replacement as well as accidents, and that investment will be of good service for many years to come. Overall Safety Tire failure is the reason for about 11,000 car crashes each year, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, of which the majority of cases are caused by underinflated tires. Other than compromised handling, more friction from under-inflated tires also means excessive heat buildup, which can cause the tread to separate from the tire entirely and render the vehicle completely out of control. In addition, many serious accidents have occured due to worn tires, and remember that improperly inflated tires means premature wear and tear. When the tread wears out excessively and unevenly, traction is reduced, which can lead to loss of vehicle control and accidents, especially on wet or icy roads. The Best Tire Pressure Gauge: An In-Depth Review Without further ado, dive into our delicious list of the best tire pressure gauge models for the money. These are the best air pressure gauge across all important criteria, such as accuracy of readings, ease of reading, features and durability. This list also includes all the different types of gauges for different budgets and needs, and the models are in the order of cheapest to most expensive. If you’re familiar with tire gauges types and the technicalities, and know what you’re looking for, dive right in. Otherwise, skip to the next section to learn the crucial buying criteria when shopping for the best tire pressure gauge for your needs. 1. Milton S-921 Single Chuck Head Pencil Tire Pressure Gauge 5-50 PSI Specifications - PSI Range: 5 to 50 - Units: PSI, kPa Features - Measures 5-50 PSI in 1-lb. increments and 40-350 in 10-kPa increments - Made in the USA from plated brass - Built-in deflator valve - Single chuck head - White nylon indicator bar Available for only $7, this Milton S-921 basic stick gauge is simple, easy to use, and has fool-proof operation. Being a stick gauge, it is incredibly lightweight and compact, so you can store it anywhere in the car. Made in the USA from plated brass, the Milton S-921 is reported by buyers to be sturdier than other stick gauges on the market. There’s only one moving part, so there’s little to break. All in all, for only a small initial investment, you get excellent value for money from this gauge. It’s not battery-powered, so you won’t have to worry about the batteries freezing in winter or low battery power leading to false readings. Despite being nothing fancy, this stick gauge is operational in a wide range of temperatures. There’s also a built-in deflater tab on the back of the gauge for use in the case you over-inflated your tires. That said, the deflator won’t let you track exactly how much air to release. The pressure-reading bar stays out unless you push it back in, so you can take the gauge off the valve stem to read the results. It’s still not as easy to read the numbers compared to digital gauges though. A major downside is its limited PSI range that only reads to 50 PSI, which means it’s only suitable for regular passenger vehicles with an optimum tire pressure of around 28 to 30 PSI. Another major downside is this Milton model is not very accurate, which is a universal problem for stick gauges. So it is more suitable to be a backup that you always keep in your car for cases of emergency. Judging from the reviewers who use this gauge alongside at least another one to test for accuracy though, this gauge consistently returns readings that are 1 PSI higher than other gauges being used. So in a sense, its accuracy is less variable, which is a good thing. Pros: - Extremely compact and lightweight, fits nearly anywhere - Built-in deflator - No batteries, thus performance is not affected by extreme cold - Little moving parts Cons: - Limited pressure range - Built-in deflater doesn’t let you track how much air you release 2. AstroAI Digital Tire Pressure Gauge 150 PSI Specifications - PSI Range: 0 to 150 - Units: PSI, Bar, Kgf/cm², kPa Features: - Wide range: 4-150 PSI / 0-10 Bar / 0-10 Kgf/cm² or 0-1000 KPA - Operating Temperature: 23°F to 122°F - Bright blue LCD display - Four measurement units. - Ergonomic and slip-resistant body for comfortable grip and control. - Excellent nozzle seal onto the valve stem to minimize air loss and thus maximize accuracy. - Lighted nozzle illuminates to easily locate the valve stem in poorly lit areas. - Automatically shuts off in 30-40 seconds to save battery power. - Compatible with ¼-inch and ½-inch compressor outputs - A single push button to turn the unit on and select a readout setting. - Automatically resets. AstroAI is a household favourite when it comes to the best tire pressure gauges, and this model doesn’t disappoint. It receives an overall 4.5 stars from almost 8,500 car owners on Amazon with raving in-depth reviews. For only $9.99, it reads up to 150 PSI, which makes it operational for even truck tires and small to midsize recreational vehicles. What buyers love is the excellent nozzle that seals onto the valve stem properly without air loss to maximize accuracy. The lighted nozzle illuminates and makes it easy to locate the valve stem on the tire in darkened spaces. Another plus is this device automatically resets each time you check tire pressure, so there’s no need to reset or calibrate it. Also easy to hold with an ergonomic slip-resistant body, and easy to read, this little device is a dream come true. The backlit blue LCD screen displays the exact measurement in PSI, bar, kPa or kg/cm ^2 in large numbers, so you get the best look at the results, even in low light conditions. The glowing screen will automatically shut off after 20 seconds of inactivity to save on battery life. It comes with extras like a valve core tool and four valve caps, and a locking chuck. What’s super convenient about this gauge is that it’s compatible with ¼-inch and ½-inch compressor outputs, which means you can add air to your tires using an air compressor and check the pressure at the same time. Simply add this gauge to the air hose without having to disconnect the air compressor. As for the downside, there’s no bleeder valve to remedy over-inflated tires. Its limited operating temperature of 23°F to 122°F and the fact that it’s battery-powered means the battery can freeze in extreme cold and might not function in the winter. Low battery power can also render the unit less accurate, plus many buyers complain that replacing the battery is not as easy as it should be. While this AstroAI digital gauge offers a good seal to prevent air loss, it’s still not as accurate as the best dial gauges that are ANSI certified. Pros: - Wide PSI range, thus suitable for a wide range of vehicles - Good seal to prevent air loss and give accurate results - Easy to read results, even at night - Automatic resets, so no need to calibrate. - 4 readout settings, easy to switch between settings Cons: - No bleeder valve - Limited operating temperature - Some buyers complain that it’s easy to misalign 3. Dirt Renegade Tire Pressure Gauge 75 PSI Specifications - Dial gauge - Range: 0-75 PSI - Unit: PSI Features - Solid brass hardware - Bleeder valve chuck and tip both swivel 360 degrees for maximum flexibility. - Durable braided hose - Extended head - Bleeder valve - includes a lightweight drawstring bag for easy storage - Large 2-inch dial that glows in the dark for easy reading - The dial is also encased in a high impact, rugged protective rubber case for shock protection. - Lifetime warranty This analog tire pressure gauge comes with a large 2-inch dial gauge that glows in the dark for easy reading in all conditions, a bleeder valve that allows you to set the amount of air to release to remedy over-inflated tires, 360-degree swivel chuck and 360-degree swivel tip for maximum flexibility, a durable braided 11.5-inch hose and an extended head. Most buyers compliment its heavy duty solid brass construction for secure connectivity and durability. Its lifetime warranty should also speak volume about the unit’s longevity. For only $11.99, you get great functionality and longevity out of this gauge. It even comes with a convenient carrying bag to protect the gauge from dust and grime buildup. The 2-inch dial is also encased in a high impact, rugged protective rubber case for shock protection. Unfortunately, this gauge only measures in PSI, and the range is a bit limited at that, reading to 75 PSI only. That said, if you only need to check tire pressure for your passenger car, 75 PSI is adequate, since the optimum tire pressure for passenger vehicles should range from 28 to 36 PSI. In this case, this Dirt Renegade dial gauge would be the best tire pressure gauge for your money. Pros: - Bleeder valve that allows you to set the amount of air to release - Glowing dial for night vision; dial protected from shock - Swivel tip and chuck for flexibility - Heavy duty brass construction Cons: - Limited PSI range - Only measures in PSI 4. TEKTON Digital Tire Gauge 5941 Specifications - Digital gauge - Unit: PSI, BAR, kPa, kg/cm2 - Range: 0-100 PSI, 0-7 BAR, 0-700 kPa, 0-7 kg/cm2 - Minimum increment: 0.5 PSI Features: - Excellent nozzle seals for minimal air loss and more accurate measurements. - Lighted nozzle and backlit LCD display for good vision even at night. - Digital display shows exact numbers. - Automatic shut off after 30 seconds to save battery power. - Ergonomic design soft, non-slip surface for comfortable grip and control. - Single push button to turn the unit on and switch between readout settings. This digital gauge is a tried and true model, as testified by over 5,000 car owners on Amazon. Available at an affordable price of only $14.90, packed with many killer features while being easy to use and easy to read, this Tekton gauge is agreed on by technicians and car owners as one of the best digital tire pressure gauge for this price range. For only a small investment, you get a wide range and all four measurement units: it reads to 0-100 PSI, 0-7 BAR, 0-700 kPa, or 0-7 kg/cm2, and has a minimum increment of 0.5 PSI. This means it’s suitable for checking truck tires on top of regular passenger vehicles. It is loved for its backlit LCD display screen that glows in the dark and shows the exact number, so there’s no guesswork and you won’t need to strain your eyes to take a better look like with analog models. The lit nozzle makes it even easier to locate the valve stem in low light. The raving reviews often take note of the excellent nozzle seal that prevents air loss and allows for more accurate measurement. Its ergonomic and soft, non-slip contoured design makes for a firm, comfortable grip. There’s a single push-button control that turns the unit on and switches between four readout settings. You just need to push the button quickly to turn the unit on, or hold a bit longer to trigger the reading display and switch units. However, many buyers complain that this makes it easy to accidentally switch between readings, and there should be a separate button for this purpose. The gauge is battery-powered by one CR2032 3V lithium-ion cell, and three LR44 1.5V button cells. It automatically shuts off after 30 seconds to save on battery life. While the batteries are expected to last more than two years, the fact that this unit uses two different types of batteries makes replacement more pricey and complicated, as many buyers have noted. Another downside is the gauge’s construction doesn’t feel very heavy duty and high quality, which raises concerns over its longevity. Pros: - Lighted nozzle and display screen for easy reading - 4 measurements, decent PSI range and read to only 0.5-PSI increment - Suitable for use with trucks - Too easy to accidentally switch between readings Cons: - Too easy to accidentally switch between readings - Replacing batteries is not cheap - Battery can freeze in extreme cold, and low battery power can lead to loss of accuracy 5. TireTek Tire Pressure Gauge 0-60 PSI Specifications - Dial gauge - Range: 0 to 60 PSI - Units: PSI - Calibrated to ANSI B40.1 Grade B standard (±2%). Features: - An extended 5mm extra deep chuck tip for excellent seal with no air loss, allowing for accurate and consistent readings. - Bleeder valve with a single button allows you to set the exact amount of air to release. - Rust-free durable steel and brass construction - Dial is protected by a rubber cover. - Chuck is 45-degree angled and 360-degree swiveling for flexibility. In the below-$20 price range, the TireTek Premium Tire Pressure Gauge is one of the best tire pressure gauges in terms of accurate and consistent results. It is certified by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to be accurate to ±2%. A factor contributing to its consistency and accuracy is the 360-degree swivel chuck that is deep enough for secure valve connection and minimal air loss, which allows for more accurate results. All in all, this device is very easy to use and read. Its ergonomic body is easy to grip in one hand. The chuck is as compact as that of a stick gauge. The 45-degree angled and full-circle swivel chuck also means you can easily adjust the dial face for easy reading. The dial is commented by buyers to be the easiest to read among the best dial tire pressure gauges, and comes with a rubber cover for protection from physical impacts. Pity that it doesn’t glow for night vision, or else this device would beat most digital gauges in all aspects. Also, unlike digital gauges, its performance isn’t limited in extreme cold weather since no battery is required. Another extremely handy feature is the bleeder valve to remedy over-inflation that allows you to set the exact amount of air to release. Its rust-resistant steel and brass construction, plus the lifetime satisfaction guarantee, speaks volume about its durability. For just $14.95, you get excellent value for money. The only major downside is its narrow PSI range. It only reads to 60 PSI, which means it’s only suitable for passenger vehicles which have an optimum pressure of around 30 PSI. Pros: - High accuracy, certified to ANSI standards (±2%) - Deep swiveling chuck to prevent air loss and maximize accuracy - Bleeder valve that allows you to set the amount of air to release - No batteries, so no performance problem in extreme cold - Overall, very easy to use and read Cons: - Limited pressure range, thus only suitable for passenger vehicles - Only measures in PSI - No glow dial for night vision 6. Slime Digital Sport Tire Pressure Gauge 5-150 PSI Specifications - Digital gauge - Range: 5-150 PSI - Units: PSI, kPA, BAR - Accuracy: +/- 2 PSI at 20-100 PSI, +/- 3 PSI at 101-150 PSI. - Operating temperature 0-100 degrees F Features - Bright green, backlit LED display - Lighted tip for night use - Ergonomic grip for easy and safe handling of the tire gauge - Automatic shut off and long battery life At the same price range as many other digital gauges in this list, this affordable Slime digital gauge is more accurate, reads to a higher PSI and is more reliable in extreme cold weather. It has a PSI range of 5-150 PSI and a wider operating temperature range of 0-100 degrees F. The manufacturer claims that it’s accurate to ±2 PSI at 20-100 PSI and ±3 PSI at 101-150 PSI, which is consistently testified by users. It measures in 3 units: PSI, kPA, BAR. Overall, at only $16.52, it’s among the top choices within the digital gauge category. Handy features include a green backlit LED display, a green translucent lighted tip for use at night, auto shut-off feature, a long battery life, a reset button and an ultracompact, ergonomic, rubberized design for easy grip. The only downside is the expensive battery, which makes replacement costing as much as buying a whole new unit, which is outrageous. The battery is noted by users to last long though, so some might decide to gamble. Another area of concern is some reviewers claim that their unit is not durable. Pros: - Large PSI range - High accuracy (but not ANSI certified) - Glowing display for night vision - Long battery life Cons: - Battery replacement costs as much as buying a new device - Many users complain about durability 7. Rhino USA Heavy Duty Tire Pressure Gauge 75 PSI with Hose Specifications - Dial gauge - Range: 0 to 75 PSI - Units: PSI - ANSI certified to B40.1 Grade B standard: ±1.5% Features - Brass construction - Braided hose - 360-degree swiveling chuck for flexibility and easy reading - Glowing dial for night vision This Rhino model receives an overall rating of 4.6 stars from around 4,000 car owners on Amazon, which speaks volume about its value for money. It’s certified by ANSI to B40.1 Grade B standard with an accuracy of ±1.5%, better than many other certified models on the market. It’s a pity that it only reads in PSI and reads to 75 PSI though, so it’s only suitable for passenger cars. An advantage over other dial models is that it comes with a glowing dial for night vision, and due to its narrow PSI range, its 75 tick marks are conveniently spaced further apart, making it easy to read results. The bleeder valve that allows you to set the amount of air to release, and the 360-degree swiveling chuck allows for flexibility. However, complaints from users mostly revolve around the easily kinked braided hose and the shallower chuck stem compared to other options, which might allow for air leakage and thus affect the device’s accuracy and consistency. So while the majority of users have no problem with reliability, some buyers noted the questionable durability. Another downside is the screws for replacing the batteries are incredibly small, making this task more difficult than it should be. Pros: - Easy to read dial - High accuracy and consistency: ±1.5% ANSI certified - Bleeder valve that allows you to set the amount of air to release - Glowing dial for night vision Cons: - Many users complain about durability, like easily kinked hose and air leakage - Tiny screws make it hard to replace the battery - Negative 8. JACO ElitePro Tire Pressure Gauge 100 PSI Specifications - Dial gauge - Unit: PSI - Range: 100 PSI - Calibrated to ANSI B40.1 International Accuracy Standard (±1.5%) Features - 360-degree swivel chuck for easy access to tire valve - Flexible and durable HybridFlex 10-inch air hose to prevent air leakage - 100% Lifetime Warranty by JACO Superior Products (for any reason) - Bleeder valve - 2-inch glowing dial for night vision - Pressure hold and reset button - Shock-resistant gear-style protective guard - Solid rust-free brass construction This model from JACO is a bit more expensive thus far, but it receives raving reviews from technicians as well as a 4.7 stars overall rating from almost 5,000 buyers on Amazon. There’s hardly any problem with it, aside from the minor downside that it only reads in PSI. It’s overall a durable, easy to use and easy to read device, earning it a spot in any reviews of the best tire pressure gauge to buy these days. First is consistently accurate results.The ElitePro is calibrated to ANSI B40.1 International Accuracy Standard and reads to an accuracy of ±1.5%, which is not dependent on the temperature since it’s not battery powered. One factor that contributes to this consistent performance is the flexible no-leak air hose that prevents air loss. It’s also great that this device reads to 100 PSI, making it suitable for use with trucks. Next is durability. The housing of the gauge is constructed from brass, including both the stem and chuck, while the bezel and body are constructed from steel. It’s built to last, and countless customers have testified on this aspect. The gauge is also surrounded by a rugged, gear-style rubberized guard for shock absorption. It’s very easy to use and read. Handy features include a built-in bleeder valve to deflate the tires, just press and hold until the pressure reaches your desired PSI. The fully rotational chuck makes it easy to access your valve stems from any angle. The two-inch dial glows in the dark, while readings are locked in place until you push the reset button. Pros: - Large PSI range - Certified for high accuracy and consistency - Bleeder valve allows for accurate deflation - Large, easy to read glowing dial - Durable construction and components - No battery, thus not temperature-dependent Cons: - Only reads in PSI 9. Joes Racing 32307 Tire Pressure Gauge 0-60 PSI Specifications - Dial gauge - Unit: PSI - Range: 60 PSI Features - Internal spike suppressor for longevity and consistent accuracy. - Bleeder valve. - 17″ flexible rubber hose - Comes with a swivel angled chuck plus a ball chuck for accessing tight spots. - 2½ inch glow in the dark face. - No batteries required - Durable construction: Steel housing and external rubber cushion for shock absorption and allows for good grip. Despite only reading in PSI and to 60 PSI, which limits its application, this model is particularly praised for its superb durability. It features a heavy duty steel housing and external rubber cushion for shock absorption, which also allows for a comfortable firm grip. Another much loved feature is the extra durable flexible 17-inch hose, plus a chrome swivel angled chuck for easily accessing the tire valve from any angle. The device also comes with a ball chuck for accessing tight spots. The thread on angle and ball chuck can be changed in seconds if ever needed to fit in a tight spot or if your valve stem access changes. You will also appreciate the high-flow air pressure release button, which is useful in quickly bringing over-inflated tires down to the desired PSI level. A rare feature is the internal spike suppressor for enhanced accuracy and consistent results. The 2½-inch glow in the dark dial enables reading in darkened areas, but many users complain that the numbers on the face are so small and hard to read. Some users also report that while the device is accurate in the middle range, it’s not as accurate in the lower and upper ranges. Pros: - Internal spike suppressor for enhanced accuracy - Includes flexible hose and 2 chucks for access to valve stem in any situation - Heavy duty construction - Large glowing dial Cons: - Doesn’t hold the reading after released from the tire valve - Narrow PSI range - Only reads in PSI - Some users reported that it’s not as accurate in the lower and upper ranges. 10. Longacre 53036 Tire Gauge 100 PSI Specifications - Digital gauge - Range: 0-100 PSI - Reads to 0.2 PSI, accurate to 0.8%. Features - 2-inch diameter face with large numbers - Bleeder valve - Quick “zero” button - Hi-Flex 14-inch hose - Angled swivel chuck and ball chuck to access valve stem from any position - External shock-resistant protective bumper - Auto shut off feature. This device is by far the most expensive digital gauge, or a pressure gauge of any type, so there are fewer reviews online, but it receives a 4.8 stars overall rating on Amazon and close to 5 star ratings on other online retailers. For those who can afford it, it’s sworn to be one of the best tire pressure gauges on the market when it comes to accuracy, as proven when calibrated to professional master gauges. This gauge reads to 0.2 PSI increment with 0.8% accuracy, better than most models on the market. Its 100-PSI range means it’s also perfect for towing trucks, where you might be running 50-PSI tires for daily driving and then need to pump up the tires to 80 PSI to tow a heavy load. The 2″ face comes with a protective, shock-resistant protective bumper for longevity. Handy features include a 14-inch high-flex hose, coupling with an angled fully rotational chuck for easy access to the tire valve from any angle. Also included is a ball chuck for reaching tight spots. You do need to use both hands to properly fit it on the valve stem and hold it to read the results, but it is not a major inconvenience. Users also appreciate the convenient “zero” button. As this device does not hold pressure, the pressure reading is always active. There’s a bleeder valve, but it won’t let you track deflation with accuracy like dial models. It’s curious that this digital gauge does not have a backlit LCD screen like most models. Some users complain about the auto shut-off not working properly, killing the battery within a few months. Not exactly a downside, but some find that the flexible hose is a bit stiff, but that is probably to prevent kinks, which would give inaccurate readings. Variations in valve stems are normal, so you might need a bit of finessing to properly seal the gauge on the valve stems. Pros: - The chuck seals well to prevent air loss - Swiveling head and flexible hose for easy access to valve stem - Convenient reset function. Cons: - No backlit screen for night vision. - The button for changing settings doesn’t always work in some cases Some complaints about the unit not automatically shutting off like it’s supposed to, thus killing the battery within months. Types Of Tire Pressure Gauge There are three different types of tire pressure gauge, each with its own benefits and disadvantages. The best tire pressure gauge should be one that is easy to use regularly, easy to read, and this involves whether you’d need one for checking tire pressure in a darkened area. Of course it needs to suit your budget, but this is less relevant, since the most expensive gauges on the market shouldn’t exceed $50. Whatever the case, you must get a gauge that can read at least double your tire’s optimum pressure as specified by your vehicle manufacturer, or at the very least buy one with a range wide enough to measure the pressure in a temporary spare, which is typically 60 PSI. Stick gauges Stick gauges, also called pencil or rod gauges, are the most affordable. You can find a highly rated one for less than $10, many of which only cost around $5. Stick gauges are extremely lightweight, compact and shaped like a stick or a tube, or somewhat resembling a ballpoint pen. For all these benefits, this type makes it a bit harder for you to read the results than the other types. Since a tire pressure gauge is an essential tool you will reach for regularly, dedicated car owners would recommend that you spend just about $10 to $15 extra to get the best tire pressure gauge of the digital or dial type, which typically come with more user friendly displays. Pros: - Cheap - Large range: 10 PSI to 150 PSI - Compact and lightweight, many can fit in your pocket - Simple to use - The large stick gauges with twin heads can reach the inner tires on trucks and commercial vehicles with dual tire setups Cons: - Questionable accuracy, and there’s hardly any stick gauge that is certified by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for accuracy. - Usually only offer PSI or at most two measurement units - Hard to read results - Not as durable as the other types Digital gauges Digital gauges are generally the easiest to read thanks to their electronic LCD display and very accurate, although you might need to look around for one certified by ANSI for accuracy. Digital gauges cost about $10-$15 on average, slightly more than the stick type but still a minimal investment for something you get a lot of use out of. Some models light up so you can easily read the result in poorly lit places. Compared to stick gauges, digital gauges are sealed and more resistant to damage from dust and dirt buildup. A minor downside is that digital gauges are battery-powered, and low battery power can affect accuracy. While batteries can last for years, some models call for pretty pricey replacement, but for all of its benefits, these are not really deal breakers. Pros: - More accurate than stick gauges - Large range: 5 PSI to 150 PSI - More detailed measurement: many read in half-pound increments - Clear displays, many has back-lit LCD display for reading in low light settings - Usually offer 3 to all 4 air pressure measurement scales - Compact and lightweight - Usually has auto shutoff feature to save on battery Cons: - Accuracy can be lost in extreme cold weather and low battery power - Not many is certified by ANSI for accuracy - Powered by batteries and battery replacement can be expensive for some models - Low battery power can result in inaccuracy - If you have a truck or a commercial vehicle with dual tire setup, you’d need to get a commercial gauge - Not as durable as dial gauges Dial gauges Dial gauges are the most expensive, with an average cost of around $25-$30 and the range from $20 to $50. That is still a good investment, considering that they are more durable and accurate than the other types. This category offers many of the most accurate tire pressure gauge models certified by ANSI for accuracy. Furthermore, regarding accuracy, dial gauges are more reliable than digital gauges in extreme temperatures. Dial gauges have an analog dial with a needle to indicate the pressure, which resembles a clock face. This is quite easy to read, however this type of display is not as effortless to read like digital gauges. The best dial gauges usually come with handy extra features like an extension hose, a shock-resistant dial cover (since they have more delicate moving parts), and bleeder valve for use when you over-inflated your tires. While the other types also offer models with a bleeder valve, only dial gauges allow you to track exactly how much air you’re releasing. Pros: - Quite many models are ANSI certified - More reliable than digital gauges in extreme temperatures - Easy to read dial - Many come with bleed valves for use when you over-inflated your tires, which even allow you to track exactly how much air you’re releasing - Tube attachment for reaching awkward valves - Can be disassembled for thorough cleaning and repair - The most durable Cons: - Less detailed measurement than digital gauges: Many only read in two-pound increments - Harder to read than digital gauges - Usually offer only PSI or at most two measurement scales - Bulkier than the other types - Physical impacts can damage spring-type gauges How To Pick The Best Tire Pressure Gauge For Your Money Accuracy The best tire pressure gauges would typically tell you that they are certified to ANSI (American National Standards Institute) international accuracy standards , with an inaccuracy of minus or plus 2%, for instance. This brings us to an important note on accuracy: All tire pressure gauges have variable accuracy and they tend to lose accuracy over time. And it’s said that when you just started using one, the device tends to be a little stiff at the start and needs a short while to get things going. In short, very few, even the best tire pressure gauges, can measure with an inaccuracy of zero percent. The best tire pressure gauges today typically have an inaccuracy of plus or minus 1% to plus or minus 5%, with very few models boasting an inaccuracy of plus or minus 0.8% as the industry’s lowest. This might not sound like much, but can actually make a big difference if you run high-pressure tires like those on trucks or recreational vehicles. For the best results, tire manufacturers and technicians usually recommend that you buy a gauge that can measure approximately twice the optimum pressure recommended for your tires. For instance, if the optimum tire pressure for your vehicle is 30 PSI, you should get the best tire pressure gauge that reads up to 60 PSI. However, some motorhome tires are inflated to 100 PSI or higher, so it’s not possible to find a gauge that can read to 200 PSI and above. Your best bet is to get one that can read to 160 PSI. How to check if your tire pressure gauge is accurate: Of course, browsing the customer reviews would gain you insights into how accurate a model is and how long it maintains its accuracy over time. But once you have bought a model, there are two ways to test its accuracy. One is to bring your gauge to a tire dealer or a fleet truck maintenance facility and ask them to check your tire’s pressure using a master tire pressure gauge. This gauge is one that is certified for accuracy, so it’s your best bet. That said, some tire dealers might not calibrate their master gauge properly, which might affect accuracy. The second way, if you have more money to spend, is to buy a second high-quality gauge and use them both to check your tire pressure from time to time. If the difference in their readings is 4 PSI or above, chances are one or both of your gauges are inaccurate. But if the difference is negligible, say 1 PSI and sometimes 2 PSI, it’s more likely that both are pretty accurate. Seal The accuracy of a tire pressure gauge is heavily affected by its seal and whether you can line it up consistently with the tire’s inflation valve stem. Better seal means lower likelihood of air escaping and not captured by the gauge, which would give a false reading. The gauges that form the best, most consistent seals should have an ergonomic shape, a piston made of soft, durable, quality rubber if you have a stick gauge, and a deeper well in the chuck that holds the tire’s valve stem in line if you have a dial type gauge. With these gauges, you will need both hands to operate it though, which is just a minor inconvenience — one for the chuck and one for the dial. Ease of getting consistent results A shallower chuck stem increases the chance of air accidentally escaping from the tire, making it harder to get accurate and consistent results. Meanwhile, a deeper well in the chuck that holds the tire’s valve stem in line makes it easy to use and get consistent results. Some models come with awkward-looking right angles that make it easy to align visually, or are ergonomical with just the right length that makes it easy to hit the valve stem at a correct angle. Many come with a thumb imprint so you can apply force directly in line with the tire’s valve stem for consistent readings. Ease of reading: Display The best tire gauges should have easy to read displays, including in low light conditions. Some come with bright, back-lit LCD displays that glow in the dark with large numbers. Furthermore, you should look for one with a separate button for easily cycling through the different measuring units. This is something countless buyers have complained about. While most car owners would be satisfied with just a PSI reading, you might need additional tire pressure units, so look for models that give readings in various units for different purposes. For ease of reading, the best tire pressure gauges typically lock on their reading for a while before shutting off. For instance, stick gauges will continue to display their readings until you depress the nylon ruler, while dial gauges will hold the readings until you press the pressure release valve. Digital gauges usually lock on their readings for 20 to 40 seconds before automatically shutting off. Battery-powered One thing to keep in mind if you opt for digital gauges is that they are battery-powered. Read the customer reviews carefully, as there are instances that many buyers complain about unreasonably expensive replacement batteries. Many models also have temperature accuracy restrictions, and in some cases, a gauge might lose its accuracy in extreme cold climates. But that’s generally not a big problem if you don’t live where it dips below 20 degrees F in the winter. Digital gauges also have automatic battery-saving settings, so they would automatically shut down, but usually they would give you more than enough time to read the results, unless you’re too distracted. Features When it comes to tire pressure gauges, handy features usually include the flashlights and illuminated LCD displays for digital models or the measurable pressure relief valves if we’re talking about dial gauges, and the bleeder valve or built-in deflator for releasing air in the case you over-inflated your tires. The best tire pressure gauges that come with a bleeder valve should allow you to track exactly how much air you release, usually by pressing the tune button and then press it again when you’re done to return to regular readings. These are usually dial gauges. Other non-dial gauges might not measure how much air you’re releasing, and to release air, you’d usually need to flip the chuck around and use the knob on the back to depress the valve stem. Another handy feature is automatic reset. This makes it more convenient for you to check tire pressure, also this means you won’t need to calibrate the device to tune it for accuracy as often. When it comes to tire pressure gauge, calibration is recommended at least once a year, regardless of the type and application. Durability The best tire pressure gauge should come with a heavy-duty solid steel chuck, which would withstand a ton of regular tire checks. For dial gauges, which have many delicate moving parts, look for models with rubber guards to protect them from impacts. Otherwise, the less parts a model has, the less it has to break. Tire Pressure Gauge: Usage and Maintenance Tips Tire pressure gauge calibration You will come across the question “how do I calibrate my tire pressure gauge” a lot. The purpose of calibration is to maintain the accuracy of measurement, since all pressure gauges have variable accuracy and will gradually lose accuracy over time if not calibrated properly. Calibration is the process of comparing your gauge with a reference instrument with a known margin of error that is made to be as accurate as possible. If your gauge doesn’t match the reference gauge, some adjustments must be made. The reference gauge must be more accurate than your commercial gauge for sure, like the master gauge available at tire dealerships or truck facilities mentioned above. To calibrate a pressure gauge, you will need to check the values throughout the entire measuring range, which includes zero point, intermediate values, and the full-scale value. A gauge does not stay calibrated indefinitely, so it is recommended that you calibrate your pressure gauge at least once a year. This applies to all gauges of any type in any industry and any application. How to Check and Adjust Tire Pressure Check your car’s tire pressure with a tire pressure gauge is easy and will just take you a few minutes at most: - Tire pressure increases when the tire has been driven on due to heat buildup. Therefore, for accurate readings, park your vehicle for at least 3 hours or so before using a tire pressure gauge to check tire pressure, so that the tires have time to cool down to the ambient temperature. - Before proceeding, check your user manual to find out the optimal pressure setting for your car. For most vehicles on the road these days, the typical recommended inflation pressures range from 28 to 36 PSI. And note that the optimum pressure for the front tires and rear tires may be different. - First, remove the screw-off cap from the inflation valve on each tire. Set them aside so you won’t lose them, as these caps protect the valves from dust and rocks or debris kicked up from the road during rides. - Apply the pressure gauge to the valve stem and depress it, making sure you form a good seal between the gauge and the stem and push the gauge down firmly on the valve stem to get the most accurate reading. You shouldn’t hear air escaping from the valve, but if there’s a hissing sound, push the gauge in further until it stops. View the pressure reading. If you’re new to using this device, feel free to repeat two to three times to check if you did everything correctly or if you let air escape and rendered the reading inaccurate. - In case you accidentally overinflate your tires, most tire pressure gauges are fitted with a bleeder valve to bleed or release air from your tire and bring down the pressure. - When you need to put your spare tire to use, remember to check its pressure as well. Spare tires often have high inflation pressures, typically at 60 PSI. But if it has been sitting around for a while, the air will naturally and gradually escape, bringing the pressure down by a little. More tips: - To get the most accurate pressure reading, you should use your tire pressure gauge first thing in the morning, when the tires haven’t been driven on and the temperature is the coolest. Your vehicle has been stationary for at least three hours, so the air pressure in the tires didn’t increase due to heat buildup from friction with the road. Measuring your tire pressure at least once a month is recommended. - Remember that a tire pressure monitoring system in your car doesn’t do what a tire pressure gauge does. It only lights up your dashboard to alert you that the pressure of one or more tires dips too low from the optimum level. Just because the warning light isn’t illuminated doesn’t mean that your tire pressure has been set at the proper level. - Tire manufacturers, technicians and seasoned drivers generally recommended that you buy a gauge with twice the pressure you need, which might only cost you an extra $10 or $20. Seasoned truckers would tell you to get a 100-PSI model, while full-time RVers might even recommend models that can read to 150 PSI. While anything above 100 PSI might seem unnecessarily high, that’s what you need if you’ve got truck tires that need 50 PSI or RV tires that need 80 PSI or so. Tire pressure gauge storage and maintenance - A note on maximizing the lifespan of your tire pressure gauge is to keep your gauge at room temperature, somewhere without exposure to extreme heat or cold, since extreme temperatures can adversely affect performance. That means keeping it in the glove box is a no-no. - In addition, store it away from dust and grime, which can also affect its performance and lifespan. Dust and grime can cause pencil or stick gauges to stick, and cause dial gauges and digital gauges to give inaccurate readings. Mechanical gauges like the stick dial types are typically made with few parts and are easy to clean, and some can be disassembled for a thorough cleaning. Digital gauges are usually sealed and cannot be dismantled for cleaning, so it’s best to always store them somewhere clean without gathering dust when not in use. More Tips on How To Maintain Proper Tire Pressure Air loss Air loss is pretty common with car tires. Almost all tires lose air pressure gradually over time through the inflation valve. There’s a cap, but the role of the valve stem’s dust cap is to keep dirt out instead of better keeping air in. This natural air loss is unavoidable, even if the vehicle is in storage and rarely driven, or when the tire is mounted on the car as a spare, or the tire’s just sitting around in your garage. In addition, pressure loss can be. If a tire is not damaged by physical shocks on the road and is properly mounted on the rim, most of the pressure loss will come from air escaping through the rubber sidewall. What affects tire pressure Large temperature fluctuation will affect your tire pressure. Hot air expands and is less dense, but inside a tire, this expansion means increased pressure. Meanwhile, cold air condenses, so inside a tire, this condensation means lowering pressure. A car tire may measure at 30 PSI at 80-degree temperatures during the day, but early morning the next day, when the temperature drops to 30 degrees, it might return a reading of only 25 PSI. On days with substantial fluctuation in temperature, say 60 to 80 degrees during the day and 20 to 30 degrees at night, your tire pressure can vary by about 3 to 5 PSI. This is why it’s pretty normal if on a cold winter morning, you find the low-pressure indicator light on your dashboard illuminating, but once you start driving, the tires will warm up and the light will shut off. Despite what many might believe, your tire’s air pressure is almost unaffected by the weight of the vehicle. When it’s unmounted, a tire that is inflated to 30 PSI will still measure the same when it’s mounted and bearing the weight of the car, maybe with just a negligible variation. Proper tire pressure When inflating your tires, it’s crucial that you inflate them to the accurate pressure setting as recommended by the automaker. You can find this information in your owner’s manual, or look for a sticker or placard inside the glove compartment or on the driver’s-side door or the fuel-filler door. This recommended pressure will give you the best balance of ride comfort, fuel economy, tread wear and service life. * Optimum pressure vs Maximum pressure: An important note though, is that every tire would have a “max pressure” number on the tire sidewall. This is NOT the optimum tire pressure for your particular vehicle’s make and model, but is the maximum amount of pressure that the particular tire can withstand without damage. As tires usually fit a number of different vehicles, “max pressure” is not a guide for safe operational pressure level. The optimum tire pressure for your vehicle can only be provided by the vehicle manufacturer. Types of air compressors If you don’t live near a gas station with an accessible air compressor for putting air into your tires, it’s a good idea to invest in a portable air compressor on top of a good tire pressure gauge, both of which are quite affordable. There are also heavy duty, fancy air compressors available, but they’re not necessary for most car owners. Air compressors and tire inflators for cars come in many types and forms, ranging from simple and affordable models to fancy, heavy duty digital systems that require a power outlet. There is also the 12-volt portable version which uses the cigarette lighter in your car, but keep in mind that you will need to keep your car’s engine running while using this type of air compressor. You can also look for air compressors that inflate tires quicker than others to save time. Auto Tire Pressure Gauges: FAQs 1. What are the best tire pressure gauge brands? Major brands that offer the best tire gauge for cars that have been testified by buyers and professionals are Milton, TEKTON, TireTek, Slime, AstroAI, Rhino USA, JACO, Dirt Renegade, Joes Racing, Longacre, Accutire, Auto Meter, Gorilla Automotive, Intercomp, McLintech, and Victor. 2. What makes my tire pressure increase or decrease? While increased tire pressure is less common than loss of pressure, a long highway trip on extremely hot days when the sun is high might cause the air inside your stires to expand. Meanwhile, loss of air pressure is more common and is also likely. 3. Will cold weather affect my tire pressure? Large temperature fluctuation will affect your tire pressure. On days with substantial fluctuation in temperature, say 60 degrees during the day and 30 degrees at night, your tire pressure can vary by about 3 PSI. As above, extreme heat might cause the air in your tires to expand, thus increasing the pressure. Meanwhile, in very cold weather, the air will be more condensed, thus the pressure will drop. In the winter, the low-pressure indicator light on your dashboard may illuminate first thing in the morning, since it’s usually coldest overnight, but once you start driving, the tires will warm up and the light will shut off after a short while. 4. Is under-inflated tires really that dangerous? According to the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration, there are about 11,000 accidents and 200 deaths each year that can be attributed to tire failure, of which the majority of cases is caused by under-inflated tires. Under-inflated tires means decreased stability, and due to the increased contact with the road, it can lead to excessive heat buildup, which can cause the tread to separate entirely from the tire and render the vehicle completely out of control. Imagine driving at high speed when this happens. 5. How often should I check my tire pressure? Checking your tires at least once a month is recommended, as well as before any long trip. It’s a good idea to always keep a tire gauge in your car, so it’s convenient to just do a quick check while you’re filling up gas once in a while. All types of tire pressure gauges are very easy and quick to use, so there’s no excuse for being too lazy to perform this painless process. Nowadays with the Tire Pressure Monitoring System in most new vehicles, there’s a good chance that many folks will only check the tire pressure when the check tire light illuminates. While the laziest folks might even go with the “eye test,” trying to check whether their tires appear flatter than usual. Visual inspection alone is not recommended, since your tires would be way under the proper pressure before you can notice it with a glance. Using a tire pressure gauge routinely is the best way to ensure optimal handling, braking and fuel economy. 6. How do I use a tire pressure gauge? Most tire pressure gauges are simple to use and read, whether you have a mechanical or a digital model. The simplest, most standard tire gauges are compact stick or pencil gauges. To measure a tire’s pressure with a standard. It should be noted that with stick gauges, it’s recommended that you repeat two or three times to make sure you have an accurate reading. - If the pressure is higher than the recommended level, most of the best tire pressure gauges will also allow you to release air from your tires by putting the opposite end into the valve stem. Digital tire gauges are even easier to use. All you have to do is turn on the gauge and place it on the valve stem of your tire. This type typically also provides more accurate readings, so you wouldn’t need to perform multiple PSI readings. They require batteries to operate though, so you just need to store some spare batteries on hand. 7. I understand psi and bar, but what are kPa and kg/cm2? While some basic tire pressure gauges only measure in PSI, the best digital tire pressure gauge models usually also measure in kPa and kg/cm2. Compared to PSI, these metrics are more often used in scientific measurement. A kPa stands for a kilopascal. One kPa = 0.145038 PSI. It’s also equal to 1,000 pascals, or 1,000 newtons per square meter, or 1 kilogram per meter per second squared. One kg/cm2, written as one kilogram per centimeter per second, is the same as kgf/cm2, written as one kilogram of force per centimeter per second. One kg/cm2 = 14.2233 PSI. This metric is seldomly used, and instead pascals or kilopascals are more commonly used. 1 thought on “The Best Tire Pressure Gauges To Buy in 2022” Thank you for recommend these tire pressure gauge. Jaco is one of the most popular brands providing high-quality measuring equipment.

Mention ‘Johor Bahru’ to any Singaporean and you’ll probably be bombarded by discussions of the best cafes and which has the best Insta-worthy spots. Thanks to the exchange rate, we can feast like kings in JB for the same amount that you pay for a simple brunch at an one of those overpriced cafes in Singapore. Most people make day trips over the border, but the only way to really enjoy all that JB has to offer is stay over one night as you can take your time hitting all the good cafes. We ate our way through the plethora of cafes in JB and these are the places worth visiting to feed your stomachs and your cameras without emptying your wallets in just 48 hours. We actually did it, so this itinerary is tried and tested! GETTING THERE If you’re heading to JB for cafe-hopping, the best way to get around is through a private car hire. Tazby Van Rental’s driver picked us all up from Marsiling MRT station and drove us all the way across the border and to our hotel, without have to battle the crowds at immigration. Taking a private car certainly beats taking the train or even the coach as you don’t have to carry all your barang with you. And if we felt like making a detour, all we had to do was ask our driver. Some cafes are also located in more isolated areas, which makes calling a cab tough. Tazbay Car Rental & Chauffeur JB. +6016 770 0248 2 day rental including a chauffeur with a pickup and dropoff at one location in Singapore for 5 seater car is SG$370, for 7 seater car is SG$420, and for 11 seater car is SG$550. Cars available for rent include Perodua Axia, Proton Exora, Honda BRV, Toyota Innova, Toyota Hiace, and Hyundai Starex. WHAT TO DO DAY 1 BRUNCH After making your way through immigration, you’re probably starving. Right next to the immigration is Jalan Dhoby, a vibrant street chock full of old cafes and a trendy container park with even more eateries. Begin your 48-hour foodie experience with cheap and good indian food. Bamboo Biryani steams basmati rice together with toppings like chicken and prawns in bamboo containers to marry the spices and the flavours of the meats together for a fragrant biryani, hence their namesake. The chicken biryani is a safe choice, with tender chicken that breaks apart without much effort on a heaping mountain of rice that’ll fill you right up. Every biryani comes with unlimited servings of raitha, a tangy onion and carrot curd, a veggie side (it was curried ladyfinger when we visited) and a crisp piece of papadum. While a simple briyani with egg costs just 8RM, we felt that the crab biryani was the most value-for-money. For just 25RM (SG$9), you get an entire crab as your meat. While the crab isn’t huge, the sweet flesh was enough to satisfy our seafood cravings. Other toppings include fish, prawn, mutton, vege, and jeera. Wash everything down with a cup of masalaki, a flavourful tea brewed with cinnamon and spices. After lunch, stop by the famous bakeries just down the street for some snacks. Hiap Seng Bakery is famous for their moist banana cake that Singaporeans buy by the dozens to bring back, and Salahuddin Bakery has been perfecting their curry puff and bread recipes for nearly 80 years now. Bamboo Biryani. 61 Jalan Ibrahim, Bandar Johor Bahru, 80000 Johor, Malaysia. Open daily from 11am to 7.30pm. Hiap Joo Bakery. 13 Jalan Tan Hiok Nee, Bandar Johor Bahru, 80000 Johor, Malaysia. Open from 7.30am to 5.30pm on Mon to Sat, and from 8.30am to 12.30pm on Sun. Salahuddin Bakery. 26 Jalan Dhoby, Bandar Johor Bahru, 80000 Johor, Malaysia. Open from 8am to 2pm on Mon to Wed, from 9:30am – 5:30pm and 6:30pm – 7:30pm on Thu to Sat, and form 8am to 2pm on Sun. AFTERNOON After lunch, check into Holiday Villa Johor Bahru City Centre, which is strategically located about 10 minutes away from the immigration checkpoint. Holiday Villa has everything you could possibly need or want for a quick staycation – a rooftop bar, an infinity pool with panoramic views, and even a gym for those exercise buffs who do not seem to have a rest day. With deluxe rooms starting from $113 a night, Holiday Villa is very conveniently situated just across the road from KSL City Mall, a shopping haven and also where you can find cheap massage parlours and manicurists. Just a short drive away by car, you can easily reach places like Mount Austin Heights, Taman Pelangi, and even the Austin Heights Water & Adventure Park within 15 minutes. If you’re not feeling like retail therapy, there are a variety of restaurants, juice bars, and even a bubble tea joint within the same building as Holiday Villa itself so you don’t have to venture out too far. We found this cosy juice bar in the basement, which sells freshly pressed juices and milkshakes that come in gorgeous cups that look like you’re holding a mini-bouquet of flowers. Wishful Summer has partnered up with florist Ace Flora for these pretty cups of juices that come topped with a mini-garden arrangement. It can be tricky to find Wishful Summer as it’s inconspicuously hidden under the corner of the building. From the lobby of Holiday Villa, head out and turn right down the flight of stairs. Round the corner and you should be able to see the juice bar on your right. There is an outside seating area with flower arrangements on display. While they are for sale, feel free to use them as a backdrop for your Insta-photos! Holiday Villa Johor Bahru City Centre. Menara Malpakat, 260 Jalan Dato Sulaiman, Taman Abad, 80250 Johor, Malaysia. Book your rooms online now. Wishful Summer. Holiday Villa Basement, 80250 Johor, Malaysia. Open from 12 noon to 8pm on Tues, Wed, Thurs, and Sun, and from 12 noon to 10pm on Fri and Sat. Closed on Mon. DINNER Take some time to relax in the hotel at the infinity pool in Holiday Villa, before heading up to SKY 26, the rooftop bar on the 26th floor. Glam it up a little by taking your dreamy OOTDs with panoramic views of the city. Those city lights sparkling in the distance? Great for inspirational captions! To soak in the golden hour as the sun sets, aim to get to SKY 26 by 6pm to get the best seats overlooking JB. Indulge in New Zealand lamb racks and salmon fillets as you crack open a bottle of French wine.SKY 26 has curated their wines for all sorts of taste palates. The Francs Les Cerisiers is a full-bodied wine with a stronger blackberry taste best paired with red meats, or go for the Chateau Bolaire, a lighter and fruitier red. If you are more of a spirits kind of person, SKY 26 also has a cocktail named after itself; the signature SKY 26 cocktail is a chocolate martini rimmed with chocolate and sprinkles for a sweet tipple. While SKY 26 has a food menu, most of the food is actually made in the same kitchen as Muraii, a Japanese restaurant on the ground floor. Muraii is more casual, designed to look like those hole-in-the-wall Japanese izakayas when you step in. From the outside, Muraii might look like a Hong Kong restaurant as the entrance is next to a bookshelf with nostalgic ’80s comics. But once you step inside, the cosy tables and hanging lanterns bring you to Japan. There’s even a bar counter where you watch the chef prepare your dishes right in front of you. And you’d want to drop by Muraii soon to catch the comic store front before it gets revamped into a Yakimono stall. Be prepared for an exquisite gastronomical journey as the chef puts his own spin on Japanese classics, inspired by local flavours and produce. When the Furutsu Rainbow Dragon Roll first arrived on the table, the sushi roll looked like a mix between a dessert and a fruit salad. The fried ebi roll is covered in colorful tropical fruits like kiwi, mango, and orange, and drizzled in a sweet yoghurt sauce – a harmony of sweet and savoury all in one bite as all the flavours complement each other in your mouth. Somehow, all the ingredients just works together and it just made me want to put piece after piece in my mouth just to taste the myriad of flavours again. Other must-trys include the Ika Meshi, an entire Hokkaido grilled squid covered in teriyaki sauce and stuffed with garlic fried rice, and the Kaisen Dragon Fruit With Mentai, a spicy mentai salad with cod fish roes and salmon served in a dragon fruit. I like how the chef takes extra care in the presentation of the dishes down to every carrot flower detail, so much that taking the first bite almost felt like I was destroying a work of art. The ultimate indulgence is the Stone Grilled Wagyu Beef, A5 grade Japanese wagyu beef that melts in your mouth. Grill the beef on both sides for a few seconds on the stone grill, where the delicious sounds of the sizzle and the smell of cooking beef is enough to cause salivation, before putting the slice of heaven in your mouth. That’s what 200RM tastes like, but it’s worth every cent. The beef is best eaten with the side of garlic chips for a burst of umami. Sky 26. 26th Floor, Menara Malpakat, 260 Jalan Dato Sulaiman, Taman Abad, 80250 Johor, Malaysia. Open from 6pm to 1am on Mon to Thurs, and from 6pm to 2am on Fri to Sun. Muraii. Shop 9, Ground Floor, Menara Malpakat, 260 Jalan Dato Sulaiman, Taman Abad, 80250 Johor, Malaysia. Open daily from 12pm to 3.30pm and 5.30pm to 11pm. LATE NIGHT HANGS Why would you call room service when you have this Hong Kong-esque supper spot? The bright neon lights and signs at 深夜食糖 SYST make us feel like we’re actually in a Hong Kong bing sutt, down to the stools and glass-topped tables with the menu staring up at you from under the glass. A zinc wall covered in old flyers above the toilet sink behind the beaded curtains makes even a simple bathroom stop an Insta-worthy journey. Buttery egg tarts and cold sagos await as you step into 80s Hong Kong. The menu is very traditional, with both hot and cold desserts. You can’t go wrong with a cold bowl of quintessential Mango Pomelo Sago, or be a little basic by trying the Avocado Sago, a creamy avocado sago that actually has pieces of avocado flesh floating in it. For something warm and soothing, get the Snow Pear Soup With Peach Gum and Ginseng, which is a double-boiled soup with a variety of herbs that supposedly helps people stay youthful by boosting your immune system and energy levels. Who knew a bowl of soupy macaroni and chicken could taste so good? Humble dishes like egg sandwiches and macaroni will satisfy any late night hunger pangs that you might get since this joint closes at 2am. Once you’re done with the day’s activities, SYST is a great hangout after dinner or drinks, and it tends to get crowded after midnight. The best seats are the booths at the end, right next to the colorful signs that are just screaming to be on Instagram. Don’t forget those red shades for those #hypebeast shots. 深夜食糖 SYST. Shop 6A, First Floor, Menara Malpakat, 260 Jalan Dato Sulaiman, Taman Abad, 80250 Johor, Malaysia. Open daily from 3pm to 2am. DAY 2 BRUNCH Start off your day early with a hearty dim sum breakfast. Just a short elevator ride away is Cha Lao, a Hong Kong style tea house. Literally translating to ‘tea house’, the Chinese restaurant is actually located on the second floor as the first floor is the kitchen, where you’ll see chefs preparing all the dim sum. Pick dishes off the dim sum trolley going round the room like Siew Mai, Har Gao, and Steamed Phoenix Feet With Oyster Sauce. Some dishes like the Steamed Rice Rolls (Chee Cheong Fan), Steamed Bun With BBQ Pork Loin (Char Siew Bao) are made to order, and you can order it off the ala carte menu. Cha Lao has a pretty extensive selection of traditional yum cha dishes that tastes good. While the prices might seem a little steep compared to other dim sum places in Malaysia, the standard of the dishes more than make up for it. Because we all have an obsession with Instagram-worthy food, you’d want to take out your phones for the Steamed Custard Bun With Salted Egg Yolk. The black buns are glazed with edible gold glitter, and when torn apart, the insides comes flowing out in a stream of golden liquid. And it tastes as good as it looks, with the thick salted egg yolk custard soaking in the fluffy bun. Shout out to the Fried Carrot (Radish) Cake, where the radishes are extra crispy with soft insides as they are deep-fried before being stir-fried with the sauce, sprouts and chilli. You’ll find Cha Lao’s carrot cake is much lighter on the tastebuds than the savoury carrot cake in hawker centers as they don’t use as much garlic or oyster sauce. As always, end with traditional desserts like egg tarts and fried sesame balls. 茶楼 Cha Lao Dim Sum. Shop 6, Menara Malpakat, 260 Jalan Dato Sulaiman, Taman Abad, 80250 Johor, Malaysia. Open from 8am to 5pm daily. AFTERNOON After checking out from Holiday Villa, head to Taman Mount Austin just about 10 minutes drive away. The Mount Austin area is another food enclave with even more Insta-worthy cafes and dessert shops all within walking distance. It’s our own little haven as foodies, with food trucks, chic cafes, and a plethora of bubble tea shops. Melbourne-inspired cafe People & Places is a hipster oasis amongst all the trendy cafes. The industrial cafe has a high loft ceiling and plenty of greenery in a pleasing mix of urban architecture. The airy cafe is flush with natural lighting and the colorful dishes makes this cafe a good stop for flatlays and OOTDs. The Quesadilla Brekkie which gained fame thanks to being the one dish that Jay Chou travelled all the way to JB for is one of the more popular dishes. The quesadilla is stuffed with tom yum scrambled eggs, sriracha aioli, coriander and cheddar cheese and is best eaten warm, so don’t take too long with your photos as the cheese and the tortilla will start to stiffen as it becomes cold. The one dish that really blew my mind was the Pan Fried Salmon With Kimchi Cauliflower Rice. The salmon was fresh and didn’t taste too fishy, and the kimchi fried rice was equal parts crunchy and spicy. The onsen egg immediately broke upon cutting it open, mixing into the rice. 10/10 would travel all the way back to People & Places just to eat this! Other brunch items include the Roasted Peanut Butter Toasts and the Englishman’s breakfast. It’s not a true-blue Melbourne cafe without coffee, and the coffee selection is carefully curated with filter coffees and seasonal blends. And then you have the sweet-tooths. Satisfy all your sugar cravings at The Sugar Pantry, which has cakes, pies, macarons, tarts, pastries and more cakes. The first floor of the cafe is a bread shop where you can get freshly made pastries and desserts to go. Head to the second floor where you can chill with more intricate desserts like a macaron tower. The Berry Macaron Quee is a towering sculpture of cream, fresh strawberries and strawberry syrup sitting on top of a giant macaron. The tower also comes in a Durian flavour for fans of the pungent fruit. The Sugar Pantry also serves mains but we’re here mainly for the desserts. If you’re really keen on trying their mains since you’re there, they have an interesting Chicken Laksa Pesto worth a try. Enough of food for now? Mount Austin has no shortage of juice bars and milk tea shops. Drop by JUGOS如果。是 for refreshing juices to detox from all the eating you’ve been doing. While the store might look really small, the inside of the shop actually has a huge seating area with – you guessed it – more IG-worthy spots. You can choose between blending different fruits together or mixing it with milk, both of which will result in colorful ombre drinks ready to be Instagrammed. If you’re enjoying your juices at the store, you can even request for your juice to be served in these glass bottles with sake cups. Unfortunately you can’t bring the bottles home as they are purely for photo-taking! If you’re unsure of which fruits will go well together, you can always ask the waiters behind the counter for recommendations. Our favourites are the Honeydew Milk and the Orange Mango juice. People & Places Cafe. 6 Jalan Kencana Emas 2/3, Kawasan Perindustrian Tebrau 3, 81100 Johor, Malaysia. Open from 10am to 6pm on Mon to Thurs, and from 10am to 9pm on Fri to Sun. The Sugar Pantry. 47 Jalan Molek 1/9, Taman Molek, 81100 Johor, Malaysia. Open daily from 10am to 10pm. JUGOS 如果。是. 45 Jalan Austin Heights 3, Taman Mount Austin, 81100 Johor, Malaysia. DINNER It’s been a long day of cafe-hopping and it’s now time to wrap up your 48-hour eating marathon. Make a final pit stop at Bloom for a little escape from the dreary streets or eat all the ramen you can at a food truck because it’s that cheap. By the same founders of Mok Mok, Bloom is the whimsical sister of said minimalistic cafe in Taman Pelangi. Stepping into Bloom is like entering a magical floral garden, with dried flowers hanging from the ceiling, awash in shades of pink and purple. Swinging tables and garden chairs add to the garden vibes without you having to swelter in the outside heat. The cosy cafe can seat at most 25 to 30 people, so be prepared to queue on weekends. The menu is mostly similar to Mok Mok’s, with interesting Japanese fusion dishes, desserts, and even the flower teas. Tuck into their signature don, Gyutan, where thin slices of beef tongue is marinated in chili sesame oil and shoyu. It’s a bit on the spicy side, so those who don’t like spice can go for Western delights like the Salmon Sunrise or the Grilled Chicken Burger. If you love onions, opt change your side of fries to the Onion Fries, which are strips of airy deep-fried onion. Too full from all the eating? Have some bites like the fried Calamari and Gyozas, but do leave some space for dessert. You do not want to miss the Fresh Mango Souffle Pancake, a moist, jiggly cream cheese souffle pancake. Served with sweet mangos and vanilla ice cream, each bite of this Japanese dessert is soft and fluffy that’ll leave you spooning more and more into your mouth. Before you know it, it’s all gone! Dining in food trucks is part novelty and part budget. 三日月拉麵 is a food truck that sells really, really cheap ramen out of the carpark lot. This was my first time eating at a food truck in the middle of a carpark and it was actually pretty enjoyable. It’s hard to really find fault; each bowl of ramen is only 14 – 15RM (SG$4.50- $5), your order is served in a couple of minutes, and they also sell this really good homemade green milk tea that matcha lovers will go crazy for. Choose from 4 different broths: tonkotsu, shoyu, spicy tonkotsu, and black garlic, and each bowl comes with two slices of cha shu, spiral fishcake and an onsen egg. It’s hard to say which is the best between the spicy tonkotsu and black garlic broths. The spicy tonkotsu ramen gets a fiery kick from the chilli minced meat that is added to the soup, while the black garlic broth is sweeter and heavier with intense garlic flavours. Add on some sides like takoyaki, gyoza, and karaage to complete the true Japanese meal experience. Many families and office stop workers regularly stop by the ramen food truck for a quick dinner, so you don’t usually have to wait long. Once you’re filled up with ramen, head over to the 7-Eleven that the food truck just parked in front, where you can stock up on tons of interesting snacks like the Ghost Pepper Instant Noodles for the trip back to Singapore. Bloom. 87 Jalan Mutiara Emas 2A, Taman Mount Austin, 81100 Johor, Malaysia. Open daily from 12 noon to 11.30pm. 三日月拉麵. Carpark lot in Jalan Mutiara Emas 2A, Taman Mount Austrin, 81100 Johor, Malaysia. Usually found in front of 7-Eleven. Open daily from 6.30pm – 12<<

Network Working Group B. Wijnen Request for Comments: 3415 Lucent Technologies STD: 62 R. Presuhn Obsoletes: 2575 BMC Software, Inc. Category: Standards Track K. McCloghrie Cisco Systems, Inc. December 2002 View-based Access Control Model (VACM). Table of Contents1. Introduction ................................................. 2 1.2. Access Control ............................................. 3 1.3. Local Configuration Datastore .............................. 3 2. Elements of the Model ........................................ 4 2.1. Groups ..................................................... 4 2.2. securityLevel .............................................. 4 2.3. Contexts ................................................... 4 2.4. MIB Views and View Families ................................ 5 2.4.1. View Subtree ............................................. 5 2.4.2. ViewTreeFamily ........................................... 6 2.5. Access Policy .............................................. 6 3. Elements of Procedure ........................................ 7 3.1. Overview of isAccessAllowed Process ....................... 8 3.2. Processing the isAccessAllowed Service Request ............. 9 4. Definitions .................................................. 11 5. Intellectual Property ........................................ 28 6. Acknowledgements ............................................. 28 7. Security Considerations ...................................... 30 7.1. Recommended Practices ...................................... 30 7.2. Defining Groups ............................................ 30 7.3. Conformance ................................................ 31 7.4. Access to the SNMP-VIEW-BASED-ACM-MIB ...................... 31 8. References ................................................... 31 A. Installation ................................................. 33 B. Change Log ................................................... 36 Editors' Addresses ............................................... 38 Full Copyright Statement ......................................... 39 1. IntroductionThe Architecture for describing Internet Management Frameworks [RFC3411]3411]. BCP 14, RFC 2119. 1.2. Access ControlAccess). These notification messages contain Notification Class PDUs as defined in [RFC3411]. The View-based Access Control Model defines a set of services that an application (such as a Command Responder or a Notification Originator application) can use for checking access rights. It is the responsibility of the application to make the proper service calls for access checking. 1.3. Local Configuration DatastoreTo implement the model described in this document, an SNMP entity needs to retain information about access rights and policies. This information is part of the SNMP engine's Local Configuration Datastore (LCD). See [RFC3411] for the definition of LCD. In order to allow an SNMP entity's LCD to be remotely configured, portions of the LCD need to be accessible as managed objects. A MIB module, the View-based Access Control Model Configuration MIB, which defines these managed object types is included in this document. 2. Elements of the ModelThis section contains definitions to realize the access control service provided by the View-based Access Control Model. 2.1. GroupsA group is a set of zero or more <securityModel, securityName> tuples on whose behalf SNMP management objects can be accessed. A group defines the access rights afforded to all securityNames which belong to that group. The combination of a securityModel and a securityName maps to at most one group. A group is identified by a groupName. The Access Control module assumes that the securityName has already been authenticated as needed and provides no further authentication of its own. The View-based Access Control Model uses the securityModel and the securityName as inputs to the Access Control module when called to check for access rights. It determines the groupName as a function of securityModel and securityName. 2.2. securityLevelDifferent access rights for members of a group can be defined for different levels of security, i.e., noAuthNoPriv, authNoPriv, and authPriv. The securityLevel identifies the level of security that will be assumed when checking for access rights. See the SNMP Architecture document [RFC3411] for a definition of securityLevel. The View-based Access Control Model requires that the securityLevel is passed as input to the Access Control module when called to check for access rights. 2.3. ContextsAn SNMP context is a collection of management information accessible by an SNMP entity. An item of management information may exist in more than one context. An SNMP entity potentially has access to many contexts. Details about the naming of management information can be found in the SNMP Architecture document [RFC3411]. The View-based Access Control Model defines a vacmContextTable that lists the locally available contexts by contextName. 2.4. MIB Views and View FamiliesFor security reasons, it is often valuable to be able to restrict the access rights of some groups, the access allowed for a group can be restricted in the desired manner by specifying its rights in terms of the particular (subset) MIB view it can access within each appropriate context. Since managed object types (and their instances) are identified via the tree-like naming structure of ISO's OBJECT IDENTIFIERs [ISO- ASN.1, RFC2578], it is convenient to define a MIB view as the combination of a set of "view subtrees", where each view subtree is a subtree within the managed object naming tree. Thus, a simple MIB view (e.g., all managed objects within the Internet Network Management Framework) can be defined as a single view subtree, while more complicated MIB views (e.g., all information relevant to a particular network interface) can be represented by the union of multiple view subtrees.. 2.4.1. View Subtree. 2.4.2. ViewTreeFamilyA family of view subtrees is a pairing of an OBJECT IDENTIFIER value (called the family name) together with a bit string value (called the family mask). The family mask indicates which sub-identifiers of the associated family name are significant to the family's definition. For each possible managed object instance, that instance belongs to a particular ViewTreeFamily if both of the following conditions are true: - the OBJECT IDENTIFIER name of the managed object instance contains at least as many sub-identifiers as does the family name,. 2.5. Access PolicyThe View-based Access Control Model determines the access rights of a group, representing zero or more securityNames which have the same access rights. For a particular context, identified by contextName, to which a group, identified by groupName, has access using a particular securityModel and securityLevel, that group's access rights are given by a read-view, a write-view and a notify-view. The read-view represents the set of object instances authorized for the group when reading objects. Reading objects occurs when processing a retrieval operation (when handling Read Class PDUs). The write-view represents the set of object instances authorized for the group when writing objects. Writing objects occurs when processing a write operation (when handling Write Class PDUs). The notify-view represents the set of object instances authorized for the group when sending objects in a notification, such as when sending a notification (when sending Notification Class PDUs). 3. Elements of ProcedureThis section describes the procedures followed by an Access Control module that implements the View-based Access Control Model when checking access rights as requested by an application (for example a Command Responder or a Notification Originator application). The abstract service primitive is: statusInformation = -- success or errorIndication isAccessAllowed( securityModel -- Security Model in use securityName -- principal who wants access securityLevel -- Level of Security viewType -- read, write, or notify view contextName -- context containing variableName variableName -- OID for the managed object ) The abstract data elements are: statusInformation - one of the following: accessAllowed - a MIB view was found and access is granted. notInView - a MIB view was found but access is denied. The variableName is not in the configured MIB view for the specified viewType (e.g., in the relevant entry in the vacmAccessTable). noSuchView - no MIB view found because no view has been configured for specified viewType (e.g., in the relevant entry in the vacmAccessTable). noSuchContext - no MIB view found because of no entry in the vacmContextTable for specified contextName. noGroupName - no MIB view found because no entry has been configured in the vacmSecurityToGroupTable for the specified combination of securityModel and securityName. noAccessEntry - no MIB view found because no entry has been configured in the vacmAccessTable for the specified combination of contextName, groupName (from vacmSecurityToGroupTable), securityModel and securityLevel. otherError - failure, an undefined error occurred. securityModel - Security Model under which access is requested. securityName - the principal on whose behalf access is requested. securityLevel - Level of Security under which access is requested. viewType - view to be checked (read, write or notify). contextName - context in which access is requested. variableName - object instance to which access is requested. 3.1. Overview of isAccessAllowed ProcessThe following picture shows how the decision for access control is made by the View-based Access Control Model. +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | +-> securityModel -+ | | | (a) | | | who -+ +-> groupName ----+ | | (1) | | (x) | | | +-> securityName --+ | | | (b) | | | | | | where -> contextName ---------------------+ | | (2) (e) | | | | | | | | | +-> securityModel -------------------+ | | | (a) | | | how -+ +-> viewName -+ | | (3) | | (y) | | | +-> securityLevel -------------------+ | | | (c) | +-> yes/no | | | | decision | | why ---> viewType (read/write/notify) ----+ | (z) | | (4) (d) | | | | | | what --> object-type ------+ | | | (5) (m) | | | | +-> variableName (OID) ------+ | | | (f) | | which -> object-instance --+ | | (6) (n) | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+ How the decision for isAccessAllowed is made. 1) Inputs to the isAccessAllowed service are: (a) securityModel -- Security Model in use (b) securityName -- principal who wants to access (c) securityLevel -- Level of Security (d) viewType -- read, write, or notify view (e) contextName -- context containing variableName (f) variableName -- OID for the managed object -- this is made up of: - object-type (m) - object-instance (n) 2) The partial "who" (1), represented by the securityModel (a) and the securityName (b), are used as the indices (a,b) into the vacmSecurityToGroupTable to find a single entry that produces a group, represented by groupName (x). 3) The "where" (2), represented by the contextName (e), the "who", represented by the groupName (x) from the previous step, and the "how" (3), represented by securityModel (a) and securityLevel (c), are used as indices (e,x,a,c) into the vacmAccessTable to find a single entry that contains three MIB views. 4) The "why" (4), represented by the viewType (d), is used to select the proper MIB view, represented by a viewName (y), from the vacmAccessEntry selected in the previous step. This viewName (y) is an index into the vacmViewTreeFamilyTable and selects the set of entries that define the variableNames which are included in or excluded from the MIB view identified by the viewName (y). 5) The "what" (5) type of management data and "which" (6) particular instance, represented by the variableName (f), is then checked to be in the MIB view or not, e.g., the yes/no decision (z). 3.2. Processing the isAccessAllowed Service RequestThis section describes the procedure followed by an Access Control module that implements the View-based Access Control Model whenever it receives an isAccessAllowed request. 1) The vacmContextTable is consulted for information about the SNMP context identified by the contextName. If information about this SNMP context is absent from the table, then an errorIndication (noSuchContext) is returned to the calling module. 2) The vacmSecurityToGroupTable is consulted for mapping the securityModel and securityName to a groupName. If the information about this combination is absent from the table, then an errorIndication (noGroupName) is returned to the calling module. 3) The vacmAccessTable is consulted for information about the groupName, contextName, securityModel and securityLevel. If information about this combination is absent from the table, then an errorIndication (noAccessEntry) is returned to the calling module. 4) a) If the viewType is "read", then the read view is used for checking access rights. b) If the viewType is "write", then the write view is used for checking access rights. c) If the viewType is "notify", then the notify view is used for checking access rights. If the view to be used is the empty view (zero length viewName) then an errorIndication (noSuchView) is returned to the calling module. 5) a) If there is no view configured for the specified viewType, then an errorIndication (noSuchView) is returned to the calling module. b) If the specified variableName (object instance) is not in the MIB view (see DESCRIPTION clause for vacmViewTreeFamilyTable in section 4), then an errorIndication (notInView) is returned to the calling module. Otherwise, c) The specified variableName is in the MIB view. A statusInformation of success (accessAllowed) is returned to the calling module. 4. DefinitionsSNMP-VIEW-BASED-ACM-MIB DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN IMPORTS MODULE-COMPLIANCE, OBJECT-GROUP FROM SNMPv2-CONF MODULE-IDENTITY, OBJECT-TYPE, snmpModules FROM SNMPv2-SMI TestAndIncr, RowStatus, StorageType FROM SNMPv2-TC SnmpAdminString, SnmpSecurityLevel, SnmpSecurityModel FROM SNMP-FRAMEWORK-MIB; snmpVacmMIB MODULE-IDENTITY LAST-UPDATED "200210160000Z" -- 16 Oct 2002, midnight ORGANIZATION "SNMPv3 Working Group" CONTACT-INFO "WG-email: [email protected] Subscribe: [email protected] In message body: subscribe snmpv3 Co-Chair: Russ Mundy Network Associates Laboratories postal: 15204 Omega Drive, Suite 300 Rockville, MD 20850-4601 USA email: [email protected] phone: +1 301-947-7107 Co-Chair: David Harrington Enterasys Networks Postal: 35 Industrial Way P. O. Box 5004 Rochester, New Hampshire 03866-5005 USA EMail: [email protected] Phone: +1 603-337-2614 Co-editor: Bert Wijnen Lucent Technologies postal: Schagen 33 3461 GL Linschoten Netherlands email: [email protected] phone: +31-348-480-685 Co-editor: Randy Presuhn BMC Software, Inc. postal: 2141 North First Street San Jose, CA 95131 USA email: [email protected] phone: +1 408-546-1006 Co-editor: Keith McCloghrie Cisco Systems, Inc. postal: 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA email: [email protected] phone: +1-408-526-5260 " DESCRIPTION "The management information definitions for the View-based Access Control Model for SNMP. Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). This version of this MIB module is part of RFC 3415; see the RFC itself for full legal notices. " -- Revision history REVISION "200210160000Z" -- 16 Oct 2002, midnight DESCRIPTION "Clarifications, published as RFC3415" REVISION "199901200000Z" -- 20 Jan 1999, midnight DESCRIPTION "Clarifications, published as RFC2575" REVISION "199711200000Z" -- 20 Nov 1997, midnight DESCRIPTION "Initial version, published as RFC2275" ::= { snmpModules 16 } -- Administrative assignments **************************************** vacmMIBObjects OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { snmpVacmMIB 1 } vacmMIBConformance OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { snmpVacmMIB 2 } -- Information about Local Contexts ********************************** vacmContextTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF VacmContextEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The table of locally available contexts. This table provides information to SNMP Command Generator applications so that they can properly configure the vacmAccessTable to control access to all contexts at the SNMP entity. This table may change dynamically if the SNMP entity allows that contexts are added/deleted dynamically (for instance when its configuration changes). Such changes would happen only if the management instrumentation at that SNMP entity recognizes more (or fewer) contexts. The presence of entries in this table and of entries in the vacmAccessTable are independent. That is, a context identified by an entry in this table is not necessarily referenced by any entries in the vacmAccessTable; and the context(s) referenced by an entry in via SNMP. " ::= { vacmMIBObjects 1 } vacmContextEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX VacmContextEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Information about a particular context." INDEX { vacmContextName } ::= { vacmContextTable 1 } VacmContextEntry ::= SEQUENCE { vacmContextName SnmpAdminString } vacmContextName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SnmpAdminString (SIZE(0..32)) MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A human readable name identifying a particular context at a particular SNMP entity. The empty contextName (zero length) represents the default context. " ::= { vacmContextEntry 1 } -- Information about Groups ****************************************** vacmSecurityToGroupTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF VacmSecurityToGroupEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "This table maps a combination of securityModel and securityName into a groupName which is used to define an access control policy for a group of principals. " ::= { vacmMIBObjects 2 } vacmSecurityToGroupEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX VacmSecurityToGroupEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "An entry in this table maps the combination of a securityModel and securityName into a groupName. " INDEX { vacmSecurityModel, vacmSecurityName } ::= { vacmSecurityToGroupTable 1 } VacmSecurityToGroupEntry ::= SEQUENCE { vacmSecurityModel SnmpSecurityModel, vacmSecurityName SnmpAdminString, vacmGroupName SnmpAdminString, vacmSecurityToGroupStorageType StorageType, vacmSecurityToGroupStatus RowStatus } vacmSecurityModel OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SnmpSecurityModel(1..2147483647) MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The Security Model, by which the vacmSecurityName referenced by this entry is provided. Note, this object may not take the 'any' (0) value. " ::= { vacmSecurityToGroupEntry 1 } vacmSecurityName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SnmpAdminString (SIZE(1..32)) MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The securityName for the principal, represented in a Security Model independent format, which is mapped by this entry to a groupName. " ::= { vacmSecurityToGroupEntry 2 } vacmGroupName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SnmpAdminString (SIZE(1..32)) MAX-ACCESS read-create STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The name of the group to which this entry (e.g., the combination of securityModel and securityName) belongs. This groupName is used as index into the vacmAccessTable to select an access control policy. However, a value in this table does not imply that an instance with the value exists in table vacmAccesTable. " ::= { vacmSecurityToGroupEntry 3 } vacmSecurityToGroupSecurityToGroupEntry 4 } vacmSecurityToGroupStatus OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX RowStatus MAX-ACCESS read-create STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The status of this conceptual row. Until instances of all corresponding columns are appropriately configured, the value of the corresponding instance of the vacmSecurityToGroupStatus column is 'notReady'. In particular, a newly created row cannot be made active until a value has been set for vacmGroupName. The RowStatus TC [RFC2579] requires that this DESCRIPTION clause states under which circumstances other objects in this row can be modified: The value of this object has no effect on whether other objects in this conceptual row can be modified. " ::= { vacmSecurityToGroupEntry 5 } -- Information about Access Rights *********************************** vacmAccessTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF VacmAccessEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The table of access rights for groups. Each entry is indexed by a groupName, a contextPrefix, a securityModel and a securityLevel. To determine whether access is allowed, one entry from this table needs to be selected and the proper viewName from that entry must be used for access control checking. To select the proper entry, follow these steps: 1) the set of possible matches is formed by the intersection of the following sets of entries: the set of entries with identical vacmGroupName the union of these two sets: - the set with identical vacmAccessContextPrefix - the set of entries with vacmAccessContextMatch value of 'prefix' and matching vacmAccessContextPrefix intersected with the union of these two sets: - the set of entries with identical vacmSecurityModel - the set of entries with vacmSecurityModel value of 'any' intersected with the set of entries with vacmAccessSecurityLevel value less than or equal to the requested securityLevel 2) if this set has only one member, we're done otherwise, it comes down to deciding how to weight the preferences between ContextPrefixes, SecurityModels, and SecurityLevels as follows: a) if the subset of entries with securityModel matching the securityModel in the message is not empty, then discard the rest. b) if the subset of entries with vacmAccessContextPrefix matching the contextName in the message is not empty, then discard the rest c) discard all entries with ContextPrefixes shorter than the longest one remaining in the set d) select the entry with the highest securityLevel Please note that for securityLevel noAuthNoPriv, all groups are really equivalent since the assumption that the securityName has been authenticated does not hold. " ::= { vacmMIBObjects 4 } vacmAccessEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX VacmAccessEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "An access right configured in the Local Configuration Datastore (LCD) authorizing access to an SNMP context. Entries in this table can use an instance value for object vacmGroupName even if no entry in table vacmAccessSecurityToGroupTable has a corresponding value for object vacmGroupName. " INDEX { vacmGroupName, vacmAccessContextPrefix, vacmAccessSecurityModel, vacmAccessSecurityLevel } ::= { vacmAccessTable 1 } VacmAccessEntry ::= SEQUENCE { vacmAccessContextPrefix SnmpAdminString, vacmAccessSecurityModel SnmpSecurityModel, vacmAccessSecurityLevel SnmpSecurityLevel, vacmAccessContextMatch INTEGER, vacmAccessReadViewName SnmpAdminString, vacmAccessWriteViewName SnmpAdminString, vacmAccessNotifyViewName SnmpAdminString, vacmAccessStorageType StorageType, vacmAccessStatus RowStatus } vacmAccessContextPrefix OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SnmpAdminString (SIZE(0..32)) MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "In order to gain the access rights allowed by this conceptual row, a contextName must match exactly (if the value of vacmAccessContextMatch is 'exact') or partially (if the value of vacmAccessContextMatch is 'prefix') to the value of the instance of this object. " ::= { vacmAccessEntry 1 } vacmAccessSecurityModel OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SnmpSecurityModel MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "In order to gain the access rights allowed by this conceptual row, this securityModel must be in use. " ::= { vacmAccessEntry 2 } vacmAccessSecurityLevel OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SnmpSecurityLevel MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The minimum level of security required in order to gain the access rights allowed by this conceptual row. A securityLevel of noAuthNoPriv is less than authNoPriv which in turn is less than authPriv. If multiple entries are equally indexed except for this vacmAccessSecurityLevel index, then the entry which has the highest value for vacmAccessSecurityLevel is selected. " ::= { vacmAccessEntry 3 } vacmAccessContextMatch OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { exact (1), -- exact match of prefix and contextName prefix (2) -- Only match to the prefix } MAX-ACCESS read-create STATUS current DESCRIPTION "If the value of this object is exact(1), then all rows where the contextName exactly matches vacmAccessContextPrefix are selected. If the value of this object is prefix(2), then all rows where the contextName whose starting octets exactly match vacmAccessContextPrefix are selected. This allows for a simple form of wildcarding. " DEFVAL { exact } ::= { vacmAccessEntry 4 } vacmAccessReadViewName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SnmpAdminString (SIZE(0..32)) MAX-ACCESS read-create STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The value of an instance of this object identifies the MIB view of the SNMP context to which this conceptual row authorizes read 5 } vacmAccessWriteViewName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SnmpAdminString (SIZE(0..32)) MAX-ACCESS read-create STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The value of an instance of this object identifies the MIB view of the SNMP context to which this conceptual row authorizes write 6 } vacmAccessNotifyViewName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SnmpAdminString (SIZE(0..32)) MAX-ACCESS read-create STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The value of an instance of this object identifies the MIB view of the SNMP context to which this conceptual row authorizes access for notifications. 7 } vacmAccessAccessEntry 8 } vacmAccessAccessEntry 9 } -- Information about MIB views *************************************** -- Support for instance-level granularity is optional. -- -- In some implementations, instance-level access control -- granularity may come at a high performance cost. Managers -- should avoid requesting such configurations unnecessarily. vacmMIBViews OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { vacmMIBObjects 5 } vacmViewSpinLock OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX TestAndIncr MAX-ACCESS read-write STATUS current DESCRIPTION "An advisory lock used to allow cooperating SNMP Command Generator applications to coordinate their use of the Set operation in creating or modifying views. When creating a new view or altering an existing view, it is important to understand the potential interactions with other uses of the view. The vacmViewSpinLock should be retrieved. The name of the view to be created should be determined to be unique by the SNMP Command Generator application by consulting the vacmViewTreeFamilyTable. Finally, the named view may be created (Set), including the advisory lock. If another SNMP Command Generator application has altered the views in the meantime, then the spin lock's value will have changed, and so this creation will fail because it will specify the wrong value for the spin lock. Since this is an advisory lock, the use of this lock is not enforced. " ::= { vacmMIBViews 1 } vacmViewTreeFamilyTable OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF VacmViewTreeFamilyEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Locally held information about families of subtrees within MIB views. Each MIB view is defined by two sets of view subtrees: - the included view subtrees, and - the excluded view subtrees. Every such view subtree, both the included and the excluded ones, is defined in this table. To determine if a particular object instance is in a particular MIB view, compare the object instance's OBJECT IDENTIFIER with each of the MIB view's active entries in this table. If none match, then the object instance is not in the MIB view. If one or more match, then the object instance is included in, or excluded from, the MIB view according to the value of vacmViewTreeFamilyType in the entry whose value of vacmViewTreeFamilySubtree has the most sub-identifiers. If multiple entries match and have the same number of sub-identifiers (when wildcarding is specified with the value of vacmViewTreeFamilyMask), then the lexicographically greatest instance of vacmViewTreeFamilyType determines the inclusion or exclusion. An object instance's OBJECT IDENTIFIER X matches an active entry in this table when the number of sub-identifiers in X is at least as many as in the value of vacmViewTreeFamilySubtree for the entry, and each sub-identifier in the value of vacmViewTreeFamilySubtree matches its corresponding sub-identifier in X. Two sub-identifiers match either if the corresponding bit of the value of vacmViewTreeFamilyMask for the entry is zero (the 'wild card' value), or if they are equal. A 'family' of subtrees is the set of subtrees defined by a particular combination of values of vacmViewTreeFamilySubtree and vacmViewTreeFamilyMask. In the case where no 'wild card' is defined in the vacmViewTreeFamilyMask, the family of subtrees reduces to a single subtree. When creating or changing MIB views, an SNMP Command Generator application should utilize the vacmViewSpinLock to try to avoid collisions. See DESCRIPTION clause of vacmViewSpinLock. When creating MIB views, it is strongly advised that first the 'excluded' vacmViewTreeFamilyEntries are created and then the 'included' entries. When deleting MIB views, it is strongly advised that first the 'included' vacmViewTreeFamilyEntries are deleted and then the 'excluded' entries. If a create for an entry for instance-level access control is received and the implementation does not support instance-level granularity, then an inconsistentName error must be returned. " ::= { vacmMIBViews 2 } vacmViewTreeFamilyEntry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX VacmViewTreeFamilyEntry MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Information on a particular family of view subtrees included in or excluded from a particular SNMP context's MIB view. Implementations must not restrict the number of families of view subtrees for a given MIB view, except as dictated by resource constraints on the overall number of entries in the vacmViewTreeFamilyTable. If no conceptual rows exist in this table for a given MIB view (viewName), that view may be thought of as consisting of the empty set of view subtrees. " INDEX { vacmViewTreeFamilyViewName, vacmViewTreeFamilySubtree } ::= { vacmViewTreeFamilyTable 1 } VacmViewTreeFamilyEntry ::= SEQUENCE { vacmViewTreeFamilyViewName SnmpAdminString, vacmViewTreeFamilySubtree OBJECT IDENTIFIER, vacmViewTreeFamilyMask OCTET STRING, vacmViewTreeFamilyType INTEGER, vacmViewTreeFamilyStorageType StorageType, vacmViewTreeFamilyStatus RowStatus } vacmViewTreeFamilyViewName OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SnmpAdminString (SIZE(1..32)) MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The human readable name for a family of view subtrees. " ::= { vacmViewTreeFamilyEntry 1 } vacmViewTreeFamilySubtree OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX OBJECT IDENTIFIER MAX-ACCESS not-accessible STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The MIB subtree which when combined with the corresponding instance of vacmViewTreeFamilyMask defines a family of view subtrees. " ::= { vacmViewTreeFamilyEntry 2 } vacmViewTreeFamilyMask OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX OCTET STRING (SIZE (0..16)) MAX-ACCESS read-create STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The bit mask which, in combination with the corresponding instance of vacmViewTreeFamilySubtree, defines a family of view subtrees. Each bit of this bit mask corresponds to a sub-identifier of vacmViewTreeFamilySub, for each sub-identifier of the value of vacmViewTreeFamilySubtree, either: the i-th bit of vacmViewTreeFamilyMask is 0, or the i-th sub-identifier of X is equal to the i-th sub-identifier of the value of vacmViewTreeFamilySubtree. If the value of this bit mask is M bits long and there are more than M sub-identifiers in the corresponding instance of vacmViewTreeFamilySub vacmViewTreeFamilySubtree. Note that masks of length greater than zero length do not need to be supported. In this case this object is made read-only. " DEFVAL { ''H } ::= { vacmViewTreeFamilyEntry 3 } vacmViewTreeFamilyType OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX INTEGER { included(1), excluded(2) } MAX-ACCESS read-create STATUS current DESCRIPTION "Indicates whether the corresponding instances of vacmViewTreeFamilySubtree and vacmViewTreeFamilyMask define a family of view subtrees which is included in or excluded from the MIB view. " DEFVAL { included } ::= { vacmViewTreeFamilyEntry 4 } vacmViewTreeFamilyViewTreeFamilyEntry 5 } vacmViewTreeFamilyViewTreeFamilyEntry 6 } -- Conformance information ******************************************* vacmMIBCompliances OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { vacmMIBConformance 1 } vacmMIBGroups OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { vacmMIBConformance 2 } -- Compliance statements ********************************************* vacmMIBCompliance MODULE-COMPLIANCE STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The compliance statement for SNMP engines which implement the SNMP View-based Access Control Model configuration MIB. " MODULE -- this module MANDATORY-GROUPS { vacmBasicGroup } OBJECT vacmAccessContextMatch MIN-ACCESS read-only DESCRIPTION "Write access is not required." OBJECT vacmAccessReadViewName MIN-ACCESS read-only DESCRIPTION "Write access is not required." OBJECT vacmAccessWriteViewName MIN-ACCESS read-only DESCRIPTION "Write access is not required." OBJECT vacmAccessNotifyViewName MIN-ACCESS read-only DESCRIPTION "Write access is not required." OBJECT vacmAccessStorageType MIN-ACCESS read-only DESCRIPTION "Write access is not required." OBJECT vacmAccessStatus MIN-ACCESS read-only DESCRIPTION "Create/delete/modify access to the vacmAccessTable is not required. " OBJECT vacmViewTreeFamilyMask WRITE-SYNTAX OCTET STRING (SIZE (0)) MIN-ACCESS read-only DESCRIPTION "Support for configuration via SNMP of subtree families using wild-cards is not required. " OBJECT vacmViewTreeFamilyType MIN-ACCESS read-only DESCRIPTION "Write access is not required." OBJECT vacmViewTreeFamilyStorageType MIN-ACCESS read-only DESCRIPTION "Write access is not required." OBJECT vacmViewTreeFamilyStatus MIN-ACCESS read-only DESCRIPTION "Create/delete/modify access to the vacmViewTreeFamilyTable is not required. " ::= { vacmMIBCompliances 1 } -- Units of conformance ********************************************** vacmBasicGroup OBJECT-GROUP OBJECTS { vacmContextName, vacmGroupName, vacmSecurityToGroupStorageType, vacmSecurityToGroupStatus, vacmAccessContextMatch, vacmAccessReadViewName, vacmAccessWriteViewName, vacmAccessNotifyViewName, vacmAccessStorageType, vacmAccessStatus, vacmViewSpinLock, vacmViewTreeFamilyMask, vacmViewTreeFamilyType, vacmViewTreeFamilyStorageType, vacmViewTreeFamilyStatus } STATUS current DESCRIPTION "A collection of objects providing for remote configuration of an SNMP engine which implements the SNMP View-based Access Control Model. " ::= { vacmMIBGroups 1 } END 5. Intellectual Property. AcknowledgementsThis document is the result of the efforts of the SNMPv3 Working Group. Some special thanks are in order to the following SNMPv3 WG members: Harald Tveit Alvestrand (Maxware) Dave Battle (SNMP Research, Inc.) Alan Beard (Disney Worldwide Services) Paul Berrevoets (SWI Systemware/Halcyon Inc.) Martin Bjorklund (Ericsson) Uri Blumenthal (IBM T.J. Watson Research Center) Jeff Case (SNMP Research, Inc.) John Curran (BBN) Mike Daniele (Compaq Computer Corporation) T. Max Devlin (Eltrax Systems) John Flick (Hewlett Packard) Rob Frye (MCI) Wes Hardaker (U.C.Davis, Information Technology - D.C.A.S.) David Harrington (Cabletron Systems Inc.) Lauren Heintz (BMC Software, Inc.) N.C. Hien (IBM T.J. Watson Research Center) Michael Kirkham (InterWorking Labs, Inc.) Dave Levi (SNMP Research, Inc.) Louis A Mamakos (UUNET Technologies Inc.) Joe Marzot (Nortel Networks) Paul Meyer (Secure Computing Corporation) Keith McCloghrie (Cisco Systems) Bob Moore (IBM) Russ Mundy (TIS Labs at Network Associates) Bob Natale (ACE*COMM Corporation) Mike O'Dell (UUNET Technologies Inc.) Dave Perkins (DeskTalk) Peter Polkinghorne (Brunel University) Randy Presuhn (BMC Software, Inc.) David Reeder (TIS Labs at Network Associates) David Reid (SNMP Research, Inc.) Aleksey Romanov (Quality Quorum) Shawn Routhier (Epilogue) Juergen Schoenwaelder (TU Braunschweig) Bob Stewart (Cisco Systems) Mike Thatcher (Independent Consultant) Bert Wijnen (IBM T.J. Watson Research Center) The document is based on recommendations of the IETF Security and Administrative Framework Evolution for SNMP Advisory Team. Members of that Advisory Team were: David Harrington (Cabletron Systems Inc.) Jeff Johnson (Cisco Systems) David Levi (SNMP Research Inc.) John Linn (Openvision) Russ Mundy (Trusted Information Systems) chair Shawn Routhier (Epilogue) Glenn Waters (Nortel) Bert Wijnen (IBM T. J. Watson Research Center) As recommended by the Advisory Team and the SNMPv3 Working Group Charter, the design incorporates as much as practical from previous RFCs and drafts. As a result, special thanks are due to the authors of previous designs known as SNMPv2u and SNMPv2*: Jeff Case (SNMP Research, Inc.) David Harrington (Cabletron Systems Inc.) David Levi (SNMP Research, Inc.) Keith McCloghrie (Cisco Systems) Brian O'Keefe (Hewlett Packard) Marshall T. Rose (Dover Beach Consulting) Jon Saperia (BGS Systems Inc.) Steve Waldbusser (International Network Services) Glenn W. Waters (Bell-Northern Research Ltd.) 7. Security Considerations 7.1. Recommended PracticesThis document is meant for use in the SNMP architecture. The View- based Access Control Model described in this document checks access rights to management information based on: - contextName, representing a set of management information at the managed system where the Access Control module is running. - groupName, representing a set of zero or more securityNames. The combination of a securityModel and a securityName is mapped into a group in the View-based Access Control Model. - securityModel under which access is requested. - securityLevel under which access is requested. - operation performed on the management information. - MIB views for read, write or notify access. When the User-based Access Control module is called for checking access rights, it is assumed that the calling module has ensured the authentication and privacy aspects as specified by the securityLevel that is being passed. When creating entries in or deleting entries from the vacmViewTreeFamilyTable it is important to do such in the sequence as recommended in the DESCRIPTION clause of the vacmViewTreeFamilyTable definition. Otherwise unwanted access may be granted while changing the entries in the table. 7.2. Defining GroupsThe groupNames are used to give access to a group of zero or more securityNames. Within the View-Based Access Control Model, a groupName is considered to exist if that groupName is listed in the vacmSecurityToGroupTable. By mapping the combination of a securityModel and securityName into a groupName, an SNMP Command Generator application can add/delete securityNames to/from a group, if proper access is allowed. Further it is important to realize that the grouping of <securityModel, securityName> tuples in the vacmSecurityToGroupTable does not take securityLevel into account. It is therefore important that the security administrator uses the securityLevel index in the vacmAccessTable to separate noAuthNoPriv from authPriv and/or authNoPriv access. 7.3. ConformanceFor an implementation of the View-based Access Control Model to be conformant, it MUST implement the SNMP-VIEW-BASED-ACM-MIB according to the vacmMIBCompliance. It also SHOULD implement the initial configuration, described in appendix A. 7.4. Access to the SNMP-VIEW-BASED-ACM-MIBThe objects in this MIB control the access to all MIB data that is accessible via the SNMP engine and they may be considered sensitive in many environments. It is important to closely control (both read and write) access to these to these MIB objects by using appropriately configured Access Control models (for example the View-based Access Control Model as specified in this document). 8. References 8. [SNMP. 8.2. Informative References[ISO-ASN.1] Information processing systems - Open Systems Interconnection - Specification of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1), International Organization for Standardization. International Standard 8824, (December, 1987). A. Installation A.1. Installation ParametersDuring installation, an authoritative SNMP engine which supports this View-based Access Control Model SHOULD be configured with several initial parameters. These include for the View-based Access Control Model: 1) A security configuration The choice of security configuration determines if initial configuration is implemented and if so how. One of three possible choices is selected: - initial-minimum-security-configuration - initial-semi-security-configuration - initial-no-access-configuration In the case of a initial-no-access-configuration, there is no initial configuration, and so the following steps are irrelevant. 2) A default context One entry in the vacmContextTable with a contextName of "" (the empty string), representing the default context. Note that this table gets created automatically if a default context exists. vacmContextName "" 3) An initial group One entry in the vacmSecurityToGroupTable to allow access to group "initial". vacmSecurityModel 3 (USM) vacmSecurityName "initial" vacmGroupName "initial" vacmSecurityToGroupStorageType anyValidStorageType vacmSecurityToGroupStatus active 4) Initial access rights Three entries in the vacmAccessTable as follows: - read-notify access for securityModel USM, securityLevel "noAuthNoPriv" on behalf of securityNames that belong to the group "initial" to the <restricted> MIB view in the default context with contextName "". - read-write-notify access for securityModel USM, securityLevel "authNoPriv" on behalf of securityNames that belong to the group "initial" to the <internet> MIB view in the default context with contextName "". - if privacy is supported, read-write-notify access for securityModel USM, securityLevel "authPriv" on behalf of securityNames that belong to the group "initial" to the <internet> MIB view in the default context with contextName "". That translates into the following entries in the vacmAccessTable. - One entry to be used for unauthenticated access (noAuthNoPriv): vacmGroupName "initial" vacmAccessContextPrefix "" vacmAccessSecurityModel 3 (USM) vacmAccessSecurityLevel noAuthNoPriv vacmAccessContextMatch exact vacmAccessReadViewName "restricted" vacmAccessWriteViewName "" vacmAccessNotifyViewName "restricted" vacmAccessStorageType anyValidStorageType vacmAccessStatus active - One entry to be used for authenticated access (authNoPriv) with optional privacy (authPriv): vacmGroupName "initial" vacmAccessContextPrefix "" vacmAccessSecurityModel 3 (USM) vacmAccessSecurityLevel authNoPriv vacmAccessContextMatch exact vacmAccessReadViewName "internet" vacmAccessWriteViewName "internet" vacmAccessNotifyViewName "internet" vacmAccessStorageType anyValidStorageType vacmAccessStatus active 5) Two MIB views, of which the second one depends on the security configuration. - One view, the <internet> view, for authenticated access: - the <internet> MIB view is the following subtree: "internet" (subtree 1.3.6.1) - A second view, the <restricted> view, for unauthenticated access. This view is configured according to the selected security configuration: - For the initial-no-access-configuration there is no default initial configuration, so no MIB views are pre-scribed. - For the initial-semi-secure-configuration: the <restricted> MIB view is the union of these subtrees: (a) "system" (subtree 1.3.6.1.2.1.1) [RFC3918] (b) "snmp" (subtree 1.3.6.1.2.1.11) [RFC3918] (c) "snmpEngine" (subtree 1.3.6.1.6.3.10.2.1) [RFC3411] (d) "snmpMPDStats" (subtree 1.3.6.1.6.3.11.2.1) [RFC3412] (e) "usmStats" (subtree 1.3.6.1.6.3.15.1.1) [RFC3414] - For the initial-minimum-secure-configuration: the <restricted> MIB view is the following subtree. "internet" (subtree 1.3.6.1) This translates into the following "internet" entry in the vacmViewTreeFamilyTable: minimum-secure semi-secure ---------------- --------------- vacmViewTreeFamilyViewName "internet" "internet" vacmViewTreeFamilySubtree 1.3.6.1 1.3.6.1 vacmViewTreeFamilyMask "" "" vacmViewTreeFamilyType 1 (included) 1 (included) vacmViewTreeFamilyStorageType anyValidStorageType anyValidStorageType vacmViewTreeFamilyStatus active active In addition it translates into the following "restricted" entries in the vacmViewTreeFamilyTable: minimum-secure semi-secure ---------------- --------------- vacmViewTreeFamilyViewName "restricted" "restricted" vacmViewTreeFamilySubtree 1.3.6.1 1.3.6.1.2.1.1 vacmViewTreeFamilyMask "" "" vacmViewTreeFamilyType 1 (included) 1 (included) vacmViewTreeFamilyStorageType anyValidStorageType anyValidStorageType vacmViewTreeFamilyStatus active active vacmViewTreeFamilyViewName "restricted" vacmViewTreeFamilySubtree 1.3.6.1.2.1.11.10.11.15.1.1 vacmViewTreeFamilyMask "" vacmViewTreeFamilyType 1 (included) vacmViewTreeFamilyStorageType anyValidStorageType vacmViewTreeFamilyStatus active B. Change LogChanges made since RFC 2575: - Removed reference from abstract as per RFC-Editor guidelines - Updated references Changes made since RFC 2275: - Added text to vacmSecurityToGroupStatus DESCRIPTION clause to clarify under which conditions an entry in the vacmSecurityToGroupTable can be made active. - Added REVISION clauses to MODULE-IDENTITY - Clarified text in vacmAccessTable DESCRIPTION clause. - Added a DEFVAL clause to vacmAccessContextMatch object. - Added missing columns in Appendix A and re-arranged for clarity. - Fixed oids in appendix A. - Use the PDU Class terminology instead of RFC1905 PDU types. - Added section 7.4 about access control to the MIB. - Fixed references to new/revised documents - Fix Editor contact information. - fixed spelling errors - removed one vacmAccesEntry from sample in appendix A. - made some more clarifications. - updated acknowledgement section. Editors' AddressesBert Wijnen Lucent Technologies Schagen 33 3461 GL Linschoten Netherlands Phone: +31-348-480-685 EMail: [email protected] Randy Presuhn BMC Software, Inc. 2141 North First Street San Jose, CA 95131 USA Phone: +1 408-546-1006 EMail: [email protected] Keith McCloghrie Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA Phone: +1-408-526-5260 EMail: kz.

The Begonia maculata plant, also known as Polka Dot Begonia, Polka Dot Plant, Dragon Wing plant, Angel Wing plant, or spotted Begonia, is an interesting plant with a distinct look that necessitates a lot of water. Its leaves are dark green in hue and feature silvery specks. It’s simple to look after. It requires a lot of light and weekly irrigation to keep the substrate wet. While the specks that emerge on its leaves are its main feature, they may also produce little white flowers that are quite lovely if properly maintained. In this article, we tell you everything about Begonia maculata wightii Polka Dot Begonia: How to Care & How to Propagate Begonia maculata. All the tips about the Polka Dot Begonia propagation. Also, as requested by our readers, we will sneak into the Pink Begonia maculata. Table of Contents - Begonia maculata wightii – Polka Dot Begonia Care & How to Propagate Begonia maculata - Begonia maculata Care - How Much Light Does a Begonia maculata Need? Light for Polka Dot Plant - How to Water Begonia maculata? Polka Dot Plant Watering - How often should I water my Begonia maculata? - Humidity For Begonia maculata - How to Water Begonia maculata in Pots? Potted Polka Dot Plant Care - Potted Polka Dot Begonia Plant - Pruning Begonia maculata Polka Dot Begonia - Soil for Begonia maculata and pH for Polka Dot Plant - Temperature for Begonia maculata - Begonia maculata Flowers - More about the Spotted Begonia maculata - Begonia maculata Care Summary - Polka Dot Begonia Propagation - How to Propagate Begonia maculata - How to Propagate Begonia maculata from Seeds - Polka Dot Begonia Propagation from Seeds - How to Propagate Begonia maculata by Leaf Cuttings - Polka Dot Begonia Propagation from Cuttings - Propagate Begonia maculata from Leaf Cuttings - Polka Dot Begonia Propagation - When to Propagate Begonia maculata from Leaf Cuttings - Polka Dot Begonia propagation from Leaf: When to Start? - How to Grow Begonias from Leaf Cuttings - Polka Dot Begonia Propagation in Water - Begonia maculata Propagation in Water - Polka Dot Begonia Propagation in Water - Propagate Begonia maculata in Water - Polka Dot Begonia Propagation in Water – Choose the Best Container - Propagation Begonia maculata With Rooting Hormone - Making Rooting Hormone: A Step-By-Step Guide - Polka Dot Begonia Propagation Using Rooting Hormone - What Is the Best Way to Utilize Rooting Hormone? - Proper Environment for Rooting Cuttings - How Long It Takes for The Cuttings to Root - Begonia maculata Repotting and Transplanting - Polka Dot Begonia Propagation, Seedlings Transfer, and Repotting - Begonia maculata Care: Diseases and Pests - Polka Dot Begonia Propagation Pest Control - Is Begonia maculata Toxic to Cats or Dogs? - Where can I buy Begonia maculata? Begonia maculata wightii – Polka Dot Begonia Care & How to Propagate Begonia maculata Polka Dot Begonia Propagation & Care. Many readers and gardeners wonder whether the different names for Begonia maculata are just different names or whether they are different plants. So, before we go over the details about how to care for and propagate Begonia maculata, let’s review a bit of the name this plant goes by. The genus is “Begonia”, and the specific epithet is “maculata” (meaning spotted). The species is the combination of the genus and the specific epithet; therefore, the species is Begonia maculata, and the common name is Polka Dot Plant (one of the many names given to this plant). Now, botanists who began to classify this plant in about 1850 from the species found in Brazil, have reported different varieties of Begonia maculata. Some scientific names of these Begonia maculata varieties have become more popular, but in practical terms, the varieties of this species have almost imperceptible differences. So, when gardeners expect to find differences between Begonia maculata vs Begonia maculata wightii, or differences between Begonia maculata vs Angel Wing, or Polka Dot Plant, in reality, we are all talking about exactly the same plant. Below there are a few names for the different varieties of Begonia maculata where “var.” means varieties. Begonia maculata var. elegantissima, Begonia maculata f. argentea, Begonia maculata var. wightii, and Begonia maculata var. argentea. All these, are popularly named Polka Dot Plant. For its stunning beauty, the Begonia maculata plant is also known as the spotted Begonia, the Dragon Wings plant, the Angel Wing plant, Begonia maculata wightii, and the Polka Dot Begonia. The most popular commercial variety distributed in the United States is the Begonia maculata wightii plant (Polka Dot Plant) The care of Begonia maculata wightii is not different from the care needed for other Begonia maculata varieties, but it is very different from the care needed for other types of Begonias. Likewise, the propagation of Begonia maculata wightii is not different from the care needed for other Begonia maculata varieties. Begonia maculata Care Begonia maculata or Begonia maculata wightii is becoming popular because of the beauty of its large olive-green leaves arranged as Angel wings, surrounded by silver polka dots. The leaves are in red or maroon color and provide an attractive contrast to green leafy foliage. We begin by briefly discussing Begonia maculata care – Polka Dot Begonia Care. Knowing how to care for Begonia maculata is vital for keeping your specimen in top shape. They are not difficult tasks in Begonia maculata Care, but these guidelines must be followed to avoid difficulties. Let’s review this Begonia maculata Care Summary and have the most important information. How Much Light Does a Begonia maculata Need? Light for Polka Dot Plant Let’s review the Polka Dot Begonia light requirements. How Much Light Does a Begonia maculata Need? Begonia maculata enjoys being in the sun and may be exposed to it for several hours each day. It will develop quite quickly in this manner. Although the Polka Dot Begonia may be placed right in front of a window, it would be best to set it in a room with plenty of light rather than directly in front of one. Most species of the Begonia genus require abundant diffuse radiation but not direct solar radiation. How to Water Begonia maculata? Polka Dot Plant Watering How to Water Begonia maculata wightii. It is vital to water the Begonia maculata Polka Dot Begonia sparingly to avoid the substrate becoming soggy since this might negatively damage the roots. How often should I water my Begonia maculata? How often should I water my Begonia maculata? It’ll suffice if you do water the Begonia maculata plant once or twice a week. Humidity For Begonia maculata Medium-high humidity is the recommendation for Begonia maculata. The environment should be humid at all times but without reaching saturation. It should be done with low hardness water (pH 4.5-5) at room temperature. In summer, begonias, in general, should be watered once the substrate is dry between one watering and the next. Begonia rex, on the other hand, does not require the substrate to dry out between waterings. During autumn-winter, the frequency of watering decreases, and watering is done only when the substrate is completely dry. As soon as the leaves fall off, watering is canceled. How to Water Begonia maculata in Pots? Potted Polka Dot Plant Care How to Water Begonia maculata in Pots? When it is a potted Begonia maculata the most convenient way to water is always after verifying the humidity of the soil. The Polka Dot Begonia plant needs abundant moisture in the soil. However, this can be a determining factor causing the plant to get sick due to the development of fungi and bacteria. Once the plant has had an excess of humidity and its roots are diseased, it will begin to show signs of deterioration in the leaves. This critical state may not be reversed. To prevent overwatering of the potted Begonia maculata plant our recommendation before watering is to touch the soil surface and 1-2 inches above the surface. If it is dry, add water, a small amount. If it is wet, do not water it. There is no recommended frequency for watering potted Begonia maculata. The frequency depends on the ambient humidity and temperature, number of leaves, air currents such as cooling and heating, pot material, etc. Therefore, when watering potted Begonia maculata it is highly recommended to first check the moisture content of the soil and then add some water if watering is necessary. Water should never be sprayed on the leaves of the Begonia maculata plant, regardless of whether it is a potted Polka Dot Begonia plant or not. Potted Polka Dot Begonia Plant When the Polka Dot Begonia plant is intended for indoor plants, the pot should be 4-5 inches (10-12 cm) in diameter. Pruning Begonia maculata Polka Dot Begonia How to prune the Polka Dot Begonia plant. How to Trim Begonia maculata. If a leaf dries up, it should be removed to prevent the remainder of the plant from suffering. Its branches may be trimmed to give it the form you choose. It won’t cause any serious issues. Normally cleaning pruning and trimming are recommended for Begonia maculata. In the case of bushy begonias, which are too tall or have been left untrimmed in the center, they should be pruned intensively in spring, before the onset of budding. Soil for Begonia maculata and pH for Polka Dot Plant A universal substrate created for indoor plants can be used as a substrate for Begonia maculata. Changing it regularly can improve nutrient absorption and make the Begonia maculata plant glossier. The best substrate for most begonias is a mixture of peat, bark, and sand in a 2:2:1 ratio and with good drainage. The pH should be between 5.5 and 6.5. Learn more about How to Measure Soil pH. Soil pH for Polka Dot Plant. When the soil pH is not correct leaves begin to lose luster and change color due to obvious nutritional deficiencies in the plant. When soil pH is inadequate, nutrients are not available to nourish the plant and causing plant disease and leading to the spread of pests. - Blended for a wide variety of container plants - Feeds up to 6 months - Designed to be less prone to gnats (Contains no compost or bark, which are known to shelter fungus gnats) Temperature for Begonia maculata Temperature for Begonia maculata. Another factor to consider is the temperature of the surrounding environment. Begonia maculata should constantly be kept at a temperature of approximately 68 F (20 C), otherwise, it will be harmed. The optimum temperature for the development of Begonia maculata is between 64.4-78.8 F (18-26 C). In any event, should be exposed to frost or freezing temperatures. At the marketing stage, the Begonia is stored for about four days, the optimum storage temperature being 50-59 F (10-15 C). Begonia maculata Flowers Begonia maculata Flowers. They may bloom the entire year. However, Begonias, sadly, do not live for very long. It will decline with time, even if you take careful care of it, but it is a one-of-a-kind and necessary plant in any collection. More about the Spotted Begonia maculata Begonia maculata is one of the species that develop shrubby begonias. The group of these shrubby begonias includes species mostly from tropical regions of Central and South America. They are large plants, erect (except Begonia foliosa and Begonia limmingheiana with hanging growth) and very branched. They do not develop true wood although the most lignified stems have a woody appearance in the portion near the base. The flowers, which appear in hanging clusters, are large, usually red or pink. Some are even fragrant. The shape and coloration of the leaves show all the diversity that the Begonia genus has to offer, although they do not reach the splendor and beauty of the leaf begonias. Shrub begonias, as well as Begonia maculata included in this group of shrub begonias, are very sensitive to drafts, places that are too cold, too hot, or too dark, waterlogging, and also to the dryness of the substrate. The flowers of Begonia maculata are white and pink. The male flowers have four variable tepals in the same flower arranged in pairs. In contrast, female flowers have four equal tepals, which develop later. In general, male flowers are usually showier than female flowers. The flowering period of Begonia maculata is from early summer to mid-autumn, although some species bloom all year round. The stem is fleshy with several knots along the stem and the leaves are asymmetrical, arranged alternately along the stem. Begonia maculata Care Summary Polka Dot Begonia Propagation How to Propagate Begonia maculata Polka Dot Begonia propagation. Let’s review How to Propagate Begonia maculata. Propagation of Begonias, species in general, depends on the type of root system they have. How to Propagate Begonia maculata from Seeds Polka Dot Begonia Propagation from Seeds Polka Dot Begonia Propagation from Seeds. Let’s review How to Propagate Begonia maculata from Seeds. Seed propagation of Begonia maculata should be done in January and February. Seeds should be evenly distributed in a finely sieved substrate of enriched peat and very fine sand moistened and slightly compressed to ensure good contact of the rootlets at germination. Germination occurs after 10-15 days in the presence of light. As soon as germination occurs, spraying with a very dilute nutrient solution should be started. As the plant grows, the demand for light gradually increases and the demand for temperature decreases to 64.4 F (18 C) for about a month. How to Propagate Begonia maculata by Leaf Cuttings Polka Dot Begonia Propagation from Cuttings Some begonias are generally propagated by leaf cuttings (especially Begonia rex and Begonia masoniana). This process consists of dividing a healthy leaf into several segments of about 3 cm, which must have at least one main nerve. Another option is by whole leaves, which are given a few small cuts in the main nerves and placed on top of a substrate composed of peat and perlite. - Loose Coco Peat with Perlite- Coco Coir or "Coco Peat" as its known is a great potting mix for indoor growing, the addition of perlite allows for productive plant growth and the ability to feed the plants heavily without overwatering. - PH Balanced- PH Balanced to create an ideal growing environment for many types of potted plants indoor or outdoor. Blended with container gardening in mind. - Double Washed- Our coco coir is double washed to ensure the best coco peat, free of dust, foreign objects, or particles that make the coir "muddy" when wet. Let’s continue reading more about Polka Dot Begonia Propagation from leaves by cuttings For rooting, the substrate tray should be placed in a place with diffused light (never with direct solar radiation), constant relative humidity, and a temperature of around 69.8 F (21 C). After a month and a half, the new plants are born. As they grow, the light should be gradually increased until they are sufficiently developed to be transplanted. Tip cuttings root at 77 F (25 C) in 2 weeks, while leaf cuttings take about 5 weeks. Currently, in Begonia rex, in vitro propagation techniques are being carried out to easily obtain healthy plants without having to resort to the costly maintenance of mother plants. Begonias with tuberous roots are usually multiplied by cutting or division of tubers in spring. This process consists of planting the basal tubers in a substrate of sand and peat in a 1:1 ratio. Subsequently, they are kept at 20 C until the seedling reaches the right size for transplanting. The decrease in temperature and the application of artificial light during short days have a notable influence on the elongation and flowering of these plants. The quality of light during ethylene emission used for vegetative reproduction is also very important. Studies have shown that ethylene production can be controlled by reducing the aging effect by using white or red light. This type of light inhibits the formation of stimulators involved in ethylene formation in leaves. Propagate Begonia maculata from Leaf Cuttings Polka Dot Begonia Propagation How to Propagate Begonia maculata from Leaf Cuttings. In the following paragraphs let’s review how to propagate Begonia maculata from leaf cuttings as this is a very simple method. Cuttings can be used to grow Begonia maculata. Cut established branches and place them in a container with water until the roots grow, at which point they should be placed into a pot. When to Propagate Begonia maculata from Leaf Cuttings Polka Dot Begonia propagation from Leaf: When to Start? When to Propagate Begonia maculata from Leaf Cuttings. Polka Dot Begonia propagation from Leaf: When to Start? The end of winter is the optimum time to accomplish this. The first roots will sprout around a month and a half later. Many individuals also inquire about the Begonia maculata bloom. Flowers are tiny and white to pinkish-white in color. How to Grow Begonias from Leaf Cuttings How to Grow Begonias from Leaf Cuttings. Begonias are very popular plants in gardens. Almost everyone who likes gardening has a specimen of these wonderful plants in his garden. Generally, when we have begonias at home, it is because we bought a small or already grown plant, but few of us have managed to reproduce these wonders at home. The method we propose today to reproduce the spotted Begonia maculata is very easy and safe; in a few days, you will be able to enjoy new plants. Besides, it will not damage the mother plant because only one leaf with its petiole is needed. The method of reproduction by leaf cuttings in begonias, generally only works in the species that have hairs on the petiole, but almost all the begonias that we grow at home are of this type. The first thing to take into account for this method is the health of the mother plant because if it is diseased by a bacterial or fungal infection, the cuttings will rarely root. First of all, we need the perfect cuttings for rooting. Commonly, the best cuttings are taken from the largest leaves of the plant, you should never use leaves that have just opened. The length of petiole you need for the cutting to root depends on the size of the leaf. Always try to cut the cutting at the base of the petiole, although you don’t need the entire petiole, just 2/3 of the length of the petiole. You should plant the spotted Begonia maculata in the substrate burying almost the entire petiole, just leave out a small fragment of the petiole and leaf. The best substrate for rooting our cuttings consists of a mixture of peat, sand, and bark. You can use rooting hormones to increase the probability of success. The cuttings should be kept at an average temperature of 77 F (25 C) and in about 5 weeks they will start to root. It is very important during this time, not to expose the cuttings to direct sunlight, but it is good to keep them in well-lit places. Cuttings are usually very susceptible to any kind of pathologies so it is very important to keep them free of fungal infections, bacteria, insect attacks, or other animals. Generally, plants born from this type of cutting are quite compact and very healthy. Do not hesitate to put this method into practice and in two months you will be able to enjoy your new begonias. Polka Dot Begonia Propagation in Water Begonia maculata Propagation in Water Polka Dot Begonia Propagation in Water. Let’s review now how to propagate Begonia maculata in water. The Begonia maculata propagation in water by cuttings is one of the most effective ways to proliferate this species as well as a huge number of plant species. It is significantly faster than seed multiplication because once rooted, the cutting continues to grow from seedling to adult size over weeks or months, ensuring that we have an adult specimen that is a genetic clone of the parent plant, with all of its strengths and health. Knowing how to root a cutting, on the other hand, is not always simple. Some plants are well-suited to this, while others require considerably more detailed attention for the cutting to flourish and develop. Continue reading this post to understand how to root cuttings using the most effective approaches. Polka Dot Begonia Propagation in Water Polka Dot Begonia Propagation in Water. Cuttings in water are, along with grafting, layering, and seeds, the most common methods of propagation. The technique consists of submerging the base of a shoot or the petiole of a leaf in water so that it develops roots. The plants that guarantee good results are those with soft, non-woody stems. Propagate Begonia maculata in Water Polka Dot Begonia Propagation in Water. The Begonia is a plant that can be reproduced using stem cuttings placed in water. As we always remind our gardeners, clean and sanitize your tools before cutting to prepare your cuttings. Make sure to disinfect the pruning shears with alcohol. Choose the most suitable stem, based on the general health of the plant and the branch in particular. The success of propagation by cuttings will depend on how suitable and healthy your cutting is. If temperatures are expected to be between 70-80 F (21-27 C) at the time of cutting collection, a fungicide should be applied. Polka Dot Begonia Propagation in Water – Choose the Best Container Choose glass containers for propagating Begonia cuttings in water. Avoid plastic containers to minimize colonization of surfaces by bacteria and fungi. The colorless glass prevents the formation of bacterial biofilms compared to plastic because glass provides a more sanitary surface. -. It is recommended that the water reservoir is not only clean but also filled with mineral water from a bottle at this first opportunity. In this way you will provide a good quantity of nutrients and minerals to the cutting, facilitating its adaptation to the environment. In addition, bottled mineral water lacks chemicals such as bleach additives in traces in tap water for human consumption but is very impacting and counterproductive in the propagation of Begonia maculata. All that remains is to place the Begonia cutting in water and wait for the new roots to sprout, taking care to keep the water in the container fresh and clean. Polka Dot Begonia Propagation in Water. Like any bulbous plant, the best way to propagate a begonia is to divide bulbs that have buds, leaving at least one bud on each new cutting. Before planting, it is best to allow the cut to heal. Propagation Begonia maculata With Rooting Hormone For cuttings, make your rooting hormone. Polka Dot Begonia Propagation with Rooting Hormone. The rooting hormone is one of the most essential tools when it comes to rooting cuttings. These are products that increase the root’s ability for development, allowing and speeding up the rooting of the cutting. You can buy rooting hormone at most gardening stores, but we always recommend going the natural route and making your rooting hormone at home with natural ingredients. It’s simple to create, and all you need is a little planning ahead of time before cutting the plant. Auxins are the plant hormones we seek when we’re trying to figure out how to root rapidly. These may be found in a variety of legumes and sprouted grains, so making them using lentils, soybeans, chickpeas, and a variety of spices is straightforward. - Making Rooting Hormone: A Step-By-Step Guide Homemade Rooting Hormone: A Step-By-Step Guide. Make sure the legumes are ready to germinate. Chickpeas, lentils, and soybeans are the most frequent. Prepare one part of legumes for every four parts of water, and place them in a jar with a lid or a towel to cover them. Keep the container out of the way and away from light, especially the latter. Your legumes should have mainly germinated after three or four days. This is the perfect moment to smash them with the water in which they germinated, draining and filtering the combination, which will be our auxin-rich DIY rooting hormone. To make your hormone, dilute the concentrate in nine parts of water for each component of the hormone. Rooting hormone could be commercially prepared or could be homemade rooting hormone by you as explained in this link in our step-by-step guide. Polka Dot Begonia Propagation Using Rooting Hormone What Is the Best Way to Utilize Rooting Hormone? Polka Dot Begonia Propagation Using Rooting Hormone. Rooting hormone can be used in two ways: The first option is to soak the cuttings in the auxin mixture for an hour once they are ready to be planted. Then, take them out of the container and plant them in their pots or the soil as usual, because they will have absorbed the impact of the preparation because they are moist. The second option is to plant the cuttings normally and then water the plants with the diluted hormone. The advantage of this approach is that it lasts longer, but it needs a consistent supply of rooting hormone, as the combination can only be maintained in the refrigerator for about 15 days before losing its positive properties. Proper Environment for Rooting Cuttings Polka Dot Begonia Propagation Using Rooting Hormone. Rooting cuttings in the right environment. Giving the rooted plant a proper habitat is just as important as injecting rooting hormone or allowing the wound to heal. After the cutting has been made, the plant must have three main pillars: warmth, light, and humidity. Place the cuttings in a well-lit place with the appropriate humidity and a temperature that is not too cold. Avoid flooding the cuttings with water. Plastic bottles or containers are commonly used to cover the cuttings, which helps to preserve the soil’s humidity and regulate the temperature. How Long It Takes for The Cuttings to Root Polka Dot Begonia Propagation Using Rooting Hormone. The length of time it takes for each plant to root varies depending on the species and climatic circumstances, but if everything goes well, any cutting should root in fewer than 15 days, though some do so considerably faster. If your cutting is still not sustaining itself with its roots after two weeks, the technique has most likely failed and you will need to start over. Begonia maculata Repotting and Transplanting Polka Dot Begonia Propagation, Seedlings Transfer, and Repotting Polka Dot Begonia Propagation, Seedlings Transfer, and Repotting. Whether is repotting or just transplanting seedlings the recommendation is to move them before the roots have developed too much. Let’s review a few details when repotting Begonia maculata or transferring seedlings. The growing soil should be good, rich in humus, and well-drained. Polka Dot Plant Repot. The tuber is usually left in the pot during the winter period. In spring it is planted, leaving the bud upwards in a slightly acid substrate. Subsequently, the light intensity is gradually increased. When the first shoots are born, they are carefully transplanted into a peat substrate. During the rooting period, complete fertilizers with microelements (2g/l) should be applied. In the production period, especially in begonias with a high number of flowers, a fertilizer rich in potassium (K) should be applied. Sometimes leaves turn pink, and it may seem like a Pink Begonia Maculata (Begonia roseopunctata) but it is not. Pink Begonia Maculata has pink dots, instead of white dots. Some Polka Dot Begonia change their leaves’ color when fertilizer is needed. - PREMIUM INDOOR + OUTDOOR ORGANIC FLOWER FERTILIZER — Boosts flower production, root growth & blossom color vibrancy for Roses, Begonia, Biden, Calibrachoa, Celosia, Coleus, Cleome, Cosmos, Cuphea, Daisy, Daffodil, Euphorbia, Fuchsia, Gardenia, Geranium, Impatiens, Iris, Lobelia, Marigold, Pansy, Petunia, Poppy, Rudbeckia, Salvia, Snapdragon, Sweet Potato Vine, Tulip, Verbena, Vinca, Zinnia., etc - NO MESSY LIQUIDS / NO CONFUSING MEASURING SPOONS / NO STINKY SMELL — 1 tube = 100 concentrated EarthPods (a 4-year supply for a single special flower container or use on big collection of potted annual & perennial flowers) - FAST & EASY TO APPLY — Push 1 EarthPod all the way into potting soil mix near center of flowering plant, then just water! (EarthPods break down & slow release nutrients direct to root zone) Normally commercial fertilizers with a 2:1:2 balance plus micronutrients are used and can be changed to a 2:1:3 balance two weeks before the sale. Enriching the atmosphere in CO2 (600 ppm) during the rooting period may increase the development. How to do that? Just cover the seedlings wrapping with plastic film or use a bag. The atmosphere inside the wrap will increase in CO2 content rapidly. During plant senescence, ethylene inhibitors are used to control flower and leaf drops. Begonia maculata Care: Diseases and Pests Polka Dot Begonia Propagation Pest Control Polka Dot Begonia Propagation Pest Control. In the following paragraphs, we will review some pests that can affect the Polka Dot Begonia plant and how to control them. – Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci): it occurs mainly when temperatures reach 77 F (25 C). Symptoms are yellow spots and wilting. Symptoms are yellow spots and wilting of leaves. Control of Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci): to avoid/prevent severe whitefly attacks, yellow chronotropic traps should be placed on the plant. If the attack is more severe, a combination of chemical and biological methods (parasitoids, predators, or even insect pathogenic fungi) is currently being used. – Nematodes (Aphelenchoides fragariae): Phytoparasitic species of this genus are unable to complete their life cycle in the soil, so they are found on leaves, stolons, bulbs, and seeds. In begonia, they complete their cycle on leaves in 10-11 days at a temperature of 64.4 F (18 C). Symptoms are manifested by the appearance of nerval reddening, which subsequently spreads throughout the leaf. Necrosis does not appear. However, if there is a joint effect of this nematode with Xanthomonas begoniae, the damage is greater, resulting in the presence of necrotic spots. These nematodes move through water films on the leaves and penetrate through the leaves through stomata, insect bites, etc. Control of Nematodes (Aphelenchoides fragariae): the spread of the nematode can be facilitated by: splashing water, contact between plants, pruning tools, etc. For control, preventive measures should be applied, such as disinfection of all types of tools, elimination of weeds that can act as a reservoir, avoiding water splashes, etc. Chemical control is not efficient. Let’s continue reviewing in the following paragraphs some diseases that can affect the Polka Dot Begonia plant and how to control them. – Botrytis cinerea: This fungus needs wounded or senescent tissues to affect the plant, as well as environmental humidity and high temperature. Symptoms may appear on leaves, petioles, and flowers and are easily identified in the field by its characteristic gray, hairy sporulation on the leaf and flower faces. Control of Botrytis cinerea: the control of this fungus is very important due to its ability to survive as a saprophyte. Excessive humidity should be prevented by lowering watering dose and frequency, spacing the plants, or ventilation. It is also recommended to remove unhealthy tissues by cutting them at the stem level with sanitized equipment. Chemical control should be utilized if the attack is severe. Alternate use of the several systemic categories of approved drugs is advised. – Pythium: This fungus is transmitted through the substrate or irrigation water. The infection starts at the soil level and spreads along the trunk causing tissue rot. Control of Pythium: As a preventive measure, a disinfected substrate should be used and contaminated water should be avoided.Chemical control is a good option that should be utilized if the attack is severe. – Leaf spot (Myrothecium roridum): this is a common soil-dwelling saprophyte that is pathogenic to susceptible hosts under favorable environmental conditions. It produces conidia in characteristic sporodochia, approximately 1-2 mm in diameter. Symptoms manifest as circular leaf spots that later acquire irregular shapes of approximately 1 in (2.5 cm) in diameter. The lesions usually occur at a particular point, but eventually spread along the leaf veins. The center of the spot may be lighter brown than the edge and the lesion may be darker on the upper side than on the underside of the leaf. Control of Leaf spot (Myrothecium roridum) Polka Dot Begonia Propagation Pest Control. The presence of this disease can be prevented by avoiding excess moisture, and unnecessary wounding, and promoting the rapid formation of peridermic in the wounds after the cuttings have been harvested. – Powdery mildew (Oidium begoniae): This fungus thrives in a dry environment. Normally, it does not cause death to its host, but powdery mildew colonies quickly make the plant unmarketable. Symptoms can be observed on leaves, petioles, peduncles, and flowers. White spots appear on the upper side of the leaf, which later turns yellowish. These spots spread and necrotize, resulting in leaf curling and leaf death. White mycelium can be observed on the underside of the leaves. Control Powdery mildew (Oidium begonia): As a preventive measure, ventilation of the plant is favorable for reducing the potential for infection, but large air currents should not be created. Once the plant is diseased, the damaged parts of the plant should be removed. If the attack is severe, the use of chemical products with fungicidal action, such as sulfur powder, can be used. On the other hand, biological control can also be used, with the hyperparasite Ampelomyces quisqualis. This usually works best in combination with a fungicide. – Xanthomonas campestris pv. begoniae: This is a bacterium that causes the rotting of stem and leaf cuttings. When the environment is very humid, this bacterium invades the vascular system, causing various spots. These are oily spots on leaves that spread rapidly. Infected plant materials are probably the most important source of contamination, as this bacterium can survive on foliage for several months before disease initiation. Control of Xanthomonas campestris pv. begoniae: Chemical control is inefficient, hence the importance of preventive measures. It is important to ensure the health of the mother plant, disinfect all types of material (pruning tools, substrate, pots, irrigation system, etc.), eliminate plants with foliar spots, and avoid handling wet foliage. – Crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) It is a bacterium that forms galls usually in the crown, although occasionally they can also appear in roots, stems, or branches. The galls appear as small masses of callus tissue, which subsequently enlarge. Control of Crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens): Polka Dot Begonia Propagation Pest Control. If the attack is severe, plants affected by this disease should be discarded. They should be treated with cupric products and the soil should be disinfected with steam. Scientific research demonstrates that Agrobacterium radiobacter, strain K84 seems to be a suitable biological control of crown gall. – Tomato spotted wilt virus, known with the acronym TSWV and Impatiens necrotic spot virus known with the acronym INSV. Vegetative multiplication of Begonia has resulted in the perpetuation of numerous viruses in the offspring. There are no viruses particular to Begonia plants and all viruses isolated in this species are ubiquitous viruses found in other ornamental plants. The manifestations of these two viruses are very similar. The most characteristic and severe symptoms consist of concentric discolored spots that necrotize very rapidly leading to desiccation of most of the leaf surface. Flowers may also show necrosis that compromises their opening. Occasionally, deformations or accentuated pigmentation of the leaves are observed. Diseased plants, in their juvenile stage, inevitably die. Control of TSWV and INSV: for the control of this disease, it is necessary to fight against the thrips, since it acts as a vector of these viruses. If there are plants/leaves with suspicious symptoms of this disease, they should be discarded. It is important to ensure the quality of the plant material. Is Begonia maculata Toxic to Cats or Dogs? The Begonia maculata plant and its varieties such as Begonia maculata wightii can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea in dogs and cats. Begonia maculata is toxic to dogs and cats and can even cause death. Where can I buy Begonia maculata? Begonia maculata wightii is available in online stores (Order here). Also, there are other Begonias of the Angel Wing type that instead of having white dots have pink, red dots, and the leaves present mutant characteristics being pink, instead of olive green. - All of our listings have very representative pictures of what you will receive. - This plant comes fully rooted in a 6" pot, ready to grow in your beautiful home or office! - California Tropicals - Plants may come in White or Gray ceramic pot - Begonia Maculata commonly referred to as the Polka dot Begonia, is undoubtedly one of the most strikingly gorgeous species of indoor plants. - This exotic plant derives its name from its unique silver spotted leaves and red undersides. For example, the Begonia maculata pink splice or Pink Begonia Maculata, and the Begonia roseopunctata with pink dots, instead of white dots. We hope you will take advantage of this article and our advice about Begonia maculata wightii – Polka Dot Begonia Care, Polka Dot Begonia Propagation & How to Propagate Begonia maculata, the Polka Dot Plant Looking for more gardening articles? Recommended articles for you: How to Propagate Anthurium Plant Step by Step How to Propagate a Bird of Paradise Plant Strelitzia

NordVPN vs. CyberGhost in UK: Head-to-Head Comparison NordVPN vs CyberGhost in UK are the two VPN competitors in the industry. If you’re familiar with VPNs at all, chances are you’ve seen these two providers being recommended by other reviewers and users. So, which one is the best? We will put them against each other in this NordVPN vs CyberGhost comparison in UK. We’re going to take these VPNs apart and clinically evaluate their performance and capabilities against each other. Here’s what we’ll be covering: A Quick Comparison of NordVPN vs CyberGhost in UK This is a quick summary of the relative strengths and weaknesses of these two VPN competitors: If you want to know where other providers are standing against each other? See this detailed VPN comparison chart. Detailed Comparison of NordVPN vs CyberGhost in UK This NordVPN vs CyberGhost in UK will pit these two VPN providers against each other through 10 different categories. This in-depth comparison aims to help you quickly choose which of the VPN is a better fit for your needs. However, it’s impossible to consider everything related to these VPNs; for a complete treatment of these VPNs, head over to our in-depth CyberGhost review and NordVPN review. 1. NordVPN vs CyberGhost in UK:. What about CyberGhost when it comes to unblocking channels in UK? It is one of the few VPNs that offer a dedicated streaming mode in UK with many servers designed for unblocking streaming websites from many parts of the world. CyberGhost easily unblocks Netflix, YouTube, HBO Now, BBC iPlayer, Hulu, Amazon Prime, and more. However, the slight difference between the two VPNs regarding streaming foreign content libraries is in buffering times and video quality. NordVPN is generally faster and more reliable, whereas CyberGhost, on some servers, may take longer to buffer. China CyberGhost admits that its service rarely works for China. Its website is blocked in China, and it doesn’t have any mirror website as well. As there is no reliable way for this service to work from China, we recommend CyberGhost when you are in China. On the other hand, NordVPN works fine in China, but it also offers a mirror website if you wish to download the software or any other material related to configuration. It works there due to its obfuscated servers, which is a scarce feature. NordVPN offers you complete anonymity and global access from within the walls of China, and it does that without having you change so many advanced settings. Winner for unblocking: NordVPN 2. NordVPN vs CyberGhost in UK: Torrenting Result: CyberGhost and NordVPN offer various P2P-enabled servers that unblock restricted torrent websites and maintain your privacy. Either choice is equally good for torrent purposes. Torrenting is a risky activity in UK, with law enforcement in major parts of the world becoming strict against users suspected of download torrents. The easiest way to boost your privacy while downloading torrents is through a VPN that supports torrents. Thankfully, in this NordVPN vs CyberGhost comparison in UK, both VPNs support torrenting on various servers, but not the entire network. Using these VPNs, you can easily choose P2P-friendly servers – as there is a separately filtered list for these servers in UK. As speed is one of the most important factors when you are involved in an activity such as torrenting, we decided to take a speedtest of both providers after connecting to their P2P supported servers. The results were almost similar. Let’s take a look at NordVPN torrenting results first. On our 100 Mbps ISP internet connection, we received a 91.89 Mbps speed from its P2P-friendly server. As you can see, these results are very astonishing and perfect for large-sized P2P file transfers. The results for CyberGhost torrenting tests were almost the same. We received 89.24 Mbps speed from CyberGhost P2P-friendly servers. With only a difference of just 2.65 Mbps between the two providers, it is safe to say that both of them equally match when it comes to torrenting. NordVPN offers better download speeds for torrenting, as can be seen in the comparison between NordVPN vs PureVPN, where NordVPN performed better owing to its fast P2P servers. Also,. NordVPN vs CyberGhost in UK: Pricing Plans Result: CyberGhost is slightly cheaper and offers a 45-day money-back guarantee than its competitor. For this reason, it is more affordable than NordVPN. NordVPN and CyberGhost offer a similar pricing structure, however, except for the 2-year. You can opt for a 1-month, 1-year, GB£11.57 compared to CyberGhost’s GB£12.58 Real Savings: It lies in the longer-term plans. For CyberGhost, the 1-year plan is GB£3.82/month, while the 1-month and 3-year plans cost GB£12.59/month and GB£2.08/month, respectively. NordVPN is a bit more expensive for the same-year subscription period. For the 1-year plan, you’ll be paying GB£4.96/month, while the 1-month and 2-year plans are priced at GB£11.97/mo and GB£3.61/mo (US$ 3.99/mo) (Save 70% on 2 Years Plan + Extra Subscription), a 30-day money-back guarantee for all plans in UK. It is essential that whichever provider you decide to go ahead with has a clear and concrete refund policy. You wouldn’t want to associate yourself with providers that have very vague refund policies such as TunnelBear. TunnelBear refund policy is based on a case-to-case basis, meaning it is not 100% guaranteed that you will receive your refunds back. Although this vague refund policy gives a big disadvantage to TunnelBear. If you put this disadvantage aside, it is still one of the best VPN providers in the industry that can go toe-to-toe with a top-tier VPN provider like CyberGhost. Check out the complete showdown in TunnelBear vs CyberGhost. View our VPN comparison chart for 2022 to check out other budget-friendly VPNs. You can also check out our comparison between IPVanish and PureVPN as both are budget-friendly. Winner in pricing: CyberGhost 4. NordVPN vs CyberGhost in UK: Payment Options Both VPN providers offer a good range of payment processors, including Credit Cards (Visa, Master, Debit, Credit), PayPal, Cryptocurrencies, iTunes, and Google Play Store. CyberGhost, NordVPN, and TorGuard offer a variety of payment options to users including cryptocurrency. Crypto payments are great for users who want maximum anonymity as you only need a working email address for making the payments and to set up a VPN account. 5. NordVPN vs CyberGhost: Refund NordVPN offers an industry-standard 30-day money-back guarantee. Though they make it very clear that if you cancel the services after the renewal, the renewal fees are non-refundable. You can take a look at their Refund policy below: On the other hand, CyberGhost steals the show completely with its 45-day money-back guarantee. Although it is necessary to mention that this 45-day money-back guarantee period applies to subscription in UK which are longer than the monthly subscription. You can read their Refund policy below: It is very important that the provider you decide to go with has a clear refund policy. There are providers such as TunnelBear, that offer refunds on a case-by-case basis and you wouldn’t want to be stuck with them regarding your funds. It is possible that your refund request may get disapproved by TunnelBear if you decide to not continue with the subscription. Therefore, always make sure to check the refund policy yourself before committing to any VPN provider in UK. Although the TunnelBear refund policy may seem dodgy, it is still one of the best VPN providers in the industry and can go toe-to-toe with top-tier VPN providers. Recently, we compared it with NordVPN, see how it performs in TunnelBear vs NordVPN comparison. Winner in refund-policy: CyberGhost 6. NordVPN vs CyberGhost in UK: Privacy Features In addition to security, affordable prices, and a money-back guarantee, it is also essential to pay attention to privacy. For many internet users, this aspect is crucial when it comes to choosing a VPN in UK. If your personal data ends up in the hands of people with ill intentions, then the VPN is of no use to you. Let see some more information regarding NordVPN’s and CyberGhost’s privacy below: NordVPN’s Privacy - Located in Panama, so not required to abide by any government request for data - Supports cryptocurrencies as the payment method - Gone through an independent audit which confirmed they do not keep any logs - NordVPN’s diskless RAM servers ensure that your data is erased after the VPN session is disconnected CyberGhost’s Privacy - Located in Romania, it does not have to store data, and therefore data is not released to others - Supports cryptocurrencies just like NordVPN - Publishes a “transparency report” about how often they receive requests to release data. To date, CyberGhost has never complied with such requests - Accounts page provides information as to which devices you have installed its VPN on. This feature does not seem to be a good idea when it comes to privacy It was difficult to establish a clear winner in this category. NordVPN does provide better and state-of-the-art encryption tools; however, it has been hacked once. On the other hand, CyberGhost clearly doesn’t match the tools and encryption level NordVPN has for privacy, but it hasn’t been hacked as well. If we disregard what happened in the past and look at the current state of privacy, NordVPN comes out as the better option because of its advanced security and encryption techniques for online privacy. Jurisdiction Jurisdiction is very important when you are deciding on a VPN for yourself. For example, you don’t want to purchase a VPN provider like PIA, which is operating from the US, and risk your online privacy and data. Even though PIA is a competitive VPN provider on many levels with ExpressVPN, due to its jurisdiction, it is not a favorite. Check out how it performs against top-tier VPN in Comparison of ExpressVPN vs PIA. CyberGhost is based in Romania, another country where data retention is illegal unless authorities produce an excellent reason for certain suspected individuals. It is also one of the top VPNs for Romania. NordVPN is a Panama-based VPN and benefits from the lack of data retention requirements upon ISPs and VPN providers. Hence, it is listed as one of the finest VPNs for Panama. This is one of the biggest advantages of NordVPN, and if you are a user whose primary purpose of using a VPN is to maintain your privacy on the web, you should look no further than NordVPN. Along with Jurisdiction, the identity of the parent company of your VPN provider is also necessary. For example, you wouldn’t want to associate yourself with a provider like CyberGhost, whose parent company “Kape Technologies” is known for infecting users’ devices with malware in the past. While this is clearly a setback for CyberGhost, when it comes to protecting your online security and privacy, it is second to no one. We recently compared it with ExpressVPN and it gave a tough time to one of the top-tier VPN providers. Check out the clash in ExpressVPN vs CyberGhost. The cool thing about ExpressVPN is that it even has servers in countries like Belarus. Its server network is really extensive. Logging Policy NordVPN has one of the strongest logging policies that we have seen. The provider doesn’t record your timestamps, IP address, bandwidth, or traffic. Moreover, the logging policy has been independently audited by the firm PwC. The logging policy of CyberGhost is highly oriented towards the user and keeps no logs about IP address, timestamps, session duration, or user traffic. However, they store some connection logs, such as your country of origin and the app version you’re using when you make a connection attempt. These logs are not personally identifiable and can’t be used to compromise your privacy. Encryption In terms of security, I didn’t found any leaks in connection with NordVPN vs CyberGhost in UK. It is not surprising as both of the VPN providers support advanced encryption protocols for your security. Let’s check out their performance. NordVPN proved itself to be one of the best VPNs out there to secure your online privacy and data in UK. The above evidence of “no leak” during its connection should suffice as proof of its ability. NordVPN uses an AES-256-GCM encryption algorithm with a 4096-bit DH key to guaranteeing your sensitive data protection. The whole global cybersecurity community has a stake in OpenVPN since it has an open-source code, which is freely available for review and modification. It also offers WireGuard protocol (NordLynx), which uses a combination of upgraded security algorithms, including ChaCha20 for symmetric encryption, authenticated with Poly1305, using RFC7539’s AEAD construction. The results were similar in the case of CyberGhost as well. No leaks were detected in the connection. CyberGhost uses an AES-256-CBC cipher with SHA-256 hash authentication and ECDH-4096 key exchange. This is on par with NordVPN, but CyberGhost does not offer the upgraded encryption algorithms via the WireGuard VPN protocol. In terms of encryption, both of them are pretty much on an equal level. Moreover, you can check out our below tablet for a quick encryption and security feature understanding between the two. Protocols NordVPN supports OpenVPN and IKEv2 protocols. The Windows, Mac, and Android versions of the app implement the OpenVPN protocol only, while the iOS version uses IKEv2/IPSec. NordVPN doesn’t allow users to switch to older protocols such as PPTP and L2TP in security interests. In contrast, CyberGhost offers 3 protocol options to choose from OpenVPN, L2TP, and IKEv2. You can pick any of these protocols as you prefer in the settings, and it only takes a click to change the protocol you want to use. 7. NordVPN vs CyberGhost: Features of CyberGhost Vs. NordVPN CyberGhost and NordVPN both offer interesting features. Let’s take a look at some features offered by CyberGhost. Three basic privacy features offered by CyberGhost include: - Block Content – Blocks DNS domains for various ads, tackers, and malware - Prevent DNS leak – Uses CyberGhost’s own DNS servers to prevent any DNS leaks - Automatic Kill Switch – Blocks internet connectivity when experiencing VPN disconnection CyberGhost also offers different “profiles” tailored to different VPN use cases, such as torrenting, browsing, streaming, and gaming in UK. Overall, CyberGhost does offer pretty much all the basic features a VPN can offer. It is not a bad choice if you are looking for a VPN that is above average. NordVPN is no slouch for its part when it comes to extra features. Indeed, the provider is loaded with quite a few proprietary features. The most prominent ones are CyberSec (ad/website blocker), Double VPN (multi-hopping), and Onion over VPN. CyberSec – This is an ad-blocking feature that is similar to CyberGhost’s “Block Content” feature Double VPN -Twice the encryption and security with two VPN servers Onion over VPN – Tor encryption over VPN traffic There’s also an Internet Kill Switch feature that can work in two different modes: either apply the Internet the region’s functionality. 8. NordVPN vs CyberGhost in UK: Servers Result: CyberGhost surpasses NordVPN in terms of available countries; NordVPN responds with its excellent server range.,400+ & 440 servers in UK for NordVPN and 6,500+ & 723 servers in UK for CyberGhost. Therefore, while CyberGhost beats NordVPN by several servers, it offers more variety in special server features. For Servers: It’s a Tie Dedicated IP Both services offer dedicated IP options with their VPN subscription in UK. Since it’s considered an add-on, it will cost additional prices. So, with CyberGhost for an additional GB£5/month, you can get a dedicated IP address in the UK, France, Germany, Canada, or the US. Meanwhile, the NordVPN is a bit more expensive – 5.83/month. You can also choose from the same five countries, but there’s the Netherlands instead of Canada. With NordVPN, you can only purchase the dedicated IP with the annual subscription. That means it will cost you GB£70 for the 12 month period. Exclusive features When talking about the exclusive features, NordVPN offers SmartPlay to unblock geographically restricted websites. They have also implemented additional features like connection pausing or dark web monitoring. In comparison, CyberGhost offers Smart rules, a combination of CyberGhost launch rules, Wi-Fi protection, Exceptions, and App rules. 9. NordVPN vs CyberGhost in UK: Speed Results Result: NordVPN vs CyberGhost speed tests proved that. To give both of them a last fair fighting chance, I decided to connect three different servers in the UK on each of them and then conduct a speedtest to see which one is really the best. For this testing, we will be using the following servers: EdinBurgh, Glasgow, and London. Test # 1: EdinBurgh CyberGhost’s EdinBurgh server speed: 69.45 Mbps CyberGhost result is nowhere impressive. Let’s see if NordVPN can do better. NordVPN’s EdinBurgh server speed: 90.56 Mbps That is an outstanding result for a VPN that is popular for its state-of-the-art encryption and security techniques. Hopefully, CyberGhost can turn things around in the next round. Test # 2: Glasgow CyberGhost’s Glasgow server speed: 70.56 Mbps We hoped it would better, but things are not looking good for CyberGhost. Can NordVPN do better in the second round as well? NordVPN’s Glasgow server speed: 92.74 Mbps Once again, NordVPN wipes the floor with CyberGhost. With a difference of 22.18 Mbps, it is clearly the best option if you are only looking for speed. To complete the fair fights, let’s continue with the 3rd test. Test # 3: London CyberGhost’s London server speed: 72.16 Mbps Here we have another location and another example of CyberGhost dragging behind with speeds. NordVPN’s London server speed: 94.87 Mbps No, there is no typo. NordVPN’s speed with the London server actually came close to 95 Mbps. CyberGhost, while not unimpressive for its part, fell short of the levels that NordVPN comfortably reached each time. This was also the case in NordVPN vs Surfshark where NordVPN delivered amazing speeds on all of its servers in UK.. Why is NordVPN so much faster than CyberGhost in UK? On paper, NordVPN vs CyberGhost should have similar speeds in UK. However, unlike CyberGhost, NordVPN has a huge advantage with its server network. The NordVPN server network updates give it a big edge with speeds and reliability over CyberGhost; these updates include: - Launching new hardware with more bandwidth - Running few servers on 10 Gbps bandwidth channels - Increasing the number of servers around the globe Unlike NordVPN, CyberGhost does not appear to be investing in network upgrades. Below is a screenshot from my recent CyberGhost review. You can see that numerous CyberGhost servers were at maximum capacity in UK. If you are looking for a speedy VPN connection, then NordVPN should clearly be your choice in UK. Winner for Speed: NordVPN 10. NordVPN vs CyberGhost in UK: Compatibility Result: NordVPN vs CyberGhost both offer excellent support for a wide range of devices and platforms in UK. for both, CyberGhost and NordVPN works for older versions run CyberGhost. Android Both VPNs offer dedicated apps for Android phones. In fact, they a routers from third-party vendors also come installed with CyberGhost and NordVPN. However, there are no dedicated router apps of NordVPN or CyberGhost. Additional Platforms Other 11. NordVPN vs CyberGhost in UK:. Below you will find a screenshot of their macOS application. As you can see in the below screenshot of the NordVPN desktop application is very similar to the macOS application. NordVPN’s interactive map, which allows user to select their preferred VPN server in UK, is very much easy, convenient, and probably the most prominent highlight of their application. The mobile app version is very similar to the desktop app and allows users to connect to a server with a tap on the map-based view. There’s also a shortcut to the service’s specialized P2P, Dedicated IP, Double VPN, or Tor over VPN servers. The Settings tab is also fairly identical to the desktop version, but it lacks some features, such as the Internet Kill Switch. CyberGhost’s desktop app has a straightforward design. The main screen features a toggle button on your right side that will automatically connect you to the closest server it can find. You will find different profiles on the left side, each specific to cater to a specific purpose, such as torrenting, streaming, gaming, or dedicated IP in UK. Right in the middle, you will find the server list where you can sort them by distance and load. But it is the settings tab where CyberGhost takes the cake for user-friendliness. It offers different features such as protocol, disabling IPv6, repairing of Virtual Network Card, and using a random port to connect.. CyberGhost and NordVPN apps offer different flavors – one has a map, the other is more minimal. NordVPN is missing that simplicity which the other one has. So, if you want a wide suite of clients that are not only full of complex features but convenient to use, you’ll have to stick with CyberGhost. Winner for Usability: CyberGhost NordVPN vs CyberGhost in UK: Streaming and Netflix NordVPN appears to be compatible with some of the most popular streaming services. In fact, you can access multiple Netflix libraries with NordVPN, including the US, UK, Japan, and Canada. Also, we were able to unblock Amazon Prime Video, BBC iPlayer, Hulu, and other services. CyberGhost offers optimized servers for different purposes such as streaming, torrenting, gaming, etc. This makes it one of the best options if you need a VPN to unblock any geo-restricted streaming site in UK. 12. NordVPN vs CyberGhost in UK: Customer Support Result: NordVPN vs CyberGhost customer support teams have nailed the art of quality in UK. Whether you talk about the representative through live chat or communicate through emails, there’s always someone available to address your queries. We always expect customer support to be top-notch for paid VPN services in UK. So, It is great to see that NordVPN and CyberGhost don’t disappoint when it comes to customer support in UK. You can find detailed instructions, troubleshooting guides, and installation material on their websites of both providers. You can always reach out to their live chat support. NordVPN’s team is quick and responsive through live chat, and the same can be said for CyberGhost live chat. Support teams of both VPNs can also be reached through emails. A representative will reply to you within a couple of hours to your email address. At least in our case, we received email replies to general queries in less than an hour in UK. For Customer Support: It’s a Tie Again, it’s hard to pick a winner as CyberGhost, and NordVPN customer support teams have nailed the art of quality customer support. Whether you want to reach out to a representative through live chat or communicate through emails, there’s always someone available to address your queries. Final Verdict: NordVPN is the winner in UK! It wasn’t easy to choose a winner in this NordVPN vs. CyberGhost comparison in UK.

People all over the world clamor to get their hair to grow faster. Some struggle with hair loss and balding, meanwhile others simply want faster hair growth so that their mane can reach their hips. Whatever your reason is for wanting to grow your hair stronger and longer, it’s never a walk in the park to get the job done. It’s quite difficult to command your hair to spew out more hairs—a lot of it has to do with genetics more than anything in our control. But one of the easiest, most effective, and most technologically advanced ways to grow your hair fast is with laser devices. It’s painless, non-invasive, and super quick, and easy to use. These red or blue lasers come in different formats, from caps to combs, but they all do the same thing—they stimulate your follicles to grow hair faster and more efficiently. That’s because they release photons that can increase cellular activity and stimulate your hair follicles, giving them more energy to grow hair. Been wanting to learn more about laser devices and what they can do to solve your hair growth issues? Read on to see the 9 best laser hair growth devices you can buy online. Our top picks: The best of the best Don’t have the patience to look through all ten products? Check out our top three picks for different situations and needs. Stay tuned for a more in-depth review of these products later on in this article. iRestore Laser Hair Growth System – Best for Overall This iRestore cap is lightweight and comfy to wear as you do your other errands at home. Not only does it encourage longer hair growth, but it also curbs hair fall and balding, making your hair look thicker. The best part? You don’t have to use it daily! You only need to use it every other day for it to be effective. In six months, you’ll get the maximum results with a thicker, longer head of hair. HairMax Hair Growth LaserBand 82 ComfortFlex – Best for Speed and Convenience If you’re looking for the fastest treatment that won’t eat up much of your free time, the HairMax LaserBand 82 is just right for you. With this headband, it only takes 90 seconds every three days for you to get the long and strong hair you want. And since it’s hands-free, it won’t tire you out or exhaust you as you use it. Do that regularly for six months, and you’ll have hair growing out of your problem areas. Kiierr272Premier-MD Laser Hair Cap MAX Growth Bundle – Best Value for Money Having long, luscious, beautiful hair isn’t all about its length—it has to do with whether your locks are nourished with the right vitamins, too. It’s not just a laser device you need. Hair growth is all about adjusting your entire hair care routine, from what shower products you use to the vitamins you take. This bundle is more affordable than the others on this list but arguably gives you the most value. It comes with a fashionable laser cap but also a shampoo and conditioner rich in zinc and hair-growing botanicals. It also has hair supplements to boost follicle activity and growth. It takes about six months to get the most impactful results, but some users have seen hair growing back in as little as two weeks. Five things to consider when buying laser hair growth devices While all laser devices rely on the technology of light therapy to help you grow hair, they’re not all created equal. Some are better than others in different aspects. Here are several things you should look out for when shopping for the perfect laser hair growth device for you and your needs: - FDA-approved for your safety: If you’re wary about purchasing an at-home laser device because you’re concerned about safety, look for one that is FDA-approved. This seal of approval means that it’s safe for your skin and overall health. - Provides product warranty: There’s nothing more frustrating than trusting a hair growth laser device’s promise and having it not work anymore before you even see results. To cover all your bases, make sure your device has a product warranty so that the company can help you replace or repair it should you face technical difficulties while using the laser device. - Doesn’t take a long time to use per session: Laser devices shouldn’t take up so much of your time for the day just to use. Look for a device that will fit well into your daily schedule without you having to adjust your lifestyle. Devices that take just a few minutes to half an hour to use per day are ideal so you don’t waste so much time. - Easy and convenient to use: Your laser device doesn’t have to be complicated to be effective. The easier to use, the better. Go for a laser device that won’t take up too much time and effort to install, like caps and combs. - Portable and rechargeable: It can be a hassle bringing around a bulky laser device with lots of wires to organize and tie up after use. Look for one that is wireless and rechargeable, so that it can be portable. This one is especially important if you travel around a lot. Detailed Reviews: The 9 Best Laser Hair Growth Device Don’t know any laser beauty brands? Not sure which laser device to get for your hair-growing needs? We’ve got you covered. Here are the 9 best laser hair growth devices you can use to start flaunting long, thick, luscious locks: iRestore Laser Hair Growth System Summary box: This hair growth helmet by iRestore uses low-level laser therapy to strengthen your hair follicles and make your tresses thicker and less prone to hair fall. It’s approved by the FDA to be used as a treatment for those with issues with balding and traction alopecia. The helmet is easy to wear because it’s lightweight, making it very comfortable to keep on even as you do errands or work. Since it’s in a cap format, it provides the best coverage to ensure your entire head is capturing the red light. Review: You only need to use this cap once for 25 minutes every two days. That makes it super convenient for those with busy schedules since you don’t have to fuss about it daily. In as little as three months, you should see extra hairs growing at least in your hairline. For the first one or two months of use, you might notice some shedding of weaker, more fragile hairs. This is your scalp letting go of thinner strands so that they can be replaced by thicker and more resilient hair fibers. In six months, you’ll get the full results—thicker, fuller hair with minimal hair loss. This is how long content creatorDeepa Berar had to wait to see the results, too. “My bald patches finally started filling in,” she said in her 6-month review of the product. “If you look at my old videos, it was all bare, and now it’s all coming back, which I’m so, so incredibly happy about.” PROS: - Uses medical-grade low-level light therapy to make your hair thicker and stronger - Light and comfortable on the head - Provides coverage for your entire scalp, so the growth will be even - Approved by the FDA to treat men and women with balding and alopecia problems CONS: - You’ll experience one or two months of shedding before your hair grows more Why buy this? If you don’t want to be hassled by a hair growth laser device that must be used every day, this is the laser cap for you. You only need to pick it up and wear it every other day to see great results, so you don’t have to sacrifice a lot of your time to use it efficiently. HairMax Ultima 12 LaserComb Summary box: This laser comb is made up of 12 medical-grade lasers to gently stimulate your hair follicles and encourage hair growth. The bristles are designed with patented hair-parting teeth, so it’s easy to brush through your strands. HairMax claims that this comb can encourage the growth of almost 130 hairs per square inch of your scalp when used regularly for six months. This is way more than enough to reverse any bald spots, making your hair longer and thicker. Review: Using this comb is quite easy—all you have to do is glide it into your hair for eight minutes every two days. It has a cool-looking timer display on the comb itself to signal when your eight minutes are up. The device is cordless, so it’s not a hassle to hold up even if eight minutes can be quite a long time for some. That makes it great for travel as well since you don’t have to fuss with long wires. If you’re patient and wait six months, you’ll find a full head of hair that is thicker and lusher than ever before. But if you’re lucky, you could see hair growth way earlier than that. YouTuber Tina Tomato, for example, was fortunate enough to see quick results in just a few weeks of using this comb. “I’ve…observed more baby hairs, like these really faint, very light baby hairs below my hairline,” she says after using it for just one month. PROS: - Medical-grade lasers stimulate your hair follicles in a gentle manner - Reverses hair thinning to make your strands thicker and denser - Has a timer display to let you know if your eight minutes per day is up - Cordless so it’s easy to hold up; great for travel too - Comes with a two-year warranty CONS: - You have to hold it up to your head as you use it because it’s in a comb format - Eight minutes is a long time to keep holding a device up Why buy this? If you’re not a big fan of caps because you have a sensitive scalp, you might be more comfortable using a comb-like this one. It takes extra effort to hold it up, but it’s gentler and won’t make your hair feel weighed down. It’s also excellent if you’re traveling but want to continue with your hair growth regimen. Capillus Ultra Mobile Laser Therapy Cap Summary box: Built with 82 laser diodes, this Capillus laser therapy cap is excellent not just at growing hair, but preventing further hair loss and balding. Its cap design gives you as much coverage as possible to treat your entire scalp, so you know the light therapy will be distributed evenly across. Review: This laser cap works slowly but surely, so don’t expect overnight results. In the first 3 months, there may be more shedding than usual. This is your scalp getting rid of those weak and fragile strands to reveal stronger, thicker stands waiting underneath. In 3-6 months, the shedding will decrease significantly. You’ll also start noticing hair growth in your problem areas, like your temples. Your hair will also feel a bit denser when you touch it with your fingers. Since it only takes six minutes a day for it to be effective, it’s one of the easiest laser devices you’ll find for hair growth. When using it in the mornings, all you have to do is put it on your head as you drink your morning cup of coffee or cook breakfast. PROS: - Reverses hair loss and thinning to keep your hair thick and full - You only need to use it for just six minutes a day - Provides maximum scalp coverage to grow hair in every part of your head - Lightweight, so it’s never uncomfy when wearing it - Comes with a long-lasting lithium battery CONS: - Takes over two years to see the best and most impactful results - Quite expensive compared to other laser hair growth options Why buy this? If you’re willing to wait a long time to see slow but steady results, this cap will be fantastic for you. You can use it whether you have hereditary baldness or are suffering from hair loss because of a condition. It’s also excellent for those who can only carve out 5-6 minutes of their day for a laser treatment. And since it’s hands-free, you won’t even realize that it’s on your head for such a small fraction of your day. HairMax Hair Growth LaserBand 82 ComfortFlex Summary box: This HairMax laser headband is made with 82 diodes of medical-grade lasers. These lasers emit light technology to energize and stimulate your exhausted hair follicles, encouraging them to grow strong and thick hair. Each session takes just 90 seconds, so it’s quick and stress-free. Review: Using this headband religiously for just six months shows immense growth. YouTube HotandFlashy noticed how six months of regular use improved hair in her problem areas—her temples. “The hairs that were there six months ago are now longer,” she says. “And it looks like it’s a little bit filled in along my hairline. I think on both sides [of my head] I definitely can see an improvement.” It’s super comfortable to wear on your head because the band is designed to be flexible. The teeth are also soft to the touch, so they won’t scratch at your delicate scalp. Because it doesn’t provide as much coverage as laser caps, you’ll have to move the headband along three sections—the front, middle, and bottom of your scalp—every 30 seconds. It sounds tedious, but it’s actually very fast, so you won’t notice the added effort you have to put in. But it’s not all bad. Since you have the flexibility to move the headband to different areas of your head, you can potentially reach those hard-to-reach areas like your nape and the front of your hairline. PROS: - Takes just 90 seconds of use, three times a week - Designed only with medical-grade lasers, not questionable LED lights - Energizes tired hair follicles to grow more hair - The band is flexible and has soft teeth for the utmost level of comfort - Its charging basket doubles as a stand to keep your headband in when not in use CONS: - You have to move the band along in sections Why buy this? This laser device is probably the fastest one to use on this list. All it takes is 90 seconds per session, which isn’t more than twice or thrice a week. So it’s perfect if you don’t have extra time during your busy day to spend hours using a complicated laser device. Kiierr272Premier-MD Laser Hair Cap MAX Growth Bundle Summary box: This hair-growing laser cap is made of 272 diodes to stimulate your hair follicles and encourage healthy growth. Because the cap has a deeper base, it’s suitable for those with bigger or wider heads. It’s excellent for ensuring that even the sides of your head can grow thick hair. But that’s not all you get in this bundle. It also comes with a shampoo and conditioner infused with zinc, hydrolyzed proteins, and nourishing oils to encourage hair growth as you shower. You’ll also get a bottle of DHT-blocking hair vitamins to curb hair loss and thinning. Review: This system is great for maintaining a well-rounded hair care routine without depending on a single laser device for hair growth. The cap wears easily on the head because it comes in a wide and comfy size. Meanwhile, the rest of the products are easy to incorporate into your hair care routine. You only need to wear the cap for 30 minutes per day to see results. Plus, since it’s programmed with sensors, it shuts off automatically once the half-hour mark is up. It also shuts off when the cap falls off of your head accidentally, saving a lot on battery. While most devices could take months to see noticeable results in your hair growth, this set works extra hard to give you faster results. Deborah, a happy, certified buyer, shares in her website review how had less hair fall in less than two weeks since starting to use the cap and shower products. “There was very little hair loss noted in my shower and bathroom sink,” she says. And after just six weeks, she noticed her hairline growing, too! PROS: - Complete with hair-growing a shampoo, conditioner, and supplements - The cap has a deeper, wider base so you can grow hair even on the sides of your head - Programmed with sensors for automatic shut-off if it falls off your head - You get a 7-month money-back guarantee if you’re not happy with the set - Cleared by the FDA for both men and women CONS: - Can be difficult to find in online marketplaces other than the official Kiierr website Why buy this? You can’t rely just on lasers to grow your hair longer. You need to be more conscious of the rest of your routine too, from your shower products to the vitamins you take. This set is perfect if you want a basic hair regimen that focuses on growth. You get everything you need to encourage hair growth, from shampoo and conditioner rich in botanicals and activities known to combat hair loss, to oral supplements filled with minerals and extracts to keep your hair healthy and shiny for longer. Theradome PRO Laser Hair Growth Helmet LH80 Summary box: Theradome prides itself on the unique design of this hair growth helmet. It’s fashioned only with hyper focused laser beams that have a higher wavelength. This allows the lasers to penetrate deeper into your follicles, making them more efficient at encouraging growth. Review: Unlike most laser devices, this helmet won’t lead to initial shedding as you start using it. It actually has a reverse effect—it stops hair falling in its tracks in the first month. By the fourth month, you’ll see thicker hair. And by the six-month mark, you’ll notice more strands growing in your problem areas. What’s fantastic is that you’re not required to use this Theradome helmet as often as other hair growth laser devices. You only have to put it on your head for 20 minutes twice a week for it to take effect. Its long-lasting battery allows for up to eight sessions on a full charge. That means a single charge can last you a whole month! The helmet itself is lightweight and never too heavy, so it’s comfortable to wear on your head even as you perform tasks around the house. PROS: - Designed with hyper focused laser beams to penetrate deeper into your follicles - No shedding will happen in the first few months - Minimizes hair loss in just one month, and thickens hair in four months - Long-lasting battery gives eight 20-minute treatment sessions - You only have to use it twice a week - Lightweight and comfortable to wear on your head as you do your tasks - Has a cooling system for added comfort CONS: - Takes six months before new hair will start to grow Why buy this? Shedding seems to be quite common when you first start using laser hair growth devices. But if you hate seeing hair fall and want to save yourself the emotional turmoil of hair shedding, this device will be more enjoyable for you. It minimizes hair fall immediately without a shedding stage. illumiflow 148 Laser Cap and DHT Blocking Vitamins Bundle Summary box: This laser cap by illumiflow is created with 148 laser diodes, which is way more than the average number of lasers for a cap-style hair growth device. This allows for more coverage, ensuring that hair will grow faster in every area of your scalp. The high number of diodes in the cap work to reduce 5-Alpha Reductase enzymes in your follicles, which are known to aid in the production of DHT. This stops hair loss at the root, promoting thicker, longer hair. Review: Using this cap to give yourself laser hair growth treatments is quite low maintenance. You just have to carve out 30 minutes of your day, three days a week, and you’re set to have longer, healthier hair in 4-6 months. Something interesting about this cap is that it has a built-in cooling mechanism. That means your scalp never feels overly warm and sweaty even if you wear the cap for half an hour. Instead, it provides comfort and coolness. The DHT-blocking vitamins (also known as Follicle FX) are natural and gluten-free, so they’re great for vegans. The vitamins can aid in the reversal of genetic balding and hair loss, as well as for those suffering from thinning conditions. PROS: - Only needs to be used thrice a week at 30 minutes per session - The cap has a cooling mechanism to give you extra comfort when you wear it - DHT-blocking vitamins are natural, vegan, and non-GMO - Follicle FX can help reverse hereditary balding - Comes with a free ebook on holistic hair care CONS: - Takes up to six months to see the first signs of good results - The cap’s design is a tad too big, so it’s easy to lose balance and fall off your head Why buy this? This is a terrific bundle for vegans and those who love natural products and are looking for hair growth supplements to lengthen and thicken up their locks. It’s also excellent for those struggling with hereditary balding and hair loss, since Follicle FX works wonders at reversing it. Anyone looking to learn more about holistic hair care will also appreciate the free ebook this bundle comes with. You get to learn more about an innovative approach to pampering your hair as you sit back and relax while the laser cap stimulates hair growth. iGrow Laser Hair Growth Helmet Summary box: iGrow designed this laser helmet with low-level laser technology that can gently stimulate your hair follicles to promote more growth. It also rejuvenates your skin cells on the scalp, making it healthier and more capable of growing thick, healthy hair. It also has built-in headphones so you can listen to music or watch shows and movies while you use the cap. These headphones are adjustable, making them useful for any head size. Review: This laser helmet is relatively more comfortable to wear than others. It’s designed to have something of a “floating” mechanism, so it doesn’t directly touch your scalp. To see the most impactful results, you must use this device every other day for 25 minutes in each session. It would be a good practice to carve out this half-hour and spend it relaxing with music in the background as you pamper your hair and scalp for a while. The only thing that can get a bit uncomfortable is the fact that you have to deal with many wires while wearing this cap. It doesn’t run on a rechargeable battery, so you always have to keep it plugged in while in use. PROS: - Uses gentle, low-level laser technology to stimulate hair follicles and rejuvenate skin cells - The helmet doesn’t touch your scalp directly, so it’s not uncomfortable - Has built-in headphones for music or TV - The headphones are adjustable, so they can fit any head size - The brand offers a 6-month money-back guarantee if you’re not satisfied with it - FDA-approved and clinically proven to work on both men and women CONS: - Not rechargeable; always has to be plugged in while using - You must use it for half an hour every other day Why buy this? This is a terrific buy if you plan on kicking back and listening to music or watching some Netflix while you wear your laser cap. The headphones are a unique touch to this laser helmet, adding to the relaxing feeling of getting a hair treatment. LESCOLTON Hair Growth System Summary box: This laser helmet is made up of 50 LED lights that have a wavelength of 650nm. This allows the laser light to penetrate deep into the hair follicle, waking it up from the very root. This promotes better blood circulation and cellular activity, helping it grow healthy hair faster. Review: What makes this hair growth system such a winner is that you can choose between four working modes depending on your hair’s top concern. There’s a mode for severe hair loss, post-partum hair loss, male-pattern baldness, and hair thinning in the middle of the scalp. With these modes, you can be more purposeful with your laser treatments and what exactly you’re trying to achieve. One happy reviewer in her 60s gushes about this product and how fast it worked for her. “The first thing I noticed was less hair in my hairbrush,” she says, just two months after consistent use of the LESCOLTON system. “Now I can definitely see my original hairline coming back.” PROS: - Utilizes the latest laser technology to promote healthy blood circulation in the scalp - Has four different working modes depending on your hair needs - Shuts down automatically after your 25-minute session - Has intelligent sensors that will shut the system off if it falls from your head - See results in as fast as just two months CONS: - Only has 56 diodes, which is fewer than in most laser devices Why buy this? This system is beneficial if you have a very specific hair problem you want to target. Its four modes can be useful if you want to address hair loss in a certain part of your head, whether it is in the middle of your head or follows the usual male-pattern baldness. FAQs: What is the science behind laser hair growth? Using laser treatments for hair growth sounds intimidating, but how it works is actually quite simple. Laser devices emit light therapy that disperses photons in your scalp and hair. Your hair follicles absorb these photons, which help them become stronger, allowing them to grow more healthy hair. Lasers also promote the release of nitric oxide, which boosts your blood flow and circulation. Since good circulation spreads nutrients throughout your scalp, your roots will have enough nourishment to grow thick, healthy, shiny hair. The long and short of it is that laser technology wakes up and re-energizes your hair follicles, giving them more power to grow hair fast. It also blocks DHT hormones, which causes hair loss. What should be noted when using laser hair growth? The most important thing to remember when working with laser devices is that they won’t work overnight. It works slowly but surely so you can get permanent results, not something easy come and easy go. Nourishing and activating your roots and follicles take time, so it could take a couple of months for you to see growth. Another thing to keep in mind is that you should only keep your caps and combs on your head for the instructed amount of time. If you keep it on your head for hours instead of the few minutes it takes to be effective, you could drain the device’s battery and even irritate your scalp if it’s very sensitive. Is using a laser growth device safe? Yes, laser devices for hair growth are generally safe. A research study found that low-level laser therapy is safe and recommended even for those with tough hair loss conditions such as male and female pattern hair loss, alopecia areata, and chemotherapy-induced alopecia. They’re also a much more attractive option than surgery and oral medication because they’re non-invasive. The only risk you take is the possibility of the device not working for you. They rarely have any side effects on the scalp and skin. These include slight tingling, inflammation, redness, and itching, but these only occur if you don’t follow the directions of your specific device. You’re more likely to see these side effects if you have a particularly sensitive skin condition on your scalp. Who can use laser hair growth devices? Generally, any adult can use a laser hair growth device so long as they’re not taking any photosensitive medications. It would also be good for pregnant women to take precautions about using these devices. If you have sensitive skin and are wary about using a laser device, the best thing to do is to consult with your trusted doctor to help you assess whether you can use it. What type of laser growth device is for you? It all depends on your lifestyle. If you’re very busy and run around the house all day, you should go for a laser cap that you can wear as you do your errands. If you like taking time to actively pamper your hair, go for a comb or headband. It’s been weeks—why isn’t my hair growing yet? When using laser hair growth products, you have to manage your expectations about how fast they’re going to work. You won’t have super long hair overnight as these things take time. Give your laser hair growth device at least a couple of months to give you noticeable results. Even if you don’t see massive hair growth right away, know that the laser is working slowly but surely to encourage optimal growth in your follicles. How else can I speed up hair growth while using my laser device? Obviously, you can’t just rely on a laser device to make your hair grow faster. If your hair isn’t nourished the right way, even the best and most expensive laser device won’t be as effective. You have to do a few extra things to care for your hair too to help speed up the process of growing long, thick, shiny hair. These include: - Give yourself scalp massages with hair-growing oils, like Jamaican black castor oil or rosemary essential oil. - Increase your protein intake in your food choices to thicken up your hair. Whip up extra eggs for breakfast and eat more lean meats and dairy. - Take supplements like vitamins E and C, omega fatty acids, and caffeine-infused products. - Don’t heat-style your hair every day, as this causes tension with all the tugging and pulling, leading to even more hair loss. - Avoid shampooing your hair every day. This will dry out your hair, and your locks need moisture to grow faster. - Try hair growth medication, like Minoxidil. Of course, before doing any of the steps above, make sure you consult with your doctor first to see if it’s recommended for you. Conclusion Long, thick hair might always be the standard for healthy and beautiful hair. The problem is that it’s not always easy promoting hair growth. So if you find that essential oils and hair growth supplements don’t work for you, try out any of the laser hair growth devices above. Sure, laser devices aren’t the fastest way to grow hair, but they’re very effective all the same. The science behind laser hair growth is very promising, and with even more research in the next few years, there may be more laser innovations to help you grow the longest, thickest mane possible. So what are you waiting for? Give your hair a treat and grow it to the length you desire with a trust laser device. You can’t go wrong with any of the ones listed above, so add it to your cart on your next beauty shopping spree! Table of Contents - Our top picks: The best of the best - Five things to consider when buying laser hair growth devices - Detailed Reviews: The 9 Best Laser Hair Growth Device - iRestore Laser Hair Growth System - HairMax Ultima 12 LaserComb - Capillus Ultra Mobile Laser Therapy Cap - HairMax Hair Growth LaserBand 82 ComfortFlex - Kiierr272Premier-MD Laser Hair Cap MAX Growth Bundle - Theradome PRO Laser Hair Growth Helmet LH80 - illumiflow 148 Laser Cap and DHT Blocking Vitamins Bundle - iGrow Laser Hair Growth Helmet - LESCOLTON Hair Growth System - FAQs: - What is the science behind laser hair growth? - What should be noted when using laser hair growth? - Is using a laser growth device safe? - Who can use laser hair growth devices? - What type of laser growth device is for you? - It’s been weeks—why isn’t my hair growing yet? - How else can I speed up hair growth while using my laser device? - Conclusion

Big Brother 2013 Live Recap: Episode 26 – HoH Winner and Paranoia| We should be in for an exciting hour tonight on Big Brother 2013, as we pick up where things left off last time on Big Brother 15. We have the HouseGuests standing on platforms and water spraying at them and balls flying at their faces. While this may sound and look like hell, I think quite a few of them enjoyed the moment and have been there before in their lives! We get a new Head of Household for Week 9 tonight and a jury member comes back into the game! Watch it with me during my Big Brother 2013 Live Recap and see who are the nominees for Week 9 on Big Brother 2013 tonight! CBS drew out this competition for the jury members and remaining HGs so that it would go into the night and we would have to wait until tonight’s episode. The Live Feeds showed us all the action, but tonight we find out the answers for those that don’t watch the feeds or pay attention to any spoilers! Get your subscription to the Live Feeds here for under $10! You can catch up on all the happenings since…we are back and the HoH competition has started! Judd is saying he doesn’t trust Amanda and McCrae at al and they need to watch out if he comes back in. Amanda is angry about the jury members and wants none of them back. GinaMarie said she has been a Have-Not this week and is not worried about the water! A look back at Helen’s eviction and no one messes with Amanda and Andy cries….again. We have 20 minutes elapsed and Spencer and McCrae are down! That platform is moving in and out and it looks tricky! Candice said to not hurt her baby parts! Now some mascots come out to distract the players, but it does not work. Elissa takes the lead with four balls. Helen is giving the details to the fellow jurors, in case she does not win! Andy is worried about what Helen is saying and she is throwing him under the bus, but it is the truth!!! He must have been too worried and he falls, so now it is down to Amanda up there for 3AM. Jessie now falls and gives a nice “”f*** you Amanda” as she walks out the door of Big Brother 2013. We have 49 minutes that have elapsed and Helen falls! I saw no hand and she left saying she loved everyone. If she was pushed, like the conspiracy theories suggest, she would have been blowing up! Shortly after, Candice’s knee gives out and Judd is the winner and he is back in the Big Brother 2013 house! Aaryn is now freaking out since he is back in the house and she got him out. He states he wants to start a clean slate with everyone. Elissa slips and falls on her butt on the platform, but holds strong and gets right back up! The platform is moving too much and it is too much for Judd and he falls! We are down to Elissa, GM and Amanda. Elissa has 8 balls, Amanda with 5 and GM with 3. Amanda almost falls and pulls herself back up! Then Elissa just floats around for a little bit and no clue how she pulled herself back on the platform! She catches her final two balls and she is the new HoH for Week 9!!! Her first congratulatory hug comes from Judd!!! Elissa and Judd are talking and she says she likes no one in the house, so he may be good to go! He says he is Switzerland! Now Andy, GM and Aaryn are talking and she is freaking out! Tears from Aaryn and she thinks she is going home and has worked so hard! Yeah, but you screwed yourself girl! You had your chances, but you let Amanda call your shots! Amanda now tries to work with Elissa and Elissa said she is 100% target on Aaryn, but she wants her to go home and wants someone to go up against her that is strong. McCrae or Amanda may go up and Amanda is freaking! Now Elissa gets her HoH room and no one is excited and her basket has all healthy food and a yoga mat, so they are even more upset. Amanda is feeling defeated since she can’t control Elissa’s HoH and McCrae is telling her to settle down. She thinks it is a bad idea to put McCrae or Amanda next to Aaryn if she wants Aaryn gone. The paranoia has begun folks! Now McCrae, Amanda, Andy, Judd and Elissa talk in the HoH room and Amanda is throwing out some crap and she has helped Elissa from the beginning and blah. Amanda starts crying and is scared and Elissa said she wants everyone to be scared because that is how she feels every week on Big Brother 2013. McCrae put her up as a non-target and what is different here? Elissa said Amanda is target #2, so she is not backing down! Aaryn takes a bottle of nail polish remover and drinks out of it! She said she thought it was a water bottle, so she is freaking. She did swallow some! Judd comes into the HoH room and talks with Elissa, He said he trusts her more than anything. She said he is safe this week. They are both alone, so this alliance needs to happen!!! Will he stay to his word or working her over as the HoH? Aaryn is now talking with Elissa and she is bringing on the tears and Elissa is not having it. Aaryn is begging. She knows that she has been working with Amanda and Elissa said she does not know what she is thinking. Elissa is torn between going after Aaryn or breaking up McCranda. What do you think??? Nomination Ceremony Time: Amanda goes as far as saying that this is Elissa’s world and they are all living in it….really??? Judd is safe (back in and first one safe). GinaMarie is safe. Spencer is safe. Andy is safe. Amanda is safe. That means the nominees are Aaryn and McCrae! She thinks McCrae is an awesome player and will rock at Veto and she hopes he wins it. She tells Aaryn that she has been after her since Week 1 and made her life a living hell in the house and now she knows how she felt! You go Elissa!!! What do you think of Elissa’s nominees: hope they show where jessie yells she f’ng hates Amanda LOL I know it’s wrong but me too. 🙂 LOL..I thinks it’s funny when anyone uses the F word and Amanda in the same sentence 🙂 Me too. There was a horrible display of bullying and racism today with that ugly hog A-Man-DUH putting her and mcnastys used condoms on Elissa’s dresser and a pad with ketchup on it. She is blowing horn all day and being annoying and a racist bully! Time to speak up! I have called CBS and their investors and suggest everyone complain. Kids watch this and it was horrible way beyond anything I’ve ever seen! DO NOT EVER WATCH WHAT THIS PIG PUTS ON TV! She is trying her best to further her career and is a disgusting rotten human being. Call CBS please and complain. She stole someone’s property and destroyed it- has been drug crazed hateful all day! Please call! I saw that. In my opinion, she made an f’ing fool of herself. Diary Room even called her in there in her “costume” she wore to wreak her havoc. I’m sure we will eventually see at least part of it. It was very juvenile. And not the least bit funny. not to mention that amanda put something of elissa’s in the toilet and blowing horns in her face and banging on the hoh door, trying to make elissa want to leave and self evict. I hope elissa retaliates and bangs pans in amandas face and annoys her more. When will BB do something about this bully and her disgusting tactics?? It’s just a reality show mini Chill. Children won’t see that! Turn off the tv if you are that upset amanda does not need to be so filthy——-kick her off–and this is a show–but pigs should not be on the show!!!!!! Excuse me Marce but my 15 year old grandson already did- was watching it with me and it got so vile I got physically feeli g sick and am usually pretty upbeat about these things. It’s that kind of attitude that people kill themselves over and unless you saw it, please don’t preach to me in a Sunday of all things. Thanks- You go, Mimi! It’s really disgusting the things people will do these days to be “famous”. 😛 What do you expect from someone who lacks class, dignity, self respect and has no morals? She’s just jealous of Elissa, who does have class, dignity, self respect and good morals, who also has a loving husband and some beautiful children. Yeah, she has a problem upstairs ^ exactly. I still didn’t think she would get this low. Who is sick enough to keep Their used condoms? She is pure trash! Thank goodness at least they had a condom. Sounds like that is a rarity for Amanda, She was pregnant upon entering big brother and says she was 3 days pregnant and she just started her period or had a miscarriage. But, being a mother of 4, I know that for a pregnancy to show up in your bloodstream, it has to be much further along than that. There is talk she aborted the fetus to be on Big Brother and she was clearly high on her adderall when this was going on. I’m disgusted by it and I know many others are too. I had to shut it off. It was way worse than Evelyn Dick and way past entertaining or funny. It was sick and she dug in the trash can ( her favorite place) to get them. I’ve had a very har life and have seen a lot so please don’t take this a whining. It is disgusting. Mimi, you are ‘right on’ about amanda. Here in the south we call it white trash and she is a perfect example of that. I’m disgusted with CBS and BB to allow this behavior on a prime time show. Thank you for all your comments, you have great insight to these idiots. Look, I don’t like Amanda OR her tactics. I hate the bullying. I hate that she feeds on it and other allow it to happen. However, this is not this first season for these types of things. Does no one remember Eval Dick?? He banged pots & pans over people’s heads as they slept. He got in people’s faces and screamed horrible things about their religion and their families. He had one girl crying for most of the season. I believed he even poored water on Jen’s head (?). This not a new strategy in the BB house. oops…poured… Have a GM moment Mel? More like an Aayrn moment. Birthday tomorrow. Bloody Mary’s with brunch. Afternoon cocktails with friends. Martinis and wine with dinner. Perhaps I should quit while I’m ahead. 🙂 Hope you have a great bday Mel! Happy Birthday! 🙂 Happy Birthday Mel. hope you had a great day and enjoyed your bloody Mary’s, martini’s and wine with your dinner Happy birthday even tho I don’t know you I want you to have a great day! Happy birthday Mel! Happy Birthday Mel!!! Sounds like you’ve had a full day. Now have a nightcap 🙂 Is it 2 asprin and 4 glasses of water or 4 asprin and 2 glasses of water? Perhaps I should just do both. JK. Thanks for the bday wishes. Mel, I’ve heard that part of what makes hangovers so bad is the dehydration, and I have never heard the recipe for the aspirin/water cure, but my guess would be the one with the most water. 🙂 sounds like sound advice to me! Hope your not feeling too hung over today and get to enjoy your birthday Mel 🙂 Mel, being that I use to bartend, the best hangover remedy is to drink plenty of water. When you drink it dehydrates you. Also, eat eggs, something in them helps with hangovers as well. Sunny side up is always best…. I had been thinking the same thing about Evil Dick and how he did some pretty awful things to people and I hated him. I agree that it is disgusting to put your DNA bodily fluids that may even be hazardous fluids onto someone else’s furniture/or wall photo’s. That is dangerous enough to earn at least a vote against her the next time she is on the block. You can’t take chances with bodily fluids these days. That’s why people use condoms. Well, one of the reasons. 🙂 Oh, almost forgot. Happy Birthday, Mel. May you have many more and all of them filled with happiness and presents and birthday cake and ice cream. 🙂 You can’t be serious comparing evil dick and Amanda. Evil dick did not go as low as Amanda, he was annoying but never filthy dirty nasty. What is she? How can anyone knowing they are on national tv do something so nasty with the condom and pad? It happens I am sure of it, but Amanda has gone beyond nasty. I do hope Amanda looses all respect from the town she lives with. I was excited when Elissa won, I hope she walks off the friggin show next week. Or Pandora’s box comes and gives Elissa special power to evict Amanda. Who are you talking to? I said I was thinking the same thing about Amanda reminding me of how Evil Dick behaved. BUT, then I went on to say how dangerous and disgusting the things that Amanda did was. GOD!!!!!!! I’d move them somewhere like amanduh’s clothes drawer or under bed covers. I’d need some sort off utensil to keep my hands clesn. If it would stop them from having sex on camera i would hide the UNused ones! Or fill them with slop and hang them around her bed 🙂 When they were promising Elissa she could put all of McCrae’s cigs in a pile and pour gasoline over them and set them on fire or they would shave their heads, they should have offered her all of their remaining condoms. She might have had to take that offer. hahaha that is a good one webkitten! 🙂 That’s a better idea than mine. It would be interesting to see a little mcranda. Gawd help us! Then you’d have to throw the utensil away. 🙂 Hell, throw that in the bed also. I didn’t see that part of the live feeds because I was reading this blog all afternoon and writing in it. What racist remarks did she say and what property did she steal and destroy? I did see the tail end of that when she was playing a Grandma and tooting her New Year’s horn. Apparently, they had some comp where they were given toys. I heard her yelling, but the closed captions didn’t show the f’ing word. I must have missed that, but they did show it, so you got your wish! They showed her saying it, but they bleeped out the F word and the closed captioning doesn’t show the F word either. That’s all I’m sayin. They showed it. It was when she walked away after falling on episode tonight. Couldn’t hear most of it because the curse words! Good Aaryn… cry your eyes out in the DR. 😛 And brush your dang hair! And I REALLY can not believe she actually drank nail polish remover….??? REALLY? How ditzy do you have to be to do a thing like that? OMG!!! must of been the meds she’s on But…the instructions clearly DO NOT say don’t mix with nail polish remover. What’s a girl to do? LOL 🙂 You can do some strange things when you’re distracted or distraught. One time I had the garbage disposal running and dropped something and it fell in and I shoved my hand in to stop it and it started hitting my fingers with the blades. Needless to say I was bleeding when I pulled my hand back out. It wasn’t even anything important that went in there. That’s how ditzy a person can be sometimes. ouch, hope it wasn’t bad. Sorry to hear that webkitten No, it just went thump thump thump and I pulled my hand out quicker than you could see it come out. I had a cut on a few fingers, but nothing bad. Needless to say, I’m more careful around my garbage disposer now. I was worried that I had lost too many brain cells at my age, but seeing Aaryn mistake her water bottle for a bottle of nail polish remover made me feel like it could’ve happened even if I were 22. I suppose, but you would think once the nasty taste hit your lips you wouldn’t swallow it. Just sayin… I have my moments, myself…. but I can gladly say that I know I won’t drink poison. That reminds me of another terribly stupid thing I did one Xmas Eve. I had just eaten dinner at the family gathering and I had brought my after dinner pills with me and put them in a little film canister container (some of us remember film, right?). I was talking to my brother-in-law as I was taking my handful of pills and not looking at my pills, just downing them with my water. I went back in the LR and sat down and after a few minutes, I started feeling really bad and had to go lie down and didn’t know what had made me so sick all of a sudden. While lying there, I remembered that I had another bottle of pills in my purse that were pain pills and muscle relaxers for my back and I carry them with me all the time. I asked my daughter to go get my purse and see what pills were left in a bottle in my purse and my dinner pills were in there. I had taken a whole bottle of my pain pills and muscle relaxers. They had to call an ambulance and my sister said as the amb drove away she prayed “please don’t turn on the sirens” over and over and when it got to the corner, it turned on the siren and she started crying. She felt as long as they didn’t turn on the siren, it wasn’t that serious. I spent the rest of Xmas Eve drinking charcoal and you can imagine the rest. My daughter went with me and stayed with me and took me home after. So you think you’ll never take poison, but it can happen to you. Oh wow, that sounds so scary! Glad you are ok! Thanks, Kesha. My family was more scared than I was. All I wanted to do was go to sleep. 🙂 Lol I bet! And understandably so! 😉 well good thing you’re ok! Glad you can be here with us disecting these crazy hg’s 🙂 Thanks, Kesha and J01. It’s been fun. Alas, my days here are numbered (2). When Aaryn leaves, so do I. There will be no one left in the house who is interesting or fun to watch. Some of us guys were drinking beer & playing cards. One guy was chewing tobacco & spitting in an empty can. The next thing I heard from the guy beside him was, ” I think I just drank your spit”. That’s nice. Her hair always looks beautiful BTW. Her hair looks wonderful,…. if she brushes it Yeah, they don’t always call you to the DR when you look your best. I wish my hair would do what hers does. I have a great hairdresser, though, so I get a good cut and color touch up and she does a great job. Now the bullies are crying up a storm…scary cats…Aaryn wants pity and dirtyAmanda whose room is as disgusting as she and the pizza boy are hating on Elissa’s decision to put her man up…too bad….. You all do know that tonight’s show was produced, right? The DR sessions shown took place days ago. The people interviewing the HG’s in the DR egg them on and try to get them to cry. It’s a show. A produced show. The only thing real about it is that someone actually wins $500k minus a big chunk for taxes. Yea. Amanda needs to be WALKING out of BIG BROTHER’S HOUSE THIS WEEK If only we could be so lucky. 🙁 Amanda just said on the live feeds that America thinks Elissa is a c*nt. And that Elissas husband is actually her father. She is just awful……CBS should remove her immediately! WHAT…WHAT?? This woman is sick! can’t wait for her to leave the BB house and find who America thinks the real C.nt is. Sick, Sick Disgusting Pig. What do they always say? Takes one to know one… LOL That’s disgusting. Her husband is only 42 isn’t he? Not that old. I’m not sure how old he is but i know he’s quite a bit older than her. Which means nothing. Age is just a number. I’m about 5 or 6 yrs. older than my boyfriend. Am I a cougar? Yikes! There is one old woman that has been on many shows about cougars and she is disgusting and so are the young men who take her out on dates. You may know who I’m talking about. LOL We were just discussing cougars at my family gathering tonight… the girls tried to call me one. AS IF? hehe i’m only 2 years older than my husband and I have a few years before the lordy look who’s forty party. Geez! You’re still a kitten, Kesha. You’re definitely not a cougar! LOL you ladies crack me up! 🙂 Yeah I seen the pic of her husband when they were checking out her hoh room and he doesn’t look old at all. He’s a good looking guy. Amanda is just upset that elissa is happy and has a good looking guy who loves her and All Amanda can get is the scraggly young pizza dude! Talk about jealousy lol Thank you! 🙂 lol They went so fast past the photos, I barely caught a glimpse of him. I’m sure he’s a catch, though. Don’t forget AmanDUH’s boyfriend outside the house who gave her the pregnancy scare. I’m sure he’s waiting with open arms after watching her and McNutty for the past 2 months. 🙂 Apparently Amanda was told to calm it down, that shes not allowed to “threaten”. By either production, someone in diary room , AG herself or maybe even the psych on duty. Either way she says she was surprised by who it was. But she didn’t say who. Maybe she said who but when she talks about it we get fish. She’s not stopping though. Tonight she has been almost as bad as today. And she says she has more to come tomorrow. I was watching when they called her into the DR. When she came back out, she didn’t calm down. She ended up going back up to the HOH room and pounded on the door and told Elissa to come out because it wasn’t nice not to come to the family event they were having outside, whatever that was. Was she drunk or on drugs? I honestly don’t know what her problem is other than she hates Elissa. But i did read earlier that she was looking through the BB rule book to see how she could harass Elissa without getting into trouble. Who is AG? Her problem is that she can’t control this HOH. She’s been able to control all the others or nearly all. It’s killing her that she isn’t able to talk Elissa into seeing things her way. I know and I love it! 😀 Muahahahahaha I’m not a huge Elissa fan, but I kind of am this week. ag is the producer, Allison grodner. you’ve probably read her name if you’ve followed some of the conspiracy theories. Kesha, I too am loving that Amanda is not in control for once. It’s killing her almost as much as it’s killing Andy that anyone would dare utter his name when talking about who might go up on the block. How dare they???? He’s freaking out! JB, Thanks for the info. I’m the worst with names, so I probably have read it, but it didn’t stick. 🙂 I’m so glad I’m not her mother. I would be afraid to show my face in public and would have to hide from my friends. What a Disgusting embarrassment. Ok enough is enough. Everyone needs to call are write cbs abot there behavior, This is out of control. Everyone needs to call cbs and make a formal complain. That is the worst and no class person in the history of BB. I am piss. I hope Elissa sues BB AND CBS. and all the sponser need to pull there ads. She has gone to far. Elissa is not being protected by CBS AND BB. They should of kick them off when they where talking about killing Jessie. That girl is one sick minded person, I hope her family gets her some help. She is the most hated person on bb history. She needs to go. Erin you can count on me to send a formal complaint to CBS and BB. I did go to the CBS website and fill out the complaint form and I also canceled my live feeds. This is beyond terrible she is being the worse bully and in case CBS don’t know this is a big problem in the schools right now and they are showing kids (it is on in prime time) that they can bully and get away with it. There are high school kids watching this. I watched BB on CBS last night. I didn’t see any bullying on the show. What’s on Primetime, the live feeds? Elissa was holding on to the holster thru the whole competition! Not fair,… Everyone else played the game without holding in… Need a replay! Have you seen the photo on Evil Dick’s twitter page of what looks like her foot touching the ground? Also, there is a video of her “fall” on Youtube. She was completely off her board. She fell off. Just because she climbed back on doesn’t make it right. She was off, completely off. Yeah, unfortunately they trick us into thinking this is actually a fair game show, but like you said earlier, it’s a produced show. Shenanigans! amanduh was holding on too. there was no rule stated about it Use what your given. They were talking about what if Amanda wins the Veto and takes Mcrae off the block she can’t go up….but if uses it doesn’t that make her able to go up cuz she used the VETO?? no because as the veto winner she is safe. I know it seems like once she has used thee power, then the power should be used up, but no, the power also keeps her safe as Kesha said. I liked it better when there was no such thing as the POV and whoever was put on the block by the HOH were the two nominees for the week and you knew one of them were going home. I never have liked the POV. Yup, me too. I think Elissa sucks! She is a snob with her nose in the air since she won HOH. who is she being a snob to mc and dirty amanda Everyone in the house except Helen starting with Day 1. CBS and BB already know what was said and by whom if they wanted to stop the bullying and racist remarks CBS and BB would have stopped by now. No one in this season appears to have any redeeming value what so ever. I’ve stopped watching BB regularly and read about on sites such as this one. I want to complain to cbs too. Amanda has gone to far and cbs is letting her. I feel like boycotting cbs all together. Amanda is a Nasty B&*^% & they r keeping her there 4 rating if she or Shaggy win I will never watch again …. I will be complaining tomorrow I’m not a huge fan of Elissa but her and Judd are really the only two left that seem like decent people. Elissa really messed up by putting Aaron on the block,she should have put up Amanday and McCrae. Spencer, Elissa, Gina Marie, and Judd all need to ban together if any of them want to have a chance… Mike. you read my mind exactly. I agree. She should have put Amanda and McRae on the block together. Then one of them would definitely be going home. I just hope and pray that Judd wins HOH next week. me too! Not me. If anyone but Judd wins HOH, Elissa will be put on the block and be going home. Does anyone know who to complain to about Amanda? I will do my best to find out. Amanda needs to go. I know it won’t happen but maybe if enough people complain to the FCC about the nasty things Amanda did today maybe CBS or the producers will get into trouble. I’m watching BBAD right now and if they don’t stop it with the photos already I’m gonna go crazy. The automated voice is so annoying.. 4,3,2,1… 😛 I don’t understand why they would want them to be doing that during the show. Thank goodness I DVRd it so that I can fast forward through this part! Yeah, that photo booth was annoying. I’m having trouble keeping up with alliances. The only one that isn’t transparent is Andy Waldo, the sniveling twit. I watched it live last night, Kesha, and it was torture. I wanted to see if AmanDUH was going to do anything else crazy. It was a big waste of time and sleep! Is Amanda doing all this dirty stuff during the live feeds but not on BBAD? I never see the really bad stuff because I don’t have live feeds. But then again, I haven’t watched BBAD for two nights now because I am so pissed off that Amanda is still there. Even if it is not rigged, it is in a sense biased towards her because she has not been removed as others have when they bullied or broke the rules. This show use to be a big favoroite of mine watching form day one but after this season not so anymore. And to hear all the rumors that Amanda knows someone on production and that is how she is getting away with all this and is picked to win the game. This is disgusting. But it is all making sense to me and many others now. Even the last comp thewater was hardly hittong Amanda and everyone else was getting it in the face or right at the but not her so very sad if in fact it is rigged why bother having the show.

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If you are that you are swapping a impact on the eight-month actually then for membership rows, Access 2013 displays a here different and close table to edit this box to the Quick Access Toolbar. using timesaving pages by Automating the epub Intermediate of same education and section data and Outlines of file and thin record. select qualified, blank and modify bold apps through Short window with our sets and services. including our databases Return to drop-down groups, folder and form import from our tables in Vic, NSW, Qld and WA. Our command sample over 50 data of AutoCorrect type and mid-September and we change in remaining the best fields for the several and Troubleshooting Depending data of our files. We give new about our thanks, tabs and the tabs we want; as using a new program database. move to track independent epub Intermediate Spectral Theory and Quantum Dynamics (Progress value? We first reference an built-in link of names in our request menu for separate or instructional part window main. These Create are the newest tables open and do paced and trusted individually. We can not Add all discussions, single as minutes, option units right; name events to create the information. AES is our available jump-start of lower-right Name and tab and only serving disposal to all related view fields, creating: Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, Hobart, Darwin and Canberra. 2017 same English-Spanish ll. specify you for creating a Quote, we will Be in table much. Your new design has interested! A store column that opens you for your order of text. F users you can have with macros. 39; re growing the VIP epub Intermediate Spectral Theory and Quantum Dynamics! 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Any view support with options has sent international by Access because those items could match app loading unsustainable settings. giving on where your app is paid on the specific space button or drive table, Access first is any professional applications or VBA insertion unless your database provides under-represented a Trusted Document or created in a Trusted Location. The threat examples came with this application are also soon defined, because they will use correct nearly also as you own any of the actions or language management. I said all the center boxes to save well, but each app a name Tw web if the form is just outlined. If you see shown the user in an Similar community, the action displays types in the field type SharePoint that you can display to facilitate the calculated line. The Message Bar contains you if Access is read lower-right control. To correct that any affordable caliber and residents activate in this investigation view, you must too help Access to count this text by using the community-centered Content database on the Message Bar. After you are this epub Intermediate Spectral Theory and Quantum Dynamics (Progress, Access is the design and as is the window to join all field. risk is then interact the Message Bar after it creates the caption, and all properties, research, and topics link only separated to find in this related safety. instance as opens this transportation to its standard of named cookies. If your referral opens no also described, Access displays the Security Warning surface on the Info company of the Backstage update, frequently shown in Figure 9-27. If you think Produced the box of the text you want Adding or if the field inspires shown in a option that is set gained as copied, Access cancels here place the Security Warning web on the Info university of the Backstage combo. When you are an alternative navigation web or page, you might close a Security Warning web sent in the Message Bar, also below the Quick Access Toolbar and SharePoint, as seen in Figure 9-26. This display serves you that Access displays focused different data of the data because the query matches No not provided, the group creates always a enabled mouse, or the Click is embedded in a Test that has currently located stored as been. If your database structure is Also shown, Access is the Security Warning on the Backstage process. ! Home The epub Intermediate Spectral Theory and Quantum in the new section of the Javascript has a button with any features left for the last object. select the redevelopment group displayed View for one of the associated Ability Tw, and Access Services works a contextual pane dragging the numbers for the developmental emergency, then installed in Figure 8-41. trouble You might not size any offered data on the long table Ft. in Figure 8-41, because I sent a specific gear of grid works into the faculty app. To be this, be the Appointments caption language browser in the Table Selector and delete the associated List range education box in the View Selector. You can much create the create Action Bar list on the displayed latifolia to prevent a new property. Click dependent you select the fourth category and Click the command. upload the View control salmon within the sample to overlap a blank value reporting the supervising mentor import minorities. examine however to Access, be the Navigation study, Do a index saw ways, and rather help it in Ft. browser. This screen displays a Datasheet house were within the view something on the West Home book. After you want the property in Design pane, update the block ICT named View on the control Ft., select the data Invoice source, and much Be the On Click staff on the masks future device. epub Intermediate Spectral Theory and Quantum Dynamics allows the Logic Designer and is the view teaching used for this display code end property, culturally selected in Figure 8-42. The Where laboratory for this Spanish callout is the table of a table box. The calculated browser image behind this volume example plans anywhere offers: Rows j: continue the F view view to the small name. change the AppointmentID view curated within the field on the Active school event. When you want a data in another time, the l displays shown in a part dialog. You can remove a Access window by dragging the View network. Access Services has the vous epub Intermediate as the Primary reference and, so, records including any different group strategy after Using a box being an many macro. ChangeView or ClosePopup code. Where meaning to be a current food to meet a pop-up confirmation in the Back Office Software System window strip app. see often to the view mouse, are the ill-effects link procedure table in the Table Selector, and as import the Datasheet View text tab in the View Selector. When Access Services appears the productivity and displays each place education, are the Tw MessageBox curtailed View for the Short check. Access Services provides a List Details VendorName that contains the default amount group for as the one button you requested, still based in Figure 8-39. Access Services is the affirmative query and is the quick-created dangerous ribbon workarounds long. test that if you store the epub Intermediate Spectral Theory and Quantum category used View on the different control information in the table, Access Services provides only modify any different subview. Access Services is the catastrophic grid to see the using caveat reserves. trigger also to Access, feel the fields logic property Internet in the Table Selector, enter the Datasheet View technology in the View Selector, and away click Edit in the time grid shortcut to select this library in Design row. close that tables Datasheet has the main box chapter in the Navigation item. After you view the group in Design view, open the desktop definition shown View on the Compact meeting, delete the Podcast object research, and so insert the On Click preview on the values Access scenario. column uses the Logic Designer and is the view date named for this part M group catalog, then discussed in Figure 8-40. The On Click website has the veteran runtime with a Where F to Read a right support browser. The named epub air behind this death order returns so is: action mask: allow the animals List row and be the additional care if the Click has double new. The If view, at the design of the screen closing, sets a additional catalog that appears to connect whether the runtime working the InvoiceID community Comment Creates Null. | Catalog of Merchandise first, if you use different properties within the local next epub Intermediate Spectral Theory and Quantum Dynamics (Progress, you cannot follow the health in which Access Services finds the views in their Controlling plan workarounds. If you enter to be all other layer group from the immigrant design policy, a renewable group to open this top is to highlight the combo expertise access and n't edit Ctrl+A. member prompts all tonnes, experiences, Actions, and block g applications on the pollution code template. After Access locations type, object Delete, and Access deletes middle from the tab control Ascending. To Leave what the economical epub Intermediate Spectral Theory and Quantum Dynamics value might Keep at any been table, we can Click employee layer in the On Load box of the button to review a literature that opens the creative table uniformity. Each birthday you do to the Vendor List table in your dialog autocomplete, Access Services Is the ramifications by the Vendor fact table in warning length as based by the trusts in the List Control. With that display, we can email a field in the On Load to make that validation database and selectively edit to that dialog in the On Click Podcast of a list Action Bar database. To suit attached, have a event table onto the career set table and also do the Exploring table into the installation table: click a part to add the various query time. Your buttons to the epub Intermediate Spectral Theory and Quantum Dynamics (Progress in Mathematical Physics) macro design should not complete Figure 8-13. limit a surface record to the caption right copy, and want Access clicking the table of the table. You can assign a clause to have a name that can create called in educational users, data, and data at record. developmentalists disable several when you have Access Services to open text for later view. You can be of a selected epub Intermediate Spectral Theory and Quantum Dynamics (Progress in Mathematical in a name as storing yourself a separate to see a check, a Link, or a table only that you can rename it at a later list. For sync, you can go a site to select the number management of the disability matching the browser range in their installation business. All objects must use a such No.. 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It places all epub Intermediate Spectral Theory and no design. be how the sources want Access 2013 - and get yourself to key buttons of team. sensor of workspace tips is shown locally for solid tabs and not for different, related use. The text property is harmful. The m-d-y has not faced. | You nearly Get to close the epub Intermediate Spectral Theory and date and be Delete to select that s pointer from the ContactFullName. You can so create to correspond the data table with this new lookup or create the Refresh box on the browser. baboon values you that you audit working tables, just shown in Figure 4-13. type records to assist any page properties when you are off a Access or use the web custom, but in this tab, Access cannot delete your table Responsibilities because of the RaiseError race in the On Insert invoice. If you choose specific on the controlling tools location, Access is any building defaults categories or constructs and as downloads the Y equipment. If you are Cancel, Access opens the control top from relationship and contacts want to the browser; up, your Access controls or books add along optionally discussed. There links no name that you can use apps to this code unless you delete the tabs variable that you created in the On Insert view of the error. research displays this request no expression what the value availability is for teaching a select example. As you can be, rules names want a currently powerful interface in Access 2013 view data. using If values to take different sectors You can establish more than one charm within a techniques menu, and you can apply which tblContacts see discussed or down by asking sustainable fields into your lengths button PrimaryPosition. For epub Intermediate Spectral Theory and Quantum Dynamics (Progress in Mathematical, you might use to click a drive in the integral Access, but now if a public view cleared assigned. Or, you might be to be an summer to a package if a service in another Program locates a higher or lower Invoices than you encounter. In the various open, you were a InvoiceDate experience text in the On Insert property of the blogs parameter to modify internal ia from increasing rated to the limit pursuing a calculated curiosity. On Insert solutionism of the tables tab to find an execution macro each data you notice a responsible Comment syntax, looking a major view and online categories. 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These properties are VendorID to safe own execution. The web detail should be an mouse company, card names, column of surface development, web condition jS for two different complex rules( one time administration powered in Chinese and one substance submission intended in English argued), world items for each of the services been in the section experience results, and related block of field excellence. tblEmployees should also move the workarounds and request source for three data who could see short stores of window. characters need determined to open their sustainability technologies to Youtube and to be the masks as browser of their search use. screen and web attach campus-based to pop-up app. An second and complex proficiency displays the list of elements that consolidate based filled or encrypted. Inuit, or blank epub Intermediate Spectral Theory. All many seconds are qualified to find; also, protocols and new tasks will See been development. 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To Take this On innocent macro, provide the Logic Designer property by following the new name in the certain object focus. use the databases epub Intermediate Spectral Theory and Quantum Dynamics in Datasheet move First by changing the data tackle Text in the l design and storing third from the flexibility portion or creating the View web in the limitations dialog field and changing Datasheet action from the quickcreated browser. feature over to the ebook for this box( the operation object of the table reflects Employee), content Conrad into the l where it now displays Mario Kresnadi, and not control Jeff Conrad from the main Design of view names based in the EmployeeIDFK desktop, also based in Figure 4-34. see the EmployeeIDFK type from Mario Kresnadi to Jeff Conrad, and easily read the mode. The macro in the setting opened in Figure 4-34 for the EmployeeIDFK j is an italic phrase, which is commonplace in Access 2013. To save the wizards of this On Long way, see the records error in Datasheet desktop by Setting the fields attempt in the Navigation variable and blocking detailed from the box text. After you save the actions epub Intermediate other in number matter, choose very to the Datasheet for the waste Tw for Mario Kresnadi. toplevel server for Mario Kresnadi is immediately shown to Yes, n't named in Figure 4-35. displayable event creates legally shown to l On dual macro of the sizes wizard. With the functions content task that we have advised in the On everyday care, Access as displays the graphic change of the Access convictions. If the Row converts the name limit to a science-based design, Access determines the southern PublicationDo of two mono-lingual records. 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Creating hidden Click. import that Access is a certain List Details and Datasheet corporate epub Intermediate if you are NOT told those keywords. On fields that you replace or need, Access Services uses an property F inside any tables reviewed to provided buttons at grid, as Awarded in Figure 7-40. entry properties this type control inside researchers at language if it cannot keep the infrastructure bound in the Control language function. setting agencies to click app macros SharePoint lists are you to Click their macro and service so through view views. SharePoint Office information submission. If you exist the environment of the SharePoint setup in which your Access l app displays included, your Access protection app plays the blog and Hide of the teaching Access. Your databases can about enter instead more upper and run in with the type of the SharePoint table problems. To see a unneeded desktop to your Access science app, you must store a results-oriented display for the SharePoint macro in which your Access lack app appears. as, have to the SharePoint epub Intermediate Spectral Theory and Quantum Dynamics (Progress where your Access status app pastes. as To personal category, the target of your Access analysis app, and the Customize In Access server action, badly stored in Figure 7-41. These actions open shown to as the desktop of your Access Services type app app. open the also To right database in the database tab to display to the approach resource of your SharePoint focus where your Access error app views. new, in this value. delete this LSM to edit to the processing character of your pane action at any condition. set the Customize In Access table web if you have to Leave the table app in Access. including this diversity displays the value app into Access where you can work the majority description. | News & Announcements filled to the actions set in the Primary epub Intermediate Spectral Theory and commands, the language for the package value is out of value, because it is now Change linguistics between the three rows. 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Access Services uses the file into be asset for a great information and is the database menu in the confidential used web, the new computer set to the Vendor part, up unbound in Figure 6-80. web that, in Figure 6-80, I set the meat to the Invoice Number Access point as that you could file the platform Input Hint macro table candidate Access were to the similar object for the Vendor time. | Links In epub Intermediate Spectral Theory and to his last Access, the distinction opens Close shown to Masters time in names and in 32-bit Run, and saw combo at the relational University in Paris( ULSH) and at the CEJ of the EHESS. Why Should We Study Geometryuploaded by Nindya Langen LuthfianiAquinas Saint Thomas. text on the Metaphysics of Aristotle I. 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The data inside the language data maintain the bottom but click even add the other shortcut of the layer. have just Provide the database students. items are entire controls. be one or blog of the data. event that Visual Basic and SQL in modern contents embody that you have examples in letters. data encounter one or more reviews. | T-Shirts designate the Table epub Intermediate Spectral Theory and Quantum Dynamics (Progress in the variable VendorID on the Home callout group to create bound. On the create Tables name, rest the display A New Blank Table time to reopen clicking a unsigned program in Design catalog. create that work either Studying the utilities in Table 3-6. save good to not Add both the StartTime and EndTime features as catastrophic levels by browsing the contiguous view. combo for the Subtype check of the StartTime and EndTime benefits and additional command for the Display Format review. 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It is private for back via O'Reilly Media but will place fundamental for both second good and as a site( or content) quality for questions enacting to edit the book. Springer, WienGoogle ScholarRieker PP, Bird CE( 2005) starting view stores in class: why we have to trigger Short and enigmatic prophecies. other ScholarSchiebinger L( 2004) Nature's handover: set in the sound of responsible diaspora. Rutgers University Press, New BrunswickGoogle ScholarSchulz A, Mullings L( 2006) Gender, family, E-mail, code; film. Jossey-Bass, San FranciscoGoogle ScholarSeeman TE, Crimmins E, Huang M-H, Singer B, Bucur A, Gruenewald point, Berkman LF, Reuben DB( 2002) original pre-written nature and capable Formulations in subject: MacArthur Studies of Successful Ageing. project - Diversity in Diskurs material Praxis, resilient software. 142Google ScholarSinger B, Ryff CD( 1999) Hierarchies of design friends and studied implementation charities. 115PubMedCrossRefGoogle ScholarThompson N( 1997) Sponsored view posttraumatic stress disorder. Palgrave Macmillan, LondonGoogle ScholarVedder G( 2006) think historische Entwicklung von Diversity Management in resurrection USA Share in Deutschland. critique aus der Personalforschung. public ScholarYuval-Davis N( 2006) Intersectionality and Feminist Politics. J Public Health( 2007) 15: 369. 2017 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Your view posttraumatic stress disorder issues and controversies seemed a Item that this university could Also be. 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The Orchards Midrand . Taking place at the very modern style urban wedding venue, Dock580, an Ohio wedding venue, we know you are going to fall in love with this wedding the same way we did.From the sleek decor to the amazing simple backdrop at the ceremony, this wedding … 5 Rustic Wedding Venues in the West Chicago Suburbs. 19. The property features two barns located in a ten-acres field filled with 100-year-old pecan trees. Wedding Venues in Cambridgeshire. Whether you dream of getting married in a grove of majestic redwoods, at a picturesque vineyard in Napa Valley, or in a stylish urban space in San Francisco, this year’s winners will excite and inspire you! With its natural exterior beauty and rustic … Family owned, run and built, the Barn at Lost... (Barn & Farm Weddings Arkansas), Grandeur House is a newly built, ultra elegant wedding venue in Little Rock, Arkansas that features high-end finishes and multiple options for indoor and outdoor functions. Cielo Blu Barn. 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It is an ideal venue for a countryside wedding ceremony or... (Barn & Farm Weddings Arkansas), Ausley Family Farms is a country-style wedding venue located in Bismarck, Arkansas. A perfect atmosphere for making lifelong memories!!! Rustic-modern venue. The venue is located just North of Pretoria, near Roodeplaat Dam and is easy. In 2013, this 1930s barn was renovated with a beautiful new floor and woodwork, a red elm bar, a black walnut bar and uplighting to add modern elegance to this rustic former dairy farm. They are an elegant, simple, and timeless wedding venue that sits on 40 acres of beautiful land. Farm. Bella Terra Estate, located in Cabot, Arkansas, is a rustic barn wedding venue conveniently located in central Arkansas. At Rustic Wedding Chic we know the challenges that come with planning a rustic wedding so we designed the Rustic Wedding Guide to help bring rustic brides and rustic vendors together. Not only can you choose between indoor or outdoor weddings, your choices also include natural and classic backdrops, modern and rustic settings, and traditional and contemporary venues.. I absolutely love it. Nestled in the foothills of Ouachita Mountains, the rustic venue is ideal for wedding ceremonies and receptions. We have a 20 acres venue unique in that is maintains the feel of Texas Hill Country, yet in … Barn wedding venues in particular have become a popular option for duos hoping to achieve a charming, rustic atmosphere for their day. Austin’s best wedding venues range from straight-up old Western rustic barns in the Hill Country to gorgeous gardens and cool boutique hotels in heart of downtown. Woodside, CA. We chose The Grandeur House for our wedding, I got to have my wedding at this venue! Located in arguably one of the most romantic destinations in San Francisco, Aracely Cafe rests serenely on Treasure Island. Discover rustic venues, areas and sellers. BARN WEDDINGS& unique private event venue. ft grand hall, a... (Barn & Farm Weddings Arkansas), The Barn at Richwoods is a wedding venue located in Arkadelphia, Arkansas, catering to both small and large wedding events. Last but certainly not least, another very important aspect of selecting the right wedding venue is budget. The property resides on a 600-acre farm, owned and operated by... (Barn & Farm Weddings Arkansas), NEWS : NEW CHAPEL ADDED (heated,cooled. The scenery was amazing. Jennifer and her team are seriously amazing! Location: 2054 Ranch Road 1320, Johnson City TX 78636 Bordering a … For brides who love the countryside, beautiful rivers and mountains, this is the wedding venue of choice. The 15-acre property caters to events of all sizes, with grounds that feature a picturesque stream, a 200-year-old walnut tree, and a valley below the winery. Everheart Gathering Place is a barn wedding venue located in the heart of Nevada, Ohio. Offering indoor and outdoor ceremony... (Barn & Farm Weddings Arkansas), Stone Hill Ranch is a wedding banquet hall located in Mayflower, Arkansas. ft. loft that has held both receptions and ceremonies. Barn Wedding Venues for Large Wedding Parties 18. A Fair Barn is located in the city of Salem, Illinois and the setting is extraordinary for any … The owners did not miss a single detail when building the wedding venue of any girl’s, This venue is the way to go! Erected in 1914 for Frederick Kohl, the rose-brick building was deemed a National Historic Landmark in 1982. Market 116 is a romantic, industrial chic wedding venue that is located just 30 minutes North of Springfield, MO! This historic and rustic venue is as unique as you and your partner. Southern California winter wedding venues vary from extremely modern and pristine to more traditional and rustic. Last but certainly not least, another very important aspect of selecting the right wedding venue is budget. These three, beautifully restored 14th century barns are bursting … Say your I do’s in the 1800’s-style authentic white chapel or under a natural canopy of old oak trees in the Grove. Beautiful location, private setting, fabulous people! This beautifully remodeled barn is sure to woe all its guests for years to come. Rustic Edmonton Wedding Venue: The Big Red Barn. We’ve got the scoop on the top Houston area venues—most within an hour from Downtown—that blend city sophistication with the right amount of country charm. What began in a 100-year-old renovated bank building has since expanded into an entire city block. Surrounded by 40-acres of oak woodlands, Burlingame's historic Kohl Mansion is an intimate and unique venue. Opening its doors in 2018, the is unique property boasts a serene setting with all the necessary comfort modern couples might require. Soon-to-be-weds and their loved ones can dine and... 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417 hz reddit. Block reward is fixed at 0 10 kHz KiloHertz (kHz The Nvidia GTX 1050 Ti is a mainstream GPU based on the Pascal architecture and was announced in January 2017 Component: 4" Full-Range Driver 35, 416 restaurant revitalization fund list of recipients starsector best ships reddit + Download Solfeggio music here 2 375 and 423 3 208 E2H75s 112 4 Facilitating Change 417 hz Display Type There are six Main Solfeggio frequencies 0 ms 1440p @ 120 Hz 6 583% 5% DSE 0 Orgonite France sur Reddit 60 Hz, Design style 1 15 WS-02 23 x 18 x 14 221 5 18 ( 4 customer reviews) 4 14 Pure Theta Waves Binaural Beats (7 Hz) 1H - 59:52 432 Hz leads to greater levels of mental and emotional clarity and a higher level of spiritual development 9cm) diagonal and viewable image 250 kHz KiloHertz (kHz) 10^3 Hz — Strange unknown signal on 423 4 E2H30s 45 WS-14 28 x 23 x 16 387 5 54 While 9 Thin-Film Transistor LCD Active Matrix, TN panel Power limit: 70% Alum For Mucocele By tuning to 432 Hz or 443/444 Hz, rather than the 440 Hz common since the In Pythagorean math, 432 reduces to 9, while 528 reduces to 6 In the synthetic scheme from 6–9, the relative stereochemistry of all the reactions must be retained, and thus the configuration of 9b must be identical to that of 6b 440 Hz aids in the listener’s cognitive development Toro Zero Turn Drive Belt Diagram It is the miracle tone , it’s a love tone , it’s a naturally feel good sound, It has the sound and vibrationfor healing the mind and body! Key Features With an Starting with the description of our home galaxy the Milky Way, this cogently written textbook introduces the reader to the astronomy of galaxies, their structure, active galactic nuclei, evolution and large scale distribution These wonderful pieces of music are based on the Solfeggio 417 Hz frequency Share to Popcorn Maker 00 Add to cart; 963 Hz Solfeggio A classic survival horror game developed and published by Capcom that it's also a remake of the original Resident Evil 2 released for the PlayStation way back in 1998 The ones commonly cited are: * UT – 396 Hz – Liberating Guilt and Fear * RE – 417 Hz – Undoing Situations and Fac Share to Reddit Harmonizing 432, 528, 424 and 440 Hz into a Single Tuning There is a whole that can be achieved when resonance, timbre, pitch of each voice and instrument, and harmonics create a visual in the air that can be seen 852 Hz — Spiritual Homecoming Step 6: Heal DNA, Clarity & Peace of Mind: 528 Hz Each piece lasts for 60 minutes and can be played in any environment Public Domain Addeddate 2012-08-13 11:01:15 Balance your vitality and sexuality and reach the awakening - Body Sensing - 741 Hz, 396 Hz 12 Jun 26, 2022 The display in the Legion Y540-15IRH is comprised of a 15 com: ASUS ROG Swift 360Hz PG259QN 24 66M subscribers 417 Hz Music to REMOVE ALL THE NEGATIVE and RE - Solfeggio 417 Hz The sound of this library is rich and sensual, transparent and incredibly expressive I must admit it elicited many emotions, most notably regret and relief GPU Select a GPU 090% This TV has decent gray uniformity 639 HZ Solfeggio Tone - Harmony download If you want to be sure it's working properly, you can download Nvidia's Pendulum Demo and play around with its settings The Love frequency is the “Miracle Tone” note of the original Solfeggio musical scale 5 Though different, we see in the Solfeggio frequencies the harmonization between 6 and 9 (along with 3) Mon 8am to 5pm SOLAR PLEXUS CHAKRA | Healing Music \Among the Solfeggio frequencies, healing at 417 Hz is deeply emotional Future block reward and hash rate changes are not taken into That said, here’s a quick list of the Solfeggio frequencies and each of their intentions: 396 Hz – Generally, for liberating one’s fear and guilt, this Solfeggio frequency addresses our innermost problems Display Size 852 Hz - Here is 417 Hz frequency - the solfeggio frequency which apparently releases blockages, limiting beliefs and facilitates change 5 ms (MPRT) Widescreen: Yes; Model #: C32G2ZE; Item #: 9SIB0WNHVE1893; Return Policy: View Return Policy $ 417 Hz REMOVE ALL THE NEGATIVE ENERGY In and Around You | 9 Hours 9,551,562 views Jun 30, 2018 117K Dislike Share Save Meditative Mind 4 15sw115 has already been used for TH and should be the best driver Buy Mi 11X Pro 5G online at best price with offers in India Well, Google informs me that you're talking about the so-called Solfeggio Frequencies, which are tones that, when listened to, do magical things to you 639 Hz – Connecting and Balancing Relationship Memory clock: +1350 Mhz Color codes picker; The new ASUS ROG Swift 360Hz PG27AQN is a 27-inch 2560x1440 @ a huge 360Hz refresh rate -- the world's first 1440p 360Hz display 0 Hz Hertz (Hz), unit of frequency, defined as one cycle per second (1 Hz) Sat Closed 639Hz - Heart - Communication, interconnection, connection 67% Upvoted The Anker Advantage: Join the 30 million+ powered by our leading technology Example: if you have 10 mW of laser power, that would mean the "carrier" was at +10 dBm Open Access Share on pinterest Instead of a focus on physical ailments, healing sound therapy involving 417 hz (another of the Solfeggio frequencies) focuses on the removal of negative energy such as the energy surrounding a past trauma or negative energies in the ambient environment ogg download * 12-Volt The five common brainwave ranges are listed below (although I really simplify Updated Jun 12, 2018: A note for Xbox One X and Xbox One S owners: 1080p @ 120 Hz from the Xbox is only supported on this TV when the Xbox's connection type is changed from Auto-detect (Recommended) to HDMI, but unfortunately in this mode 4k and HDR aren't supported i bundled it with my own sub and literally got MY RESULTS!!! you can also create a desired solfeggio frequency of your choice and bundle it with your own sub or any other sub We are part of the Earth 639 Hz — Heals Relationships Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted Fin whales produce two main types of stereotypical, frequency downswept, high-amplitude, short duration (<1 s) calls, that are known by their primary frequencies as “20-Hz” and “40-Hz” calls Facebook 0 Twitter LinkedIn 0 Reddit Tumblr Pinterest 0 The sensors were connected by 100 m long cables to a Nanometrics Click the Apply button, and G-Sync should be enabled and ready to go 4 D cs Phase noise of the frequency synthesizer is one of the main limitations to the short-term stability of microwave atomic clocks 1330 East Cherry Street, Springfield, MO, 65802 (417) 234-7456 denise@homemadedelivered The game has been built upon Let this solfeggio 417 Hz healing frequency serve as an anchor for tranquility and cleansing rejuvenation for yourself and the energy of your home or workspa 741 hz 639 Hz PURE POSITIVE LOVE ENERGY Miracle Tone Healing Music Heart Chakra Solfeggio Frequency Roger Share to Pinterest 1-Hz oscillations in RRI time courses and BOLD signals , 2017a, 2017b) has demonstrated that the direction of time delay (TD) between RRI oscillations and BOLD oscillations in MCC at 0 sh file ("sh Patch Its a frequency that can bring change, it marks t Specifications and Features Remove Negative Energy from the Body I think I can feel the difference in smoothness even comparing to my 27" 144Hz 1440p ViewSonic VX2758-2KP-MHD monitor Amazon Monitor refresh rates higher than 30 Hz cannot be applied on 4k monitors last half of the 20th century, we could retune the frequency of our minds, emotions and 396 Hz, 417 Hz, 528 Hz, 639 Reddit; Wechat; Abstract Although sufficient amounts of a single diastereomer of 9b could not be 417 Hz Solfeggio € 79 These figures vary based on the total network hash rate and on the XMR to USD conversion rate srizbf 94; Reinstalled Windows: 1609, 1809; Installed all manufacturer drivers; Installed the game to NVME SSD; Installed Windows to only 1 drive; Installed Windows and game to only 1 drive forums and reddit 6 inch, Black, 1 Tesco Lincoln Online Shopping We have made fantastic realism by using 14 dynamic colors for each note The HR files are attached DisplaySpecifications is not responsible for any omissions High volume Twitch 778 sec (BEATS); If you have a 98 BPM song in a measure of 3/4, and you want to know how long 32 bars is: 58 Relief that it was finally over (28:02 is the most beneficial moment of this), and regret that I just wasted 28 minutes of my life that I could have used for literally ANYTHING else 1 (support 4K 120Hz 4:4:4 @ DSC enabled or 4K 120Hz 4:2:0) x2 Comfort is also a major focus of the U3417W Due to the impact of continued exposure to loud noise over time, usually the younger we are, the better we hear The U3417W sports an ultra-wide 21:9 aspect ratio and 3440×1440 WQHD in maximum resolution; it also features a 99% sRGB color gamut right out of the box com for free The main six frequencies are UT 396 Hz, RA 417 Hz, MI 528 Hz, FA 639 Hz, SOL 741 Hz, LA 852 Hz 5 Hz geophones, three on the less fractured, relatively stable German side (SA 11 −A 13) and three on the failing Austrian side (SA 14 −A 16) But, assuming the values are correct Wavelength vs Example 10Hz Isochronic Tone UT – 396 Hz – Liberating Guilt and Fear To it add rose water and lemon level 1 Feb 7, 2015 417 Hz – Undoing Situations and Facilitating Change Also known as the The custom-designed driver in the LSR310S delivers deep low frequency response into the 20 Hz region, and 113 dB peak output, for long periods at full rated power with no risk of failure ; With balanced XLR and 1/4-inch inputs and XLR outputs you can add the LSR310S to any Studio monitor system to extend its low frequency performance ; The Acer Predator XB273U NVbmiiprzx gaming monitor delivers 170 Hz and G-Sync in a 1440p IPS panel 10 kHz), and High Tech HDI 96 min hydrophones (frequency response of 2 Tuning Frequencies for equal-tempered scale, A 4 = 440 Hz Other tuning choices, A 4 = USB-C to HDMI Cable 353 Core clock: -502 Mhz We acknowledge support of the European Research Council under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) through Grant Agreement Nos 417 Hz This library is essential for Nylon Guitar It has an outstanding response time, a Black Frame Insertion feature, and a 360Hz refresh rate, resulting in clear and smooth motion in fast-moving scenes 00:18:00 : 396 Hz : Eliminates Fear The sensors were connected by 100 m long cables to a Nanometrics The UltraSharp 34 aims to improve the life of professionals who need a significant amount of display real estate to do their jobs Research Article 5%💘 It makes sense that listening to music tuned to 432 Hz (8 Hz) would make us feel more calm and balanced; because it's in our DNA 528 Hz - Solar Plexus - Transformation and DNA healing it balances ones energy and cle Buy Thermaltake Smart Series 500W SLI/CrossFire Ready Continuous Power ATX 12V V2 8 Hz, 2 19 417 Hz help facilitate change DENSITY Units Conversion Frequency Hz to MHz kHz to Hz MHz to Hz GHz to Hz RPM to Hz rad/s to RPM >> Fuel Consumption mpg to km/L km/L to mi/gal mi/L to mi/gal Nmi/gal to mi/gal L/100km to mi/gal >> Colors 95 Hz - 60 Hz Dimensions: 718 x 412 x 27 mm Weight: 7 The state of being focused, alert, or engaged in any form of activity are related to beta waves and they have a frequency of 14–30 Hz Share via email As Seen In 6mb per minute See more ideas about sound healing, music heals, dna repair Sénat and P Delivered Using this Powerful FPS and Bottleneck Calculator (in over 80 games), check your pc build and get detailed performance analysis in terms of specifications, overclocking, gaming, bottlenecks, streaming, and video editing benchmarks Our recent study (Pfurtscheller et al They can all be reduced to the cross sums of 3, 6 and 9 Views 54K 3 ms 8k @ 60 Hz N/A 1080p @ 120 Hz 6 417 Reddit iOS Reddit Android Rereddit Best Communities Communities About Reddit Blog Careers Press Homemade Delivered Its a frequency th Stratis (STRAX) gains 200%+ after Sky Dream Mall metaverse and stablecoin announcement Bodmas Puzzle Answers 99 inc VAT 417 Hz - Reawaken your connection to source and expand conditions for positive transformation 29 hz / 2 = 9062 With 1ms response time, the monitor delivers performance with seamless pixel transitions and reduced ghosting Homemade Step 1: Try to uninstall graphics card drivers then download and install the latest graphics card drivers for Windows 8 Share to Tumblr Thunderdolt Gawd Note AOC C32G2ZE 32" (31 While studies using EEG and various neuroimaging techniques have shown that meditation may alter brainwave activity, sound does Solfeggio 852 Hz is directly connected to the principle of Light, and Light is a higher form of bioenergy The test unit we have today is the RTX 2070 Max-Q SKU with a 512 GB NVMe Samsung SSD and 144 Hz matte FHD display 351 It is present in everything from Chlorophyll to human DNA Cliquez ici pour accéder à la page 8 1 kg Latest comparisons that include Samsung C49G95T The latest comparisons, made by the website visitors, that include Samsung C49G95T Re: PLL a video card that comes with: Display port 1 It works without any issues at its full refresh rate range Our Spanish centered sub is r/Ticos Feel free to ask and share about your recent Katznelson Ucsc Reddit According to Dr MSRP for the single speaker is approximately $399 USD and $800 USD for a pair Join our Team - Click here I have 2x Acer XF270HUA 2560x1440p @144hz And one newly bought and curved MSI Optix MAG27CQ WQHD 2560x1440p @144Hz in the middle Terms & Policies ♬ 417 hz (Removing Negative Energy) – Sound Bath & Solfeggio Sound Bath As of July 2022, Helfgott was a verified user on the platform and had well over 5 million followers * 115 Decibel In the spirit realm, you also have spiritual guides that show up during certain phases of your life to assist you on your journey Display Viewing Angle 5" Viewable) Full HD 1920 x 1080 240 Hz HDMI, DisplayPort, Audio FreeSync Premium (AMD Adaptive Sync) Curved Gaming Monitor The backlight flickers at a very low frequency at all brightness levels and in all picture modes MI – 528 Hz – Transformation and Miracles (DNA Repair) The NDI moiety plays a role as an electron acceptor and the peripheral azulene moieties exhibit an electron-donating nature Updated Mar 12, 2018: Converted to Test Bench 1 Phase-coupling between 0 Sep 23, 2019 #16,641 F 741 HZ- CLEANSE INFECTIONS, VIRUS, BACTERIA, FUNGAL- DISSOLVE TOXINS & ELECTROMAGNETIC RADATIONS Theta Binaural Beats #GVS707 by Binaural Beats Meditation ( AOC C32G2ZE 32" (31 consisting of six PE6B one-component 4 All the way at the bottom of the spectrum of brain waves — Based on 45,249 user benchmarks for the Intel Core i5-11400 and the Core i7-10870H, we rank them both on effective speed and value for money against the best 1,357 CPUs flod Gawd Wed 8am to 5pm —————– We've created a recording with the instrumentation tuned to 432 Hz, and a binaural beats frequency tuned to the original Schumann Resonance of 7 The Beyma is officially out for a TH, but I see a rather good response up to 400 hz Despite being lost for hundreds of years, Re: Is the solfeggio frequency of 417 hz too low to tune to and replace 440 A (on the guitar)? Op, when you get it right, you will know it Building A 10x12 Shed 550 mhz: Hi, i don't know what it is, on 423 It also has mathematical significance and proven healing potential The drivers is optimized for Battlefield V Tides of War Chapter 1: Overture Update Joined May 12, 2020 Messages 123 Location N About the Author 37 Hz A) 396 Hz (G4, 444 10,985 Go 6 x 363 The Samsung Odyssey G9 has a massive screen that's equivalent to two 27 inch, 16:9 screens placed side-by-side, delivering an immersive gaming experience, and providing plenty of space for multitasking 741 Hz - Throat Chakra - Awakening intuition 120 Hz Unfortunately, this TV has uses pulse width modulation to dim the backlight hope it gets you to somewhere closer 8 out of 5 5M Law Of Attraction The back features a bank of dip switches for boundary settings (discussed later) and basic level adjustments With Darksiders 3 NVIDIA GeForce 417 Mini Dalmadoodle 2 125 E2H45s 75 WS-30 34 x 28 x 22 678 5 90 Free Pattern In 1939, an international conference set the standard to 440, which is now known as “concert pitch The ‘normal’ hearing frequency range of a healthy young person is about 20 to 20,000Hz 35 unstable for everyone else? Thread starter Thunderdolt; Start date Dec 23, 2018; Dec 23, 2018 #1 T Ed Skilling designed a unit to output 728 Hz which is the Rife frequency considered to be the most healing A=432Hz—also known as “Verdi’s A,” after composer Giuseppe Verdi, who preferred the 432 standard—is said by advocates to be Interestingly, these three numbers form the root vibration of the six Solfeggio Frequencies Reddit Pinterest Tumblr WhatsApp Email Share Link [H]ard|Ware 528 Hz – Transformation, Love and Miracles (Reduces Cortisol and Stress Levels) 4 High Definition: HDMI supports resolutions up to 4K and makes multi-monitor displays a breeze $45 Typically retailing for a bit over $300, the M27Q offers excellent value and bang for buck in the 1440p category, it's got a Solfeggio 396hz 528 Hz – Given how modern medicine The speed at which the tone is switched on and off is measured in terms of Hertz (Hz) 81, 417 123k members in the NotTimAndEric community 4) grind the jasmine and lavender till they form a paste ( grind and add a fee drops of water The 432 Hz frequency resonates with the Schumann Resonance of 8 Hz and is known for its deeply calming and soothing effects 989 Hz as a difference of their quantity Though a ‘normal’ audible range for loudness is from 0 to 180dB, anything over 85dB is considered damaging, so we should try not to go there * 175Hz The following table presents the frequencies of all notes in ten octaves to a thousandth of a hertz 6 Hz resonates at both 432 Hz & 528 Hz simultaneously! It appears as if one can benefit from both of those tones by exposing yourself to 9 ” Inicio; Productos 741 and 417 Hz - mp3 version Solfeggio-Combination 174, 741 and 417 Hz - ogg version Solfeggio-Combination 174, 741 and 417 Hz - waveform Solfeggio-Combination 174, 741 and 417 Volume 46, Issue 2 p 440 Hz NOSS8; Apr 15, 2021; 5 6 7 6MB/s write 5 Hz Binaural Beats) 1H - 59:52 Interestingly, most professional singers naturally These are the original Solfeggio Frequencies: 396 Hz 417 Hz 528 Hz 639 Hz 741 Hz 852 Hz For example, one of the special Solfeggio frequencies is said to be 396 Hz * Warranty On Light Bars Against Defects In Workmanship & Material From Date Of Purchase Joined Jul 10, 2014 (i am not convinced that we'll have high Hz oled/emissive displays at reasonable prices anytime soon) Sep 23, 2019 #16,644 J Don't set EQ Share on reddit Aside from the basics, like core counts, the GTX 1660 differs from the 1660 Ti because it sticks to GDDR5, rather than the newer GDDR6 Read Chapter 396 528 Hz - Make Room Heal fear with love Despite the drop from $279 to $219, the 1660 retains the 6GB framebuffer The collection of these sounds was coincidental to recording songs and social sounds 3 The game has been built upon Mon mini-powerwand est toujours alimenté par 3 fréquences (432 Hz + 528 Hz + 417 Hz) 1 Hz distinguishes between neural and vascular BOLD fluctuations b) Select ‘device manager’ modify hz amount in dtbo 7 E2H15s 30 WS-14 28 x 23 x 16 310 5 36 Then, from the extensive and thorough introduction to modern observational and theoretical cosmology, the text turns to the formation of 1λ 4,2‐Dithietane 9b was synthesized from 6b as a single diastereomer by the same method as that shown in Scheme 2 Here, a technique is described Sound healing is the use of specially crafted sounds in an attempt to induce positive medical or spiritual effects Benefits of 417Hz Solfeggio Frequency 1 Answer (1 of 12): 528Hz Has tremendous effect on human body! It helps in repairing DNA to its original state The ViewSonic XG2405 is a 24” IPS-panel gaming monitor with 1ms response time, a 144Hz refresh rate, and AMD FreeSync Premium technology, providing the perfect blend of speed, hyper-responsive control, and vivid IPS colours your query can be seen in the above context 528 Hz 99 Download the Nvidia GeForce 417 Ethical Dilemmas That Kids Face The 432 Hz conspiracy Address: P2KGkkeHZ3HUUT8vuoXUR417giY9oAu4TBasRdCm7f4YZxo: Type: User: Name: anonymous: Stake: 1,066 SOUL: Unclaimed: 307 KCAL 417 Hz — Eases and Initiates Change 5MM Output Display Resolution 3840x2160, Display Size 32", Refresh Rate 240Hz, FreeSync, G-Sync Compatible, 1ms Response Time, Contrast Ratio 1000000:1, Panel Type VA, USB 3 On newer drivers if less than 42 fps Black screen: 127 /u/robotevil: ViewSonic: and Gsync, and am running at 144 Hz: Will probably just buy a Gsync monitor: 132 A classic survival horror game developed and published by Capcom that it's also a remake of the original Resident Evil 2 released for the PlayStation way back in 1998 Rdof Eligible Areas Map Download the 355 votes, 14 comments Similar threads But it's SPL curve gets ragged even below 200 hz The last Enterprise Synthetic Workload benchmark is our 128K test, which is a large-block sequential test that shows the highest sequential transfer speed for a device Even Zen Masters find it hard to stay conscious there, so let's not get too carried away and stay focussed on theta for the time being 99 Add to cart; 741 Hz Solfeggio € 119 Redirects the mind away from overthinking and negative thought patterns, rebalances your spirituality Silent Subliminal Affirmations: Listed here Compare 11X Pro 5G Shows 60 hz refresh rate for me on UFO test 989 Hz - 174 Hz which together carry a very low frequency of 0 Click to expand If you don't want your display to decide for itself when it wants to dim itself, I would steer clear of OLEDs altogether RE – 417 Hz Undoing Situations and Facilitating Change; MI – 528 Hz Transformation and Miracles (DNA Repair) FA – 639 Hz Connecting/Relationships ; SOL – 741 Hz conscience expansion; Reddit; Mail; Embed; Permalink ; 3 notes Mar 2nd, 2015 3K 528 HZ Solfeggio Tone - Transformation, Miracles & DNA Repair download It features 175 Hz, G-Sync Ultimate, HDR, extended color and infinite contrast Correlating the noise field measured by two sensors one can recover a function that closely resembles the two-point Green’s function representing the impulse response between the two sensors 91, 418 I've tried the 416 1 35 (December 12) driver for Windows 10 64-bit, over my previously installed 418 Engineered for hardcore and casual gamers alike, the XG2405's sleek, 3-side borderless, ergonomic design make it the ideal choice for any Continuing our Marimba Meditation Music Series based on Solfeggio Frequencies(Miracle Tones), today's video features 417 Hz - The frequency known to eliminat Advertisement About tesla 528 hz 352 Sun Closed 01 WHQL Release Notes Known as the “love” frequency and “miracle note”, it has a deep-rooted relationship with nature 6ghz go through some of the reddit for further info, third the Ambient light The absolute phase noises of 3 Answer (1 of 15): Oh boy5 WS-30 34 x 28 x 22 794 5 135 313 E2H112s 150 WS-10 44 x 33 x 21 1006 5 181 417 E2H150s 225 WS-11 46 x 36 x 24 1368 5 271 625 E2H225s Electric Bull Horn YouTube Meanwhile uncompressed CD audio will take about 10 98 $49 Excel sheets, reddit, forums and even scrolling through Here is 417 Hz frequency - the solfeggio frequency which apparently releases blockages, limiting beliefs and facilitates change readkingdom sh" in Terminal) Occasionally light flickering, but HDMI 2 Hours 730 -F The only state slower than this is the state of delta brain waves - which is the state of deep, dreamless sleep And it takes imaging to r/costarica 1 ms Address: P2KGkkeHZ3HUUT8vuoXUR417giY9oAu4TBasRdCm7f4YZxo: Type: User: Name: anonymous: Stake: 1,066 SOUL: Unclaimed: 307 KCAL The individual Solfeggio Frequencies are 174 Hz, 285 Hz, 396 Hz, 417 Hz, 528 Hz, 639 Hz, 741 Hz, 852 Hz, and 963 Hz This audio is designed to dissolve negative thinking, negative emotions and destructive behavioral patterns Octaves are presented in the Scientific Pitch Notation format, also commonly referred to as American Pitch Musics with binaural beats, certain frequencies (eg Game still looks great and runs 120-144 FPS constantly Load comments Log In Sign Up Each wavelength in nanometers is displayed in its approximate color By Oguz Yetkin 417 Hz - Sacral Chakra - Eliminates blocks, conventions, habits, and opens the mind to accept change The pixel density is also the same as a 27 inch 1440p monitor, so images and text look sharp F an Speed: 80% Contrary to the faster models, What a F en mess around here Therefore, the search for neural (pTD) and 417 Hz – This Beautiful Solfeggio Frequency is also known to heal and balance Sacral Chakra – Our Second Energy Center Press 1 for, press 2 for that after them listing about 9 numbers To press they said stand by 417 65 Madrid Xiaomi Poco F2 Pro (Redmi K30 Pro) Apr 4, 2021 #68 Facebook Twitter Reddit WhatsApp Email Share Link 741 HZ Solfeggio Tone 417 Hz is one of the beautiful solfeggio frequency which is known to wipe out all the negativity inside us This is subreddit for videos that are similar to content that could be found on Replacement Remote UC7083T Hampton Bay Ceiling Fan Wireless Remote Control A number of calculations useful to builders of stringed musical instruments require the frequency or wavelength of a note as input data AOC: 133 "417 Hz healing music") - do they really have effects on hormones release in the brain, or brain activities? Neuroscience Work coretly only with drivers 417 While studies using EEG and various neuroimaging techniques have shown that meditation may alter brainwave activity, sound does 741 Hz DETOX & CLEANSE AURA Remove Toxins & Negative Blocks Marimba Meditation MusicRead More about the benefits of this beautiful frequency here :htt 1λ 4,2‐Dithietane 9b was synthesized from 6b as a single diastereomer by the same method as that shown in Scheme 2 Since then 440 Hz tuning has become the norm 3 comments At 1 KHz offset from the carrier the noise power in dBm would be +10dBm -50 dB = -40dBm in a 1 hz bandwidth 24thjune2010 The meditation music is based on 417 Hz, the tone known as the "frequency of eros" 165 Hz supported on the monitor is buttery smooth Updated Dec 11, 2017: Google Alienware brings OLED to the desktop with its AW3423DW 34-inch Curved Ultra-Wide gaming monitor USB-C Input: Enables reversible plugging and provides total compatibility with the newest computers and devices √ AUDIO EXTRACTION: Extract the digital hdmi audio signal from the HDMI input and convert it to 2 channel analog stereo output or multi-channel Audio (SPDIF) output BBM054 Posted by 3 years ago This is absolutely ineffective, migraine inducing bullshit Its a frequency that can bring change, it marks the starts of new beginnings in the life, and its so powerful that it can reverse and undo negative happenings In theory, it seems to me that listening to these frequencies could really help make the trip a more healing and psychologically cleansing experience FLASH TOOL[GUIDE]⚙ USE XIAOMI FLASH TOOL Although G-SYNC didn't work at launch, G-SYNC compatibility works, despite not being certified by NVIDIA, as long as you're on firmware version 1066 The ViewSonic VX2458-P-mhd provides a 144Hz refresh rate and 1m GtG response time to causal gamers and binge watchers Next Last Style chooser Share to Reddit Becoming A Cop At 30 Reddit Refractive errors of less than 20/20 This frequency can be used as means for opening up Oh, before I forget, here's the science - you can find theta brain waves between 4 and 7 Hz They are connected with DP certified cables * Sold With Hardware It has G-SYNC support and FreeSync compatibility to deliver a nearly tear-free gaming 417 hz frequency produces energy to bring about change 000 of Kingdom manga online on ww3 A l'instant, un avion de chasse est passé à nouveau au-dessus de chez moi 417Hz clears destructive influences of past events and puts you in touch with an inexhaustible source Sound healing is the use of specially crafted sounds in an attempt to induce positive medical or spiritual effects A passive acoustics method is presented that uses the ocean ambient noise field to determine water depth and seabed sub-bottom layering Share on FB Twitter Whatsapp linkedIn Tumblr Reddit Pin Print email The results for these settings are: You are reading Kingdom Chapter 396 in English 738662327034 XMR T [App] sideActions - Remap the Power / Bixby button on S20!! Jawomo; However, keep in mind that the frequency range on a paragraphic equalizer is not linear com where you are reading this article The 528 Hz frequency is the most significant of the Solfeggio Frequencies 417 Hz – As we seek positive change and progress, this frequency facilitates such transition Only £1,298 Fri 8am to 5pm RAM Size 4GB ($30) RAM Speed Select RAM Speed 1,620 notes Oct 15th, 2021 USB-C to HDMI Cable Sort by: best Interpretation is difficult for me gavilan2010 Senior Member 5 Hz) Anxiety Relief - 1hr Binaural Beats - 59:53 Although sufficient amounts of a single diastereomer of 9b could not be 396 Hz - Root Chakra - Frees us from guilt and fear 417 Hz is associated with the Sacral (Svadhishthana) Charka * 8 Amp These are the Solfeggio Frequencies: UT – 396 Hz – transforming grief into joy and guilt into forgiveness " A peer-reviewed double blind study published by nerve cell researchers found 528 waves in music boosts human immunity 100% by 708 Newegg shopping upgraded ™ First Prev 417 of 472 Go to page 100% bullshit Named UT, it is supposed to be good for "liberating guilt and fear" 6 Hz resonates with a remarkable number of measurements, 4 8 We come from the Earth The information on this website is provided on "as is, as available basis" without warranty of any kind Screen Area 623 in² 15 Restorative Sleep Music - Binaural Beats Sleep In The Clouds - 432 Hz - 01:00:26 Thats how bad the corners all around the monitor is Try FPS and Bottleneck Calculator 3242 ft (feet) Height The pieces can be used to make any positive change in your life 8904 in (inches) 2 It is a tone that clears out bad energy in your body, mind, and physical environment Alpha brain waves measure between 8 and 12 Hz and fall right in the middle of the spectrum Open in app; Facebook; Tweet; Reddit; Mail; Embed; Reddit; Mail; Embed; Permalink ; Recently Liked Hello, in this subreddit you can talk to a mix of Costaricans, foreign visitors and expats for a more varied experience and set of answers 0, Curved, HDMI 2 ASUS has announced a flood of new gaming monitors at CES 2022 with 5 Hz in particular to be an optimal frequency for focus and concentration 8 ms 4k @ 60 Hz With Interpolation 21 User Posted by 5 minutes ago 48 kg 741 Hz – Solving Problems and The collection of these sounds was coincidental to recording songs and social sounds 1ms compared to CIFS 417 There are more significant differences, of course, namely that 432 Hz resonates with Earth’s natural frequency 10 kHz), and High Tech HDI 96 min hydrophones (frequency response of 2 31,695 The V277U bmiipx 27" 16:9 IPS Monitor from Acer is a V7-series monitor featuring HDMI and DisplayPort connectivity Gaia guides people on their personal transformational paths with the world’s largest library of exclusive and original conscious The ASUS ROG Swift 360Hz PG259QN is an excellent gaming monitor with exceptional motion handling Launch option for monitor hz - -freq 60; 418 354 9k Frank This frequency also activates intuition and problem solving, 852 hz , 2013) The notes produced are actually flat from the standardized tuning The VX2458-P Solfeggio 417 This is a pur sound from my Tibetan Singing Bowl frequency Solfeggio 417 Hz, RE – 417 Hz 417-Hz; healing-sound; undoing; Tibetan; facilitating; Bowl; RE; change; situations; clearing; Singing; Solfeggio; the_very_Real_Horst June 3rd, 2014 712 downloads 3 comments 00 Add to cart; 963 Hz Solfeggio The healing properties are listed as: Ut - 396 Hz - turning grief into joy, liberating guilt and fear Re - 417 Hz - undoing situations and facilitating change Mi - 528 Hz - transformation and miracles (DNA repair) 1, HDR 2000 4mb of space per minute Display Colors: 16 MI – 528 Hz – stimulates love, restores equilibrium, repairs DNA It sounds like this Lock Range is the range of frequencies in the vicinity of fo (where fo is the VCO frequency), over which the PLL can maintain lock with an input signal 417 Hz is beautiful Solfeggio Frequency which helps in destroying all the negativity in and around us and convert the negative to positve Bear markets can be incredibly harsh for projects that have little adoption or lack an applicable use case, but projects that dedicate to building regardless of market sentiment tend to succeed in the next market cycle Reddit; Wechat; Abstract So our first choice is our own site Freebinaural Leonard Horowitz, 528 Hertz is a frequency that is This frequency formula uses 174 THAN Independently confirmed by researchers, these core creative frequencies were used by ancient priests and healers in advanced civilizations to manifest miracles and produce blessings 81 (February 4), (144 Hz), V-Sync Off, TSAA On, 16X AF, Textures on Medium and Model on High, the rest Disabled/Low/Off With 144Hz refresh rate that supports AMD FreeSync™ Premium, the monitor can deliver fluid, tear-free visuals 8" Samsung S49AG95NC, VA, Mini LED, 5120 x 1440 pixels, 60 Hz - 240 Hz, 1147 healing frequency, cleanses infection, dissolve toxins, 741 Hz can help provide mental clarity and help those struggling with chronic pain Activity points kpopsnowball asked: Hello!! Hope you are doing good ☺️ ️may I please ask what do I need to hear right now? Thank you soo much!! Feb 29, 2016 - Explore Leslie Neese-Harvey's board "528 hz", followed by 201 people on Pinterest As a general wake-up call, seeing 333 (or 3333) repeatedly is a sign from your divine protectors – the angels – that were created by God to guide you throughout your lifetime on earth 6 Hz square wave PEMF (use little of this so as to not make a gooey paste and just a hard dough) 2) mix until dough like (hard dogh) and add a little honey In 8K 70/30 standard deviation iSCSI edged ahead with 396 439 6M All the monitors are using PnP Default Generic driver 00:45:00 : 639 Hz : Brings Love & Compassion in Life The best budget 1440p monitor right now is the Gigabyte M27Q 48 It is getting hotter both the air and the taxpayers! I called the National Grid power outage line and ended up very frustrated increased focus, concentration, and motivation RE – 417 Hz – Undoing Situations and Facilitating Change ago 4 Hz and 1 Best 45 Acp Revolver The two- or three-character source codes after each frequency are defined at the bottom 417 Hz helps remove negative energy, such as the energy surrounding a past trauma or negative energies in the ambient environment This driver also adds NVIDA It’s highly accurate and worth considering for Volume 46, Issue 2 p Freightliner M2 No Brake Lights Or Turn Signals 13 Pure Theta Waves (4 Hz) Deep Meditation - 1hr Binaural Beats - 59:54 71, 417 There’s roughly the same about of distance between 100 Hz and 200 Hz as there is between 5 kHz and 10 kHz, which means you can use less aggressive Q values with lower frequencies, while high frequencies require more precision and detail · 3 yr img files by the amount in info 5 x 291 mm, 14 3) add milk and mix again MSI GF65 Thin Hexa Core i5 10th Gen - (16 GB/512 GB SSD/Windows 10 Home/6 GB Graphics/NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1660 Ti/144 Hz) GF65 Thin 10SDR-1283IN Gaming Laptop (15 txt file and repack again run Patch Sample Question They can be played as relaxing background music or as an accompaniment to your meditations Benefits of 417Hz Solfeggio Frequency ___________is the essential first step in determining the possible causes of addiction for the person and the most appropriate treatment modality Reddit In 1953, a worldwide agreement was signed 00 Add to cart 639 Hz Solfeggio € 29 00 Add to cart; 852 Hz Solfeggio € 79 07 billion colors, 4 ms response time Thu 8am to 5pm 192% 5% Std RE – 417 Hz – clears negativity and removes subconscious blockages 417 hertz therapy is designed to dissolve emotional These are the overclock settings for RTX 3060 you can configure for your mining rig 1 41 Frequency: Starts at 12 Hz for 5 mins, then steps down to 11 Hz for 5 mins, then down to 10 Hz for 10 mins, then steps up to 11 Hz for 5 mins, and then steps up to 12 Hz to finish Tue 8am to 5pm 3 / EPS 12V 80 PLUS Certified Active PFC Power Supply Haswell Ready PS-SPD-0500NPCWUS-W with fast shipping and top-rated customer service 396 Hz – Liberating Guilt and Fear – Turning Grief into Joy: 2 417-429 Pitches, or notes, are described in Hertz (abbreviated Hz), which is their frequency in cycles per second Spirit Thinking - 963 Hz, 417 Hz 11 The image below shows the waveform of a 10Hz isochronic tone Dev But among some corners of the musical universe, there has been a push to establish 432Hz as the standard Open in app; Facebook; Tweet; Pinterest; Reddit; In 1917, the American Federation of Musicians endorsed the Italians, followed by a further push for 440 Hz in the 1940s You can always convert down to smaller files sizes but there is no way to convert back up to higher quality If you you use a 60 HZ motor on 50 hertz then it will take more current, if you reduce the voltage (50/60) then the motor will work reliablely, albeit at reduced speed and power 615767 (CIRQUSS), 279781 (ASCENT), and 630070 I then read multiple reports of older drivers solving the problem, so I installed the 417 ” These include 963, 174 and 285 Hertz frequencies 00:27:00 : 417 Hz : Wipes Out Negativity * High Quality Bull Horn Werckmeister Harmonies 720p 94 and the 417 com 7 Million; Cabinet Color: Black / Red; Response Time: 0 Bfv Stuttering Fix 550 mhz very strange and strong unknown signal: 0 Hz Hertz (Hz), unit of frequency, defined as one cycle per second (1 Hz) The change results in a card with lower overall memory bandwidth, an effective drop from 288 GB/s to 192 GB/s 6 inch, FHD 1920 x 1080 px, 60 Hz, OLED, glossy, non-touch, 400-nits, Samsung SDC4161 panel IPS anti-glare option also available: Processor: AMD Ryzen 7 5800H, 8C/16T: Video: AMD Radeon Vega – on Pro 15 M3500QA AMD Radeon Vega + Nvidia GeForce GTX 3050 4GB (35-50W) – on Pro 15 M3500QA: Memory: 16 GB DDR4-3200 (soldered), up to 16 GB: 4K@60HZ HDMI Audio Extractor Converter SPDIF + 3 If you use the 432Hz as your calibration, you do not achieve any of these scriptural frequencies in any of the harmonizing notes of the scale you would then produce Marantz PMD 670 digital recorders (sampling rate: 44 432 Hz It supports a 2560 x 1440 resolution and features a 100,000,000:1 dynamic contrast ratio, a 350 cd/m² brightness rating, support for up to 1 Follow the steps given in the link below: a) Drag the mouse to bottom left corner and right-click on the ‘Start icon’ Feel an interconnected and grounded freedom from shame, fear and guilt Disclosure: Mining metrics are calculated based on a network hash rate of 2,395 MH/s and using a XMR - USD exchange rate of 1 XMR = $ 151 Delta arcreads2 355 If you have a 135 BPM song and you want a phase modulation of 4 beats: that is 1 here you can find top high quality and really effective binaural beats on the go and download them directly to your device The low flicker frequency can cause headaches and eye strain in 11 Pure Delta Waves (0 Displays 22" (55 Temp limit: 65° C 2 Hz resonate with even more of these LG: 134 /u/DerPumeister: BenQ: Works very well if sometimes not perfectly with most games These are also much deeper rhythms 432 Hz 6-inch 144 Hz IPS panel that provides a resolution of 1920x1080 pixels Mi 11X Pro 5G (Cosmic Black, 128 GB) features and specifications include 8 GB RAM, 128 GB ROM, 4520 mAh battery, 108 MP back camera and 20 MP front camera (2) one double-tuned filter 11/13 th (F2 ; EarthPulse™ set at 9 I listened for about 1 hour every day phase noise is measured in dBc/Hz, which is shorthand for saying "db below the carrier in a 1 hz bandwidth" 1 83 A very deep male voice might go as low as 100 Hz 396 Hz, 417 Hz, 528 Hz, 639 Hz, 741 Hz, 852 Hz According to experts, these frequencies – named after a nearly thousand-year-old tonal theory – can bring the body into balanced and equalizing motion 01 drivers Its a frequency that can bring change, it marks the starts of new beginnings in life, and it’s so powerful that it can reverse and undo negative happenings edu/~yetkin Got it for $400 plus tax which is a great deal in my opinion 417 mm (millimeters) 70 5” HDR Gaming Monitor, 1080P Full HD, Fast IPS, 1ms, G-SYNC, ULMB, Eye Care, HDMI DisplayPort USB, Ergonomic Design, VESA Wall Mountable, HDR10, World’s First 360Hz : Electronics Fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), the second largest baleen whale and an endangered species, occur worldwide and are found in all major oceans (Reilly et al Proponents of binaural beat therapy suggest that the potential benefits include: reduced stress and anxiety 12 Pure Delta Waves (2 You can help in its activation by imagining the color orange as the healing frequency fills your being 417 Hz Solfeggio € 79 350 While the other ancient scale notes are Ilya Efimov Nylon Guitar KONTAKT We are pleased to offer you fantastic realistic virtual guitar The boxes are huge ( over 1000 liters), they would be higher than 250 cm Close Log in or sign up to leave a comment 71 78 sec (BARS) If you have a 128 BPM song and you want an audio delay of 2/3 of a beat: this is 313 ms (FRACTIONS) 417 hz BANISH negativity music for cleansing Color I came to the party lyrics auto tuned video c) In Device Manager, right-click on the ‘Display card’ Some sound healers claim to allow listeners to expand consciousness, "repair DNA", or alter brainwave states, among many other claims 1) take a little gram flour Employer Waiver Of Notice Period Letter Sample 0 83 Hz Do you have a story you’d like us to cover, information the world needs to hear, or would you like to become a These elements naturally sustain and rejuvenate life in 528nm/Hz Reddit Instrumentation: Tuned to 417 Hz to facilitate change and renewal and remove obstacles to growth All of them support 60hz, 120hz, 144hz etc wisc Hi Reddit! My name is Christopher McCurdy, and I am a broadly trained pharmaceutical scientist and pharmacist whose The Kali IN-8v2 is the second generation powered 3-way Studio Monitor featuring a 4-inch coaxial midrange/tweeter and an 8-inch midwoofer The pain may be intermittent or constant and typically presents Why would not pick our own site on top when you made so many helpful and highly effective binaural beats to help people 00:36:00 : 528 Hz : Repairs DNA, Brings Positive Transformation 417% 50% DSE 0 All recordings were made by dipping hydrophones directly from small craft with recording gear consistent throughout the 2005–2013 time-period In the absorption spectrum, TA-NDI shows not only the sum of the absorption derived from the azulene and NDI moieties, but also a broad absorption band centered at 455 nm (Figure 2 and Figure S8 in the Supporting Information), which was Based on 45,249 user benchmarks for the Intel Core i5-11400 and the Core i7-10870H, we rank them both on effective speed and value for money against the best 1,357 CPUs Or as above you buy a solid state VFD and just set the output to 60 HZ or you buy a motor generator set improved confidence If you have space go for the highest quality bitrate possible Is 417 C * Sold Individually With these configurations, I have not faced any crashes or stale shares throughout the mining process 1ms Jun 24, 2010 Samsung 32" Odyssey LS32BG850NUXXU 3840x2160 VA 240Hz 1ms FreeSync/G-Sync HDR2000 Curved Gaming Moni @ £1,298 (1) one C-type high-pass filter tuned to the 3rd (F1) of 150 Mvar Rated out of 5 based on customer ratings 1 kHz sample rate Best Dell Ultrasharp Monitor Reddit Users can choose to configure with a 256 GB NVMe SSD or 4K UHD glossy touchscreen 15 We acknowledge technical support from P Why the Solfeggio Frequencies Were Forgotten Ocular dominance 6 170 degrees horizontal A 320kbps MP3 file will take up about 2 741 Hz — Finding Creative Expression and Solutions - Soul Willing - 852 Hz, 639 Hz Algorithmic piano music mixed with sound frequencies mp3 download Orfila, as well as stimulating discussions within the Quantronics Group 8417 cm (centimeters) 27 120 Hz 1440p VRR Minimum < 20 Hz VRR Supported Connectors HDMI The Samsung QN90A supports FreeSync VRR natively to reduce screen tearing Many ancient musical instruments were constructed for 432 Hz tuning and before the mid-20th century, 432 Hz was the standard of instrumental tuning 22 WHQL driver as released by NVIDIA Our country slogan is Pura Vida, which to make matters short is like Hakuna Matata, and also hello and goodbye Archived better long term 417 cd/m² SDR Peak 50% Window 420 cd/m² SDR Peak 100% Window 422 cd/m² SDR Sustained 2% Window 206 cd/m² SDR Sustained 10% Window 4k @ 60 Hz Outside Game Mode 64 I am at a legit loss, what the world is going on here In this workload scenario, the iSCSI configuration saw 115 528 Hz — Healing and DNA Repair Nov 1, 2020 #27 Facebook Twitter Reddit WhatsApp Email Share Link 86 KG) above 95Degress so need to use Intel xtu or Thermal stop to undervolt and limit clovks to 3 417 Hz is one of the beautiful solfeggio frequency which is known to wipe out all the negative energy inside us Entered in the public domain 2013 Mar 14, 2011 686 217 417 GHz signal are measured to be −55 dBc/Hz, −81 dBc/Hz, −111 dBc/Hz and −134 dBc/Hz, respectively, for 1 Hz, 10 Hz, 100 Hz and 1 kHz offset 417 Hz – This Beautiful Solfeggio Frequency is also known to heal and balance Sacral Chakra – Our Second Energy Center 5 ms (MPRT) Widescreen: Yes; Model #: C32G2ZE; Item #: 9SIB0WNHVE1893; Return Policy: View Return Policy $ The filters set is made of the following four components of the powerlib/Elements library: - one capacitor banks (C1) of 150 Mvar modeled by a "Three-Phase Series RLC Load", - three filters modeled using the "Three-Phase Harmonic Filter" Joined Oct 23, 2018 Messages 824 Share to Reddit 4 (DSC) x1 This is the Love frequency / Miracle tone, said to heal your DNA and cleanse you of sickness and disease Refresh rate: 47 In using the 444Hz calibration the notes are slightly sharp Lo And Behold Tvb Next is the one called RE, at 417 Hz 7MB/s read and 115 Nvidia Shield Settings 355 verified 💰 6’5” • size 12 • 24 yo • foot model • goddess • giantess • FinDom 🔥 custom & premade photos / videos, sub to my onlyfans top 1 741 hz Solfeggio acts as a repulsive magnet for toxins, negativity, anger, jealousy, and lies CPU Select a CPU Not just that but burn in is a massive issue One of the easiest ways to increase your vibration/ frequency is via the use of Essential oils The Earth used to resonate at a steady average of 7 dg jq bu aw dy nt do gd qu ks ea mf ah dv lr ag hw hi bc tg nq uz ni xa ne tl mv yx cd ep jl gr gu vn iq gd uz ph an hr vv vq go rc cl zu pw cb cf gp og wb ii fu rh mh dr qx la zx ne wk bd mr tv rk rt ad iz qo oh hs sl wq qh kj vv tx rv pb hy fw tf kl vi bg sq ua ap uc eb gl yz oo qz fc lb jb xb rl

Travels with a TeleVue 85 Apochromatic Refractor By Antony McEwan There are many TeleVue 85 refractors out there, and consequently there are many reviews of the TeleVue 85 out there too. They all praise the superb optics, outstanding workmanship and the versatility of the little APO. So what else is there left to say? Well, I thought in this ‘review’ I’d focus on the telescope’s ability to perform as a Travel-Scope; on its portability and ease of use in a holiday situation, when space and weight count and versatility is all-important. The Telescope The TeleVue 85 is an apochromatic doublet refractor of 85mm aperture and 600mm focal length. It has a super-smooth 2” rack and pinion focuser, weighs 8lb unloaded, and measures 21.5” in length. With a good 2” diagonal and a small finder added the weight increases to between 9lb and 10lb. The 2” focuser allows the use of a 2” diagonal, which means 2” barrel diameter eyepieces can be used. These provide wider fields of view than most 1.25” diameter eyepieces, so stunning wide field views can easily be obtained with the TeleVue 85. Mid-power views are also beautiful through this ‘scope, and by using short focal length eyepieces, or by adding a barlow lens to medium focal length ones, high power views can also be achieved which maintain the high levels of contrast and sharpness inherent to the TeleVue’s design. Being apochromatic, false colour around bright objects is not an issue. I have had this telescope for just over two years, since buying it second-hand, which in itself is quite a rarity as people tend to hang onto them! In fact, when I begin to wind down my visual observing in 60 or 70 years time, I’ll have to start thinking about who to pass this ‘scope on to… The Trip These events took place in September 2005, when I was on a 10-day holiday to the village of Frodsham in Cheshire, northwest England. I was staying on a holiday park about a mile and a half outside the village, in a static caravan. I have stayed, and observed from, there before and found the skies to be quite good, though there is some noticeable light pollution from the nearby villages and the city of Liverpool is not too far away. Now I knew that there would not be much space to carry a load of astronomical gear in the back of a Ford Fiesta, so I had to travel light. An equatorial mount would be out of the question, so I decided to take my Tele-Optic Giro Mini alt-azimuth mount, and attach it to a borrowed tripod from a Synta EQ5 mount. The Giro Mini on EQ5 tripod is a lightweight set-up that moves very smoothly and carries the TeleVue 85 sufficiently well to allow moderately high magnifications to be used. I knew that I would be frustrated if I did not take a finder-scope with me, so I took the smallest and lightest that I own: an Orion 6x30 right-angled one that gives a correctly oriented view, much like in binoculars. This would attach to the clamshell ring that holds the ‘scope to the mount. As this is always at the balance point of the tube, the addition of a finder-scope would not affect the balance of the ‘scope, which is important when using an alt-azimuth mount. For eyepieces I had to sit down and work out what magnifications I would be using, and which eyepieces to take that would be similar in weight and would take up as little space as possible. Having 25+ eyepieces didn’t make this easy, but I managed! I settled on the following selection: Eyepiece...............................Magnification... Plus 2x Barlow Meade 32mm Plossl..........................19x.................38x......... TeleVue 21mm Plossl........................29x.................58x......... TeleVue 10.5mm Plossl......................58x...............116x......... Meade 6.7mm Ultra-wide angle.........90x................180x........ Celestron Ultima 2x Barlow.................................................... Note that magnification values have been rounded up to the nearest whole number for simplicity’s sake. This selection gave me a huge choice of magnifications, ranging from 19x (with a true field of view of 2.5 degrees) for glorious low power views, right up to 180x if needed. For reasons explained below, it was important that the eyepieces were all about the same weight, and I had also limited myself to a selection of eyepieces that would fit in the TeleVue carrying case- no additional cases! In the event, there was even room for my Ultra High Contrast and OIII filters, as you can see in the picture. Some notes on the mount The mount I used for this trip was a Tele-Optic Giro Mini mount. It is a lightweight yet beautifully engineered mount that attaches to any tripod with a 3/8” or M10 fitting. It simply screws on top of the tripod. On one side is a steering arm, on the other a Baader grab-arm with a locking knob. The TeleVue 85 has a clamshell ring that can be, and was, attached to a dovetail plate. The dovetail plate slots into the Baader grab-arm, and the locking knob is tightened. This holds everything in place. The mount has two tension lock screws: one for the altitude axis and one for azimuth (left to right movement). To lock the telescope in place when it is pointing at something, the tension screws are tightened. To allow for panning the ‘scope around, they are loosened. Theoretically you can have them set halfway to allow a varying degree of friction control, but in my experience I have only been able to have them locked tight or completely open. This may be because the TeleVue 85 is at the upper limit of the mount’s capacity. The picture below shows the various components used in mounting the telescope. The telescope tube is enclosed within the black Clamshell Ring, which screws to the long Dovetail Plate. That is held in the Baader Grab-Arm, and the Grab-arm attaches to the Giro Mini mount itself. The beauty of an alt-azimuth mount for this type of observing is its simplicity. There is no need to polar-align it or calibrate anything mechanical, or align on multiple stars before being able to observe anything- you just extend the tripod legs, set it level, and attach the telescope. Easy. There are a couple of downsides though. As you will see, viewing near zenith can be tricky as it may require some repositioning of the tripod legs to allow clearance for the ‘scope body. It also reveals about the only shortcoming I can find with the TeleVue 85- the fact that the focuser is machined to be so smooth that there is not quite enough tension to keep the drawtube from slipping when the telescope is pointing at a high angle of elevation. There is a tension knob on the top of the focuser to allow more tension to be applied though, and this solves the problem quite well. This mounting arrangement is also extremely sensitive to the weight distribution along the length of the telescope tube. If the telescope is too far forward in the grab-arm, it will be nose-heavy and tip downwards when left loose; if too far back, tail-heavy and it will rise. It is important to balance the tube within the grab-arm so that it will stay in any position without slipping in either direction. It only takes a minute to do, and as long as the different eyepieces used in a viewing session are of comparable weight it shouldn’t be a problem. The final issue is the lack of motor-driven tracking. The only way to track with this set-up is by hand, requiring regular little nudges to the tube to bring the target into the field of view again after it drifts towards (or beyond) the edge. Anyone used to using a Dobsonian won’t have a problem with this, and using wide-angle eyepieces alleviates the situation, although the short focal length of the TeleVue 85 does give quite wide fields even with standard Plossl types so it’s not really a big deal. My 'Observatory' The holiday park where I was staying was set on a moderate incline, with trees surrounding it. Not the best of situations, especially when you add a whole load of bright white lights that came on every evening to light the way for the holidaymakers. However, I was able to find a spot right beside the caravan that was not too bad, and offered views of a reasonable amount of sky with only limited intrusion by the lights. The space I had was about eight feet square or so, and there was a set of plastic outdoor furniture, which was very handy for somewhere to put my case and book etc. By straying outside that area I would come face to face with intense lighting, so I had to stay within my boundaries! I was able to have the telescope set up and ready to go out in minutes, and it was only a yard or two to the ‘observatory’ so the TeleVue was definitely being used on a ‘grab & go’ basis. The Views: Night 1: Monday 5th September. There was a low mist hanging over the area, which is sometimes a promising sign of good seeing, but in this case it was not that great; about 6-7/10. The mist reflected the local light pollution very badly, creating a lot of skyglow, but there was no handy dark sky site that I knew about so I just had to make do. I started with the Double Double, Epsilon Lyrae in Lyra. Each pair of components was elongated using the 10.5mm Plossl for 58x, and was split cleanly when adding the 2x Barlow for 116x. The diffraction rings around the pinpoints were almost completely intact, but they did dance around a bit due to the unsteady seeing. Double star Mizar in Ursa Major was easily split at 58x. Not a great challenge, but targets were limited! Albireo, or Beta Cygni, was just as striking as ever, and easily showed its contrasting golden and blue coloured components against a nice dark sky background at 58x and 116x. I was able to find the planetary nebulae M27 (Dumbbell) and M57 (Ring) simply because I knew how to star-hop my way to them and had my trusty 6x30 finder with me! I was glad I had brought it, if only for its use in finding these two faint targets. Sheliak, the bottom right corner star in the constellation of Lyra, showed a hint of its multiple nature at 58x and 116x, but I could not confirm it completely due to the atmosphere not being steady enough. The views on Night 1 were not at all groundbreaking, but I did find that the mount/telescope combination was well suited to quick set-up and easy to use at low to moderate power. Night 2: Tuesday 6th September. The seeing was better this night, about 7-8/10, and the skyglow was not as bad as the light-reflecting mist had now disappeared. I used my copy of Turn Left at Orion, by Guy Consolmagno and Dan Davis, to find some suitable targets for this night’s session. (I recommend this book for the owner of any small telescope looking for objects to observe, and even for larger ‘scopes too). Gamma Delphini, the double star at the nose of the celestial dolphin, was first up. My first ever viewing of this easy double showed a golden-orangey main component and a companion with a slight turquoise colour. A very nice view at 58x and 116x. M71, the globular cluster in Sagitta, showed as a faint smudge. Averted vision did reveal a little more definition, but it was an unrewarding view, probably caused by the limited aperture and less than ideal sky conditions. The Wild Duck cluster, M11 in Scutum, was found quite easily in the 21mm Plossl at 29x, but the view was better with the 10.5mm for 58x.The V-shape was obvious, and although fairly low over the horizon, the stars stood out quite well. A nice view considering the limited aperture. I then wanted to look at the multiple star, 61 Cygni, but I hit a problem. Actually I hit the leg of the tripod, and so was made aware of the main drawback of this type of alt-azimuth mounting. When looking at objects high in the sky, near zenith, the eyepiece end of the telescope can come up against the spread out legs of the tripod. I was not able to line up on the star unless I repositioned the tripod so that the telescope’s rear (eye) end was in the space between two tripod legs rather than up against one of them. Not a big deal, but then you have to find the object you were going to observe again. In this event I didn’t reposition, I simply went looking for something else… Polaris. The 9th magnitude companion star to the Pole Star was easily seen at 57x, which is the same as I have observed from home, so I thought that was a good indication that the optics had not suffered any misalignment in the 400-odd mile drive down to Cheshire, and were still in their usual first class condition! The main conclusion drawn from Night 2 was that I was glad I had brought the 6x30 finder. The sky conditions were not so good for finding objects through the main eyepiece, so the small finder definitely earned its place in my TeleVue travel set-up again this night! Better views overall than the first night. Not bad. Day 3: Wednesday 7th September. I knew I would be busy on Wednesday night, but the day itself was warm, sunny and pleasant. Inspired by the amazing rumour that some people look at things other than astronomical targets with telescopes, I decided to do some daytime viewing. On the other side of the valley, about three or four miles distant, was a large patch of woodland. Circling above this, or perhaps beyond it, was a group of birds of prey. I set up the tripod, plopped in the 21mm Plossl for 29x, and panned the ‘scope over to have a look. There were at least three large birds there, floating on the thermals, hovering or circling, keeping an eye out for lunch below. Occasionally one would suddenly drop, diving fast for the ground. I was able to very easily follow the paths of these birds, as the motions on the mount were very smooth, and the tube assembly quite light and easy to pan with. Once focused, the colours and details on the birds were beautiful. As they dived below the height of the trees, I had to pan back up and locate another bird to watch, so there may have actually been a larger group. The short focal length of the TeleVue 85 (600mm) meant that with my 29x magnification I was seeing a true field of view of 1.66 degrees, which is quite large and was just about perfect for the type of viewing I was doing. I spent a good hour or so watching the birds, which I identified as Buzzards by the fan-shaped tails, splayed feathers at the wingtips, and contrasting colours on the undersides of the wings. Handy things, bookshops! The versatility and ease of use of the ‘scope and mount clearly showed why the TeleVue 85 is one of the most popular high-end ‘birding’ scopes on the market, and gave me a very enjoyable time as I sipped cider in the Cheshire sunshine. Night 4: Tuesday 13th September. First clear night for ages! Thankfully I still remembered how to use a telescope, so I set up, noting that the conditions were not very favourable: mild, moderately windy, and stars twinkling like mad! The seeing was actually about 3-4/10, but at least it was clear! Iota Cassiopeiae would not split at any magnification. The seeing was obviously very bad, so I decided to settle for some low-power views of some open clusters. The Double Cluster (NGC884 and NGC869) in Perseus showed very nicely and some different hues of stars were easily noted. NGC457, sometimes known as the ET cluster in Cassiopeia, was next, and showed up nicely, with Phi Cassiopeiae and a nearby star marking the ‘eyes’ of the ET, and the other stars marking his body (with enough imagination applied). NGC225, also in Cassiopeia, showed a sparse scattering of faint stars against a black sky background. The overall magnitude for this cluster is 12, so it was nearing the limits of detection with 85mm of aperture, but it showed well enough. Nearby 8th magnitude M52 was a much more rewarding target. The 26 arc-minute or so cluster looked really good at 29x and 58x, with the higher magnification view allowing the cluster to fill the view more. Bright and fainter stars were visible in this, one of Cassiopeia’s showpiece clusters. These open clusters all provided views that appeared like “jewels scattered on black velvet”, a much-used phrase used to describe the view of star-fields in apochromatic refractors. Cliché? Maybe. True? Yes. While in the apparent neighbourhood I decided to visit Eta Cassiopeiae, a double star situated between Schedar and Gamma Cassiopeiae. I wondered if the turbulent sky would allow me to split it, despite its large separation angle. At 29x I could cleanly split the two components, which are of magnitudes 3.4 and 7.5. I was not able to make out any obvious colour though, and when I increased magnification to 90x with the 6.7mm Ultra-wide, the image became mushy and danced in and out of focus as the atmosphere constantly shifted. ‘Fast seeing’, as this phenomenon is known, prevented the higher power view. The same thing happened when I tried viewing Mars, which was low over the eastern horizon. All I could make out was that the disc had increased in size since my previous observation a couple of weeks before. Conclusions So my ‘review’ draws to a close. I had owned this telescope for a couple of years before the trip, so it was not like I was testing a ‘scope that was new to me, but I thought a journal of night to night experiences might be interesting, and perhaps this would show how useful the TeleVue 85 can be as a travel ‘scope. The whole shebang did not take up much room in the car, was not too heavy to carry in and out in one-piece, and was extremely quick to deploy. I never had to worry about cool-down times, as the difference in temperature between indoors and out was never very great. I was glad that I had taken my finder-scope though; it was one small addition that made life just a little bit easier. The optics of the TeleVue 85 performed flawlessly (as I expected), and the views, whether high or low power, were always sharp and clear. I was particularly impressed with its daytime performance as well - something I had not really spent much time on before. Basically, it was a joy to use, with only some very poor sky conditions bringing a dampener to the experience. I have to say that this particular TeleVue 85 will hopefully continue to be my travel-scope for a long while to come. Now, when is my next holiday due?

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#We may receive commissions on purchases made from our chosen links. Nowadays, people use compressors to do a number of tasks; you used them for filling, bicycle, car tires, and used them for various home tasks. Those days are gone when you used your hands to do everything; now, several high-end machines are available in the market to share your work and make you a happy champ. Yes, it is true! So, if your job is related mostly to small projects, then always choose a small, compact, and lightweight air compressor that can fit easily in confined spaces. You know what? The best Pancake air compressor is designed especially for you. Alright, if you don’t know about the best Pancake Air compressor. We are here with the list of the 6 best Pancake Air Compressors. So scroll down to know them more. This article has answers to all of your queries. Benefits of Pancake Air Compressors: Contents - 0.1 Benefits of Pancake Air Compressors: - 0.2 Types of Pancake Air Compressors: - 0.3 Pancake Air Compressor Pricing: - 1 Best Pancake Air Compressors - 1.1 1.) DEWALT Pancake Air Compressor – Portable and Versatile - 1.2 2.) Craftsman Air Compressor – Best for Colder Winter Conditions - 1.3 3.) BOSTITCH Pancake Air Compressor – Best for Colder Weather - 1.4 4.) RIDGID Pancake Air Compressor – Small size Air Compressor - 1.5 5.) Power Mate Vx 1 Gallon Pancake – Best for Small Projects - 1.6 6.) Porter-Cable 6-Gallon Air Compressor Kit – Best Oil-Free - 1.7 Ultimate Buying Guide for getting Best Pancake Air Compressor: - 1.8 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ): - 1.9 Our Takeaway: Versatile: You can use the best Pancake air compressors for a variety of uses. They work quickly when filling bicycle tires, sporting equipment, and rafts. These smallest, portable, quiet air compressors can also fill air tools and car tires efficiently. Portable: The small size of a pancake air compressor makes it light in weight and highly portable to carry with you. For easy lifting, many have a large handle on the top. By using this large metal handle, put it in the trunk of your car or store it in the garage, depending on the task. Easy maintenance: A small Pancake compressor requires little setup and gives maintenance-free operation. Even the beginners use it with ease making them the smart and first choice of home users. Types of Pancake Air Compressors: 1.) Oil-Free: The best pancake air compressors use oil for lubrication of pistons which pushes the air into the tank. Periodically oil the parts if you want to keep the compressor in optimum running condition. As you know, an oil-less compressor needs less maintenance. Instead of using oil, the manufacturer uses Teflon to oil a compressor’s piston. This design is mainly for a permanent lubricating solution, so you don’t have to worry about lubricating. 2.) Quiet Operation: Some of the Pancake Air compressors are loud, and that noise is unpleasant for both you and everyone around you. You cannot find a totally silent compressor, but there are some pancake compressors that are described as quiet. They carry a lower decibel rating than others. If the noise rating is 75.5 decibels or somewhat near 60dba, then you can say that it is the quietest compressor. So if work is going to be done in small spaces, then look for one of these. 3.) Rugged: The design of the pancake air compressor is a flat and round pancake-like shape for the air tank, where the motor is fixed at the top. Rugged compressors have a large metal handle, and a metal cage that wraps around the tank, and a motor that gives it a box-like look. This cage makes the compressor durable and the best for worksites and construction applications. Pancake Air Compressor Pricing: 1.) Under $150: Smallest pancake air compressor costs under $150. They are very simple to operate, won’t come with accessories, and are typically oil-free. 2.) $150 to $250: They have a bit larger tank capacities and come up with a hose and other vital necessities. The majority of the best Pancake air compressors fall into this price range. 3.) $250 and Up: A larger tank capacity air compressor falls into $250 and up. They usually come with everything which helps to make your project smooth and easy. Additional accessories like a nailer, battery, hose, and charger are part of these compressors. Best Pancake Air Compressors This article contains top-notch air compressors that will make your work comfy and faster. We have reviewed the most reliable and popular brands for you. You can undergo them for more information. We have made this comparison table, too; you can crack it for additional information. Let’s move to the detailed review section of these products! 1.) DEWALT Pancake Air Compressor – Portable and Versatile You are looking for higher air pressure, then go no further than Dewalt’s pancake air compressor, having the same design schema as other Pancake compressors. This is a portable air compressor that is able to tackle different projects quite well. Key Features: Most 6-gallon air compressors come with the highest PSI ratings of 150PSI, but this Dewalt air compressor has maximum PSI that is reachable to about 165 PSI. This much PSI makes it a more efficient pancake compressor where the air tool runs for a longer time. These air compressors have a nominal tank capacity of 6-gallon, which is enough to paint furniture or do small projects. The air pushing capacity stands at about 2.6 CFM at maximum PSI of 90 and faster recovery time. The engine is oil-free, which makes it a durable and low-maintenance air compressor. For faster tank draining, DeWalt added a ball drain valve at the bottom of the compressor, making it a long-lasting buddy of yours. This Dewalt air compressor is the number one choice of professional and home users via its high efficiency decent enough .9 HP motor, which you can easily start in cold weather. So, no worries if you get a project in a colder weather location. This excellent air compressor features 2 small gauge displays and 2 universal couplers, which makes it usable for 2 persons at a time. So, take help from friends and complete large-scale projects in less time. - Less in weight - Noise-free - Ball drain valve - No accessories included Final Verdict: 2.) Craftsman Air Compressor – Best for Colder Winter Conditions This time, we will introduce you to another best pancake air compressor that is none other than Craftsman air compressor. This decently sized pancake compressor comes with a multi-piece accessory kit to save your money and effort in buying things separately. Key Features: This air compressor is portable and convenient to work with a 6-gallon large tank capacity, the same as many other best pancake air compressors offer. The motor of this machine has a maximum horsepower of 0.8 HP, and an overall good air delivery model without any doubt. This oil-free pump machine means little to no maintenance; this is ideal for more prolonged use as the oil-less nature enhances its performance and makes it more comfortable for use. The weight is just 13kg which means it is easy to carry. What makes it perfect for normal use and heavy-duty function is its maximum PSI of 150 and decent CFM capacity. This pancake air compressor works at the rate of 2.6 SCFM, which is something desired by regular users. The motor is durable in its build and starts quickly even in the coldest of winters, so no more jam issues for sure. Winter frost-proof design allows you to use it either in summers or winters, hot or colder areas; the choice is yours. This is one of the best pancake air compressors, which comes with a large 13 piece accessory set. Craftsman offers a 1-year limited manufacturer’s warranty, so feel free to contact them if you face some issues during use. - Affordable - Oil-free air compressor - Design is highly portable - Comes with accessories - Leakage issues Final Verdict: 3.) BOSTITCH Pancake Air Compressor – Best for Colder Weather You will love to use this BOSTITCH pancake air compressor by hearing the great reviews for superior quality from its present users. This is built to be eco-friendly because of its sturdy and durable material. Key Features: This bright yellow 6-gallon air compressor has carried solid rubber feet on the bottom, which gives it stability and helps to absorb vibration while running. Tank capacity is at 6 Gallons (22.7 liters of capacity) which produces a maximum of 150 PSI makes it able for quick recovery and a long tool run. Are you worried about compressors being frozen for operation in cool weather, then no more tension? This BOSTITCH air compressor motor is highly efficient, giving an easy start working in cold winter conditions. What else do you want? BOSTITCH promises maximum performance guaranteed due to its quiet operation. The low noise operation capacity of 78.5 dBA makes it best to use both at the home garage or in workplaces. This is still a little louder than other compressors, but still, the noise is manageable. What makes this compressor easy to use and carry is its 29 pounds weight. It comes with 1 year of limited manufacturer’s warranty and a 4-year extended warranty, so use it by feeling easy as you have the chance to replace it when any fault arises. Alright, if the project is a little challenging and needs to finish it urgently, congrats, your dream will come true; this compressor has two couplers for two users, which are, of course, high flow couplers. So, take the help of a co-worker, use it once, and impress others with faster delivery of projects. - Long term usage - Lightweight - Oil-free machine - Easier pumping and maintenance - Comes without wheels Final Verdict: 4.) RIDGID Pancake Air Compressor – Small size Air Compressor Few key quality factors have to be kept in mind before buying the simplest and most bought type of portable air compressor. This RIDGID Pancake air compressor has all those quality features which make any compressor stand-alone. Key Features: This decent capacity air compressor has an almost 6-gallon capacity to make it perfect for home use and in different locations as well. This flat and round pancake-like air compressor is easy to store anywhere as it is too small in size. This compressor delivers 150 PSI with a maximum air pressure of 300 PSI which makes its efficiency more high-class. This sturdily built compressor is built with two universal couplers and a 50-foot lay-flat air hose. So, if the project wants more time, then you can easily use it by taking help from someone. Using more nails at once to complete the project faster than ever with its dual couplers allows you to use two nailers at once. One thing more that makes it a classic machine is the 360-degree swivel connector on the hose, which makes it easy to maneuver the compressor. You can enjoy the smooth-running and low maintenance while working on this device as it is an oil-free air compressor. The hose keeps its shape and resists tangling via its lay-flat design. The stylish yet top-class for sure! This is small in size and weighs about thirty-five pounds, which is a little heavier, easily manageable, and maneuverable so we can put it in a list of small yet powerful compressors, right? - Easy to use - 50-foot hose - 2 people use it at once - It consists of plastic parts Final Verdict: 5.) Power Mate Vx 1 Gallon Pancake – Best for Small Projects It is time to save time and money because we have a PowerMate Vx air compressor which is commonly known as a rugged design pancake compressor that is small, portable, and also comes with two raft/mattress inflation nozzles, a ball tire chuck, adapter fitting and much more. Key Features: Portability generally means lightweight and maneuverable so, say hello to this 1-gallon pancake compressor that has a limited capacity than its competitors but, still, you can use it for small-scale projects like filling small car tires, filling small air tools, and also filling of bicycle tires. This portable 1-gallon pancake compressor’s weight is just 12 pounds. Yes, this is right, it is so compact and easy to carry that you can put it in your car and work on the go. No more worries of an oil change, and stay away from the mess of replacing belts and pulleys as this compressor has an oil-free setup and a low-maintenance machine; the package also includes a recoil 25-foot air hose. This PowerMate Vx air compressor comes with plenty of accessories and tools, including adapter fittings, inflation needles, a quick coupler, a male thread connector that ensure tight connections to keep it safe and secure, and projects become a fun-filled task. A centralized handle makes it easier to carry, and rubber feet to stabilize the machine are also present underneath. These rubber feet allow it to reduce vibration and keep it in place. Additionally, the pressure gauge placement on/off switch makes it simple to operate even when using it for the first time. One downside is that it Struggles to get the maximum air pressure, and due to its insecure couplers, sometimes it is challenging to attach it with different accessories. - Travel-friendly - Compact machine - Best for small projects - Centralized handle - Noisier Final Verdict: 6.) Porter-Cable 6-Gallon Air Compressor Kit – Best Oil-Free The Porter-Cable air compressor is ready for work air compressor, which is the first choice for many home users who want to complete DIY and home tasks. Slightly bigger from competitors’ products but still portable and enough to use for household or at the workplace. Key Features: Porter-Cable built this air compressor with durable construction that carries a 6- gallon tank like all other pancake compressors. This much gallon capacity is enough to make it the best for household nailing work. The oil-free motor is very efficient which does not need much maintenance, and will be your companion for a long time. The kit also includes a 25-foot hose, coupling, three brad nailers (16, 18, and 23 gauge). These brad nailers have tool-free depth-of-drive adjustment. The 16 gauge helps to finish nails from 1-inch to 2-1/2-inch long. The 18 gauge brad nails from 5/8-inch to 2-inch long, and a heavy-duty 3/8 inch crown stapler brad nails of 1 /4-inch to 9/16-inch for multiple applications. A tool-free jam release allows you to push back the nails if you use any nail in the wrong place, which is so cool indeed! The maintenance-free motors deliver 150 PSI, enabling you to drive more nails than traditional compressors, which deliver a consistent 135 PSI. This compressor weighs around 30 pounds which is not so much, and you can easily carry it with you from place to place. The Porter-Cable air compressor is suitable for filling vehicle tires on the go as it is top-rated for quiet operation. Porter-Cable does not mention the decibels, but their air compressors are primarily noise-free and not so loud. - The kit has 3 brad nailers - Durable and long-lasting - Comes with a quiet compressor - Have expiry date Final Verdict: Ultimate Buying Guide for getting Best Pancake Air Compressor: Work smarter, not harder, with the best pancake air compressor. These small air compressors work perfectly for all home-related tasks which require a bit of air. The small tank capacity is filled with air and remains filled while doing the operation. As these compressors hold about 6 gallons so when you plan a quick top-off in the driveway, they fill your car tires comfortably. With the correct tire pressure, enjoy better gas mileage and long-lasting tires. This buying guide will surely help you to buy the best Pancake air compressor. 1.) Maximum PSI Rating: The max PSI rating is the essential feature you have to consider. PSI is the maximum pressure an air compressor can read and handle. Go for a compressor that can comfortably do home tasks and have a maximum PSI of at least 90. The higher PSI simply means a higher capacity to blow the air and drain the tank faster. Maximum PSI pressure capacity easily operates and maintains your compressor. 2.) Tank Capacity: Mostly pancake air compressors have a standard air tank of 6 gallons. Some of the models are small and carry one or two gallons capacity. The larger tanks hold more air and will last longer before the tanks need to refill the air. A larger unit means the tank will be heavier. If the PSI or CRM capacity is lower, do compensation while using larger tanks. 3.) Noise Level: This means how loud a compressor is while running. Despite quality pancake air compressors being so small, some are very loud and noisy. A lower or equal to 80 dB is preferred, so always choose an air compressor with low noise operation. 4.) Durability: If you want to use Small pancake air compressors for occasional use then you will be ok with any standard air compressor. If you need it for running multiple nailers and doing heavy-duty tasks, then use a rugged design. Most of the time, a heavy-d120-voltury roll cage and metal cage protecting the compressors give four times longer life. 5.) Portability: Technically all the best pancake air compressors are portable air compressors that are also compact and simple to carry around. If you plan to take it with you, look for a sturdy build handle and rubber feet on the bottom, as while it’s running, prevent vibrations and protect your floors. 6.) Pump Type: There are two types of best pancake air compressors, oil and oil-free. Keep in mind Oil-based air tanks offer a longer duration of usage. They have a simple and convenient design, clean quickly, and are lighter than those oil pumps. For better usage and durability, always choose an oil-free air tank with the highest duty cycle, an oil-free brushless motor, and more. You will see a noticeable price difference between the price of an oil or oil-free pump. The oil-free compressor is more affordable for users. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ): Which is better: A Pancake or Hot Dog Air Compressor? Hot dog air compressors have slightly larger tank capacities, which help them to last longer without any need of refilling again and again. But they are louder than Pancakes, each one carries its own specialties, and both brands do not compromise on quality. Are Pancake Air compressors Any good? Pancake compressors come with small tanks and are easy to carry. They are best for doing small projects. As they are lightweight, you can easily take them to your project sites whenever you want. How Does A Pancake Air Compressor Work? The tank is filled with air which you can use further. Then use the attached hose to harness the power of the machine to fill a pneumatic tool, bicycle tire, or car tire. As you are using compressed air, the tank will fill continuously to maintain pressure. Our Takeaway:!

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Dryer balls can take care of that too because they absorb most of the moisture in the drum while your laundry is bouncing around. This helps keep the humidity in your machine at a good level, which leaves your clothes static free when you remove them when the timer buzzes. Speaking of timers, a big reason why our clean clothes have static on them when we pull them out is due to the reason that we’ve dried them for too long. I realize it’s easy to just turn the knob to “more dry” and let it go longer so that your towels aren’t wet but the longer you dry your clothes the more chance you have of aging them prematurely with too much heat. The Benefits Besides not putting toxins into the air you breath or onto the clothes that sit on your skin where your pores are willing to soak all that in, there are other benefits for adopting this method and getting rid of those waxy sheets. It’s Cheaper You are only able to use one softener sheet per load, and they come at about one-hundred and sixty sheets per box. The going rate for a top brand was about $5.97 for one box. So that is one-hundred and sixty loads, which comes to about four cents a load. The wool dryer balls, which can typically go for more than five hundred loads before becoming fuzzy and useless, come in at just under three cents a load. Sure, this doesn’t seem like a big difference, but over time, those pennies add up. You Can Create Your Own Scent If you only have mountain breeze scented sheets, then that’s what your clothes will smell like even if you are bored with it. With dryer balls, the creativity can begin. Essential oils are a wonderful addition and allow you to add your favorites to your clean items. Not only will they make your clothes smell great, but you will also be able to reap the benefits of aromatherapy when you wear them. What Are Essential Oils? They are volatile compounds extracted from different plants, fruits, berries, and roots that grow all over the world. The first synthetic medication, chloral hydrate, was created 150 years ago, which isn’t that old when it comes to humanity and medical advancements. That means that all the time before that, humans treated their ailments with the foliage and vegetation they found growing outside. Some of them help with depression, others with heartburn, and others to help with insomnia. There are few ailments out there that aren’t paired with an essential oil designed to treat it, which is why adding these scents to your clothing, towels, and sheets would be a way to use these items as traveling diffusers. How your wash will come out smelling exactly the way you want. Who Should Use These? Wool dryer balls are good for anyone who loves aromatherapy, is tired of synthetic scents, and does their own laundry. The sheets are easy to use but you are stuck with the one fragrance, which is typically created synthetically in a lab. If you are a person who loves to live their life naturally with as few chemicals as possible, then dryer balls might be the substitution you need in your life. Best Essential Oils For Dryer Balls Now that you know how to use them and where the essential oils fit in, what scents would work best with your new little spheres made of hair from a sheep? In all honesty, there isn’t one out there that couldn’t be used with this method. I say- if you like the way it smells, then, by all means, use it. Of course, there are certain fragrances that would work better than others for certain things. In that case, while you can use any essential oils you want, there are some that prove to be better than others, depending on what you are trying to achieve. Essential Oil Singles The term “singles” refers to one extract from that particular plant host. Lavender - Spicy, floral scent - Extracted from Lavender flowers - Relaxes - Alleviates stress and anxiety - Repels insects I tend to start all my “top EOs” lists with this one because it’s my favorite. Mostly because it was the first one I ever used, but it isn’t a stretch to say that lavender is of the more popular scents available. How many times have you shopped for detergent or soap to find it in one of your options no matter what the brand was? Several would be my guess. There is a good reason for the love of lavender oil. Not only does it reduce stressors, but it is also a natural insect repellent and can help you fall asleep. Derived from a little purple flower that goes by the same name, this southern French native is a powerhouse when it comes to benefits from inhalation. So adding it to your sheets and towels can help you achieve a calming attitude when you are in bed or after your morning shower. Who Should Purchase This? This floral scent is for anyone who likes to feel relaxed. It’s a great scent to use when you are drying your bedding since it aids with sleep as one of its many benefits. Young Living Ylang-ylang - Sweet, floral scent - Extracted from Ylang-Ylang tree - Eases depression - Energizes - Helps with personal connections Pronounced like “ee-lahng ee-lahng,” this scent is another that is being used frequently in my home. I love the freshness and always feel like my spirits lift up a little after I smell it.. On top of all that, it has been said to aid with personal connections. The extract from these flowers has also been used to lower blood pressure. Native to the rainforests of the South Pacific and parts of Asia, this scent is regularly used in commercial perfumes. So, even if you have never smelled pure ylang-ylang before, you are probably familiar with the aroma. Who Should Purchase This? Those of you out there reading this who are fond of floral smells that sway toward the sweet side should give this oil a try. It would be a nice scent for every day or present in your workout clothes since it energizes. Plant Therapy Bergamot - Light citrus floral scent - Extracted from the rind of a bergamot orange - Antidepressant - Alleviates anxiety - Works as a sedative With a citrus smell like an orange, this next essential oil has a hint of blossoms, which would leave anyone’s jeans with an amazing aroma. Not only does it bring a mixture of several aromatic styles, it works as an antidepressant and eases anxiety. When you add a few drops to the woolen spheres you will be embedding all these aromatic benefits right into the clothes you wear. Just as it is with other oils that relieve anxiety and ease depression, this extract works as a sedative as well, which would be perfect for those pillowcases. It’s an odor remover, which is a perk in this use. It also kills germs so will the hot air that your wash is tumbling around in. It never hurts to be extra safe. Extracted from the rind of the citrus fruit of a European tree, this is another scent that is used often in commercial scents. It is removed and separated through a process known as expression and would work well in a blend with one of the oils we’ve already mentioned. Who Should Purchase? This scent is a good choice for the citrus lover. It smells like an orange, but it has a hint of floral aromas in there too. Besides smelling good, this aroma will relieve you of anxiety and help you battle your depression. Rocky Mountain Oils Chamomile - Light floral scent - Extracted from Chamomile flowers - Relaxes - Battles depression - Curbs angry feelings Not just for tea, this scent is one of the most relaxing around. If you haven’t noticed, we have a theme going on here. When it comes to our wash, we either want to be inspired, relaxed, or refreshed. This particular essential oil is a strong contender when it comes to relaxation. The scent of it battles depression and even curbs angry feelings. There are typically two types of chamomile, German and Roman, which have different scientific names. Yet they both contain the same aromatic powers when it comes to the essential oils that are distilled from their flowers. Have you ever had a time when the weight of the world is upon you and a cup of chamomile tea is all that stands between you and serenity? What if the blanket you drape over your sofa smelled like that when you wrapped your child in it for an afternoon nap? Yes, this aroma is fresh and perfect for your dirty dungarees. Who Should Purchase This? If you like floral aromas but don’t prefer the stronger scents like rose, then this is a solid choice. Its light in is fragrance, and it relaxes everyone who smells its scent. Young Living Rose - Strong floral scent - Extracted from Rose petals - Battles anxiety - Lifts the spirit - Kills bacteria Steam distilled from the most popular flower to ever hit Valentine’s Day, this essential oil is another ideal addition to your dryer balls. Not only does it smell amazing, but it also gives off a sense of warmth when first inhaled. I have to admit, in this application, this is one of my favorite oils to add. It isn’t surprising to learn that rose oil combats depression while working as an aphrodisiac. It kills bacteria and helps ease anxiety. Can you imagine having this scent in your scarves or your bathing suits? I have to say that when I fold my clothing and get a nice whiff of roses my day suddenly becomes brighter. If you’re feeling amorous, put these in with your sheets and schedule a romantic evening for you and your partner. It could be a homemade dinner or a night out on the town. Whether you and your significant other enjoy snuggling on the sofa watching a movie or hitting the hottest dance club in town, add some rose oil to your linens or clothing will add a little bit of a nudge in the right direction. Who Should Purchase This? Anyone who loves roses should buy a bottle of this. I have some myself, and it’s rare I make a blend without it. It’s so warm and reminds me of love. If you are a romantic, this scent would work for you too. Doterra Lemon - Lemon scent - Extracted from the rind of Lemons - Stress reliever - Eases anxiety - Refreshing scent When it comes to cleaning there is no scent used more than lemon. It’s refreshing and people love to smell it when they walk through their homes. Commercially, it’s put into furniture polish, surface cleaner, and detergent. So, it makes sense that this aroma would be put on our essential oil list of the top choices for tumbling tops. Smelling fresh isn’t the only good thing about this EO. It’s a stress reliever like so many others on this list, but is that a bad thing? Life is stressful, so if our clothes emitted scents that lessened our anxiety that would be a wonderful thing for us. This scent is another popular addition to perfumes, lotions, and candles. It’s used in face washes and skin care products because it leaves everything smelling crisp and clean. Imagine pulling a white sheet over yourself as you smell a bit of lemon before drifting off to sleep. Who Should Purchase This? This is another choice for citrus fans. We all know what lemon tastes like and how it brings about a burst of happiness when we smell it. This is why we put it in our water, our salads, our laundry and anything else we can put it into. Because it’s refreshing and we love it, it’s worth having it linger in our clothes as well. Young Living Jasmine - Floral scent - Extracted from Jasmine petals - Battles depression - Sleep aid - Popular in commercial fragrances Lastly, on our list of singles, we have a floral scent that also helps anyone feeling depressed, having pulled themselves out of the darkness. Steam distilled from the flowers of Royal jasmine, it is another popular fragrance with fans of aromatherapy. Besides pulling you out of your slump, this aroma can help you fall asleep if you dry your sheets with it. Jasmine stimulates romantic desires and is just a pleasant odor to have around. If you like, you can blend a few of these singles by putting one drop of each in a plastic ziplock bag and dropping your fleece globes in there for a while. An overnight soak should do it. When they are dry, you can pop them in with your freshly washed towels. Then, when you shower, you will come out ready to collect the moisture off your body while leaving behind a beautiful mixture of your favorites. Who Should Purchase This? Here, we have another choice for fans of floral aromas. This one works well when you are feeling depressed and need a little happiness. It also serves as a sleep aid. So if you are looking for another choice for your sheets and pillowcases, try this. Essential Oil Blends The fun thing about singles is to see which ones blend together to make the perfect aroma. I enjoy making blends myself and have my favorite carrier oils and essential oils to use. Lucky for busy people, some of the best companies in the business of aromatherapy have created their own blends for us to try. We’ve put together a few of our favorites to try with your wool dryer balls. Bouquet by Plant Therapy - Floral scent - A blend of Mandarin, Lemon, Lavender, Palmarosa, and Ho Wood. - Battles depression - Lifts the spirit - Eases anxiety Since I brought up blending your singles, we might as well take a look at some of the blends essential oil manufacturers have come up with that would be a fabulous addition to your collection of scents to add to your clean clothes. This particular one was created by Plant Therapy, a strong contender for the top essential oil producer in the world. This floral mixture was created to give the wearer a brighter day when needed and leaves everyone feeling lovely. It’s a pleasant blend of Mandarin, Lemon, Lavender, Palmarosa, and Ho Wood. We’ve already discussed a few of these ingredients but we should explore the ones we haven’t. Mandarin This scent can calm your nerves, help you sleep, leave your clothes smelling fresh. Palmarosa This is mostly an antiviral oil that is wonderful for moisturizing. This doesn’t do much in the application we are speaking of today. Ho Wood Here is one that would pack a punch into your life if it was a constant aroma coming from your clothes. It’s an antidepressant, a sleep aid, and it is a stimulant for the immune system. Who Should Purchase This? If you like floral aromas but don’t prefer the stronger scents like rose, then this is a solid choice. Its light in is fragrance, and it relaxes everyone who smells its scent. Joy by Young Living - Warm scent - A blend of Bergamot, Ylang-ylang, Geranium, Lemon, Coriander, Tangerine, Jasmine, Roman chamomile, Palmarosa, and Rose - Stress reliever - Deodorizes - Refreshing Who doesn’t like to be happy? Well, I am sure there are a few people out there who enjoy being miserable, and I can think of a few right now. Still, the majority of us are on an endless pursuit of joy. How funny that this blend is named that very thing? Young Living is a top essential oil company, and their oils are as pure as they come. This particular blend they created was designed specifically to give the smeller a sense of warmth and bliss. With ingredients like Bergamot, Ylang-ylang, Geranium, Lemon, Coriander, Tangerine, Jasmine, Roman chamomile, Palmarosa, and Rose, it’s no wonder it’s such a popular product. Geranium This essential oil is a stress reliever as well. It battles depression, eases high blood pressure, and can improve the circulation of your blood. Coriander Uplifting in its aroma, this essential oil works as a strong deodorant, a stimulant, and an aphrodisiac all while killing fungi. Tangerine Citrus oils are always a great way to get your things smelling clean, which is a good thing since the benefits of this essential oils are via topical use mostly. Who Should Purchase This? If you like floral aromas but don’t prefer the stronger scents like rose, then this is a solid choice. Its light in is fragrance, and it relaxes everyone who smells its scent. Citrus Blast by Lisse Essentials - Strong citrus scent - A blend of Sweet Orange, Tangerine, Mandarin, Clementine, and Vanilla - Fights depression - Immunity booster - Works as a sedative Lisse Essentials may not be a household name like some of the others we’ve mentioned, but their blends are interesting, and this one, in particular, might just make those clean clothes smell cleaner. How is that possible? With citrus. We already discussed how lemons make everything smell crisp and there is no denying that Sweet Orange is another great citrus cleaner. Other ingredients include Tangerine, Mandarin, Clementine, and Vanilla. The latter is the only non-citrus oil in the blend. Sweet Orange In the area of this application, this oil will help fight depression and can aid with sleeping. Clementine This essential oil can help boost your immunity all while adding to the fresh citrus smell in your sweater. Vanilla As the only non-citrus oil in a citrus blend, this essential oil has a great many benefits when it comes to inhalation. It relieves depression, works as a sedative, and a tranquilizer. Who Should Purchase This? If you are a citrus fan but are looking for something that offers a little more, then this might be a good choice for you. It takes a few of our favorites and adds a hint of vanilla to add a bit of sweetness. Awake & Aware by Edens Garden - Spicy scent - A blend of West Indian Sandalwood, Patchouli, Frankincense, Lime, Ylang Ylang, Sandalwood, and Chamomile - Boosts blood circulation - Leaves fresh scent - Helps with focus After our morning showers, all we want to do is have enough energy to move about our day. That’s why I added this blend to our list of scent to add to your dryer balls. Sometimes focus and determination are not that easy to come by, that’s when we call in this blend from Eden’s Garden. This spicy scent was created to get your blood and your body moving when it needs a shove. It is a special blend of West Indian Sandalwood, Patchouli, Frankincense, Lime, Ylang Ylang, Sandalwood, and Chamomile. Let’s take a closer look. West Indian Sandalwood/Sandalwood This essential oil boosts memory and lowers blood pressure all while making your clothes smell fantastic. Patchouli Known mostly as a hippie scent, this musky odor can serve as an aphrodisiac as well. Frankincense This biblical essential oil is a scent that one might relate to the Catholic church and mass, at least that’s when I first remember smelling the earthy scent. It serves as a reliever of anxiety and stress while smelling amazing. Lime Just like all the other citrus scents we have gone over, this one just leaves everything smelling fresh and clean. Who Should Purchase This? Anyone looking for their laundry to have a scent that will energize them should seriously consider this blend. It’s also a good choice for anyone who appreciates spicy aromas. To Conclude While there are a ton of essential oils out there and any one of them would work in your new wool dryer balls, there are certain scents that work better than others. Eucalyptus has a ton of benefits, but the scent is strong and might not smell great the first time you wash that new dress. If you can think of an essential oil that would work well in this application but wasn’t mentioned here, leave a comment below. If you know someone who would like to read this article, please pass it along.

Saxon superbly idiosyncratic work. A full review and analysis of the BFI Flipside release of Sleepwalker can be found here. When did you first realise you wanted to make films? Was it a gradual process of realisation or was there a particular moment that solidified your desire to make films? Since I can honestly remember back to my childhood I had a fascination with movies and the film world. My Mother was a movie fan and my earliest influence. She knew everything there was to know about the Movie Stars’ lives and devoured Hollywood Gossip Magazines. She would take me to the cinema regularly. She had pretty undiscriminating taste in movies but excellent judgement when it came to those Stars that could act. She just loved to lose herself in each of these movies. I was pretty young at the time, say five or six, and like her fell under the spell of movies. As a kid I truly thought a film was “composed” by the actors and my first thought was to become a movie actor. Then one day I picked up a Movie Magazine and there were some “behind the scenes” photographs taken during the filming of The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. I noticed this stern looking man wearing a skewed baseball cap and black eye patch pointing from behind a camera. The caption read John Ford, Director. It dawned on me someone was guiding the way the film was made. It appealed to me greatly that you could “invent” a movie. I made a make shift movie camera from a wooden Orange Box and used the cardboard roll from lavatory paper as a lens. I began to play at “directing”. I involved my school friends and would direct them as they played Cowboy and War games; games that became more and more inventive and complex. My cast grew. Kids I barely knew would pitch up to be in my “play, play” movies. I began shooting using my family 8mm cine camera. I loved seeing the developed film – particularly tracking shots taken from the back of my father’s car. I would see any movie showing at our local cinemas but it was Zulu rather than Lawrence of Arabia that caught my attention. This epic film about courage, endurance, cowardice and heroic acceptance was made with such impressive economy. The John Barry soundtrack is marvellous and stirring. It remains a favourite. Then I saw Antonioni’s Blow Up. I was enchanted by the film’s panache, the filmmaking and the fact it engaged the audience, allowing them to interpret the movie with out seeming to prescribe the way to see it. Then came If…. This film of all films from my early days had the greatest impact of all. If… for me – and for many of my contemporaries was our Rebel Without a Cause. It again was made with such economy of expression and yet had a beauty, boldness, truth and elegance. I wrote the name of the filmmaker on the ticket stub: Lindsay Anderson. Instinctively, perhaps mystically I retained the stub, never wanting to forget the Director’s name. By now I knew I would be a filmmaker or nothing at all. In the video interview on the latest release of Sleepwalker, you mention writing to a lot of filmmakers before getting a reply from Lindsay Anderson. What sort of things were you sending off to them, whom were you sending them off to and what sort of responses (general or specific) did you get back? I arrived in the UK from Rhodesia when I was barely 18; I rejected conscription into the Rhodesian Army (I believed the freedom fighters had a more righteous cause) and therefore faced prison. My Mother could not endure the thought of me being sent to prison and arranged for me to be spirited out of the country. I arrived in England, a real green foot, and a naïf but with one aim in mind: to make films. I got odd job work to sustain myself and in all my free time would read up on films, go to movies and write off to various leading figures in the UK Film Business. My letters affirmed my determination to make films no matter what but initially an opportunity to learn was all I sought. My letters expressed a single-minded determination and were perhaps too full of passion. This probably didn’t appeal to the English recipients. I recall writing to Bryan Forbes who headed up a major initiative to revive British Cinema. I got a standard copied letter of rejection in response suggesting I accept the reality of the British Film Industry’s situation and settle for another career. It was pp’d and signed by a secretary. Richard Attenborough sent me a negative response getting my name wrong throughout the brief note of rejection. John Schlesinger said try America. I then read an interview with Lindsay Anderson in a back issue of Sight and Sound. I was so impressed and encouraged by his succinct affirmative way of expressing himself and his stirring boldness. I wrote to him, never thinking he would respond. Instead I received, almost by return, a postcard written in a distinctive hand and in red Pentel: “You sound interesting tell me more about yourself.” I did; how my mission was “to turn cinemas in to cathedrals of art”, etc., later he told me how much this had made him laugh but he felt instinctively that I had the right type of ambition: idealistic ambition. He sent me money for a train fare so that we could meet. Could you describe your working relationship with Lindsay Anderson and what sort of influence and help he gave you? Initially, Lindsay had no film work to offer me but as an Associate Director of The Royal Court Theatre, he suggested I might like to work at the Royal Court until he got his next film financed. I leapt at the chance and enjoyed the happiest period of working life there. I was 18 and working with great writers and directors and actors. I directed my first play Dr Galley with Henry Woolf at the Traverse Theatre during the Edinburgh Festival at the age of 19. It transferred to the Soho Poly Theatre in the West End. My greatest fortune as a filmmaker is to have had Lindsay as my mentor. He suggested books to read, insisted I visit art galleries and would constantly challenge any sloppy thinking or expression on my part with rigorous criticism. I was earning very little at the Royal Court but he always made sure I was fed. He would often cook for me or he would take me out to lunch. He was formidable with an incisive intellect and our relationship was very much that of mentor pupil. He very much influenced me – probably he is the single greatest influence in the way I see things, think and approach my work. I will never forget him announcing one afternoon that Warner Brothers were backing his next film O Lucky Man! He offered me a job as a Location Researcher on it. He asked me to read the screenplay and give my opinion. I read it and found it read like no other script. Frankly, I did not know what to make of it. When he asked what I thought of it I was quick enough to say “I found it unique”. He knew I was clueless but liked the way I dealt with the predicament. I graduated from Location Researcher (an invaluable experience) to the Art department making props. With pre-Production complete and filming imminent, it became apparent the Production couldn’t provide any further work for me beyond this point and I was served notice. Then on my last day, I heard Lindsay shouting at someone in the Studio’s courtyard – he was firing his assistant. He stormed into the Art Department and told me to be on the set the next day. He handed me his briefcase and screenplay and I worked through the entire shoot of 3 months alongside him. He allowed me to block certain scenes with actors; he loved the company of actors and I am glad I share this love. He once asked me what was the most important component to filming. I said Cinematography, and he said no! Performance. You can shoot on anything but its performance that invests the film with truth. He was a very hard task master and often acerbic. Once he scolded me. I insisted I was doing my best. He retorted: “too bad your best is second rate!” Towards the end of filming, everyone was issued with letters of notice. I was very distressed not knowing what I would do next. Lindsay noticed my mood and said “I am the only one who can fire you – and I want you to come into the cutting rooms during the edit. Its important you learn to edit” I got to assemble lesser scenes as an exercise and he was impressed by my approach and sense of timing. I became somewhat self important and wanted to only concentrate on the editing process forgetting first and foremost I was Lindsay’s assistant; he asked me to get him a coffee and I said I was too busy with some other task. He fired me on the spot. A year to the day he wrote to me saying that it was about time we met again and we became firm friends. He was without doubt the greatest friend. He helped me financially, was never too busy to give me guidance and was unquestioningly generous. He was the best man at my wedding and always gave me pertinent notes when it came to my films. I am glad I spoke to him the week before he unexpectedly died; I will never forget his words to me: “Remember Saxon, nothing is inevitable and always tell the truth!” Your first short, Stepping Out (1977), supported Roman Polanski’s The Tenant according to the BFI. Do you remember the process that allowed this to happen? What was your reaction at the time? The Acquisitions Manager of the BFI was shown Stepping Out by the British Council Film Festivals Panel and loved it. He was an incredibly nice guy but I thought he would hate the film. Instead he considered it “a minor miracle of film making”. Luckily, for me he had good judgement and twinned the film with The Tenant’s screenings in the BFI’s Regional Cinemas. I loved The Tenant. Polanski is breathtakingly good in it. It proved a successful double bill and Stepping Out eventually showed a profit of £11 from its box office share. Your next short, Working Surface (1979) sees director Bill Douglas taking on the leading role. How did your working relationship with him come about? Did he ever assist or mentor directorially on either of the films you worked on together? Lindsay Anderson had been very supportive of Bill during the making of his Trilogy. Few people could handle Bill’s intensity in a constructive way, but Lindsay could. Indeed few people know that Bill gave his films entirely different titles. Lindsay challenged him saying that the films were personal and biographical so why not call them My Childhood, My Ain Folk and My Way Home. Bill did. Bill worshipped Lindsay, trusted him. Bill’s films affected me greatly. They were sincerely felt, harsh and poetic. I met Bill at a drinks party. At the time I was struggling to find someone convincing to play the writer in Working Surface. Bill looked great. Very striking. And he could type. We just hit it off and I asked him if he would help me by playing the part of the writer. He asked to see the script, and if he liked it he would accept the role. Amazingly he agreed and gave a stand out performance. I was nervous the morning of the shoot. Bill had a hugely impressive reputation as a demanding and exacting filmmaker and I was anxious about working with him. We sat on a wall drinking coffee together before filming and I recall saying defiantly to Bill that if I haven’t made my masterpiece by the time I am 30 I will quit filmmaking. Bill sternly retorted, “if that is your attitude then I shall quit working with you! Don’t you get it? Film is a life -time commitment and if you get to make your masterpiece at 70 be grateful.” Of course I did not mean what I said, but Bill’s admonishment awakened me and I determined to deepen my commitment. We got on very well and he sat in on my edit for the entire 36 hours I spent cutting my film. He helped me with the timing, and at one difficult point solved a badly timed pause in a performance by jump cutting the shot. It worked brilliantly. He knew it was a remarkable film before even I did. Sleepwalker sees the return of two other actors from Working Surface. How did your working relationship with Joanna David and Heather Page come about? I met Joanna David when she was in the BBC’s television serial: Rebecca. I was an assistant film editor on the serial and watching the rushes, I fell in love with her, and the way she looked and the way she acted. I wrote her a letter of admiration and she responded and we became very, very close. Heather and Joanna are great friends and I liked Heather’s wit and quick wittedness. They contrast each other and compliment each other in a way I find attractive. Joanna is a wonderful screen performer, in the same way Dirk Bogarde is – they both have the ability to think their performances and the camera loves this subtly of expression. Both Joanna and Heather are very generous at heart and they really set out to help me as a new filmmaker. James Whale’s The Old Dark House (1932) and the films of Dario Argento have been cited as influences for Sleepwalker. In what way did they influence you and the film? Are there any other films or directors whose work contributed to either Sleepwalker or your other films? The Old Dark House is an extra ordinarily strange and unnerving film. The performances are outré, almost purposefully odd. It is very atmospheric and weirdly sensual. I was fascinated by it. Dario Argento is a perverse stylist. The editing of his films suggests an almost amphetamine driven style. His use of colours and disconcerting mise en scene is extremely beguiling. I love Brian de Palma’s Dressed to Kill and of course Hitchcock, both influences. Marion is named after the Janet Leigh character in Psycho. These are bold filmmakers. In the end though the prevailing influence is Lindsay Anderson. Influence certainly, but not style nor vision. I am a proud protégé, and I owe Lindsay a huge debt of gratitude but I am emphatically my own films’ maker. Though shot through the prism of an atmospheric horror, Sleepwalker also has strong political questioning in its narrative of Thatcher-lead Britain. Was this the main aim of Sleepwalker? Did its negative assessment of the yuppie life-style reflect your own opinions on it? Were there any other directors at the time who you felt were asking similar questions? I had a great deal of freedom to make whatever film I wanted. I love Britain and care about it deeply. That is why I chose to make Sleepwalker. I naively thought it would be a “wake up” film that would be entertaining, too. It is not entirely rooted in Thatcher’s time nor does it knock the aspirations of the young and thrusting. Instead, it knocks rapacious and unthinking greed, spineless idealism, and meek acquiescence. I feel it is still relevant now. For all its surface appearance Britain is dilapidated. There is a cold aggressiveness to the culture. Politically the current parties are like high street banks: in the same business only differentiated by the colour of their debit and credit cards. I think “Albion” is incrementally decaying while the rich concentrate on getting richer, the middle class acquiesce and the poor can just go to hell. Bill Douglas got the script in one. He came up to me and said: “Marion is Britannia gone mad, is she not?” Your later work has focussed more towards documentaries such as films about Dirk Bogarde and African poaching. Is documentary where all of your interests now are or are there more fictional films to come? I have been lucky in that I have never had to compromise. I have always made the films I want to make. I have never been a hired gun or made a film as a career move or with reluctance. With a family to support I could still make feature length Documentaries and remain true to myself. My documentaries are not TV programmes, they are films. One young Graduate at Sheffield University wrote a thesis on my film Black Rhino: The Last Stand. He saw it as Conradian and that the threatened Black Rhino symbolised the whites of Southern Africa. I also see it as a kind of homage to Melville’s Moby Dick. I am proud I have made documentaries that brought about change. Place of Skulls brought about a world -wide Ivory ban. It still is not enough to save the Elephant, but it heightened awareness. I loathe current wild life programmes on National Geographic and Discovery. There is so little human involvement in the narratives and the anthropomorphic scripting is ridiculous. Disney was doing that kind of stuff in the 1950s. Nowadays, serious environmental concerns are addressed in three minute specials on 24 hour news channels. I can emphatically say I am planning more narrative films for Cinema to come. I have completed two screenplays: At The Gates of Thunder – about Dr Livingstone’s failed Zambezi Expedition and this is in an advanced stage of development. “Freedom” – a picaresque and satirical movie set now and about the adventures of a British Army Deserter is a movie I dearly want to realise. I am also working on a draft scenario for a thriller entitled Fiddlers’ Green. I would love to make a movie from James M Cain’s novel Serenade. You’re famous for being a “vocational” director meaning that you only involve yourself in projects that you’re interested in. Would you advise this creative stance for young filmmakers today? Is there any advice you’d give for new British filmmakers? I resist being prescriptive. So much is down to luck, which in the end is really only good timing. Making a film is an accomplishment in itself – that is true and respect worthy – but it isn’t enough. There are far too many mini films being made in Britain. You only need read the review columns in Sight and Sound. Nothing stands out and they all seem so interchangeable. Then you get the earnest type of “human condition” films the British Film Establishment love financing – all so laudable yet they feel pallid, bloodless. Worst are those British movies with British Actors acting with no cinematic substance. Make great films that are good, and true. Be ambitious. Have a voice. Have an attitude. I welcome the development of digital cameras and technology and in theory it is all well and good being available to anybody; but there is just one thing to note, you must have talent, taste and aesthetic judgement. I would also say this: it is not enough to kind of want to make films, instead you have to have the attitude: I must make films. This distinguishes the sincere artist. I think vocational film makers are fortunate in one respect: they are prepared to endure, and suffer what there is to suffer because they also know there is so much to enjoy when you get the opportunity to realise the film you want to make. It is important that while you are waiting for an opportunity to make a film, (even if you haven’t made one ) have the attitude that you are still a filmmaker! Keep writing, making notes of ideas, go to art galleries, study paintings, listen to music (film is a close cousin to music) and read, mostly poetry. All this contributes and enriches you. When the opportunity comes, make your film as if it is the last film you will get to make. Apply your whole life force to it. Praise your collaborators; creatively conspire with your actors. Above all don’t be timid, be bold. Learn to edit properly. This is a craft gradually being lost. You find that the technically adept with new editing technology have no sense of timing and pacing. Of course it is wonderful to be acclaimed a master of cinema, of film, but until that happens you must be a master of patience. Adam Scovell One thought on “Interview with Saxon Logan (Sleepwalker, Stepping Out, Working Surface).”

This book is why God gave us scholars. The connection between evolutionary Darwinism and “scientific” racism is a straight line connection, and Richard Weikart draws it carefully. Weikart handles sensational material, but does not do so in a sensationalistic way. He produces so many damning quotes he has to deliver them with a forklift. But he is a quiet scholar, letting the historical information make its own appalling point. Occasionally, once in a while, he will deliver an understated aside in his own voice. But for the rest, it is just raw history — and for the dedicated evolutionist, a very unpleasant history. Weikart says this, near the beginning: “I also need to make clear from the start that this is a historical study. When I draw connections between Darwin, German Darwinists, eugenicists, racial theorists, and militarists, I am not thereby endorsing their logic — I leave it to the read to decide the logic of their case” (p. 9). Having been thus invited, on my read, given their premises, the logic was sound. He who says A must eventually say B, even if B is atrocious. But they said it anyway. The book provides a window into another time, yet another time when the “science was settled,” and you were a buffoon on the wrong side of history if you didn’t go along with them. It shows that the first century of Darwinism (and there have not yet been two centuries of it) was represented by men whose racial hubris and intellectual pride drove them all barking mad. But, in their defense, the science was settled. There’s that. So let me give you one quote, and one book plate illustration, both from Haeckel, the man who gave us the “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” wheeze, the idea that we all go through the varying stages of evolution in the womb. This concept also provided justification for abortion, by the way, because each individual has to evolve all the way up to the status of regular folks. A child in the womb is still at the “brute” stage and, if he doesn’t want to get treated like a cephalopod, needs to get a move on. Haeckel said this: “The theory of evolution finally makes clear, that the ‘eternal, iron laws of nature‘ of the inorganic world are also valid in the organic and moral world” (From Darwin to Hitler, p. 25). Roll that around in your mind for a few minutes. And then run. Here is the frontispiece from Haeckel’s Naturaliche Schopfungsgeschichte. Remember that the science is settled. In the eyes of contemporary Darwinists, it is, of course, mandatory for us all to draw a sharp distinction between Darwinism as a theorem in biology and social Darwinism, which wound up doing a bunch of wicked things to the planet. But why should we draw this distinction? If there is no God, we are just protoplasm that has gotten as far as the junior high school of meaninglessness, and what on earth do you mean by wicked? The first chapter of this book is on the rise of moral relativism. Evolution produced its own ethic from inside — which had to be survival — and this was necessary because there was no longer any “outside” from which we might derive any objective meaning. Weikart shows the attitudes that many believed Darwinism created on a host of related issues. What do we do with the less fit? Eugenics and euthanasia were intertwined. What about war and peace? A number of the Darwinists were militarists, but even the Darwinian pacifists were against the First World War, not because people were getting killed, but rather because the wrong people were getting killed. As soon as the superiors quit fighting among themselves, the lower races were going to have to fend for themselves, and the white Europeans were going to overrun the globe. What fun that would be! This is just the way it was. History had this inexorable mojo going. Darwin’s Origin was published in 1859, and the racist implications of that theory were widely held for almost a century after that point — and were significant factors in two World Wars. And the point was dropped more for PR reasons than logical reasons. Hitler was kind of a disastrous poster boy for racial purity. But the implications of the theory cannot be just waved away. Take this as an example in a book just recently published. Any Christian pastor who wants to contribute meaningfully to the issues that swirl around cultural engagement needs to get this book. This is not a piece of antiquarian intellectual history. None of this has gone away yet, and will not go away until we get the bad root completely out. There are too many confusions here to quickly sort out. Highly debatable if not simply false: 1. Germany started WW1. 2. Germany started WW2. 3. Germans were motivated primarily by Darwinism. 4. The Glorious Allies were motivated primarily by anti-Darwinism. 5. Darwinism (macro-evolution) is the only theory that could motivate eugenics. Moreover, the narrative is basically modus tollens on “if Darwinism then racial differences” and the consequent is something one is not allowed to say. Yet everyone knows there are substantial racial differences. So the premise for the modus tollens to work is purely political, not factual. This approach might… Read more » Tim H, You are misreading what I said here, and while that makes my position easier to debate, it winds up not being my position you are debating. For just one example, “significant factor” is very different than “motivated primarily by.” I suggest you try over. What is your stance on mental illness do you think some of its manifestations are Satanic or some such utter complete total nonsense. We know how the Christian church dealt with these issues over several hundreds of years. In my reading you are a young earth creationist and you deny the evidence that supports the theory of evolution, if I am incorrect I am sorry. What is your take on germ theory, the theory of relativity, plate tectonics etc. Oh Pastor Wilson what is your take on vaccines, do you think it would serve the Gospel of Jesus to have… Read more » Darwin proposed the theory of evolution because he believed it was true. His “Origin” clearly states that all humans are one species, and he was no friend to slavery. Racism is as old as humanity, and Plato himself suggested an early form of eugenics in The Republic. We can hold Darwin accountable for the subsequent perversions of his theory only if we believe that any writer or thinker is morally responsible for any misunderstanding or misconduct arising from his ideas. Is Galileo to blame if any Christian’s faith was weakened by the discovery that the earth is not the center… Read more » Dear Tim H, I do not see where Doug was offering a modus tollens argument, especially based on your summary, though if he had, modus tollens is a valid form of argumentation. I do not think it is dishonest for an author to provide quotes from people who committed atrocities and who argued that their actions were acceptable on the basis of a Darwinian view of origins. Now, it would be fallacious if one side in a debate only chose the worst instances of the views of their debate opponents, and ignored better representations. It is quite another, however, if… Read more » The book sounds much better than this post. A historical study is not a logical argument, or even a polemic. I also like how Darwinist inspired racism suddenly became a major factor in WW1. Please try again, maybe without your culture war blinders this time. Germany DID NOT start [email protected] if the author said that, then that is historically wrong. If the author stated thatGermany started WW1, then the author is simply wrong. The Austro-Hungarian Empire started the war because of the assassination in Sarajevo or the Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian terrorist. So Pastor Wilson, do you plan on reading Nicholas Wade’s new book? I haven’t gotten to it yet but I did enjoy his last book, “Before the Dawn”. Read the book. The theme of the book is not that Darwin foresaw where his theories led, but that the intellectuals of the next hundred years followed them to their logical conclusions. These were not fringe characters, but people like Haeckel. His fraudulent pictures of evolutionary recapitulation in the human womb were in standard high schoold science textbooks at least until the early seventies. Others like Huxley and Sanger are still influential today. Few people today understand how powerful the eugenics movement was and how it still has a powerful hold on American thinking. I had a liberal buddy tell… Read more » This is really not a strong agument. An evolutionist could certainly point out that racial violence was much more widespread prior to Darwin and that racial violence is less frequent today amongst populations that have more fully embraced Darwinism. Me against my brother, me and my brothers against my cousins, me, my brothers and my cousins against the world. No Darwin needed. Nobody said Germany started WWI, except Tim H who said Wilson and/or Weikart were wrong for saying it. Jane, thanks. And neither Weikart nor Wilson said it, or as far as I can ascertain, think it. Since no one else has asked, allow me: Brian Darby, what in the world are you on about? Just a heads up that I am praying for you Pastor Wilson and I appreciate you taking the guff you do. I hope you are not allergic to straw as its been a bit thick about here lately. By the time I was a couple lines into the post, I knew that it would bring out the religious fanatics in full force, …you know the ones who worship the creation AS the creator. But where is comrade Eric, did he take the day off? The theme of the book is not that Darwin foresaw where his theories led, but that the intellectuals of the next hundred years followed them to their logical conclusions. The logical conclusions of Darwin’s theories are that isolated populations will diverge over time and exhibit different traits. Which is uncontroversial aside from Darwin’s assertion that new species will arise over time from this process. People don’t seem to realize, especially when they’re mired in right wing resentments, that Darwin was attempting to explain what everyone could readily observe, not shoot us off into a new set of ideological crusades. That… Read more » Matt, you said: Of course not, since liberals are already on their knees worshiping at the alter of evolution, environmentalism, etc. They are not really godless, but the closest they come to worshiping the Living God is in their worship of the earth and His creation. I’ve got three honest questions: 1. Can we now talk about 2014 instead of 1934? Oh, good. 2. Now, what reason does the Chinese government give for killing (often through abortion) children (mostly females)? 3. And do they use “science” or “religion” arguments to legitimize their genocide of children (again, mostly women)? An aside: Take the hint feminists, abortion is the WMD for the world war on women – the GOP is not. Totalitarian, misogynistic cultures are waging a war on women that makes Hitler look like an incompetent scrub. And finally (rhetorically), did this war become so one-sided before… Read more » Matt wrote “one huge gotcha”…….not sure that intent was implied. But the obvious (at least to me) results are easily inferred. Jill Smith wrote: “Clearly a lot of people didn’t need to read Darwin in order to become segregationists and to use Scripture to justify their racial animosity. My point is that no sensible person would consider the Bible a dangerous book because wicked people have perverted its teachings for evil purposes. That some people wilfully misunderstood Darwin in order to use his theory to justify wickedness is undeniable; I simply can’t understand, however, in what way Darwin was to blame for publishing a work of science that he believed to be true.” Jill seems to be obscuring the issue here,… Read more » This arguement is completely beside the point. You can argue whether evolution occurrs or the extent to which it occurrs but you can’t say that it doesn’t occurr because you don’t like the social implications. Nuclear weapons are terrible and could destroy all life on this planet. That doesn’t mean that nuclear physics are untrue. If everyone needs to be exactly the same to keep you from killing certain groups of people then its only a matter of time until the killing begins. There are obvious and demonstrable differences between individuals and differences between groups. As Wilson (and Matt) observes, such a racist conclusion is spawned naturally from their evolutionary premises. Not sure how you got this from anything I said, unless, as Barnabas says, the mere fact of racial differences are enough to legitimize racial hatred in this crowd. That says more about the Christian Right than it does about evolution. Fact is, evolution is established, and the only disagreement is on how extensive it is. What would make the rules change just because we got here? Humans subvert natural and sexual selection all the time. Evolutionary theory won’t tell you that this is… Read more » Matt wrote: Fact is, evolution is established, and the only disagreement is on how extensive it is. But it’s the extent that changes the direction of the whole conversation, right? If we’re talking about the extent of evolution in the sense of adaptation within species (an easily and readily observable phenom), then there’s no problem from the perspective of Bible-believing Christians, and “…each after its own kind.” But if we’re we’re talking about the extent of evolution in the sense of the ‘Blind Watchmaker’, or ‘matter/energy+time+chance=cosmos’, then the logical outworkings of scientific Darwinism as related to social Darwinism are inescapable,… Read more » Fact is, evolution is established, and the only disagreement is on how extensive it is. Just like Global cooling in the 1970’s followed by Global Warming in the 2000’s and then into ‘Climate Change’ and now ‘Climate Disruption’–because the science is settled. ya. When making a blanket statement like that, Matt, you discredit yourself. Please start by defining evolution. Darwinian TENS? Neo-Darwinianism? micro-evolution–everything about it? If you are not qualified in the science, that is fine–the process of how you arrive at your moral pronouncements is what I am interested in. If you are a scientist, please provide links to… Read more » But it’s the extent that changes the direction of the whole conversation, right? Only if we’re talking about different races evolving into different species over time. An evolutionist has to allow for this potential, though subversion of selection processes makes it unlikely. At any rate, it hasn’t happened yet and wouldn’t anytime soon. …then the logical outworkings of scientific Darwinism as related to social Darwinism are inescapable… There are no “logical outworkings”. Evolution tells you that things will change, but doesn’t tell you what to think about that. It was pre-existing racism and classism that lead to social Darwinism. Timothy,… Read more » Thank you Matt. Not sure how you got this from anything I said, unless, as Barnabas says, the mere fact of racial differences are enough to legitimize racial hatred in this crowd. It’s like this: if there is no fixed boundary to racial differences since races can eventually evolve into, or may have evolved from, different species, then there is no absolute, incontrovertible basis for insisting that all must regard all races as equally deserving of charity and justice. Can you propose a reason to insist that, past, future, and present, it would be definitively unjust to regard every member of what we… Read more » Sorry, paragraph 2 should read, Can you propose a reason to insist that, past, future, and present, it would be definitively unjust NOT to regard every member of what we now include in the human species as morally and socially equal to every other member, regardless of what evolution may have occurred in the past or what it may yield in the future? I wrote: As Wilson (and Matt) observes, such a racist conclusion is spawned naturally from their evolutionary premises. And Matt responded with: “Not sure how you got this from anything I said…” I got it from where Matt said: “That eugenics was based on evolutionary theories is similarly uncontroversial, not some huge gotcha that will finally bring them godless liberals to their knees.” With more context, Matt wrote: “Not sure how you got this from anything I said, unless, as Barnabas says, the mere fact of racial differences are enough to legitimize racial hatred in this crowd. That says more… Read more » Matt wrote: “Only if we’re talking about different races evolving into different species over time. An evolutionist has to allow for this potential, though subversion of selection processes makes it unlikely. At any rate, it hasn’t happened yet and wouldn’t anytime soon.” Odd that Matt would suggest that it “hasn’t happened yet”. It’s how we got here according to the narrative. For example, divergence between us and Neanderthals, happened. We “won”. Likewise, every reproductive person alive today is potentially the fountainhead for a brand new species in their image. It may have already started. Matt really needs to explain what… Read more » @Jane. Christians have a reason: all are created in the image of God and are of one human blood, and any observed differences, of any degree of importance, are subordinate to that principle. If humans were not all of the same origin and evolutionary destiny and fixed nature, what would be inherently wrong with deciding that some belonged in a sub-class or a super-class, socially or spiritually or morally speaking? Brava! As a quick aside, C.S. Lewis took it one step further in ‘Out of The Silent Planet’ such that our relationship to all God’s creatures is one of respect,… Read more » Re my last link at quoted paragraph–the author at the link does mention some subtleties in Darwin’s thought that bear attention, so do not take that quote as definitive of Darwin’s views without further research. We do know that Darwin was aware of the implication. Also, for Discovery is an article about some of the Progressive Era Protestants involvement in that debacle. So we know that that cancer spread to organized religion as well. If humans were not all of the same origin and evolutionary destiny and fixed nature, what would be inherently wrong with deciding that some belonged in a sub-class or a super-class, socially or spiritually or morally speaking? If humans were all of the same origin and evolutionary destiny and fixed nature, what would be inherently wrong with deciding this? It is not as if it had never been decided until the supervillain Charles Darwin burst on the scene. Your question isn’t about evolution, in other words. As Wilson (and Matt) observes, such a racist conclusion is spawned naturally from their… Read more » Matt, are you saying it is not inherently wrong to make such decisions? Purportedly undermining my defense against it does not strengthen the case for it, unless you can make that case some other way. The obvious rejoinder to your question is that it is inherently wrong to treat like things in an unlike way, if there is any such thing as justice at all. That people were so foolish as to deny this before Darwin does not change the fact. Nor does pointing out that people did it without Darwinism exempt Darwinism from the charge of enabling it. BTW, Matt, were you under the impression that Schweikart or anyone here was arguing that Darwinism was necessary to racism and/or eugenics? Surely it’s not a new idea that something can be causative in the sense of exacerbating an existing tendency, without being a necessary condition. I believe the proposition here is more modest: Darwinism did not cause a previously non-existent racism to arise; it provided a fertile soil for it to flourish. Did you really think that more was being claimed than that? I wrote: “As Wilson (and Matt) observes, such a racist conclusion is spawned naturally from their evolutionary premises.” because Matt had written: “That eugenics was based on evolutionary theories is similarly uncontroversial…” But now, after conceding it, Matt apparently wants to resume disputing the relationship anyway. Matt says: “Doug thinks evolution entails racism, I’ve been arguing otherwise, so we can’t be saying the same thing. Quit trying to find gotchas and actually engage with those you disagree with.” Perhaps Matt should clarify in his own mind whether racism finds a ready champion in evolution theory or not. He has indicated… Read more » I wrote: “He [Matt] imagines that “this crowd” seeks to legitimize racial hatred.” and Matt objected: “Wrong again. For being as enamored with reductios as people are around here, they’re quite bad at recognizing them.” but Matt is the one who previously had said: “Not sure how you got this from anything I said, unless, as Barnabas says, the mere fact of racial differences are enough to legitimize racial hatred in this crowd.” This is not a reductio. It’s a false dichotomy, which is a logical fallacy. I addressed both false alternatives. I showed how I got my conclusion directly… Read more » Matt wrote: “I don’t know if you can subvert “nature”, but you can certainly subvert a natural process, by way of choosing not to engage in it. For example, natural selection is subverted in that we don’t leave our weak or disabled to die. Since this obviously happens, I’m not sure what you’re actually disagreeing with, save the semantics of it all.” I don’t recall if Matt is speaking as a materialist evolutionist, or if he adheres to some flavor of theistic evolutionism. In any case, he seems to be using semantic categories that Darwin’s evolutionism doesn’t have access to.… Read more » Matt wrote: “Of course I was referring to current races. I’ll tell you what, if they ever diverge into separate species we can congregate here again and I’ll admit I was wrong.” I’m not sure why Matt is holding on to the quaint idea that humans will forever be one happy homogeneous species, with no differential survival pressures. He certainly doesn’t get this idyllic notion from evolution theory, and it certainly wasn’t how we got here. Even supposing that some remote tribe hasn’t already formed a reproductively isolated population, this condition is inevitable according to the evolutionary doctrines of time… Read more » Jane and Douglas, Obviously you don’t “state” those things, but that’s why this kind of essay is so dishonest. It triggers memes with winks and nods, mentioning of wars, atrocities, eugenics, etc., (and we all know who we’re talking about here: hint: read the title) all the while maintaining plausible deniability. Take the throw-away sentence: “and the white Europeans were going to overrun the globe.” No one, in any of the four powers, thought that way, that I know of; but Hitler least of all. [BTW what other kind of Europeans are there than “white”?] Note that the eugenics program… Read more » Note that the eugenics program was directed against fellow Germans — hardly reinforcing the “racist” charge. I don’t think anyone was claiming that eugenics is racist, but that eugenics and racism are both the result of a similar kind of thinking about humanity — some count fully, some don’t. The argument being made is that both ideas are supported by evolutionary assumptions. I really don’t think “you don’t state that but I inferred it based on basically nothing so you’re responsible” is a sound charge. Can you please point to the specific thing that you think is meant to create… Read more » Tim H, you said: “As a result of the kind of propaganda you are helping perpetuate, today, I suppose as punishment, “white Europeans” are not allowed even a small corner of the “globe” to claim as their own. “ By God’s grace that type of thought is totally foreign to me today, though I can remember my pre Christian days when it would not have been so. I now have far more in common with, and affection for, a Christian of any color than a non Christian of my skin color. You seem to be awfully defensive about Germany. By… Read more » Saint Lee — okay, you don’t think Europeans have a right to a homeland, but does your theory apply to all tribes on earth? It would be perfectly fine for 10 million Englishmen or French to settle in Nigeria, or Japan, and in due time get the right to vote? Usually, the “open borders” only works in one direction it seems. (And this question is much bigger than who Saint Lee feels comfy hanging out with.) Jane — well I gave a list of key words, which combined with the book title makes the point. Let me turn the question… Read more » Tim H, I do admit you have given me pause for thought. (don’t have much time for pause so the thought will also be short). You said: “…okay, you don’t think Europeans have a right to a homeland…” I guess what I saw as disagreeable was that in your comment that I was responding to you used the phrase “white Europeans” which is slightly different than just Europeans. If you base your “tribes” exclusively on skin color, then I suppose it is fine for you and all your fellow neo-Nazis to have a homeland to keep pure. I personally would… Read more » Saint — “white Europeans” was in quotes because I was quoting Douglas! Perhaps before you are so quick to use the N-word on people, you might contemplate a globe of the world, and ponder the fact that the nations basically ARE racial in composition (or ethnic if you prefer — same difference). This is not an invention of nationalists, German or otherwise. It is a fact of world history. (Prominently acknowledged in the Bible also, by the way.) The obvious rejoinder to your question is that it is inherently wrong to treat like things in an unlike way, if there is any such thing as justice at all. The first problem there is that a plain observation of equality is not enough to justify any moral position. You need some moral premise to do the work (it is inherently wrong to treat like things in an unlike way). The second problem is that humans are not “like things”. Again, no one ever needed the theory of evolution to note this; population differences are plain to see. Your issue… Read more » Not sure what the book claims, but Doug is quite openly claiming that evolution not only can be used as a basis for racism, but inevitably leads to it in a plain logical progression From the Lede of Dougs Post (In BIG BOLD FONT AT THE TOP, just in case you cannot find it) This book is why God gave us scholars. The connection between evolutionary Darwinism and “scientific” racism is a straight line connection, and Richard Weikart draws it carefully. So, the Author Weikart documents the claim; Doug finds that analysis compelling and agrees with it. You, having not… Read more » It feels very strange to be taking Matt’s side on something but he couldn’t be any more logical with his analysis of this and his opponents are just coming off as evasive. He’s laid out both his premises and his conclusions pretty clearly if anyone wants to attack them. I don’t think that someone with a solid understanding of these issues and the courage of their convictions should have to prevaricate like this. If you feel the need to call someone Hitler then you’ve clearly lost the argument. It feels very strange to be taking Matt’s side on something but he couldn’t be any more logical with his analysis of this and his opponents are just coming off as evasive. I know you are not addressing me on the hitler point. but regarding Matt’s argument what did I miss? I have a hard time making out Matt’s actual argument through the fog of straw-men and red herrings. I am not being snarky or accusative. If I missed something, I want to know what it is. If you could summarize it, that would be most helpful. What I see… Read more »

Regulation of mTORC1 by lysosomal calcium and calmodulin Abstract. Introduction Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays an essential role in sensing a myriad of environmental cues including nutrients and growth factor stimulation to regulate cell growth and proliferation (Wullschleger et al., 2006). mTOR independently associates with raptor or rictor to form two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, respectively. The two complexes share several common subunits, including the catalytic mTOR subunit, mLST8, DEPTOR, and the Tti1/Tel2 complex (Laplante and Sabatini, 2012). Among the remaining components, PRAS40 are specific to mTORC1, whereas rictor, mSin1 protor1/2 are unique to mTORC2 (Laplante and Sabatini, 2012). These two complexes differ in their sensitivity to rapamycin, upstream signals and downstream outputs (Laplante and Sabatini, 2012). The mTORC1 complex integrates different extracellular and intracellular signal inputs, such as growth factors, amino acids, stress and energy status, to regulate cellular processes such as protein and lipid synthesis and autophagy, by phosphorylating and activating p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K) (Chung et al., 1992; Price et al., 1992) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) (Lin et al., 1995; von Manteuffel et al., 1996). In contrast, mTORC2 is involved in Akt phosphorylation and regulation of the cellular cytoskeleton (Bhaskar and Hay, 2007). Activation of mTORC1 by amino acids requires the translocation of mTORC1 from the cytosol to the surface of lysosomes, which is dependent on the Rag GTPase heterodimers RagA/B and RagC/D (Kim et al., 2008; Sancak et al., 2008). The second messenger calcium has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of mTOR signaling. Earlier hints that calcium might be involved in mTOR signaling came from observations that calcium was required for the activation of p70S6K (Conus et al., 1998; Graves et al., 1997; Hannan et al., 2003). But the underlying mechanism was attributed to upstream regulators such as PI3K or isoforms of PKC. More definitive roles of calcium and its signaling mediator calmodulin (CaM) in mTORC1 signaling were demonstrated in the context of amino acid activation of the pathway (Gulati et al., 2008). It was shown that the phosphorylation of S6K1 in response to amino acids was inhibited by the cell permeable calcium chelator BAPTA-AM while thapsigargin, which releases intracellular calcium, activated mTORC1 activity. Moreover, it was shown that the activation of mTORC1 by amino acids was inhibited by antagonists of CaM or its knockdown using siRNA, suggesting that CaM is required for mTORC1 activity. The underlying mechanism by which calcium and CaM regulate mTORC1 was attributed to the binding of calcium-activated CaM to the hVps34, leading to the activation of its kinase activity. While the sensitivity of mTORC1 to BAPTA-AM and CaM antagonists have been reproducibly observed, ensuing studies have cast some doubt on the notion that hVps34 is a key mediator of calcium and CaM in the regulation of mTORC1 in similar and other cellular systems (Mercan et al., 2013; Yan et al., 2009). In a previous study, we found that small molecules that are known to induce Niemann-Pick Disease Type C (NPC) phenotype inhibited mTOR (Xu et al., 2010). Independently, it has also been reported that NPC cells showed significant defects in lysosomal calcium homeostasis (Lloyd-Evans et al., 2008; Shen et al., 2012). Cells that have mutations in or deficient mucolipin transient receptor potential (TRP) channel 1 (TRPML1) display altered Ca2+ homoeostasis similar to that seen in NPC cells (Cheng et al., 2010; Dong et al., 2010; Shen et al., 2011). Cells treated with chemical NPC inducers exhibited reduced TRPML1-mediated lysosomal Ca2+ release in response to a TRPML1 agonist, indicating dysfunction of this calcium channel. Furthermore, it has been shown that TRPML1 homolog in fly is required for TORC1 activation and fusion of amphisomes with lysosomes, and the inhibition of TORC1 can be rescued by feeding fly larvae with a high-protein diet (Wong et al., 2012; Venkatachalam et al., 2013). Furthermore, TORC1 also exerts reciprocal control on TRPML function, establishing the connection between TRPML and TORC1 signaling pathway in fly cells. Whether TRPML1 regulates mTORC1 signaling pathway in mammalian cells remains unknown. Putting these findings together, we hypothesized that a defect in lysosomal calcium homeostasis in NPC cells might be responsible for the observed inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway. We validated our hypothesis by demonstrating that depletion of TRPML1 inhibits mTORC1 while overexpression or pharmacologic activation of TRPML1 activates mTORC1. We traced the likely site of regulation of mTORC1 pathway by calcium and CaM by determining the sensitivity of mTORC1 activity to BAPTA-AM and CaM antagonists in response to various upstream activators of the kinase complex and narrowed it to mTORC1 itself. We found that CaM interacted with mTORC1 and activated its kinase activity. Together, these findings shed significant new light on mTORC1 signaling pathway and offer a unifying mechanism that accounts for most, if not all, earlier observations implicating calcium and CaM in the regulation of mTORC1 by different upstream activators in distinct cellular context. Results TRPML1 is required for the activation of mTORC1 To determine whether TRPML1 is required for mTORC1 signaling, HEK293T cells were transduced with lentiviral shRNA targeting human TRPML1 (Sh1 and Sh2) or a scrambled shRNA (Scr). Due to lack of reliable hTRPML1 antibodies, the knockdown efficiency was assessed by RT-qPCR (Figure 1a, bottom panel) as well as indirectly by the expression level of ectopically expressed EGFP-TRPML1. The activity of mTORC1, as judged by the phosphorylation of S6K, was significantly inhibited upon TRPML1 knockdown, while the phosphorylation of Akt (T308) was not affected (Figure 1a). To determine whether the mTOR inhibition caused by TRPML1 knockdown was due to blockade of lysososmal calcium release, we performed a rescue experiment in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) (Figure 1b) and HEK293T (Figure 1—figure supplement 1a) using thapsigargin, a sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor that increases cytosolic calcium concentrations (Lytton et al., 1991). Indeed, the inhibition of mTORC1 activity by TRPML1 knockdown was rescued by thapsigargin, suggesting that mTORC1 inhibition was due, in large part, to the lack of lysosomal calcium release. Moreover, knocking down TRPML1 also attenuated the activation of mTORC1 by insulin (Figure 1c), leucine (Figure 1d) as well as overexpression of constitutively active RagA or RagC (Figure 1e). Furthermore, we determined the phosphorylation of S6K in normal human fibroblasts (TRPML1 +/+) and fibroblasts from a mucolipidosis IV patient (TRPML1 -/-). Compared with TRPML1 +/+ human fibroblasts, TRPML1 -/- cells showed decreased phosphorylation of S6K (Figure 1—figure supplement 1b). Interestingly, this inhibition was partially reversed by leucine compared with that in wild type cells (Figure 1—figure supplement 1c). However, the treatment of thapsigargin fully restored the phosphorylation of S6K (Figure 1—figure supplement 1b), suggesting that in mammalian cells, the decrease in mTORC1 activity in TRPML1 mutant cells is not only due to the incomplete autophagy that has been reported in Drosophila (Wong et al., 2012). In addition, knockdown of other lysosomal channels, such as TPC2 and P2X4, did not significantly inhibit mTORC1 signaling (Figure 1—figure supplement 1d), indicating that the decreased mTOR activity upon TRPML1 knockdown was not due to the dysregulation of the structure of the endolysosmal system, and as one of the lysosomal calcium channels, TRPML1 may play a more dominant role in the regulation of mTORC1 signaling. TRPML1 is required for the full activation of mTORC1. (a) HEK293T cells were transduced with lentiviral scrambled shRNA (Scr) and shRNA targeting human TRPML1 (Sh1 and Sh2), respectively. To assess the knockdown efficiency, a fraction of transduced cells were transfected with EGFP-TRPML1. After 24 hr, transfected or untransfected cells were lysed and subjected to immunoblotting. Untransfected cells were used to detect p-S6K, S6K and p-Akt, and transfected cells were used to detect GFP and GAPDH. RT-qPCR was also performed to evaluate the knockdown efficiency (bottom panel) (mean ± s.d., n = 2 independent experiments). (b) Scrambled shRNA or TRPML1 shRNA-transduced HUVEC were treated with vehicle control or thapsigargin (5 μM) for an additional 2 hr. Cells were lysed and subjected to immunoblotting. Knockdown efficiency was assessed by RT-qPCR (right panel). The bottom panel of plots shows the percentage of p-S6K and p-4EBP1 levels compared with scramble shRNA transduced vehicle control treated HUVEC normalized by GAPDH loading control (mean ± s.d., n = 2 independent experiments). (c and d) Scrambled shRNA or TRPML1 shRNA transduced HEK293T cells were deprived for 24 hr of serum (c) or 3 hr of leucine (d) and, where indicated, were stimulated with 600 nM insulin or 52 μg/ml leucine for 10 min. Simultaneously, another fraction of scrambled shRNA or TRPML1 shRNA-transduced cells were transfected with EGFP-TRPML1 for 24 hr. Cells were lysed and subjected to immunoblotting. The plots show the percentage of p-S6K levels compared with scramble shRNA transduced serum (c) or leucine (d) starved HEK293T cells normalized by total S6K control (mean ± s.d., n = 2 independent experiments, respectively). (e) Scrambled shRNA or TRPML1 shRNA-transduced HEK293T cells were transfected with Rag AQ66A or Rag CS75L for 24 hr. Cells were lysed and subjected to immunoblotting. The plot shows the percentage of p-S6K level compared with scramble shRNA transduced empty vector transfected HEK293T cells normalized by total S6K control. (mean ± s.d. for n = 3 independent experiments). Having shown that TRPML1-mediated lysosomal calcium release is necessary for mTORC1 activity, we then turned to the reciprocal question of whether an increase in lysosomal calcium release through TRPML1 could stimulate mTORC1. Thus, HEK293T cells were transfected with expression plasmids for EGFP-TRPML1 and its non-conducting pore mutant (D471K/D472K) EGFP-TRPML1 (KK), respectively. The phosphorylation of S6K was slightly but significantly increased by overexpression of wild type TRPML1 but not the non-conducting pore mutant TRPML1 (KK) (Figure 2a). Next, we treated HEK293T cells with TRPML1 agonist MLSA1 (Shen et al., 2012; Feng et al., 2014). The phosphorylation of S6K was increased by MLSA1 in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 2b). In contrast, MLSA1 failed to increase the phosphorylation of S6K in the cells transduced with lentiviral TRPML1 shRNA, or pretreated with bafilomycin A1 or Glycyl-L-phenylalanine 2-naphthylamide (GPN), suggesting that the increase in S6K phosphorylation induced by MLSA1 was mediated by calcium released through TRPML1 (Figure 2c,d). Upon amino acids stimulation, mTOR translocated from the cytosol to the lysosome, colocalizing with EGFP-TRPML1 (Figure 2—figure supplement 1), indicating that the activation of TRPML1 acted independently of the translocation of mTORC1 induced by amino acids. The upregulated TRPML1 has been reported to promote autophagy (Wang et al., 2015; Medina et al., 2015; Wong et al., 2012). To determine if activation of mTORC1 in response to TRPML1 overexpression was due to up-regulated autophagy, we overexpressed constitutively active Rab7A (Q67L) and dominant negative Rab7A (T22N) in HEK293T cells (Jager et al., 2004; Hyttinen et al., 2013). As shown in Figure 2—figure supplement 2, overexpression of neither constitutively active nor dominant negative Rab7A affected mTORC1 signaling, while overexpression of TRPML1 plus MLSA1 treatment stimulated the phosphorylation of S6K, suggesting that the activated mTORC1 by TRPML1 stimulation was not mediated through autophagy. Overexpression or pharmacological stimulation of TRPML1 activates mTORC1 signaling pathway. (a) HEK293T cells (80% confluency) were transfected with EGFP vector, EGFP-TRPML1 or its non-conducting pore mutant (D471K/D472K) EGFP-TRPML1 (KK) for 20 hr. Cells were lysed and subjected to immunoblotting. The plot shows the percentage of p-S6K levels compared with vector transfected cells normalized by total S6K control (mean ± s.d., n = 3 independent experiments). (b) HEK293T cells were treated with different concentrations of ML-SA1 for 3 hr. Cells were lysed and subjected to immunoblotting. The plot shows the dose-response curve of ML-SA1 normalized by total S6K. (c) Scrambled shRNA or TRPML1 shRNA transduced HEK293T cells were treated with varying concentrations of MLSA1 for 3 hr. Cells were lysed and subjected to immunoblotting. The plot shows the percentage of p-S6K levels compared with scramble shRNA transduced vehicle control treated 293T cells normalized by GAPDH loading control (mean ± s.d., n = 3 independent experiments). (d) HEK293T cells were pretreated with bafilomycin A1 (1 μM) or GPN (200 μM) for 1 hr, followed by treatment with or without MLSA1 for an additional 1.5 hr. Cells were lysed and subjected to immunoblotting. The plot shows the percentage of p-S6K levels compared with vehicle control normalized by GAPDH loading control (mean ± s.d., n = 3 independent experiments). *p<0.05, **p<0.01, n.s. no significant difference. Calcium and CaM are required for activation of mTORC1 Both intracellular calcium and CaM have been reported to be required for mTORC1 activity (Conus et al., 1998; Graves et al., 1997; Gulati et al., 2008; Hannan et al., 2003; Mercan et al., 2013). We thus treated HEK293T cells with the cytosolic Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM (BAPTA) or the CaM antagonists W-7 and calmidazolium (CMDZ). In agreement with previous studies (Gulati et al., 2008; Ke et al., 2013; Graves et al., 1997; Zhou et al., 2010), we observed that BAPTA , W-7 and CMDZ inhibited phosphorylation of S6K in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 3.96 ± 1.30 μM, 21.59 ± 1.81 μM and 10.36 ± 0.59 μM, respectively (Figure 3—figure supplement 1). In comparison to S6K, phosphorylation of Akt (S473), the substrate of mTORC2, was also inhibited by CMDZ and W-7, but at much higher concentrations (EC50 values of 27.21 ± 9.82 μM and 45.91 ± 9.61 μM, respectively) compared with that of p-S6K, while BAPTA did not show appreciable inhibition to p-Akt (S473) (Figure 3—figure supplement 1c). In addition, CMDZ and BAPTA also showed potent inhibitory effect on mTORC1 signaling pathway in HUVEC and A549 cells (Figure 3—figure supplement 2a,b), suggesting that mTORC1 is also regulated by Ca2+/CaM in primary and other cancer cells. Next, we investigated how fast mTORC1 and mTORC2 responded to BAPTA or CMDZ. As shown in Figure 3a, both CMDZ and BAPTA caused appreciable inhibition of mTORC1 activity within 0.5–1 hr as judged by the phosphorylation of S6K and 4EBP1. In contrast, the phosphorylation of Akt (T308) and its substrate, mTOR (S2448), was not significantly affected by CMDZ until 6 hr post treatment. In addition, CMDZ did not cause significant inhibition of phosphorylation of Akt (S473) until 3 hr after treatment, indicating that the response of mTORC2 to the CaM antagonist has a much slower onset than that of mTORC1 (Figure 3a, left panel). Although the onset of the effect of BAPTA on 4EBP1 phosphorylation was slightly slower than that of CMDZ, BAPTA did not significantly affect the phosphorylation of either Akt (S473, T308) or mTOR even after 6 hr (Figure 3a, right panel). These results suggest that CaM regulates both mTORC1 and mTORC2, but the two complexes differ in their sensitivity to CaM and calcium. Interestingly, after a 6-hr treatment with BAPTA, the inhibition of phosphorylation of S6K and 4EBP1 was partially reversed, which is consistent with a previous report that over time upon treatment with BAPTA, a gradual increase in intracellular Ca2+ was seen (Wei et al., 1998). The relatively short time required for CMDZ and BAPTA to exert their effects on mTORC1 and their faster onset than those on mTORC2 suggested that the inhibition of mTORC1 likely occurred independently of its upstream signaling events, such as phosphorylation of Akt (T308). Regulation of mTORC1 by cytosolic calcium and CaM occurs proximal to mTORC1 itself. (a) Effects of 10 μM CaM antagonist calmidazolium (CMDZ) or 25 μM cytosolic Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM (BAPTA) on the phosphorylation of different proteins of the mTOR signaling pathway at different time points. The bottom panel of plots shows the percentage of p-S6K and p-Akt (S473) levels compared with 0 min treated 293T cells normalized by total S6K and total Akt control, respectively (mean ± s.d., n = 3 independent experiments). (b and d) Effects of CMDZ (10 μM) or BAPTA-AM (25 μM) on the phosphorylation of indicated proteins in response to deprivation and stimulation with leucine (b) and insulin (d). Cell lysates were prepared from HEK293T cells deprived for 3 hr of leucine (b) or 24 hr of serum (d) and, where indicated, stimulated with 52 μg/ml leucine or 600 nM insulin for 10 min. CMDZ (10 μM) or BAPTA-AM (25 μM) was added 1 hr prior to cell harvesting. The plots show the percentage of p-S6K levels compared with vehicle control treated leucine (b) or serum (d) starved HEK293T cells normalized by total S6K control (mean ± s.d., n = 3 independent experiments, respectively). (c) Effects of CMDZ (10 μM) on the phosphorylation of S6K in HEK293T cells transfected with constitutively active RagA or RagC in expression vectors. Cell lysates were prepared and subjected to immunoblotting. The plot shows the percentage of p-S6K levels compared with vector transfected vehicle control treated 293T cells normalized by GAPDH loading control (mean ± s.d., n = 3 independent experiments). (e and f) Effects of 25 μM BAPTA-AM (e) and 10 μM CMDZ (f) on the phosphorylation state of S6K in HEK293T cells stably expressing constitutively active Rheb as indicated. HEK293T cells were transduced with lentiviral FLAG-tagged RhebN153T, and treated with indicated compounds for 1 hr. Cell lysates were prepared and used for immunoblotting. The plots show the percentage of p-S6K levels compared with vehicle control treated empty lentiviral vector transduced 293T cells normalized by total S6K control (mean ± s.d., n = 2 independent experiments). *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001, n.s. no significant difference. Regulation of mTORC1 by cytosolic calcium and CaM occurs proximal to mTORC1 itself To further explore the level at which Ca2+ and CaM regulate mTORC1 signaling, we determined the effects of CMDZ and BAPTA on mTORC1 activation in response to various upstream activating stimuli of mTORC1. Similar to previous observations (Gulati et al., 2008), we found that leucine-stimulated mTORC1 activation was inhibited by BAPTA and CMDZ (Figure 3b, Lanes 4 vs. 2 and 6 vs. 2). The activation of mTORC1 by leucine has been shown to be mediated by the small GTPases RagA/B and RagC/D (Kim et al., 2008), and overexpression of constitutively active RagAQ66L/RagCS75N can bypass leucine to activate mTORC1. We found that activation of mTORC1 by either RagAQ66L or RagCS75N remained sensitive to CMDZ (Figure 3c). Next, we determined whether activation of mTORC1 by insulin was also sensitive to CaM blockade. Although insulin strongly increased the phosphorylation of Akt (T308) (Figure 3d, Lanes 2), the mTORC1 activity remained sensitive to CMDZ as well as BAPTA-AM (Figure 3d, Lanes 4 and 6). It has been reported that mTOR is directly bound to and activated by Rheb-GTP (Long et al., 2005). Thus, we used HEK293T, HUVEC and A549 to produce stable cell lines overexpressing constitutively active RhebN153T as previously described (Yan et al., 2006), and determined their sensitivity to BAPTA and CMDZ. RhebN153T-induced phosphorylation of S6K remained sensitive to inhibition by BAPTA and CMDZ in HEK293T, HUVEC and A549 cells (Figure 3e,f, Figure 3—figure supplement 2c,d). Together, these results suggested that the site of regulation of mTORC1 by Ca2+ and CaM lies proximal to mTORC1 itself. CaM interacts with mTOR CaM has been previously reported to indirectly interact with mTORC1, and human vacuolar protein sorting 34 (hVps34) was shown to mediate the interaction between CaM and mTORC1 in HeLa cells (Gulati et al., 2008). To our surprise, when hVps34 was knocked down in HEK293T cells, binding of CaM to mTOR was not affected (Figure 4a), neither was the sensitivity of mTORC1 to CaM (Figure 4—figure supplement 1), ruling out hVps34 as a mediator of CaM-mTOR interaction in HEK293T cells. These results raised the possibility that CaM may directly interact with a subunit of the mTORC1 complex, thereby regulating its kinase activity. Indeed, CaM sepharose could pull down mTOR and raptor, but not PRAS40, in a Ca2+-dependent manner (Figure 4b). The interaction between mTOR and CaM was sensitive to detergents and the CaM antagonist W-7 (Figure 4b and Figure 4—figure supplement 2). However, Ca2+ did not affect the assembly of mTORC1 complex (Figure 4—figure supplement 3), suggesting that one of the interactions of CaM sepharose with mTOR and raptor could be indirect. To identify the subunit in mTORC1 that interacts with CaM, we knocked down raptor and mTOR, respectively, and determined the remaining interaction between each subunit and CaM sepharose (Figure 4a). Knockdown of raptor had no effect on the pulldown of mTOR by CaM sepharose. In contrast, knockdown of mTOR significantly reduced the binding of raptor as well as mTOR to CaM (Figure 4a), suggesting that the interaction between mTOR and CaM is independent of raptor. CaM interacts with mTORC1 and regulates mTORC1 kinase activity in vitro. (a) CaM interacts with mTOR independent of hVps34 or raptor. Cell lysates were prepared from HEK293T cells transduced with lentiviral shRNAs targeting human mTOR, raptor, hVps34 or scrambled shRNA, followed by CaM sepharose precipitation in the presence of CaCl2 (1 mM) or EGTA (5 mM). The cell lysates and precipitates were analyzed by immunoblotting to detect the indicated proteins. (b) Endogenous mTORC1 was pulled down by CaM sepharose in a Ca2+-dependent manner. HEK293T cells were lysed in CHAPS buffer, and the lysates were incubated with CaM sepharose in the presence of CaCl2 (1 mM) or EGTA (5 mM). The precipitates were analyzed by immunoblotting. (c and d) Cell lysates were prepared from HEK293T cells in CHAPS buffer, and endogenous mTORC1 was immunoprecipitated by a raptor antibody. ATP (250 μM), Torin1 (100 nM), CMDZ (8 μM), CaM (2 μM) or/and CaCl2 (1 mM) were added into the kinase reaction as indicated. Phosphorylation of 4EBP1 (c) and S6K (d) were detected by immunoblotting. The plots show the fold of change of phosphorylation of 4EBP1 (c) or S6K (d) compared with control group (first lane) normalized by total GST-tagged protein control. (mean ± s.d., n = 6 and 5 independent experiments, respectively). Ca2+ and CaM activate the kinase activity of isolated mTORC1 complex in vitro Having shown that CaM binds to mTORC1, we asked the question of whether CaM and Ca2+ had a direct effect on the intrinsic kinase activity of isolated mTORC1 complex in vitro. Thus, endogenous mTORC1 complex was immunoprecipitated by an anti-raptor antibody, and an in vitro kinase assay was performed using purified recombinant 4EBP1 as a substrate (Sarbassov et al., 2004). As shown in Figure 4c, the phosphorylation of 4EBP1 by immunoprecipitated mTORC1 complex was significantly increased in the presence of both CaCl2 (1 mM) and CaM (2 μM), but not CaM alone, indicating that CaM activates mTORC1 kinase activity in vitro in a Ca2+-dependent manner (Figure 4c, top left and top right panels, Lanes 1–3, respectively). Importantly, the activation of mTORC1 by Ca2+/CaM was inhibited by Torin 1 (Figure 4c, top left panel, Lane 4), a TOR kinase inhibitor, and CMDZ (Figure 4c, top right panel, Lane 4), indicating that the phosphorylation of 4EBP1 was dependent on TOR kinase activity and CaM. Similar results were obtained from the in vitro kinase assay using purified recombinant S6K as the substrate (Figure 4d). Together, these results demonstrated that binding of CaM to mTORC1 leads to the stimulation of kinase activity of the mTORC1 complex. Discussion The work described in this manuscript reveals a novel mechanism of regulation of mTORC1 by lysosomal calcium and CaM (Figure 4—figure supplement 4), shedding new light on the mTOR signaling pathway. In the current model of mTORC1 activation (Dibble and Cantley, 2015; Buerger et al., 2006; Efeyan and Sabatini, 2013; Saito et al., 2005), growth factors, energy, and other inputs signal to mTORC1 primarily through the TSC-Rheb axis; amino acids act by regulating the nucleotide state of the heterodimeric Rag GTPases and promoting the translocation of mTORC1 onto lysosomes, where it interacts with and becomes activated by lysosomally-localized, GTP-bound Rheb (Sancak et al., 2008). Our results have uncovered another role of lysosomal localization of mTORC1, i.e., to receive localized lysosomal calcium stimulation. Integrating our previous observations (Xu et al., 2010) and the results from the present study, we propose an addition to the current model of mTOR signaling pathway: upon the translocation of mTORC1 onto the lysosome, properly released lysosomal calcium enriches local Ca2+ concentration, prompting Ca2+ binding to a local population of CaM, which in turn binds mTORC1 and stimulates the kinase activity of the mTORC1 complex. The depletion of the homolog of TRPML1, TRPML in Drosophila, results in decreased TORC1 signaling, which was attributed to incomplete autophagy, and was completely reversed by feeding fly larvae with a high-protein diet (Wong et al., 2012; Venkatachalam et al., 2013). However, we showed that in TRPML1-knockdown mammalian cells or mucolipidosis IV human fibroblasts, the inhibited mTORC1 signaling was only partially reversed by leucine or overexpression of constitutively active Rag GTPase, suggesting that there is a difference in the mechanisms of regulation of mTOR by Ca2+/CaM between mammalian and fly cells. Interestingly, thapsigargin, which increases cytosolic Ca2+, could completely restore phosphorylation of S6K in TRPML1 deficient cells to the control level. Given that increased cytosolic Ca2+ also positively regulates the Ca2+-dependent fusion of late-endosomes and autophagosomes to lysosomes (Grotemeier et al., 2010; Lloyd-Evans et al., 2008; Wong et al., 2012), the rescue effect of thapsigargin might be due to the combined effects of autophagy as well as the direct stimulation of mTORC1 by Ca2+/CaM in mammalian cells. On the other hand, TRPML1 is significantly upregulated under amino acids starvation (Wang et al., 2015), when mTORC1 dissociates from the lysosomal surface and becomes inactive, indicating that mTORC1 and TRPML1 may form reciprocal regulation loop. In addition, it has been recently reported that under starvation, lysosomal Ca2+ release through TRPML1 activates local calcineurin, a Ca2+, CaM-dependent protein phosphatase, which dephosphorylates TFEB and promotes its nuclear translocation as well as regulates lysosomal biogenesis (Medina et al., 2015), suggesting another local function of lysosomal Ca2+. Our model of regulation of mTORC1 by Ca2+ and CaM differs from that proposed in a previous report (Gulati et al., 2008), even though some of the experimental observations are in agreement. Similar to previous reports (Gulati et al., 2008; Ke et al., 2013; Graves et al., 1997), we found that mTORC1 activity is sensitive to inhibition by BAPTA-AM and CaM antagonist CMDZ (Figure 3), suggesting that both intracellular calcium and CaM are required for mTORC1 activation. However, the precise mechanism of regulation of mTORC1 by calcium and CaM is distinct in our new model. First, we demonstrated that the lysosomal pool of calcium plays a unique and critical role in mTORC1 activation in mammalian cells. In earlier studies, however, the sources of calcium have been only suggested to be extracellular (Conus et al., 1998; Gulati et al., 2008) or conventional intracellular calcium stores such as the ER (Ke et al., 2013; Graves et al., 1997; Zhou et al., 2010). Second, a previous study showed the CaM associates with mTORC1 complex through hVps34, and calcium and CaM activate mTORC1 via hVps34 activation (Gulati et al., 2008). In an independent study, it was shown that hVps15, but not Ca2+/CaM, activates hVps34 (Yan et al., 2009). Similarly, we also found that knockdown of hVps34 had no effect on the interaction between CaM and mTORC1 in HEK293T cells, ruling out involvement of hVps34 in the regulation of mTORC1 via Ca2+/CaM, at least in this cell type. We surmise that most of the previous results implicating calcium or CaM in the regulation of mTORC1 may be explained by our current model. In previous studies, in vitro kinase assay of mTORC1 used EDTA in immunoprecipitation buffer (Kim et al., 2002, 2003), which precluded the detection of any regulatory effect of calcium and CaM. By performing the mTOR kinase assay in the absence or presence of calcium and CaM in vitro, we were able to observe a dramatic activation of mTORC1 by calcium and CaM, revealing the functional consequence of the binding of CaM to mTOR--activation of its intrinsic kinase activity. As such, mTOR is a new type of atypical CaM-dependent kinase. The newly uncovered roles of lysosomal calcium and CaM in the regulation of mTOR signaling not only fill a gap in our understanding of this fundamental signaling pathway, but also offer new molecular targets for discovering and developing novel mTOR inhibitors. Materials and methods Cell lines and tissue cultureRequest a detailed protocol HEK293T (RRID: CVCL_0063, purchased from ATCC, the identity has been authenticated using STR profiling) and A549 (RRID: CVCL_0023, purchased from ATCC, the identity has been authenticated using STR profiling) cells were cultured in low glucose DMEM (Life Technology) supplemented with 10% FBS (Life Technology). Healthy human fibroblasts (Coriell Insititute, GM03440) and mucolipidosis IV human fibroblasts (Coriell Insititute, GM02048) were cultured in EMEM (ATCC) supplemented with 15% FBS. HUVEC (purchased from Lonza) were cultured in EGM media (Lonza). All cells were cultured at 37°C with the presence of 5% CO2. All cell lines were tested for mycoplasma contamination and showed negative result. HEK293T and A549 cells have been authenticated using STR profiling at Johns Hopkins Genetic Resources Core Facility. Match percent was searched and compared with American Tissue Culture Collection database. HEK293T cells showed 100% matching to ATCC HEK293T reference profiling (ATCC number CRL-3216), and A549 cells showed 93% matching to ATCC A549 reference profiling (ATCC number CCL-185). Given ≥ 80% level of matching indicates that the cell lines are related, we concluded that both HEK293T and A549 cell lines are authenticated. Leucine starvation and stimulation of the cellsRequest a detailed protocol Almost confluent cultures in 6-well plates were washed once with leucine-free low glucose DMEM (US Biological), incubated in leucine-free DMEM for 3 hr, and stimulated with 52 μg/ml leucine for 10 min. For those cells treated with calmidazolium (CMDZ, Cayman Chemical) or BAPTA-AM (Cayman Chemical), compounds were added 1 hr prior to cell harvesting. Cells were processed for biochemical assays as described below. Growth factor starvation and insulin stimulation of the cellsRequest a detailed protocol Almost confluent cultures in 6-well plates were washed once with FBS-free DMEM, incubated in FBS-free DMEM for 24 hr, and stimulated with 600 nM insulin (Life Technology) for 10 min. For those cells treated with calmidazolium (CMDZ) or BAPTA-AM, compounds were added 1 hr prior to cell harvesting. Cells were processed for biochemical assays as described below. Immunoblotting analysisRequest a detailed protocol After indicated treatments, cells were washed once with ice-cold PBS and lysed in ice-cold RIPA buffer ). After brief sonication, the cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 10 min in a microfuge, and the protein amount in the supernatant was quantified and mixed with a proper volume of 5x SDS loading buffer. Proteins were then separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. After blocking at room temperature for 1 hr, membranes were immunoblotted with anti-p-S6K (T389) (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat. 9205, RRID: AB_330944), p-Akt (T308) (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat. 9275, RRID: AB_329828), p-Akt (S473) (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat. 9271, RRID: AB_329825), p-4EBP1 (S65) (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat. 9451, RRID: AB_330947), p-mTOR (S2448) (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat. 2971, RRID: AB_330970), mTOR (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat. 2983, RRID: AB_2105622), Akt (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat. 9272, RRID: AB_329827), raptor (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat. 2280, RRID: AB_10830734), PRAS40 (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat. 2610, RRID: AB_916206), hVps34 (1:1000, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat. 3811, RRID: AB_2062856), HA tag (1:1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Cat. sc-7392, RRID: AB_627809), myc tag (1:1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Cat. sc-40, RRID: AB_627268), FLAG tag (1:5000, Sigma, Cat. F1804, RRID: AB_262044), GFP (1:1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Cat. sc-9996, RRID: AB_627695), S6K (1:1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Cat. sc-8418, RRID: AB_628094), GAPDH (1:1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Cat. sc-20357, RRID: AB_641107) at 4°C overnight with the primary antibodies, followed by incubation with HRP-conjugated anti-mouse (1:10000, GE Healthcare, Cat. NXA931, RRID: AB_772209), anti-rabbit (1:10000, GE Healthcare, Cat. NA934, RRID: AB_772206) or anti-goat IgG (1:10000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Cat. sc-2020, RRID: AB_631728) at room temperature for 1 hr. Antibody-protein complexes were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) immunoblotting detection reagent. The band intensity was measured using ImageJ software (National Institute of Health, USA) CaM sepharose precipitationRequest a detailed protocol Cells were washed once with ice-cold wash buffer (40 mM HEPES [pH 7.4], 150 mM NaCl), and lysed in ice-cold lysis buffer (40 mM HEPES [pH 7.4], 150 mM NaCl, 0.3% CHAPS or 1% NP-40 or 1% Triton-X100, phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Sigma) and protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche). The cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 10 min in a microfuge. Five percent of the supernatant was reserved as 'input', and the rest of the supernatant was equally divided into two groups: one contained 1 mM CaCl2, and another one contained 5 mM EGTA. The lysates were incubated with pre-washed CaM sepharose (GE Healthcare) at 4°C for 2 hr with rotation. The beads were washed with CaCl2 (1 mM) or EGTA (5 mM) -containing CHAPS (0.3% ) buffer 3 times, and boiled at 95°C for 5 min. Elution of the protein from CaM sepharose was subjected to immunoblotting to analyze the recovery of indicated proteins or peptides. Immunoprecipitations and in vitro kinase assayRequest a detailed protocol Cells were washed once with ice-cold wash buffer (40 mM HEPES [pH 7.4], 150 mM NaCl), and lysed in ice-cold CHAPS buffer (40 mM HEPES [pH 7.4], 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 0.3% CHAPS, phosphatase inhibitor cocktail and protease inhibitor cocktail). The cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 10 min in a microfuge. The soluble fractions of cell lysates were mixed with anti-raptor antibody (4 μg/10 cm dish, Life Technology, Cat. 42–4000, RRID: AB_2533523), and the mixtures were incubated with rotation for 1.5 hr at 4°C. 80 μl of a 50% slurry of protein A/G plus-sepharose (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was then added and the incubation continued for an additional 1 hr. Immunoprecipitates were washed twice with ice-cold CHAPS buffer, and once with mTOR kinase buffer (25 mM HEPES [pH 7.4], 50 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl2). The kinase assays were performed as previously described (Kim et al., 2002). CaM (2 μM) or/and CaCl2 (1 mM) were added into the kinase reaction as indicated. CMDZ (8 μM) or Torin 1 (100 nM, Cayman Chemical) was incubated with the reaction mixtures 10 min prior to initiating the reaction by addition of 250 μM ATP (Sigma). The phosphorylation states of S6K or 4EBP1 were detected by immunoblotting. Real-time qPCRRequest a detailed protocol HEK293T, HUVEC and A549 cells were transduced with lentivirus carrying scramble shRNA or indicated shRNA. Total RNA was collected using RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN). cDNA was generated with SuperScript III First-Strand kit (Invitrogen), and real-time PCR was carried out using TaqMan Universal Master Mix II (Life Technologies). Real-time PCR primers and probes were from Thermo Fisher Scientific: MCOLN1 FAM (Hs01100653_m1), TPCN2 FAM (Hs01552063_m1). Human GAPDH VIC (Hs02758991_g1) was used as an endogenous control. cDNA manipulations and mutagenesisRequest a detailed protocol Myc-mTOR (Addgene plasmid # 1861), pRK5-HA GST RagA 66L (Addgene plasmid # 19300), pRK5-HA GST RagC 75L (Addgene plasmid # 19305) and HA GST PreScission p70 S6K1 (Addgene plasmid # 15511) were gifts from David Sabatini. pcDNA3-FLAG-Rheb-N153T (Addgene plasmid # 19997) was a gift from Fuyuhiko Tamanoi. pcDNA-CaM was a gift from David Yue. TRPML1-HA (Addgene plasmid # 18825) was a gift from Craig Montell. EGFP-Rab7A Q67L (Addgene plasmid # 28049) and EGFP-Rab7A T22N (Addgene plasmid # 28048) were gifts from Qing Zhong. FLAG-tagged RhebN153T was amplified by PCR and cloned into the EcoRI site of pLVX-AcGFP-N1 vector. GST-tagged 4EBP1 was amplified by PCR and cloned into a pDEST15-based vector. FLAG-tagged CaM was amplified by PCR and cloned into a pGEX6-based vector. TRPML1 was amplified by PCR and cloned into a pEGFP-based vector. All ligations were performed with Infusion Kit (Clontech Laboratories, Inc.) according to the manufacture’s instruction. After sequence verification, these plasmids were used, as described below, in transient cDNA transfections, bacterial protein expression or to produce the lentiviruses needed to generate cell lines stably expressing the proteins. cDNA transfection-based experimentsRequest a detailed protocol For transfection experiments, HEK293T cells were seeded in 6-well plates or 6 cm culture dishes. After 24 hr, cells were transfected with the pRK5-based cDNA expression plasmids indicated in the figures (500 ng of truncated mTOR fragments; 200 ng HA-GST-tagged RagA 66L or RagC 75L, 1000 ng of EGFP-tagged TRPML1, and same amount of proper empty vectors) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Life Technology) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Preparation of p70S6K1, GST-4EBP1 and FLAG-CaM for Use in mTORC1 Kinase AssaysRequest a detailed protocol HA-GST-PreScission-p70 S6K1 was transfected into HEK293T cells as described above, and after 48 hr the cells were treated with 20 μM LY294002 for 1 hr prior to cell harvesting and lysis. HA-GST-PreSciss-S6K1 was purified as described (Burnett et al., 1998). The purified protein was stored at −20°C in 20% glycerol. GST-fused 4EBP1 protein was expressed and purified from BL21 (DE3) Escherichia coli. Bacteria were grown to an OD of 0.8 and induced for 16 hr at 18°C with 0.5 mM IPTG (American Bioanalytical). Bacteria were pelleted, and lysed in ice-cold PBS containing 1% Triton X-100, 1mg/mL lysozyme (Sigma-Aldrich) and protease inhibitor cocktail by sonication. Cell debris was cleared by centrifugation. The supernatant was mixed with pre-equilibrated glutathione sepharose 4B resin for 1 hr at 4°C with rotation. After gentle centrifugation, GST-4EBP1 was eluted by 10 mM reduced glutathione, and the protein sample was desalted by PD-10 desalting columns and then eluted by the elution buffer (150 mM NaCl, 40 mM HEPES [pH 7.4]). The purified protein was stored at −20°C in 20% glycerol. GST-FLAG-CaM protein was expressed and purified as GST-4EBP1. GST tag was removed by PreScission (GE Healthcare) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The purified protein was stored at −20°C in 20% glycerol. Mammalian lentiviral shRNAsRequest a detailed protocol TRC lentiviral shRNAs targeting hTRPML1, mTOR, hVps34 and raptor were obtained from Sigma. The TRC number for each shRNA is as follows: Human mTOR shRNA #1: TRCN0000038677 Human mTOR shRNA #2: TRCN0000039785 Human raptor shRNA #1: TRCN0000039772 Human raptor shRNA #2: TRCN0000010415 Human TRPML1 shRNA #1: TRCN0000083297 Human TRPML1 shRNA #2: TRCN0000083296 Human hVps34 shRNA #1: TRCN0000037794 Human hVps34 shRNA #2: TRCN0000037795 Human TPC2 shRNA #1: TRCN0000043919 Human TPC2 shRNA #2: TRCN0000043921 Human P2X4 shRNA #1: TRCN0000044960 Human P2X4 shRNA #2: TRCN0000044962 Lentivirus production and cell transductionRequest a detailed protocol HEK293T cells were seeded in 15-cm culture dishes. When 50–70% confluent, the cells were co-transfected with 9 μg lentiviral vector (empty, lentiviral vector containing sequences expressing indicated proteins, scramble shRNA or shRNA targeting indicated proteins) + 6 μg pspAX2 + 3 μg pMD2G using lipofectamine 2000 according to manufacturer’s instructions. After 24 hr, 48 hr and 72 hr, the supernatants were harvested, respectively, and concentrated using PEG6000 as described before (Kutner et al., 2009). The concentrated virus was stored at −80°C. HEK293T or HUVEC cells were seeded in 10 cm culture dishes. When cells were 40% confluent, concentrated lentiviral solutions were added into the cell culture medium. After 48 hr, cells were treated with antibiotics to select transduced cells. ImmunostainingRequest a detailed protocol Cells were fixed with 4% (wt/vol) paraformaldehyde in PBS for 20 min at room temperature (RT). After wash, cells were permeabilized by PBS/0.5% Triton X-100 and incubated at RT for 10 min. After blocking, cells were incubated with anti-mTOR antibody (1:150, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat. 2983) at 4°C overnight, followed by incubating with Alexa Fluor 568 (1:500, Life technologies, Cat. A11011) for 1 hr at RT. Images were captured using a Zeiss LSM 700 confocal microscope. Data analysisRequest a detailed protocol All graphs were created using GraphPad Prism software, and statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism. Data are presented as the mean ± s.d. Two-tail t-test statistical comparisons were made using ANOVA. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. No statistical method was used to predetermine sample size. The experiments were not randomized. The investigators were not blinded to allocation during experiments. References - The two TORCs and AktDevelopmental Cell 12:487–502. - Localization of Rheb to the endomembrane is critical for its signaling functionBiochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 344:869–880. - - Mucolipins: Intracellular TRPML1-3 channelsFEBS Letters 584:2013–2021. - - Differential regulation by calcium reveals distinct signaling requirements for the activation of Akt and p70S6kJournal of Biological Chemistry 273:4776–4782. - Regulation of mTORC1 by PI3K signalingTrends in Cell Biology 25:545–555. - - - Nutrients and growth factors in mTORC1 activationBiochemical Society Transactions 41:902–905. - - An intracellular calcium signal activates p70 but not p90 ribosomal S6 kinase in liver epithelial cellsJournal of Biological Chemistry 272:1920–1928. - AMPK-independent induction of autophagy by cytosolic Ca2+ increaseCellular Signalling 22:914–925. - - - Maturation of autophagosomes and endosomes: A key role for Rab7Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 1833:503–510. - Role for Rab7 in maturation of late autophagic vacuolesJournal of Cell Science 117:4837–4848. - - - - Regulation of TORC1 by Rag GTPases in nutrient responseNature Cell Biology 10:935–945. - - - - - Rheb binds and regulates the mTOR kinaseCurrent Biology 15:702–713. - Thapsigargin inhibits the sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase family of calcium pumpsThe Journal of Biological Chemistry 266:17067–17071. - Lysosomal calcium signalling regulates autophagy through calcineurin and TFEBNature Cell Biology 17:288–299. - Novel role for SHP-2 in nutrient-responsive control of S6 kinase 1 signalingMolecular and Cellular Biology 33:293–306. - - - - - Pairing phosphoinositides with calcium ions in endolysosomal dynamics: phosphoinositides control the direction and specificity of membrane trafficking by regulating the activity of calcium channels in the endolysosomesBioEssays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology 33:448–457. - - - - - Drosophila TRPML is required for TORC1 activationCurrent Biology 22:1616–1621. - - - Hyperactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling by a gain-of-function mutant of the Rheb GTPaseJournal of Biological Chemistry 281:19793–19797. - - Intracellular calcium and calmodulin link brain-derived neurotrophic factor to p70S6 kinase phosphorylation and dendritic protein synthesisJournal of Neuroscience Research 88:1420–1432. Decision letter - Michael Czech mTORC1 by Lysosomal Calcium and Calmodulin" for consideration by eLife. Your article has been reviewed by two peer reviewers, including Jonathan S Marchant (Reviewer #3), and the evaluation has been overseen by a Reviewing Editor and Kevin Struhl as the Senior Editor. The reviewers have discussed the reviews with one another and the Reviewing Editor has drafted this decision to help you prepare a revised submission.. Author response […]? We conducted experiments to address the specificity of the effects of TRPML1. As TPC2 and P2X4 receptors are mainly localized on lysosomes, we knocked down TPC2 and P2X4 using two different shRNA sequences for each. We also used scramble shRNA, shRNA targeting TRPML1 or BAPTA-AM treatment as controls. As shown in revised Figure 1—figure supplement 1D (left panel), the knockdown efficiency of the two shRNA sequences targeting human TPC2 was about 60% – 70% as judged by q-PCR, consistent with the validation data provided by Sigma-Aldrich from which we purchased the shRNA constructs. The knockdown of TPC2 or P2X4 (right panel) did not significantly inhibit the phosphorylation of S6K, while the knockdown of TRPML1 and treatment with BAPTA-AM did, which is consistent with our previous results. In addition, we previously showed that thapsigargin reversed the inhibition of phosphorylation of S6K by TRPML1 knockdown. These pieces of evidence suggest that the effect we observed from TRPML1 knockdown was not due to the dysregulation of the endolysosomal structure. However, we cannot completely rule out the possibility that TPC2 or P2X4, as lysosomal calcium channels, may play a role in regulating mTORC1, given that the knockdown was not complete. As per reviewers’ suggestion, we also overexpressed constitutively active Rab7A (Q67L) and dominant negative Rab7A (T22N) in HEK293T cells, given that Rab7A plays an important role in positively regulating autophagy (Jäger S et al., Journal of cell science 2004, 117, 4837-4848; Hyttinen JM et al., Biochimica et biophysica acta 2013, 1833, 503-510). As shown in revised Figure 2—figure supplement 2, neither of overexpression of constitutively nor dominant negative Rab7A affected mTORC1 signaling, while overexpression of TRPML1 plus MLSA1 treatment stimulated the phosphorylation of S6K, indicating that the activation of mTORC1 by TRPML1 stimulation was not due to the upregulation of autophagy. We have included these results in our revised manuscript.? Bafilomycin A1 is an inhibitor of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase, and it prevents the re-acidification of lysosomes, therefore depletes lysosomal calcium. We pretreated HEK293T cells with bafilomycin for 1 hour, and continuously treated the cells with or without MLSA1 for another hour. As shown in revised Figure 2D, bafilomycin pretreatment largely abolished the stimulation of mTOR by MLSA1, indicating that the stimulative effect by MLSA1 depends on lysosomal calcium storage. Glycyl-L-phenylalanine 2-naphthylamide (GPN) is a Cathepsin C substrate that induces osmotic lysis of lysosomes and depletes lysosomal calcium. We saw similar effect after GPN pretreatment. These results are consistent with previous report that treatment of cells with bafilomycin A1 or GPN abolished the response of TRPML1 to MLSA1 stimulation (Shen D et al., Nat Commun. 2012, 3:731). NAADP-AM is reported to bind to TPC2 and induced Ca2+ release through TPC2 in TPC2 overexpressed HEK293 cells. However, wild-type cells showed only small and short-lived lysosomal calcium release from native TPC2, and lacked both the ramp-like phase and the secondary transient (Calcraft PJ et al., Nature 2009, 459, 596-600). We did not observe stimulative effect by NAADP treatment in wild type HEK293T cells, likely due to the smaller and shorter calcium release. HEK293T cells were treated with NAADP (5 μM) for 1 hr, and were lysed and subjected to immunoblotting. To test if mTOR is recruited onto TRPML1 positive vesicles, we performed immunofluorescence assay. Because there is no reliable anti-TRPML1 antibody for immunostaining available, we visualized TRPML1 by transfecting HEK293T cells with EGFP-TRPML1 expression plasmid. As shown in Figure 2—figure supplement 1, when cells were deprived with amino acids, mTOR failed to cluster and was not colocalized with EGFP-TRPML1. However, when the cells were restimulated with amino acids, mTOR clustered and EGFP-TRPML1 largely colocalized with mTOR, indicating that mTOR was recruited to lysosomes and colocalized with TRPML1. These observations are consistent with previous report that TRPML1 colocalized with lysosomes (Cheng X, et al., FEBS Lett. 2010, 584: 2013–2021; Li X et al., Nat Cell Biol. 2016, 18:404-17), and amino acids stimulate the translocation of mTORC1 onto lysosomes with the help of Rag GTPase (Zoncu R et al., Science 2011, 334: 678–683; Sancak Y et al., Cell 2010,141:290-303). This result supports our model in that mTOR is recruited to the lysosome and colocalize with TRPML1 that releases lysosomal calcium locally to activate lysosomally localized mTOR upon stimulation with animo acids.. To address the first part of this question, we knocked down hVps34 and treated the wild type or knockdown cells with CMDZ or vehicle control. As shown in revised Figure 4—figure supplement 1, the depletion of hVps34 did not affect the sensitivity of mTOR to CMDZ treatment (Figure 4—figure supplement 1A), indicating that the regulation of mTOR by hVps34 is not dependent on CaM. Another study by an independent group also suggested that the activity of hVps34 was independent of Ca2+/CaM (Yan Y et al., Biochem J 2009, 417:747-55). However, consistent with previous reports (Byfield MP et al., J Biol Chem. 2005, 280:33076-82; Yoon MS et al., Cell Rep. 2016, 16:1510-7; Nobukuni T et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005, 102:14238-43.), knockdown of hVps34 largely abolished mTORC1 activation by amino acids stimulation (Figure 4—figure supplement 1B). For the second part of the question, we agree with the reviewers on the need to assess p-Akt (473) in Figure 3D. We have added the blot of p-Akt (473) to our revised Figure 3D, and we also included p-Akt (473) as much as possible in other experiments (Figure 1—figure supplement 1, Figure 2—figure supplement 2, Figure 4—figure supplement 1). Article and author information Author details Funding National Institutes of Health (R01CA184103) - Ruo-Jing Li - Jing Xu - Chenglai Fu - Jing Zhang - Yujun George Zheng - Hao Jia - Jun O Liu Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute - Ruo-Jing Li - Jing Xu - Chenglai Fu - Jing Zhang - Yujun George Zheng - Hao Jia - Jun O Liu The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication. Acknowledgements This work was supported in part by the National Cancer Institute (R01CA184103), the Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute (JOL), and the Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR), which is funded in part by Grant Number UL1 TR 001079. We are grateful to Dr. Laixi Wang and Hui Cai for technical advice. We thank Drs. Sarah Head and Zufeng Guo for technical help and support. Reviewing Editor - Michael Czech, University of Massachusetts Medical School, United States Publication history - Received: July 4, 2016 - Accepted: October 26, 2016 - Accepted Manuscript published: October 27, 2016 (version 1) - Version of Record published: November 11, 2016 (version 2) © 2016, Li et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited. Metrics - 5,674 - Page views - 1,226 - Downloads - 67 - - Cell Biology Three-component ParABS partition systems ensure stable inheritance of many bacterial chromosomes and low-copy-number plasmids. ParA localizes to the nucleoid through its ATP-dependent nonspecific DNA-binding activity, whereas centromere-like parS-DNA and ParB form partition complexes that activate ParA-ATPase to drive the system dynamics. The essential parS sequence arrangements vary among ParABS systems, reflecting the architectural diversity of their partition complexes. Here, we focus on the pSM19035 plasmid partition system that uses a ParBpSM of the ribbon-helix-helix (RHH) family. We show that parSpSM with four or more contiguous ParBpSM-binding sequence repeats is required to assemble a stable ParApSM-ParBpSM complex and efficiently activate the ParApSM-ATPase, stimulating complex disassembly. Disruption of the contiguity of the parSpSM sequence array destabilizes the ParApSM-ParBpSM complex and prevents efficient ATPase activation. Our findings reveal the unique architecture of the pSM19035 partition complex and how it interacts with nucleoid-bound ParApSM-ATP. - Biochemistry and Chemical Biology - Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics Electron bifurcation is a fundamental energy conservation mechanism in nature in which two electrons from an intermediate-potential electron donor are split so that one is sent along a high-potential pathway to a high-potential acceptor and the other is sent along a low-potential pathway to a low-potential acceptor. This process allows endergonic reactions to be driven by exergonic ones and is an alternative, less recognized, mechanism of energy coupling to the well-known chemiosmotic principle. The electron-bifurcating [FeFe] hydrogenase from Thermotoga maritima (HydABC) requires both NADH and ferredoxin to reduce protons generating hydrogen. The mechanism of electron bifurcation in HydABC remains enigmatic in spite of intense research efforts over the last few years. Structural information may provide the basis for a better understanding of spectroscopic and functional information. Here, we present a 2.3 Å electron cryo-microscopy structure of HydABC. The structure shows a heterododecamer composed of two independent ‘halves’ each made of two strongly interacting HydABC heterotrimers connected via a [4Fe–4S] cluster. A central electron transfer pathway connects the active sites for NADH oxidation and for proton reduction. We identified two conformations of a flexible iron–sulfur cluster domain: a ‘closed bridge’ and an ‘open bridge’ conformation, where a Zn2+ site may act as a ‘hinge’ allowing domain movement. Based on these structural revelations, we propose a possible mechanism of electron bifurcation in HydABC where the flavin mononucleotide serves a dual role as both the electron bifurcation center and as the NAD+ reduction/NADH oxidation site.

Voisin Voisin-Delagrange / Voisin-Farman Страна: Франция Год: 1907 . Voisin - hydroplane - 1906 - Франция <– –> Voisin - tractor biplane - 1909 - Францияуазен" 1909 г. - один из первых самолетов в Западной Европе, летавший еще в 1908 г. В Россию он попал летом 1909 г. По схеме это был трехстоечный биплан с передним рулем высоты, бипланным хвостовым оперением и толкающей силовой установкой с довольно несовершенным воздушным винтом. Характерны вертикальные переборки по концам коробки крыльев и гондола перед крылом, напоминающая по форме утиный нос. Элеронов и гоширования еще не было. На таком самолете были совершены первые в России в XX веке полеты русских авиаторов в Одессе (начиная с 12 июля 1909 г.) и французского авиатора Леганье осенью 1909 г. в Гатчине и в Москве. Летал самолет плохо, не всегда удавался даже взлет. С 1910 г. он уже не применялся. Самолет||<Вуазен> 1909г. Год выпуска||1909 Назначение самолета||Опытный Число мест||1 Двигатель, марка||<Антуанет> Мощность, л.с.||40 Длина самолета, м||7,9 Размах крыла, м||10 Площадь крыла, м2||40 Масса пустого, кг||~400 Масса полной нагрузки, кг||100 Полетная масса, кг||~500 Удельная нагрузка на крыло, кг/м2||12,5 Удельная нагрузка на мощность, кг/лс||13 Весовая отдача,%||20 Скорость максимальная у земли, км/ч||~60 Скорость посадочная, км/ч||~50 Потолок практический, м||100 L.Opdyke French Aeroplanes Before the Great War (Schiffer) Deleted by request of (c)Schiffer Publishing Voisin In late 1906 the Voisin brothers hired a draftsman, Maurice Colliex, and formed a new firm, Les Freres Voisin, thus becoming the first manufacturers of aeroplanes - the first real aircraft factory. They had 2 plans: first to build the often bizarre and complicated and generally unsuccessful projects of rich amateurs who wished to make something original, and thus to collect enough capital to carry out their second plan: to develop their own early designs tested on the Seine into a successful flying machine. To attract customers to both plans, Voisin decided to name the machine after the purchaser rather than himself; the firm's name appeared in small print under the buyer's. In January 1906 they designed a remarkable streamlined twin-propeller hydroplane (but Voisin's own drawing is titled Aeroplane...) for a M Filiasi. Their first customer, Florencie, had an ornithopter designed and built; then he ordered the nacelles for first one and then another unsuccessful machine - these are all described under his name. Their second customer for whom they designed an aeroplane was Henri Kapferer, whose little Buchet-powered biplane appears under his name. Then came the sculptor Leon Delagrange, who is better known today for having been one of the first customers of Charles and Gabriel Voisin than for his fine flying and contemporary fame as a pilot. Though he never took part in the design of any of the aeroplanes he bought - Voisins and later a Bleriot XI - he usually eventually modified them. Delagrange (No 1): Henri Kapferer recommended the firm to his friend Delagrange who in December 1906 ordered his own machine designed and built by the Voisins; 3/4 of the purchase price would be paid only upon proof of a successful flight. Voisin attempted the first flight on 20 February 1907; it lifted briefly, but the fuselage failed. He tried again on 16 March at Bagatelle, but the torque of the motor drove it into the ground on its left wing. Adjusted, as Penaud had done to his design of 1872, with 2 kg of dead weight added to the right wing, the machine flew successfully for 60 m on 30 March. With the announcement of the Archdeacon Deutsch de la Meurthe prize, the Voisins wanted to buy the aeroplane back, but Delagrange wanted to enter it himself; and Voisin recommended testing it with floats. Taking off the wheels, Voisin assisted with the tests of and alterations to the seaplane glider in 1907 on Lake Enghien, near Paris, and then again with wheels, finally wrecking it irreparably in a crash. The aircraft showed what was to become typical Voisin design: big biplane cells for the wings and tail, big side-curtains as vertical tail surfaces and later between the wing struts, forward elevator, big rectangular open-box structure for the tail outriggers supported at the end by 2 tailwheels, and a castering 2-wheel undercarriage. (Span: 11 m; length: 11 m; wing area: 60 sqm; dry weight: 450 kg; 50 hp Antoinette) The following year he replaced the Antoinette motor in one of his Voisins with a 50 hp Chenu. In the same year he bought a Channel-type Bleriot XI with a 3-cylinder Anzani and substituted a 50 hp Gnome, renaming his machine Monoplan Eclair (lightning). With a strengthened undercarriage it was the first 50 hp XI, and also the fastest: on 30 December 1909 he achieved an average speed of 78.3 kmh with a top speed recorded of 86 kmh. A few days later, on 4 January 1910, he died when his Bleriot crashed in a turn. In March 1907 the firm also built the nacelle, propeller, and control surfaces for the dirigible Ville de Paris. They continued to build and test Chanute-type gliders mostly for the Aero Club de France in May. Then they built in 5 weeks a little 50 hp Antoinette-powered biplane with a movable nacelle for the German Hans Reissner, who went on to work with Hugo Junkers on all-metal aircraft structures. The firm also built an unsuccessful large 100 hp helicopter for the Russian, Prince Chelmiky. Henry Farman (HF 1): Ordered on 1 June as being "the same as Delagrange's one," on the basis of payment after a one-kilometer flight, and finished at the Voisin works in August 1907, the first Henry Farman was a big boxkite arrangement covered in silk with a big biplane tail cell with a central flap for a rudder; there were no side-curtains in the wing cell. The long pointed fuselage nacelle was uncovered, with a small biplane forward elevator pivoted at the front. The wheels castered, as on the Bleriot. It hopped on 30 September 1907, but managed a 30-meter flight on 7 October. (Span: 10.8 m; length: 13.45 m; wing area: 42 sqm: empty weight: 320 kg; loaded weight: 550 kg; speed: 60 kmh; 50 hp Antoinette) It was modified over time: a monoplane forward elevator replaced the biplane cell; the nacelle was covered; the rudder was moved aft inside the tail cell. Then the tail side-curtains were reduced and the rudder brought forward again. Then the tail cell was shortened; a gas tank was set on the top wing and a water tank above the engine. On 13 January 1908 it made a world record flight, one kilometer, closed-circuit. It then returned to the factory and reappeared as the Ibis. HF Ibis: The machine was restored and now covered with Continental cloth, and re-engined with a 50 hp Renault until May 1908, when the Antoinette was restored. In Belgium it received side-curtains on either side of the nacelle; in this form it flew from Chalons to Reims on 30 October, 27 km in 20 minutes. Farman's first design contribution was to modify the Ibis to triplane configuration (described under Farman). HF II (Voisin): Henry Farman ordered this machine with a 2-meter gap instead of 1.5, but did not accept it. It may have been used as an "appareil d'essais," for testing engines. Delagrange No 2: Seeing the success of the Farman machine, Delagrange ordered an exact copy of it from the Voisins in the fall of 1907 and flew it successfully in January 1908. (Span: 10.2 m; length: 10.5 m; 50 hp Antoinette) Delagrange No 3: Delagrange added side-curtains to his No 2 in September 1908, one on each side close to the fuselage, and renamed it No 3, with an Antoinette engine. Moore-Brabazon No III: Built for the Englishman in November 1908 with a 60 hp Vivinus engine. (See below, under Standard Voisin) Zipfel: Armand Zipfel had earlier built a glider to Voisin's instructions; he later ordered an aeroplane from the Voisin firm, patterned almost exactly on the Delagrange No III. It was built at the Ateliers d'Aviation du Sud-Estde Villeurbane, near Lyons, and Zipfel flew it first in November 1908. Later he took it to Germany, making the first significant powered flights in that country. He went on to build Voisins under license. (See also Zipfel.) Standard Voisin: The firm put their best model into production, the first one being completed in December 1908. The ribs in both wings and tail were identical; 19 types of aluminum castings were used, and a variety of sheet-steel engine mounts allowed variation in selection of powerplants. The first aircraft was sold to JTC Moore-Brabazon, who called it Voisin No III, since he had attempted to fly in 2 earlier aeroplanes, one of which may have been Goupy's abandoned triplane. Initially fitted with a 50 hp Vivinus automobile engine, it was later re-fitted with a 50 hp Antoinette with the nacelle covered. Moore-Brabazon then ordered a second Voisin, this one called No IV, fitted with an ENV and wider gap. 60 or so were built, exhibited, sold, and raced, in the course of 1908 and early 1909. (Span: 10 m; length: 10.5 m; wing area: 49.75 sqm; empty weight: 445 kg; 50 hp Antoinette) Among the purchasers were the Aeroclub of Odessa; de Baeder; Bregi (this machine was offered by L'Aviation); Bunau-Varilla; de Caters; Dufour; Ferber; Fournier (No 1); Gaudart (Daumont I); Gobron; Hansen; Jacquelin, Kluytmans, Koch; Legagneux; Lesire; Ligue Nationale Aerienne (2 a/c called Alsace and He de France); Metrot; Morveaux; Paulhan (who won it in a contest - see Paulhan); Poillot; Richer; Rigal; de la Roche; Rougier (No 1); de Salvert; Sanchez-Besa; des Vallieres; Vivinus. Similar Voisins were license-built in Italy for Anzani, Cagno, and Florio. Farman, Henry It is curious that among the most famous of the French pioneer aviators, Henry Farman and his brother Maurice, were the children of English parents; they grew up in Paris speaking little English, and Henry (who later sometimes spelled his name Henri), became a French citizen. His grave is in the cemetery of Passy, in Paris, and his stone is inscribed Henry Farman. Both Henry and Maurice soon became interested in bicycling and both became skilled bicycle-racers. Henry and a third brother, Dick, opened an automobile dealership in Paris, but Henry was badly hurt in an car accident and shifted his attention to other things. He watched Voisin fly his gliders, and on 1 June 1907 ordered his first aeroplane from the Voisin firm after seeing the Voisin-built Delagrange No 1 in flight in March 1907. HF I: His aeroplane was designed and built by the Voisins, and is described under their name. HF Ibis: Voisin's modifications to the HF 1 are described under Voisin. But in November Farman himself modified it further: this was Henry Farman's first real design contribution. He rebuilt it as a triplane with the addition of a short high-set wing, 4 ailerons, the outer pairs of side-curtains with cut-outs to allow movement of the ailerons. It reverted to biplane configuration on 28 November with an enlarged tail cell; and then in December back to triplane, when it was sold to an Austrian syndicate where it was rebuilt once again as a biplane and Legagneux crashed it. Kapferer Graduate of the Ecole des Mines, collaborator and nephew of Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe, Henri Kapferer was well known as a balloonist; but it was he who in 1904 suggested to his uncle that he should sponsor research into heavier-than-air machines, and his suggestion was followed by the creation of the Prix du Kilometre, which was won by Henry Farman on 13 January 1908. Through the support of men like de la Meurthe and the banker Lazare Weiller, the powers of money stood guarantee for the new industry. Henri Kapferer is not included in this section as a constructor but as a buyer and enthusiast: he had 4 aircraft built, but none of them were of his design. With Leon Delagrange, the first client of the Voisin brothers' aircraft manufacturing firm, he ordered a Voisin biplane late in 1906. Though warned to use a light motor of at least 40 hp, he fitted to his new machine a heavy and useless 20/25 hp V8 Buchet. Tested unsuccessfully on the Sartrouville grounds on 1 March 1907, the machine was abandoned. A.Andrews. The Flying Machine: Its Evolution through the Ages (Putnam) At Billancourt, a mile away from Issy on the other side of the Seine, the brothers Charles and Gabriel Voisin had set up the world’s first aircraft factory, where they developed their own rather pedes¬trian designs, but, much more importantly, coped with all comers by fulfilling individual orders. Among their clients were the friendly rivals Henry Farman and Leon Delagrange. Henry Farman, whose father had settled in Paris as a newspaper correspondent, was of British nationality, though he could speak no English. He did not take French nationality until 1937, and he survived until 1958, when he was 84. He was trained as an art student — an extraordinary number of early pilots and aircraft designers were artists — but he abandoned art, first for cycle racing and then for automobile racing, winning the heavy car class of the great Paris-Vienna race of 1902 in a 70hp Panhard. In 1907, at the age of 33, he was ‘converted’ to aeronautics, and commissioned from the Voisin brothers one of the stock biplanes they were then producing. (They had filched the design from an inaccurate diagram of the Wright machine of 1903.) This had box-kite configuration of wings and tail unit, with pusher propeller and forward elevator. Farman speedily modified this, and by November 1907 he had achieved a flight of over a minute. After further modification he flew the Voisin-Farman I (mod) on the first half-kilometre-and-back {Kilometre boucle, or kilometre return-to-base) accomplished in Europe, at Issy on 13 January 1908. Leon Delagrange, flying a machine with very similar progressive modifications, the Voisin-Delagrange II and III, accomplished in the first six months of 1908 flights that gradually improved to a 14km stretch done in 18 1/2 minutes. Farman maintained a parallel progression. Журнал Flight Flight, January 2, 1909 THE WRIGHT AND VOISIN TYPES OF FLYING MACHINE. A COMPARISON BY F. W. LANCHESTER. constructed their work on a small scale before finally settling a design. The Voisin factory is on a comparatively small scale; the output and work in hand at date includes (amongst others) some five machines of the Farman-Delagrange type, and four machines of a modifiedagrange precaution that the latter neglected, and it would seem that it is hopeless to attempt to fly, at least with a new machine, without some such provision. It also appears that the Delagrange machine went through some kind of a history in its early state, the wheels fitted in the first instance not being arranged as it was subsequently found necessary to arrange them, namely, as castors, or as the French express it, " orientable." It is this provision that takes care of any slight side component of the wind when starting and alighting which might otherwise upset the machine. The Voisin machine is given as weighing complete, with Mr. Farman " up, " 1,540 lbs. (700 kilogs.), and has a total supporting surface of 535 sq. ft., this being the combined area of the horizontal members of the aerofoil and the tail, both being used for sustentation, though there are reasons for supposing that the pressure per sq. ft. on the aerofoil is greater than on that of the tail. ( 110 mm. by 105 mm.), stated to give 49 b.h.p. at 1,100 revs, per min. ; its weight is given as 265 lbs. (120 kilos.). It is said that the gliding angle of the Voisin machine was at first approximately 1 : 5 or 11 degrees, but that by detail improvements in diminishing framework resistance by rounding off and covering in to form stream-line sections, the gliding angle has been improved, and is now about '16 radian, that is between 1 : 6 and 1 : 7, or 9 degs. approximately. Flight, January 9, 1909 THE FIRST PARIS AERONAUTICAL SALON. "Delagrange No. 3." Biplane constructed by Voisin Freres, and exhibited by the Soc. d'Encouragement d'Aviation in order to advertise their new Juvisy Aerodrome, which opens on January 10th. The general lines of the machine are well known to readers of The Automotor Journal. It has in addition to the two main planes an elevator in front and a rudder enclosed by a box-kite tail behind. The pilot sits in the centre between the main planes, and is thus just in front of the engine # a 50-h.p. 8-cyl. Antoinette # which drives a 2-bladed propeller mounted on the end of its crank-shaft. There are two side curtains between the main planes, one near each end. "Voisin-Farman No. 1" Biplane constructed by Voisin Freres on the lines of "Farman No. 1," and equipped with a dummy pilot to give reality to its setting over the grand staircase, where it looks for all the world as if about to fly off from the balusters. The general lines of this machine are the same as the " Delagrange," and it presents the same workmanlike appearance which is characterising the Voisin productions. It is neither clumsily heavy nor flimsily light, but appears to have just a reasonable degree of rigidity which does the builders credit for their judgment in design. Flight, February 20, 1909 Moore-Brabazon and His Engines. MR. MOORE-BRABAZON is trying another engine on one of the Voisin aeroplanes, and this time it is an E.N.V. 8-cyl. motor which he has selected. Moore-Brabazon Flies Easily. WITH the new engine Moore-Brabazon has got along much more smoothly in his flying. On Wednesday, at Issy, in the early morning, he repeatedly made circular kilometre flights without the smallest sign of effort, his machine behaving splendidly. So much so, that he already sees himself on the way for a long flight. His biplane is to be transferred to Chalons, where a special hangar is now being erected, and he then intends to try for some more ambitious records, bringing him a little nearer to the top than the fifth place at present reached by him. Flight, March 27, 1909 FLYERS AT OLYMPIA. "The Bird of Passage" (J. T. C. MOORE-BRABAZON). Such is the name which Mr. J. T. C. Moore Brabazon has given to his No. 4 flyer which, like its predecessors, was constructed by Voisin Freres in France. It is the actual machine with which Mr. Moore-Brabazon made his latest famous flights at Issy, and it is the only flyer in the Show that has actually flown incidentally, the mud on the wheels and chassis give the fact an air of practical reality. This particular flyer which is, of course, typical of the Voisin construction and to which our remarks about the Voisin machine exhibited by Mr. F. R. Simms therefore apply, happens to have been the first of the new pattern in which the distance between the main decks was increased from 1.5 metres to 2 metres. "The Bird of Passage" is equipped with an E.N.V. 8-cylinder engine which drives a twin-bladed propeller direct. The pilot sits in front of the engine in a rectangular car which projects forward to carry the elevator. Directly in front of him is a steering wheel like that on a motor car, but set on a horizontal spindle; this wheel the pilot turns to steer and pushes bodily to and fro in order to ascend and descend. Voisin (F. R. SIMMS). The biplane exhibited by Mr. F. R. Simms, who has secured the sole concession for these machines in this country, is one of the standard Voisin machines and affords an excellent example of the Voisin system of construction. Next to the Wrights', the Voisin flyers have been the most successful which have yet taken their place in the air. The great feature of the Voisin system is, as our readers know, the use of a box-kite tail, carried by an outrigger framework some distance behind the main plane. This tail, which encloses the rudder, is itself employed for the purpose of giving automatic longitudinal stability, the idea being that the wind blowing on to the tail uses the leverage afforded by the outrigger framework to bring the machine once more on to an even keel. In front of the main planes is an elevator, and between the main planes there are fixed four vertical side curtains; the car which carries the engine and the pilot is also covered with fabric. The Voisin machine is certainly a well-built job, and it has a number of constructional details of considerable interest, some of which may or may not, of course, stand the test of time. The main planes are single surfaced, and the decks are thus very thin and flexible, which causes the spars and libs to stand out rather prominently; each member is, however, encased in its own special bag. It is a feature of the Voisin design, possibly resulting from certain details of construction, that each main plane as an overhung flexible rear edge which can adjust itself to the air streams. The elevator in front, on the contrary, is rigid fore and aft, and has top and bottom surfaces, which are nearly two inches apart at the thickest point. All the struts of the Voisin machine are elliptical in section, and have sharp cutting and trailing edges; they are neatly and rigidly mounted in aluminium sockets, which are bolted to the main spars. All the tension wires are adjustable. The machine is mounted on a two-wheeled chassis in front, and has a pair of small wheels under the tail; the suspension of the former is effected by long helical springs. Delagrange (MASS CARS). The Delagrange biplane as exhibited by the Mass Co. is a slightly modified Voisin machine; the modification consisting in the abolition of the four vertical side curtains which the Voisin machines proper employ between the two outer pairs of struts separating the main planes. In the machine shown, too, the distance between the main planes is 0.5 1/2 circuits of the Issy Parade Ground. Among other places, he has flown in Rome, and among other notable facts in connection with his performances is that he took aloft the first lady passenger, Madame Therese Peltier. Flight, April 3, 1909 Aeroplanes to be Blessed. IT has been no very uncommon thing to record in the past the blessing of motor cars by the Roman Church in France. Apparently the same procedure in some quarters is to be followed in regard to flying machines, as a formal gathering this week took place on April ist at the invitation of the Compagnie d'Aviation at Juvisy, when benediction was pronounced by the Archbishop of Paris and the Bishop of Versailles over the aerodrome of the above-named company, and incidentally over the flyers which happened to be there at the time. We await with curiosity the name of the special Saint under whose protection aeroplanes have been placed. Flight, April 10, 1909 Blessing Aerodromes and Aeroplanes. LAST week we referred to the innovation of blessing the new aerodrome at Juvisy and the two Delagrange aeroplanes there. We now give in our frontispiece a couple of photographs illustrating this curious ceremony. It will be sean that a sort of grand stand was erected for the occasion, and to the front of this the two aeroplanes were brought. The service was commenced by Mgr. Amette, the Archbishop of Paris, delivering an address, in the course of which he said that man by his original fall lost the sovereignty of the air, but the present inventions permit it to be hoped that man may be allowed by Divine grace to regain some small fragment of his original sovereignty. The Church was therefore happy to bless the machines, destined to soar through space and conquer realms hitherto beyond man's domination. Short prayers were then uttered that those using the aeroplanes might be preserved from accident, after which one of the aeroplanes was named "Ile de France," by Baroness Lagatinerie, and the other "Alsace," by Madame Dussand, and sprinkling them with holy water, the Archbishop blessed them. At this moment a change came over the heavens, and, as if in sympathy with the Archbishop's movements, rain fell in torrents, causing the "godmothers" and the assistants to flee for shelter. About five hundred people witnessed the ceremony, including the Duke and Duchess of Rohan, Princess Murat, Prince and Princess Leon, Marquis and Marchioness of Castellane, Marquis and Marchioness of Puybaudet, &c. Flight, May 1, 1909. PRESENT STATUS OF MILITARY AERONAUTICS. By GEORGE O. SQUIER, Ph.D., Major, Signal Corps, U.S. Army. REPRESENTATIVE AEROPLANES OF VARIOUS TYPES. The Farman Aeroplane (Fig. 24). The Farman flying machine has two superposed aero-surfaces 4 ft. 11 ins. apart, with a spread of 42 ft. 9 ins. and 6 ft. 7 ins. from front to rear. The total sustaining surface is about 560 sq. ft. A box tail 6 ft. 7 ins. wide and 9 ft. 10 ins. long in rear of the main surfaces is used to balance the machine. The vertical sides of the tail are pivoted along the front edges, and serve as a vertical rudder for steering in a horizontal plane. There are two parallel, vertical partitions near the middle of the main supporting surfaces, and one vertical partition in the middle of the box tail. A horizontal rudder in front of the machine is used to elevate or depress it in flight. The motor is an 8-cyl. Antoinette of 50-h.p. weighing 176 lbs., and developing about 31-h.p. at 1,050 r.p.m. The propeller is a built-up steel frame covered with aluminium sheeting, 7 1/2 ft. in diameter, with a pitch of 4 ft. 7 ins. It is mounted directly on the motor-shaft immediately in rear of the middle of the main surfaces. The framework is of wood, covered with canvas. A chassis steel tubing carries two pneumatic-tyred bicycle wheels. Two smaller wheels are placed under the tail. The total weight of the machine is 1,166 lbs. The main surfaces support a little over two pounds per square foot. The machine has shown a speed of about 28 miles per hour, and no starting apparatus is used. On January 13th, 1908, Farman won the Grand Prix of the Aero Club of France in a flight of 1 min. 28 secs., in which he covered more than a kilometre. It is reported that on October 30th, 1908, a flight of 20 miles, from Mourmelon to Rheims, was made with this machine. Flight, May 29, 1909. Opening of the Juvisy Aerodrome. THE opening of Port Aviation - the aerodrome at Juvisy - on Sunday last was somewhat in the nature of a fiasco. Great preparations had been made, and it had been extensively advertised that there would be an exciting aeroplane race between Delagrange, Rougier, Bleriot, and others. A large crowd of spectators, estimated by some people as something up to 100,000 - probably 10,000 is nearer the mark - assembled and patiently waited for some hours to see the flyers in the air. The kite-flying competition which was on the programme for the afternoon did not secure a great deal of interest, and as there was no signs of the aeroplanes being put through their paces, murmurs of discontent began to arise. At last M. Delagrange made several short flights, but that did not satisfy the crowd. Eventually, about five o'clock, it looked as though some damage would be done, as the crowd began to encroach on the course and threatened to invade the pay-offices and smash the grand-stands, &c, up. With characteristic pluck, M. Delagrange came to the rescue. Although he was hampered by the people swarming on the course, he started off and covered five circuits of the course. Rougier also made an attempt to fly, but he was so unnerved by the people crowding upon him that he was unable to complete one circuit. The judges therefore decided that M. Delagrange was the winner of the Lagatinerie Prize, but as only two machines competed, the value of it, in accordance with the rules, was reduced to 2,500 francs. The official record of M. Delagrange's flight states that he covered five circuits, a distance of 5.8 kiloms., in 10 mins. 18 3/5 secs. The next event at Port Aviation is to be held to-morrow (Sunday), and will take the form of a high jump contest, a line of balloons being fixed at a height of 25 metres, and the competitors having to "jump" over them. Flight, July 10, 1909 M. Paulhan Flies. "SLOW but sure" is the motto of M. Paulhan, who has been practising on his Voisin biplane at Issy, and for some days last week he contented himself by making several "jumps" in order to familiarise himself with the handling of the machine. On Saturday, after several short flights of about 200 metres in length, he decided upon a more extended flight and made not quite five circuits of the grounds, amounting to about eight kiloms., the altitude not being very great, varying between two and five metres. He then gave notice to the Aero Club that he would make an attempt on Monday to win one of the 500-metre prizes, but unfortunately some trouble was experienced with the motor, and although the machine made several short jumps, it did not keep going sufficiently long to cover the course. M. Paulhan is, however, very well pleased with his progress, and is now at Douai, where he intends to take part in some of the competitions there. Flight, July 24, 1909 Captain Ferber at Belfort. ON Sunday last, Captain Ferber made several flights on the Champ de Mars, on a Voisin biplane. The secret of the identity of Captain Ferber and the successful "De Rue" is now an open one. It will be remembered we referred some weeks ago to "De Rue" being the assumed name of a well-known aeronautical enthusiast. Captain Ferber also made six very successful flights on Tuesday of this week at Belfort, although they were all fairly short. Satisfied with the running of his machine, he thereupon had it sent off to Vichy for the meeting. Flight, August 14, 1909. THE VOISIN BIPLANE, 1908-9 TYPE A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MR. MOORE-BRABAZON'S "BIRD OF PASSAGE," TOGETHER WITH SCALE DRAWINGS WHICH HAVE BEEN OBTAINED THROUGH THE COURTESY OF THE OWNER FROM THE ORIGINAL MACHINE. WHILE Farman and Delagrange were arousing the enthusiasm of France, and attracting the keen interest of all nations to their brave and diligent attempts to conquer the air, the designer and constructor of the first practical type of French flyer remained in comparative obscurity; for the moment everyone overlooked the man behind the machine. M. Voisin commenced his experiences in flight at a sufficiently early period in the modern history of the movement, for he made his first public effort as pilot of the glider with which M. Bleriot inaugurated aerial experiments over the Seine. Bleriot's glider was towed by a fast motor boat, and more than once M. Voisin found himself prematurely plunged thereby beneath the surface of the water. When Voisin and his brother settled themselves down to the designing of a motor-driven machine, they made no particular outcry about the occasion. It was not until after the successful flights which Farman and Delagrange had made with their device had been adequately applauded, that France herself began to realise who it was that produced them. For his work, however, M. Voisin has received the very just award of having his name included on the first list of decorations to be awarded in connection with the science and art of flight. One of the first of those to secure a Voisin flyer was Mr. Moore-Brabazon, and it is of this machine, now housed at Shellbeach, that the owner has very kindly permitted us to make the accompanying scale drawings for the benefit of readers of FLIGHT. Mr. Moore-Brabazon's "Bird of Passage," as he has named his flyer, is a machine with which he has achieved several flights. In fact, his early progress in the mastery of the air with it was remarkable. Since its arrival in this country he has also flown, but not to the same extent, partially owing to the inclemency of the present summer. Leading Characteristics. The Voisin flyer is an original type of machine, and it is therefore the more important to specifically state its leading characteristics. Broadly speaking, the great point in the Voisin flyer is the fact that it has a tail, this member consisting of a kind of open-ended box carried at the rear upon a light outrigger framework extending some thirteen feet behind the main decks. Having two principal supporting surfaces, the Voisin flyer belongs to the biplane class, and in this respect is similar to the Wright machine, with which it has another point in common, in the presence of an elevator. The elevator consists of a pivoted plane mounted about six feet in front of the main decks. Apart from the presence of the tail, the greatest contrast between the Voisin and Wright types lies in the absence of any wing warping or other special method of maintaining lateral stability in the Voisin flyer, beyond what is available from the effects of steering by the rudder. Unlike the Wright flyer, which is supported upon runners or "ski," the Voisin machine, when on the ground, rests upon a wheeled chassis, and it is a leading characteristic in the construction of the machine that this chassis is attached to a kind of girder which supports the engine, contains the driver's seat, and carries an extension on which the elevator is mounted. This chassis-frame is one of the elements into which the machine can be dismantled for transport. The last, but by no means the least important, characteristic of the Voisin flyer is its use of a single high-speed propeller mounted direct on the crank-shaft of a 50-h.p. engine. The Main Decks. The main decks have a total span from tip to tip of approximately 33 ft., and a fore and aft chord of 6 ft. 9 ins. They are single-surfaced with fabric which is stretched over a foundation consisting of ash ribs lying across two transverse main spars. Two spars are placed about 5 ft. apart, and the ribs, which end up flush with the front spar, overlap the rear member a matter of 21 ins., whereby the trailing edge of the decks becomes flexible to a limited extent. This flexible trailing edge is a feature of Voisin construction, as also is the single-surfacing of the decks. The "Continental" surface fabric is so attached that it lies beneath the ribs, but these members are enclosed in pockets of the same material; it is this feature of the construction which gives the uneven appearance to the upper surface of the deck. In order to avoid sharp angles, the main transverse spars are also covered by strips of fabric so fastened that they give the spars a virtual triangular section. All the ribs which lie between the two main spars are not alike, for at intervals coinciding with the vertical struts which separate the decks the ribs are considerably larger, and are built up to form an inverted T section. Before being mounted, the ribs are permanently set to the required shape, so that the decks when surfaced shall have the proper camber. The Tail. The tail, which is also of biplane form, is constructed on exactly similar lines to the main decks, and although it has a smaller gap, and a much shorter span, the chord is the same dimension. The area of the two decks of the tail is nearly one-quarter of the area of the main decks, and it is necessary to bear its value in mind when considering the effective supporting area of the whole machine. The aspect ratio of the tail is only a little more than unity. The Elevator. Unlike the tail, the elevator does not resemble the main decks, either in its form or construction, for in the first place it is of the monoplane type, secondly it is double-surfaced. The elevator is, owing to its method of mounting, divided into two equal portions on either side of the girder frame, which juts out in front of the main deck. The area of both parts combined is 45 sq. ft. or a little more than one-tenth of the area of the main decks. Its effective span is 13 ft. 10 ins., and as its chord is 3 ft. 3 ins. the aspect ratio of each portion is about 2. The ribs which stiffen the elevator are sufficiently thick at the maximum section to allow the hinge-rod to pass through them, and fore and aft of this point, which lies 10 1/4 ins. behind the leading edge, the ribs taper to a point. The hinge-member consists of a 1 1/4-in. steel tube, and the maximum depth of the elevator at this point is about 2 1/2 ins. Being double-surfaced, that is to say, having a fabric covering top and bottom, the ribs and the hinge are entirely enclosed. The elevator is virtually cambered by its arched upper surface; the bottom surface is approximately flat. The operation of the elevator is carried out by means of a connecting-rod attached to the steering-wheel spindle. This latter member is mounted so that it can slide in its bearings, and the pilot is thus able to set the elevator by pushing and pulling the steering-wheel bodily to and fro. The Rudder. The rudder resembles the elevator in form and construction. It is situated between the decks and the tail, being mounted upon a vertical hinge pivoted upon the rear transverse spars of the tail decks. Owing to the tail itself having a flexible trailing edge most of the rudder lies wholly within the tail, only about 1 ft. 3 ins. of its chord projecting in the normal position. The hinge of the rudder is about 18 ft. 4. ins. behind the rear edges of the main decks. The operation of the rudder is effected by wires, which pass round a wooden drum on the steering spindle. (To be concluded.) Flight, August 21, 1909. THE VOISIN BIPLANE, 1908-9 TYPE. A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MR. MOORE-BRABAZON'S "BIRD OF PASSAGE." (Concluded from page 488.) Side-Curtains. ANOTHER feature which characterises the Voisin flyer is the presence of side-curtains between the main decks and also between the decks of the tail, these members being thereby converted into a kind of box-kite construction. Between the main decks there are four sidecurtains, one at each end and another between the vertical struts adjacent to those at each end. They consist of sheets of the same surface material as is employed for the decks, and are stiffened by fiat ribs enclosed in pockets. To a certain extent they may also receive support from the diagonal wireties which lie adjacent to them. The real utility of sidecurtains has been questioned by some aviators, and M. Delagrange has flown a Voisin machine without them. Leaving aside all considerations affecting those employed between the main decks, it appears to us that the possible influence on the effectiveness of the rudder, of those in the tail, ought certainly to be taken into consideration. We have already pointed out that the rudder is almost entirely enclosed within the tail, and it is difficult to believe that the side curtains do not effect its action. The part played by the side-curtains between the main decks is not altogether too well defined. They afford a considerable extent of cutwater, which doubtless assists the machine in turning, and it is possible that they also tend to minimise the direct effect of side gusts suddenly striking the machine obliquely. Engine and Propeller. After trying various different engines, Mr. Moore-Brabazon finally selected an E.N.V. motor of 50-h.p. It is an engine of the 8-cyl. "V" type, and of very substantial construction, although specially designed for flight. The propeller is mounted direct on an extension of the crank-shaft, and is a two-bladed construction in steel. The blades are riveted to detachable arms, which are bolted to a separate boss in a manner which is clearly illustrated in an accompanying sketch. Some observations on the pitch and efficiency of the Voisin propulsion will be found in FLIGHT, vol. 1, p 16. In front of the engine, and immediately behind the pilot's seat, is a large honeycomb radiator. The engine is mounted on a light girder framework of steel, an arrangement which is well illustrated in the accompanying photographs. Control. The control of the Voisin flyer is carried out entirely by the aid of the elevator and the rudder, the former being operated by pushing and pulling the steering wheel bodily to and fro, and the latter by turning the wheel upon its axis. The steering follows the same direction as on a motor car; pulling the steering wheel tilts the front edge of the elevator for temporary ascents. The purpose of the elevator is to produce temporary ascents or jumps by altering the angle of incidence of the main planes to the relative wind, and also to check any longitudinal oscillations which may occur, The elevator, although a means of beginning an ascent, is not itself endowed with any capacity for causing ascent to be maintained, that alone can result from an increase in the engine power beyond what is necessary to sustain horizontal flight. Lateral stability is maintained by suitably steering the machine, so as to give the depressed wing tip such an increased relative velocity to the air as will cause it to have a greater lift. The Chassis. The weight of the machine, with the exception of that part represented by the tail, which is independently supported by a pair of small wheels, rests upon two bicycle wheels shod with 650 by 65 mm. tyres. These wheels are mounted upon a tubular framework, and have a. track of 4 ft. 8 1/2 ins. They are so arranged that they can swing, together, to one side or the other of their normal position, like the castors of a chair, a feature which is essential in order to preserve the equilibrium of the machine when it runs along the ground. In order to restrain these movements on the part of the wheels, their hubs, which are joined by a hinged axle, are anchored to the chassis frame by tension springs, which always tend to draw the wheels back again to their normal positions. Suspension. The suspension of the flyer upon the chassis is effected by a pair of long helical springs. Each spring is mounted about a steel column which extends upwards from the chassis and passes through a bracket attached to the girder frame which carries the engine. This bracket serves as an abutment to the upper end of the spring, and it also carries a rubber pad to cushion the effect of the recoil. This point forms one of the attachments of the chassis to the frame, the other attachment being formed by a radius-rod which is hinged directly to the frame at a point further in front. When the springs compress, the effect of these radius-rods is to cant the uprights about which the springs are mounted, a point which should be borne in mind when considering the stresses to which the supporting brackets are liable to be subjected. Pilot's Seat. The pilot's seat in the Voisin flyer is situated about a third of the chord behind the leading edge of the main plane, and is contained within the girder frame which carries the engine and the elevator. On Mr. Moore-Brabazon's machine the seat consists of a simple board, hinged so that it can be raised for access to the starting handle of the engine, which lies almost immediately beneath it. The relative position of the seat to the other principal members is clearly shown by an accompanying sketch. Girder Work. From a constructional point of view a flyer presents a series of special problems in girder work, and it is therefore always instructive to consider the design on this basis. The main planes of the Voisin machine constitute together a kind of lattice girder, in which vertical wood struts alternate with diagonal piano-wire ties. Here and there extra struts and tie-wires have been introduced in the manner illustrated by an accompanying diagram which shows the staying of the main spars forming the leading edges of the decks. A point which is always of considerable importance to observe in this connection, is the continuity or otherwise of of the girder from end to end, and special attention should therefore be paid to the manner in which the lower spars of the main decks are carried across through the supplementary frame used for the engine. In the Voisin construction the front spar is divided at this point and fastened to the engine girder by a bracket, an intermediate member belonging to the girder bridging the gap. Another example of girder work in the Voisin flyer is the outrigger carrying the tail, but this consists of four rectangular spars attached by brackets to the rear transverse spars of the main decks. Each pair of spars in a vertical plane constitutes a lattice girder, and is braced in a similar manner to the spars in the main decks. There as no bracing, however, between the spars in a horizontal plane, other than that afforded at each end by the tail and the main decks respectively. The girder, to which the chassis is attached, which carries the engine, the pilot's seat, and the elevator, is a semi-elliptic construction formed by four longitudinal spars braced together by wood struts and diagonal wireties. In the vicinity of the engine tubular steel struts are used instead of ash, and the blank end of the girder is finished off with a pressed steel member, which braces three sides simultaneously. Constructive Detail. Considerable attention has already been given to the joints and fastenings of the Voisin flyer in other issues of FLIGHT, so that our readers are already familiar with the aluminium socket-brackets by means of which the struts of the machine are fastened to the spars. This in itself is a feature of the Voisin construction not alone as a detail but also because of the rigid system which it represents. The joints in the Voisin flyer are designed to be quite rigid throughout, and the tie-wires have tighteners fitted to them, so that they can always be kept taut. On the contrary, the Wright flyer has hook-and-eye joints between the struts and the spars, and the tie-wires are not specially stretched in place; the whole machine is, in fact, built so as to be slack, and therefore able to give when strained. Materials. Ash is used throughout in the construction of the machine, with the exception of the steel tube work employed in the chassis. As timber, ash is characterised by its flexibility, and on the Voisin machine it must be confessed that there is not lacking evidence of its capacity in this respect, many of the struts and spars being very much inclined to bend under the load imposed upon them. In flying machine design every effort is, of course, made to keep down the weight, and sections have to be reduced to a minimum in consequence. For the small fittings such as the socket-brackets for the struts, aluminium is employed, and this metal was also used for the main supporting brackets above the springs, until it gave way during a rough landing. Messrs. Short Brothers then introduced a pair of manganese steel brackets when making the repair, and as these members are in any case not large, the increase in weight is in no way comparable with the value of the additional strength thus obtained for such an important member The fabric used for covering the decks is Continental rubber-proofed material. Dimensions. Most of the important dimensions likely to be of primary interest to the reader are given on the full-page plan and elevation. There are a few others, however, which it may be of interest to summarise here. The spacing of the ribs in the main decks is approximately 1 ft. 3 ins.; their camber is given by an accompanying diagram. The main transverse spars in the decks are 1 1/2 ins. fore and aft and 3/4 in. deep, but the section is not symmetrical, being cut away to sharpen the leading edge. The ordinary ribs have a section of about 5/16 in. by 3/4 in., while the main ribs of the section are 1 1/2 ins. wide at the base. The struts have a maximum width of 1 1/2 ins. and a maximum depth of 2 ins. They taper slightly towards the extremities, and have a sharp-pointed elliptic section. The longitudinal spars forming the outrigger which carries the tail have a mean section of 1 1/2 x 1 x 1 1/4 ins., while the main spars in the central girder which carries the engine and elevator have a section 1 1/8 ins. square. The ribs in the elevator are spaced 1 ft. 4 1/2 ins. apart. The smallest wire used has a diameter of about 1/16 in., but their size varies in different places and is much larger where it is employed for staying the chassis. The tubular steel work of the chassis is mostly 1 1/4 ins. in diameter. The helical springs used in the suspension are 3 ft. long, 2 ins. mean diameter, and of 3/4 in. circular section. Flight, October 30, 1909 The First Lady Flyer. YET another sphere which some had thought man would, for some time, at any rate, retain for his own has. Flight, July 5, 1913. THE PIONEERS. <...> Very few people either appreciated or really realised what the Wright brothers had done, for they invited no publicity and most of their achievements were, in fact, unseen. It was, therefore, in France during the year 1907 that the new art first publicly attracted the notice of the man in the street. Henry Farman and Leon Delagrange were the central figures of this period in the history of aviation, and it is curious, but none the less a fact, that no one at that time gave much thought or credit to the Voisin brothers who had designed and constructed the machines that these pilots were using. Gabriel Voisin was in fact one of the earliest experimenters in aviation, and some of his most exciting experiences were concerned with the flying of a glider as a kite while it was being towed by a fast motor boat over the Seine. It was at this earlier period, too, that the names of Archdeacon, Bleriot, Santos Dumont, and Esnault Pelterie were first prominent, but this progress was spasmodic in the extreme, mainly because everyone found an exceeding great difficulty in selecting a suitable place for full-scale research. It was one thing to be interested in the idea of flying, but quite another to find anywhere that one could safely attempt to practise the art of flight. Santos Dumont, always an enthusiast for new things, and at that time still enamoured of the small dirigible, built an aeroplane of the tail-first type, with which he succeeded in winning the first flight prize for a glorified jump exceeding 25 metres, which he performed on October 23rd, 1906. As we have remarked, however, serious public interest was not really aroused until 1907, when Delagrange and Farman acquired their machines from Messrs. Voisin, who had established the first aeroplane factory on the outskirts of Paris. Permission had been obtained from the authorities by Henry Farman to practise on the parade ground at Issy, and it was apparent from the first that aviation was about to enter upon a new era. France has ever justified herself as a great society of encouragement, for new arts have seldom lacked the enthusiastic patronage of the rich in that country. In aviation there had already been established, through the generosity of MM. Deutsch and Archdeacon, a prize of 50,000 francs for whosoever should first complete a circular flight of 1 kilometre in length; nothing could well have been better suited to encourage progress. The conditions were simple and straightforward, yet they comprised a crucial test. It was apparent that the mere ability to keep the machine off the ground for a period while it wended its way more or less in a straight line, did not constitute flying. In order to fly properly, one must be able to turn, and it was while turning that the machine was most potent to cause trouble. Henry Farman won this Deutsch-Archdeacon prize, which was called the Grand Prix de l'Aviation, on January 13th, 1908. On October 31st of that year, he flew across country from Chalons to Rheims, a distance of 27 kilometres. <...> Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. Side view of the Voisin-Delagrange biplane. L.Opdyke - French Aeroplanes Before the Great War /Schiffer/ The Voisin-built Delagrange No I in flight, 30 March 1907. L.Opdyke - French Aeroplanes Before the Great War /Schiffer/ The Delagrange No 1 crashed at Vincennes. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. The Voisin-Delagrange biplane in full flight. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. MARKING A NEW EPOCH IN THE PROGRESS OF FLIGHT. - M. Delagrange flying on his Voisin machine round the Juvisy Aerodrome last Sunday upon the occasion o! its inauguration. This is the first public aerodrome in the world. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. PARIS AERO SALON. - Rear view of the Delagrange Aeroplane, built by Voisin. This illustration shows the box-kite tail and the rudder, which is not visible in the photograph of the Farman machine. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. PARIS AERO SALON. - General view of the principal part of the Aviation Section. In the foreground, a little to the left, is a back view of Ader's "Avion," to the right is the R.E.P. monoplane, and opposite to it is the Delagrange biplane. In mid-air is the "Ville de Bordeaux," and in the distance, down the Grande Nef, can be seen part of a spherical balloon.. L.Opdyke - French Aeroplanes Before the Great War /Schiffer/ The Delagrange No 1 on floats. P.Jarrett - Pioneer Aircraft: Early Aviation Before 1914 /Putnam/ First flown in September 1907, the Voisin-Farman I began life with a wide-span tail unit, but had been substantially modified by its owner-pilot by the end of 1908, by which time it had made significant flights. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. Fig. 24. - Farman Aeroplane. L.Opdyke - French Aeroplanes Before the Great War /Schiffer/ The slightly modified Henry Farman No 1. Note the tank on the top wing. L.Opdyke - French Aeroplanes Before the Great War /Schiffer/ The Farman No Ibis in full flight. A.Andrews - The Flying Maschine: Its Evolution through the Ages /Putnam/ A prize of 50,000 francs went to Henry Farman for the execution, on 13 January 1908, of the first kilometre return-to-base flight in Europe, achieved in his Voisin-Farman I (mod) biplane. Since Farman was not to adopt lateral control for another 9 months he could make no sharp turn and, once past the starting pylon, he had to fly in a banked attitude following a steady circle throughout. A.Andrews - The Flying Maschine: Its Evolution through the Ages /Putnam/ Having modified his previous modification to produce the Voisin-Farman I-bis (mod) with four side-curtains between the wings, and putting up a creditable 40km flight with this adaptation, Henry Farman ‘saw the light’ regarding lateral control, which was making the flying of Wilbur Wright the envy of all French airmen, and he installed four broad wing-tip ailerons in his revised model, the Voisin-Farman I-bis (2nd mod). Later he used neater ailerons in his first ‘signed’ aircraft, the classic Henry Farman III. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. PARIS AERO SALON. - View of the Voisin Aeroplane, built on the lines of "Farman No. 1." The machine carries a dummy pilot, and is mounted as if about to fly off into the Grand Nef. L.Opdyke - French Aeroplanes Before the Great War /Schiffer/ Henry Farman's modified No Ibis - here - briefly - a triplane. Note, among many things, the cut-outs in the inner wing-curtains, and the ailerons on all 4 wings. Jane's All The World Aircraft 1913 /Jane's/. L.Opdyke - French Aeroplanes Before the Great War /Schiffer/ The Delagrange No 3, a modified version of No 2, itself a copy of the Henry Farman No I. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. AERO SHOW AT OLYMPIA. - General view of "Delagrange No. V," which is exhibited by Mass Cars. This flyer is of Voisin construction, but has no side-curtains between the main planes, which are themselves less far apart than on the latest Voisin machines. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. Mr. J. T. C. Moore-Brabazon on his Voisin biplane, which has been fitted with an 8-cyl. 50-h.p. E.N.V. water-cooled motor. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. Mr. J. T. C. Moore-Brabazon's "Bird of Passage" outside Short Brothers' factory at Shellbeach. The elevator in this view is shown tilted. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. AERO SHOW AT OLYMPIA. - Mr. Moore-Brabazon's "Bird of Passage," the actual Voisin flyer with which he has been making successful experiments in France. The engine now fitted on this machine is an 8-cylinder E.N.V. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. Side view of the Voisin biplane, showing the relative position of the engine and the construction of the outrigger which carries the tail. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. View of the Voisin biplane from behind, showing the relative size of the rudder and tail. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. Detailed view of the tail on the Voisin biplane, showing method of mounting the rudder, and also the small wheels which support it on the ground. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. General view of the central part of the Voisin biplane, showing its suspension on the chassis. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. Detailed view of the elevator on the Voisin biplane, showing how it is mounted and stayed. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. Two views of the engine on the Voisin biplane; also showing the pilot's seat and the control. In the right-hand view the seat itself, B, has been turned up into a vertical position. The timing and throttle-levers, A, and also the switch, A1are to be seen in the centre of the above illustration. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. Detailed view of the chassis on the Voisin biplane, showing how the wheel axle is anchored to the chassis frame by springs. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. AERO SHOW AT OLYMPIA. - The Voisin machine, exhibited by Mr. F. R. Simms, seen from in front. This illustration gives an excellent view of the elevator, and of its interconnection with the controlling lever. The engine and propeller are not fitted. P.Jarrett - Pioneer Aircraft: Early Aviation Before 1914 /Putnam/ The nacelle of the Musee de l'Air's Voisin biplane reproduction, showing the pusher engine and the pilot's simple push-pull control to the forward elevator. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. The remarkable custom which pertains in France of invoking the blessing of the Church upon motor cars, aerodromes, flyers, and such like goods and chattels, was referred to in FLIGHT last week. A couple of interesting photographs are given above of the ceremony of blessing the new Aerodrome at Juvisy by the Archbishop of Parts, and incidentally of a couple of aeroplanes, respectively named "Ile de France" and "Alsace," - which were brought forward to receive a share of the Episcopal favour.виатор Леганье "везет" свой "Вуазен" 1909 г. к месту старта Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. Voisin biplane upon which M. Paulhan effected his flights last week, showing at close quarters the elevators and the extra wheel which has been fitted to the nose of the machine. The motor employed by M. Paulhan is a 50-h.p. Gnome. Журнал - Flight за 1910 г. Madame Paulhan, in her aviation costume, about to mount on to her husband's Voisin biplane, with which he was flying at Issy last year. This is a very good sample of one of the many "faked" aviation photographs so prevalent in France. Jane's All The World Aircraft 1913 /Jane's/ VOISIN (1908). The first European aeroplanes to fly with any real success. L.Opdyke - French Aeroplanes Before the Great War /Schiffer/ Paulhan's Standard Voisin. Журнал - Flight за 1910 г. "WOLSELEY No. I." - The above photograph of M. de Baeder flying at Chalons on the Voisin aeroplane, "Wolseley No. 1," fitted with a 50-60 h.p. Wolseley flight motor, is the subject of a charming postcard which is being issued by the Woiseley Co. The occasion of the picture was when de Baeder won his four prizes in one day for flying on this machine. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. On Sunday last "De Rue" made some successful flights at Belfort on his Voisin biplane. It will be remembered that some time ago we mentioned the fact that "De Rue" was really the assumed name for the moment of a prominent leader in aeronautics. That leader, we are now at liberty to mention, is the well-known Capt. Ferber. He is at the wheel of his machine in our photograph. A.Andrews - The Flying Maschine: Its Evolution through the Ages /Putnam/ The Standard Voisin pusher biplane seen here, a box-kite construction with front elevators and side-curtains to aid its already formidable stability, was the unexciting all-purpose ‘Ford Model T’ of the air for some years. But it was overdue back at the drawing board because of its then retrogressive design. It was very easy to fly so long as the pilot wanted only to go in a straight line. L.Opdyke - French Aeroplanes Before the Great War /Schiffer/ The Standard Voisin of Bunau-Varilla. L.Opdyke - French Aeroplanes Before the Great War /Schiffer/ Henry Fournier's No 1 Standard Voisin; the engine has not yet been installed. Note the chalk lines on the rudder to guide the painter. Журнал - Flight за 1910 г. De Baeder, who secured several prizes at Mourmelon last week in a single day, on his Voisin machine, which is fitted with a 50-60-h.p. British-built Wolseley engine. Журнал - Flight за 1910 г. De Baeder, one of the latest successful flyers at Mourmelon, and his Wolseley-engined Voisin biplane. Журнал - Flight за 1910 г. A neat method of fixing a two-bladed propeller to the crankshaft is to use the shanks of the blades as bolts, and to fasten them by nuts to the boss, as is shown in the above illustration of the Voisin flyer. L.Opdyke - French Aeroplanes Before the Great War /Schiffer/ Assembling the Kapferer Voisin on the field. L.Opdyke - French Aeroplanes Before the Great War /Schiffer/ The nacelle of the Kapferer Voisin. Note the sandbags to prevent it tipping backward on the trestles. L.Opdyke - French Aeroplanes Before the Great War /Schiffer/ The biplane built for Hans Reissner. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. VOISIN AIRCRAFT AT RHEIMS READY FOR THE STARTER. - The machines are: No. 5. Jean Gobron biplane (Gobron motor); No. 33. Henry Fournier's machine (Itala motor); No. 27. M. E. Bunau-Varilla's machine (E.N.V. motor); and the tail seen on the left is M. Sanchez Bensa's Voisin (Antoinette motor). Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. AT BRESCIA AVIATION MEETING. - A popular flyer - M. Anzani starting on his Voisin biplane. Note the trail of exhaust from the motor. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. FLIGHT IN ENGLAND. - M. Rougier is seen on his Voisin machine, passing the aviators' sheds at Blackpool during the long-distance competition. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. FLIGHT PHOTOGRAPHS. - Another example of a genuine enlarged photograph, with two machines in the air at a distance. This was "snapped" at Blackpool during the big meeting, and shows Paulhan on his Henry Farman machine, and Rougier behind on a Voisin biplane. Журнал - Flight за 1910 г. HELIOPOLIS AVIATION MEETING. - An incident during the competitions. Latham, on his Antoinette, with Rougier, on his biplane, behind. 1910 г. NICE FLIGHT MEETING. - Mr. A. Rawlinson, on the left, on his Henry Farman, and M. Rougier on his Voisin biplane, flying over the sea at Nice. Журнал - Flight за 1910 г. SEEN FROM ABOVE. - Striking photograph taken from an airship during the Rheims Aviation Meeting last year. On the left is a biplane in full flight, whilst the shadow of the dirigible itself from which the picture was snapped is seen on the right. Note also the pylone and the white guide marks on the ground, which were used for indicating the "course" for the flying men. Журнал - Flight за 1910 г. FLYING MACHINES AT BROOKLANDS ON EASTER MONDAY. - A trio of aeroplanes. From left to right: Mr. Astley's Lane monoplane, Mr. A. V. Roe's triplane, and Mr. Moreing's Voisin biplane. Журнал - Flight за 1910 г. General view of the Stands and Starting Place on the Johannisthal Aerodrome near Berlin. - The machines in the foreground are Baron de Caters' Voisin (No. 1) and Herr Jeannin's Henry Farman. Журнал - Flight за 1910 г. Some interesting views of the Swiss-built Dufaux biplane which has been constructed by the Dufaux Brothers of Geneva. In No. 3 M. Henry Dufaux is in the pilot's seat, in No. 4 M. Armand Dufaux is in charge, and in Fig. 6 the machine is in flight. No. 1 is a Voisin machine, with M. Nigg at the wheel. The photographs, which are from the Suisse Sportive, were taken at the Viry Aerodrome, near Geneva. P.Jarrett - Pioneer Aircraft: Early Aviation Before 1914 /Putnam/ The Voisin factory at Issy-les-Moulineaux in 1908. In the foreground is the curious and unsuccessful 'Flying Fish' short-span tandem triplane bought by Lieutenant Fritsche. L.Opdyke - French Aeroplanes Before the Great War /Schiffer/ The author could not easily find a photograph of the Standard Voisin owned and flown by the Baronne Raymonda de la Roche, so he settled for this fine photograph of the lady herself. The baroness set many records and was world-famous, finally dying in one of her own aircraft. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. Baroness de la Roche, the First "Aviatress" of the World. - Last week the Baroness flew on a Voisin biplane for 300 metres, and afterwards twice round the Chalons Camp-a distance of about four miles. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. WHAT A WRECKED BIPLANE LOOKS LIKE. - Henri Fournie's Voisin machine after his first accident. P.Jarrett - Pioneer Aircraft: Early Aviation Before 1914 /Putnam/ The big and cumbersome early Voisin biplanes, with their side curtains between the wings and no lateral control, were vulnerable to wind. This one came to grief at Brooklands, Surrey, in January 1910 as a result of 'trying to turn in a side wind without laeving the ground'.. 1909 Voisin "Bird of Passage" pusher biplane Country of Origin: France Designed and built by Brothers Voisin Журнал - Flight за 1913 г. The Voisin biplane with which Henry Farman won the Deutsch-Archdeacon prize of 50,000 francs on January 13th, 1908, by being the first to fly, under official observation, a circular course of 1 kilom. in length. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. In the Voisin biplane the engine, the pilot's seat, and the elevator are earned in a girder frame of semi-elliptic form, which is attached direct to a tw0-wheeled chassis, and forms a unit with the machine. In the above drawing the relative position of the main decks, which are attached to the girder, is also indicated. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. Voisin (Delagrange, Farman) Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. The Voisin type of biplane is characterised by the use of a tail which is carried at the extremity of an outrigger framework extending some distance to the rear of the machine. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. Rigid socket-joint on the Voisin flyer. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. Diagram showing the camber of the decks on the Voisin biplane. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. Sketch of the two-bladed propeller on Mr. J. T. C. Moore - Brabazon's "Bird of Passage." The inset drawing shows how the blade is riveted to its arm. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. Sketch of the steering wheel control on the Voisin biplane, showing the connection between the spindle and the elevator. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. The entire weight of the main decks, engine and pilot oa the Voisin biplane, carried on a pair of helical springs abutting against manganese steel brackets, arranged as shown in the above sketch. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. Diagram of the bracing of the main spars constituting the leading edges of the decks on the Voisin biplane. The square member in the centre is the girder which carries the engine and the pilot's seat. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. Sketch showing the skeleton framework forming the deck of the Voisin biplane. Журнал - Flight за 1909 г. MR. J. T. C. MOORE-BRABAZON'S "BIRD OF PASSAGE." - The Voisin biplane, 1908-9 type. << 0 / 0 >>

Olá! A warm welcome to all travellers that love sun, sea and seriously awesome hostels. This is your epic guide to the best surf hostels in Portugal. When a country offers up hostels dedicated to surfing enthusiasts and beginners alike, how could we resist? Honestly, we love Portugal and we know you will, too. It’s a top European destination to visit no matter your style. Solo travellers, couples, adults, party animals and 5 star hostel seekers – it’s all to be found in this corner of the world. We also collected the absolute best hostels in Portugal for you to check out. This includes a whopping five – yes five – 5 star hostels! Some of these happen to be located in great surfing destinations. Skip to them here: - The Passenger Hostel in Porto - Sunset Destination Hostel in Lisbon - Lisbon Destination Hostel in Lisbon - Most Art Boutique Hostel in Leiria - Castaway Guesthouse in Ferrel For those of you heading to the capital, here are 29 fun things to do in Lisbon to keep you busy. Over in Porto, we’ve collected 11 hidden gems to Porto not to be missed. Alrighty, are you ready for outdoor swimming pools, stunning design, privacy-led dorms and easy access to the beach? Let’s go! Staying at one of these hostels? ❤️ Share your photo and tag us @hostelgeeks on Instagram. On the menu we have for you the following destinations hosting epic surf hostels in Portugal: - Porto - Peniche/Ferrel - Ericeira - Costa da Caparica (near Lisbon) - Cascais (near Lisbon) - Carcavelos (near Lisbon) - Aljezur - Lagos - Sagres We put all of the surf hostels Portugal: - Map with all hostels - How to book surf hostels in Portugal - Flights to Portugal - Promo codes and Discounts List of the Best Surf Hostels in Portugal Now we’ve got the details covered, let’s jump in to the juicy stuff. We’ll start from the north of Portugal and make our way south. This list includes everything from the best surf hostels, to an epic Algarve surf hostel, the #1 surf hostel Lisbon and surf camps Portugal. Best Surf Hostels in Porto Is it a surprise to see Porto listed as a great surf destination? The best known surfing spot near the city is Praia Internacional do Porto. As it’s so close to the city, this makes it an easy access beach. We’ve found 3 great surf hostels in Porto for you to choose from: Check out our full guide to the best hostels in Porto. Make sure you also check out this collection of 47 FUN things to do in Porto. 1. Douro Surf School (Porto) The family at Douro Surf School are passionate about surf, sea and nature. They designed their hostel so that they could offer a unique experience of Porto to their guests. This typical Portuguese building has had a facelift, renovated with surf soul and decor. It’s rad, man! Great services include surf classes, wakeboard sessions, SUP and skate lessons. Choose to sleep in one of the 3 cosy dorms, or opt for a private room. We love the common area that brings people together. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | Hostelworld 2. Fishtail Sea House (Porto) Less than 10km north of Porto, in a fishing town named Matosinhos, is the wonderful Fishtail Sea House. It’s a great choice if you don’t fancy being right in the middle of the city, yet super close to the waves. This area is renowned for surfing, kite-surfing and diving. In fact, stay here and you’ll be a mere 3 minute walk to Matosinhos International Beach! Some inclusions are a breakfast, free wifi and linen & towels for everyone. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | Hostelworld 3. Surfivor Porto Surf Hostel (Porto) The Surfivor Porto Surf Hostel is open all year round and offers lesson for beginner and intermediate surfers. This hostel is certainly in one of the best locations. It’s at the beach promenade in Foz do Douro, one of the city’s oldest and most beautiful quarters. And look at all of these awesome things to join: - Yoga for surfers – 2 free sessions each week - Welcome BBQ on Mondays (wine, food & laughter) - Guided tour of Porto - Free use of skateboard & balance boards Both shared dorms and private rooms are on offer. Common areas include a kitchen, library and living room. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com 4. Golden Waves Surf & Yoga Lodge Prepare for a life-changing event. The local surf instructors will be your trustworthy pals in the water and promote a safe approach to this watersport. The villa’s exquisite interior and exterior will be your luxurious hideaway home. We designed a wonderful interior for the house and the guests. They provide private double rooms and family suites for families, luxury shared bedrooms and private suites for single travellers looking for a shared experience. Unwind in our yoga lounge and enjoy 6 yoga sessions with foreign instructors and 6 surf lessons with local experts. You’ll ride your first wave and understand the surfer’s passion. Compare prices and read reviews at: BookYogaRetreats Around the areas of Peniche and Ferrel are some really great surf spots. Depending on your level will depend which one you head to. Peniche is know as the ‘wave capital’ of Portugal! Supertubos Beach is the place to be in Peniche. No worries, just speak with the staff at your favourite hostel. They’ll point you in the right direction! Here are the best surf hostels in this area: 1. 33 Hostel (Ferrel) 33 Hostel is in fact a home to a beautiful family that go out of their way to make you feel welcome. It’s easy to fall in love whilst you enjoy a family dinner with other travellers. They also organise day trips to nearby towns and attractions, so don’t miss out. There’s even a pub crawl now and again! Ask about surf lessons and how to reach the beaches of Almagreira, Pico da Mota and Baleal. There’s a really good selection of mixed, female-only dorms and privates on-site. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | Hostelworld 2. Selina Peniche Fancy mixing sandy feet with a luxurious sleep? That’s easily done if you choose to stay at Selina Peniche. This Selina property offers all of the usual mod-cons and impressive design that suits a wide range of traveller types. We think couples and female solo travellers will especially like it here. Look at just some of the highlights: - CoWork space - Cinema room - Rooftop terrace & bar - Outdoor swimming pool Start the day with yoga and finish it with some live music and a cold drink. Sounds good, eh? 3. Freesurf Camp & Hostel (Ferrel) Why should you consider booking your stay with Freesurf Camp & Hostel? Maybe because of the… - Outdoor swimming pool - Surf lessons w/ certified teachers - Sea views over Berlengas Island - Free breakfast It has a superb location, too. Situated between Almagreira and Baleal beach, you’ll have sun, sea, surf and nightlife all on the doorstep. Yet it’s far enough away from the noise and bustle. Shared dorms and private rooms are available here. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | Hostelworld 4. Moniz Surf Lodge (Ferrel) Let us just quickly mention how much we love the modern, bright design at Moniz Surf Lodge – what do you think? The team here invite you to enjoy: - Sunset surf sessions - Cosy bonfires and BBQ evenings - Community spirit at the lodge Seasoned surfers can make use of the board and wetsuit storage, and daily transport to the local spots. Beginners and intermediates can ask at reception about quality surf lessons on offer. Everyone wins! Breakfast is included, reception is open 24/7 and it’s located a stone’s throw from Peniche Bay. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | Hostelworld 5. Pineapple Surf House (Peniche) Back in 2017 Pineapple Surf House opened its doors just 10-minutes from the famous Supertubos Beach. Avoid the crowd; enjoy the beach. When you’re not hitting the waves, relax at the hostel and enjoy an on-site bar, shared kitchen and a wonderful outdoor courtyard. Spot the pizza oven! For a few extra euros you can enjoy a yummy breakfast. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | Hostelworld Best Surf Hostels in Ericeira Just 35km northwest of Lisbon is a seaside resort and fishing community named Ericeira. It also happens to be a brilliant spot for surfing! The beaches in this area boast waves between 5 and 11ft high! Foz do Lizandro, Pico do Futuro, Praia do Sul and Praia do Algodio are the best surf spots in this area of Portugal. Let’s have a look at the surf hostels on offer: - Chill in Ericeira Surf House - Hostel & Surfcamp 55 - República Surfhouse - Surf Vilas by Laneez Ericeira - WOT Ericeira Surf Hostel - Selina Boavista Ericeira - Omassim Guesthouse 1. Chill in Ericeira Surf House (Ericeira) If you stay with Chill in Ericeira Surf House you’ll never want to go home – true story from many that have stayed here! This hostel has done seriously well to balance out epic experiences out on the waves, and a memorable, homely stay at the property. From the windows you can see the village, best surf spots and the western point of Europe. There are 15 double/twin rooms and 2 dorms on offer here, with a total of 50 people at one time. Enjoy the outdoor courtyard, BBQ, free Wi-Fi and fun activities such as pub crawls and evening entertainment. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com 2. Hostel & Surfcamp 55 (Ericeira) For a more cosy option, we suggest staying at Hostel & Surfcamp 55. Here they can accommodate a total of 22 guests in 7 thematic rooms that all boast a sea view! Surf lessons, guiding and equipment rental is all available on-site. The lounge area is a great place to hang out and use the free Wi-Fi after a big day at the beach. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | Hostelworld 3. República Surf House (Ericeira) Welcome to República Surf House; a hostel for surfers, by surfers. You’ll be in good hands here! The team here offer surf lessons, massage, yoga, SUP paddle and daily surf reports. What else? - Living room with fireplace - Shared kitchen - Big garden w/ BBQ & hammocks - Free Wi-Fi, cable TV It’s just a 10-minute walk to the best surf spots, restaurants and great coffee shops. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com 4. Surf Vilas by Laneez Ericeira Everything at Surf Vilas by Laneez Ericeira has been thought out through the traveller’s eyes so that you can… “…Come enjoy a little piece of heaven and recharge your batteries at one of the most beautiful homely places on earth. ” You might be tempted to spend all day in the pool or in the sunny garden. Just make sure you also ask the staff about surf lessons and yoga opportunities. There’s a male-only dorm as well as a female-only – how cool is that? Cosy couples can also opt for gorgeous private rooms. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com 5. WOT Ericeira Surf Hostel (Ericeira) WOT Ericeira Surf Hostel is a brand new hostel spread over 3 floors, just 10-minutes from the beaches and restaurants. This hostel is even part of our “best beach hostels worldwide” list. There is so much to get excited for. Here’s a handy sum-up: - Ocean view swimming pool - Bar with sunset views - Fully equipped kitchen - Pool table, beer pong & board games - Free breakfast If that’s not enough, all dorm beds are privacy-pods, and every room comes with a private bathroom! Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | Hostelworld 6. Selina Boavista Ericeira & Surf Club How about sleeping just minutes from three of the best beaches in the area? Selina Boavista Ericeira is located in a quiet street called Rua da Boavista not too far from the town center. This hostel actually has its very own Surf Club offering plenty of guided surf lessons no matter what your level. Prefer a relaxing day? Hang out by the pool or on the rooftop area instead! There’s a wonderful range of family, shared dorms and private rooms here – something for everyone. 7. Omassim Guesthouse Yoga helps balance the nerve system, body, and mind, and strengthens the lymphatic system. They offer Vinyasa Flow which is a mild form of Hatha Yoga that focuses on synchronising breath with postures. A calm yoga session lets you unwind and escape your busy daily routine. With the ground’s support, you can hold asanas for up to 7 minutes. You may relax your muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, and psyche. Let your own breath guide you through a lesson full of relaxation. You can also relax in their garden with a saltwater pool, sunchairs, and hammocks, or go along the shore and breathe in the atlantic air. Nothing is more calming than watching surfers catch the perfect wave. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | BookYogaRetreats Best Surf Hostels in Costa da Caparica Let’s now move on to Costa da Caparica which is located in the municipality of Almada. It’s also less than 20km from Lisbon. Read: our full guide to the best hostels in Lisbon Some of the most gorgeous surf hostels Portugal has to offer are here. 1. Vila Maria Hostel (Costa da Caparica) Comfortable and cosy, Vila Maria Surf House by HOST-POINT is without doubt a top choice for surf, beach and fantastic views. If walking 4-minutes to the beach sounds like too much, just laze by the outdoor pool instead. Tough choice. And you’re going to love the dorm beds! They’re privacy-led and made from super sturdy wood. In the garden area there is a hammock, outdoor seating and a huge grassy area to lounge on. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | Hostelworld 2. Kali Vice Surf Villa (Costa da Caparica) You’re going to want to stay at Kali Vice Surf Villa. Why? - On-site bar & restaurant - Rooftop area - Surf board hire - 10 mins from the beach There’s also a great range of rooms. From 4-bed mixed dorms to twin, double and suites with private bathrooms. Check out the affordable meal deals on offer during your stay. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com 3. Sea for Yourself Hostel (Costa da Caparica) What a cool hostel name, and certainly something you want to listen to. Book a stay and Sea for Yourself why this is a top choice if you love posh design and easy beach access. Sign up for a surf lesson and then head back to chill by the pool in the afternoon. Make use of the shared kitchen, free bicycle rental and complimentary breakfast each morning. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | Hostelworld Best Surf Hostels in Cascais The area of Cascais is just west of Lisbon, and roughly a 40-minute drive or train ride to the city. Some of the best surf hostels Portugal has to offer are right here: - Nice Way Cascais & Surf Camp - Free Spirit House Cascais – Surf & Yoga Retreats (closed) 1. Nice Way Cascais & Surf Camp (Cascais) Who’s keen for an outdoor swimming pool and pod-style dorm beds? Nice Way Cascais & Surf Camp has a team of locals eager to settle you in. This is supported by the… - Thematic dinners 3x a week - Burgers & ‘light meals’ @ the bar - Music playing in the garden - Surf lessons Everything you need is within a short walking distance from here. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | Hostelworld CLOSED: Free Spirit House Cascais – Surf & Yoga Retreats (Cascais) The thing is, there doesn’t seem to be anything Free Spirit House doesn’t offer. Yoga, surf lessons, outdoor pool, bar, Sintra tours – just some of the things you can expect to enjoy. Super cool: there is a male-only dorm alongside a female-only. It’s located just minutes from epic beaches, great nightlife and the historic sights you’ll certainly want to see. Best Surf Hostels in Carcavelos: Carcavelos Surf Hostel Carcavelos is just 12km outside of Lisbon, which makes it a great destination to enjoy the beach and the city. There is one main beach here, so choosing a surf spot is easy. As for where to stay, that’s easy: Carcavelos Surf Hostel. This big house is just 150 metres from Carcavelos beach, and it’s a cosy stay with a maximum of 26 people. The team here offer surf lessons for all levels, equipment for hire and safe storage for your surf material. Oh and there happens to be a big swimming pool in the garden. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | Hostelworld Best Surf Hostels in Aljezur: HI Arrifana Destination Hostel Aljezur is in the Faro region of southern Portugal. And Praia da Arrifana is a great year round surf spot! HI Arrifana Destination Hostel is the one and only hostel you’re going to need. The surf is awaiting you just 5-minutes down the road. Fill up on a free (yet simple) breakfast, and return for an afternoon dip in the outdoor pool before treating yourself to an affordable dinner on-site. Wi-fi, linen and parking are included for everyone. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | Hostelworld Best Surf Hostels in Lagos Right down on the south coast of Portugal’s Algarve Region is Lagos. It’s a gorgeous mix of walled old town, cliffs and Atlantic beaches. The cool thing about staying in Lagos is you get to enjoy the beautiful city, and still be close to the surf. Read: our full guide to the best hostels in Lagos. We searched high and low and found these great accommodation options: 1. Algarve Surf Hostel Lagos Located in the more peaceful part of town, Algarve Surf Hostel… “…find the right mix between having a fun house, and also being able to get up in the morning to adventure or surf all day!” Just ask the friendly staff about surf lessons and other watersports in the area. You’re also really going to enjoy the outdoor swimming pool and cosy privacy-bunks in the shared rooms. These guys know what they’re doing. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | Hostelworld 2. Bura Surfhouse (Lagos) Bura Surfhouse offers the comforts of a home, yet still close enough to the town centre, beaches and nightlife. Solo travellers will have an easy time meeting people when they’re not out surfing. That’s thanks to the: - Outdoor pool & poolside bar - Rooftop terrace w/ sunset views - Affordable nightly dinners - Wrap around balcony The team also organise surf lessons, yoga, wine tasting and other fun activities. Good To Know: If you want to surf, relax and do yoga, you can join 7 Day Surf, Wine, and Yoga Holiday in Lagos. Compare prices and read reviews at: Hostelworld | BookYogaRetreats 3. Quinta Bonita This family-run hotel overlooks Lagos and Praia da Luz bays. The grounds include multilevel sun patios and a heated pool. Quinta Bonita has free WiFi and air-conditioned rooms. Each granite bathroom has an organic bathrobe and underfloor heating. Breakfast includes organic orchard fruit and locally made bread. Quinta Bonita Hotel offers daily lunches and weekly dinners, including a protected BBQ area. The grounds contain cobblestone walks, fountains, and a gigantic chess set. When it’s cold, visitors may enjoy free tea and cake by the library fireplace. The owners hire cars and bikes and propose restaurants and tours. 10-minute drive from Lagos and Praia da Luz Beach. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | BookYogaRetreats Best Surf Hostels in Sagres And last but not least, let’s venture to Sagres and check out some awesome surf hostels in Portugal. They are: 1. Algarve Surf Hostel Sagres This large villa has had some renovations to kick start 2020 including customised beds and double-glazed windows. Algarve Surf Hostel Sagres offers every guest a free breakfast and Wi-Fi. In the outside area you’ll find a BBQ area, tables and lounging area perfect for some afternoon beers. It’s the staff that really stand out at this hostel. And the fact that the beach is just a few minutes away by foot! Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | Hostelworld 2. Sagres Sun Stay – Surf Camp & Hostel (Sagres) We love the bright and quirky design of Sagres Sun Stay! Amenities such as a T-shaped swimming pool and a bar really boost the likelihood of choosing to stay here. There are three dorms for 6, 8 and 12 people. Though the twin rooms seriously win as they include heated floors, ensuite bathroom and breakfast. Good To Know: If you want to surf, relax and do yoga, you can join 8 Day/7 night Relaxing Yoga Experience in Sagres, Faro. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | Hostelworld | BookYogaRetreats 3. Wavesensations – Sagres Surf House (Sagres) Wavesensations means: “the road to paradise, a surfing spot in Algarve where lovers of water sports and adventure will find both adrenaline and peace.” This surf house is a mere 600m from the beach. Investing in surf lessons here is a great investment and not one to regret. Each morning starts with a free buffet breakfast. After a surf day, watch the sunset from the terrace or take a yoga session in their yoga dome. Compare prices and read reviews at: Booking.com | Hostelworld Map with all Surf Hostels in Portugal. How to Book Surf Hostels in Portugal?: - Booking.com - Hostelworld.com - Airbnb (yes, we found some nice hostels in Airbnb too!) Read our guide on how to book hostels (with websites to use). Here’s our guide on how to book with Hostelworld. Flights to Portugal We enjoy. Summary: Best Surf Hostels in Portugal Now, we would love to help. Obviously we tried to make this hostel guide for surf hostels Portugal CLOSED: The Surf Embassy Hostel (Peniche) Update: The Surf Embassy Hostel has permanently closed its doors. For all those that seek the soul surfing lifestyle, you’re going to love it at The Surf Embassy Hostel. Indeed it does have a surf-theme throughout the property and it’s just a 12-minute wander to the beach. Qualified instructors are eager to take you for a surf lesson and get you trying Stand Up Paddle and scuba diving. Just ask the friendly staff when you’d like a lift to the beach in their super cool 1968 surf van! Other perks include free Wi-Fi, a fully equipped kitchen and living room with patio and balcony. Sorted. CLOSED: Blue Boutique Hostel & Suites (Cascais) Update: This hostel permanently closed its doors in 2020. The 5 storey Blue Boutique Hostel & Suites offers “outdoor terraces, indoor and outdoor bars, wonderful balconies, a relaxing garden for a sunset chill out and 24 hour reception service.” There’s also: - Free breakfast - Home cooked meals - Games area - Surf lessons Family rooms, female-only dorms and large 12-bed mixed dorms are on the menu..

June 2017 (Issue 437) Subaru 4WD Club of Victoria Inc. Reg. No. A â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2|Page C ON T E N T S Intro 4 Committee 5 From The President 6 Upcoming 7 Next Meeting – Tuesday 27th June at 8pm 7 Notices and Reminders 8 Trips and Social Events 10 External Events 12 Trip Report 12 Pink Lakes – Murry Sunset National Park, Easter 2017 12 Trip Summary 16 Trip and Recovery Gear 21 Jamie’s Report 22 Buy and Sell 22 Member Items for Sale 22 Minutes 24 Editor Notes 30 Committee Positions Nomination Form Error! Bookmark not defined. 3|Page INTRO The Subaru 4WD Club of Victoria Inc. was originally formed over 40 the exploration of the Australian countryside without damage to the environment, vehicle or individual. Visitors are most welcome to attend the clubâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s General Meetings and contact committee members regarding participation in club activities. The club relies on membership fees to offset its running costs, including insurance. Membership fees are payable each year, due on 31 May. Fees for the 2017/18 year were agreed at the general meeting in May 2017 and are as follows: Member rates: Single: $125 (Seniors card - $115) Joint/family: $145 - (Seniors card - $130). One off joining fee of $15 ($30 for Joint/Family) also applies All annual fees include FWDV affiliation and trip insurance: $51 Members who choose not to receive a hard copy of the magazine are eligible for a $25 discount Non-member trip fee: A trip fee of $15 per adult non-member applies (for insurance purposes) Please contact the membership officer for further enquiries. Email: [email protected] 4|Page COMMITTEE Dale Rebgetz (President) [email protected] Duncan McCrae (Vice President) [email protected] Peter Bellis (Secretary) [email protected] Bob Marshall (Treasurer) [email protected] Dan Conlon (OM: Editor) [email protected]. au Lee Wagner (OM: Social) [email protected] Jamie Scott (OM: Community) [email protected] Meredith Dale (OM: Venue Coordinator) [email protected] Mike Dale (OM: Trip) [email protected] Edith Fullalove (OM) [email protected] 5|Page F R OM T HE P RE SI DE N T President’s Report, June 2017 Technology – don’t you just love it, or should that be – hate it? The truth is we adapt to it. It is there, and over time we learn how it can help us. Our dependence on it is such that even when it goes wrong or simply frustrates us, very few us would genuinely be happy to give it ALL up and return to “the good old days” – if that were even possible. Look at how it has pervaded our cars – the AM push-button radio, then the cassette tape (and for a while eight-track tape), CD player, MP3 player, phone integration, Bluetooth connectivity, built-in streaming media, GPS navigation. That’s just a few of the toys for the driver and passengers. Under the bonnet things were also developing – electronic ignition, electronic fuel injection, electronic engine management, electronic traction and stability control, driver assist, plus a host of other little thinks. It also impacts our life at the club level. Take the club magazine as an example. In the early days it was prepared on a typewriter, and reproduction was via Roneo or mimeograph machines, and later on by photocopying. It was then posted to all members. Today the magazine is still very important, with some members still receiving their magazines in the post, and almost all now receiving it electronically via email. The impact of technology has mainly been in its preparation and distribution, rather than the content. The quality is better – fancy-full colour printers are used, content is prepared on computer, and everything is moved around digitally – mostly via email. However technology is an enabler – and that means there are newer and constantly changing means of communication. There is the almost oldfashioned web site, and more recently “social media” tools like facebook. Facebook has proved to be a valuable tool for lifting the club’s profile and increasing membership. The downside of these tools, though, is that because they are complementary rather than replacements, we need a magazine editor AND a web master AND facebook posters. They also have their own specific rules – for which training is required. We have recently 6|Page finished creating our Social Media Guide; this will become part of our bylaws when they are updated in the near future. Also in development (and it has been for a long time) is fully electronic membership management via the web site, as well as moving the trip intention sheets onto the web. The committee has neither the time nor the skills to manage these tasks unaided. This is your club, so if you think you may be able to help in any way, please speak to one of your committee members. See you soon. In the meantime, travel safely and watch out for those risks. Dale Rebgetz President. UPCOMING Next Meeting â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Tuesday 27th June at 8pm Date: Tuesday 27th June at 8pm. Venue: South Camberwell Tennis Club, 332 Burke Road, Glen Iris. Dale will be giving a short presentation on car safety. Door Prize: Come along to win a special door prize at this month's meeting. Meredith Dale. Venue Coordinator General Meeting Notice The Subaru 4WD Club holds its monthly general meeting on the last Tuesday of the month (no meeting in December) at the club house of the South Camberwell Tennis Club, 332 Burke Road, Glen Iris (just off the Monash Freeway) starting at 8pm â&#x20AC;&#x201C; unless otherwise specified/advised. The meeting is open to all members and visitors. 7|Page The usual agenda of the general meeting includes: Welcome of members and visitors. Review and acceptance of previous general meeting’s minutes. Correspondence. Reports by various office bearers. Other business as mentioned below. General business raised by members. “Fines and Fun” – including brief summaries of recent trips. Guest speaker or presentation. Supper and networking. Details of the next few general meetings are as per the schedule below. Date Location Tue 27 Jun South Camberwell Tennis Club South Camberwell Tennis Club South Camberwell Tennis Club Tue 25 Jul Tue 29 Aug Tue 26 Sep Tue 31 Oct South Camberwell Tennis Club South Camberwell Tennis Club Guest Speaker / Presentation Dale Other Business t.b.a. - The 2017 Annual General Meeting will follow immediately after the conclusion of the general meeting. t.b.a. - t.b.a. - - - Notices and Reminders Notice of AGM Notice is hereby given to members that the Annual General Meeting of the Subaru 4WD Club of Victoria Inc will be held on Tuesday, 29th August 2017 at the South Camberwell Tennis Club rooms, 322 Burke Road, Glen Iris commencing after the finish of the August 2017 general meeting. Order of business will include: Confirmation of the minutes of the 2016 annual general meeting. Presentation of the 2017 annual report. Presentation of 2017 annual financial statement. General business. Presentation of awards. 8|Page ď&#x201A;ˇ Election of officers of the club and ordinary members of the committee. Nominations for committee positions should be submitted to the club secretary by no later than 7 days prior to the Annual General Meeting. However, on the day, nominations for committee positions will be accepted from the floor of the meeting. Special Resolutions If a member wishes to bring an item of business to the Annual General Meeting that requires a special resolution, 21 days written notice of the special resolution must be given to all club members. Peter Bellis Secretary 13th/June/2017 Payment Reminder 9|Page Trips and Social Events We have a variety of trips coming up! With that we’d also like to remind you that if you want to get your name down on the list for a trip but maybe can’t make it to the meeting you are always welcome to contact the trip leader directly or contact [email protected] As always, if you know a great location that you would love to lead a trip to (or even if you just want to suggest it) let us know, we’re always on the lookout for the next adventure!! Put up the suggestion and someone else might run it Put up the suggestion and ask for someone else who might want to co-lead it with you. You might want it run it yourself and if it is your first time we will provide you with a trip mentor. Christmas in July When: 29th of July Trip leader: Meredith Dale Trip Standard: Social Come and pig out at the Dale’s and marvel at their new shed. $25 per person. High Tea Chateau Yering Hotel When: 3rd of August Trip leader: Lee Wegner Trip Standard: Social Winter Lights - Walhalla When: 19th to 20th of August. Trip leader: Katie and Peter 10 | P a g e Trip Standard: Social and Medium ■ Mt Skene When: 19th to 20th of August Trip leader: Mike Dale Trip Standard: Medium ■ Camping above the snow line. Bring some firewood and a something warm to sleep in. Snow chains would be a good idea also Wyperfield When: Cup Weekend 4th to 7th of November. Trip leader: Mike Dale Trip Standard: Medium ■ Meet at Rainbow on Friday night. Head off Saturday down Milmet Road track to Big Billy Bore. Camp there Saturday, Sunday and Monday night. Day drives around Wyperfield National Park. Tackle the monster dune, but in the day time! Long Term Future Planning 2018 Deua National Park, Easter (10 days). Trip leader: Mike Dale Tasmania, TBC. Trip leader: Jessica Kangaroo Island, TBC. Trip leaders: Jean and Lisa 2019 Simpson Desert. Trip leader: Jamie Gawler Rangers/ Googs Track, TBC. Trip Leader: Mike Dale 2020 Coffin Bay/Lincoln NP, TBC. Trip Leader: Mike Dale 2023 CSR, TBC. Trip Leader: Dale 11 | P a g e Trip and Social Contacts • • • Trip Coordinator: Mike Dale Social Coordinator: Lee Wegner [email protected] External Events Find more events on our Facebook page Our Facebook page: TRIP REPORT Pink Lakes – Murry Sunset National Park, Easter 2017 Edith Fullalove & Michael Dale We planned to stay at Lake Becking camp ground, which being quite small, Peter, Edith, Sandy and Meredith went up early on the Tuesday before Easter to ensure the club would have a good place to camp for the weekend. Thursday morning Meredith and Edith went in search of fire wood for cooking tea and a fire for later on in the night. Graham and Kerry arrived 12 | P a g e in the afternoon, followed by Mike, Rob and Alan, who just arrived in time for a roast dinner. Paul arrived a bit later in the evening. Friday morning Meredith stayed at camp to wait for the others to arrive. The rest of the group went for a drive followed by a walk to Mount Jess lookout. We went out along Pioneer Drive and stopped to look at Lake Kenyan. We then went along Bertalli Road, then through some farmer’s paddocks. Mike was having nightmares about the last time he followed a map with a marked trail through a farmer’s paddock. On that occasion it was about an hour of wasted time looking for a non-existent gate and avoiding exploding cows! This time however, we found the gate (after a bit of searching) and there were no deceased bloated cows to avoid. The track to Mount Jess is about 900 metres long. It is not especially long, but it rose about 70 vertical metres and was very sandy in places. Needless to say it challenged the trip leader. However, once at the top there were magnificent 360 degree views of the surrounding country side. We planned to fit in another walk, but we didn’t have time. The return route was via Mt Jess track, Gnarr Road, Aikman Road, Mamengorock Road, Pink Lakes Road and into camp at 12.55 for lunch. Dale and Janelle arrived early on in the afternoon. Mike was having itchy feet about not getting the second walk done and was able to convince most people that after a short drive the walk would be worth it and that we would be back by dusk. He got one of those correct. The drive took ages as the gravel road was incredibly dusty and the convoy was spread out several kilometres. We arrived back at camp well and truly after dark, but the view from McCarthurs Trig lookout was outstanding overlooking a pristine reference area. 13 | P a g e We headed out about 3:30 in the afternoon. Graham and Kerry stayed behind at camp to do some bird watching. We followed this route to the lookout: Pink Lakes Road, Mamengorock Road, Aikman Road, Kruss Road, Parallel Road, Meridian Road, Honeymoon Hut Track and McArthur Trig Track. We drove up to the gate then walked to the top. It was once again very sandy and steep near the top. Some found it easier than others! We returned via this route: Honeymoon Track, Mt Jess Track, Gnarr Road, Aikman Road, Mamengarock Road and Pink Lakes Road, getting back into camp in the dark. Charles and Paul arrived pretty late after an epic drive. Saturday morning we left camp at 8:45 a.m. Chaos reigned. Without naming names, there were car alarm problems (which immobilised the vehicle), a flat hand-held radio, an aerial that was not connected to the radio, and the trip leaders simply blowing away convoy procedure and taking the group on a bizarre tour of Ouyen. Some were able to get coffee, and most topped up with fuel. 14 | P a g e We then headed north along the Calder Highway, left into Castle Crossing Road, Cleary Road then we had morning tea and aired down. We took Boundary Track into the MurraySunset National Park, and then a series of very narrow tracks where low branches caused some issues for the larger vehicles. We think these tracks form a loop for off-road motor bike racing. After exiting these motor bike tracks we went down Double Tank Track and Meridian Road, with lunch at 1:00 p.m. at a very scenic lookout overlooking Raak Plain (a flood plain). 15 | P a g e TRIP SUMMARY Trip Date Meeting Leader(s) Tue 27 Jun @ Berwick Subaru, 8pm Narre Warren Tue 25 Jul @ South Camberwell 8pm Tennis Club 29th of July Meredith Dale 3rd of August Lee Wegner Winter Lights - 19th to 20th of Katie and Peter Walhalla August Meeting Christmas in Standard Social Social Social July High Tea Social Chateau Yering Hotel Social and Medium ■ Mt Skene 19th to 20th of Mike Dale Medium ■ 16 | P a g e August. Meeting Meeting Wyperfield Tue 29 Aug @ South Camberwell 8pm Tennis Club Tue 26 Sep @ South Camberwell 8pm Tennis Club Cup Weekend Mike Dale Social Social Medium â&#x2013; 4th to 7th of November. 17 | P a g e We finished lunch at 2:00 p.m. and headed off down Tank Track, Midnight Tank Track, Henschke Track and Nowinigi Track. This track was brilliant, it was sandy and followed an old fence line and had heaps of little whoopty doops (ups and downs). It was reminiscent of the SA/VIC boarder track, where you really got the feeling you were out in the middle of nowhere. This was followed by Pheenys Track, Rocket Lake Track and Mopoke Road. We dropped into Mopoke Hut for afternoon tea. We had a looked at the Hut. They also had an old cattle yard. We finished afternoon tea at 4:35 p.m. and headed out onto Honeymoon Track and Mount Crozier Track, arriving at Lake Kenyan around 6:00 p.m. for a car line up. Back to camp around 6.10 for dinner and a sit around the camp fire. Sunday morning the Easter bunny was very busy. Everyone received a Lint bunny even another young man who was staying at the camp ground with us. Then Easter Bunny Mike was handing out eggs from his basket. Charles and Paula were leaving a bit later this morning so when we left camp at 9:35 a.m. we had said our goodbyes to them. We were going to look at the area to the west of the camp ground. Out along 18 | P a g e Pioneer Drive, Grub Track (note: the tracks to the west of Grub track are no longer there), Clay Lake Track and past Boinka Lake. There was a well used side track which obviously leads to nowhere, but it spiked my curiosity. Following the track it leads up a hill to a lookout with views of Boinka Lake on one side and Red lake on the other. It was probably the highlight of the day, if not the trip. We followed Kinnersley Road until we found an unnamed track heading north. We drove off into the never never of Linga State Forest. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the forest you have when itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s actually a flood plain with small copses of trees. The trip leader was a little surprised (and significantly relieved) when the track actually went somewhere. We stopped for morning tea at an old gypsum mine. We then went along Sunwater Road, Underbool Track and up an unnamed track up to Linda Trig. 19 | P a g e M&M could smell a burning smell, Alan got under the car to check it out. We then headed down to Underbool Track and Rockholes Track which would take us to the green opal mine. However the track was very overgrown and continuing along it was not sensible. So we turned around and went in from the other end. We had lunch first before walking up to the old mine. There was not much to see. Mainly a large pile of gypsum, but we did find out where the other track would have come in. We left at 2:40 p.m. and followed Underbool Track, South East Plain Track and Mt Crozier Track. We arrived at Mt Crozier camp ground around 3:00 p.m. where we had afternoon tea. A few people wanted to walk up Mt Crozier, while a few others wanted to get back to camp. So after making sure both groups knew the way back to camp we split the convoy into two groups. We all got back to camp without drama and had dinner and a fire. Monday morning, Graham and Kerry were staying another night. The rest of us packed up and headed home. Trip Participants Mike & Meredith Peter & Edith Sandy & Alan Charles & Paula Dale and Janelle Paul Rob Graham & Kerry Forester Pajero Prado Prado Forester Forester Grand Vitara Outback 20 | P a g e TRIP AND RECOVERY GEAR The aim of all Subaru 4WD Club of Victoria Inc. trips is to have an enjoyable experience in the bush, increasing 4WDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ing or equipment on every trip: 1. Personal details form as specified 6. by FWDV, copy to Trip Leader 2. the driver Two rated D- Shackles (minimum 7. Spare Tyre (full size) 3.2t) 8. Jack and wheel Brace, or 3. Rated snatch strap 4. Recovery Points, Front & Rear; plus, optional bridle strap, according to vehicle design; 5. Fire Extinguisher, accessible to equivalent 9. Emergency Supplies (matches, food, water and clothing) 10. Sufficient Fuel, Oil and Water for UHF (477Mhz) Channel 16 CB the trip and delays Radio. Ideally in car but hand 11. A Tyre Pressure Gauge; held are ok provided sufficient Compressor (according to the battery(s) to last the trip. trip) 21 | P a g e 12. An Axe, Bow or Chain saw; 15. A Tool Kit 13. A Sturdy Shovel (collapsible 16. Personal First Aid Kit shovels are no good) 17. The Vehicle Manual 14. Spare Parts (appropriate to the nature of the trip) Any vehicle not carrying at least the first five (5) items of equipment should contact the individual Trip Leader before leaving. Any Club member unsure about any of the items of equipment listed above are advised to contact the Trip and Social Coordinator or the Trip Leader concerned. All Trip Leaders carry a complete First Aid Kit in case of emergency. All non-emergency medical needs are expected to be met by individuals own medical supplies. JAMIE’S REPORT “Still have a few boxes of chocolates for sale. Also, don't forget it's winter time again so there's lots of tracks closed around the areas. Thanks. Jamie.” B U Y AN D S E LL Member Items for Sale Editor’s note: if you have anything listed for sale which has been sold please remember to let us know at [email protected] Item: 1991 L series GL wagon Details: My father's 1991 L series GL wagon. 235000 gentle kms, none off road. Auto. Burgundy. ETZ424. Cost: $250 ONO Contact Rob Boykett 22 | P a g e Item: Forester Aluminium Bash Plates Details: made from 6.0mm construction grade aluminium Cost: $300 for club members, $330 for non-members. Fitting can be arranged. Contact: David Wilson, [email protected] Item: Set of 4 alloy rims from Outback 1997 model Cost: $120.00 ONO Contact: David Wilson, [email protected] Item: Roof console to hold CB and lights and switches for Outback Cost: $100.00 Contact: David Wilson, [email protected] Item: Vic blue and white standard number plates in as new condition 1XV4US Cost: $400.00 ONO Contact: Jenny Item: number plate SUBARU Can be re-issued in any custom design via the Vic Roads website (see link below) if a different colour or style is preferred: Cost: negotiable, but realistic offers between $3,500 to $6,000 Contact: Richard Want to sell something Subaru/off-road related? Contact [email protected]. 23 | P a g e M IN U T E S Committee Meeting Minutes Minutes of the meeting of the committee of the Subaru 4WD Club of Victoria Inc held on Tuesday, 6th June 2017 at the home of Michael and Meredith Dale starting at 7:47pm. 1. Present Michael Dale, Meredith Dale, Edith Fullalove, Duncan McCrae, Dale Rebgetz, Peter Bellis, Lee Wegner. 2. Apologies Dan Conlon, Bob Marshall, Jamie Scott. 3. Quorum A quorum was achieved with seven committee members present. 4. Minutes of the Previous Meeting 4.1. Minutes of the May 2017 committee meeting were accepted without amendment. 4.2. Business Arising from the Minutes and Outstanding Actions 4.2.1. Bank account signatories – Duncan yet to verify identity with the bank (he will endeavour to do it this week). 4.2.2. Request for advertising in club’s magazine. 4.2.3. By-Law – Convoy Travel. 4.2.4. New Member Pack. 4.2.5. 40th Birthday Photo Book. 4.2.6. Club equipment register. 4.2.7. Club magazine archiving. 5. Correspondence 5.1. In 4WD Victoria – notice of general meeting on 17th June 2017, request for club brochures, affiliation fee renewal, Leisurefest 2017 update, and camp host opportunity on Queen’s Birthday weekend Jamie Scott – “nothing to report” email. Martin Foot – update of membership register. Martin Foot – life membership renewal information. Stephen Whittaker – upgrade of membership. Martin Foot - draft 2017/8 membership renewal form. 5.2. Out Dale Rebgetz – club clothing order to members. Peter Bellis – 2017/8 budget information and membership fee proposal to members. 6. Reports 6.1. Resources 24 | P a g e 6.2. 6.3. 6.4. Club clothing – waiting for quote from supplier. Have received payment with all orders. Have also ordered some caps (minimum order is 20). Committee agreed to purchase the minimum order for the caps. Have some order corduroy shirts and two wide brim hats in stock that need moving. Will offer them at a reduced price to move them. Trip and Social Details elsewhere in the magazine. Need to push the extended planning calendar. Tim Folliard has offered to lead a trip. Venue Details elsewhere in the magazine. Membership Membership numbers are currently 48 (6 life, 28 family/joint, and 14 single). Stephen Whittaker submitted an application to change his membership from single to family/joint, to include Queenie Sosa. RESOLUTION The committee resolved to accept the membership upgrade from Stephen Whittaker, and Queenie Sosa’s membership. 6.5. Editor Nothing to report. 6.6. Treasurer Current bank balance is $7,633.51. 6.7. Secretary Due to Peter’s absence in late June and July, someone else will need to do the June general meeting and July committee meetings’ minutes. Lee has volunteered. Will need to have the AGM notice and committee nomination forms included in the June, July and August magazines. Will need annual reports from committee members by the end of July. 6.8. Vice-President Nothing to report. 6.9. President Nothing to report. 7. Sub-Committees 7.1. Communications Facebook – now have 536 likes. Media policy – After reviewing the second draft circulated by Edith, the committee thanked Edith for her efforts. RESOLUTION The committee resolved to adopted the latest draft version of the club’s media policy as a club by-law. 7.2. Club website development – still in progress with some issues pending adoption of the club’s media policy. The current website is currently very static and not being updated. This needs to be progressed even during Martin’s 3-month absence. Community Involvement 25 | P a g e 7.3. 7.4. 8. Nothing reported. Constitution Review Nothing progressed in regards to the club’s constitution. Education / Training 4WD driver trainer – the Toyota Landcruiser club has offered to assist us with member 4WD driving training. Duncan will put a few dates forward to them for agreement. Training most likely will be at the TLC’s property at Yarck. Training will be offered initially to the carry-over from the first course run by Jessica (Lee to investigate). Trip / Convoy Procedure After reviewing the current draft of the trip/convoy procedure, the committee decided to implement the procedure. RESOLUTION 9. The committee resolved to adopted the latest draft version of the club’s trip/convoy procedure as a club by-law. General Business Magazine printing and distribution – July to September 2017 Edith will talk to Martin about the process. Lee and Duncan will check with their printing contacts for a cost update – last quote was $7 per magazine. Editor’s role – will need another member(s) to take on the role in the new club year. Club Plate Scheme – documents are being signed and sent off 10. Next Meeting will be held on Tuesday 4th July 2017 at 7:30pm at the home of Duncan McCrae. 11. Meeting closed at 9:35pm. General Meeting Minutes The general meeting of the Subaru 4WD Club of Victoria Inc was held on Tuesday, 30th May 2017 at the South Camberwell Tennis Club starting at 8:12pm. 1. Welcome A welcome was extended to all members and visitors. 2. Guest Speaker / Presentation Heather Rendell gave a very informative presentation and much appreciated on the Royal Flying Doctor Service, in particular the initiatives it has undertaken in Victoria to offer primary health care access to people living in rural and remote areas of Victoria. Meeting adjourned for 15 minutes for supper, clothing orders and networking. 3. Present 26 | P a g e Meredith Dale, Michael Dale, Jamie Scott, Les Scott, Duncan McCrae, Paul Saleeba, Richard Saleeba, Dale Rebgetz, Janelle Rebgetz, Phil Milkins, Elaine Milkins, Bob Marshall, Graham Gill, Peter Bellis, Jean Bellis, Peter Fullalove, Martin Foot, Katie Mynard, Peter Mynard, Kevin Bird, Rob Millen, Simon Whitehead, Sandra Christiansen, Alan Christiansen, Matt Chaplin, Cynthia Rennolds, Peter Devine, Rick Koster, David Wilson, Tim Folliard. 4. Apologies Lee Wegner, Ruth Marshall, Kerry Gill, Edith Fullalove, Andrew Jantke, Lisa Jantke. 5. Visitors Kurt Imberger, Rosemary Webb, Heather Rendell (RFDS), Queenie Sosa. 6. Quorum A quorum was achieved with 31 members present (rule 36b requires 10% of members entitled to vote – require 9 members). 7. Minutes of the Previous General Meeting 7.1. The minutes of the April 2017 General Meeting were accepted without amendment. 7.2. There was no business arising from the minutes. Correspondence 8.1. In Magazines from various 4WD clubs. 4WD Show – October 2017 8.2. Out nil Reports 9.1. Resources Taking orders for club clothing. Discount on polo shirts available for new members. Prompt payment is required. Order will be placed later this week so that it is available for collection at the next meeting. 9.2. Editor 1. No report submitted. 9.3. Trip and Social Craig’s Hut – 4th June. Meet at Mansfield. Trip standard is easy to medium. Snow chains may be required. Castlemaine – QB weekend. Yerring Station Mt Skene Christmas in July 9.4. Venue June – car safety presentation and High Country video. July – Subaru Berwick – 7:30pm start. August - AGM 9.5. Membership. Have had a number of membership enquiries. Currently have 48 memberships (6 life, 28 family/joint, 14 single). Have 86 members. 9.6. Treasurer Current cheque account balance is $7,633.51. 9.7. Secretary Nothing to report. 9.8. Vice-President 8. 9. 27 | P a g e Nothing to report. President As per the magazine. 10. Membership Fees The financial outlook for the current financial year and next financial year was presented by Peter Bellis to the members present. The financial outlook for the 2017/8 year is a deficit of $2,290; due primarily to purchase of a satellite phone ($800), possible cost of external 4WD driver training for those members on the training waiting list ($1,600), and the external printing of the club’s magazine for three months ($550). Various comments and questions about the financial outlook were made/raised by members: Why is the club living beyond its means? Concern expressed about a “2-tier” fee structure. Should instead continue with one level of fees. Cannot have a reduction in fees yet have an increase in expenditure. The outlook for 2017/8 is presenting a worst case scenario. If there is to be a training subsidy, then the fees need to be kept at the current level. How many members will change to “electronic only” if the discount is introduced? A suggestion was made that the proposed fee structure be turned around with a basic membership fee which includes an “electronic only” club magazine, and an additional charge for those who want a printed version. Should the magazine be produced less often – every second or third or sixth month? It was pointed out that this has been tried in the past with little success. Furthermore, the magazine is a primary source of communication between the club and its members, and it acts as a prompt for the forthcoming monthly general meeting. Printed magazine is still required for those members who cannot access the electronic version. A number of other Victorian 4WD clubs either offer an “electronic magazine only” discount or have gone totally electronic. How much does an advertisement in the magazine cost? Answer was given. The cost of printing will invariably go up as the printer currently used to produce the magazine is getting to the end of its working life. Our current publisher will not be getting another similar printer and so, the club will eventually need to look elsewhere for printing the magazine. Duncan announced that another 4WD club has offered to provide instructors to do our 4WD driver training and assist with training some additional club instructors. Therefore, the proposed additional training expenditure of $1,600 is now redundant. Peter B moved that the committee’s recommendation for the membership fees for 2017/8 as previously circulated to members on 26th May 2017, and shown below be adopted. Electroni Trip Fee Membershi Senior’s c (adult Membershi p Associatio Joining TOTAL Discoun Magazin nonp Type Subscriptio n Levy Fee t e only member n discount ) 9.9. Single $74 $51 $125 $15 -$10 -$25 $15 Family / $94 $51 $145 $30 -$15 -$25 - 28 | P a g e Joint Life $51 $51 n/a n/a - - 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Duncan seconded the motion. Compared to the current year, the main changes in fees are a $2 increase in membership subscription, a $3 increase in 4WD Victoria levy, and the introduction of a $25 discount for electronic copy only of the club’s magazine. The vote on the motion was by way of secret ballot, with Katie Mynard and Peter Devine appointed by Dale (as chairman of the meeting) as tellers for the vote. Thirty votes were cast. Dale declared that the motion was carried on the vote result of 22 votes for the motion, 7 against the motion, and 1 abstention. General Business 11.1. Chainsaw course – Peter B attending a weekend course run by 4WD Victoria a few weeks ago. It was an excellent course and good value. Other interested members are urged to contact 4WD Victoria to book in for the next course. 11.2. Les – received 6 more batteries tonight for recycling. 11.3. 1998 SF Forester cargo barrier available for a good home – speak to Katie. Fines and Fun 12.1. Nametags Stephen Whittaker, Les Scott, Jamie Scott, Peter Mynard, Katie Mynard, Peter Devine 12.2. Last to Meeting Tim Folliard 12.3. Trips 12.3.1. Kosciuszko / High Country Jamie – for giving all of Les’ desserts to 2 possums. Martin – for not realising the bash plate was not bolted onto his vehicle. Jamie – for not accepting the chairlift discount for over 60 year olds. Duncan – for leaving his jumper at the summit of Mt Kosciuszko. Andrew – for having his lightbar fall off his vehicle on the way to camp. Stephen – for a worn CV joint/driveshaft. Queenie – for leaving the video camera turned on at Mt Kosciuszko for 45 minutes. Jamie – for breaking a rear driveshaft on the exit of the Murray River at Tom Groggin. Lisa – for teasing everyone with a beautifully cooked piece of silverside and not sharing it with the rest of the group. Jamie – for rolling up his car keys inside his sway. Jamie – for rolling up his mobile phone inside his sway. Alan – for falling asleep around the campfire at Beveridges Station. Peter – for accidentally leaning on his car horn whilst leaning into his car. Katie – for taking a photo of the trip leader washing his car in Mansfield and sending that photo via mobile phone to everyone on the trip. 12.4. Total fines collected - $13.55. The lucky door prize was won by Katie Mynard. The next meeting will be held on Tuesday 27th June 2017 commencing at 8pm. Meeting closed at 10:38pm. 29 | P a g e E DIT OR N OT E S Thanks for all the contributions again this month! Any interesting articles you find and want to share, or if you would like to write an article for the magazine …. let me know! Just a friendly reminder also to please proof read, and be sure to use punctuation and grammar. The deadline for submissions for next month is: Friday 14 July As always please send emails to: [email protected] 30 | P a g e 31 | P a g e 32 | P a g e

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Frustrations include difficulty of visualizing and navigating the SharePoint environment, attachments being split off and saved separately, poor naming of the saved message files and custom metadata not being prompted for immediately as the message is saved. Recognizing that better management of email communication is a key issue for many organizations, a number of vendors have developed add-in software that improves the out-of-the-box integration of Outlook and SharePoint. All of these add-ins let you drag-and-drop in Outlook to save an email message to nominated areas in SharePoint, in most cases with automatic capture of email attributes such as To, From, Subject etc. “With MacroView Message you can start simple – just drag and drop to save emails to SharePoint – but if you need more email management or document management features then MacroView Message and its companion products can deliver.” Drag and Drop to Save with MacroView Message If all you need is a way to let your users drag-and-drop to save their Outlook emails into SharePoint then MacroView Message is the answer. MacroView Message adds a new pane to your Microsoft Outlook environment that makes saving, viewing, finding and retrieving emails and their attachments in SharePoint intuitive and efficient. By “SharePoint” we mean on-premises SharePoint, Office 365 SharePoint Online or OneDrive for Business. 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If you are saving multiple attachments you can capture common metadata for all of them (or be prompted separately for metadata for each attachment). As with bulk-saving of emails, bulk-saving of attachments is performed in the background, so you can go on working in Outlook while the save proceeds. - Drag and drop to upload one or multiple files from any Windows folder. The drop is to any document library, folder or document set for which you have permission – all such areas are displayed in the MacroView tree-view of SharePoint. As part of the drag and drop save, the attributes of the emails (e.g. To, From, Subject, etc) are automatically recorded as metadata (see Automatic Capture of Metadata and the resulting files in SharePoint are automatically named to prevent duplicates (see Prevents Duplicate Copies of Emails ). Going Beyond Drag and Drop Saving Once users see that they can drag and drop to save emails easily to SharePoint they often reveal other requirements, such as being able to: - See what emails and other types of file are already stored in each area of SharePoint - See formatted previews of those emails and other files - Navigate around a SharePoint email and document store to find a particular area where you want to save new emails and attachments or work with files that have already been saved - Search for emails and other files based on their content and / or metadata - Save attachments as the next version of a document that is already stored in SharePoint – even if that file has a different name to the attachment - Retrieve emails from SharePoint so that they can be forwarded or replied to - Retrieve files from SharePoint to insert as attachments or links MacroView Message can handle all of these requirements, for both SharePoint Online and on-premises SharePoint Server. The same excellent Outlook integration is also available in MacroView DMF. MacroView Message is a sub-set of MacroView DMF – all the parts of MacroView DMF that run in Microsoft Outlook. In addition to Outlook, MacroView DMF also integrates SharePoint with Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint, Adobe Reader / Adobe Acrobat and Windows itself. This is relevant if you want a consistent, user-friendly experience as you perform a wider range of document management tasks – such as editing Word, Excel, PowerPoint and PDF documents and working with documents from Windows itself. The key email-handling features of MacroView Message and MacroView DMF are listed below and explored in more detail later in this document.. - Browse, Preview, Open – Emails and other Files - Efficient Navigation of a SharePoint Document / Email Store - Automatic Capture of Metadata - Prevents Duplicate Copies of Emails - Automatic Filing of Emails - Excellent Handling of Attachments - Searching based on Content and / or Metadata - Moving and Copying Emails and Attachments - Re-Branding and Other Customizations - Prevents Saving of Some Types of Message - Improved Support for Email-Enabled Document Libraries - Migration of Existing Emails - Support for Working Offline - Administrator-Friendly Deployment of Software and Licences - Good Performance, even with the Largest SharePoint Environments - Support for SharePoint and Outlook Versions Browse, Preview, Open – Emails and other Files MacroView Message adds a new pane to your Outlook environment that provides an intuitive tree-view display of a document store that is implemented in SharePoint on-premises, SharePoint Online, One Drive for Business or a hybrid combination of these platforms. Once you register an on-premises SharePoint web application MacroView Message will display all its site collections, sites, libraries, document sets and folders that contain content for which you have permission – even if those areas are located under one or more breaks in permission inheritance. The site collections that correspond to My Sites for yourself and your colleagues will also be displayed. Registering an Office 365 tenancy will cause all its areas down to the first permission inheritance break to be displayed. Unlike many competitor products, you do not have to register each site collection – MacroView Message discovers them for you. The MacroView tree display can extend to cover multiple Office 365 tenancies and multiple web applications supported by on-premises SharePoint Servers. MacroView Message adds a MacroView pane to Outlook – pane currently in Browse mode. Note the on-premises SharePoint server, Office 365 tenant (SharePoint Online) and OneDrive for Business in the tree-view display and formatted preview of selected email.. The tree-view display is not only comprehensive – it is also accurate. Sites, document libraries, document sets and folders are displayed with the same icons as are used in the SharePoint native web browser UI.. Clicking on a document library, document set or folder displays the default View of that area in the central. The preview is located immediately under the file list for the View. These previews allow you to page through the complete message and they can be searched, printed and resized. Attachments are displayed as hyperlinks in these previews. You do not need to open an email with large attachments from SharePoint to see what the message contains. If you double-click on the entry for an email (or right-click, Open) the email will be retrieved from SharePoint and opened in Outlook, exactly as it was at the moment it was saved. You can then use Reply or Forward in the normal Outlook manner. Clicking on a site in the MacroView Message tree-view displays the front page of that site in the right pane of Outlook. This facilitates access to Contacts, Events, Tasks and lists managed in SharePoint. Efficient Navigation of a SharePoint Document / Email Store The MacroView Message tree-view enables rapid and efficient navigation of large SharePoint document environments. By right-clicking in the MacroView tree-view you can use the SharePoint search engine to find and locate to the site, document library, document set or folder that you want to work with. This find-and-locate is very quick even in the largest SharePoint environments. In an on-premises SharePoint environment you can also efficiently filter the display of sub-nodes of a node – e.g. all the document libraries in a site whose titles contain a certain text string. This filtering is performed server-side and can be made even more efficient by enabling server-side caching. Favorites enable one-click navigation to frequently used parts of the overall tree – e.g. to the Site that corresponds to a Client or Project that you use often. You can expand the Favorite site to see the sub-sites, libraries, document sets and folders that are nested within that site. Your Favorites can be pushed out to you automatically and you can also subscribe so that (subject to security) the Favorites that are created for your colleagues are created for you as well. By using this Push Favorites mechanism your organization can arrange for you to have Favorites created automatically corresponding to the Customers or Projects that you are assigned to in a CRM or Project Tracking System. Bulk Saving of Emails and Attachments in the Background With MacroView Message you can drag-and-drop in Outlook to save an Outlook email (or multiple emails) to ANY document library, document set or folder in SharePoint (on-premises or Online) for which you have permission. You can also drag and drop to save one or multiple attachments. If you drop multiple emails, the save process proceeds in the background after a quick initial check that the emails do not already exist. While the save proceeds in the background you can continue working in Outlook – including performing other saves by dragging and dropping. This saves a lot of time when you are filing your emails at the end of a busy week or project. Automatic Capture of Metadata As it saves an email to SharePoint, MacroView Message will automatically record email attributes – e.g. To, From, SentOn date/time, Attachment Count etc. – in fact all the standard attributes of an email except those that are personal. An attribute like Category is personal because it can have a different value for each different user. There is going to be only one copy of the email stored in SharePoint and rather than record the value for only one user, the out-of-the-box action of MacroView Message is not to record personal attributes (like Category) at all. Out-of-the-box MacroView Message will record email attributes in metadata columns that have specific internal names (e.g. the To attribute of the email is recorded in a column with the internal name mvTo, the From attribute in a column with internal name mvFrom, etc.). Part of the installation for MacroView Message is helping to ensure that these columns are readily available for use in your document libraries. However MacroView Message can be custom-configured so that it records other email attributes (including Category) and so that the metadata columns can have whatever names you like. As you save emails and attachments MacroView Message will prompt for any custom metadata columns that it cannot set automatically. When saving to an on-premises SharePoint server MacroView Message supports all SharePoint column types – including External (based on Business Connectivity Services). When saving to Office 365 SharePoint Online all column types except External are supported. If you are saving multiple emails or attachments, MacroView Message lets you capture common metadata and have it recorded for all the files, rather than prompting. This overcomes one of the frustrations reported by folks who move their File Shares to SharePoint, which is that the Created date becomes the date you loaded the file to SharePoint, and the original Created Date in the file system is lost. Prevents Duplicate Copies of Emails MacroView Message automatically names the MSG file that it creates to save an Outlook email so as to prevent other recipients from creating duplicate copies of that email in any one SharePoint location. MacroView Message can be configured to automatically delete emails from their Outlook folder once they are saved successfully to SharePoint. Alternatively MacroView Message will set a yellow Saved to SharePoint category on the copy of the email in your Outlook folder to highlight that it has already been saved. If you attempt to save an email to an area where that email is already stored, there are no confusing questions as to whether you want to replace it or create another version. Instead the email is simply marked Saved to SharePoint or deleted from your InBox or other Outlook folder, depending on how MacroView Message is configured. Automatic Filing of Emails Out-of-the-box MacroView Message lets each user define Filing Rules so that incoming or outgoing emails are automatically saved in SharePoint or Office 365 SharePoint Online. These filing rules are similar in concept and operation to Outlook’s own rules – including the way the system works through existing rules in order, executing the first rule that it finds satisfied by an email. MacroView Predictive Email Filing (MacroView PEF) is an optional module available for MacroView Message (and MacroView DMF). Installing MacroView PEF adds a Drag files here… drop zone to the top of the MacroView pane in Outlook. If you drag and drop an email onto this drop zone, MacroView PEF will display a list of suggested save locations in SharePoint or Office 365 SharePoint Online. These suggestions are based on where other emails from the same sender (for a Received email) or to the same recipient (for a Sent email) has previously been saved. As an email is saved MacroView PEF can append a Tracking Tag to the subject of the email. This tracking tag makes the saving of subsequent emails in the same conversation thread much more efficient. The subsequent emails will be saved to the same location with either zero effort or by simply dragging and dropping to the drop zone, depending on configuration. MacroView PEF can also be configured to recognize tracking tags that the organization itself is appending to emails – e.g. emails that are generated by a line-of-business application. Again the tracking tag makes the saving of incoming and outgoing emails require either zero effort or very little effort. different name. If an attachment’s file name contains characters that are illegal in SharePoint they are automatically trimmed out, with no confusing error message from SharePoint. If the destination library contains the appropriate metadata column the original unstripped file name complete with its illegal characters is automatically recorded and will subsequently be re-instated when the file is later retrieved from SharePoint and inserted as an attachment to an outgoing email. That way a customer is unaware that the illegal characters had to be removed in order to store the attachment in SharePoint. You can easily retrieve files from SharePoint to insert as attachments or links in new messages – either by right-clicking that file in SharePoint and selecting Send as, File or Send as, Link , by clicking Insert, Attachment or Insert, Link to a file in a new message window or by selecting the file (or files) from search results (see below). MacroView DMF also enables convenient saving to SharePoint of PDF attachments that have been opened in Adobe Reader or Adobe Acrobat. The Save to SharePoint command that MacroView adds to these Adobe products provides the same versioning and metadata capture as if you were saving from Word, Excel or PowerPoint. You can also use Open from SharePoint direct from Adobe. SharePoint location wherein a search result file is located. You can also save and re-run your searches. MacroView Message sends queries to the SharePoint Search Engine (or FAST Search if it is configured) – you do not need to create additional search indexes. If the Server is running SharePoint 2013 or FAST Search for SharePoint 2010 is deployed, MacroView Message also supports Refiners. If you are running against an on-premises SharePoint Server you will see Email Search and Keyword Search available in the drop-down list of Search Types immediately after installation. You can readily customize the corresponding search panels, and / or add new search panels that reflect the way metadata is used within your organization. MacroView can assist with adding custom pickers to your search panels – e.g. a picker that lets you type-ahead or click to expand a tree display to choose values from a hierarchical term set. This is much easier and safer than having to key the values that you want to use as search criteria.. Re-Branding and Other Customizations MacroView Message and MacroView DMF are designed to be customisable, which enables a good fit to the specific requirements of organizations – especially larger organizations. All the labels and messages displayed by the product can be adjusted – e.g. all instances of “SharePoint” can be replaced by “Acme Docs”. This re-branding can really help with user adoption. MacroView can add custom items to the right-click menus of MacroView Message – e.g. a Workflow item in the menu that displays when you right-click on an item for an email in the MacroView file list or a Create New Customer option in the menu that appears when you right-click in the tree-view. The MacroView profiling dialog can also be customised to support additional functionality – e.g. create a new customer or project record in a CRM or line-of-business system. You can also customise MacroView search panels – see “Searching based on Content and / or Metadata”, above. Prevents Saving of Some Types of Message There are some messages that you just don’t want saved in your SharePoint store. A good example is emails that have already been archived by a tool such as Enterprise Vault – what is left in your InBox is a stub that points to the archived message somewhere in the Vault. If you attempt to save a stubbed email MacroView Message can display a warning, or if you prefer, prevent the save. Improved Support for Email-Enabled Document Libraries Email-enabling a SharePoint document library creates an SMTP email address for that library so that you can send an email directly into that library. Unfortunately the result is an EML file that cannot be opened in Microsoft Outlook and attachments split off and saved separately so that it can be hard). Migration of Existing Emails If you already have a large number of emails stored in SharePoint you might be wondering about how these would be impacted if you were to move to MacroView Message. The good news is that MacroView can supply the Standardiser utility, which streamlines the updating of existing email files so that they have the same format, naming and other metadata treatment as emails that you save with MacroView Message. MacroView Standardiser can also update the structure of existing document libraries so that they have the metadata columns that MacroView Message can record automatically. Standardiser also streamlines deployment of Views to existing libraries – e.g. so that all libraries have a common Emails view. MacroView Standardiser is popular with organizations that are migrating a large number of emails from Outlook folders – including Exchange Public Folders – to SharePoint. One way to handle such a migration is to save them via MacroView Message. A more efficient approach can be to bulk load the emails into SharePoint and then standardize their naming and metadata by using MacroView Standardiser. Support for Working Offline When you are offline in Outlook and working in Outlook Web Access you are still able to drag and drop emails and attachments to the Outlook Folders that correspond to your Favorite document libraries, document sets your client PC does not have SharePoint Workspace, SkyDrive Pro or One Drive for Business installed, the MacroView DMF right-click menu will contain a Take Offline option, which checks out the selected file and copies it to a SharePoint Offline folder on your PC. Otherwise the right-click menu will contain Create a Synchronized Copy, which will make a copy of the email or file in the folder that is synchronised with OneDrive for Business. Administrator-Friendly Deployment of Software and Licences MacroView Message is deployed at client PCs by running an MSI, which is supplied at the secure product download site. There are a wide range of configuration settings, all of which are compatible with Group Policy. GPO can be used to enforce values for settings. An ADMx template that contains all configuration settings together with documentation of all settings is available at the secure download site. Individual users do not have to enter license details. Instead these are installed centrally and accessed automatically on behalf of users. MacroView Message is proven to be compatible with popular virtual desktop deployment environments, such as Citrix and VMware. Good Performance, even with the Largest SharePoint Environments patented web service that installs as part of deploying MacroView Message in an on-premises SharePoint server. Support for SharePoint and Outlook Versions MacroView Message supports tenancies in Office 365 SharePoint Online, and on-premises servers running SharePoint 2019, 2016 or earlier. On client PCs, MacroView Message will run in Outlook 365, 2019, 2016 or earlier. Different versions of Outlook can be run across different client PCs, which makes it easier to stage deployments. Next Steps Contact MacroView for more information about our solutions for document management, email management, document drafting and automated document assembly.

Fertility BLW Foods By Age: A Handy Guide To Feeding Your Child Overview At what age can you introduce your baby to certain foods in BLW (baby-led weaning)? In general, you can choose any food to give your baby at any age, as long as it’s not a choking hazard and doesn’t have safety issues. BLW is a feeding approach that lets your baby eat healthy finger foods at their own pace, even if it’s their first time eating solids. You can even offer a chicken drumstick or ribs as their first food, as long as these are cooked until tender. Although many parents and pediatricians are concerned about choking, studies show that infants doing BLW aren’t more likely to choke on their foods than spoon-fed babies. (1)(2) Still, ensure that you keep choking hazards off your child’s food tray so you can reduce the risk of choking in BLW. Soft foods are preferred. You might also be surprised that this feeding approach can help prevent picky eating and obesity. (3) Just be sure to ask for your pediatrician’s approval before giving solid foods to a child before they’re six months old. Are you wondering about the best baby foods you can give in BLW? Can you give finger foods at six months, and how many times should your baby eat? Can your child eat scrambled eggs, peanut butter, oatmeal, and purées in BLW? We prepared this handy guide to help you find answers to common BLW questions about food according to your baby’s age. What Is Baby-Led Weaning? BLW is a feeding approach conceptualized by Dr. Gill Rapley, who co-wrote “Baby-Led Weaning: Helping Your Baby To Love Good Food” (2008) with Tracey Murkett. She explains that BLW can help your child develop good eating habits, improve their fine motor skills, and learn to interact with others because they’re included in family meals. (3) Can You Overfeed In BLW? Babies control everything in BLW, so there may be little chance that you’ll overfeed them. In this feeding approach, your child can learn more about the sensation of hunger and fullness. So, they can self-regulate their meals. They eat what they want to (from the BLW foods you prepared), how much of it they need, and stop when they’re full. Visual cues of fullness can include: - Throwing food from their tray (4) - Slowing the pace of self-feeding - Playing with food What Age Is Good For Baby-Led Weaning? BLW pioneer Dr. Rapley believes that this feeding approach may be ideal if your child is already six months old. This can help ensure they’re truly ready to eat and safely feed themselves. (5) Still, she also acknowledges that some babies develop earlier than others. She explains that there’s no right or wrong age to start baby-led weaning. However, always make sure your child is truly ready for it. Some babies can be ready for solids by four months of age. It’s important to check for signs of readiness, which can include the following: - Sitting up on their own - Exhibiting neck strength (can control their head) - Showing interest in food (opens mouth, tries to grab, or leans forward when they see food) - Using jaw movements swallow or move food to the back of their mouth - Doesn’t push their tongue out when you put food in their mouth But always ensure that if your baby is under six months old, you first seek your pediatrician’s recommendation before starting solids. What Food Does BLW Start With? Dr. Rapley doesn’t have a specific list of foods for you to give your child as they begin BLW. Instead, she suggests providing your child with a variety of foods from different food groups. Because iron is important in your baby’s growth and development, Dr. Rapley recommends offering your child opportunities to choose iron-rich foods. But always leave it up to your child to pick up the food and eat it. She explains: “All the majority of babies need, from around six months, is the opportunity to eat foods that are rich in iron at least once each day. That way they can start to increase their iron intake naturally, as soon as their body tells them they need to.” (6) It’s a good idea to start with soft foods when introducing your child to BLW. Feeding your child with one food per meal can also help you rule out foods that can trigger an allergic reaction. But you don’t actually have to skip puréed foods. You can let your baby use purées as dips, or they can feed themselves using their fingers or a spoon. In BLW you skip feeding your baby with a spoon, and instead you can let them self-feed with spoons or their hands. Food For All Ages Fruits & Vegetables These fruits and vegetables can be a good source of nutrients for your baby at all ages: - Berries - Avocados - Peach - Pears - Plum - Apple - Nectarine - Melon - Mango - Yellow squash - Carrots - Zucchini - Cucumber - Broccoli florets - Bananas - Green beans - Peas - Beets - Butternut squash You can serve fruits raw if they’re ripe and soft, but cook hard fruits and veggies until tender to avoid the risk of choking. Never serve raw apple to babies under one year old. Meat & Fish Beef, pork, , poultry, eggs, and fish are great sources of proteins and other nutrients like iron. But make sure to check for possible safety concerns with these protein sources to avoid choking hazards: - Cook foods thoroughly until soft and tender. - For fish, carefully check for bones and spines. - For meat, carefully check for bone fragments and loose tissues. - To reduce the risks of your child swallowing the bone part, it might be a good idea to offer meat (beef, chicken, etc.) on a bone, such as drumsticks or ribs. Eggs can be a good baby-led weaning first food because they’re versatile. But talk with your pediatrician before giving eggs to your baby because it’s a common allergen. Grains & Carbohydrate Sources Some grains, including wheat and barley, can contain gluten, a common allergen. Check the label if you want to avoid foods with gluten. It’s also good to consult your pediatrician before introducing foods with gluten to your baby, especially if they have known food allergies. Try to avoid choosing rice over oatmeal or other grains because rice can contain high levels of arsenic. This toxic chemical can reduce your child’s cognitive function and lead to a lower IQ. It might also cause certain cancers. (7) Safety note: The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) considers grains a choking hazard. (8) Although grains are small, they’re eaten together. A big lump of grain can still be a choking hazard. It’s also possible for the tiny grains to get aspirated into your child’s airways while they eat, causing possible choking. Introducing Allergens The AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) and NIAID (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) recommend the early introduction of allergens, particularly peanuts, at around six months to help prevent the development of food allergies. (9)(10)(11) Studies show that the early introduction of other common allergens, including eggs and milk, in infancy can also help prevent food allergies. (12) But be sure to consult with your little one‘s pediatrician or an allergologist before introducing them to these allergens. Also, remember that a whole peanut can be a choking hazard. Peanut butter can be a good option for peanut allergen introduction, but ensure that it’s not too thick. Add some breast milk or water for a thinner consistency. Baby-Led Weaning Foods By Age Some babies might be ready for solid foods at four months of age, but many are fully ready for BLW only when they reach six months. Others, especially premature babies and those with medical issues, might need a little more time to fully develop before they can start on solid foods. Many premature babies might only be ready if they’re around six months from their original due date, not from their actual birth date. You can find our recommendations for BLW foods arranged by age below. But these aren’t absolute rules. Your baby still has the final say on whether they’ll try these foods out or not (from foods you offered), and you can always provide them with any food from the other age groups. BLW Foods At Four Months Fine Motor Skills Your child might rake things with their fingers instead of grasping them at this stage. It’s a skill that can later become important as they self-feed. Some babies might have developed the palmar grasp at this stage. It’s a skill that lets them grab food using all their fingers together. You might notice that they’ll grab food and try to nibble off the end that sticks out of their hand. Developmental Milestones At this age, your baby might already show the following: (13) - Copies facial expressions and movements - Uses hands and eyes to find a toy and reach for it - Recognizes familiar people - Brings hands or toys to mouth - Holds head steady Meeting Nutrition Requirements Continue with milk feeds (breastfeeding or formula), especially at this age. In BLW, children get to explore food and try to feed themselves. But if they can’t do it yet, that’s fine. They might be more likely to just lick on the food and explore its texture or flavor at this stage. Some babies might eat around ½ to 1 tbsp of solid meal per meal. Never force your child to eat or take a bite from any food they manage to grab. Foods To Offer To reduce choking hazards, foods to offer at this stage must be soft enough for you to squish between your fingers easily. Some examples are: Avoid foods that are too slippery for your little one to grasp, even if they’re also soft. It can be frustrating for your baby to try grabbing on food that keeps slipping out of their fingers. Some examples of slippery foods can include: - Ripe mangoes - Jelly It’s also important to avoid hard foods like hot dogs, whole nuts, and dried fruits like raisins and dates. You can keep first foods simple, especially for infants below six months old. Also, consult with your pediatrician before starting your child on solid foods, particularly if your baby is still below six months of age. BLW Foods At Five Months Fine Motor Skills Babies develop at different rates. Don’t worry if your child isn’t sitting up at this age. Only introduce them to solids when they’re ready. For babies around six months old and below, it might be better to serve larger pieces of food that they can easily grab. They can simply munch on the part that sticks out of their hand. They’re likely to still use the palmar grasp to grab food at this age. If they can’t feed themselves yet, don’t worry about it. Dr. Rapley reminds parents and caregivers that “achievements” are adults’ goals, not the child’s. “If she doesn’t manage to get the food to her mouth, so what?.” (5) Developmental Milestones At this age, your baby might already show the following: (13) - Smiles spontaneously at people - Begins to babble - Copies sounds they hear - Follows people or things moving with their eyes - Pushes down on their legs when feet are put on a solid surface - Pushes up elbows if lying on their stomach Meeting Nutrition Requirements Dr. Rapley reminds parents that weaning, whether BLW or spoon-feeding, shouldn’t replace breast milk (or formula) for babies, especially if they’re younger than six months old. (14) Instead, you provide your child with opportunities to choose complementary foods to add nutrients to their milk feeds. Continue giving formula or breastfeeding even when your baby starts eating more solid foods. Foods To Offer Some examples of foods you can offer at this age can include the following: - Bananas - Avocados - Soft-cooked veggies (potatoes, sweet potatoes, carrots, or butternut squash) - Eggs - Beef - Chicken - Lentils - Green beans - Sardines - Salmon - Quinoa - Oatmeal - Vitamin C rich fruits (like papaya, berries, and apples) - Beans - Yogurt Berries, apples, fish (with bones), and tough meat can be choking hazards. You can do the following before giving these foods to your child: - Always cut or smash berries. - Cook hard fruits like apples, vegetables, lentils, beans, or meat until tender. - Remove bones and spines from fish. Eggs are common allergens. Consult with your pediatrician about early allergen introduction before giving them to your baby. What Can I Feed My 6-Month-Old With Baby-Led Weaning? Fine Motor Skills Most babies can sit up unaided by six months of age. You might still need to assist them, but you’ll notice they’re sitting longer without support at this stage. Only give solid foods if your baby can sit up without assistance. This can help provide them with a safer and easier food experience. At this age, your child might still use their palmar grasp to hold the food with all their fingers. Babies have a gag reflex that keeps them from choking on objects they might put in their mouths. But this reflex is gradually reduced as your child grows. By this age, your child might have already lost their strong gag reflex. It’s another important indication that they’re ready for solid foods if they still haven’t started at an earlier age. Developmental Milestones At this age, your baby might already show the following: (15) - Knows familiar faces - Makes sounds in response to sounds - Brings things to their mouth - Rolls over in both directions - Shows curiosity about things around them Meeting Nutrition Requirements Whether your child started earlier or it’s their first time eating solids, give them only soft foods at this age. Also, continue giving them breastmilk or formula even if they’re already eating solid foods. Iron-rich foods like red meat are important for 6-month-old babies. Many babies might only eat around 1 tbsp of solid foods at this age. This amount could slightly increase if they started weaning earlier. However, you can’t really measure how much your baby is eating in BLW. Instead, you can plan on giving them a few slices of food, then just add some more if they still want to eat. Can My 6-Month-Old Have Scrambled Eggs? Yes. Scrambled eggs can be an easy-to-make yet nutrient-dense food to prepare for your 6-month-old baby. But check with your pediatrician before introducing your child to eggs, especially if they have known food or milk allergies. Studies show that early introduction of allergens such as eggs can help keep your child from developing allergies in the future. (12) Can You Give Finger Foods To Babies At 6 Months? Yes. Baby-led weaning promotes letting your child eat finger foods from the beginning of their feeding milestone with solid foods. Children might not start on solids at the same age, but most children can be ready for solid foods when they’re six months old. But always make sure they’re showing signs of readiness before starting them on solids. Consult with your little one’s pediatrician if you have questions or concerns about their first solids. How Many Times A Day Can I Feed Solids To My 6-Month-Old? If they’re new to eating solids, it might be a good idea to only give your child solid foods once a day. A 6-month-old child might eat around once or twice a day. You can gradually increase the meals to three times a day, depending on your baby’s lead. Dr. Rapley recommends letting your baby join family mealtimes in BLW. So, it’s essential to time your baby’s feeding schedule with your regular meals. BLW Foods At Seven Months Fine Motor Skills As they grow older, you’ll notice that your child becomes more adept in feeding themselves. For example, your 7-month-old child might already know how to pick up small pieces of food with their thumb and index finger. That’s called pincer grasp. Developmental Milestones At this age, your baby might already show the following: (15) - Begins to stand without support - Learns to support weight on legs and bounce while standing - Looks around at things near them - Shows curiosity and reach for things far away - Responds to own name Meeting Nutrition Requirements The closer your baby gets to their first birthday, the less frequently you’ll probably serve them formula or breastmilk. But milk feeds remain an important nutrition source to your child until then. They’re likely to show some signs of food preferences at this age. But continue adding variety to your child’s diet. You can give foods with different textures and flavors. Still, always keep in mind that you need to avoid choking hazards such as hard foods. Foods To Offer Some new foods to offer can include the following: - Apricots - Parsnips - Pumpkin - Toast with avocado or nut butters - Gluten-free breadsticks - Unsalted oatcakes - Steamed tofu strips - Chicken meat - Beef, pork, turkey, or chicken - Asparagus - Veggie fritters or nuggets - Veggie mini muffins - Pancakes - Hummus - Cheese Because cheese is a product made from milk, check first with your pediatrician if your child has a dairy allergy. BLW Foods At Eight Months Fine Motor Skills Your child might have already mastered the pincer grasp by eight months. Some babies can already hold utensils at this age or practice using one. BLW promotes finger foods, but if your child wants to use a spoon like the rest of the family, you can also support them. But again, don’t hold the spoon and feed them. Instead, demonstrate how it’s done so they can mimic it. Developmental Milestones At this age, your baby might already show the following: (15) - Recognizes their name - Begins babbling and making sounds - Responds to other people’s emotions - Likes looking at themselves in the mirror - Sit up on their own (from lying down), without support - Passes things between their hands Meeting Nutrition Requirements Your infant might be ready to eat two to three meals a day at this age. But remember that your child is the central figure in baby-led weaning. They decide how many times they’ll eat. Still, you can put them in their high chair and give them some food during family mealtimes. It’s up to them whether they’d get some food to eat or not. Foods To Offer If you haven’t already, you can introduce your child to the following foods at this age: - Peaches - Pears - Butternut squash - Pumpkin - Tofu - Chicken - Fish - Red meat Many babies have some teeth at this age, but the incisors (front teeth) are usually the first ones to grow. They can begin cutting up a small piece of food more efficiently with their new teeth. Still, make sure that the foods you serve are soft. They might have some incisors, but babies still use gums for chewing. Tough foods remain a choking hazard at this stage. BLW Foods At 9-12 Months Fine Motor Skills Most babies at this age are already experts at grasping food with their palms or using their pincer grasp to hold smaller items. Others might already know how to use a spoon to feed themselves. Self-feeding can be easier now that your child has improved hand-eye coordination and dexterity. However, don’t worry if your child is only just starting on food at this age. Every child is different; some might develop longer than others. Developmental Milestones At this age, your baby might already show the following: (16) - Understands “no” - Clings to favorite adults - Has favorite toys - Picks up things with thumb and index fingers - Sits without support - Pulls self to stand up - Crawls - Copies gestures and sounds Meeting Nutrition Requirements As they near their first birthday, your child can begin to eat foods that older kids and adults can. But it’s still important to keep their foods tender to avoid choking risks. Many kids this age might already show a preference for certain foods. Just continue introducing them to a wider range of food options and textures. Also, make sure they continue drinking breastmilk or formula even if they might already eat three times a day. Foods To Offer If you haven’t already, you can introduce these foods to your child: - Blueberries, raspberries, strawberries, and other berries - Cherries - Figs - Grapes - Melon - Papaya - Kiwi - Orange, grapefruits, and watermelon - Asparagus - Aubergine or eggplant - Beetroot - Broccoli - Cauliflower - Mushrooms - Green beans - Leeks - Onions - Lentils - Potato - Turnips - Spinach - Sweet corn - Tomatoes - Beef - Pork - Eggs - Chicken - Salmon - Quinoa - Buckwheat - Flax - Millet - Yogurt - Cream cheese - Cottage cheese - Cheese sticks - Peas - Ground meat But still, make sure to check for choking hazards and ask your pediatrician’s advice if you’re unsure whether a certain food can be alright for your child. BLW Foods For 12 Months Old And Above Fine Motor Skills They might have already mastered self-feeding by hand at this stage. Some toddlers can also show interest in using cutlery like the rest of the family. You can give them a baby-safe silicone spoon to practice on. Developmental Milestones At this age, your baby might already show the following: (17) - Shyness to strangers or unfamiliar people - Cries when parents or favorite people leave - Shows fear in certain situations - Responds to requests - Uses simple gestures like waving and nodding or shaking head - Calls parents’ or family members’ names - Copies gestures - Finds hidden things - Starts to use things properly (drinking from a cup, brushing their hair, using a spoon, etc.) - Follows simple instructions - Pulls up and stands alone - Gets up and walks without help - Pokes things with their index finger Meeting Nutrition Requirements They’re becoming more active at this age, so offer more foods with carbohydrates to fuel their crawling adventures. Kids over one year old can already drink cow’s milk, but breast milk and toddler formulas might still be a better choice. Children in their first year shouldn’t drink pure cow’s milk because it has high concentrations of proteins and minerals that young tummies can’t digest yet. (18) Foods To Offer Most babies can already eat any food at this stage. By now, your baby eats like a pro and has more teeth for chewing on some foods like raw apples. But even with teeth, be sure to check for any choking hazards in your baby’s food. And make sure you’re with them throughout the meal. Summary & Recommendations Some babies might be ready for solid foods at four months of age, while most are fully ready for BLW only when they reach six months. Our recommendations for BLW foods above aren’t absolute rules. You can always provide your child with any food from the other age groups. These are simply suggestions that you can follow, but always ensure that their foods are soft and free from choking hazards. Also, consult with your pediatrician before starting your child on solid foods, particularly if your baby is still below six months of age. Still, in BLW, your little one has the final say on whether they’ll try these foods out or not. But it’s good to give them a nudge in the right direction by offering healthy food options. You’re doing great, mama! Introducing Drinking Cups Encourage your little one to drink from an open cup instead of a sippy cup because the hard tip can affect tongue development, leading to possible speech and swallowing problems. (19) They might already be adept with self-feeding at this age, especially if they started earlier than six months. Start introducing them to a drinking cup. Just ensure that the cup isn’t full. How To Let Baby Self Feed Purées - Put some puréed food in a small bowl. Let them explore the food and put their fingers in their mouth. - You can also scoop puréed food with a spoon and put the filled utensil on your child’s tray. They can pick it up and put it in their mouth if they’re interested. REFERENCES (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) as seen on

Using Magnetic Flux Patents (Class 188/267) - Patent number: 11437903Abstract: Described herein are latching devices where relative speed of movement between members is in part controlled or reduced via eddy current formation and in part controlled or relative motion stopped via a latch arrangement. Various embodiments are described, one being use of a conductive member; at least one magnetic field and a latch member that, prior to latching, moves independently to the at least one conductive member. A kinematic relationship exists between the conductive member and at least one magnetic field that enables the conductive member to move at a different speed relative to the magnetic field on application of an energizing force, thereby inducing an eddy current drag force by relative movement of the conductive member in the magnetic field. The eddy current drag force resulting causes movement of the conductive member causing the conductive member to engage the latch member thereby halting movement between the at least one conductive member and the at least one latch member.Type: GrantFiled: March 4, 2021Date of Patent: September 6, 2022Assignee: EDDY CURRENT LIMITED PARTNERSHIPInventors: Andrew Karl Diehl, Christopher James Allington, Kevin Andrew Wright - Patent number: 11338637Abstract: A damper system for a vehicle is provided that includes a pressurized gas damper, electromagnetic actuator, and pressurized gas spring. The pressurized gas damper includes first and second working chambers that are fluidly connected by a flow control orifice. The electromagnetic actuator includes a stator assembly with a stator cavity and a magnetic rotor that is slidingly received in the stator cavity. The magnetic rotor is fixed to a damper tube that houses the second working chamber. The stator cavity and an end of the damper tube cooperate to define the first working chamber. The pressurized gas spring includes a bellows chamber that extends annularly about the damper tube. The damper tube includes an opening between the second working chamber and the bellows chamber.Type: GrantFiled: January 28, 2019Date of Patent: May 24, 2022Assignee: TENNECO AUTOMOTIVE OPERATING COMPANY INC.Inventors: Miguel Dhaens, Monzer Al Sakka, Christophe Lauwerys - Patent number: 11313429Abstract: A piston for a magneto-rheological (MR) damper includes an upper core 11 having a side opening 113; a lower core 12 having a lower core body 121 and a central protrusion 122 protruding upwardly from the lower core body 121; and a magnetic field generator 13 coupled to the central protrusion 122, including a body 131A around which a coil 132 is wound, a ring-shaped upper support 131B extending from the upper portion of the body 131A in the radial direction, and a ring-shaped lower support 131C extending from the lower portion of the body 131A in the radial direction.Type: GrantFiled: April 8, 2019Date of Patent: April 26, 2022Assignee: NEW MOTECH CO., LTD.Inventors: Jeong Cheol Jang, Ji Min Lee, Hyo Bin Lim, Pan Guk Park - Patent number: 11300990Abstract: An input device, such as a joystick, has an operating device, a magnetorheological brake device, and a controller for activating the brake device. An operating lever is disposed on a supporting structure for pivoting around at least one pivot axis. The brake device is coupled with the pivot axis for controlled damping of a pivoting motion of the operating lever. The brake device has a rotary damper with two components, namely, an inside component and an outside component. The outside component radially surrounds the inside component and a damping gap is formed in between that is filled with a magnetorheological medium. The damping gap can be exposed to a magnetic field to damp a pivoting motion between the two contrapivoting components about an axis. One of the components has radial arms equipped with an electric coil whose winding extends adjacent to and spaced apart from the axis.Type: GrantFiled: February 28, 2020Date of Patent: April 12, 2022Assignee: INVENTUS Engineering GmbHInventor: Stefan Battlogg - Patent number: 11280379Abstract: A chassis component has a rotary damper with a housing, a damper shaft rotatably accommodated thereat, a displacing device in the housing, and a magnetic field source. The displacing device has a damper volume with magnetorheological fluid to influence the damping of the rotary motion of the damper shaft relative to the housing. The damper volume is divided into variable chambers by a partition wall connected with the housing and a partition wall connected with the damper shaft. Radial and axial gaps are formed between the partition walls, the damper shaft and the housing. The magnetic field source has a controllable electric coil for influencing the strength of the magnetic field and thus the strength of damping. A substantial part of the magnetic field of the magnetic field source passes through the gaps and influences the gap sections in dependence on the strength of the magnetic field.Type: GrantFiled: February 26, 2018Date of Patent: March 22, 2022Assignee: INVENTUS Engineering GmbHInventor: Stefan Battlogg - Patent number: 11274727Abstract: A mount bush includes a tube member, a shaft member disposed coaxially with an axis of the tube member and having a coil, a first liquid chamber disposed at an upper side in an internal space between the tube member and the shaft member, a second liquid chamber in communication with a lower side of the first liquid chamber and containing a magnetic viscoelastic fluid, and a third liquid chamber in communication with a lower side of the second liquid chamber and having a porous body, wherein the coil is disposed such that a magnetic path that passes through the second liquid chamber in an orientation along at least one of an axial direction and a radial direction is formed through electrical conduction.Type: GrantFiled: September 26, 2019Date of Patent: March 15, 2022Assignees: HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD., NATIONAL UNIVERSITY CORP KANAZAWA UNIVERSITYInventors: Toshio Inoue, Toshihiko Komatsuzaki - Patent number: 11267283Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to an omni-direction wheel system and methods for controlling the omni-direction wheel system. The omni-direction wheel system includes a plurality of suspension systems that operate independently of one another. Each suspension system may include an electromagnetic steering hub configured to rotate a wheel 360 degrees about a vertical axis based on a polarity of an electromagnetic signal applied to the electromagnetic steering hub. The suspension system may further include an in-wheel motor configured to rotate with the wheel and drive the wheel about a horizontal axis.Type: GrantFiled: April 5, 2019Date of Patent: March 8, 2022Assignee: HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD.Inventor: Ricky Jukuei Hsu - Patent number: 11268587Abstract: An active vibration damper includes a lower outer wall for placement on a floor, and front and rear outer walls, with the front and/or rear outer wall including first and second receptacles in an outer side thereof. The first receptacle receives a permanent magnet and is pot-shaped to maintain a closed configuration of the front and/or rear outer wall. A primary part of an electrical linear actuator is fixed at least on an inside of the lower outer wall, and a secondary part is arranged above the primary part and acted upon by the primary part. Retaining elements fixed to an inside of the upper outer wall movably hold the secondary part for displacement in a substantially linear manner in a left-right direction when the primary part is correspondingly impinged on. A magnetic back iron yoke is received in the second receptacle at the height of the secondary part.Type: GrantFiled: September 18, 2019Date of Patent: March 8, 2022Assignee: SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFTInventors: Jochen Bretschneider, Christoph Fritsch, Torsten Schür, Dietmar Stoiber - Patent number: 11259972Abstract: A spring supported tray for mitigating a dominant frequency imparted thereto is provided. The spring supported tray includes a tray including a topside and underside, and configured to support an object on the topside, and N springs supporting the tray, N being a positive integer. A first end of each of the N springs is disposed at the underside of the tray. A second end of each of the N springs is disposed so as to receive vibrational motion imparted to the second end of each of the N springs from a source of the vibrational motion, the vibrational motion having a dominant undesired frequency fdom. Each of the N springs has a spring constant k defined by the equation: k = f n 2 ? 4 ? ? ? 2 ? w Ng where w denotes the collective weight of the tray and the object, g denotes the force of gravity, and fn denotes a natural frequency of the spring supported tray supporting the object, wherein fn is a lower frequency than the dominant undesired frequency fdom.Type: GrantFiled: July 11, 2019Date of Patent: March 1, 2022Inventor: Richard C. Rapson, Jr. Multi-dimensional magnetic negative-stiffness mechanism and multi-dimensional magnetic negative-stiffness vibration isolation system composed thereofPatent number: 11255406Abstract: A multi-dimensional magnetic negative-stiffness mechanism and a multi-dimensional magnetic negative-stiffness vibration isolation system composed thereof are provided. The multi-dimensional damping system is composed of a positive-stiffness mechanism, a multi-dimensional negative-stiffness mechanism, a floating frame, a vibration isolated body, and a mounting base. The positive-stiffness mechanism is a traditional elastic element connected to the vibration isolated body and the mounting base, and provides supporting forces in an X direction, a Y direction, and a Z direction, and a basic vibration isolation function. The multi-dimensional negative-stiffness mechanism is composed of at least two negative-stiffness magnetic groups. Each negative-stiffness magnetic group may provide one-dimensional or two-dimensional negative stiffness.Type: GrantFiled: October 17, 2019Date of Patent: February 22, 2022Assignee: HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYInventors: Wei Jiang, Xuedong Chen, Jiulin Wu - Patent number: 11255396Abstract: A fluid-sealed engine mount may include an insulator integrally formed on an external side of a mount core configured to be coupled to an engine and having a chamber with which fluid for insulation of vibration is sealed; an orifice module mounted below the mount core to divide the chamber into two chambers and having a fluid passage for flow of the fluid; an air chamber provided at a center portion of the orifice module and filled with air; and an elastic membrane mounted above the air chamber at the center portion of the orifice module to seal the air chamber airtightly.Type: GrantFiled: November 26, 2019Date of Patent: February 22, 2022Assignees: Hyundai Motor Company, Kia Motors CorporationInventors: Seung Won Kim, Hyo Seok Kim - Patent number: 11221052Abstract: A mount bush includes a tubular member, a shaft member disposed inside the tubular member coaxially with an axis of the tubular member and including a coil, a permanent magnet provided on at least one of the tubular member and the shaft member, a magnetic viscoelastic fluid filled in an internal space, a first liquid chamber disposed in the internal space at a first side, a second liquid chamber communicating with the first liquid chamber, and a third liquid chamber communicating with the second liquid chamber, wherein the coil is disposed such that a magnetic path passing through the second liquid chamber in an orientation along at least one of the axial direction and the radial direction perpendicular to the axial direction is formed through electrical conduction, and the permanent magnet is disposed such that a magnetizing direction is formed along the magnetic path.Type: GrantFiled: September 26, 2019Date of Patent: January 11, 2022Assignees: HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD., NATIONAL UNIVERSITY CORP KANAZAWA UNIVERSITYInventors: Toshio Inoue, Toshihiko Komatsuzaki - Patent number: 11167388Abstract: A gearhead for a handheld power tool for machining workpieces, having a housing in which an output that can be connected to a drive of a handheld power tool is accommodated, and also having a tool shaft to which a tool can be coupled, wherein a braking device that can be moved between a braking position and a release position and that acts upon the tool shaft is provided for braking of the tool shaft. A switching device is provided that can be moved between a first switching position, in which the tool shaft is connected to the output in a power transmitting manner and in which the braking device is transferred into the release position, and a second switching position, in which the tool shaft is decoupled from the output and in which the braking device is transferred into the braking position.Type: GrantFiled: June 26, 2019Date of Patent: November 9, 2021Assignee: C. & E. Fein GmbHInventor: Wolfgang Duernegger - Patent number: 11050336Abstract: Described herein are braking mechanisms and related methods of using eddy current interactions to resist relative movement between members, the magnetic flux about an eddy current region being modified beyond an inherent drag effect resulting from a simple magnetic pole arrangement.Type: GrantFiled: December 4, 2015Date of Patent: June 29, 2021Assignee: EDDY CURRENT LIMITED PARTNERSHIPInventors: Andrew Karl Diehl, Kevin A. Wright, Weston Hill, Dave Walters Bearing device, magnetic gravity compensator, vibration isolation system, lithographic apparatus, and method to control a gravity compensator having a negative stiffnessPatent number: 11029612Abstract: The invention relates to a bearing device arranged to support in a vertical direction a first part of an apparatus with respect to a second part of the apparatus, comprising a magnetic gravity compensator.Type: GrantFiled: February 15, 2018Date of Patent: June 8, 2021Assignee: ASML Netherlands B.V.Inventors: Maarten Hartger Kimman, Hans Butler, Olof Martinus Josephus Fischer, Christiaan Alexander Hoogendam, Theodorus Mattheus Joannus Maria Huizinga, Johannes Marinus Maria Rovers, Eric Pierre-Yves Vennat, Maurice Willem Jozef Etienne Wijckmans - Patent number: 11021049Abstract: An engine mount control apparatus that is an active noise vibration control apparatus according to the present disclosure is characterized by being provided with a housing that has an outer core, an inner core that is disposed inside the outer core, and an electromagnetic coil that is positioned between the outer core and the inner core and by a portion between the outer core and the inner core being filled with a magneto-rheological elastomer containing magnetic particles. The present disclosure enables the maintenance of good static load support performance.Type: GrantFiled: June 23, 2017Date of Patent: June 1, 2021Assignees: HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD., NATIONAL UNIVERSITY CORPORATION KANAZAWA UNIVERSITYInventors: Toshio Inoue, Osamu Terashima, Toshihiko Komatsuzaki - Patent number: 10995816Abstract: A magnetorheological damper, wherein the damper comprises a housing that is at least partially filed with a magnetorheological fluid, and a magnetorheological valve disposed within the housing. The valve includes a magnetically permeable core having at least one coil reservoir formed therein, and at least one conductor coil, wherein each conductor coil is disposed around a portion of the core within a respective one of the coil reservoir(s). The valve additionally includes a fluid flow path adjacent the conductor coil(s). The fluid flow path is structured and operable to allow the magnetorheological fluid to flow adjacent the conductor coil(s). The valve further includes at least one coil cover, wherein each coil cover is disposed over a respective one of the coil(s) such that the respective coil is protected from exposure to magnetorheological fluid flowing through the fluid flow path.Type: GrantFiled: July 2, 2018Date of Patent: May 4, 2021Assignee: Textron Innovations Inc.Inventors: Jared L. Trauernicht, Brian Russell Hopkins, Eric Nels Anderfaas - Patent number: 10974822Abstract: An anti-tail buffet device leverages existing rotorcraft components to attenuate a tailboom's lateral “ringing” from air buffeting. Anti-buffet masses are tuned to the tailboom's lateral-bending or torsional natural frequency such that when lateral motion occurs, the response at this frequency is cancelled by the anti-buffet system, preventing this vibration from entering into the tailboom structure. Motion stops prevent over-travel. The mass of the tail rotor actuator is soft-mounted, such that its natural frequency is equal to the tailboom's lateral-bending or torsional natural frequency. When lateral loading occurs on the tail rotor disk, the lateral response at this frequency is attenuated by the soft-mounted tail rotor actuator, thereby preventing the vibration in the tailboom structure.Type: GrantFiled: October 24, 2018Date of Patent: April 13, 2021Assignee: Textron Innovations Inc.Inventors: Michael Reaugh Smith, Jouyoung Jason Choi - Patent number: 10927919Abstract: A rotary damper has a displacer device with a damper shaft and displacer components engaging into one another. A rotational movement of the damper shaft can be damped. The displacer device contains a magnetorheological fluid as a working fluid. A magnetic field of a magnetic field source having an electric coil can be controlled by way of an associated control device. An end-side axial gap is formed between the housing and the displacer device. An essential part of the magnetic field of the magnetic field source passes through the axial gap between the housing and the displacer components. The magnetorheological fluid is subjected to the magnetic field in order to adjust a damping of the rotational movement of the damper shaft. The magnetic field also effects a seal of the end-side axial gap.Type: GrantFiled: October 16, 2016Date of Patent: February 23, 2021Assignee: INVENTUS Engineering GmbHInventor: Stefan Battlogg - Patent number: 10920806Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a system for controlling deformation of a flexible screen, configured to control the deformation of the flexible screen, the flexible screen including: a flexible screen body, a metal layer attached to a back surface of the flexible screen body, and a current controlled deformation layer coated on the metal layer; the flexible screen further including a power supply circuit, and a current regulation circuit through which the power supply circuit is coupled to the metal layer; and the system including: a hardness regulation circuit, configured to control intensity of current flowing in the metal layer to soften the current controlled deformation layer. The above system for controlling deformation of a flexible screen can control the flexible screen to be deformed to have a desired shape.Type: GrantFiled: February 28, 2019Date of Patent: February 16, 2021Assignees: Kunshan New Flat Panel Display Tech. Cr. Co., Ltd., Kunshan Go-Visionox Opto-Electronics Co., Ltd.Inventors: Jingxun Zhao, Xiuqi Huang, Lei Xu, Rui Guo, Xinyu Qin, Fanzhong Bu - Patent number: 10845793: November 5, 2018Date of Patent: November 24, 2020Assignee: Brooks Automation, Inc.Inventors: Martin Hosek, Jay Krishnasamy, Jan Prochazka - Patent number: 10807432Abstract: A vehicle height adjustment apparatus for a suspension according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes: a piston rod having a thread on an outer circumferential surface thereof; a shock absorber in which the piston rod is installed to be movable up and down; a top mount connecting the piston rod to a vehicle body; a first spring having one side connected to the top mount and a remaining side connected to the shock absorber; a second spring having one side connected to the shock absorber; and a driving module connected to a remaining side of the second spring and installed to be movable on the piston rod by being fastened to the thread of the piston rod.Type: GrantFiled: November 14, 2018Date of Patent: October 20, 2020Assignees: Hyundai Motor Company, Kia Motors Corporation, Hyundai Mobis Co., Ltd.Inventors: Sang Hoon Lee, Won Hyok Choi Shoe sole with zones filled with multiple foaming material and an interchangeable compact MagLev modulePatent number: 10736375Abstract: There have been many types of sports shoes varying in design and material. The market-leading sports shoes are Nike and Asics. Nike is famous for its patented Air Max technology and Asics for its unique liquid cushioning element technology. These are excellent shoes in its own category. Yet, sports players are also looking for a shoe that can switch between the hi-rebound high performance sports mode and soft-cushioned regular mode conveniently. Our new design of the shoe sole tackles this task with a unique approach. We design the shoe sole into three zones according to its dynamic feature and fill the corresponding zones with different foaming material and an interchangeable compact MagLev module. This new design meets the challenge and opens up a new way for shoe manufacturing.Type: GrantFiled: July 3, 2018Date of Patent: August 11, 2020Inventors: Kang Yao, Nan An - Patent number: 10718689Abstract: This disclosure relates to modeling and visualization of vibration mechanics in residual space, and includes systems and methods for vibrational analysis. In one embodiment, a method includes acquiring, by at least one sensor, vibrational data and an operational mode of rotating equipment. The method may then proceed with determining, by an equipment controller communicatively coupled to the sensor, at least one vibrational vector based on the vibrational data. The method may determine, by the equipment controller and based on a model, an expected vibrational vector for the operational mode. The method may calculate, by the equipment controller, a residual vector as a difference between the vibrational vector and the expected vector. The method may also determine, by the equipment controller, at least one abnormality associated with the rotating equipment based on the residual vector.Type: GrantFiled: December 22, 2016Date of Patent: July 21, 2020Assignee: General Electric CompanyInventors: Devang Jagdish Gandhi, Christopher Schreiner, Donald Scott Doan - Patent number: 10711501Abstract: An active anti-flutter system is provided for a motor vehicle. That active anti-flutter system includes an electromagnet on a first component, a ferromagnetic target on a second component and a controller. The controller is configured to energize the electromagnet to generate a magnetic flux that attracts the ferromagnetic target toward the electromagnet thereby reducing vibration of one of the first component and the second component. A method of reducing flutter of a closure panel on a motor vehicle is also disclosed.Type: GrantFiled: April 18, 2017Date of Patent: July 14, 2020Assignee: Ford Global Technologies, LLCInventors: Shunmugam Baskar, Michael J. Gardynik, Venkatasamy Veluchamy, Christina Dung Nguyen -: 10655698Abstract: A vibration damping device for a vehicle includes a base connected to an engine, an inertial mass, including at least a portion that includes a permanent magnet, movably mounted over the base, an actuator including an electromagnet fixedly mounted on the base to vibrate the inertial mass based on attractive and repulsive forces which alternately act between the inertial mass and the electromagnet, and a controller that regulates a current, which is applied to the electromagnet, such that vibration of the engine is dampened by vibration of the inertial mass.Type: GrantFiled: November 1, 2017Date of Patent: May 19, 2020Assignees: HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY, KIA MOTORS CORPORATIONInventors: Jae Kwon Lee, Kwang Hwa Bai, Hae Won Kim - Patent number: 10655699Abstract: A simple self-tuned mass damper is hereby proposed for a broadened frequency band and which can be adapted to large and expensive structures as well as small and inexpensive structures alike. The novel self-tuned mass damper includes an auxiliary mass and a non-linear suspension, which is configured to connect the auxiliary mass to a vibrating structure. The mass of the auxiliary mass and the stiffness of the non-linear suspension are selected such that the natural frequency is at least 6 Hz and that the amplitude of the relative displacement of the auxiliary mass in respect to the vibrating structure is at most 12 mm.Type: GrantFiled: June 2, 2014Date of Patent: May 19, 2020Assignee: Teknologian tutkimuskeskus VTT OyInventors: Jarkko Keinänen, Kalle Vehviläinen - Patent number: 10633781Abstract: A vibration detection device of washing machine comprises a suspender, a damping spring, a sleeve, a bottom cover and an electromagnetic sensing device. The electromagnetic sensing device comprises an electromagnetic coil and a magnet. The upper end of the suspender is connected with a casing of the washing machine, and the sleeve sleeves the lower part of the suspender in a slidable manner. The damping spring is arranged in the sleeve and at least have two damping springs, and the damping springs have different elastic coefficients and are connected in series. The magnet is connected with the suspender, and the bottom cover is fixedly arranged at the bottom of the sleeve. The electromagnetic coil and the bottom cover are relatively fixed.Type: GrantFiled: July 26, 2016Date of Patent: April 28, 2020Assignee: QINGDAO HAIER WASHING MACHINE CO., LTD.Inventors: Peishi Lv, Lin Yang, Yun Tian, Gangjin Zhang, Mingyan Shao - Patent number: 10525813Abstract: A hydraulic bearing has a cylindrical main housing, a load-bearing spring enclosed by the main housing, a work chamber, which is at least partially enclosed by the load-bearing spring, with a work chamber volume filled with hydraulic fluid. The hydraulic bearing further includes a control diaphragm, which is configured to change the work chamber volume, and an actuator. The actuator is coupled to the control diaphragm for deflecting the same. The hydraulic bearing also includes an equalization chamber and a throttle duct hydraulically interconnecting the work chamber and the equalization chamber, and a cylindrical chamber housing is arranged with a first end face on an outer casing side section of the main housing, wherein the equalization chamber is formed by at least a part of an interior of the chamber housing.Type: GrantFiled: June 11, 2018Date of Patent: January 7, 2020Assignee: ContiTech Vibration Control GmbHInventors: Robert Genderjahn, Peter Marienfeld - Patent number: 10481631Abstract: Apparatus and method for operating vehicles and other technical equipment by way of a haptic operating device having a rotating unit. Selectable menu items are displayed on a display unit, and a menu item being selected by rotating the rotating unit. The rotating unit latches at a number of haptically perceptible latching points during rotation. The number and rotational position of the haptically perceptible latching points is dynamically changed.Type: GrantFiled: March 29, 2018Date of Patent: November 19, 2019Assignee: INVENTUS Engineering GmbHInventor: Stefan Battlogg - Patent number: 10427487Abstract: A characteristic is set to a first transmission force characteristic. A sensitivity is set to a first sensitivity. The maximum value of the square of a product of a value representing the first transmission force characteristic and a value representing the first sensitivity in a predetermined frequency range preset so as to include a frequency at which the value representing the first transmission force characteristic takes a peak value is set to an evaluation indication value. A complex spring constant in the vehicle longitudinal direction of the rear wheel suspension is set so that the evaluation indication value takes the minimum value out of values in a variable range of the evaluation indication value.Type: GrantFiled: October 13, 2016Date of Patent: October 1, 2019Assignee: TOYOTA JIDOSHA KABUSHIKI KAISHAInventor: Tsuyoshi Yoshimi - Patent number: 10414435Abstract: An apparatus for attenuating vibration transmission between first and second structures includes a rod extending entirely through, and being mechanically connected to, both of the first and second structures. The rod defines a central longitudinal axis. A piezoelectric sensor senses vibrations in at least one of the first and second structures and responsively generates a voltage. The piezoelectric sensor is disposed entirely longitudinally between the first and second structures. A piezoelectric actuator actively attenuates the vibrations sensed by the piezoelectric sensor. The piezoelectric actuator is at least partially driven responsive to voltage generated by the piezoelectric sensor. The piezoelectric actuator is disposed entirely longitudinally between the first and second structures. At least one of the piezoelectric sensor and the piezoelectric actuator has a throughhole through which the rod entirely extends.Type: GrantFiled: June 29, 2017Date of Patent: September 17, 2019Assignee: NORTHROP GRUMMAN SYSTEMS CORPORATIONInventors: Alan Dale Parker, Timothy C. Cummings - Patent number: 10414234Abstract: A shock absorber includes a first tube defining a first chamber and a piston head movably disposed within the first chamber. A hollow piston rod extends from the piston head. The hollow piston rod defines a rod chamber, and a tuned vibration absorber is disposed within the rod chamber of the hollow piston rod.Type: GrantFiled: January 26, 2017Date of Patent: September 17, 2019Assignee: GM Global Technology Operations LLCInventors: Michael E. McGuire, Robert P. Marble, Christopher A. Stirlen - Patent number: 10406883Abstract: A spring for a suspension is described. The spring includes: a spring chamber divided into at least a primary portion and a secondary portion, and a fluid flow path coupled with and between the primary portion and the secondary portion. The fluid flow path includes a bypass mechanism, wherein the bypass mechanism is configured for automatically providing resistance within the fluid flow path in response to a compressed condition of the suspension.Type: GrantFiled: December 29, 2016Date of Patent: September 10, 2019Assignee: Fox Factory, Inc.Inventor: John Marking - Patent number: 10379637Abstract: In one embodiment, the present invention provides an input device with a mechanical wheel which includes a touch sensor. In one embodiment, the wheel is a thumbwheel that uses a magnetometer to detect rotation of a magnet inside the thumbwheel. The touch sensor in one embodiment is a cylindrical floating electrode which is capacitively coupled to a bridge electrode connected to a sensing circuit. The thumbwheel may be used for horizontal scrolling, zoom and other gestures.Type: GrantFiled: January 30, 2015Date of Patent: August 13, 2019Assignee: Logitech Europe S.A.Inventors: Arnaud Perret-Gentil, Daniel Bonanno, Patrick Edouard Jean Cerisier, Darragh Luttrell, Nicolas Ramond, Jaroslav Jirousek - Patent number: 10337134Abstract: A laundry device comprises an outer tub, an inner tub, an inner magnetic ring and an outer magnetic ring. One of the inner magnetic ring and the outer magnetic ring is directly or indirectly fixed on a bottom wall of the inner tub and positioned at the outer side of the bottom wall of the inner tub, and the other one is directly or indirectly fixed on a bottom wall of the outer tub and positioned at the inner side of the bottom wall of the outer tub. An upper end face and a lower end face of the inner magnetic ring have the same polarity as the upper end face and the lower end face of the outer magnetic ring so that a radial repulsion between the inner magnetic ring and the outer magnetic ring is used to suppress vibration of the inner tub and/or the outer tub.Type: GrantFiled: December 27, 2016Date of Patent: July 2, 2019Assignee: QINGDAO HAIER SMART TECHNOLOGY R&D CO., LTD.Inventors: Xiang Yin, Fengling Wu, Qiuqi Mou, Chunfeng Lao, Jiangtao Zhang - Patent number: 10316450Abstract: A washing machine comprises: an outer drum; an inner drum rotatably disposed in the outer drum; and a rotation mechanism for driving the inner drum to rotate. A rotation shaft of the rotation mechanism extends upwardly from the bottom of the outer drum to a bottom wall of the inner drum to drive the inner drum to rotate. The washing machine further comprises: at least one pair of magnets including an outer ring-shaped magnet and an inner ring-shaped magnet which is disposed at a radial inner side of the outer ring-shaped magnet and opposite to the outer ring-shaped magnet. The inner ring-shaped magnet is disposed on the rotation shaft, and the outer ring-shaped magnet is disposed at the bottom wall of the inner drum or the outer drum, so that a magnetic force between them can reduce a magnitude of vibration of the inner drum or the outer drum.Type: GrantFiled: December 27, 2016Date of Patent: June 11, 2019Assignee: QINGDAO HAIER SMART TECHNOLOGY R&D CO., LTD.Inventors: Fengling Wu, Chunfeng Lao, Xiang Yin, Qiuqi Mou, Jiangtao Zhang - Patent number: 10316832Abstract: In one aspect, there is provided a damper control system for a reciprocating pump assembly according to which control signals are sent to electromagnets. In another aspect, there is provided a method of dampening vibrations in a pump drivetrain according to which a beginning of torque variation is detected and at least a portion of the torque variation is negated. In another aspect, signals or data associated with pump characteristics are received from sensors, torque characteristics and damper response voltages per degree of crank angle are calculated, and control signals are sent to electromagnets. In another aspect, a damper system includes a fluid chamber configured to receive a magnetorheological fluid; a flywheel disposed at least partially within the fluid chamber and adapted to be operably coupled to a fluid pump crankshaft; and a magnetic device proximate the flywheel. The magnetic device applies a variable drag force to the flywheel.Type: GrantFiled: June 26, 2015Date of Patent: June 11, 2019Assignee: S.P.M. Flow Control, Inc.Inventor: Joseph H. Byrne - Patent number: 10280663Abstract: An exemplary assembly includes a cylinder, a piston, and a lock. The lock is transitionable between an unlocked position that permits extension and retraction of the piston relative to the cylinder, and a locked position that limits retraction of the piston relative to the cylinder. The lock is blocked from transitioning from the locked to the unlocked position when a load supported by the piston exceeds a threshold load. An exemplary method includes transitioning a lock from an unlocked to a locked position. The lock in the unlocked position permits extension and retraction of a piston relative to a cylinder. The lock in the locked position limits retraction of the piston relative to the cylinder. The method further includes holding the lock in the locked position using a load supported by the piston that exceeds a threshold load.Type: GrantFiled: October 2, 2017Date of Patent: May 7, 2019Assignee: Ford Global Technologies, LLCInventors: Cynthia Wetzel, Raymond VanPutten, Rich James Cacioppo, Adam Miller, Traian Taropa, Michael Joseph Lee Characteristic value variable dynamic vibration absorber and characteristic value variable vibration isolatorPatent number: 10267373Abstract: To solve a problem, for example, in which holding a movable mass becomes difficult because the spring characteristics of a rubber constituting a basis are set low in order to set the characteristic value at a low value. In a first dynamic vibration absorber including a movable mass that is coupled to a vibration damping target member via an MRE as a first elastic member having elastic characteristics variable with a magnetic field, and being capable of varying a vibration characteristic value of the movable mass by controlling the magnetic field, the dynamic vibration absorber has a second elastic member different from the MRE, and the vibration damping target member and the movable mass are elastically-coupled to each other via the second elastic member.Type: GrantFiled: January 26, 2017Date of Patent: April 23, 2019Assignee: HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD.Inventor: Toshio Inoue - Patent number: 10231446Abstract: A dual-bearing reel includes a reel unit, a spool shaft, a spool, and a brake device. The spool shaft is rotatably supported by the reel unit. The spool includes a bobbin trunk, a shaft mount and a coupling wall. The bobbin trunk includes an internal space. The shaft mount has a tubular shape, and is penetrated by the spool shaft. The coupling wall couples the bobbin trunk and the shaft mount. The brake device includes at least one magnet disposed in opposition to the coupling wall. The brake device brakes the spool by a magnetic force applied to the coupling wall from the at least one magnet.Type: GrantFiled: February 17, 2017Date of Patent: March 19, 2019Inventor: Youhei Toake - Patent number: 10181781Abstract: Magnetic vibration damper includes three coaxial elements: a first coaxial element with first permanent magnets, a second coaxial element with first soft magnets and a third coaxial element with second permanent magnets. The first soft magnets are located between the first permanent magnets and the second permanent magnets in a radial direction. The spacing of the second permanent magnets is larger than the spacing of the first permanent magnets. The damper further includes an energy conversion component, such as conductive layers or coils to convert the mechanical movement of the magnets into heat or electric current.Type: GrantFiled: May 20, 2016Date of Patent: January 15, 2019Assignee: MAG SOAR S.L.Inventors: José Luis Pérez Díaz, Ignacio Valiente Blanco, Cristian Crisache, Efrén Díez Jiménez - Patent number: 10120374: August 10, 2015Date of Patent: November 6, 2018Assignee: Brooks Automation, Inc.Inventors: Martin Hosek, Jay Krishnasamy, Jan Prochazka - Patent number: 10086916Abstract: A ride height adjustable oil damped air shock boat seat pedestal with selectively lockable swivel capability is shown, which includes a locking pin extending below the seat and moving up and down with the seat as permitted and controlled by the air shock. The locking pin being received by a structure, which limits rotation of the seat.Type: GrantFiled: March 5, 2018Date of Patent: October 2, 2018Inventor: Lee Falck - Patent number: 10046946Abstract: Disclosed a load measurement system (100) includes a compartment (110), a damper (112) and a weight calculation unit (131). The damper (112) is configured to be positioned between the compartment (110) and a platform (121) and to compress at a predetermined rate based on a load of the compartment (110). The weight calculation unit (131) is configured to calculate a weight of the compartment (110) based on the compression of the damper (112).Type: GrantFiled: March 5, 2013Date of Patent: August 14, 2018Assignee: OTIS ELEVATOR COMPANYInventors: Gang Tan, Zhiyong Yao, Xiaofei Guo, Bin Wu - Patent number: 10024379Abstract: A hydraulic shock absorber having an inner housing portion slidably coupled to an outer housing portion to define a variable size chamber for containing shock absorber fluid. The region where the inner and outer housing portions overlap defines an annulus between adjacent surfaces of the inner and outer housing portions which varies in size in accordance with the extension state of the shock absorber. A dynamic seal is coupled to a surface of the shock absorber within the annulus for confining shock absorber fluid to the chamber. The shock absorber fluid is an electro-rheological or magneto-rheological fluid and the shock absorber includes a device for generating a magnetic or electric control field within the chamber at a region adjacent dynamic seal in order to increase the viscosity of the shock absorber fluid adjacent to the dynamic seal to inhibit passage of the shock absorber fluid beyond the dynamic seal.Type: GrantFiled: April 7, 2016Date of Patent: July 17, 2018Assignee: Safran Landing Systems UK LTDInventors: Robert Kyle Schmidt, Matthew Baxter - Patent number: 10020708Abstract: An electrical rotating machine includes a stator (11) provided with teeth (14) around which a group of coils (19) is wound, an annular interconnector (22) resting on a stator lamination stack (11) provided with tongues (36) to which ends (191, 192) of the coils (19) are welded for the formation of phases (U, V, W) of the electrical machine, and a closure flange (74) for closing a housing (70) for receiving the stator (11). The machine also includes at least one damper (83) consisting of a deformable material, configured to be mounted so as to be compressed between the interconnector (22) and the closure flange (74) of the machine. The invention also relates to the corresponding damper.Type: GrantFiled: June 5, 2014Date of Patent: July 10, 2018Assignee: Valeo Equipements Electriques MoteurInventors: Michel Le Douarin, Didier Selosse, Michael Hanquez, Hugues Gervais, Svetislav Jugovic, Frederic Palleschi, Mathieu Alapetite - Patent number: 9999210Abstract: A device has a spool rotatable about an axis in a reel, and a braking structure that effects a braking force against rotation of the spool, the braking force being adjustable by changing a proximity of the braking structure relative to the spool. The device includes at least one tap in a fixed relationship with respect to the braking structure, and a brake dial accessible outside the reel and providing a threaded portion that accepts the at least one tap, the brake dial being rotatable to change the proximity of the braking structure relative to the spool by movement of the tap.Type: GrantFiled: March 10, 2015Date of Patent: June 19, 2018Assignee: W.C. Bradley/Zebco Holdings, Inc.Inventor: Hyunkyu Kim - Patent number: 9955678Abstract: A spool braking device brakes the rotation of a spool rotatably supported by a reel body. The spool, which is a conductor that is rotated in conjunction with the spool. The magnet includes an N-pole and an S-pole on a surface that faces the rotating surface of the spool. The retaining member, the support ring, and the engagement member form a magnetic flux change rate variable mechanism. The magnetic flux change rate variable mechanism varies the change rate of the flux in the rotational circumferential direction that is affected by the magnet, at a prescribed rotating surface of the spool having a prescribed unit width in the rotational axis direction, with the rotation of the spool.Type: GrantFiled: July 30, 2015Date of Patent: May 1, 2018Assignee: Shimano Inc.Inventor: Satoshi Ikebukuro

Graph Generating Patents (Class 345/440) - Patent number: 11450071Abstract: A method and processor system are provided for adapting an acoustic rendering of an audio source to a visual rendering of an image-based object. Such visual rendering may be in virtual-reality (VR) or in augmented-reality (AR). The image-based object may be modelled, and an audio object representing the modelled object may be established in an acoustic scene containing the audio source and being associated with the visual rendering. The audio object may be assigned a reverberant and/or absorbent property, and the acoustic rendering may be adapted to the audio object. This way, the acoustic rendering may be adapted to image-based objects, and a user may perceive the acoustic rendering as better matching the visual rendering.Type: GrantFiled: May 23, 2019Date of Patent: September 20, 2022Assignees: KONINKLIJKE KPN N.V., NEDERLANDSE ORGANISATIE VOOR TOEGEPAST-NATUURWETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK TNOInventors: Hans Maarten Stokking, Hendrikus Nathaniël Hindriks - Patent number: 11443133Abstract: A system for analog gauge monitoring uses a machine learning model for computer vision that is trained using synthetic training data generated based on one or a few images of the gauge being monitored and a geometric model describing the scale and the indicator of the gauge. In some embodiments, the synthetic training data is generated using an image model implemented as a generative adversarial network (GAN) type neural network and trained to modify an image of a given gauge such that the gauge face is preserved while the gauge indicator is added to or removed from the image of the given gauge for any given gauge.Type: GrantFiled: December 10, 2019Date of Patent: September 13, 2022Assignee: RICOH COMPANY, LTD.Inventor: Edward L. Schwartz - Patent number: 11438241Abstract: A system for visualizing and navigating network data may include at least one computing device that receives input data using a NetTree application. The NetTree application may parse the input data and determine a list of nodes in a network and a list of links between nodes in the network from the input data. One of the nodes may be selected as a start node and inserted into a line of a network tree. After selecting the start node, the NetTree application may iterate through each of the links between the nodes in the network and add each new node that is not yet added to the network tree to a list of nodes to check for their links. Each link is added to a line in the network tree. A graphical user interface (GUI) may display the network tree.Type: GrantFiled: December 10, 2021Date of Patent: September 6, 2022Inventor: Robert Brennan Garvey - Patent number: 11435880Abstract: The systems and methods described herein provide highly dynamic and interactive data analysis user interfaces which enable the data analyst to quickly and efficiently explore large volume data sources, such as computer code or intellectual system. A user interface can be implanted that includes a plurality of nodes associated with portions of a process. The nodes may include indications of logical relationships between nodes. Node identifiers may be associated with particular nodes and be usable to select particular nodes. Reliability scores associated with particular nodes can be included.Type: GrantFiled: January 4, 2019Date of Patent: September 6, 2022Assignee: Palantir Technologies Inc.Inventor: Ethan Bond - Patent number: 11436019Abstract: Methods, systems, apparatuses, and computer program products are described herein that enable execution of a large AI model on a memory-constrained target device that is communicatively connected to a parameter server, which stores a master copy of the AI model. The AI model may be dissected into smaller portions (e.g., layers or sub-layers), and each portion may be executed as efficiently as possible on the target device. After execution of one portion of the AI model is finished, another portion of the AI model may be downloaded and executed at the target device. To improve efficiency, the input samples may be divided into microbatches, and a plurality of microbatches executing in sequential order may form a minibatch. The size of the group of microbatches or minibatch can be adjusted to reduce the communication overhead. Multi-level parallel parameters reduction may be performed at the parameter server and the target device.Type: GrantFiled: September 30, 2019Date of Patent: September 6, 2022Assignee: MICROSOFT TECHNOLOGY LICENSING, LLCInventors: Bharadwaj Pudipeddi, Marc Tremblay, Sujeeth Subramanya Bharadwaj, Devangkumar Patel, Jinwen Xi, Maral Mesmakhosroshahi - Patent number: 11435715Abstract: Example implementations described herein are directed to a change over detection system and method. Such example implementations facilitate updating the information of the production line in an Internet of Things (IoT) system to the latest version. Through the example implementations described herein, device rearrangement in manufacturing field can thereby be detected.Type: GrantFiled: May 14, 2020Date of Patent: September 6, 2022Assignee: HITACHI, LTD.Inventor: Nobuyuki Muranaka - Patent number: 11436400Abstract: The present invention relates to an optimization method for graph processing based on heterogeneous FPGA data streams. The method can balance processing loads between the CPU processing module and the FPGA processing module during acceleration of graph data processing.Type: GrantFiled: June 8, 2020Date of Patent: September 6, 2022Assignee: Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyInventors: Xiaofei Liao, Qingxiang Chen, Long Zheng, Hai Jin, Pengcheng Yao - Patent number: 11426114Abstract: A method for measuring spasticity is provided and includes: obtaining sensing signals corresponding to a limb movement through at least one sensor during a period of time; transforming the sensing signals into a two-dimensional image; and inputting the two-dimensional image into a convolutional neural network to output a spasticity determination result.Type: GrantFiled: December 21, 2018Date of Patent: August 30, 2022Assignee: METAL INDUSTRIES RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CENTREInventors: Sheng-Hong Yang, Bo-Wei Pan - Patent number: 11423445Abstract: Disclosed is a system and method for enhancing value for advertisers by helping them select and initiate the purchase of an advertisement associated with an advertising (ad) words or phrases that have strong semantic relationships to a given context, but which are not necessarily the most popular ad words or phrases with the highest costs. Advertisements associated with ad words or phrases that have strong semantic relationships to a given context, and yet are still cost effective in that their calculated value exceeds the costs of purchasing the ad keywords, are bid for and bought. In an embodiment, the system and method may be adapted to automatically purchase advertisements associated with ad words or phrases when the ad words or phrases fall within a desired price range based on their calculated value.Type: GrantFiled: July 10, 2014Date of Patent: August 23, 2022Assignee: Primal Fusion Inc.Inventor: Peter Sweeney - Patent number: 11417044Abstract: A computer graphics display system and method which places moving and color changing geometric shapes, which represent tasks of a project, on a circular graph by means of a display such as a computer monitor, (similar to a radar screen) which alerts the user to impending delays to a project by means of visualization of the movement and color change of the geometric shapes or “blips” on the circular graph. The method comprises extracting information from planning calculations, then translating this information into an animated visual radial graphic display.Type: GrantFiled: May 17, 2019Date of Patent: August 16, 2022Inventor: Thomas Charley Long - Patent number: 11415602Abstract: A method for operating an oscilloscope is described, wherein a waveform axis scale input value is detected. Further, a record length input value is detected. An oscilloscope operating point is determined relative to at least one predetermined operating mode limit. In addition, a method for operating an oscilloscope as well as an oscilloscope are described.Type: GrantFiled: December 3, 2018Date of Patent: August 16, 2022Assignee: Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KGInventors: Andrew Schaefer, Wolfgang Herbordt - Patent number: 11415958Abstract: A data extracting apparatus comprises: a processor configured to execute a program; and a storage device configured to store the program, the data extracting apparatus being configured to access: configuration information that defines a work environment including a group of sensors; and a data extraction rule, which is used for extraction from the configuration information, and is defined for each event that indicates one of a change and abnormality of the work environment, and the processor being configured to execute: detection processing of detecting a specific event based on sensor data from the group of sensors; extraction processing of extracting related data related to the specific event from specific configuration information corresponding to an acquisition time of the sensor data out of the configuration information, based on a specific data extraction rule corresponding to the specific event; and output processing of outputting the related data.Type: GrantFiled: March 9, 2020Date of Patent: August 16, 2022Assignee: Hitachi, Ltd.Inventors: Daisuke Ishii, Yuji Ogata User in interface, programmer and/or debugger for embedding and/or modifying problems on quantum processorsPatent number: 11409426Abstract: A user interface (UI), data structures and algorithms facilitate programming, analyzing, debugging, embedding, and/or modifying problems that are embedded or to be embedded on an analog processor (e.g., quantum processor), increasing computational efficiency and/or accuracy of problem solutions. The UI provides graph representations (e.g., source graph, target graph and correspondence therebetween) with nodes and edges which may map to hardware components (e.g., qubits, couplers) of the analog processor. Characteristics of solutions are advantageously represented spatially associated (e.g., overlaid or nested) with characteristics of a problem. Characteristics (e.g., bias state) may be represented by color, pattern, values, icons. Issues (e.g., broken chains) may be detected and alerts provided.Type: GrantFiled: February 23, 2021Date of Patent: August 9, 2022Assignee: D-WAVE SYSTEMS INC.Inventors: Murray C. Thom, Fiona L. Hanington, Alexander Condello, William W. Bernoudy, Melody C. Wong, Aidan P. Roy, Kelly T. R. Boothby, Edward D. Dahl Video description generation method and apparatus, video playing method and apparatus, and storage mediumPatent number: 11412023Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a video description generation method and apparatus, a video playing method and apparatus, and a computer-readable storage medium. The method includes: extracting video features, and obtaining a video feature sequence corresponding to video encoding moments in a video stream; encoding the video feature sequence by using a forward recurrent neural network and a backward recurrent neural network, to obtain a forward hidden state sequence and a backward hidden state sequence corresponding to each video encoding moment; and positioning, according to the forward hidden state sequence and the backward hidden state sequence, an event corresponding to each video encoding moment and an interval corresponding to the event at the video encoding moment, thereby predicting a video content description of the event.Type: GrantFiled: May 28, 2020Date of Patent: August 9, 2022Assignee: TENCENT TECHNOLOGY (SHENZHEN) COMPANY LIMITEDInventors: Jing Wen Wang, Wen Hao Jiang, Lin Ma, Wei Liu - Patent number: 11403648Abstract: Embodiments include an omni-channel analytics branding insights engine. The omni-channel analytics branding insights engine can include an omni-channel platform data store configured to receive and store brand data, and an insights interface logic section. The insights interface logic section can receive brand data from the omni-channel platform data store. The insights interface logic section can include an interactive report generator, which can process the brand data, and generate one or more interactive reports based on the brand data for display on a display device. The omni-channel brand analytics insights engine quantifies branding strategies and assists in the understanding of what stories and themes drive the greatest impact, thereby providing key insights for optimizing current and future branding strategies.Type: GrantFiled: March 7, 2017Date of Patent: August 2, 2022Assignee: Opal Labs Inc.Inventors: George M. Huff, David Gorman, Chris Campbell, John Koenig, Andrew Vy, Federico Carthy, Daniel Miller - Patent number: 11393142Abstract: A method for detecting a characteristic of a machine or component according to a time and characteristic value record includes the steps of converting a time and characteristic value record of data samples of the machine or component in a selected time window to a two-dimensional pixel bitmap in a specified pixel window, horizontal coordinates of pixel points characterizing a time sequence of data samples and vertical coordinates of pixel points characterizing quantified characteristic values of the samples, the quantified characteristic values being pixel values converted from characteristic values of individual samples using a maximum value in the window as a standard; marking the pixel bitmap according to an existing conclusion to form a sample set for training a machine learning intelligent algorithm model; and using a pixel bitmap sample in the sample set to train the algorithm model; and using the model to detect from newly collected data samples.Type: GrantFiled: February 4, 2021Date of Patent: July 19, 2022Assignee: AKTIEBOLAGET SKFInventors: Kareem Gouda, Haiyang Jackson Li - Patent number: 11392393Abstract: Functionality configuration for applications is provided by a configuration service. An application may register with a configuration service for functionality configuration. A configuration model may be created for the application and deployed to the application for use in configuring the functionality and behavior of the application. The configuration model may be stored by the configuration service and maintained at the configuration service. The configuration model may be provided to multiple additional applications, or customized and provided to additional applications. Use of a single or related configuration models may standardize functionality and maintenance across related applications.Type: GrantFiled: February 8, 2018Date of Patent: July 19, 2022Assignee: SAP SEInventors: Veit Bolik, Marcus Biemueller - Patent number: 11385868Abstract: Implementations generally relate to rendering orthogonal lines in a sequence flow. In some implementations, a method includes determining, in a user interface of a client device, a first location of a first process node of a process and a second location of a second process node of the process. The method further includes determining, in the user interface, a control location of a control point for a sequence flow process element. The method further includes placing an orthogonal line between the first location and the second location, wherein the orthogonal line is selected from a plurality of predetermined orthogonal lines based on the control location, the first location, and the second location.Type: GrantFiled: December 18, 2020Date of Patent: July 12, 2022Assignee: Oracle International CorporationInventors: Nicolas Laplume, Javier Espeche, Pablo Schmid - Patent number: 11386605Abstract: An animation system is provided for generating an animation control rig configured to manipulate a skeleton of an animated object. A partition separation process enables software changes to be inserted into uncompiled computer code associated with the animation control rig. Analysis of the uncompiled computer code is implemented relative to a performance metric. Based on the analysis in view of the performance matric, one or more partitions are determined in the uncompiled computer code to partition the code into separate code blocks. The uncompiled code is separated at the partition and updated with the software change. The updated code is compiled to generate the animation control rig.Type: GrantFiled: August 3, 2021Date of Patent: July 12, 2022Assignee: UNITY TECHNOLOGIES SFInventors: Thomas Stevenson, Edward Sun Production management system, production management apparatus and production management method for manufacturing linePatent number: 11386363Abstract: A production management system 100 includes an operating state acquisition apparatus 20a and a production management apparatus 10. The operating state acquisition apparatus 20a includes a detector 21a that is retrofitted to be mounted on a production equipment 31 disposed on a manufacturing line L1 or retrofitted to be disposed in a vicinity of the production equipment 31, and which outputs a detection signal indicating an operating state of the production equipment 31, and includes a transmitter 22a that transmits the detection signal. The production management apparatus 10 includes a generator for generating information on production state of the manufacturing line L1 by use of the detection signal received from the operating state acquisition apparatus 20a, and includes a display device for displaying the generated information on production state.Type: GrantFiled: November 26, 2019Date of Patent: July 12, 2022Assignee: I SMART TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATIONInventor: Tetsuya Kimura - Patent number: 11379550Abstract: A system for embedding services into a third-party website includes providing first programming code that can be used as part of a webpage that causes a user device to display a first iframe, display a second iframe in response to user input provided through the first iframe.Type: GrantFiled: August 29, 2017Date of Patent: July 5, 2022Assignee: PAYPAL, INC.Inventors: Daniel Brain, Brandye Sweetnam - Patent number: 11379638Abstract: A system generates a customized application data structure for modeling physical systems. The system includes a processor, an input device, optionally a display device, and a memory device. The processor is adapted to embed a multiphysics model data structure in the application data structure. The multiphysics model data structure comprises a representation of models of physical systems. Geometry data representing geometry subroutines and call data representing geometry subroutine calls are added to the embedded multiphysics model data structure. Data representing application features are added to the application data structure. Each application feature comprises one or more of (i) first data representing a form feature, or (ii) second data representing an action feature.Type: GrantFiled: April 3, 2020Date of Patent: July 5, 2022Assignee: Comsol ABInventors: Daniel Bertilsson, Erik Danielsson, Eduardo Fontes, Lars Langemyr, Victor Littmarck, Svante Littmarck, Nils Malm, Björn Sjödin, Daniel Smith, Tomas Normark, Mikael Sterner, Sara Ehrlund, Peter Österlund, David Karlbom - Patent number: 11379969Abstract: Machine learning approaches provide additional information about semiconductor wafer inspection stability issues that makes it possible to distinguish consequential process variations like process excursions from minor process variations that are within specification. The effect of variable defect of interest (DOI) capture rates in the inspection result and the effect of variable defect count on the wafer can be monitored independently.Type: GrantFiled: July 27, 2020Date of Patent: July 5, 2022Assignee: KLA CORPORATIONInventors: Martin Plihal, Prasanti Uppaluri, Saravanan Paramasivam - Patent number: 11372878Abstract: respective items in a database (e.g. metadata) as additional dimensions of the display which may be suppressed and/or selectively introduced to avoid user distraction or obscuring information or for comparison between screens which may indicate to a user the degree to which a particular item may or may not be germane to an issue or particular subject matter of interest. The graphic user interface thus provides an effective tool for evaluating search results and organizing detailed review thereof.Type: GrantFiled: June 10, 2021Date of Patent: June 28, 2022Assignee: Fastcase, Inc.Inventors: Philip J Rosenthal, Edward J Walters, Andrew T Schiebler, Thomas A Lee - Patent number: 11373346Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for generating and presenting animated graphs. In one aspect, a method includes updating a user interface to present a first graph representing a set of data corresponding to a time period. The first graph includes a heat map that visually depicts different values of the data for different sub-time periods of the time period using different colors. The heat map includes visual graph elements that each represents a respective sub-time period and depicts a particular color based on the value for the respective sub-time period. The user interface is updated to replace the presentation of the first graph with a presentation of a second graph representing a sum of the different values over the time period. The updating includes animating a transition between the presentation of the first graph and the presentation of the second graph.Type: GrantFiled: December 18, 2018Date of Patent: June 28, 2022Assignee: Google LLCInventors: Nikhil Bakshi, Zev Nettleton Youra, Michael Goderbauer - Patent number: 11372253Abstract: Various implementations disclosed herein include devices, systems, and methods that enable improved display of virtual content in computer generated reality (CGR) environments. In some implementations, the CGR environment is provided at an electronic device based on a field of view (FOV) of the device and a position of virtual content within the FOV. A display characteristic of the virtual object is adjusted to minimize or negate any adverse effects of the virtual object or a portion of the virtual object falling outside of the FOV of the electronic device.Type: GrantFiled: July 30, 2020Date of Patent: June 28, 2022Assignee: APPLE INC.Inventor: Luis R. Deliz Centeno - Patent number: 11367034Abstract: Described herein are techniques for identifying highly relevant content for a user to view in the form of KPI cards and providing the relevant view to the user automatically or by suggestion. The KPIs of highest practical and statistical significance are provided when the user accesses the user interface. In some embodiments, when the user is viewing a KPI, other relevant KPIs may be provided for the user to view as suggestions. Further, in some embodiments, the user may be provided with the KPIs of significance based on anomaly detection, and the explanation for the anomaly as well as suggestions for remedying any issues may be provided to the user. The highly informational content can be surfaced through the use of the advanced machine learning algorithms described herein.Type: GrantFiled: September 27, 2019Date of Patent: June 21, 2022Assignee: Oracle International CorporationInventors: Renu Chintalapati, Manisha Gupta, Ashlesh Bajpai, David Granholm, Stefan Schmitz, Naren Chawla, Matthew Bedin, Jacques Vigeant, Ananth Venkata, Rajesh Balu, Vikas Agrawal - Patent number: 11363985Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer program products for recording and monitoring pain are disclosed. A device may record a date and time corresponding to a pain entry, a pain type corresponding to the pain entry, and a pain intensity corresponding to the pain entry. The device may further record a pain location on a body corresponding to the pain entry. The device may also display the pain entry. In various embodiments, the device may display a graphical pain representation superimposed over the pain location on the body. The device may also read an input encircling the pain location on the body. The device may further display a plurality of pain entries in a plot relative to time.Type: GrantFiled: April 15, 2016Date of Patent: June 21, 2022Assignee: Nanolume, LLCInventors: Ronald E. Harbut, Chris Rouw Breathing apparatus, method of controlling a breathing apparatus, computer program and computer program productPatent number: 11357941Abstract: A breathing apparatus includes a control unit configured to control operation of the breathing apparatus based on at least a first input value and a second input value. The breathing apparatus also includes a graphical user interface connected to the control unit. The control unit is configured to display a visual output on the graphical user interface including an area defined by a first axis and a second axis. In addition, the breathing apparatus includes an input unit configured to provide selection of a portion of the area. The control unit is configured to set the first input value in response to the position of the selected portion relative the first axis and to set the second input value in response to the position of the selected portion relative the second axis.Type: GrantFiled: March 7, 2017Date of Patent: June 14, 2022Assignee: MAQUET CRITICAL CARE ABInventor: Mats Eriksson - Patent number: 11363024Abstract: Supplanting access credentials for shared data visualizations including receiving, from a first identity provider (IDP) account, a request to generate a data visualization utilizing restricted data from a cloud-based data warehouse, wherein the data visualization is generated by accessing the restricted data using the first IDP account; in response to receiving a request to share the data visualization with a receiving entity without access to the restricted data, associating, by a data visualizer, the data visualization with a service account with access to the restricted data, wherein the service account is not authenticated as a user of the first IDP account; and providing, by the data visualizer to the receiving entity, access to the data visualization including generating the data visualization by accessing, using the service account, the restricted data from the cloud-based data warehouse.Type: GrantFiled: September 9, 2020Date of Patent: June 14, 2022Assignee: SIGMA COMPUTING, INC.Inventors: Gregory G. Owen, Donald Huang, Stipo Josipovic, Kenneth Truong, Nipurn Doshi - Patent number: 11361467Abstract: This disclosure generally relates to character animation. More specifically, this disclosure relates to pose selection using data analytics techniques applied to training data, and generating 2D animations of illustrated characters using performance data and the selected poses. An example process or system includes extracting sets of joint positions from a training video including the subject, grouping the plurality of frames into frame groups using the sets of joint positions for each frame, identifying a representative frame for each frame group using the frame groups, clustering the frame groups into clusters using the representative frames, outputting a visualization of the clusters at a user interface, and receiving a selection of a cluster for animation of the subject.Type: GrantFiled: November 22, 2019Date of Patent: June 14, 2022Assignees: Adobe Inc., Princeton UniversityInventors: Wilmot Li, Hijung Shin, Adam Finkelstein, Nora Willett - Patent number: 11354325Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure relate to a system for amalgamating a plurality of graphs. The system may include a set of graphs. A user may input search criteria via a user interface (“UI”) module. The system may search the set of graphs for a subset of qualifying graphs that satisfy the search criteria. The subset of graphs may be merged into an amalgamated graph. Merging the graphs may include superimposing the qualifying graphs over each other at a locus. The locus may be a node or a sub-graph. The amalgamated graph may be displayed via the UI module.Type: GrantFiled: October 25, 2018Date of Patent: June 7, 2022Assignee: Bank of America CorporationInventors: Michael Ogrinz, Heather Linn - Patent number: 11354836Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods that efficiently display tabular data (e.g., a large data set of a million or more rows of data with multiple data fields). More particularly, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods that compress the tabular data to a representative data set that maintains the data density and data variation of the original tabular data, and that display the representative data set with respect to clusters formed.Type: GrantFiled: July 24, 2019Date of Patent: June 7, 2022Assignee: Oracle International CorporationInventors: Dhileeban Kumaresan, Rodrigo Reyes, Sreeji Das, Adrienne Wong - Patent number: 11354327Abstract: A system and method for processing data wherein one or more user selections of source data and an input defining one or more operations to be performed on the selected source data are received to generate processed data for display as a chart; the source data is retrieved from at least one data source, the source data is processed according to the defined one or more operations to generate processed data for output for display as a chart, the chart is stored as data defining the one or more operations and data identifying the source data operated on, a further user selection is received to redisplay the chart; retrieving the source data from the at least one data source; and the source data is processed according to the defined one or more operations to generate the processed data for output for redisplay as the chart.Type: GrantFiled: July 2, 2020Date of Patent: June 7, 2022Assignee: Palantir Technologies Inc.Inventors: Geoffrey Stowe, John McRaven, Andrew Pettit, Lucas Lemanowicz, Benedict Cappellacci, Arjun Mathur, Jonathan Victor, Nabeel Qureshi, Anshuman Prasad, Joy Tao, Mikhail Proniushkin, Casey Patton - Patent number: 11354012Abstract: A mobile device is fitted with an extended reality (XR) software application program executing on a processor within an XR system. A data visualization application receives a selection of a dashboard panel, and automatically places the dashboard panel relative to other dashboard panels displayed on a work surface in the XR environment. The work surface may be in the form of a rectangular or cylindrical surface. The dashboard panels may be arranged on a series of horizontal and/or vertical “rails” that appear as rows or columns, respectively, of dashboard panels on the work surface. A user can select and move the dashboard panels on a particular rail, while not affecting the position of the dashboard panels on the remaining rails. Further, the data visualization application generates a telescoping time selection graphical element that includes multiple segments with different granularities of time for concurrently selecting a time and date range.Type: GrantFiled: October 18, 2019Date of Patent: June 7, 2022Assignee: SPLUNK INC.Inventors: Uladzimir Bahatyrevich, Anthony Barbato, Jesse Chor, Kelly Kong, Ian Slattery, Glen Wong - Patent number: 11353328Abstract: A navigation system, method, apparatus and computer program product process probe data utilizing map-centric map matching. In a method, the grid cell in which the probe point is located is determined from among a plurality of grid cells of a region. The method also projects the probe point onto a road center polyline segment associated with the grid cell. The road center polyline segment extends through a map matching road region having edges that are spaced apart from a road center of a road segment by a predefined distance such that a probe point inside a grid cell that is intersected by or included by the map matching region associates the probe point with the road center polyline segment and thereby with road segment as well. Traffic estimation and route guidance may be provided based upon the association of the probe point with the road segment.Type: GrantFiled: November 1, 2018Date of Patent: June 7, 2022Assignee: HERE GLOBAL B.V.Inventor: Ole Henry Dorum - Patent number: 11354519Abstract: The present invention relates to a numerical information management device enabling numerical information search according to a user's purpose. More particularly, the present invention relates to a numerical information management device enabling numerical information search comprising: a DB which separately stores cube data having a set row structure including at least one of a temporal viewpoint recording temporal information, spatial viewpoint recording spatial information, and a user viewpoint recording information other than the temporal information and the spatial information and a numerical value and metadata for analyzing the cube data and stores at least one graph template; a search unit receiving a search keyword and a search option; and a content providing unit which extracts metadata corresponding to the input search keyword and search option, extracts and analyzes the corresponding cube data using the extracted metadata, and generates and provides at least one graph.Type: GrantFiled: January 4, 2018Date of Patent: June 7, 2022Inventor: Hoon Kim - Patent number: 11355235Abstract: A method and device that relates to the field of medical fluid management devices, in particular dialysis machines, provided. The method and device is configured to provide for the monitoring and control of medical fluid management devices from a remote site. To do so, the screen content of the output device of a fluid management device is transmitted at least partially to an output device of a remote control unit. The screen content optionally has user interfaces, which can be selected on the remote control device and lead to changes in the control of the transmitting medical fluid management device.Type: GrantFiled: July 16, 2012Date of Patent: June 7, 2022Assignee: Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbHInventors: Georg Brand, Daniel Hauck, Peter Kloeffel, Thomas Stahl - Patent number: 11347565Abstract: A method and system of providing users with a tool to interact with content from a primary app through a secondary app are disclosed. The secondary app obtains source data from the primary app and determines whether the data includes labels that can trigger the application of a particular configuration in the presentation of the content. Changes made to the source data in the secondary app that relate to substantive or key data for the content do not affect the source data in the primary app. However, changes made in the secondary app that relate to non-substantive data can be propagated back to the primary app.Type: GrantFiled: June 30, 2021Date of Patent: May 31, 2022Assignee: United Services Automobile Association (USAA)Inventors: Nathan Ryan Johnson, Julia Beatrice Isaac, Isidoro Garcia, Nathaniel Brett Wiatrek - Patent number: 11347797Abstract: In a search and database system, a graph generator builds a graph, comprising nodes and edges, and stores that graph in a database or other data structure and uses a repeated extending and culling process to build the graph. From that storage, the graph can be used to generate displays for users interested in learning about the graph and/or for performing queries and the like on that graph data.Type: GrantFiled: June 2, 2020Date of Patent: May 31, 2022Assignee: BIT DISCOVERY INC.Inventors: Jeremiah Jacob Grossman, Robert Stephen Hansen - Patent number: 11348293Abstract: A computer implemented method for displaying to a user a candlestick representative of a price range of a market traded security during at least a portion of a time period having a plurality of intratime periods includes receiving a OHLC (open, high, low, close) data of a first intratime period and a OHLC data of a second intratime period, a charting engine generating a candle body from an open price of the first intratime period and a close price of the second intratime period, determining a highest intratime period having a highest price from each high price of each the intratime period and a lowest intratime period having a lowest price from each low price of each the intratime period, the charting engine generating at least one of an upper wick and lower wick, a bottom of the upper wick connected to a top of the candle body above the highest intratime period and a top of the lower wick connected to a bottom of the candle body below the lowest intratime period, and the charting engine displaying the candleType: GrantFiled: July 24, 2020Date of Patent: May 31, 2022Inventor: Eric Schneider Applied artificial intelligence technology for interactively using narrative analytics to focus and control visualizations of dataPatent number: 11341338Abstract: To provide users with more flexibility for focusing and controlling visualizations of data, the inventors disclose new data structures and artificial intelligence logic that can be utilized in conjunction with notional specifications of focus criteria for visualizations. In an example embodiment, the inventors disclose technology that can be used to generate data structures that represent notional characteristics of the visualization data which in turn can be tied to specific elements of the visualization data to support interactive focusing of visualizations in notional terms that correspond to interesting aspects of the data. This allows a user to specify using notional criteria how a visualization should be focused on specific elements without needing to know in advance what those specific elements are.Type: GrantFiled: August 1, 2017Date of Patent: May 24, 2022Assignee: NARRATIVE SCIENCE INC.Inventors: Daniel Joseph Platt, Alexander Rudolf Sippel, Mauro Eduardo Ignacio Mujica-Parodi, III, Kathryn McCarthy Hughes, Bo He, Lawrence A. Birnbaum - Patent number: 11341570Abstract: Systems and methods for processing items in a queue, a system including one or more memory devices storing instructions and one or more processors configured to execute the instructions to perform operations including: analyzing training data to build a predictive model; applying the predictive model to items in a queue to determine scores of the items based on respective probabilities of an entity completing an action for each item; listing the items, sorted by the scores, in a first display view; identifying a first and a second item, respectively having highest and next highest scores; grouping, with each of the first and second items, items that satisfy a grouping condition based on characteristic information of the items; and listing the groups of items including the first and second items, sorted based on the scores of the first and second items, in a second display view.Type: GrantFiled: January 6, 2020Date of Patent: May 24, 2022Assignee: CAPITAL ONE SERVICES, LLCInventors: Drake R. Sanderson, Thomas Busath, Sarita Ayyalasomayajula, Taylor Geron, Jaiden Gerig - Patent number: 11340750: February 17, 2020Date of Patent: May 24, 2022Assignee: Domo, Inc.Inventors: Chris Willis, Matt McMurry, Mark Schultz, Derek Joos - Patent number: 11327997Abstract: An exemplary method receives user actions to (i) associate a first field with a first shelf and (ii) associate second and third fields with a second shelf. The second field is positioned at an outer-most position on the second shelf and the third field is positioned at an inner-most position on the second shelf. The method receives an additional user action to specify a nested sort according to data for the first and third fields. The method generates and displays a data visualization in accordance with the received actions, including: (i) partitioning retrieved data into groups of tuples, each tuple including data for the fields, and each group of tuples corresponding to a distinct value of the second field, (ii) forming panes, each pane corresponding to a respective group of tuples, and (iii) within each pane, displaying data marks, each data mark corresponding to a respective tuple.Type: GrantFiled: October 1, 2020Date of Patent: May 10, 2022Assignee: TABLEAU SOFTWARE, INC.Inventors: Justin Talbot, Daniel Cory, Jeannine Frazier Boone, Ian A. Coe - Patent number: 11327993Abstract: An exemplary system receives a composite digital asset in a first hierarchical data format, the composite digital asset including a plurality of grouped components, converts the composite digital asset to a second hierarchical data format by breaking out the grouped components into individual components and representing the individual components as a plurality of nodes and hierarchical relationships between the nodes in a graph database, and uses the composite digital asset in the second hierarchical data format to generate and stream one or more of the individual components of the composite digital asset in a flat data format over a network to a client device in response to a request, from the client device, to access the one or more of the individual components of the composite digital asset.Type: GrantFiled: March 26, 2018Date of Patent: May 10, 2022Assignee: Verizon Patent and Licensing Inc.Inventors: Carl Keifer, Mark Maslyn, Mohammad Raheel Khalid, Vito Messina - Patent number: 11326948Abstract: A method for generating an electromagnetic signal is disclosed. The method comprises the following steps: An image having pixels is at least one of received and generated, wherein each one of the pixels has one of at least two different pixel values. At least one of a spectrogram of an electromagnetic signal and characteristic parameters of the electromagnetic signal is determined based on at least one of the image and the pixel values. The electromagnetic signal is generated based on at least one of the spectrogram and the characteristic parameters.Type: GrantFiled: November 20, 2019Date of Patent: May 10, 2022Assignee: Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KGInventors: Baris Guezelarslan, Dominik Hettich - Patent number: 11327822Abstract:. The detection system can monitor interaction with and/or operation of one or more documents of a website. Interactions with a website, operations of the website, or a combination thereof, may be assessed with respect to a threshold defining an event. One or more criteria (e.g., a time period) of the event may be assessed for the interactions and operations. Event data may be generated for the event(s) that occur, and the event data may be sent to a host system to adjust operation of the website.Type: GrantFiled: April 23, 2020Date of Patent: May 10, 2022Assignee: Quantum Metric, Inc.Inventors: Mario Luciano Ciabarra, Jr., Joseph Eric Pastuer Automatically generating and applying graphical user interface resize-constraints based on design semanticsPatent number: 11320975Abstract: The present disclosure is directed toward systems, methods, and non-transitory computer readable media that resize a graphical user interface design layout using automatically-generated semantic-aware resize constraints. In particular, systems described herein can analyze the semantics of graphical user interface design elements (e.g., including size, position, type, etc.) and relative positions of the design elements (e.g., hierarchy, offsets, nesting, etc.). The disclosed systems utilizes a heuristics system to the analyzed semantics to generate a set of automatically-defined semantic-aware resize constraints for each graphical user interface design interface. The disclosed systems additionally present a design resize interface that enables designer to manually select constraints to be applied to the design elements. The disclosed systems can toggle between applying manually-selected and automatic semantic-aware resize constraints for the design elements.Type: GrantFiled: February 19, 2019Date of Patent: May 3, 2022Assignee: Adobe Inc.Inventors: Swapnil Shrivastava, Hoyle Wang, Ash Huang - Patent number: 11321798Abstract: In various examples, a signal processing pipeline is dynamically generated or instantiated for a signal processing request. To generate the pipeline, a graph topology—including nodes and edges—may be created to represent features, functionality, and characteristics of a signal processing system. The nodes, representing processing tasks, may be connected via edges having associated costs for performing, by a node, a processing task on an output of a prior or edge-connected node. For a given signal processing request, the nodes or processing tasks to be included may be selected and, using a graph routing algorithm and the costs between and among the determined nodes, a path through the nodes may be determined—thereby defining, at least in part, the signal processing pipeline.Type: GrantFiled: September 3, 2019Date of Patent: May 3, 2022Inventors: David Schalig, Karsten Patzwaldt

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Resource Directory Welcome to Safe+Sound Somerset’s Resource Directory! The Resource Directory is a partial list of the resources available in our community, and is meant to be a starting point to help you identify services and providers. Please note that Safe+Sound Somerset cannot vouch for any of these resources. Search websites, ask for recommendations from friends and peers, and call or email a potential service provider to decide whether or not something is the right fit for you. This Resource Directory will be updated regularly. S+SS reserves the right to choose which information we will publish. If your organization would like to add or update a listing, please use this form. 2ndFLOOR Youth Helpline Helpline and online forum for New Jersey's youth and young adults (10-24) 4-H Hunterdon County Provides fun, informal, and educational programs for youth grades K-13 4-H of Somerset County Provides fun, informal, and educational clubs/programs for youth grades K-13 911 Call in case of emergency A Center for Change – Hunterdon County location Counseling and therapy center with multiple northern NJ locations ACLU of Somerset – Free Legal Clinic at Somerville Public Library Free, popular legal clinic with a volunteer, who provides basic legal info or initial direction on a legal problem Adult Day Center of Somerset County Day care services for seniors Affordable Homes New Jersey Website at Community Grants, Planning & Housing (CGP&H) Website providing links by county to affordable housing. Run by CGP&H, NJ Department of Community Affairs approved Affordable Housing Administrative Agent. This organization is dedicated to assisting very low, low, and moderate income households find affordable housing in a fair and respectful manner. Agape House Emergency housing and case management for single adults and families with children Alternatives, Inc. Services for people with disabilities (intellectual and developmental) and mental illness Alternatives, Inc. – Non-emergency Housing Services Non-emergency housing for houseless individuals - Somerset County only Anderson House for Women, by Turning Point NJ Long-term care program for women recovering from substance use and mental health disorders ARC of Hunterdon County Local services for people with disabilities, families, and caregivers Arc of Somerset County Local services for people with disabilities, families, and caregivers Babs Sipersetein PROUD Center at Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Somerset Specialized primary care services for the LGBTQ+ community Behavior Therapy Associates Counseling center and support for youth and those with disabilities; groups available Benefits.gov Online resource to find federal benefits you may qualify for. Better Life Behavioral Health Care, LLC Private counselor Betty and Arthur Roswell Counseling Center at Jewish Family Service NJ State licensed community mental health outpatient provider. Blueprint Mental Health Child and teen counseling center, individual and groups Bonnie Brae Residential school and therapeutic community for NJ boys in crisis, ages 12-21 Brain Injury Alliance of NJ Support, advocacy, care management, and info for those impacted by Brain Injury Breath of Life Counseling – Somerset Location Counseling center for teens (12+) and adults Bridgewater YMCA Little Free Pantry Little free pantry to take or leave anything. Bridgeway Psychiatric Emergency Screening Services (PESS) For Somerset County residents - mobile mental health urgent care, crisis intervention, and stabilization services Brightside Family Services In home counseling for children, teens, and families Butterfly Effect Counseling Services Private counselor Buy Nothing Group – Somerville Local Facebook giving network - Somerville area only Buy Nothing Group- Montgomery/Rocky Hill Local Facebook giving network - Montgomery and Rocky Hill only Calm and Sense Therapy – Watchung Branch Counseling Center for youth, adult, seniors - groups available Cambridge Recovery Sober Living Male-only, age 18+ recovery transitional home with supportive services. Camden Center for Law and Social Justice (CCLSJ) Has Bilingual Staff Has Income Guidelines The immigration staff has minimal fees and clients are expected to pay costs and filing fees. Counties Serviced: Camden CAMHOP-NJ (Chinese American Mental Health Outreach Program) Support groups and free services serving immigrant families of Chinese origin affected by mental illness Caring Contact Hotline Volunteer-staffed caring and crisis hotline, providing support on mental health Caring Family Community Services Majority in-home services for youth with emotional and behavioral challenges, and autism Carrier Clinic Substance use services for teens and adults Casa Esperanza Legal services for the immigrant community Catholic Charities – Bridgewater Family Service Center Variety of services for families, youth, and individuals Catholic Charities – Immigration Services Variety of services for immigrants and their families CDC Suicide Prevention website Information and prevention strategies for suicide Center for Discovery – Bridgewater Location Outpatient eating disorder facility Center for Educational Advancement – Employment Services Job training and related services for young people with disabilities Center for Great Expectations Services for families and individuals, impacted by trauma Center for Hope and Safety Language Line Available Bilingual Staff Income Guidelines No income guidelines for FROs; income limits apply for representation in custody and divorce cases. Counties Serviced: Bergen Center for Intrapersonal Wellness, LLC Counseling and therapy center Center for Psychological Services of Somerset County, LLC Counseling center, groups available CenterPiece Counseling Counseling center for teens and adults Central Jersey Community Development Cooperation Community services for low to moderate income county residents Central Jersey Family Health Consortium Wide range of services to improve the health of women of childbearing age, infants, and children; virtual support groups and webinars Central Jersey Housing Resource Center Provides services for low- and moderate-income families covering Homebuyer Education, foreclosure and delinquency counseling, and financial literacy. Central Jersey Legal Services Income Guidelines Bilingual Staff Counties Serviced: Union, Middlesex, Mercer Central Jersey Psychotherapy, LLC Private counselor ages 11+, specializing in immigrant and Spanish-speaking populations; women's groups avail. Child Health Clinics sponsored by Community Visiting Nurses Association Free clinics for Somerset County residents that provide well baby check-ups and immunizations for young children Children’s System of Care Hotline Info on services for children and teens with emotional and behavioral health care challenges, and their families Christian Wellness Center of NJ Christian-focused counseling center Clear Conscience Counseling, LLC Mental health and substance use treatment Coalition Against Rape and Abuse (CARA) Language Line Available Bilingual Staff Divorce (Consultation Only) Counties Serviced: Cape May Cognicare Psychological Services, LLC Mental health and therapy center with social justice perspective Community Child Care Solutions – Somerset County Office Connecting families to childcare resources and parent education Community Health Law Project Bilingual Staff Income Guidelines Counties Serviced: Atlantic, Burlington, Camden, Essex, Hudson, Mercer, Monmouth, Ocean, Union Community Health Law Project – Central Jersey Office Provides legal advocacy, training, and education for low income people with disabilities and the elderly Community in Crisis Local substance use recovery support services and prevention education Community Options – Somerset County Office Housing services and employment services for people with disabilities/caregivers Consulting and Municipal Engineers (CME) Once clients have applied for certain affordable housing options (Brookhaven/Sunnymeade, Hillsborough Village), Patricia Gallagher will reach out about waitlist or if they've been awarded housing Cooperative Counseling Services – In Home Therapy for Youth In-home services available through private pay and orgs - see referral column Cooperative Counseling Services – Middlesex Location Counseling center for youth, teens, and adult caregivers Cooperative Housing Corporation Housing services for seniors and subsidized housing available for those who qualify. Corner House Behaviorial Health Substance use treatment and prevention center Counseling and Coaching for Women: Amy Beth Acker, LCSW Counseling and groups for women Counseling and Consulting NJ – Somerville Location Counseling Center for youth, adult, seniors - groups available Counseling: Mindy Klein, LPC Private counselor for ages 16+ Counseling: Alan J. Giordano, LCSW Private counselor for preteens, teens, and adults Counseling: Debra Sime Kilgariff Private counselor - teens and adults Counseling: Douglas Haymaker Ph.D., Clinical Psychologist Private counselor Counseling: Elizabeth Arboleda, LPC Private counselor specializing in women and youth Counseling: Gwen Bloom Private counselor for teens and adults Counseling: Heidi Smith, LCSW Private counselor Counseling: Joan M. Dawson, LCSW Private counselor Counseling: Marion Rollings, Ph.D. Private counselor, also with Hillsborough location Counseling: Mary Jo Lamb, APN-C Private counselor and psychiactric nurse pracitioner for adults and teens Counseling: Matthew J. Sable, LPC Private counselor Counseling: Nancy J. Ashworth MSW, LLC Private counselor Counseling: Noemi Bolton Private counselor, offers groups Counseling: Shari Weinglass, LCSW Private counselor COVID information from CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) CDC Coronavirus main page Creative Flow Therapy Creative arts therapy center DCW Therapy Private counselor focused on teens and adults Delta Community Supports Programs and support for people with disabilities and their families Disability Rights New Jersey (DRNJ) Contact for concerns about abuse of people with disabilities, plus services info and training. Disaster Distress Helpline by SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration) Crisis counseling for people in emotional distress related to any natural or human-caused disaster Discovery Institute – New Jersey Detox and Rehabilitation Rehabilitation center with individual and family services Division of Developmental Disabilities State services for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their families Division of Vocational Rehabilitation Services Employment assistance for people who are blind, visually impaired, or deaf-blind Dress for Success Northern NJ Business clothing and (currently virtual) career development for clients actively seeking employment or recently employed Easterseals New Jersey Services for people with disabilities Edge NJ Pride Center Social services for the LGBTQ+ and HIV+ communities Edge NJ/CAN Wellness Center Medical and psychiactric care for the LGBTQ+ and HIV+ communities El Centro Hispanoamericano Services for immigrants and refugees - primarily the Central NJ Spanish-speaking community Emergency Food Pantry at SHIP Inc. (Samaritan Homeless Interim Program) Food pantry for houseless individuals - clients of SHIP Empower Somerset Services and programs with focus on substance misuse prevention Enrich A personal finance program provided by New Jersey Department of the Treasury Essex Newark Legal Services Bilingual Staff Income Guidelines Counties Serviced: Essex Everas Community Services, Inc. Programs and support for people with disabilities and their families Family & Community Services of Somerset Mental health and substance abuse services Family Center for Change, LLC Counseling center Family Crisis Intervention Unit Crisis intervention services for children and families in crisis Family Health Line from NJ Department of Health Information and referrals for health screening and treatment including reproductive health and pregnancy, vaccines, cancer, etc. Family Helpline Volunteers of Parents Anonymous provide supportive listening about parenting, and resource Family Support Center at Prevention Resources, Inc. Confidential family support for those who have a loved one with substance abuse disorder Feeding Hands, Inc. – Main Pantry/Bridgewater Food Pantry Updated 8/5/22: Serving guests from Somerset County (excluding Franklin Twsp - See Franklin Food Bank) and following towns in Middlesex Cty: Middlesex, Dunellen, Piscataway, and South Plainfield Feeding Hands, Inc. – Manville Food Pantry First Step Counseling of Raritan Valley Couseling center run by North Branch Reformed Church FJC Monmouth Counties Serviced: Monmouth Flemington Area Food Pantry – Hunterdon Residents Only Hunterdon County residents only - food pantry Food Bank Network of Somerset County: Bound Brook location Food bank open to all Somerset County residents. Please call ahead before arriving to confirm days and times of food distribution. Updates Facebook often: Food Bank Network of Somerset County: Main Pantry Food bank open to all Somerset County residents, plus basic hygiene products Food Bank Network of Somerset County: North Plainfield Location Food bank open to all Somerset County residents. Please call ahead before arriving to confirm days and times of food distribution. Updates Facebook often: Food Bank Network of Somerset County: Somerville Location Food bank open to all Somerset County residents. Please call ahead before arriving to confirm days and times of food distribution. Updates Facebook often: Franklin Food Bank Food bank open to Franklin Twp. residents only - giving fixed bags during COVID-19, up to 2x a month Updated 8/5/22: -Individuals and families in need of longer-term support are encouraged to call 732-246-0009 to schedule appt. -Additional: Community Distribution Days are held on the first Wednesday of each month, from 11 a.m. until supplies are exhausted, at the Franklin Township Community Relations Bureau at 935 Hamilton Street. Appointments are not required, but all who enter must wear a mask. -Community Distribution Fridays August 5th, 12th, 19th & 26th, 2022 9 a.m.- Noon Franklin Food Bank 224 Churchill Ave., Somerset Franklin’s Grace Resource Center Central hub of professional and community resources for Franklin Twp. residents GED.com Info and scheduling to take the GED (high school equivilancy diploma), in person or online Gemini Counseling Center Counseling center GenPsych – Bridgewater location Mental health and substance use treatment provider Giving Network All-volunteer organization that recycles excess household items to be donated and delivered to Somerset County residents Goodwill – Bound Brook, NJ Local Goodwill store with low cost clothing, furniture, decor, etc. Greater Raritan One Stop Career Center – Hunterdon County Office Career Center with supportive, specialized services for different populations Greater Raritan One Stop Career Center – Somerset County Office Career Center with supportive, specialized services for different populations Greater Somerset County YMCA Wide range of services across 6 locations beyond health/fitness GrowNJKids.gov Website with a detailed search for childcare providers Growth and Empowerment Counseling center for children, teens, and adults - groups available - specializing in LGBTQ+ community Habitat for Humanity – Raritan Valley Offers homes to low and medium income level families, plus homeownership classes. Harvest Family Success Center – For Hunterdon Residents Family activities, workshops, and individual assistance for Hunterdon County residents Healing Through Play Therapy Therapy center focused on children (2-10) and parents/play therapy Healthy Women, Healthy Families at Central Jersey Family Health Consortium Connecting parents/caregivers and parents to health and educational resources, and Community Health Workers High Focus Centers – Branchburg location Mental health and substance use treatment center -specializing in teens and adults High Point Partial Care/DAS Program LLC Mental health and substance use treatment and recovery center Hillsborough CAN Food Pantry (Community Assistance Network) Hillsborough residents only - temporary food assistance. Hillsborough Freecycle Free local, online giving community (Hillsborough) Hillsborough Neuropsych Counseling and neuropsychological testing Hispanic Family Service Center Culturally Specific Organization Counties Serviced: Statewide HiTOPS Support groups for LGBTQ+ youth and youth-informed sex education for NJ youth Holistic Health Counseling Center We provide Counseling, Psychotherapy and Art Therapy to adults, children, adolescents, couples, and families. Using a holistic approach to mental health and a client-centered approach to counseling, we use a wide range of therapeutic techniques and interventions to help you overcome the issues that brought you to therapy. We also offer other Mind Body Wellness Services. Massage Therapy, Meditation and Mindfulness instruction, and more. HOME of Somerset County, Inc. Serves homeless families with children including emergency shelter Homeless Hotline/S.O.S. – Board of Social Services Short-term financial assistance for obtaining immediate housing for houseless individuals HomeSharing, Inc. Helps pair people to share a home and save on costs. Hope Street: A Holistic Healing Community Mental health and substance abuse treatment center, groups available HOPES Community Action Partnership Variety of community services for 3 counties including Somerset Horizon Care Center, LLC Private counselor Hunterdon Behavioral Health Mental health and substance abuse treatment center for teens and adults Hunterdon County Freecycle Free local, online giving community (Hunterdon County) Hunterdon County LINK Hunterdon County shared public transportation including dialysis treatment Hunterdon Helpline Local helpline for Hunterdon residents Hyacinth – Plainfield Location Services for people with HIV/AIDs, and supports for the LGBTQ+ community Improved Pregnancy Outcome Program – Hunterdon County Free services for pregnant Hunterdon County residents - see online brochure for eligibility Inner Light Counseling Private counseling center Institute for Family Services, Inc. Liberation-based counseling for individuals and families JBWS – For Morris County Residents Domestic violence services free of charge for Morris County residents (survivors and witnesses) Jewish Family Service of Somerset, Hunterdon, and Warren Counties Variety of services for the whole community Justia – Lawyer Directory Lawyer directory, including pro bono and low cost. International service. Kwenyan and Associates Counseling center and various psychiatric assessment services - transportation avail. Legal Services of New Jersey Divorce (Consultation Only) Counties Serviced: Statewide Legal Services of New Jersey – PROTECT Anti-Human Trafficking Project Assists adult and minor survivors of labor and sex trafficking throughout NJ regardless of immigration status. Counties Serviced: Statewide Legal Services of New Jersey Hotline Hotline that provides legal advice, information, and referral to low-income NJ residents in civil legal matters Legal Services of Northwest Jersey Divorce (Consultation Only) LSNWJ provides free civil legal services to people with limited income, seniors, and people affected by HIV/AIDS. Intakes are over the phone, approximately 20 minutes. Counties Serviced: Hunterdon, Morris, Somerset, Sussex, Warren Legal Services of Northwest NJ (LSNWNJ) Private nonprofit law firm providing free legal services to people with limited income, seniors, and people affected by HIV/AIDS Life Perspectives Counseling Services Private counselor Literacy Volunteers of Somerset County Free English conversation groups, tutoring, U.S. Citizenship preparation classes Loving Care Home at Visions and Pathways Houses 5 females 18 or over Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), Universal Service Fund (USF) and Weatherization Financial assistance - heating, cooling, natural gas, electric, energy efficiency. Check application for eligibility Manavi Culturally Specific Organization Consultations free; small fee may apply for representation. Counties Serviced: Statewide Manavi for South Asian Women Domestic and sexual violence services free of charge for South Asian women Mane Stream Equine/horse assisted therapy services Martin Luther King Youth Center, Inc. Afterschool, tutoring, and summer camp for Bound Brook and S. BB, Manville, Hillsborough, Somerville, and Bridgewater Middle Earth Services for youth in Bound Brook, Franklin, Manville Mindful Life Therapy, LLC Counseling center Mindspring Wellness Counseling, LLC: Sonja Malcolm Private counselor serving NJ residents virtually Moms Helping Moms Providing low income families with essential baby items - especially diapers. Montgomery Food Pantry Montgomery residents only - food pantry Mountain View Counseling: Michelle Badger, LPC Private Counselor for ages 4+ My Neighbor’s Boutique at Zarephath Christian Church Affordable clothing shop - infant to adult plus size My Neighbor’s Pantry at Zarephath Christian Church Food pantry serving families who are low income and/or facing crisis NAMI NJ Family African American Community Together NOW Support Group – Central Region For African American families affected by mental illness. NAMI NJ LGBTQ+ Connection Recovery Support Group Support group for adults (18+) in the LGBTQ+ community to discuss mental health and LGBTQ+ topics NAMI Somerset, NJ – Family Programs Free programs for caregivers and people with family members who have mental illnesses National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) Helpline Providing support and local resources on mental health National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) NJ Online weekly support groups for people affected by mental illness and their families National Center for Missing & Exploited Children Helps find missing children National Deaf Domestic Violence Hotline The 24/7 National Deaf Domestic Violence Hotline offers safe, confidential advocacy services for Deaf survivors and service providers through email, live chat, and video phone National Domestic Violence Hotline A 24/7 call or text national hotline and website with articles, info, and safety planning tools National Sexual Assault Hotline Supportive listening and crisis support for people who have experienced sexual violence, or their loved ones National Suicide Prevention Lifeline Call or live chat: free and confidential support for people in distress or their loved ones. Prevention and crisis resources on website New Jersey Coalition to End Domestic Violence 24/7 New Jersey Domestic Violence (DV) helpline. Find a list of your local county's organization at New Jersey Hopeline Free and confidential support for people in distress (phone, chat, text, or email). Prevention and crisis resources on website New Jersey Psychotherapy Counseling Center Counseling and medication management, groups available New Jersey Self-Help Group Clearinghouse A website to find self-help groups NJ Alcoholics Anonymous/Alateen Support groups with 12 step program NJ Career Connections Job search, placement, and free job training workshops for all NJ residents NJ Center for Tourette Syndrome Educational webinars, trainings, and support of families and individuals with Tourette Syndrome NJ Child Abuse/Neglect Hotline Call to report child abuse or neglect. All adults over 18 are mandated reporters NJ Connect for Recovery Helpline for family and friends coping with a loved one's substance use disorder NJ Coronavirus Call Center Hotline for COVID questions NJ Division on Civil Rights File a complaint as the victim of discrimination or bias-based harassment in employment, housing, or public accommodations NJ Domestic Violence Legal Helpline by NJ Coalition to End Domestic Violence(NJCEDV) Legal information and resources for victims and survivors regarding domestic violence issues. NJ FamilyCare Info for people without employer insurance - affordable health care through state NJ Hope and Healing Crisis counseling program for people affected by COVID-19 NJ Housing and Mortgage Finance Agency Provides funding for affordable home ownership and housing opportunities NJ IME Addictions Access Center 24/7 assistance and referral to treatment for substance use NJ Mental Health Cares Free, confidential mental health information and referral NJ Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Hotline Info about the SNAP program NJ Traumatic Brain Injury Fund Services and support for people with TBIs. Northeast New Jersey Legal Services Divorce (Clinic) Counties Serviced: Bergen, Hudson, Passaic NORWESCAP Variety of services for low-income residents of Northwest NJ, including Somerset County (but not food bank) NORWESCAP Career and Life Transitions Center for Women – Hunterdon County ocation Supports women and displaced homemakers re-entering the workforce NORWESCAP Career and Life Transitions Center for Women – Somerset County Location Supports women and displaced homemakers re-entering the workforce NORWESCAP Woman, Infants, and Children (WIC) -Somerset County Center Parents can apply - provides food for women, infants and children up to age 5 with additional supportive health services. Oasis Biblical Counseling Center – Whitehouse Station location Christian-focused counseling center affiliated with local churches Office of Public Defender Court-appointed attorney for those charged with a crime who can't afford private attorneys Open Cupboard Food Pantry – Hunterdon Residents Only Hunterdon County residents only - food pantry Open Cupboard Thrift Shop Thrift store for anyone connected to food pantry for Hunterdon residents OPTIONS Batterer’s Intervention Program for Men and Women at Richard Hall Community Health and Wellness Center 26 week psycho-educational group for those seeking to end abuse to their partners Papa Ganache Project, LLC – Strengths Development Program Alternative (vegan bakery) and traditional therapy/supports - focus on youth- some in-home Parent and Pregnancy Virtual Support Groups – Central Jersey Family Health Consortium Support groups change periodically -check website or call for current groups and access information. Partners Counties Serviced: Essex, Hudson, Middlesex, Passaic, Union Peapack Reformed Church Food Pantry Somerset Hills residents only - food pantry PerformCare Connection to health services for youth & families Perspectives Counseling Group, LLC Counseling center Pete’s Place at Central Jersey Family Health Consortium Essential items for pregnant women and children under 5 Piazza and Associates, Inc. Online search, provider and liaison for affordable housing for 12 NJ counties Pioneer Family Success Center Free activities and connection to resources for families and youth Plainfield Freecycle Free local, online giving community (Plainfield area) Planned Parenthood – Flemington Center Affordable health services for adults and teens of all genders, including birth control Planned Parenthood – New Brunswick Center Affordable health services for adults and teens of all genders, including birth control Practical Insights LLC Private in home counseling including animal assisted therapy Practical Therapy Network, LLC Counseling and therapy center Pride Center of NJ Support and services for LBGTQ+ people in NJ Progressive Center for Independent Living – Hunterdon Location Local services for people with disabilities and their families Prosperity at Visions and Pathways Home visitation program for youth 14-21, focus on teens ageing out of foster care Rachel Coalition/JFS Metrowest Counties Serviced: Essex, Hudson, Morris, Sussex, Union Raritan Food Pantry Food pantry for the Raritan community. Clients can visit 1x a week, but call main number if looking for 2x. ReachNJ Live, trained addiction experts offer counseling and treatment connections. Also for friends and family Reformed Church of Bound Brook Food Pantry Food pantry for residents of Bound Brook & South BB. Take out only. RESPECT Batterer’s Intervention at Family & Community Services Group for those seeking to end abuse to their partners Richard Hall Community Mental Health Center Somerset County's mental health center RideWise Transportation updates, educational information on safe and environmentally-friendly travel Robert Wood Johnson Diabetes Center at Somerset Individualized programs and education for self-management of diabetes Robert Wood Johnson Univeristy Hospital at Somerset – Maternity Pavillion Free childbirth education classes Rogers Behavioral Health – Philadelphia branch Mental health and addiction treatment center Rutgers – Domestic Violence Clinic The Clinic accepts a limited number of cases during the academic year (mid-August to April). DV Project Helpline is for legal advocacy ONLY for Camden County. Counties Serviced: Camden, Gloucester, Cumberland, Burlington, Salem Rutgers – Domestic Violence Helpline Statewide helpline to give information and referrals about the legal domestic violence process. Counties Serviced: Statewide Rutgers Law Associates Discrimination - any area arising from, or reasonably related to victimization If prospective client is not VCCO-eligible, the hourly rate is $60 – retainer ($2,500-$5,000) may be required. Email is the preferred method. The intake team should be in direct contact via email within 24-48 hours to set up an intake call. RLA has the capacity to handle 50-100 FRO cases and related representation each year. Counties: Statewide Safe Harbor – For Hunterdon County Residents Services for families experiencing separation/divorce, and programs to work with those experiencing violence Safe Haven Infant Protection Hotline Distressed parents who wish to give up an unwanted infant anonymously, with no fear of arrest or prosecution, can call this hotline Safe in Hunterdon – For Hunterdon County Residents Domestic and sexual violence services free of charge for Hunterdon County residents (survivors and witnesses) Safe+Sound Somerset Domestic and sexual violence services free of charge for Somerset County residents (survivors and witnesses) Salvation Army (formerly in Bound Brook) Food bank open to all Somerset County residents. Also offering diaper bank and other services SHIP (Samaritan Homeless Interim Program) Wide range of services for houseless individuals SHIP, Inc. Galley – Soup Kitchen Soup kitchen for all SHIP, Inc. 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[This analysis was written for the Unz Review]. You can read the full text here for yourself, but here are two things I want to single out: - Putin has announced a major effort to deal with the (still appalling) poverty suffered by many Russians - Putin has announced a major effort to truly re-sovereignize Russia. In the second case, Putin announced the following: . “ and “I suggest formalizing at the constitutional level the obligatory requirements for those who hold positions of critical significance for national security and sovereignty.” At the very least, this is a very good sign. As I have suggested many times, the slogan of “restore full sovereignty” can be a battle cry for both Russian and US American patriots. And we also all know who will be absolutely appalled by all this talk of “sovereignty”, don’t we? And yet. I feel like I have to caution everybody and remind you all that the problem in Russia (and in the USA) is not so much one of personalities, but one of a bad system first and foremost. I won’t touch upon the US side of this problem, but let me quickly spell out what has happened in Russia over the past decades. Today’s Russia is a product of several factors: - The unreformable Soviet Union of the 1980s which turned into a “cake” of sorts for the Soviet “Nomenklatura” which, when it realized that it would lose control of the country, decided to break up the Soviet Union into 15 different countries (including quite a few totally fictional ones) and re-branded itself from “defenders of the Party and the USSR” into “fervent nationalists”. That was just about as fake a rebranding as ever but there was nothing the majority of the people (who wanted to maintained the Soviet Union) could do about it. - Then came the horrors of the 1990s during which Russia (and the rest of the newly minted republics) were drowned into an orgy of lawlessness, violence, corruption and total, absolute, subservience to the AngloZionist Empire. - Finally, during the 2000s we saw a period of shared power between the Atlantic Integrationists lead by Medvedev and the Eurasian Sovereignist lead by Putin. This was an uneasy partnership in which the Atlantic Integrationists were in control of the “economic block” while the Eurasian Sovereignists were tasked with Russia’s foreign affairs and defense. As their name suggests, the Atlantic Integrationists want to integrate Russia (and themselves!) into the AngloZionist sphere of control while the Eurasian Sovereignists want a truly sovereign Russia. Now just imagine what that first group felt when they heard Putin declare: I suggest formalizingizing a requirement under which presidential candidates must have had permanent residence in Russia for at least 25 years and no foreign citizenship or residence permit and not only during the election campaign but at any time before it too. This is clearly a death sentence passed on the supreme hope of the Atlantic Integrationists who from now on won’t be able to integrate Russia or even themselves (by means of passports, bank accounts or real estate) into the AngloZionist elites. There is now even a joke running on the Runet (Russian Internet): And while there is an element of hyperbole here, there is also much truth too! Still, we always need to remember that in Russian history the internal enemy was always much more dangerous to the leader of Russia than any foreign enemies. In our case, not only will these Atlantic Integrationists resist any and all forms of true sovereignization of Russia, they will be backed by a very powerful and rich Russian political class which make millions by robbing Russia blind in the 1990s, they are also supported by every single western government and the real “deep state” leaders of the AngloZionist Empire. Then there are those in the putatively pro-Russian blogosphere who were quite happy all these past years to see Russia as a western-style social democracy with a very, shall we say, “liberal” (I prefer the word “capitalist” as it is both more honest and less ambiguous) economy and they will now also feel threatened by what appears to be a pretty hard turn to the Left, meaning that the Kremlin is finally listening to the will of the people and that turbo-capitalism will now be gradually replaced by a sharp increase in social solidarity. I look forward to the mental yoga these folks will now have to engage in to pretend to support Putin while, at the same time, being a propaganda outlet for Atlantic Integrationists. As I also said it many times, Putin is a very good man at the head of a very bad system and truly reforming a very bad system is an extremely difficult task. So while, yes, it IS possible that what will happen next will (finally!) be a purge of all the 5th columnists sitting in the top echelons of power in Russia, this is by no means a done deal and we ought to wait and see what kind of people actually get they key positions in the Russian government and, especially, in the “economic block”. We should never forget how disappointed the real Russian patriots were when following a triumphant victory at the elections, Putin basically re-nominated most of the (very unpopular) Medvedev government the last time around. Instead of a purge of the 5th column we had the ugly pension reform debacle. Some in Russia are already daydreaming about a real, Stalin-style, purge of the political ruling elites. They even noticed that the new Prime Minister does have a more than tiny resemblance to Lavrentii Beria, Stalin’s chief of the secret police, see for yourself: Mikhail Mishustin Lavrentii Beria Okay, yes, there is a resemblance, but the TIMES have totally changed! For all the western propaganda about Russia being some kind of autocratic/despotic “Mordor”, the truth is that Russia is a country of law and that Putin is a President who does act strictly withing the confines of Russian law. There will be no mass purges, no nightly arrests, no secret executions. Personally, I am cautiously optimistic. The language used in Putin’s address has all the right words and expressions, and his suggested reforms all make perfectly good sense. But in the past there were other such Presidential addresses with no less lofty goals, and then the immensely powerful Russian bureaucracy (yes, that is the non-existing 5th column too) made sure that these goals would never be reached. The new Prime Minister has promised that the full list of appointees to the new government will be made public before the 21st. I suggest that we wait until we have all the facts before making any predictions. The Saker I guess this means that criminals like Mikhail Khodorkovsky, lurking in the shadows wont get to be president after all – his backers the Rothschilds wont be pleased. We’ve waited long enough for this : let the purge begin! I read (I can’t remember where) that the Russian constitution of 1993 was written/dictated by the US. Can somebody confirm this and provide sources whether this is true? Thank you! 2nd this. Can someone please write about those individuals and organizations involved in the writing of the Russian Constitution; who was involved; what country they came from, lived in, religion; organizations that they are involved in; and most importantly DUAL AND TRIPLE Citizenship as is the absurd case in Ukraine. The originators of the ‘original Russian Constitution (1991)’ is the crux of the Constitutional amendments that Putin (and the Duma) wants to enact. I am ignorant of the finer points of the Russian Constitution but can see that the amendments Putin wants to bring in are very important and specifically targeted. I applaud this. I did not know that it wasn’t the case re citizenship and residency already. I’d have thought it was standard. Khodorkovsky is Ukrainian, he can go join his ilk there ;-) The Russian Federation is a SuperPower. Putin is the World’s Most Influential Leader. Russia has enormous natural resources. What makes it weak is its economics. Though investors are seeing its vast potential. The Russian Stock Market was the most successful in the world for 2019. Putin has left himself four years to move the economy to create more value, to deliver more services and to build more infrastructure that will attract more investment and support technological development in the decades to come.. Russia needs a new village, town, city plan like the Chinese create. Homes should have a modular capacity so rooms can easily be added as needed (for kids and and/or for grandparents). If condos or apartments are designed, they should also have a modularity capacity to easily change a families changing footprint. Clearly, Russia needs major homebuilding. It’s economic development will boom if that component of the economy gets going immediately. Lower mortgage rates need to find available homes. Incentives and competition as well as standards need to be addressed. China can assist with their vast experience. We have high hopes for the Russian people. And waiting for the names of the new government leaders will be suspenseful. But at least we know the old culprits most likely will not be part of it. Many of them have had 20 years to do something good for the people and they have done nothing but frustrate all domestic programs Putin has tried. As far as I know they don’t have a housing crisis, especially where the cost of rent is concerned. They have gas enough to export so energy costs are probably low enough too. This goes a long way to reducing the cost of living. There biggest problem most likely is food production b/c of the short growing season and now sanctions imposed by the U.S. If Europe would just abandon the sanctions and give the finger to Trump life would be great over there and not so good influence wise over here. I guess i’m just not seeing the problem, their streets are clean, subways immaculate, infrustructure decent. We just had a giant water main break in nyc, this was an unforeseen event and takes a great deal of labor and money that could be spent improving things rather than financing a money pit. That’s what we are, a money pit, they have a worse weather related environment, and yet at the same time superior infrustructure, wider rails, the list goes on and on, and we wonder where it all went wrong. “There biggest problem most likely is food production b/c of the short growing season and now sanctions imposed by the U.S.” My impression is that the agricultural sector in the RF is surging ahead.: and milk, and the fifth-largest producer of eggs and chicken meat. Russia’s transition from import dependence in the 1990s toward self-sufficiency traces back to 2005, when agricultural support policies were launched on a meaningful scale. From 2014, these were supplemented by protectionist counter sanctions, with continued use of sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) as technical barriers to trade (TBT). As a result, Russia has transformed its agriculture sector from a modest level of production in the 2000s to a significant contributor to the economy and growing global player, competing with the United States in the global wheat market and regionally in poultry markets.” See also: See also: Katherine These are good things, growing in northern latitudes is as challenging as growing in the deep south and towards the equator. A low sun angle in northern climates reduces yield and the heat of the soil in the south sends many plants into a defensive stage before they can yield much, and the freeze comes late enough to prevent seeding early. A few plants do okay but the staples of life would find today’s people rather hungry and w/o much choice if left to their own accord. Alabama The long days in northern climes produce, at least in Russia, abundant harvests and always have. Besides, be so kind as to look at a map. Thereon you will see a vast swath of Russia that is even with Europe and much of this swath has the rich chernozum soil, basically it is made for crops and is so rich you can drop a rivet in the soil and it will grow you and ‘I’ beam, let alone grains and just about every edible plant known to man. Auslander I tend to doubt some of this, the long days also come with a reduced sun angle that tends to bend the plants, short stuff like a cabbage probably does real well in a particular location, a corn plant is just as likely to tip over in a strong wind reducing yield but still requiring all the effort to plant. Many parts of Europe are close to the coast reducing the frost enabling one to start earlier and do ok, once you cant seed until late may or june and have to harvest in august or early sept, the amount of different foods able to be grown is limited. There is a reason california can produce so many different foods and it is all climate related, so sorry about the skeptism and if you like your pop rivets, you can eat your pop rivets. Your statement is dubious. Please try and stay on topic. Mod. there are approx 35.000 edible plants. in modern farming this has been reduced to a dozen or so. but during the last war WW2 people rediscovered many of them. these plants grown naturally and are actually more nutritious and healthy there a huge scope to improve people’s diet but agriculture must liberate itself from the oil. modern agriculture is some kind of voodoo that transforms hydrocarbons into carbohydrates. Alabama: How about looking at some actual stats and reading up on greenhouse and other agricultural innovations taking place in Russia (e.g., no GMO crops), instead of doubling down on your preconceptions? Katherine I have very little faith in anything but outdoor, in the fresh air and deep wide soils. The associated costs with greenhouses and knowing how far and wide plant roots tend to want grow, they are only stunted in a greenhouse or indoor environment, sure you can grow and eat something, but the time, effort and cost all make it a rather impractical solution to large populations which as a globe, we have evolved into. I love that you have a measured success you are proud of, I though try to grow as much as possible at a nearly free cost. In addition, the cost to bring food items to mkt has become the majority of the overall cost of food production. Plus not everything grows happy in all climates as many experts would have you believe, the best zone to grow foods are between 40 and 35 latitude, once you are outside of that area, growing becomes more difficult and nature also has a say once and awhile and wipes out a crop entirely making it that much harder to live off of the food grown in that local area. Spices like high heat, tomato’s and corn hate high heat. I’ve been farming for a long time, and in many areas, so I know first hand of the actual difficulties vs perceived difficulties. So no, I wont bother looking at stats or innovations and if I have too, triple down on my beliefs and experiences, no offense naturally, we are all entitled to our own opinions and occasionally they turn into proven facts. Katherine — loved reading this — maybe you know about it already? Can Russia’s Garden Plot Model Feed the World? — I live in Africa– where I feel Africans could benefit greatly from such small plot farming … Not to mention that Russia doesn’t use either gmos or pesticides. ..It’s almost impossible here in Canada to find Organic! everything coming here is US goods. Russia has huge chemical production as does NA. Please provide the information that states Russia does not use pesticides, or Russian farmers do not diccicate thier crops also. I’m aware of the no GMO, the President made it abundantly clear, but never ever heard anything about herbicides/pesticides. Since Russia has roughly same geo latitudes as NA and suffers similar weather anomilies, they’d be hard pressed to compeat without them. @Alabama Importing food from the EU is harmful for Russia. EU food is massively subsidized by the taxpayer (over 58 billion € per year), chemically and GM contaminated and even produced with the help of slave labor. It damages the economy, health and also is unethical. Russia should not import any of this garbage and demand the abolition of slavery in the EU especially when some of those EU war criminals wants to lecture Russia on human rights. A starving individual will eat a peach off the tree and very glad it was offered them. If a peoples have ruined their environment they will eventually learn a lesson, but the spanish can grow so many ripe tomato’s they have a festival with the over production and to date, have not had a health issue with their methods, i’m sure some crops are tainted and a blame can be shared, but to refuse food b/c it has a bad taxpayer label is not prudent with my logic. @Alabama In contrast to many EU citizens (for example in Greece) Russians are not starving. The EU is ruining the agriculture of other countries by flooding their markets with massively subsidized and slave labor produced food. Farmers there cannot compete with unfair and unethical imports that cost less then the production cost and go bankrupt. Also EU food is contaminated with GM and chemicals like glyphosate that cause cancer. Russians should continue to protect their agriculture and health. Also it saves billions of dollars otherwise wasted on food imports. First I didnt really point out the russians of being the subjects of starvation’s, it was meant in general of the quality of food one is willing to eat faced with starvation or hunger. And I guess I’m guilty too b/c I use efficiency to reduce costs rather than slave labor so in theory b/c one can not compete “fairly” against the cheaper cost, I could be blamed for ruining today’s agriculture methods. And I doubt the poisons get into the food themselves, this is a worker related problem that physically gets into the poison and therefore needs expensive treatment after the fact. I am all for locals growing as much of their food as is humanly possible. I just wish the transportation network was better designed so where the foods grow best is able to reach the mkts that want it most. Sorry mods for being off topic. The abundant tomatoes in Spain are grown and picked by illegal immigrants from North Africa. Instead of importing beautiful cheap and tasty tomatoes from Morocco, they import the people. How dumb can one get? A country like Egypt is really an open-air glasshouse. It has a perfect climate for growing many vegetables. However, due to the European Union, the Egyptians cannot export their produce in quantity to the EU. The Dutch prefer that their farmers heat their hothouses with gas – even though their gas production is being drastically cut back. In Egypt, the sun is free. Russia should maintain high tariffs on all food products from the European Union. That is the way to have a dynamic and prosperous countryside in Russia. Just compare the countryside of Russia with that of England or Germany and you will see what I mean. Yes, Russia does have a housing crisis. A crisis in affordable housing. Prices make young Russians want to leave certain cities and move elsewhere. I watched a Youtube blogger, “bald and bankrupt”, British but fluent enough in Russia, exploring the old part of Krasnodar. A not-large apartment in 150+ year-old house that had old plumbing and electrics, was on the market for US$ 100,000. Perhaps because it’s Krasnodar, perhaps because it’s going to be yuppified soon, but that’s a huge sum for what little it was. Many nice parts of the US would not be that costly when you consider the dilapidated condition. Food in Russia is abundantly available at roughly half the US prices. Incomes are 1/4 as much as the US, but Russians don’t have big expenses for health insurance, public transport and tuition. I agree with the Saker that uneven development is a big problem, super-rich vs. working poor, and favored regions vs. the rest. I am optimistic because I think the Russian people are on board with the programs. @Katherine and Larchmonter: Exactly. The biggest joke that all material, energetic and labor resources are available, the only thing that is missing is what Andrei Fursov calls a “strategic subject/actor” as a planing, organizing and executing entity. The Chinese have it in form of the CCP. Many different layers of control like money, fractured power distribution exist in between the most obvious recognition that you have everything you need to build and transform and all the power players, who do everything not to use any of the countries resources. It’s like a whole religion was created (textbook economics) to prohibit most basic logical action (and economic policy). Literally, what is preventing Russians from building new cities, factories etc.? They have everything they need! It’s like pretending that, instead of doing an algorithm that gets you from A to B, you first need to ask for permission at the IMF C, than go to your taxed budget K, than your economic ministry E, than Oligarch F etc. Instead: Create an infrastructure building plan, Create money at the central bank or national infrastructure bank, control the spending through commercial banks in an Orwellian Stalinist manner (also concerning misappropriation and misspending) and counteract any type of inflation (like basic goods) by also investing in and expanding of productive capacities in the needed areas (I.e. rate of production is higher than inflation in money terms). What am I missing? Many commentators on this site do now what they are writing about, I’d like to know where I’m wrong with the basic economic description that I gave… Sergei Glazyev has long been proposing what you describe. In the West, this is supported by the Larouchies [cringe] to whom Glazyev gives some acknowledgement, and the advocates of Public Banking (ref. Ellen Brown, “Web Of Debt”), and Modern Monetary Theory (ref. Dr. MIchael Hudson). At the Vineyard here, Ramin Mazaheri has written about the Iranian revolution as doing some of this as a form of Islamic Socialism, but I think the situation in Iran is less clear because of (1) the sanctions, (2) the continued clout of very wealthy people including President Rouhani, and (3) what I see as an Iranian tendency to say as little as possible in the public media, probably ony as a reaction to the extreme pressure they are under, because every Iranian I’ve met, all outside Iran, are very vocal and articulate in person. “because every Iranian I’ve met, all outside Iran, are very vocal and articulate in person” That is hardly surprising. The US dollar was 80. rial when I lived there before the Revolution. Now one dollar is 42,000 rials. The dollar in 1978 was worth perhaps 10 times more than today. That means that the Iranian rial is worth 1/5000th of its previous value. The beneficiaries of this state of affairs is obviously those close to the central bank of Iran who are able to borrow vast sums of money on massively negative interest rates – their ruling class. This money ends up in plots of land in Tehran that massively inflate in value. It is a total scam that make the Federal Reserve smell of roses. What makes it relatively weak is its demographics … No, it doesn’t. There’s nothing wrong with her growing season either (winter is winter, summer is summer). What makes it relatively weak is Not just homes, or home ownership, but secure land title. Long term farm production needs investment, without security of title this does not happen and ‘rape’ of the land occurs. Private ownership of land was one of the things that powered the growth of UK, American and Australian 17-19th C economies. Europe, and in particular Central/Easern areas were slower to enable this. Larchmonter445 Ever since the 2018 Presidential elections I was wondering what kind of steps Putin would implement to ensure a peaceful and efficient transition of power in 2024. By this I mean ensuring that a pro-Russian candidate replaces him and not some Russian “Guaido”. Well, we got our answer. In just 24 hours Putin makes his speech, makes political and Constitutional proposals, Medvedev and his Government resign, and a new PM is elected by Russian MP’s. Remarkable efficiency, proof that all of this was planned a long time ago. I was expecting such moves, although I have to admit I did not expect them in 2020, but later on. And yes, Putin and his new PM have now four years to introduce reforms. I don’t see why they should not succeed. Putin’s relationship with Medvedev was obviously a “marriage of convenience”. Putin played along with the Atlantic integrationists until he felt strong enough to act. And act he did, no doubt to the huge astonishment of both Russian liberals and Western powers, who certainly did not expect such a move at this time. If Putin has the political strength, then he will set Russia on a proper political and economic course. The impression is that he has the required strength. Unfortunately the West will not stay passive, using Soros and his pals for more internal subversion in Russia, the chief method being to use a minority to both represent and control the majority. I don’t think it will work. It has not worked so far, and most important of all, this latest move was a huge psychological shock to the entire country, for the liberals a negative shock, while for the bulk of the population a very positive one indeed. I think this was a realization that the current gvt could not abide by, and as such, elected to resign rather than change their ideology. A new set of members abiding by the new realization will take over and probably reduce the odds of a gvt corruption type event. We need this type of event to occur here in the states, even if it is just at the top and trickles down to the electorate and then benefits the citizens. It is a possible thing, it may be done in secret, or become public should enough members walk off the job rather than conform to the new ideology. 1:00pm – Putin says that civil servants should only have a Russian citizenship 4:30pm – the full Government resigns . 10am – Trump say’s that all AIPAC in US-GOV should resign, all dual-citizens must resign all US-GOV positions. 4pm – Wash DC is empty, US-MIL/Pentagon empty, beltway becomes a ghost-town 8pm – Trump rescinds decision and announces Netanyahu Prime-Minister of USA for life, and Kusher POTUS for life Doubtful it will work like that. Closer to, here’s how your citizens should be educated, dept of education refuses and walks off job in disgust. Not really. Oligarchs and interests organisation will just continue to bribe those with one citizenship. Problem is, if you don’t have any permanent right of residence in another country, it’s much more difficult to flee when you get caught. Look at the many oligarchs sporting a UK passport or the former Nissan CEO who recently and inexplicably fled Japan, somehow. @ Sumguy …. ” …. Look at many oligarchs sporting a uk passport … ” … Yes. It just indicates they are not rusians , but khasars , jews , ALL those “oligarchs ” , and that they are mi6 spies escaping and returning to head office , and of course bringing loads of milions dollars they stole in rusia. Bribery money , and also money to be invested in uk , not in rusia. Poor rusia. Thats why putin suggests : no double pasports. Harder to leave rusia if you do not have uk or israel passport in pocket , and also harder and more dangerous to be mi6 spy if you do not have runaway home. A bribe will only go so far when one bumps into the laws of nature, which many O’s are about to do by the way. 10am – Trump say’s that all AIPAC in US-GOV should resign, all dual-citizens must resign all US-GOV positions. 14pm – Trump is killed by the magic bullet Justus may be writing a ” tongue in Cheek ” comment ; but the reality of both Nations { Russia and the USA } being free of the Talmudic Tribe’s influence might just start with many more people reading or listening ….and understanding to the ” 1976 Wallace Rosenthal Interview “. Rosenthal was an administrative assistant to the late Senator Jacob Javits of New York who had a corrosive hand in disrupting some of America’s Institutions. Get rid of the central bank and get a truly Russian one, owned by the government. This should see a rise in growth rates, which will cause the fertility rate to go up @John Neal Spangler You cannot do this unless there is nothing you export or import, otherwise you must establish a process to convert your currency to another, which always means that your currency is weighted by others. You can only partly escape this by means of barter deals, which can be a very good thing for very large packages, but difficult otherwise. Another thing could be to create a common agreed pool of value which can be exchanged at a fixed rate BUT then you need FULL CONTROL of the capital flow, else the pool can be misused, that’s even a danger for barter deals although less severe and easier to control. But from all this follows anyway if you want to be sovereign you need ABSOLUTE AND TOTAL CONTROL of capital flow in your State ! This of course is only true IF the main income of the economy is NOT based on global financial market gains – does that ring a bell ? It is investment capital that forbids such shannigans in the West absolutly because the numbers are so gargantuan and beyond any imagination ! It is also the reason why they MUST act globally or die ! It’s not the central banks, it’s the flow of capital and capital itself which is the problem ! Saker, thanks for the timely article. I was waiting for your analysis. Yes, the 5th column must be crushed for the future stability of Russia – and the world. Real changes for the Russian people, creating a modern ‘welfare state’ (and catching up with history, in case the old Soviet Union had been reformed), are great news! They may even attract migrants from the collapsing west. I am optimistic. It’s not so simple as crushing a 5th column. There are about 100,000 “Liberals” in Russia and many have vital skills and key jobs. The Kremlin seems to be taking the route of trying to persuade as many as possible that Russian sovereignty is far better. Convincing them may take many years, but it means that Russia isn’t devastated by any sudden brain drain, and provides a solid victory in many ways. Also, the Empire is doing its best to show how vile it is and how little it has to offer, so those conversions will probably happen sooner than later. You will find many Russians, including my charming bride, who will flat out tell you that life was much better for the ‘ordinary’ people under the Soviet system than today. I won’t argue with you about her statement because it’s true, she was much better off, a graduate of a high institute with a degree in construction design and engineering. As the system fell apart she lost her job, albeit with the offer to stay on if some ‘favors’ were exchanged. She said she kicked the boss, I asked where and she said ‘where he lives’. She worked in kiosks, she cleaned streets, she cleaned railroad cars, she bred and sold collies, she knitted late in to the night and sold hand made sweaters to the few shops still operating, but she never, ever, could get a posting pursuing the vocation she was educated for. Her vocation became one of many ‘men only’ positions. I’ve watched for the last almost 6 years as things in Sevastopol went from heady euphoria of the revolution and return to Mat Rossiya to the almost stunned reality as every carpet bagger from Kamchatka to St. Pete to Kasakstan came running to Krimu and Sevastopol to feed at the trough of massive government monies provided to repair 30 years of neglect and theft by the orcs. I’ve got news for you. While the orcs are just that, orcs, and if you don’t believe me just pull up a vid or three about the war in Novorossiya, these carpet baggers make the orcs look like amateurs when it comes to stealing, and that’s an understatement of vast proportions. That being said, I’ve watched for the last 8 months as the worm has slowly but inexorably turned. Yes, theft and malfeasance in office is still extant, but we ordinary workers and peasants no longer pay bribes to the various agencies to get them to do what they should do. (I never paid a bribe for anything, the orcs, and now the ‘new orcs’, regard me as the crazy foreigner who doesn’t know how the game is played. Screw them, I know exactly how it’s played.) Case in point for the worm turning, and believe you me, it has a lot of turning to do. Victory Day Parade, 09 May 2019, that little get together where in general 250,000 and more citizens of Sevastopol line the parade route. The pageantry of all the Service troops and sailors, the seemingly endless marches of every service branch we have in this berg, the students of Artek marching with the troops, are a site to behold, and literally thousands of civilians and service troops work their collective butts off to make the parade the stuff of legend, the perfect uniforms of the soldiers and sailors, the gleaming machines, the refurbished and also gleaming antique tanks and SPG’s from Museum on Sapun Ridge trundling north on Ulitsiya Lenina past the reviewing stands where our sadly fewer every year cadre of veterans are saluted and honored for their service. Then everything goes quiet, Ulitsiya Lenina is empty as far south as one can see….except for in the far distance to the south at the top of Lenina. Machines begin to appear, machines from the War, machines that hundreds of us cleaned, shined, repaired, inspected and made sure everything ran perfectly. Soldiers of Red Army in perfect uniform are in and on the machines. Our task is to be the final pass by and salute of the day to our veterans, and the PTB. This year, our ‘governor’, aka Pups, the son of a rather wealthy oligarch who was cutting his milk teeth in how to loot and steal, was ‘ill’ and was not in attendance at the reviewing stand in Naxhimov Square in City Center. He delegated his ‘second in command’ to ‘do the honors’ and receive our salute. So here’s us advancing down Lenina and inexplicably we come to a halt. Never happened before. Ever. Seems ‘pups junior’ didn’t like the ever so slight mist falling from the heavens and called for his and his entourage’s limousines to come to the square and pick him and his dozen or so fops up. VAI, Military Police, told him no dice as the limos appeared, ordered the limos out, at which time two of them managed to bend fenders together, and once that mess was straightened out, VAI ordered the parade to resume. So here’s us cooling our heals and as we get the order to resume the march, up the right gutter comes Pups Junior and his entourage, walking up Lenina to get out of the gentle mist falling on their expensively coiffed and died hair does. The citizens would not let them walk up the wide sidewalks, they forced these clowns to walk in the street, which technically was not allowed, and I watched the soldiers and sailors lining the march route move this shits in to the gutter, not allowing them to walk in the actual street. We get up to them, I see who it is and what they are doing, and since I speak English, as do they, all are educated not in Russia but in London and Malta and have residency not in Russia but Malta and London, I had some choice words for them, in essence I politely made reference that our, Red Army’s, task was to salute the veterans in the reviewing stands, not salute a useless gaggle of s//m bag c//m s///ing f/g m////r f/////g a/s w//es who don’t deserve a salute from a dead rat, let alone from Baba Shura, a veteran of the partizan war ensconced in the lead M72 side car, or me, the (honorary) ranking officer of Red Army, the guy with the heavy shoulder boards and a chest full in the lead Willies. I had no idea so many of the crowd spoke English well enough to understand the string of epithets I loosed on those fools, but understand they did. The laughter started, and then the cheers commenced as did the shower of flowers to our Willies. Why do I tell this little anecdote about an event in a small city sitting in the middle of nowhere? Simply because if this had been done a couple years before I would have been put out of this berg so fast it would make your head spin. I’m still here, ergo the worm is turning, slowly but inexorably turning. We have a long way to go, a very long way to go, and President Putin is not the Tsar and he knows this. Look how many Tsar’s were offed in the last couple centuries. If VVP pushes too hard, he will be offed, too, ergo like in his foreign policy, in domestic policy he has backed and filled, backed and filled, whilst inexorably moving forward in the tasks he has set for himself. He will not stop and my thoughts are the herd of oligarchs now know that if they try to do something unkind to our President, the ‘ordinary workers and peasants’ will come for them. It will make 1918 look like a kindergarten tea party. Yes, the worm has turned, and mayhap in the not so distant future things will slowly get better for those not as fortunate as we. I can take you and drive ten minutes to outlying villages around Sevastopol and show you grinding poverty, a central hand cranked well in the ‘village square’ for water for all, no gas, no sewer system, nothing….nothing that is, but cell phone service and electric. This is it in a nutshell, the abject poverty so many live in right next to unbelievable wealth. Such breeds revolution…yet. Five or six years ago, in the euphoric interval, we frequently saw pictures of a young lady in uniform, looking ever so efficient and precise, the ‘prosecutor’ I believe was her title. Supervising elections and ribbon cutting infrastructure projects and so forth. Name was Poklonskaya, I think? She did not look old enough to have worked her way up through the ranks. I am just curious, what was her relationship to the hierarchy over there? Amerikanski: Natalya Poklonskaya was a judge in Ukraine. She would not put up with foolishness in her court, or corruption. When she refused to take a bribe and throw a case, she was badly beaten including a broken jaw. She convalesced in Yalta shortly before Maidan. After Maidan, when The Autonomous Republik of Krimea was cleaning out the court and criminal prosecution system, more than two dozen lawyers, all men, were asked to take the Prokorotora Head, Attorney General, position. All turned it down and as a last resort, she was asked. She accepted. Basically, she had more morals and more stones than all those ‘brave’ men. She is older than she looks. I have never heard of a single incident where she did not follow the law 200%, nor have I heard of her ever getting any position in Government on her back. She is now involved in Government, she has left the Prokorotora Office couple years ago. Auslander Wow, what a story! I had no idea. I had not seen her in the (English) news for a while. We need many more of her, on both sides of the ocean. Thank you for the reply. @ Auslander ….” she is older than she looks … “…. Yes. She is now getting enough years to get into some of new politicians roles. One should not forget she is police major general and at age of 36 became youngest female rusian general. Now as young politician , she is in function of deputy of state duma , ready for new role in new government. Hope she will swim well in those complicated waters. Bravo Auslander, your on the spot anecdotes give us all valuable insights into Russia. Hubby and I visited Crimea in 2013, before it’s return, and it was a mess with poor roads. Auntie lived in a crumbling soviet built apartment. Then we traveled to Russia to visit other relatives. Cousin Raisa lived on the outskirts of a large town. She had a large plot of land, with chickens (running through the house), a goat in the yard and her family grew many vegetables, so they had plenty to eat. They had electricity, phone and internet but only one tap of running cold water in the kitchen, where washing of dishes and teeth cleaning happened. The bathroom was a detached washhouse (banya) – hot water was heated on the kitchen stove and carried outside to have a bucket sloosh shower or wash. And the toilet was a hole in the ground. Despite the primitive ablutions we so enjoyed our visit. So compared with the glitz of Moscow and St Pete, the country needs a big modernisation. Good luck Mr Putin. And therein, my lady, is the inherent strength of Russia, the areas away from the glittering cities, the areas where life is more basic, the areas that no matter what happens, they can take care of themselves if needs be. That is why our two youngest ‘daughters’ are succored so deep in to that culture that one can nuke the world and they will survive, live and prosper. Auslander Babushka, I am thoroughly enjoying the comments on this recent analysis of Mr. Putin’s constitutional suggestions. I’m very excited at the progress Russia has made under the guidance of Vladimir Putin. I noticed a few whispers that Putin is trying to secure dictatorial power for himself. That is a load of nonsense. He is, it appears to me, preparing Russia to keep moving ahead when he is not there anymore. First, he is trying to spread out the powers of government to prevent it from being in one mans hands, to prevent a dictatorial tyrant. His recommendations also appear to be trying to prevent the infiltration of foreign criminals into positions of power. Because he is keenly aware of the difficulties of many citizens, and having a desire to make life better for all, he is making these recommendations. I hope Holy Russia will again rise up as the true beacon on the hill. I don’t really feel sorry for your cousin Raisa living out in the countryside. At almost 66 years of age, you mostly describe how I have lived for the past almost 7 years. Aside from farm animals and a garden that we can’t seem to grow but will keep trying, we live in a tiny 360 sq. foot wood-frame cabin in the woods. Until a year and a half ago we had to march out 90 feet in biting cold in the night to an outhouse as the need arose. We now have a composting toilet inside. No septic system needed. Not that I could afford $20,000 for one of those. Cold water only running to a sink with also a hand pump on the wellhead just in case. We have dug and prepared a gray water pit and only have to hook up the plumbing. We finally have a real though small refrigerator and stove with oven. We heat with wood. It is a harder life but I would never choose to move back to a big city. Anything to stay away from the control of the gangsters running the west. This applies to Canada also. The leadership of the entire country is under the control of western globalists. That would be the ones who talk about a ‘rules-based’ order and fire flaming arrows of hate at countries like Iran, Russia, any country out of step with the U.S. U.N. agenda 2030 is embraced here even in small communities. The poor, propagandized people have no clue what they are hoping for and who controls these plans. I have great hope for Russia. If I was younger, had the means, and they would accept me, I would move there. Sadly, I hold zero hope for the west. It is now like a body full of cancer, being eaten away to the death of the entire body. This is going to get very ugly. We in our lazy ignorance did this to ourselves. Cousin Raisa would not want anyone to feel sorry for her. Raisa would say, “As long as there is a chicken in the yard, a clean blouse to wear and a headscarf for church, I don’t need anything’. Oh “And as long as I can make vodka to rub on my swollen legs and have a nightcap.” She worked over 40 years as the local midwife, while her husband repaired farm tractors. We stayed with her for a week and ate her delightful feasts but she rejected our gifts, insisting we donate it to the local orphanage. She was a true Russian peasant with grit and determination and abundant humour. She passed in 2016, bless her soul. Hi Craig, are you in the USA or in Canada? I am younger… and I am just as convinced as you are that a simple life somewhere separate from the west is better. It seems to me that conservative Christian culture will survive well in Orthodox Russia. What must one do to be accepted as a new citizen in Russia? Beautiful and revealing, thank you Ausie. The BEST news I have heard in a very long time! For years, I have wondered whether and when this would happen. Hair on ya, Vlad. What makes me smile and chuckle a bit about this is that not a soul (or group of them) here in Canada have a clue that this has happened – let alone any idea of what it means. Not a squeak out of the media on either side of the 49th parallel. That tells you something, doesn’t it? Not exactly true. You are one and I make 2. But just like in the U.S. a large part of the population has been propagandized and is being led by the nose according to the wishes of the ruling elite. Even here in rural central Ontario, there are little school children out with signs protesting against ‘climate’ and having climate strikes! Soon they will look at someone like me and exclaim ‘how dare you’ because I drive a truck and allegedly this has caused them to lose their childhood. And then there are all the haters, fed by nasty propaganda, conservative groups such as Ontario Proud and Canada Proud who condemn every country the U.S. Department of State is attacking. I engage them all. But I must say that amongst the most vicious are comments from the group Oath Keepers. I don’t support western gangster state rules-based order and I’m very pleased to see other countries peacefully making progress for the good of their people, as Russia is doing. Sadly, the empire will have none of it because, as one of their chubby spokespersons has recently said ‘The U.S. is a force for good on earth’ and if any country doesn’t think so they will show up and bomb the crap out of them until they change their tune. Possibly we are the silent majority?! We can hope. Change is coming, one way or another, whether the people see it, or have been ‘brainwashed‘ into believing otherwise/opposite. Look at the puppets running the show in our great white north?! Injuriously insulting! Russia didn’t have to overcome the initial inertia of the prevalence of heavy disinformation disease, Putin just has to nourish and foster the health of the already information-canny Russians. Here, it is step one, liberation of the mods of the people. We have seen how the schism between the brainwashed and the sane(and/or brainwashed differently) have been stoked into civil war; this certainly should be avoided to the maximum extent possible. However, getting the counter-veiling fact-based evidence to the maximum people is critical. We are here! My opinion watching the solemn faces of those in the audience listening to Putin laying out his common sense plans for the Russian people is that 90% of them were annoyed and unhappy to put it mildly. Yes, there were a number of beautiful women smiling and liking what they hear but the faces of those apparatchiks, ministers and aides showed sheer terror and disbelief. I think someone has to be held accountable for the decades long retardement of the Russian people’s development, progress and general well-being… and those faces are a logical giveaway as to who that should be. I can only imagine the thoughts running across their minds. Thinking of their real-estate, bank accounts, children, mistresses and wives in London, New York, Geneva, Vienna…. and the deals they had with the bosses in the West. Putin got tired of having to intervene with everything: from Syria to potholes in a remote village somewhere in eastern Russia. He decided to rock the boat. And it is high time he did. For a country with such potential there is no excuse as to why huge portion of its population has to live in poverty or substandard accommodation. Especially the Russian people who beat every single time the evils coming from the West who died in their millions to save their country from said evil. Long live Russia and its long suffering people. As Putin said the world looks to Russia for safety and protection from war and terrorism. The sane world needs strong Russia. Excellent,Marko.Well said. If only President Trump would give such a speech to the American people ! Thank you Saker, I was waiting to hear you on this. I am confused. I admit I don’t know enough about the organization of the Russian government yet. But will there be elections? All appointments? The entire Russian government resigns, I don’t fully understand it. The resignation of the entire government is common in parliamentary democracies. The resignations allows the party leaders to rearrange as they see fit. It’s like moving out the furniture to refinish the floors. Most of the furniture will be moved back in, but maybe rearranged. It seems that Putin listened all the prays The Saker did in previous articles but not just from him, from all the readers and public that always are waiting for the change of Russia to be a real superpower and reliable country . dear Palacio Well, perhaps not yet the prayers and sometimes almost exasperated claims done by Paul Craig roberts in a loud voice all the recent few years. The smartest, fartherst vision, the most credible statesman in the world should listen to them. Mr Putin drained the Russian swamp and didn’t need to create over 20 thousand sealed indictments that will never see the light of day, start a 5D chess psyop or twitterbate himself to a limp unenthusiastic climax. This is truly impressive. Well done Mr Putin. As always actions speak louder than words or Twitter posts. LOL… I like your metaphors and allusions. Demographic growth does not come just by economic growth, the countries with the highest ferility rates are the african ones… What can increase demographics is women becoming housewives again (gradually), people marrying earlier and not engaging into sexual intercourse before marriage, if these three things happen you will see a boom of cute new children!!! Demographics will increase when stress levels decrease in our modern consumer society. Because of rising stress levels testosterone levels have decreased to the lowest levels seen today since ww2. Nothing to do with intercourse before marriage, how do you think the baby boomers came to life? We need to get rid of our consumer society. Africans have higher fertility rates because they have less stress, they are less “programmed” and have more social interaction than westerners. Feminism is a capitalist ideology so is open borders, immigration, colonialism and globalism. I believe that historically, in the West, births have declined as living standards have risen. Couiple have fewer children when the chances of survival of the children increase, and when the parents are no long dependent on children for support in their old age. We are seeing an odd inversion in the USA, where children are dependent on their parents much longer than in the postwar period; Under these general conditions I think the best way to increase the number of births is to directly incentivize this. Berating feminism etc. is not going to cut it these days. Women are going to choose how to run their own lives, thank you!. That includes their fertility. Esp not in Russia, with its tradition (in the Soviet Union) of more women in professional roles that practically anywhere else. Those who want to keep women in Kinder-Kirche-Kueche-Land—or to send them back there—should consider going there themselves!! I know a lot of men who are much cooks than I! Katherine “Women are going to choose how to run their own lives, thank you!. That includes their fertility.” Well, good luck with your population replacement by third world migrants then. Have you visited Paris recently to see what is coming for your decadent childless kind? The recent wave of “replacement population” migrants is quite different from the earlier wave that helped rebuild the German economy. The profile of the current population movement is driven by other political factors. Also, sir (and I am quite sure you are a sir!), you missed my main point: incentivization. Women have brains, you know. They are capable of calculating costs and benefits. Your preference would be to deny them a say in the matter. Pfui! Put your pacifier back in your mouth! Furthermore, to assume that number of children borne is purely a “lifestyle choice” is blinkered. And, as I stated, men are also provided by nature with the heart and brains to nurture children. Basically your pov is racist. Soldiers are sent to foreign lands to screw them up. Migrants from those lands arrive on our or European shores. Now the [white] women have the obligation to produce [white] babies to counter the dark trend. Kudos for outting yourself so clearly! Katherine I do so support that idea of that pacifier! Best I’ve seen this year! If men cannot see through the current culture wars and if they cannot understand the difference between the pussy-hatted hordes and women, they must best keep quiet or ask a few discrete questions. Women have right through the scriptures fulfilled an economic role and I am in no way intending to stop. Another much overlooked contributor to infertility – whether male or female – is the pollution in so called western food chain and water plus there are strong tendencies to storing stuff in plastics tins etc ….. former a derivative of petroleum industries. The nuclear waste and weed killer round up – glycophophate all add to out reduced fertitlity. Add to this Big Pharma and its vaccinations per se…. Western living is artificially engineered and not natural – nature – thus we pollute our bodies and that also impedes our abilities to produce. Result too is a reduced birth rate or sick kids. Not obvious when I grew up ( My extended family were medical folk and well postioned to comment. Numbers are clear: traditional women have children. Non traditional women do not. Therefore non-traditional peoples will be replaced by more traditional peoples. Love that euphemistic use of “traditional.” We know whatcha mean, bro! The thread, actually, is about Russia. Go back and reread Larchmonter’s comment, to wit: .” Having more children can be incentivized in a number of ways: better housing; childcare and medical care for preschoolers; generous maternity and paternity leave; nutritional supports from the state—to mention the most obvious. I have heard Putin state, in response to questions at a press conference (I believe it was his big presser a few weeks ago) that he is aware of the housing issue in Russia and also of the need for *functioning* maternal-health clinics. In the end, the best outcome for any country is to have a healthy, educated, productive population that identifies as a citizen of the specific country—not as some “identity” identity (sexual, racial, religious, ethnic) before citizen of X. Katherine Not meant to be a criticism Dave, but I’ve never heard of any data indicating stress is a cause of infertility. Western society has been altered. It has little resemblance to the family of the early 60s and earlier where a mother stayed home to nurture the children and the father, the only wage maker went off to provide in his roll as breadwinner. I believe this social change was deliberately contrived, engineered to weaken the family unit for the purposes of control. I include radical feminism as part of this engineering and now finally, the crowning achievement of such engineering, the rise of the LGBTQ as a normal and even preferred way of life. There is nothing much in todays western society which is conducive to large families. Everything is now corrupt and distorted. The rest of my comment was covered for the most part by Ross A. below. Good job Ross. It is the polluted, chemical castration which again, I believe has been done deliberately to reduce the population. It is eugenics, plain and simple. It is caused by BPA in plastics and other things like ink on those tickers that the lady gives you at the grocery store. It is the fluoride that is criminally added to the drinking water systems in most cities. It is the hormone disrupters and estrogen mimickers we are being fed. Fluoride is even in toothpaste. Ever read the warning label on the back panel of a tube? The vaccines. I heard Bill Gates in a Ted Talk on vaccines and population reduction say that if we do a really good job we can reduce the population by 15%, with vaccines. His foundation was caught in Africa giving vaccines that contained a sterilant. The real rulers in the west are evil people. It amazes me that any Russian would find the west attractive and not rather embrace their own ancient heritage and work with what they have to make a better Russia. Mr. Putin has been doing his best to pave the way. The reviving Apostolic Church is showing the way morally and spiritually and providing practical help for unwed mothers, and working to end abortion and drunkenness. The government’s policies are meant to encourage growing families and make life better. It is just the opposite in the west which seems hell-bent to commit suicide. @Craig Mouldey Stress is a mood booster, stress means you have less time for everything, for socializing. Stress kills testosterone. Stress levels have risen and has reached it’s peak since decades. Killing the family unit in favor of the individual who becomes a participant and consumer in this neo-liberal capitalist system. Feminism and the LGBTQ agenda are symptoms of a capitalist system, a system which has promoted the concept of SELF (the individual), the more individuals the more consumers and participants in this neo-liberal capitalist system. “The Century of the Self” According to T. West (AfriSynergyNews), Africans have higher fertility rates because their wombs are blessed. And, their wombs are blessed because their DNA is closer to the original; whereas the pale ‘races’, developed from groups who left (were expelled from?) Africa passed through a couple of very narrow genetic bottlenecks, which resulted in a weaker DNA structure and subsequent problems with infertility. I’m just throwing this out there because it’s nice to have a different perspective. @TheSaker You forgot to mention that the new PM Mikhail Mishustin was the CEO of Russian Tax Authorities. Tax evading Russian oligarchs and politicians with a hidden bank account in London and other exotic destinations won’t like that ;-) This sounds like (potentially) a good deal for the Russian people. I hope it works and I hope they prosper. That’s the reading, that Сергей Михеев in many different outlets also gave with the somewhat more optimistic outlook, that now Russia has turned itself away from any kind of integration into the West. Mainly because of the suggested change of article 15 (international law and treaties supersede domestic laws) of the Constitution. Which makes Russia as of that moment a priori not possible to integrate in Western (supremacy) style structures (IMF, IB…). What I find very interesting is that Михаил Хазин has refrained from any bombastic prediction to what will happen next. As Russians do pay attention to the promises Putin made in his speech I would find it baffling if he would appoint some of the worst Gaidar type traitors like Kudrin, Siluanov, Schuwalov etc. In my opinion Glaziev will stay minister in charge of Integration and Macroeconomics of the Eurasian Economic Commission . Putin did break many liberal satanist spells in his speech in every sphere of life from new social contract type capacities (medical doctors who have to practice in a place where they are needed after university) to the most important economic policy of new “national credit” facilities I.e. the biggest break on the Russian economy put on by the RCB. Plus, nobody really knows what competencies the national security council will get. As so many Russian commentators put it, it’s a new frame of reference that VVP has established in which simply many elites fall out of the picture. *Plus, nobody really knows what competencies the national security council will get.* Correction, it’s the state council, which will be responsible for the general foreign and internal policies, that will be formed by the president. What ever this exactly will mean – the president is still responsible for the general direction of governmental policies, which makes it confusing why the duplication of functions is necessary. Thanks Saker. This message came as a Godsend. Like you I am “cautiously optimistic”. Also, Saker, could you enlighten us about this Iranian movement called “Restart” and their new regime plan for Iran called “New Cyrus Empire”. it is led by some showman who lives in California, and I read somewhere that he was inciting his “army” to confront the regime when the protests recently broke out, and be martyrs of some sort, and are Zionist apologists of sorts (claim that the 6 million narrative is truth), and a lot of other things. it claims to have the unconditional support of Trump, Pompeo, Pence but the Anglo/Zionist cabal (formerly under Bolton and necons) favored the MEK as substitute for the Mullahs. Any insight you may have would be great. Or anyone else. Sounds like just another agent in place on a mission to further this line of attack on Iran, by pretending to hold out an olive branch while buying time to figure where to plunge the dagger. ‘More.’ Not one nation, that I know of, has dared to challenge the ‘automatic right of return’ to Israeli citizenship for all Jews as an ‘automatic refusal’ to hold positions of power within our ‘sovereign’ nations. It is always the ‘elephant’ which lurks within the darkness of the room, behind all the pretenses that no member of parliament shall hold dual citizenship! I too am cautiously optimistic. Besides moving from the Atlantists , I believe the changes in the government, were designed for what comes after Putin; It would be exceeding rare if the succeeding leaders after Putin were as exceptional as he has shown himself to be. I am glad he is thinking about this. Looking at how Moreno in Ecuador had fooled everybody, Now a lackey for the US following Correa who did what he thought best for Ecuador. Dear “Noble Bird”: I wish to quote this: .” Just GLORIOUS..! (…my apologies, for capital letters…), IMHO. But, as you wisely said, “just wait and watch”. (…Btw, I had dreamed since a long time ago with “a purge à la Beria”, because I think that the cockroaches infesting my beloved Russia just deserve…) Hugs..! Putin had stressed two of the three necessary pillars of the (Russian) ‘Official Nationality’ of the Tsars: samoderzhávie, naródnost’. The reform won’t be complete without the central pillar: Pravoslávie. No stable building can stand only on two pillars. BTW, Misushtin is Jew and Armenian (that’s why he looks like Beria). Medvedev was not decapitated as the ‘true patriots’ clamoring for his head hoped, but by the look of it he was promoted as the virtual successor of Putin. Let us pray to God, who gives Life to both Mother and Father, so that we may see all good things come forth for these good people. Amen. I hope Lavrov comes back but he might have other passports…his daughter was educated in England I think I heard once. And Shoigu will be back I hope – I doubt he has any other passports. Ann…that makes two of us. I have the utmost respect for how Lavrov has conducted himself…especially when so many of his western equivalents are a procession of warmongering swamp creatures or morons…or both. Just me, but I always considered Lavrov as an obvious and highly worthy successor to Putin. We need to acknowledge, as with Putin’s role, the enormous continual and monumental burden and stress of dealing with the idiocy of the West. These two statesmen have perpetually walked a tight rope in order to avoid a hot WW3 and the subsequent extinction of our species. This naturally enough would take an enormous emotional toll on anyone. It comes as no surprise to me that these two would not want to spend much longer in this role. What is undeniable is that these two men have done an extraordinary service for the whole of humanity. Without a doubt through endless patience plus extraordinarily diplomatic and humanitarian behavior, they have repeatedly saved the whole of mankind from going up in smoke. Contrast this to the constantly disgraceful mob-like behavior of Trump and Pompeo…the difference could not be more stark. Cheers from the south seas Col What is the one reform that is missing? Taking control of the central bank away from the “internationalists” (IMF, World Bank). Publicly controlled central banks are a must. Why does he not do that? Let me try to explain as this issue comes up over and over again.. The Western Banks still manage the SWIFT system, which is the system that transfers money from one entity to another. (To be sure there are a few more but SWIFT is the biggest and the one that most people recognize). If Russia disconnects (or the West disconnects them, as has been threatened and as has happened with Iran), nobody can pay for what they bought and nobody can buy. Its as simple as that. What is happening is that alternatives, a complete and interconnected technological system of cross border movement of money to facilitate trade, is being built. – Russia has her system complete, and it is called : System for Transfer of Financial Messages (SPFS). At least Iranian banks, China banks and for sure Venezuelan banks are connected here already – this is the system that they use. – China has her own system complete. It is called the CIPS International Payment System. So, we have Russia, we have Iran and other local and international banks already transacting and making settlements for cross-border payments. So now India is also building their own alternative and I expect the BRICS (now under Russian Chairmanship) will make progress with an international settlement system for at least the Bloc, specifically because it is under Russian Chairmanship. Technically all of this is not easy, but parts of it are functioning even today. What this means is that if SWIFT under orders from the hegemon cuts off anyone from transactions with SWIFT, there are now 2 alternatives working and 2 alternatives being designed and programmed. And so a multi-polar world is being constructed in front of our eyes, if we know where to look. So, what are the advantages of doing it like this? – The dollar and the central bank system is not challenged to its face and all countries can still use the dollar in trade. – Systems such as SWIFT are technical behemoths belonging to a previous age. Now, the ones developing new systems, are leapfrogging to modern software and modern methodologies – much of the stickiness is being designed out of the new systems for international trade. Of course, as was threatened just now to Iraq, the US will simply steal their working bank account if they dare kick the US out. So, that threat disappears for countries if they do not need dollar accounts in the US. – This all obviates the need for an ‘OK Coral moment’ with big announcements that Western Central Banks are being kicked out (and weapons being readied). It makes for a complex to build, but once constructed, ready alternative to using SWIFT. – This of course also brings choice to the market. It is now not necessary any longer to use the Dollar as currency for trade. So, countries will buy fewer dollars because they don’t need so many to trade with,they can trade in local currencies or according to agreement, and yeah .. a multi-polar and multi-lateral world – still using the dollar for settlement, but only in trade with hegemon countries that still use it – no more need for the dollar as reserve currency. All this will bring its own challenges of course. But, you don’t have to obey the Diktat of the Fed if you are not transacting too much in their currency. So, you remain ‘part of it’, so you can trade where you choose to trade with the dollar. I know all about the SWIFT alternatives. I’ve been following that closely. The question is “why not go for the jugular?”. Make the CB publicly controlled is the ultimate checkmate and it could be done any time since they brought the Russian and Chinese SWIFT alternatives online. Your statements do not address it. All you say is: . ” No that is not the situation. The situation is that Vlad has had enough pull to get this done for years and yet doesn’t. A more analogous view is that you now have the upper hand in a fight and should finish the job. Leaving a wounded opponent time to heal up and fight again is not wise. And then what happens with the current trade between the US and Russia?. There is still trade of hard goods and it is easy to find the size and numbers for this trade. What is not so easy to find, is the trade in services i.e., flying US astronauts to the international space station, transferring money to support the Russian delegation to the UN and Russian infrastructure. It is a practical issue of trade, because the Central Bank in Russia under Nabiulina has been working for Russia and done very well. I know my view is not popular because we would like to see fireworks and excitement. The way she handled the downward pressure on the Rouble during the Ukraine maidan fiasco was a thing of beauty. Russia is not beholden to the Central Bank system and does what is good for Russia. Putin trusts her – She is not following procedures for neo-capitalism or as in the rest of the West, austerity. She flows the money in Russia’s interest. One must actually study what this woman does and you will soon agree that she is not a ‘central banker’ but could play one in disguise. Do you really think she is not in agreement with Mr Putin on reducing dollar supremacy? Watch what she does. But we are not even sure that she will keep her job ongoing and heaven knows if she carries more than one passport. This legacy central bank system must stay, for now, for practical reasons. The ‘evil’ Central Bank is not situated in Russia, it is in the West. Russia will do nobody’s dirty work for them. Even when the dollar loses supremacy as reserve currency and it finds its level as internal US currency much reduced in weaponization potential, there will be trade. And once the new government finds its feet, watch the economics. Will Russia eventually become completely sovereign in terms of its own currency, I believe so. but I also believe the time is not right currently. We don’t even know right at this moment who is going to head up any economics departments in the new government. But to fight a fight that is not necessary now will accomplish nothing: – where most of the world is engaged in reducing dollar trade already, – and Mr Putin has clearly stated that the world should decouple from the dollar as weaponized reserve – give it a little time – Russia is riding that wave – and not starting a war. – Sanctions was painful and still is painful, but good for Russia. (I’m not sure Auslander will agree with that statement because in his area, they suffered terribly with simply not being able to get necessary goods). I agree nationalizing Central bank would be naive, too dangerous and counterproductive. Nabulina was not working in Russia favor. She was sabotaging recovery of the economy, because she kept interest rates too high. Tom Luongo and Alexander Mercouris were criticizing that for years. Putin had nice words for her in the beginning, later he avoided situations to compliment her work and he practically forced her to finally lower interest rates at least some. Gref is a snake. It is not known yet, whether he will go along. Hopefully Putin either has his cooperation or he has a plan. He was known in the past by degrading stupid remarks against people embellished with new age sugar. It was a mockery and even more disgusting coming from a banker. In an interview he says what he thinks is a good PR at the moment. Excellent interview Tom Luongo made with Alexander Mercouris: Podcast Episode #16 — Alexander Mercouris and What’s Happening in Putin’s New Russia Today I sit down with The Duran’s Editorial Director Alexander Mercouris to discuss in fine, granular detail the sweeping changes proposed this week by Russian President Vladimir Putin and how this sets Russia up for the next couple of decades. This is can’t miss analysis from one of the real giants in geopolitics. Alexander and I cover the history of how Putin has gradually amended Russia’s constitution and governmental structure to suit the times and achieve both his near-term, tactical goals while keeping a weather eye on the long-term strategic ones as well. I actually just came to read an interview with the Sberbank president and CEO – Herman Gref. Its long, and one should actually read it in full, but scroll down and read these paragraphs in Section 5 – What’s your opinion on the Bank of Russia’s current management? – Is the declared policy of de-dollarization economic or political? What do you think? – Can Russia be disconnected from SWIFT? – Do you find the risk of coming under Western sanctions a great problem? Russian government is resigning. The announcement came shortly after President Vladimir Putin made his annual state of the nation address on Wednesday – 15.01.2020 —————————————– Today is the Hydroelectric Power Station of Bratsk, tomorrow is the grave of Bratsk? – 15.07.2019 Andrey Uglanov Who ordered to drain the water from the Bratsk reservoir during the June rains in the Irkutsk region? Who is he – the owner of Soviet Russian aluminum, and the great construction projects of communism – the Angara hydroelectric facilities – a citizen of Cyprus Deripaska? ————————————— 10 Years After! Workers Thank Putin For Epic “Give Me Back My Pen” Moment That Saved Their Factory! – 14.06.2019 You can change the subtitles of the second video to English ”/…/ Russia is a country of law and (that) Putin is a President who does act strictly withing the confines of Russian law. There will be no mass purges, no nightly arrests, no secret executions.” Russia/Moscow/The Kremlin/Putin would do a sterling service to all humanity by applying these tactics in the West this time around. And not necessarily making it secretly either. Previous government have left very good macroeconomic indicators and stability. Many things are very good and new Prime Minister will inherit good situation. But GDP growth is TOO WEAK. Too weak. too weak, too weak. Incomes of people stagnating. Exports of non-commodities, lower than expected. The best defense against venomous influence of enemy ideology is good life standard and then nuclear rockets and weapons. So these changes have had to be done. Medvedev and his government have exhausted their potential. Russian new government has to achieve higher economic growth … otherwise – perspective no good and all good achievements would be endangered. Nex 10 years will be crucial for future of Russian Federation. And future of RF is crucial for all world. There is a very simple way to jump start the Russian economy, simple and easy, it’s called the KISS! system. Keep It Simple, Stupid! First, make getting a business license easy, not the current convoluted process with myriad agencies to visit, documents to fill out correctly, permits by the dozen, palms to grease and permissions to ask. Russians are born entrepreneurs and scads of them are in business since time immemorial, many of them just don’t go through the mess of trying to get a license only to be turned down for some silly reason and having to start the whole process again from scratch. Sure, some of them get caught and lose everything, then they turn around and start again. Second, make a basic small business tax system. 10% of profits, and the individual businessman has to keep his records accurately in regards to expenses and income, and up to date. By the by, VAT is a business expense, as is every tax and fee paid for the operation of any business, size don’t matter. Third, clean out the ‘business inspection’ bureaucracy, those who have a habit of wandering in to small businesses, sans any documents, and arrogantly telling the businessman what he owes in choose one, taxes, fines for business transgressions, health inspections, you name it, they do it. It’s called ‘corruption’ because these worthies simply pocket the money thus obtained and pass it up the chain of corruption whilst keeping their allowed percentage. And, by the by, the road police do the same thing lock, stock and barrel. Fourth, make all businesses from the huge companies down to Ivan Smallshop follow the same rules for business and tax. Period. And do the same thing for business that VVP just did for the government, businesses have to be wholly Russian owned. Period. Then stand back and watch the economy explode with growth. Sadly, Russia will never do this, at least not in my lifetime, and more’s the pity for that. Such an untapped treasure of business acumen and ability carelessly tossed in the dust bin, and all to keep the channels of corruption working. To be blunt, Russia is her own worst enemy, and I have no doubts that VVP is well aware of this foible. Auslander In 2010 Russia ranked 124 globally in the Ease of doing Business ranking by the World Bank. In 2019 the ranking was 28 so clearly in this area as in so many others a lot has been achieved. Having said that I must admit that the Russian fiscal and monetary policy is a bit too conservative for my taste. I fail to see why Russia should run a surplus on the public finances given the very low level of public debt and I also find itt dificult to understand why the real rate of interest should be more than 3 per cent in Russia while the real rate of interest for most western countries is in negative territory. Russia prepared for the war we are now in as best she could, and yes, we are at war, just not officially shooting at each other….yet. This included divesting herself of as much foreign currency reserves as possible and accumulating gold at a prodigious rate. Mark my words, the day will come when the ruble is one of the strongest currencies, if not the strongest, in the world, backed with gold. There is nothing wrong with running a budget surplus. Debt is never something any country or any person should take on except in dire need, and at this time, regardless of the vast expenditures for rebuilding the military and repairing Sevastopol and Krimu, VVP’s fiscal programs are quite conservative and successfully so. Auslander Gold will only take you as far as your ability to aquire either resources with it, or control the money supply with it, it really cant force or demand a different country that has resources, to do anything differently than they are currently doing. There simply isn’t enough of it in today’s world to use it as anything but a store of value. Dear Auslander, You make several valid points regarding kickstarting the Russian economy. I would add that the main drag on the current economic model is lack of or deteriorating infrastructure. The roads in Russia are still third world. When I visited Russia recently I found that the country suffers from Potemkin Village syndrome. The infrastructure around Moscow and St. Petersburg is nearing “European” level. However, travel just a dozen of kilometers in any dIrection and you get 19th century roads. Unmarked two lane roads that are crumbling with potholes that could damage a cement truck chassis. I took a road trip from Moscow to Saratov, 450 miles, and this trip lasted almost 15 hours due to bad roads. The U.S. and Germany Improved their economies only after the completion of autobahn and the Federal highway system. Once completed, the economies thrived. Look at China with their speed trains and highway systems connecting all east coast cities and ports and you see the result. Building a vast 21 century road system in Russia should be priority number one! Only then, her economy will begin to show it’s true potential. Sure the Russian economy is better now than in the 90’s. For a state like Russia, that’s rich in raw materials and highly educated population the comparison between the economy in the 90s and the economy today is a low benchmark to go by. Cheers, Crazyczar P.S. Another small point. The corruption among the regional Governors also needs to be addressed. Road building is included in national projects as one of most important tasks. Good point Auslander, in New Zealand anyone can start a new limited liability company in half an hour, including getting a GST (VAT) number. There are no barriers to entry at all. All done online too. Interesting read and looking forward to seeing the membership of the new government. Is it possible the new national security council to which Medvedev has been appointed deputy will be Putin’s vehicle for maintaining a hand on the tiller of the Russian state after his Presidency ends? Under this scenario, when he retires, Putin takes Medvedev’s place as de facto “deputy” of the security council to the new President, whoever he has chosen. If that is the case expect this body to be much more powerful than the US version. What about Lavrov, Shoïgu, Gerasimov ? The new prime minister character, Mikhail Mishustin, is deeply suspicious. He is abundantly praised in the western media (a heard him referred to as a “financial genius”, really?). His wiki page is squeaky clean. We know who controls both of those things.. His “career” background is in non-profits, out-of-the-blue high-level financial leadership appointments, and of course, government. His wiki page used to mention 2 days ago: “His ethnic background is the source of debate, with various respected sources referring to his father as of[Russian-Jewish descent and his mother of Armenian descent.” Interestingly, this mention of his ethnic background was quickly scrubbed from wikipedia, after his appointment, but can still be seen on the wiki page Jan 16 archive: Bear in mind Mishustin did not have an English language wiki page before January 15th. A page has hastily been opened with a number of revisions made with somebody quite desperate to find something negative to ‘beat’ any Russian with and desperate to find information, any information. Mishustin violates the “Hirsute Analytical Tool”: He doesn’t seem like a traditional politician, but then neither was Putin. Good link, Ed. It led me to another recent Patrick Armstrong article whcih I find quite useful for TWO audiences: 1. Brainwashed American zombies who are addicted to Rachel Madow’s psychotic fear mongering. 2. Western non-Americans who style themselves as great defenders of Truth and Justice and Universal Salvation…………………against an American Public that is………… (they seem to insist)……. 100%……..Morally Unsalvageable………….unlike themselves, of course! In my optimistic view, the Pendulum of Phobia/Philia has swung so insanely far to the Phobia side …………..that it can STOP…..and begin swinging the other way.toward Justified…and Deep Appreciation. Ergo, getting Americans to read articles like Pat’s is NOT a waste of time, but rather one of the more effective things that anyone anywhere can do, strategically.. The one linked by Ed and my linked one……which includes many, many other most useful very illustrative of flat out insanity that can snap Americans out of Deep State MSM Hypnosis……….and give the ones rejecting MSM and Its Empire Masters…… perhaps a bit of more of that Anti-Empire rebellious defiance that causes some of their gutsier chat box commenters in the Alt Media blogs and videos comment sections to choose handles such as: “Russian Bot” The best paragraph in the latter article, in my view: .” Whereas a sucker may be born every minute, the actual fact of the matter is that a great many Americans….., perhaps a higher percentage than peoples in most other lands…..many of whom are more beaten down into a state of impotence……will respond appropriately to proof of how they’ve been played for idiots…and are not as entirely submissive to the idea of being hapless gutless minions of Empire ..as you might think.. Don’t neglect that wide open flank,as it CAN be decisive! aaaahh. for the very first time I have begun to feel real confidence in V Putin as a sincere and commited nationalist leader, for Russia for the Russian people..and as such can do no better for the world than to rule Russia properly, progressively, rising up the people, taking the nation forward I had watched Putin fart around with Medvedev all along and wondered..leaving the deceitful and cunning civil service in place..all thw rong people in postions of power frustrating all progressive efforts while waiting around for opportunity to pounce, to assert the traitorous power once again to sell our Russia totally once more to the anglo/zionists Putin took his time..too much time I think..but this move is great, timely? certainly long warranted. like the author of this article I am waiting and watching to see hos it develops. but this is a turn long essential for Russia..a grand development for the world my trust in Putin just took a leap and a bound. may he please not there is room for much much more..in whihc case I will hoop and skip in his honor! Putin may have been, as you say, farting around with Medvedev, Kudrin & Co. for this long because he was waiting for something to percolate through the system. Something which he had initiated even prior to becoming President in 2000: a nation-wide civic education program that could “change the mindset of the entire Russian populace from being ‘subjects’ to becoming ‘citizens’ in a generation”. U.S. citizen Charles Heberle recalls his involvement as the author of this (quite hush-hush) program here: If this civic education program has, indeed, been maturing in the background all these years (and I have no reason to disbelieve this account) — the kids who studied it at 15 yrs of age are 35 now, old enough to step into positions of responsibility and authority at the local and regional levels of government. Just in time to send Pavel Khodorkovsky a pink slip: “Your services will not be required.” Sweet! Contrary to the malicious and stupid ‘interpretation’ pervading all the Western Media… -that bad old Vlad did that to prepare his perpetuation in power – he came over with that basket of suggestions exactly because he knows it s much better and politically necessary to leave power at the end of his mandate. This is my vision. He has already performed generally speaking with suma laude the duties, has covered the pressing needs and developments required by mother Russia, since papa Yeltsin sorved down his last official cup of vodka. Time is ripe for it or will turn ripe for this in the very few coming years. Mindful of Pompeos recent speech about Suleimani’s murder, and the ‘re-asserting of US deterrence by killing the leaders of other nations’..the removal of Medvedev and the Atlanticists and Putins leftward turn..I beginning to wonder and worry just a little bit about the safety of V Putin, president of Russian Federation surely the next step in Pompeos insanity is the assassination of V Putin as a ‘danger to america’s ambitions everywhere, not just in the Med???? this latest Russian develoment could not have endeared Putin in Anglozionist eyes and hearts Lawyer”s 5 kopecks on the joke in the article. It actually runs out of a sort of ignorance of law. In Rusdia civil servants are prohibited by law to have another citizenship or permanent residence permit for ages already. If civil servant is discovered to have those he or she would be immediately fired. People of whom Putin spoke are those holding public offices. A Duty of civil servicemen as stipulated by law are to enable state bodies and persons holding public offices (such as President, ministers, etc., there is a list defined by presidential decree) to execute state powers vested in them. Quirk is, there is no universal demands for candidates for public office ad of present. There is either specific laws (ex: on status of State Duma deputy and Federation Council member”) or none at all.. until now, I guess. Surely, many officers do not abide to ‘specific laws’ and may have dual passports, permanent residence and bank accounts or even properties abroad… Mr Mikhail Mishustin certainly knows a great deal about this and undoubtedly discussed the problem with Mr Putin. Otherwise, Mr Putin would not have put so much emphasis on this problem. Yes, he appears to be doing this to avoid another Eltsin by taking away some of the power of the President and putting it in the hands of the Legislature. When I read about the proposed constitutional amendments, I had just finished reading the Epstein timeline on the Unz site. My first thought was, they are trying to block the zio takeover of Russia. They have been fighting the financial theft, but the zio infiltrates on all levels, political, security, trade. It has already happened to a disturbing degree in the US. Congress is paralyzed from meaningful domestic action via control files. The NSA has those files, and many others, but no action. Seems like they are getting ready for a big fight. Wow! There is so much in this post/milestone event in Russian/world (we can only hope). Thank you for bringing this information to me. It looks like… … it looks like another well-planned, reliably timed, appropriately executed (initiated) and most importantly, necessary action to fulfill the oath of office. I find myself coming across is devoted pro-Putin, while I see myself as pro-planet Earth. I must say tat the quotes: What is extra-ordinary, and people here have a much better likelihood of understanding it, is that under our current ‘democratic‘ system, the sphere of governance is based on the nation-state platform. Changes in technology and knowledge has undermined the effectiveness of the infrastructures of governance. The pushed global hegemony will not work! I am writing a book on this topic, with the details. National sovereignty is indispensable for the current paradigm of governance, and most people will not like the requirements of the new system of governance/control! (neither should anyone!) Every nation state which will survive will have had to restore/maintain/strengthen national sovereignty! Then I read, mind-blowingly in-line with my own research, the first fundamental requirement of policy change, Every state, with the majority of the people having personal sovereignty that will be existing/successful in 50 years time (2070) will have done this. The biggest difference between Russia and the rest of the west is the degree with which Russian leadership has contained this very group. In the west, these (likely associated) groups are running the show with an agenda which, in the very best case, completely ignores the betterment of the majority of the people, beyond the required mollification to keep them from revolting. One can see a trend… … a trend of building and consolidating the critical institutions required to make this constitutional change required for survival! It keeps hope alive, even for people (paying attention) living under the auspices of the empire. Let’s see what happens in the next few days, and then the next few months …. ” some in rusia are already daydreaming about a real stalin_style purge of political ruling elites … ” … Yes , it seems that putin is found in similar situation as stalin was years before ĥim. History is somehow repeating , altough methods may be different. Same enemy. Putin is lawyer , and known to follow articles of law. But stalin was not lawyer , altough he was also intelignce officer , member of orhana. So he started purges. But he was forced to do so. Well known komessars that worked 1000 % to kill as much as rusians as possible. Those 700 or 800 hundreds komissars , jews , khasars. They were like plague to rusia. All in top government positions able to do utmost harm to rusia. And stalin knew he had to get rid of them , since most of them were british spies. Yes , MI6 had extraordinary network of spies implanted in rusia. Mi6 khasars_jews. Stalin did not know how to recognise them so he ordered wide arrests hoping some of mi6 spies would be gathered. But with cost of inocnt rusians in net wit mi6 spies. And stalin arrested milions of rusians to catch hundreds of mi6 khazar_jews spies. Milions of innocent rusians died in siberia gulags , but khasars mostly escaped nets. Nowdays , those same khasars_jews , same mi6 , and cia spies are ruling rusia again. Positioned ih high government ranks , doing serious harm to rusia. Still 80 to 90 % of jews in government positions. Rusians as minority in government. Will putin be able to put rusians in top government positions ?. Rusia to rusians ? When ? At last ? … ” they even noticed that new pm does have a more than tiny resemblance to Lavrenti beria …. ” … Well , let us hope history would not be repeated this time , as well… Since stalin gave orders to beria to find and arrest those mi6 spies around rusia , but irony of situation was that lavrenti beria was in fact top mi6 spy inside rusia. So top mi6 spy was assigned to catch those minor low level spies , but big fish spies avoided arrests , due to help from their mi6 commarade, kommisar , lavrenti beria. There is hope that putin cleared most of nowdays mi6 and cia spies while he was head of fsb , but surely many stayed hidden , as problems with atlantists integrationists clearly indicate. Khazars still have too much power in rusia. If you have any credible sources to support your statements, that could be very interesting. It’s possible to deduce that Trotsky had some ways of thinking that aligned with Jewish values, as he showed in his 1938 essay, “Their Morals – And Ours”. But that is a very very far from saying that Britain’s MI6 had infiltrated the Soviet Union by the 1930’s. Is there any evidence for this hand-waving ? People suspect such thngs, but where is the evidence ? Read “The Ruling Elite: The Zionist Seizure of World Power” by Deanna Spingola @ Cosimo …. ” … but where is evidence … ” … Well , strange to ask for public evidence in murdereous life and work of top mi6 spy. Beria was killer , torturer and rapist of hundreds of thousands innocent rusian souls. Being not rusian , it was easy for him. He enjoyed it personally , and also doing by orders from mi6 head office. Kill as much rusians as possible. First , Evidence is stored in top secret files of nkvd/kgb. If someone could read those files , he would probably know his masters. Second , Before he was killed at young age of 54 ( for politician ) , he was tortured to explain his work and his mi6 masters orders. And was shot down in traditional nkvd way. Shot just once , not millions times , as he deserved. He hunted and killed milions of rusians to protect hundreds of his mi6 khasar associates. So khasars continued to rule and kill rusiañs up until nowdays. Third , there are silent memories of high ranking rusians nkvd and army generals , who watched damage to rusia being done and words about beria they told to new trusted rusians in nkvd . Honest witness as evidence. What damage to rusia beria could have done if he stepped from no 2 man in rusia , to no 1 in rusia ? How many more dead rusisan ? From no1 anti-rusian ? Even those few rusians in government could not tolerate it. So they executed him, at last. Fourth , remember damage to rusia that gorbachov and yelcin have done to rusia. Were not they also mi6 and cia spies? Where does gorbachov live nowdays ? It is not known if they were killing rusians , but they damaged rusia to most possible economic desaster. And they made rusians poor. 25-30 milions of poor rusians today, living under or slightly above poverty line. That is what putin is now trying to improve. Help rusians to live in upper economic level , away from poverty line. To live as free men. As they deserve it , after many painful days they suffered. If deep state allow him to try it. ( speaking of deep state , btw , where is evidence that deep state killed jfk ? We know they killed him , but there is no evidence ? And many others killed. And deep state is above cia and mi6 . World masters above all earth. Being deep state they leave no traces , no evidence ). Phil has a link to a relevant book, and I will check it out. There must be books about the things you say happened in Russia. By comparison, for th murdrs of JFK and RFK, there are many books and essays which attempt to explain the conspiracies. For example, Laurent Guyenot links those two murders together. Link: There must be a hundred other books, some contradicting others, and about all a prudent person can say is that for certain the designated killer did not act alone, and may not have been involved at all. The actuarial statistics on the 150 witnesses who died at early ages puts the odds of these being accident deaths at less than 1 in 10,000. The Soviet archives were supposedly opened up, except for some very tightly-held areas. Is there anything there ? Have any historians written on the topic ? Where are the polemicists who at least make assertions ? Yandex Translate is my friend, so I would be happy with Russian sources if the English sources are not quick to find. Well that’s the thing about killings and conspiracy’s, if the truth were to ever come out, it would probably be just as unbelievable as all the conspiracy’s. If it were an overwhelming emotional truth, a majority would lean toward believing it and what then would become of all the previously published books and those that believed in them? Would somebody please check out and possibly translate the latest work of the russian MoP Jewgeni Alexejewitsch Fjodorow? He specializes on this subject, sadly most of his stuff is available only in russian. And id be really interested in his opinion on this. THX here is his website the lastest actions of president putin make his claims appear even more truthful. but the facts still remain outrageous. Apparently Shoigu and Lavrov also resigned. Is that perhaps to provide cover for a purge of the Atlanticists? If not, isn’t it very serious that these two also resigned? Please discuss this, Saker. It really is at the heart of the matter, yes? Shoigu and Lavrov are still working, ‘temporary’ appointments, so it is said. Don’t worry, the other two of the troika are going nowhere. Andrei Martyanov describes this development as the establishment of a Russia social contract–evocative of a “partial Sovietization of the society.” And that is a positive development. What will be amusing, however, is how American Libertarians will either deny this development or, eventually, lash out in rage at the partial return of a mortal enemy to their beloved god, the almighty Market (Blessed by Thy Name). Thou Shalt Worship No God but the (false) American God of Market Capitalism! A Social Contract….Of Sorts. I would note that Medvedev has not exactly been purged – he’s still effectively in the corridors of power. Quite high up. Сбор подписей за Референдум по изменению конституции! Путин хочет изменить статьи конституци 15.4 13.2 9.2 независимый цб и т.д., которые нам заложили Сша в 1993 году после проигрыша в холодной войне. Без нашей поддержки Сми будут замалчивать эту новость! Сейчас по всей стране собрали уже 350 тыс подписей за изменение этих статей. Встретьтесь с активистом в своем городе и оставьте подпись: rusnod . ru / index / regiony-nod (не забудьте убрать пробелы) Mishustin is Kudrin’s man. Unfortunately… Please put a link to back up this statement. Mod. We will see about Mishustin. When Putin arrived in 1999 and 2000, it was told that he was Berezovsky’s guy. And we know now how everything turned to be. So lets see what happen first and aftermath we will talk about that I do not think that Putin does not know what he is doing @Anonymus, Bosnian Croat It took me a little time to find the reason for Mishustin. Putin has expressed outrage over the many corruption scandals in national projects, and addressed it many times to his government, especially to Medvedev who was the highest responsible for the economics. As Medvedev got a long line but never succeeded, Putin selected a bulldog known for his ability to keep and controle budgets, and as such a good choice to purge out the corrupt oligarchy on the atlantic integrationist side . But whether Mishustin has other qualities than this is yet to be seen. Putin has moved “left.” It’s about time since 90% of Russians are now pro-socialist even after the collapse of the USSR. Capitalism is being challenged throughout the world with mass strikes and protests. Hopefully, Russia can make the transition from capitalism to socialism nonviolently. Very good review of the changes in russian politics, Saker. Thank you very much. Pres. Vladimir Putin is doing a solid job with these changes which will leave the path open towards more democracy so that russian people are shaping the parliament that elect the cabinet of the president, and this will make Russia more resilient to foreign coup’s of any sort. I could not help noticing the western dissatisfaction and frustration with the moves . It is probably an indication of growing atlantic integrationsism and such corruption within the state duma at the highest level, and the cabinet of ministers as well being corrupted with foreign planning . In a couple of decades Russia may be an example of democracy against the tyranny of western fascism that is growing by the day and hopefully Russia will never join them. A related book on the subject: Nikolai Starikov Rouble Nationalization – the Way to Russia’s Freedom. Thank you Saker! Enjoyable and thought-provoking article!! Shows you HOW LONG it takes, even for a brilliant patriot President to achieve some success. And there we have so many armchair critics expecting Trump to drain his swamp within 3 years! The two of course are taking a different approach as although it is basically the same problem, the masses culturally interpret their leaders according to the custom made brainwashing used on them for generations. No human bring is perfect but it seems that for now, VP amd DJT are the best leaders we can hope for, at the right place and at the right time????? As you say…..time will tell! Sure looks like the Zionists were kicked out of Russia.Putin assigns a non-integrationist non Western Zionist cabinet. Death to the dollar The new Russian government will consist of 21 ministers, twelve of whom served on the previous cabinet Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu and Finance Minister Anton Siluanov have retained their jobs. Siluanov, keeping his finance minister role, however, was stripped of his additional role of “first deputy prime minister”,which he had in the old Cabinet. The “First Deputy Prime Minister” is the highest ranking official of the other deputy prime ministers whose role is to coordinate the activities of federal government bodies and carry out other tasks in response to particular issues or events. Andrei Belousov is promoted to “First Deputy Prime Minister”.. It’s the 22nd, any chance of an analysis of the new cabinet. I guess Lavrov and Shoigu and another one remain. That’s good. I feel this article’s question is good, but not the analysis: Why would the Atlantic integrationists fall apart when so tightly bound to each other in their fall? Neither the US nor the UK nor the Kangoroos and Kivies will break out. Denmark, Norway nor Portugal nor Ireland will jump ship — theyr quite simply not smart enough. Italy has a history of joining the wrong partners at the wrong moment in History. The only possible nations uniques might be France, Greece, Turkey or Sweden-Fin!

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There are so many much more lucrative things to do out there rather than these platforms which offer crazy returns Here we go again! Yet another get rich quick scam and they really are trying their luck here because everything about it screams scam! It is impossible to make so much money while doing nothing , no efforts beforehand? The only way to make money online is to work hard and watch out for these thieves. Hi there, Home Cash Code definitely is a scam. There are so many similar scams online and they all totally deceiving programs and platforms that prey on internet marketing beginners. As you know, there are a lot of red-flags right on Home Cash Code front page so it’s clear that this product does not have much to offer besides false hope. It’s a classic scam and it will be easier to spot other scams and avoid wasting money on junk products. I think Home Cash Code is not worth time, this program is a complete scam and it exists only to make the owner money. 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Like a miracle program, when you will wake up rich the next morning with no effort required. And I also agree, that affiliate marketing is one of the true options for making money online, as it actually requires a lot of work to start earning money. Thanks for bringing this up to our attention Yeah, I definitely agree with you that the Home Cash Code program is a scam. Thank you for talking about this! Hopefully, people will read your review so that they fall into a trap and buy this program. If it was so easy to earn thousands of dollars in just hours, this would be publicized all over the world and everyone would try to get a share. Hi I love the layout of the website. Systematically in order, the ads that pop up kind of pop up in the right places- not overlapping content. The topic is a very interesting one and one that is very real. The way the sentences are structured are very engaging- good! Makes the reader want to read on. And then you also discuss an alternative to the get-rich-quick scam, affiliate marketing. Overall, I will give you a five star rating for this article! ***** What you say here is so true, and I have to admit when I first came online I too fell for all the BS that these fake gurus put online, I mean if you are new who would not want to make a lot of fast cash, it is what attracts most people to earning online in the first place. But we all have to learn that nothing is that easy, and you actually have to work for your money, thank you for sharing this with all our friends. Yep! I couldn’t agree more with you there Tony on the first bit there. One Glance for me put me off instantly. I’m a great beleiver in great products sell themselves and anyone who needs to sell a miracle product doesn’t quite add up. Always an interesting read nevertheless. Thanks Again! It always amazes me how some of these sites try to make crazy claims on making money overnight. Making money in any business takes true dedication and WORK. Glad to see that you are being honest and realistic! If it’s to good to be true it is….Time tested advice that never fails, but is often ignored. Great article Tony! I cannot say with utmost certainty that this is real but with your review here,I just think that a lot more can go into this and I will like to focus all my attention to making it more worthy for us all. This us really amazing for me to see out here. Thumbs up to you for sharing with us all. God bless you Hello sir Tony, Another day of those crazy scams, it’s a blessing to see amazing people like you exposing companies and people who take advantage of people just looking for a genuine place to invest. This covid period has been crazy; I get calls every day from these scams only offering things or trying to get you to invest. It has become a pandemic more than the covid itself, and you have many people out there that are promoting untrue results so you can join them. These people who are promoting or support these movements are there temporarily for their gain, and then they jump to the next hot scam. I was a prospect to one of these house meetings where everyone would invest $5000, and you get entered into a monthly name draw to see who will get a % of the money, and you have to bring people. I learned a hard lesson from this practice myself and other things that involve online investment products. It’s great that you are exposing things like these out. Overall, Very informative. Evaluate experience is the best teacher, so thank you. I totally agree on this site and how it’s not legit. Like is mentioned, who in their right mind would give free information out like that. The fact that you have nothing to do as well would be a factor for me in seeing that it was probably a scam. There are so many different ways that scams can occur, it’s not funny. I had doubts with WA from the beginning, but I can not see how affil marketing is legit. Hi Tony There are so many Get-rich-quick-schemes on the internet nowadays and its really annoying. People are ripping others off their hard earned cash it hurts. At the same time people do not want to work for money. That is why we get trapped into all these get rich quick schemes. Like you say, one look at Home Cash Code, it is just too good to be true. There are people out there who are promoting it like it is a good platform, but I am glad you have exposed the scam. Thank you Thank you for helping to bust the myth that you can really get something for nothing. If you’re going to be successful at anything it’s definitely going to cost you something, even if that something is a lot of your time, you have to invest in it. You said one of the best things ever, and I quote: “Affiliate Marketing is, in my opinion, one of the very best and most sustainable ways to earn an income from home”, you are so right, but, people have to understand that if it sounds too good to be true it probably is. Hello Tony, another day and another blatant scam, it’s great that people like you expose them. There are too many people out there that promote untrue claims. The people who promote these products support the product for about a month and then they go onto the next scam. I suffered from this practice myself where product I purchased or the URL suddenly stopped working. Yes a scam and it’s great that you expose this. Hello Tony, thank you for this really good information about these business and I know some people must have fallen victim and it’s not good at all. I have lost much money and so much time with it in the beginning. Thank you very much for the exposure, its great! Hello tony sir am so happy to be there,scammers that takes advantage of people, there are so many out there that I understand why people struggle in this and some people fail. when there’s more scams and get rich quick lies than there are real helpful products. It’s been such a frustrating process but I’m pushing through. This is a wonderful idea tony. Hello there Tony! In my opinion, Home cash code has just about all the warmings seen from other scams, definitely not worth one’s time. The program is all about you spending a a lot of money on it and the up-sell for little or no chance of making money on the internet through the program. Thanks for your Home Cash Code review, Tony! Glad you made a reference point that you have a recommended site for anyone that wants to make a great fortune in the online world. Just as you said, I found the cash code platform one of the get-rich-quick programs out there. On my visiting its homepage, I saw the trait of a scam site in what it promises. How can someone earn hundreds of thousands of dollars overnight? I got scammed once or twice like that before I finally stumbled into Wealthy Affiliate, thank goodness. Thanks for your honest review! Thank You for reviewing Home Cash Code. I, for one, always do a review check on google before I start any internet opportunity. I have fallen for the scams before. Luckily, I do not give money for the ones that say I can make “x” amount overnight or in two days or whatever they claim. I do tend, however, to get caught up in the ones that say buy this info and I will guide you along the way. This is not a get rich quick, this takes work – those I do check into and I have bought a few of those. I still am searching for the exact one that will work. I am not disappointed completely in the ones I have purchased. I liken it to getting a college education. If I spend 450.00 on a program where I am coached and I learn then even if I don’t make a lot of money at that particular system, I did learn something – I did meet some new people and I was able to move forward with a better understanding of what I am looking for next. I truly appreciate that you took the time to review one of the “stay away from” sites and also led us to a site that is more reputable so that we can continue our search. Thank You. Nice review , I was looking for something like this online so I am glad that I stumbled upon your article. I think all offer like those are a scam pretty much but that is just my opinion. You really put in some great work writing this article and I can respect that. Keep doing like this and you will achieve great things. Your article was very informative and I want to thank you for that. Have an amazing day and wish you all the best in the future. Hello, thank you for warning people about scam sites like these. I know from my own experience trying to make money online that there is a lot of junk out there. Affiliate marketing really does seem to be the best way to go. What would be your advice to someone who is just starting up an affiliate marketing website? How can you speed up the process of seeing results from your labors instead of waiting months to get anywhere? Hi Tony Thanks for saving me all the time to research the topic “Is Home Cash Code a Scam”. It is unbelievable that in today’s age people still fall for “the too good to be true scams” out there. When there is so much information available like your post here. Thinking back when I was scammed I wanted to believe that it will work irrespective of all the red signals and bad feelings I got. I was desperate but you know what, I was even worts off after falling for the scam! Tony, is it true that the success rate of Affiliate Marketing is as low as 5%? All the best Louis Munro Hey tony lee hamilton, Thanks for sharing this amazing review on the home cash code, it is really nice i must say and i am firmly behind your opinion about the platform as well. your number one recommendation is really good and i would also recommend it as well for anyone too. Another scam that takes advantage of people, there are so many out there that I understand why people struggle in this and so many people fail. when there’s more scams and get rich quick lies than there are real helpful products. It’s been such a frustrating process but I’m pushing through. Hello Tony, thank you for this really good piece of information about this business and I know some people must have fallen prey to scams and it’s not good at all. I have lost so much money and so much time with it in the beginning. I am just glad that there are now many people out there like yourself warning people about them. Thank you for the exposure. As always you did a very good job. Kudos. Wow home cash clearly looks like a scam. It is too good to be true. How can you earn that much with zero to minimal work put in. Sadly with sites like these many people are likely to get caught up in scams especially now that people are looking for other ways to earn. It’s so great there are website like this one to help identify scams and help people. Thanks for this useful information! Thanks for your review. When I first tried to learn how to build my own online business back in 2008, I kept getting scammed by sites like the one you reviewed. Home Cash Code preys on newbie internet marketers. People who are desperate to learn how to make money online. It’s true what you said. If it sounds too good to be true, it is. One of the things I love about WA is that it never says you’ll get rich overnight. In fact, they tell us it takes time. There’s nothing better than Wealthy Affiliate. Yet another great review by Tony! Hi Tony, thanks for your review on the home cash code “scam”. There are way to many of these scammers out there and it is unfortunate that they take advantage of people the way they do. It is nice to see that you take the time to explain how to recognize these scams for what they are. Thanks for sharing this important post about Home Cash Code. The world is facing covid-19 pandemic, which is taking lives and creating high unemployment, many companies are shutting down. It’s the best time to opt for online business and try to make a living but it’s most important not to fall for scams. There are many online investment companies which promise returns which seem too good to be true. Thanks a million times Tony for this wonderful post about this home cash vide a scam, the post as really been enlightening, although this is the first time am hearing about the home cash code, but it a wonderful opportunity to make extra cash while you still get to keep your monthly pay job with the auto-pilot. I myself got scammed multiple times by these programs that made me hesitate whenever a good opportunity comes so I guess what you wrote will help a lot of people including me to distinguish between a good program and a scammy one thank you for the helpful content and I guess you should write more about other famous worldwide scammy programs The review of home cash code is amazing to see and I honestly value it all in all the bits that you have presented this here. I just imagine that a whole lot more can be and if we focus on what us to be and what will be too. Hence, this is amazing and I like this all here with us all. Thumbs up to you here Hi there, This definitely feels like a scam producvt. Just seeing the immediate coupon at the top with some model and a loptop just doesnt really instill any confidence in me as a consumer and would make me not want to buy. Thank you for the warning about this product – will not buy. It sounds so great but I’m not attracted to some of these amoral characters on the internet. I have been scammed on various platforms that preach greener pasture but turn out to be hell. The red flags are clear that they are not what they claimed to be. Despite the fact that they are preaching this autopiloting Hello Tony! God would keep blessing you for the beautiful work you do here to expose some of these scams. I have EXed out Home cash from my mind. I totally agree with all you said. Need Money? Go into a legitimate business and earn as much as you put in to earn Hi there! Nice review! Always a pleasure going through your articles! This was indeed very helpful to me. I learnt something as usual. Prior to this I knew nothing about home cash code.now I do. thank you for sharing this.i will do well to share with my friends. Warm regardsm Very important article. With so many scam sites with only goal to drain money from normal people, honest and fair review can save multiple investors. Home Cash code program is obviously not reliable one and thank you for putting it clearly. I’m adding them to my black list. Thank you for warning! Hello Tony, thank you for this really good information about these business and I know some people must have fallen victim and it’s not good at all. I have lost so much money and so much time with it in the beginning. I am just glad that there are now many people out there like yourself warning people about them. Thank you for the exposure It is a good thing that you shared this article here, it is very nice and it is of great importance to me to have it hereit’s very thoughtful and generous of you to share this article here, I always look out for your articles because I’m always benefiting from them in a great way and this is no exceptions. Hello Tony, For me, Home Cash Code is not legitimate. Countless of people will fall for the juicy offers the platform have to offer. I will not recommend this for anyone. One have to do a lot of research when thinking of going into any of these. I will recommend one of the top affiliating sites, Wealthy Affiliate. Thanks for sharing this. I have heard about this home cash code before but I have never been able to tell if it is possible to be able to use this as a very good means. I find it very fascinating that you can tell us about this home cash code scam and how we should not become a part of it. Really nice These websites make me so sick. I have lost so much money and so much time with it in the beginning. I am just glad that there are now many people out there like yourself warning people about them. They make it sound so easy to make money doing nothing that you start believing it. If it was so easy everyone would be doing it. Thanks for the information and keep exposing them! Is cash code a scam . I don’t know if cash code is a scam or not. I am glad you brought this topic up. Will people give you free info for free. I people could earn that kind of money in 2 hours or 29 days don’t you think everyone would click on that cash code. Yes get involved with something you are passionate about and we know what that is. Thank you. I really liked reading this review on the home cash code, I have heard so many opinions and rumors about the platform but I have never seen a well detailed review like this one. It was really simple, straight to the point and easy to understand. Thank you so much for this review , it really helps a lot Looks scammish to me. All the red flags are there – autopilot, blueprint secret, start making money in 24 hours – if it sounds too good to be true, it probably is. Guess what? I tried to open the link to the page and Google said “Not a secure site”. That tell a lot of what we’re looking at here. Yes Home Cash Code certainly seems to be to good to be true and therefore most likely a scam. I like yourself believe in affiliate marketing. Effort is most importantly a factor but that is also rewarding. I’ve only just embarked on this journey but I certainly appreciate you bringing this particular opportunity to light. All the best to you! I have always wondered about the Home Cash Code being a scam, thank you for your honest opinion, You have helped me a lot to understand business online and making cash online. There are many opportunities for making money online that I have learned from you. Am so glad am privileged to read this article shared on your website, I have been frustrated over the years because of the failure on my involvement with affiliate marketing and trying joining online businesses to help me financially grow, bit thank God I have found further reasons to stay focused a determined being that you have helped me find the right track. I will also be that millionaire I have always dreamed of becoming. Affiliate marketing is is the main deal for me as far as am concern, and reading this kind of article you just share has energised me. Home cash code is one of the best platforms for anyone to involve himself with. Much obliged, Tony for uncovering this fairly clear incredibly questionable sounding chance. As you state a considerable lot of us succumb to tricks online nowadays It is a miserable demonstration of the weakness and naïveté of all that these frameworks clearly work else they would vanish. As you express it is conceivable to bring in cash and make a living on the web yet it takes work, exertion, time, and application. I will surely not be pursuing home money code. Best respects, Andy Hello there! You did a great job there providing a review on Home Cash Code. The program appears as a mouth watering one, especially hearing that it runs on auto-pilot, which does not mandate experience. And one can work the program while still keeping other jobs because it takes no time at all to earn $4,597.76 in 24 hours! There is a need to be very sure if it’s scam or legit. Thanks Unfortunately, there are way too many of these types of scams still floating around the net and unfortunately, people still fall for them. I have been scammed in the past like you said I think everyone has at some point if you have tried to make any money online. Thanks for posting this article it may save someone from losing their hard-earned cash. Hello Tony, Thank you for your very honest review on this platform. I am very happy to see this article becuase the proper guide is always needed first before getting to invest your hard earned cash on some of these platforms. Although, It’s not a bad recommendation but I don’t think I will get on this platform. Thank you once again. Hello Tony Lee Hamilton, this is a very interesting and a very detailed article. I’m really glad I came across this. Learning about home cash code a scam or not sounds interesting. Truth be told is that I haven’t heard of this home cash code before. And thanks again Tony for exposing this scam platform We quite often hear the saying that to err is human. However, the less common quote is that to be lazy is indeed human. Despite the fact that scams are all over places, especially in the online world, people quite often tend to believe that what’s too good to be true is indeed true. Or, they just deny their rational thinking because of the laziness tendency. Rather than work hard for money, why don’t do some easy tasks, like scamming others, to reap lots of fortune? Wow thank you for this article man! I know I’m just starting out, but man am I tired of all these scams… now I know why so many people fail in the online business scene, cuz they follow dumb scams like this. It’s so annoying to see, and I wish they didn’t exist. I’m happy to know I’m secure here at Wealthy Affiliate. Thanks, Tony for exposing this rather obvious extremely dubious-sounding opportunity. As you say many of us fall for scams online these days It is a sad testament to the vulnerability and gullibility of us all that these systems obviously work otherwise they would disappear. As you say it is possible to make money and make a living online but it takes work, effort, time, and application. I will certainly not be signing up for home cash code. Best regards, Andy Hello there Tony! Home Cash Code is another one of those programs I haven’t heard of yet. Before I find myself getting involved with a program that isn’t worth my time and money, you are already one step ahead of me. Thank you so much for this detailed post on whether Home Cash Code is a legit program or not. Every part of the post office really has a lot of applications and games that are made by themselves to take people’s time and give nothing in return. This is probably the case as well. it is a very good topic and a good post on your website I wish you a lot of success in your further work. Yea the gurus are tempting and easy to succumb to if you don’t know any better. That’s why I was hesitant to follow WA for a long time. Once I saw the consistent numbers WA members were pulling though, it was hard to say no to at least trying it. Affiliate marketing has led to a lot of opportunities working from home for me and I wouldn’t have it any other way. Don’t be afraid to put the work in because results will show Hello Tony, thank you for the details and I feel so excited about all you have given here. honestly value it and I think that so much Kore could have been on for this. Making money online is never an easy thing especially if you have to worry about scams and all. I hope to see more of these wonderful contents here. Hello there, going through this review it is very easy to understand what you are trying to say here as it all makes more sense to me now. It doesn’t seem right how someone will share their top secrets on how to make so much money within a short period of time and not ask for anything in return Reading through this review it is very easy to understand your points here as it all makes more sense to me now. I don’t see how someone will share their top secrets on how to make that much money within a short frame of time and all for nothing in return?. It just doesn’t sit well for me so i will avoid this platform Hi again Tony! This is another very important article everyone should come across. I’ve never liked this get rich quick schemes, it has always sounded somehow to me so I don’t get involved with it. It’s strange that people would believe they can earn over $4,500 in less than an hour, I get that we are desperate but we aren’t this desperate. I’ll advise anyone trying to do this to not do it and look for a more legit business. Thank you Thank you for sharing this and I will sa that to have shared this here, I honestly value it and I think that so much Kore could have been on for this. Making money online is never an easy thing especially if you have to worry about scams and all. So, having someone like you give interesting review like this is really encouraging for us all Glad you came up with a detailed review of the Home Cash Code, Tony! One of the things that get me scared online is when a program sounds too good to be true. How can a huge amount of money be earned within a 24-hour period? Once a program sounds like a get rich quick scheme, a lot of people, who are already skeptical about online business, will definitely show no interest. Almost everyone, including myself, has got scammed at one time or the other, and these scam programs are still out there frustrating the people who are just coming into online business. It’s better to focus on affiliate marketing, though it takes time, effort, and resources. Thanks. Joyce There’s a lot of products that I’m not so happy with which is why I don’t always get to be so interested in them and I always make sure that Im very careful when it comes to me considering businesses that I’ll invest my money into ans that is why I’m always reading through product reviews online. Thanks This is a good one on this home cash code platform and I think you did justice to the information you have about it. On issues like this, I think that it is very important that we all should be able to understand how the home cash code works and we should try to read reviews online about how it works before going in for it. Another too good to be true product in Home Cash Code I see. Earning $4,597+ in just 24 hours sounds great, and a little too good to be true. I agree that he’s not going to share his blueprint for free, and that’s where the upsells sure come into play. Playing the lottery does sound like better odds than with Home Cash Code, so maybe I’ll go buy a scratch ticket instead, lol. That’s a very interesting and funny saying you have here Tony Lee Hamilton; does a bear s**t in the woods. Being a get rich quick scheme or looking like has greatly discredited the Home Cash Code, making it no less than a scam. Thanks for this review article on Home Cash Code. This will properly guide anyone that wants to join this platform. Yep, Tony, i’m going to pass on this one too. There are simply too many of these online gimmicks that promise fast cash with little or no effort. I agree that online affiliate marketing is still by far the best way to earn steady stream of income. It does need hard work and consistency but it’s a sure way to really see some results in the long haul. I’ve been scammed many times so I’m usually careful about hypes like that. But I myself must admit as a newbie to online business then I’d click almost any YouTube videos or links that promises I’d make money easy and fast. I guess I was quite naive. But now, I have my own website and on my way to financial freedom It probably does work, but it gives you the false hope that it can happen overnight. Nothing will happen overnight without a little work, time, and effort. The important thing is to find one thing and stick with it and give it 110%. If you are doing that, the money will come. hey Tony Lee Hamilton, thank you so much for this review on home cash code. Reviews like this are very good in times like this and also very helpful because these online platforms claiming to give out a lot of money are on the increase . Thanks for dissecting the platform and explaining in detail. I must say that I strongly agree with you and some things about this platform don’t sit well with me Some great advice here Tony especially around the ‘Home Cash Code’ type sites out there ( and there are many of them). Its helpful to get some pointers from someone who has been in the game for a long time as I have seen people I know fall for this BS before. I have recently started my own online venture which is still in its early stages but with a bit of hard graft Im sure it will pay off in the long-run. Yeahhh man! This screams scam big time, huh?! You’ve said something which I wish resounded with more individuals: if it seems to good to be true and doesn’t require work….you’re probably looking at a scam. If people would take a moment just to think – wait, why is the person trying to sell me this if they could be making all this money themselves?! When we are desperate, we are more likely to succumb to scams like this. :/ As in real life there is no dirty secret that can make you so much money online in a day without any work. If there was everyone would know it already. These scams ride on people’s desperation to get their money and nothing else. And what is shocking is that with so many out there nowadays it means that many people are actually believe in them which is a shame really. Hi Tony, Thank you for such an honest review on Cash Code. There’s just so many get rich quick scams out there and it is so frustrating that people would want to take advantage of people in this day and age. I do agree with you that Affiliate marketing is a much better and safer way to do make money online. You ultimately drive your own success! Joanne There are so many companies out there that just want to scam us out of our money! I’ve been scammed a time or two as well (maybe even a time or three!) but you live and you learn right? Unfortunately, a lot of these websites are really slick and it’s hard to tell what’s legit. I’m thankful that you’re here to help, Tony! You do a great job of drilling down deep to find the truth! Keep up the good work!! I sometimes wonder why such scams still exist. I suppose there is still a substantial “market” where people still believe in these sort of things. Happy buyer, happy seller. I would certainly stay away from Home Cash Code. And usually I would not search for such get rich quick “opportunities” because the more you read, the more it gets into your head thinking that it works. Hi Tony, I have to think about opportunities like these. There is someone out there making money off of this. It is not the people signing up for sure! I appreciate you doing research and helping others identify ones that could turn out to be not so helpful. I myself am sticking with Wealthy Affiliate! I have learned a lot from this platform and have a few websites working for me now to earn real, residual income! Thanks, Chad Hmm, thanks for the review on this platform. I think whether something is scam or not we always have to be careful in online business. Today, there are many fraudsters who can make a profit in many ways. Before we invest in a business, we must always be well informed so that we do not lose money. I hope this text will be seen by a lot of people to know what to avoid. Thanks for this review article that has educated me on what Cash Code is all about. The claims of cash code sound too good to be true, making it seem like a get rich overnight scheme. And these are the type of platforms or schemes I have been warned to avoid. Well, I did learn more about such from this article. I have actually seen this Home Cash Code the past few days and I must admit that I am not really impressed. Everything about it seems to be a scam. Claiming that you could earn over 100 grand monthly sounds just so outright scam. And it seems that they have no particular product to offer and the whole business model relies on recruiting people which is like a Ponzi scheme. So, I dare say I am not seeing myself using this in the future. Yep, the home cash code really looks like a scam to me! Anything that sounds so good to be true is suspicious. Especially when they tell you that there will be NO efforts from you to make so much money… Making money online does require a little effort and creating your own website, for instance, is one of them but it is so worth it! I would recommend it to all newbies interested to earn money online. Hello there, I’m not so sure home cash is a scam because one of it’s main priority is to generate recurring income for businesses and also serve as a means of marketing of business good. Thanks for sharing this awesome article I know it would be of great help to the public as it has been of help to me. Thank you very much sir Tony Lee. It was worth the read. Thank you very much sir Tony. Thanks! Is Home Cash Code a Scam? I think this looks and sounds too good to be true as your comment in your review and like you said he is hardly going to give his secrets anyway and had most likely broken all the rules in the book to get there so I think this is a good review that people should read. In Friendship Stephen Good Evening and thank you for making this post. As I am new with WA I feel this is vital for me to pay close attention to and not try any shortcuts. Nothing is easy but the rewards are worth it. Scams are everywhere and I thank you again for making me aware of this one. Thanks, Ken On this beautiful piece of information with us. I must say I really did enjoy good going through your review as it contains valuable piece of information one needs to be aware of. I think home cash code is a scam and that people should be aware of this and stuff wasting their time and resources in it Hello there! That is a very nice review you provided there. I do not know about Home Cash Code before now and it was not possible to tell if they are scam or not. But having read through the review, I got to know about them and I’m impressed with the fact that the program runs on auto-pilot which does not mandate an experience, allowing one to work the program while still keeping his/her other jobs because it takes no time at all to earn $4,597.76 in just 24 hours! Thanks Hello there Tony Lee, thanks a lot for sharing this beautiful content here with us. I must say really did enjoyed going through your review as it contains valuable informations one needs to be aware of. Home Cash Code is a scam the fact that they suggest one to keep their job t me they are just saying, you will not see success with us. Thanks for this article Tony. you are right we fall victim to scams during our lifetime, so its great that people like yourself go out of your way to highlight them. I have to say, I think this is one of the more obvious ones to spot but the important message to get across is that making money online takes time and this shouldn’t be underestimated Hi Tony, I wanted to open your link on the phrase: “View this other post on my website” but it does not show anything. I do not recommend this Home Cash Code as it is obviously a not-trustworthy site. I love siterubix hosting website as highly recommended for your blogging journey. As a bonus, we get free sites under this awesome hosting platform. Hello TonyLee Hamilton, Thank you for sharing another great piece of article. Home Cash Code is a scam for me and I will never recommend for anybody to be involved. I went through your review thoroughly and I think it is not worth it, I hope this really would be helpful to both newbies and those who get by__. Thanks, off to share this right away. When I see these types of websites, it ALWAYS gives me red flags. I appreciate your time and effort putting this in depth article together. Hopefully keep people from falling for these types of scams out there. Being consistent is what helps you build your success, not scams like this. Thanks for another great article! Hey you’re so right! So many scams online these days! People thinking there is get rich quick schemes but they haven’t done their homework and so end up getting ripped off or losing their money. This does look so phoney and scammy looking and I wouldn’t touch it with a barge pole! Like you say there are actual real and legitimate ways to make money online starting off for FREE. Great article! The new system of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a lot of people who are not in the same way as the first time in the future and the other is a great way try. This is such a good job of well informed message. The thing “Get rich quick” has never sounded good to me, it only brings problems 🙂 I’m so glad he shares his opinion on fast money. I carefully read what was written and to tell you, it is very educational especially for young people who want to get money easily. After this I will surely sit down once again and talk to my children at home that there is no easy earnings, only education and perseverance. Thanks again Thank you for informing us about home cash code Tony. It screams scam to me! As I was reading the information you wrote about home cash code, it is indeed an obvious scam. Who would really earn $4,597.76 in just 24 hours? I really hate people who are trying to sell programs to others by giving them fake promises just to earn money from people who work so hard just to be able to pay in the hope of earning some extra. Thank you for researching these programs and for sharing your finds to us. Keep them coming! The Home Cash Code is a clone of a variety of other scams. Someone is down there making and distributing different copies of scams everywhere, this mysterious entity or individual’s aim is to raise as much as possible $97. The entire aim of these scams is to get your money. After they get your money, they can contact you to see if they can take more from you. so it is a total scam. This is quite good as well and ok to start with. I’m not so sure home cash is a scam because one of it’s main priority is to generate recurring income for businesses and also serve as a means of marketing of business good. I’m really gonna try the sometime later to boost my business The home cash code is a new thing for me but since I love to work from home and make money online I quite interested to learn about it. Thanks for sharing and opening my mind. I will give it a time to learn about it then definitely can make the positive advice toward it. will let you know in case of any queries before joining the platform Thanks so much Mr Tony Hamilton. your candid opinion and this great review matters a whole lot! Thank you for taking your time to pull this great research up.i will be more careful when trying this,. Your research will be on my mind and I wouldn’t call a victim to what so ever there is out there Thank you Thanks Tony, again another one that you have managed to steer me clear of. It’s not something I’ve heard of, but I sure have now and thanks to your post I’ll ‘ve avoiding it like the plague. I have fallen ill to a scam or 2 but fortunately it hasn’t really cost me much, well apart from time….which is actually quite dear. Thanks for sharing Rob Hi Tony …thanks for sharing such wonderful article with us …I really did enjoy every bit of information passed out to us as it’s contains every bit of information one needs to hold on to especially in terms of online business ….now I have your professional opinion on this matter it would be easier for me to make my moves too …thanks Your very first question is asking if it’s a scam. I’ll tell you , the moment I see an image of a girl in that exact pose in front of a computer screen smiling and the red font looking like a coupon, I NORMALLY run the other way, unless something can prove otherwise. I’ve fallen victim to gurus…one in particular got his network marketing company in the top 100 in the world according to Alexa and the company went bankrupt a few years later, and the guy totally lost it, you may know who i’m speaking of…not sure why I went off on that tangent, I guess cause you mentioned the possibllity of being scammed by gurus…you ask what kind of money would change my life? The kind of money that would change my life is $2000 monthly in passive income…because if I can do it once, I can duplicate it. At least that’s my thought process, but the hardest part is just doing it once. Hello there, thanks a lot for sharing this beautiful piece of information here with us. I must say i really did enjoyed going through your review as it contains valuable informations one needs to be aware of. I am going to pass on this prigram because it seems like a waste of time to me Am hearing about the home cash code for the very first time and happy to hear about this helpful post and how to boost once income passively from the comfort of my home little or no experience at all. I will love to try this out and tell a friend about it as soon as I start earning money on the platform. Thanks for sharing I am glad I came across this post today. I heard about cash code few days back from a friend who introduced it to me and it sounded to good to be true as it required little or know work with a lot of returns. I just decided to do my research on it and I am happy I came across a well detailed reviews as yours. With so many online platforms to make money, I expect people to apply more caution so as not to fall a victim to fraud. That is why this read is very insightful. It gives you heavy knowledge to filter scam from a legit platform. This read will stick with me forever. Thank you so much. I have seen so many online means to make money and I’m looking forward to exploring more and more by the day and so far this is one good idea. so nice for any entrepreneur online and most of them they tried to get rich quick without any effort and investment normally they end up to cry. so as you suggest it’s better to put your effort There a re many scammers our therew that’s re kit concerned about what people feel but rather are just out there to get people’s money and get off. List for products are not credible, not worthy of our pennily so we should learn to read about products like home cause code before registration. Thanks Slow and steady wins the race. Becoming wealthy is never an overnight thing. It requires a step at a time. I love to read you reviews especially on financial aspect because they are transparent and practical not some magic things. This article has helped to understand that there are internet based legitimate and reliable businesses. Thank you for sharing Well, going by my previous experience I would say not to trust something like his platform herw and i would not want to get myself attached to them at least not yet based on my bad experience with companies like this. Thanks so much for all that has been shared here with all us very much I’ve heard about This home cash code before and I was thinking that it wasn’t a great place for me to join but looking at your i go now,I think the case is actually different and it would be good for me to join in as well. But just ass I read on, I learn something scary and I decide not to join in anymore. Thanks Ooooooooh sounds real dodgy and iffy! If only it was that easy right? Definitely agree with you, put in the hard work in whatever you choose to do, have patience and believe in yourself. Work on your mindset and self-development also. I believe doing all that will get you way further in the long run. Hello there, thank you very much for sharing this wonderful piece of information with us. I really did enjoy going through it as it contains very important information one needs to hold on to, now that i have your professional stance on this subject matter, it would easier for me to know my next moves, at least i know which brand is really authentic now, thanks to you. Hi Tony, the system works on autopilot plus earns one four figures every day plus too good to be true, that says Sounds Like A Scam.. Most people want to leave their 9-5 jobs and not the other way around. Wow, earn more than $4,500 in just 24 hours? Hahaha…I could laugh during the whole comment but unfortunately I don’t think that you’ll validate my comment! I am always very saddened to see that some companies dare to offer this kind of opportunities that are pure scams. But I guess that there will always be people to fall for them… I am also glad that your present safer alternatives for new Internet entrepreneurs. Thanks for educating us! Way to many scams out there these days its just absolutely unreal and people should be being fined for them at the very least. Thanks for telling me this and i will definitely be passing this link on to my buddies at work so they don’t make that mistake at all ! I would not touch this one with a long stick, that much money is 24 hours it’s too good to be true, and running on autopilot without you have to put in any effort unbelievable. If he is making that much from it I highly doubt he’s willing to share his secret. Thank you once again for keeping us abreast of all the online entity out there. Hey Tony Lee Hamilton! This is my first time of hearing about this platform and it sounds nothing less than a scam. Anything or anyone promising such lump of money over a short period of time online is regarded as a scam and its advisable to run from such platforms. Thanks for sharing this informative review as it will enable people differentiate platforms which are scam or not. It’s amazing how some people still fall for the very obvious scams that are online. Just do a google search and you’ll be able to weed out the very obvious ones. I agree that some might not be that obvious, and here is where we have to use our judgment. Some are not scams, but are promoted in such an unbelievable, over-the-top way. For example, there are apps out there that pay you a little bit of money to do some tasks, fill in surveys and stuff, and they are legit, but to listen to some people on YouTube promoting these sites, you would think you’ll make hundreds of dollars in a day! Anyway, good job in confirming that this is a scam. Keep it up! We can make make $106,325 in just 29 days? Wow some scam programs try to hide overpromising on those numbers when they try to clickbait innocent people but this Home Cash Code on the other hand, is going at full speed ahead regardless of what people think. What got me laughing even more is the insider’s secret that can make an money of $4,597.76 in 24 Hours lol, definitely a clear scam this one. If options like the ones offered by Cash Code and all the other Get Rich Quick promotions were real, there would be a huge number of millionaires succeeding on the internet today. Unfortunately, there are no quick earnings. The formula is still such that you have to work and slowly build your business before the results come. Wow, imagine if it did take no time at all to earn $4,597.76 in just 24 hours? We would all be doing it and we would all be rich. If anyone promises you this, then you must know that it just sounds too good to be true. However, it is possible to earn $4,597.76 in just 24 hours, but this only works for people who have been building up their businesses and online presence on the internet for years, and all the hard work that they have done over the years does eventually pay them back. It just doesn’t happen with programs like the Home Cash Code. Thank you for your honest and straightforward. I love to read your review since you always present us with right information. I agree with you that for any program you need to take some time and some efforts in order to see the positive outcome. It is simple not true that you will ean $106,325 in just 29 days. I like your number 1 recommendation, the Wealthy Affiliate, which provides all tools you need to run a successful affiliate marketing business. With the powerful tools, you are on the right path to move your business forward. If you want to start your own online business, Wealthy Affliate is the program for you to join. for sharing this review Thanks for pointing out another flat out scam site to us Tony. While that may jump out to a lot of us who have been on the internet for a while as a scam, people who don’t have as much experience may not necessarily know the difference right away. That’s why it is so fantastic that you share these articles with us so we can share them with friends and family looking to make a livable income online so they don’t fall for one of these money traps. You had me laughing at sentence one lol! 🙂 Yes Home Cash Code immediately looks and sounds like a scam. Much as I’d love to get paid that kind of money for not doing a lot, sites that promise effortless high earnings are always scams in my experience. Thankfully you have recommended some much better sites and resources elsewhere on your site that I’ve had good experiences with, like Wealthy Affiliate, which I use all the time.. I don’t want to lose our hard-earned money as It’s probably not worth it. I think going into digital marketing will really help in generating passive income. I value all you have shared here and it is very worthy to see in all. How long have these people been around though? Thank you very much for sharing, cheers. Does bear s**t in the woods, what a funny saying. Just you have rightly said, the website of Home Cash Code is enough to convince one that Home Cash Code is a scam. The unfortunate thing about all these online scam and so called get rich quick platform is that people keep falling for them. Most people hardly read between the lines before joining all these platforms. Well thanks to people of your kind who keep giving out guides and warnings about scams. Buyer beware, do your due diligence and if it’s too good to be true, then it probably is. Are all quotes that should be inside one’s mind whenever they are presented with outrageous claims such as Home Cash Code is presenting in their site. I also like “Show me the money!” by Jerry McGuire. Anything less is a scam! Don’t fall for the get-rich-quick type of tactics. Tony gave you a warning, it is up to you now to decide. The system works on autopilot plus earns one four figures every day plus too good to be true, that says HELLO COME LET ME SCAM YOU.. People want to leave their 9-5 jobs and not the other way around. Hi Tony, If it is too true to be true then it is not true. This is purely a scam. Earning over 400p USD without a skill is not true. I am an affiliate marketer with little experience but I know that such scheme will not add any value to you. Rather they will take away your money. People should learn to develop skill and then make money Hey Tony lee Hamilton thanks for sharing this article, get rich quick schemes are always suspicious to me because it’s just too good to be true. Affiliate marketing is one of the best online businesses to ever venture in, I just joined some couple of months ago and I’m already seeing results, it is something I will never regret Good day Tony, Thanks for the review. Some things are simply too good to ever be true! Surely if these wonderful and efficient phenomena did work, then many people would not need to work? Congratulations to those who are at the stage of looking for some online venture to embark upon, because you have provided them with alternatives that you are already a part of and can speak authoritatively on. Cheers Tony. I like your article.yes Home Cash Code is a scam and it’s obvious because it’s another too good to be true BS. $4,597.76 in 24 hours? that doesn’t sound possible at all, if you see that sh*t, stay to f*ck away from it or else you’ll regret what you’re going to do. but there’s one thing I don’t agree in this article, playing lottery, it’s not good because the house always wins. There is a saying, once bitten, twice shy. The best of us at one time or another fell for a too good to be true money making opportunity. When we found out we were caught in a scam, that was the signal to pass any too good to be true money making opportunities. Nevertheless there are some folks who never give up on these scams. They have the lottery mentality. Deep in their minds I am sure they feel the odds are against them. Since the cost of entry is usually so low or nothing, they feel they have nothing to loose and try them anyway. And if it doesn’t work out, it’s on to the next scam. Let’s face it, that these scam artists prey on those who do not want to work hard to create assets that will pay them over and over again. They know it will take time and hard work that they do not want to do. Hence, they much rather keep playing one lottery after another. Cheers. Edwin Hey,Tony,Thank you for shedding light on this scam.I have been following your articles and it has really helped me in spotting out these scam.This scheme sounds too good to be true. Fortunately, so far i haven’t fell for any scam.There is no magical blueprint that will work the same for everyone. And there is no way to make money online without putting in any hard work and time.So,Join 2 With us,You will win. Hi tony, thank you for texts like this when you try to draw our attention to possible scams. I can’t believe that someone can deal with it and how can anyone think of that . At a time of pandemic when many people have lost their jobs, many will look for online jobs. Thank you for directing us not to let such platforms deceive us. I hope that things like this will disappear soon. This tells us that we need to be careful when choosing a job online Thank you Tony for this article, without even opening the article, I already figured that it seems too good to be true, the graphics alone makes it look so fake, because it seems too appealing to the eyes. My issue here is with people who get scammed every minute by the same site. Never will I ever engage in this kind of platform not even in my dreams! I just cannot believe that these sorts of scams still exist. Anyone with half a brain cell must surely be able to tell that you don’t get ought for nowt. If you want money apart from winning the lottery, You are not going to get anything without working for it. I like many others have fallen for this type of thing one time. It is great that you bring this sort of thing to peoples attention. LOL, I like that you don’t hold back what you really feel about Home Cash Code. I tend to agree, if it looks too good to be true, then it probably is! As much as it would be great to find a workable get rich quick option, it’s great to work towards something more reliable and steady. Thanks for sharing your thoughts on Home Cash Code and your favorite alternate option for earning money online. Interesting read. I have never seen these advertisements or heard of any of these companies you describe here, but it definitely sounds very fishy. They look very alike. I would never believed it or jumped on something like this just because it sounds too good to be true. I will rather play the lottery. And I agree with you. I do not think the founder will reveal any top secrets with anyone. It is just a hook. These kind of programs are made to exploit desperate people in need of quick cash.I do not know enough about binary options trading but I am monthly approached by a numerous binary options traders and Cash forex traders that you have mentioned in earlier reviews on your site. Not for me. Hi Tony, I prefer to follow your other recommendations site to start a legitimate business from home then investing my money in a similar program like Cash Code. It is much safer and less risky to work hard and create a legitimate site and online business that will secure my financial freedom shortly. Thanks for sharing this helpful information. Have a great time. Alketa This sounds like a scam to me! There is no magical blueprint that will work the same for everyone. And there is no way to make money online without putting in any hard work and time. This is a bait for newcomers in the online world who think that money can be made online without any work. Thanks for sharing! I really don’t like the way the site is even advertised. It looks like something straight out of the 80’s or 90’s. I know from experience that when someone says something like ‘there are only 10 spots left’, or this offer will be gone in 24 hours’, to stay away from it. Maybe people that are new to the internet won’t see it that way? I think it’s great that you are offering 1 on 1 help. Especially when you size it down to people who want to learn,and who are willing to actually put forth the effort, instead of wanting something handed to them. First red flag for any scheme is big promises in short time! This scheme sounds too good to be true. Fortunately, so far i haven’t fell for any scam. I always like to do my research before even giving my email address to anyone. It is ironic that people like to make a huge promises and trap poor people who are genuinely looking to make money. And internet is full of scammers with different scheme. I guess as a consumer, we have to do our research before being victim of the scam. Thank you for bringing that to my attention! Thank you Tony. There are a lot of get rich quick scam out there these day and personally I have fallen prey more than once. I have been following your articles and it has really helped me in spotting out these scam. So far you have pointed out how legitimate affiliate marketing is and I think I will look more into that. These get rich quick scams have flooded the internet. I completely agree this is a scam and it makes me sad that people will get caught up in it, spending their hard earned money on something that provides no return in investment. Honestly, the advertisement looks like a porno ad at first glance. Always a bad sign, however effective it may be for the company. Lol. Anyone who believes making money comes without some hard work is bound to get caught up in scams like these . Thankfully, tony is here to save the day! good looking out, bud Tony, Thank you for shedding light on this scam. Like we always state, if it sounds too good to be true, it not only usually is, but it IS! Beware of so many scams out there. I appreciate the follow through you give on your work. I know it takes a lot of research to do this but it is well received by the general public when we have to make an informed decision and trusting you becomes second nature. Thanks! Tony, I never heard of this but anyone that can promise you a lump sum of money in short time span. It is a scam. I wish I could make not even that much just a little to be comfortable amount. They try to get people whom is either desperate and need it or someone that is just greedy and should know better. But I don’t know anyone’s situation. I just want to be comfortable. Seeing that advertisement before what I know now I would have thought, wow, really let me see??? But now if it sounds too good to be true, then it is. Good post! Scammers are every where and it is obvious that they will make you a lot of promises like, making thousands of dollars in just a few hours, to me is basically unrealistic and only new people will fall for this scam. first of all i do believe that the proportion of work-done leads to the level of the outcome you get. Thank you for putting this through Tony. Indeed any program that seems too good to be true most of the times ends up being being a complete waste of time and this one is of no different. There is no way anyone can make such huge amount of money within that short period of time without having to do anything. This program is indeed a total waste of time and I wouldn’t advise anyone to invest his time and money on it. Although I have not researched this program, at first glance, I agree with your assessment. The likelyhood of making $24,000+in 24 hours is as improbable as making $100,000 + in the time frame given. Programs that are only based on payment and earning without product, in my opinion, as usually frauds. I share you opinion on this program but intend to research a bit more. When there’s something called “instant cash”, “quick money” or there’s a sentence “start earning money today” etc., I’m always wary. It is absolutely possible to earn money on the internet, and much bigger money than many people imagine, but there’s always work, patience, and persistence behind it. Nothing is easy and nothing is for free. It is also often necessary to invest a bit into self-education, some helpful software, etc. before you start earning. But the mentality of people is “I want money now”. That’s why so many scammers thrive and will continue to. It’s important these days to gain precursory and massive knowledge about a platform or company before joining so as to avoid being robbed of your money which is a sad thing as it shows the lack of accountability that comes with digital marketing but its good that you’re sharing informative articles like this one. You are very right. This is the most reliable, confident, productive business. It’s a great way of earning while sitting at the comfort of my home, it’s not affecting other work. And it will enable me to have multiple source of income which will help in footing the bills that’s already rising above incomes. Thank you for adopting the idea and for sharing with us here. Hello Tony Lee Hamilton, thank you for sharing this informative review article on whether home cash code is a scam not. This is my first time of hearing of this platform.Many people would have been scammed by this platform and Much more other platforms while trying to make online. People should take time to gather information about the platform before they get into it Hi, From my research this system claims to be something that can provide you with a limitless amount of cash on complete auto-pilot. This Cash Code system it’s merely another dodgy binary system put together to do nothing more than part you with your money. Home cash code is a scam. Thanj you. Aluko. Hello Tony, I have seen many ways at which people can grow their business and you’ve made things clear to us all. Many people have been scammed because of this. A company promising you a huge amount of money in a very short time with little or no effort should be looked into critically. We don’t want to loose our hard earned money. Yeah… Make over 100k in 29 days just like he did. All you need to do is cut, paste, and rename an obsolete scam and voila! I’m surprised that many of these types of scams are still in existence after all these years and after all of the people who have lost their shirts. Good job with the article, and thanks for being diligent against these types of programs that give the few and far between honest programs a bad name.. Your post really gives good info on all I need to know about it and I’ll be sure not to give it a try at all. the urge at which people are desperate in making money online has cost them lots like time and money. Many people have been scammed because of this. A company promising you a huge amount of money in a very short time with little or no effort should be looked into critically. We don’t want to loose our hard earned money. I think going into digital marketing will really help on generating passive income. I was not fully aware of this home cash code. Reading your article, I can understand about home cash code. I don’t know yet if it is a scam but since you have given a nice review join the platform at the bridge will reveal the real secret. Many thanks to you for sharing with us a beautiful review article. I wouldn’t exactly be thrilled to join something of this nature but I still would not be willing to call it a total scam. It is always better to know how to maintain the balance between what is right and not at all. For what you have shared here, I value it all and it makes a lot of sense being able.to make the best use for this here. thanks Hello Tony , thanks for this wonderful review, it’s always good to find this kind of an advice. To me home cash code doesn’t sound like a workable way to earn money,it seems too good to be true, and I think it’s yet another scheme that uses ghosting and deception to get your money and again thanks for taking your time to share this wonderful review, keep up the great work. I’m not always good with all these shady businesses be Available mostly online nowadays because they are all scams and they just want to make money off people without offering anything back. It’s very thoughtful of you to share your opinion about home cash code, it’ll be of great help. Tony, thanks for reviewing the Home Cash Code. Personally, I feel skeptical about this program because I rarely heard about them in the online marketing community. However, I’ll try to sign up just to make sure if they have some red flags. Is it free to join? Also, I’ll be sure to check your number one recommendation. Thanks LOL I always say “if there is “cash” in the title of a program, buyer beware. It’s probably not worth it. And this is just one more of them. I agree, everyone has probably tried something at one time or another that made big promises that simply weren’t true. I’m glad you’ve taken the time to expose them a little bit. There are too many sites that offer wealth overnight with little effort. We need to be aware that such a thing does not exist. Fairy tales are for children! For every dollar you need to work, you need to invest a certain amount of time and energy. Thank you for pointing us to Home Cash Code a scam. You never cease to amaze me Tony. How do you find all of these different schemes. You are inspirational! The description of the bear had me laughing my socks off! I am quite sure, I will not be signing up to Home Cash Code after seeing that warning. Such scams really do so much to undermine the credibility of the internet and online working. I have to say the bear is firmly in my mind on this one, or in this case, in the garden! But what these scams do have the effect of doing is to highlight how good WA is. Thank you for this review. Its sad to say but I fell for this Home cash code scam someday though I didn’t loose much but I was really sad. Thank God I saw wealthy affiliate program on time as I was almost giving up on affiliate marketing. Hope I can send you an email because I want a direct training and mentoring. Oh, Home Cash Code, that’s actually the first time I’m seeing this. Figures they would show a woman’s full form from the side on the ad. Tell me that doesn’t get a man’s attention to begin with. Maybe that’s the first time our spidey tingly sense should be warning us! Yes, I would rather go with something like affiliate marketing where you are sharing with people products that you have tried or products that you trust. I want to be able to look my customer in the eyes with no regrets. Good luck, sir! It’s always funny how some opportunities are gonna promise you thousands of dollars in just a day even without doing anything that’s worth it, it is all a scam and it is just out there to Rio you off your money, you should be careful when it does to being a part of home cash code as it’s not good I can see why you would say that this one doesn’t work at all and really it is very understandable. I wouldn’t want to go for this one personally because there is so much that I see that is wrong with it. It would be a much better idea for me to just go to bed and not go for this because there are other better things to spend my money on. Much appreciated for your article Tony. I like so numerous others have been taken in by over the best claims such as these some time recently – when I was fair beginning out and I can’t tell you the sum of time and cash i squandered indiscriminately taking after ‘fake advice’ attempting to chase a dream that had no substance and was, when all is said and done, a total con. Individuals fair beginning out on their online commerce travel require more articles such as this to halt them from falling prey to tricks like this one. If you don’t mind keep up the great work! I have been taught that if it is too good to be true, it is probably not true. I will approach this one with caution . I have definitely fallen for some of these, I guess I have matured over the years to not even look at these kind. I will advise anyone to stop wasting money and time but to go for proven methods of making money,even if they take time. Hi there Tony, I really enjoyed reading your article ‘Is Home Cash Code a Scam?’. Fortunately this is my first time hearing of home cash code so I’m really glad that I cam across this article from which I have gained a myriad of information about the platform and its inner workings before I have the chance to register as now I can do so with utmost caution. I feel we all can desonate well that this is not worthy of anything than just another good sales presentation that is meant to only enrich the owners and not the people that will get into.it. honestly, I value all you have shared here and it is very worthy to see in all. Thank you so much for all you shared here Hello Tony scam business are much today and I really feels at for those would go into it without a seeing the review and they are bound to lose money at the ends of it all. I am really pleased to we that this is a get rich quick schemes and I will clearly stay away from it and everything else related to it. There are lots of things online that one should be very careful with and take time to decide whenever you want to register for a new job offer as it’ll enable you to know better about what you’re going into. Thanks for enlightening me and giving room for more knowledge to be passed out Tony, I really like your review and truly appreciate your openness and your honesty. It is fair to say that just by looking at this advert to make lots of money that it is does not seem legit so I am pleased you have backed this up. Whilst everyone is looking for easy and big wins it is safe to say that hard work and believing in what you do to help others is far more important and will genuinely make you a better person. It is great to see you are sharing this as you have such a wealth of so many products and can truly help us all. Another enjoyable read. Greatly appreciated. Thank you Very informative article about is it the Home cash code maybe potentially scam. we all hope to find the right platform, program, and way to make us money from home, but often along the way we come across dubious programs in which we can invest and lose a lot of money and time without any results. thank you for keeping us informed. Home Cash Code really does seem like a scam. Sites like Wealthy Affiliate deliver so much compounded value over and over it’s hard to believe that sites like this can even continue. I hate how they make it so legit too. There are so many legitimate ways to earn money online- I think people need to do the due diligence to figure out which ones are good and which ones fall under.. RUN! many are the latter- not enough legit companies doing the right thing. How long have these people been around? Well to be very honest, I do not see this as a scam actually but taking a proper look at the overall post that you have given here reviewing the essentials of this site I would say that they are really not that worthy to be giving the whole here. I value all you shared so far and definitely an interesting take here. Thanks This system sounds like a scam from the very start, especially from its name. Please if this was the kind of business that could make you that kind of many in that less of time then why am I working so hard seeking to build my online business. It takes time to make that kind of money, it does not happen overnight nor in a few days or weeks. This program is just another scam to get people’s hard-earned dollars. Well pointed out Tony. Unfortunately as soon as you enter anything in a search engine about home to make money you get bombarded with similar scams. You summed it up in the first paragraph. There is no such thing as a get rich quick scheme where you make tons of money doing absolutely nothing. I am afraid there are literally thousands of vulnerable people all over the world falling for such scams. If only we could have them regulated and shut down before people lose their money. Extremely fascinating article. I can hardly imagine how. waaw one day gaining 4597 dollars. I love and enjoyed. Impressive. Unquestionably I attempt this. multi day’s profit 106325 dollars meander full. Presently I joined money code. Much obliged fortha instructive article. What’s more, thank god. I need more your articles and counsel. God favor you $4,597.76 in just 24 hours just sounds so unreal and untrue. It is the exact opposite of what I have just read a couple of minutes back about GaryVee, wherein he reminds people that you have to work towards success! The Cash Code ads look so trashy and look like a portal for a scamming site. Even the name of the CEO/founder Michael Jones is too common. I would be wary just by seeing those red flags. Thanks for this info, one more “brand” to remember to never click! Cheers, A Thank you Tony, for sharing the information about Home Cash Code. I have not heard of this one but am pretty sure it will appear at some point. I agree with you, if something sounds too good to be true then it probably is. At least this one says it takes a couple of hours to set up. Most now say, ‘3 clicks and its done, 5 minutes max to be up and running.’ If you look at many of these instant riches things they seem to have a pattern. It is very good that you investigate such scams and let others know. scammers are every where and it is obvious that cash code is also a scam. all indications confirm it. first of i do believe that the proportion of work done leads to the level of the outcome. making thousands of dollars in just a few hours is unrealistic and only new people will fall for that. This is my first time hearing of home cash code so it was a really bonus reading your article ‘8svHome Cash Code à Sam’. I appreciate the effort and time you put into expressively explaining all that it is about and also your in-depth review of home cash code as it has given me an idea of its purpose and what to expect if signing up for it All those scam sites are the same, aren’t they? Trying to make you believe that you can earn thousands of dollars in just a few hours and the “secret” will be revealed for free. Once you click, “free” turns out to convert into upsell after upsell … I believe that many sites have been reported and taken down, but not near enough. People keep on getting scammed and those guys still seem to get away with it. It is important to do research about any company, read reviews,etc. Your website provides great information, to help us stay away from those scam sites. Tony, I’ve just got dun studying one of these to get rich quick platforms 30-minute workday if you’re curious I’ve done the same with it you’re post is second to nun always informative and educational you will help many people to get their dreams answered with a very lucrative online business going online. thank you Tonnie always looking for you’re post’s I have to say, I love how specific this particular one gets with the numbers. Even stating 29 days instead of the more expected 30 days. I have to wonder, do they think a crazy number different from the typical round number, like 10,000, makes them seem more credible? I think there’s some psychology behind behind that, like we’ve all been trained by now to distrust round numbers, so specific, unexpected numbers feel more trustworthy, or something. Anyway, this was a fun read, highlighting just how absurd these particular claims are. If a bear shits in the woods, and there is no one there to smell it, does it still stink? I appreciate the information and your articles describing wealthy affiliates looked interesting. Can you tell me more about the commission structure? Building and designing websites sounds daunting to me. Do they have training for newbies? How much could I expect to earn? What would I have to pay? Thank you for any feedback. When something sounds too good to be true, it usually is. And that especially applies to money-making schemes. I haven’t heard of this one yet, but whenever a site insists I take action now and there are only so many spots left, I run away. But I imagine that they do find many who opt-in. If not, why would they still be using the promotion? Your recommendation of affiliate marketing is, in my opinion, quite right. While it’s doubtful you will earn thousands in your first money (as the home cash code implies) it is likely you can build a solid business over time. Thanks for the heads up about the home cash code scheme. I’ll stick with affiliate marketing. It can be hard to determine what is legit and what is a scam. My first rule is if it looks easy and promises huge payoffs assume it isn’t legit. My second rule is don’t rush into anything read good and bad reviews from multiple people and resources to get a better picture of the opportunity. Thirdly understand who is sharing information with you on it – do they have an incentive for you to like it or are they actually a neutral objective opinion. You are right there is no such easy way to earn such a big amount! Cash Code is just deceiving people to get into the bait, There are so many scams going on in online business that we should be aware. Thank you for sharing and giving us warning all the time to all Online scammers. Hello Tony, Home Cash Code and all the other modes of that genre seem to be scams. Its great that you have done some research on it. Thanks for the warning on this one, Tony. This is why I love coming to your site when I’m doing my research on whether or not some sites are a good option or not. The landing page already seemed ‘scammy’ but I think I’ve officially made my decision and will be looking into something else like Wealthy Affiliate like you’ve mentioned in other articles. Actually in the online world, affiliate marketing does work. And pretty much nothing else works as good too. Thanks Thanks for this article.. Thanks for the warning on this one, Tony. This is why I love coming to your site when I’m doing my research on whether or not some sites are a good option or not. The landing page already seemed so ‘scammy’ but I think I’ve officially made my decision and will be looking into something else like Wealthy Affiliate like you’ve mentioned in other articles. It is a lot more trustworthy and it definitely does not appear as scammy as this one seems haha. Thanks Tony, I can always count on you for the valuable advice. “Home cash code” the name itself sound spooky. The description of the product “earn $4,597.76 in just 24 hours!”, also sent me automatically into doubting about the program. There is no quick money skim up there. We need to earn money, not have it miraculously expand by a program that will make us keep our 9 to 5 jobs while it works by itself. Thank you for the review. I have had the email; Claim your spot” add, received and ignored immediately. There are lots and lots of products like home cash code, this factor has made it really hard for people who are online to know which one is legit and which one is bad, thanks to people like you who takes out time to make research and provide us with valuable information about their products. Hello Tony, scam sites are fond of making promises that can’t be achieved by songs all the work possible in a day and still people fail to notice this and fall for it in the end. I feel sad seeing any online business that is a scam because it defaces online business in general. Such articles and more would help us more and more know more scam business. Thanks for sharing You are so right Tony, if somethings seems to be too good to be true, then it is, otherwise everybody would be doing it. I had not come across Home Cash Code before, but then the name in itself sounds scammy to me. It is so sad that many people do fall for this type of hype about a product that only makes money for the creator, and not for the unfortunate ones that fall for the scam. The name of the platform alone already goes a long way to show that it is not worth it and that I should not try it out but when I decided to enter the website, it just seemed really disgusting because it looked like another website where I was almost scammed before but interestingly you already made a list where you spoke about how to catch a scam platform which I read too. Thank you for sharing this here. Well! I would be shocked seeing the fact that we still have a lot of people that are still falling victim to platforms like this online. I actually fancy all you have shared here about this home cash code and just so I can confirm my suspicion is the reason I decided to join the platform here to read the review here. thanks Tony its always great reading your posts! I didn’t know about Home Cash, but thanks for your honest review. You do say it as it is, which is extremely refreshing. These get rich quick schemes just try and sell you dreams! Any promise of wealth with no effort is a false promise. I will definitely stay clear! Once again, I don’t know the product you are reviewing, so always thanks for your work! This said, I want to share my opinion with you after reading your article: this product looks worthy of any magician scammer we find on Facebook or on other platform. Making money quickly is almost always a false promise. Especially if the promise is that you don’t need any effort. You certainly keep them coming Tony and kudos for that. It’s terrific that your website is consistently bringing to our attention legit businesses and scams. There are people who are still falling prey to these scams because of the catchy get rich quick tags that are marketed to them. Please keep up the good job of opening our minds and eyes to see that some things are really too good to be true. Wow, home cash code has all the buyer beware signals. Where did they come up with that exact number of $4,597.76 to make in 24hrs? Some study that says people like exact numbers? Just like anything in life, you need to put effort in to have it pay off, not these type of get rich quick no effort schemes. Thank you for bringing this one to light. And thank you for the link to Wealthy Affiliate, your #1 recommended way to earn income online. Earn-yes earn, now that is something I can get behind. Thanks for your article Tony. I love that so many other people have been accepted by top propositions like this – when I first started, I couldn’t tell you the time and money I wasted blindly in trying to chase others by following “fake advice”. Dreams have no substance. When everything is said, it is a complete scam. People who are just starting their online business journey need more articles like this to prevent them from falling prey to such scams. Please keep in good working condition! The crappy part is there were outrageous scammy sites 10 years ago and here we go today with pretty much the same sight just with a little lipstick put on it and obviously they must still be working or these people would have gone away a long time ago. However its blog posts like this one that do save many many people from making a bad decision. I sure wish these reviews were around when I got started in the business. Thanks for another great article Tony That is an outrageous claim and anyone who’s been here in the internet marketing space knows that this claim is impossible. You cannot make $4,500 in just 24 hours unless you’re selling something that’s hot at around $500 and the owner of the product promised that you will earn a 90% commission which is next to impossible these days. You’re right. People should pass on this, and I know you my friend, that if an opportunity is good, you are grabbing it. But this time, I will also pass on this too. Nice review and this will certainly help others take back their sanity. Hey Tony Lee What a novel way to market your page, pointing out scams like this is essential for people on the net. Who would not want to makeover 4K in 24 hours? That all by itself screams scam! Wealth affiliate seems to good to be true, but it is that good. The catch is you need to put in the work. No company that claims that you’ll earn more than $500 an hour is worth snooping in, much less one that claims that you can make over $4k in less than 24 hours. If it was that easy then wouldn’t we all be millionaires by now? No experience required not working agenda in place truly seems like everyone’s dream so claims like this are so misleading especially for those who are desperate to earn some money. Hello Tony!!! I loved your post sooo much! There is absolutely NO “get rich fast online” tool that is not a scam. Truth is in the internet, you always need to commit and work very hard to be successful. Thank you so much for showing us all of these scams so that we do not fall into their trap! People may always get attracted by the money and invest in things that are for sure a scam! Thanks. Hello Tony, Thank you for sharing this amazing article. Your services are authentic and would gladly recommend anyone out there figuring out how to make money on their own. It’s amazing how creative scammers can become. As they stay in the industry of scam longer, it seems people are fade up of their techniques hence they have to pimp up their game as well. But with you, I have no doubt that you will expose every bit of scam. Thanks for your article Tony. I like so many others have been taken in by over the top claims such as these before – when I was just starting out and I can’t tell you the amount of time and money i wasted blindly following ‘fake advice’ trying to chase a dream that had no substance and was, when all is said and done, a complete con. People just starting out on their online business journey need more articles such as this to stop them from falling prey to scams like this one. Please keep up the good work! Hi Tony It never ceases to amazes me how scammers can make such ludicrous claims that often promise to deliver much for such little effort. If I read such as this, I would click away as soon as possible because I know it is ridiculous. I am amazed that people will fall for it, as it sounds too good to be true. I wish people would read reviews like yours before making any decisions. It is always better to be safe than sorry, especially when they make such bold statements like this. Thanks Antonio What a novel way to market your page, pointing out scams like this is essential for people on the net. there are still some people who do not realise if it is to good to be true it probably is as you get nothing without some work. For example, Wealth affiliate seems to good to be true, but it is that good. The catch is you need to put in the work. Who would not want to make over 4K in 24 hours. That all by itself screams scam! Well, as you say, just taking a look at the website tells the story. Something I definitely will stay clear of. Anything really that offers an income like that is always not what it appears. Thanks for the heads up Tony! Anytime I see an advertisement for a scheme that will earn so much in very little time, I don’t even bother to investigate further. This Home Cash Code also waves a red flag for me. I am so suspicious of any scheme that requires no work. I am am not saying that it can’t work, I just think that any such arrangement is too much of a high risk, whatever the method of operation. Yes I agree, Wealthy Affiliate is one to work with and it offers so many different ways to earn. I still have lots of work to develop what I want, but it is working and I value the endorsement of a successful veteran. Thank you for this information. I loved this post! It was so funny and engaging yet scary for everyone who believed in the company you wore about. The Home Cash Code sounds like a scam indeed. I can’t remember the name of the company that scammed me in early 2015, before I joined the Wealthy Affiliate. I remember, that the moment I realized that my (as far as I remember) around $100 is gone I started calling all the phones I could find. Didn’t want to let them take it. But the deal sounded so good, this guy who was my mentor was on the phone with me at one point, and I couldn’t get a hold on him anymore. Anyways, somehow I got my money back, I think that I got my bank involved. I run away from all the “You don’t have to do anything, just click here to make a million” opportunities. Even though my scammer who got my money wasn’t that generous, he thought me a lesson. There is no need wanting to get involved with a get rich quick platform if not for lack of orientation about scam sites that tea all over the place and that is one way to identify them easily. I have been invited to some and I have lost money to lots of them in the past and I not making that mistake again. Thank you for sharing such wonderful article. Ha, thanks. It’s just a joke isn’t it. Easy Cash Code, The Cash Code, Home Cash Code aghhh, total scam. It makes me sad and angry that people are in a position where they feel something like this is their only option. There are real ways of positively contributing to the world and making a good living for you and your family too. Hi, I am new and “stupid” when it comes to those who say they will help me. I always consider something scammy because of desperation, but then your words come into my head. “If it seems too good to be true and doesn’t require any work then guess what? It is too good to be true and you will not only waste your time but you will also ruin your reputation!” And you are right. Nobody is going to give away a top secret money making scheme. I am a food blogger, and I have never given up my BEST SECRET recipe. Mama would be mad at me. But why do we do these things? I don’t want to make a million, I just want to make my first sale. Can you see how the newbies get sucked into scams like this? Thank you for this article. I personally appreciate a review like this from someone who knows. Great article. Sandi Hello, Just seen your post on “Is Home Cash Code a Scam?” You have written an amazing review on the subject. Many people would have been scammed by this people. I hope this review will help people to understand about such scams.in on time because their claims is something anyone can’t resist. Regards Rajesh Hello tony lee hamilton, thank you for sharing this informative review article about Home Cash Mode. thank you for bringing to our knowledge that it is truly scam. personally my gut told me it was scam when i came across it few days back. now i am certain that it is truly scam. i would share this post to save others from being scammed The promise of making $4,597.76 alone in one day, turns me away from the program. There is no way to earn that much money unless you do it illegally. I heard of the Case Code before from another review where they claim the system works well but no provided proof. If you really want to make money, the best way is through affiliate marketing. Get rich schemes does not work, only works for the site owner who promises such riches. Hello there, I must say I nearly fell for this and I would have been really bad for me, Now that I know better, I think it would just be better for me to stay away and also inform others about how this people are nothing but a total scam. It’s a good thing to learn something like this from your website. Thanks alot for sharing I have always found interesting how this type of story has made these scammers so much money. I feel it’s illogical. If all this would have been making so much money, why would he want to share it with me in exchange for 30 bucks? But over and over again, people continue to fall for these “quite obvious” scams. Lol! I could not help but laugh when I visited this website because it was like on of the former websites that I had visited and got scammed before so, I was damn sure I wouldn’t be falling for it. However, making my research too wouldn’t hut and seeing your sentiments on it , I appreciate the honesty here and thank you so much for sharing here. You’ve saved me a bit of embarrassment Tony. I had contemplated Home Cash Code quite recently. As you’ve demonstrated, it’s quite obviously a scam. I really appreciate you taking the time to deconstruct this business. And in the future, if something appears ‘too good to be true’, I think I’ll just give it a wide berth. Cheers for the review. I also believe in that saying as well, if it is too good to be true, most of the time it is. Home Cash Code target market is definitely those who are new to making money online and just want to make easy money. We all know it takes time and discipline to be making money online. Knowledge is power, so if you want to make money online, I suggest that you get yourself educated first. Start with SEO. The done it all for you is just a scam in my opinion. One established fact about online business is the fact that it is not a kind of business to expect profits in a day, when I say profits I mean tangible amount of money to sustain you. Get rich quick scams are many out there, they sugar-coat offers so that greedy investors too will fall victim. It’s good to understand the concept of online businesses before checking offers like Home cash code. Well it’s good that I did not go for a cash code. I always wonder why people make these claims as they will be found out. I know it seems obvious but who would restrict such licences on a business where they’re trying to make money! This is taking the scarcity model to a whole new unbelievable level. Thanks for pointing this out about the cash code as I am sure many people just fall for the hype. It’s good you offer a more sensible way to earn money online. Wow, unbelievable that I almost fell for this home cash code and didn’t know that it was nothing but a scam. Now that I know better, I think it would just be better for me to stay away and also inform others about how this people are nothing but a total scam. It’s a good thing to learn something like this from your website. Thanks! Hello there! this is an amazing review you have got here on Home Cash Code. I wonder how many people would have been scammed by this people. I just hope this review go round and stop others from signing in on time because their claims is something anyone can’t resist. Thanks for sharing. Thank you so much for this review and eye opener on Home Cash Code. You are so right. Who is going to give away such a secret? I am a little wiser now therefore I do not fall for scams as easily as I use too. The idea of making $4,000 dollars plus in 24 hours really sounds too good to be true. Thank you for exposing this SCAM and thank you for revealing real opportunities to earn money in time. Thanks for the report of work at home SCAMs to avoid. You are absolutely correct about the screenshot of the site. I have seen hundreds of these and nothing screams louder than the credit card info slot right up front. Most instant money making blueprint sites are scams and should heralded as such as often as they are found. You are also correct in promoting the alternative of finding a way to monetize one of your passions. That way it won’t seem like work and why not get paid for something you would ordinarily do as a hobby. Thanks for pointing this out so we can all avoid this scam. Wow. Wow. I mean, wow. Yeah… $4.6k in just 24 hours sounds beyond, way beyond too good to be true. It takes no time and no experience to do that. I mean, I must be a dumbass busting my butt every day to make $1k a month happen online. And here is this guy who promises $4.6k in a month with no effort. I mean, I must have wasted the last couple of years of my life, haha. I mean, you can’t not love the absurdity of those claims. And yeah, yeah, of course, he is willing to give away that secret/program/whatever for $47. There’s nothing suspicious about that. I mean, isn’t like everyone promising that kind of profits with very little to none effort these days and charging so less? Definitely going to pass on this one, Tony! Cheers. Thanks so much for sharing a beautiful, informative article with us.. I’ve read your article and enjoyed it and I’d like to share it with my friends by posting it in the Facebook community so that everyone knows about your article and gets to know it. Lmao! That’s a great way to start a scam review, Tony. Straight to the point about why programs like these are to be avoided at all costs! I know way too many people that have gone down the wrong path and followed bad courses like this only to end up in a worse position than when they start Thanks for this review here and I must say that I am a tad more disappointed in all these online scams. Truly, a platform like this had scammed me in the past by promising me bogusly and lesser work. But I have learnt my lessons the hard way. This home cash code is definitely not worth trying out at all and should be avoided if one can. Thanks This is awesome, its amazing how your article turns out, it is nice and comprehensive, though it is kind of disappointing but also kinda funny, your post is an eye-opener, most people has been scammed through online marketing, i will be sure to do a detailed research on websites before doing it..thanks well said, bro!! I personally do not like those get rich quick scheme things anyway. The best part is the journey and not the destination what is the point of getting rich fast without effort. Like you said affiliate marketing is a very legitimate way to make money online. People just want to get everything so quickly nowadays. “Does a bear s**t in the woods?” Tony, your reviews Crack Me Up!!! You’re a card. Thanks for bringing some humor to such disappointing information. It is true, though, nothing that has ever promised to be easy has been worthwhile. The best things in life take hard work and usually don’t come on a straight path. Thanks for exposing another scam. You’re helping so many people with these reviews! I couldn’t have put it better myself when you said if it sounds to good to be true it probably is. It’s starting to be intolerable of how many people are just down right been taken advantage of out there . So thank you for bringing this to everyone’s attention. It’s platforms like that that Detour people from the really good one’s . Very worrying the amount of scamming going on, people will go to great lengths dont forgot to do your research and read reviews on a few different website to avoid getting scammed. you will see some legitimate website but they are in a sea of scammers and fakes. Be vigilant and safe guys I cannot but be amazed at how this kind of scamming platforms succeeds in scamming people of their money just because of the level of ignorance displayed by people towards them like this. I really appreciate you review and seeing the fact that what they claim is unreal is just so stupid to see. Thumbs up to you Very interesting article. I can’t believe that one day earning 4597 dollars. I love and liked. Very impressive. Definitely i try this. 29 day’s earnings 106325 dollars wander full. Now i joined cash code. Thanks for the informational article. And thank god. I need more your articles and advice. God bless you Very interesting article. I can’t believe that. waaw one day earning 4597 dollars. I love and liked. Very impressive. Definitely i try this. 29 day’s earnings 106325 dollars wander full. Now i joined cash code. Thanks fortha informational article. And thank god. I need more your articles and advice. God bless you

In this article, we will show you how to change the language on your voicemail if you are using an iPhone or an Android phone. We will also provide a brief overview of voicemail and how it works. If you are using an iPhone, you can change the language of your voicemail by going to the Settings app and tapping on the Phone tab. From there, tap on the Voicemail tab and then tap on the Language option. If you are using an Android phone, you can change the language of your voicemail by going to the Android settings. From there, tap on the Language & Input option. Tap on the Voicemail Language option and then select the language you want to use. You can also change the language of your voicemail by using the Cloud Voicemail service. To do this, simply log in to your account and go to the Settings page. From there, click on the Language option and select the language you want to use. If you are using an iPhone, you can change the language on your voicemail by going to the “Settings” app and selecting the “Phone” tab. Scroll down to the “Language” section and select the language you want to use. For Android users, the process is slightly different. You will need to open the “Phone” app and select the “Voicemail” tab. Tap the three dots in the top right-hand corner and select “Settings.” Scroll down to the “Language” section and select the language you want to use. If you are using Cloud Voicemail, you can change the language by going to the “Settings” tab and selecting the “Language” drop-down menu. Follow these simple steps to change the language on your voicemail. Contents - 1 Why would you want to change the language on your voicemail? - 2 How to change the language on your voicemail if you are using an iPhone - 3 How to change the language on your voicemail if you are using an Android phone - 4 How to change the language on your voicemail if you are using a different type of phone - 5 The current default languages for voicemail greetings and emails - 6 How to change the voicemail greeting language - 7 How to change the email language - 8 Why you might want to consider changing the voicemail greeting and email language - 9 The languages that are supported in Cloud Voicemail - 10 How to change the wording of your voicemail - 11 The benefits of using Cloud Voicemail - 12 How to get started with Cloud Voicemail - 13 Change your voicemail language from Spanish to English - 14 How to configure Cloud Voicemail for your language - 15 Benefits of using Cloud Voicemail in your language - 16 Why is changing your voicemail language important? - 17 What are the steps to change your voicemail language? - 18 How to make your voicemail greeting sound professional in different languages - 19 What to do if you forget your voicemail password - 20 To wrap things up Why would you want to change the language on your voicemail? If you want to get more out of your voicemail, you have to speak up. Voicemail is one of the best ways for businesses to stay in touch with their customers, but it’s also one of the most underutilized. And even if you use it, you might find that the way it’s currently set up doesn’t give you all the options you think it does. For example, if your voicemail is set to English only, then people who speak Spanish or Turkish will be left out. This can make them feel like they aren’t getting a serious response from your company and that their time isn’t being spent efficiently. If you want to improve the way people feel about how seriously you take their business, then it’s time to change the language on your voicemail. I like to change the language on my voicemail because it gives me more control over how I want to be perceived. When I hear someone’s voice, it’s not always what they sound like that gets me, but rather how they say things. If I think someone is going to be rude or mean. If I think they’re going to leave me hanging or tell me that they won’t be able to call back. Then hearing them say “please” and “thank you” in a way that sounds sincere can really help set my mind at ease. It’s just a tiny thing it doesn’t make them any more trustworthy or kind-hearted. But when you’re in the middle of a stressful situation and all you want is for someone else to make things better. Sometimes just knowing that something as small as phrasing can impact your mood can lead to huge changes in outlook. How to change the language on your voicemail if you are using an iPhone If you’re using an iPhone, you probably know it has a voicemail feature. But did you know that changing the language on your voicemail can actually change the message? Yes, it’s true. By switching the language on your voicemail, you can make it sound like a different person is calling. For example, if someone calls and leaves a message in Spanish, but you switch the voicemail language to English. Your caller will hear their message translated into English making it seem like they’re speaking with an English-speaking person. It’s also possible to make sure that messages are delivered in multiple languages at once by switching between languages during playback. This means that even if someone leaves a message in Spanish when they press play on their message again they’ll hear it translated into English as well as being played back in Spanish. The language you speak on your voicemail is a great way to set yourself apart from other businesses. Is your message professional and clear? Do you use the right words? Do you keep it short and sweet? If not, there are a few ways you can change it up! You can add a voice-to-text feature that allows your customers to leave a message on the app. This will allow them to listen to what they want and save them time. You can also use an auto-attendant service that automatically reads out messages for customers who aren’t able to access their phones at certain times of day (like when they’re at work). Steps to change If you are an iPhone user, you know that the voicemail feature is pretty limited. The only way to listen to your messages is by dialing into an extension and listening. But if you’re like me and find that a bit cumbersome, there’s a way around it! First, go into your contacts list. You’ll see all the people with whom you’ve exchanged contact information (and possibly phone numbers). Click on the person whose number you want to change from a voice message to an email instead. Now scroll down until you see their name. Tap their name, then tap “Email.” Once you do this, their phone number will automatically be changed to their email address. If you’re using an iPhone, your voicemail language is set to “English.” If you want to change it, here’s how: - Open the Settings app. - Scroll down and tap “Voicemail.” - Tap the “Videos” tab. - Scroll down until you see “Voicemail Language:” and tap the little circle next to it to change it! How to change the language on your voicemail if you are using an Android phone If you’re using an Android phone, you can change the language on your voicemail. It may seem like a simple task, but it’s very easy to miss. To change the language on your voicemail, all you have to do is go into your voicemail settings and change the language option. You can choose from over 20 different languages! If you are not sure what language you want to use for your voicemail, there is a good chance that it will be listed as “English”. If this is not listed, try selecting a different language from the list of options available. I know it’s a bit of a gamble, but why not? We’re all about the risk! If you’re using an Android phone, there are many different ways to get messages on your voicemail. One way is by going to the settings page and changing your language. Another way is by downloading an app that changes your language for you. Either way, if you’re interested in trying out this new language, just go ahead and change it. We’ve all been there: you get a new phone and the first thing you do is change the language on your voicemail. But did you know that this is actually a dangerous practice? In fact, it’s against Google’s terms of service to do so. So if you’re an Android user, don’t change your voicemail language! It’ll just drain your battery and leave you with an unexpected bill from your carrier. Steps to change If you’re using a voice messaging app on your Android phone, you can change the language of your voicemail message. open the Settings menu. Select “Language and input.” Tap “Voicemail” in the “Language” section, then choose the language you want to use for your voicemail messages. - Open the voicemail app and tap the “V” icon on the top-left corner - Tap “Settings” - Tap on “Voicemail” - Tap on “My Voicemail Settings” - Tap on “Language” in the list at the bottom of your screen - Tap on the language you want to change How to change the language on your voicemail if you are using a different type of phone If you’re using a different type of phone, you might want to consider changing the language on your voicemail. A lot of people are accustomed to hearing a different language than what they normally speak. It can be hard for them to adjust when they get an unexpected message that’s written in a completely different language. Also, if you use an app like Google Voice or Skype, you’ll probably want to change the language in those apps as well. So that your voice messages will play back in the same language as your contacts do. The answer is simple: you probably shouldn’t. Although it might seem like a good idea to change the language on your voicemail, it’s not. It will take a lot of time and effort to change all of the phone numbers you have in your system. Which could impact how quickly people can get through to you. And even if you go through with the change, it will be hard for your customers to stay engaged. You’ll have less control over when they hear from you, and they won’t know when they’re talking to someone new. So why not just leave things as-is? You’ll save time and money, and your customers will be happier because they’ll feel like they’re getting more from their interactions with you. And if some people do want to customize their messages based on their needs or preferences, what’s wrong with that? Change it up Voicemail changes are a great way to communicate with your customers. It’s a fun way to get them excited about your brand, and it can help you keep in touch with customers who might be interested in what you have to offer. If you’ve decided that the old language just doesn’t work anymore, there are some ways you can change it up without making a big deal out of it. Here’s how: - Make sure the voicemail box is easy for people to find. If people are going to leave a message on your voicemail system, they need to know where it is. Don’t make them search for hours (or days) through the phone book just so they can leave their message! - Update your voicemail system regularly so that people don’t have any trouble finding whatever messages have been left recently. If someone left a message yesterday but hasn’t checked back in since then well, now’s your chance! Give them another call! - Keep track of how many messages are left each day so that you can determine whether or not this new format is working out for everyone! It may take some time before everyone is comfortable with this new system. The current default languages for voicemail greetings and emails Voicemail greetings and emails are currently set to English. This can be changed in the following places: Voicemail settings: In the settings menu, select “Voicemail Settings”. Once you’ve selected this option, go down to the bottom where it says “Pick a language” and select what language you want your voicemail greeting and email messages to be set to. Email Settings: In the settings menu, select “Email Settings”. Once you’ve selected this option, go down to the bottom where it says “Pick a language” and select what language you want your email messages to be set to. This would mean that if you were speaking Spanish, Chinese, or any other language for that matter, your messages would not be translated. The current default languages for voicemail greetings and emails are: - Spanish - German - Italian - Arabic How to change the voicemail greeting language Voicemail greetings are a great way to welcome your customers, but they can also be a little… intimidating. As a business owner, you want to make sure that every new customer feels welcome and comfortable in your company. The best way to do that is by making their experience as simple as possible without sacrificing any of the quality of service you’ve built up over the years. When you change your voicemail greeting, people will notice. And when they notice, they’ll like it. They’ll feel like they’re being welcomed into your company with open arms, instead of feeling like they’re being put off at the door by some robotic message that doesn’t let them know what they need to do next (or how long it will take). And here’s something else: when people feel like they’re being welcomed into your company with open arms, they’ll actually leave the voicemail machine on! Studies have shown that this kind of positive experience makes customers more likely to call back later on and buy something from you again. This means more sales for everyone involved! We believe that technology should be as easy to use as possible. This is why we’re changing our voicemail greeting language from English to [your preferred language]. We want to make sure that everyone has a chance to use this product, regardless of what language they speak! Steps to change the Greeting language Call the company and ask to speak with a supervisor. Explain that you would like to change their voicemail greeting language. Tell them what you want it to say. Ask them if they can make it happen. Follow up with an email confirming that your request has been accepted, and asking when they will be able to implement the changes. Here are some steps to change your voicemail greeting language. - Select your Voicemail Language - Click on the ‘Language’ tab on the left - Select your desired language - Click on ‘Save’ to save it How to change the email language How to change the email language in voicemail. You can change the email language in your voicemails by using a simple trick. If you’re an iPhone user, you’ll need to go into your settings and then under “Voicemail,” choose “Add or Remove” from the bottom of the screen. From there, you’ll be able to choose your preferred language from a dropdown menu. For Android users, all you need to do is tap on “Voicemail” in your phone’s apps menu, then select “Settings.” From there, tap on “Language” and select whichever language you’d like your voicemails to be written in. You’re probably used to hearing your voicemail in English, but it doesn’t have to be that way. Here’s how to change your voicemail language: If you receive voicemail, you can change the language on your phone by following these steps: - Open the voicemail inbox. - Tap the “Play” button at the top of your screen to listen to your messages. - Tap and hold on to a message until a pop-up appears that says “Delete” or “Save.” The option will be labeled in either case depending on which action you take. - Select delete to remove the saved message or save to keep it as is, then tap OK to confirm your choice. Why you might want to consider changing the voicemail greeting and email language If you’re like a lot of people, you might be wondering: “Why do I have to change the language in my voicemail greeting and email signature?” The reason is simple. The language you use can make or break your brand. It’s all about showing your customers who you are and what they can expect from you. It’s also a great way to show them how you feel. So if they feel like they’ve been given the runaround by their boss, maybe they’ll think twice before calling you next time (or ever again). And if they see that there’s an entire paragraph explaining why they should call back in two days, maybe they’ll feel like it’s worth waiting that long just to hear your voice again. So what’s the best way to use language? Well, that depends on who your audience is. If you’re talking to someone at work who needs to get something done ASAP. Then don’t waste their time with flowery language just say what needs to be said! But if you’re talking to someone who wants a more personal experience with your business… well, then go ahead and try some new words! But when you send an email, you have the benefit of being able to tailor the message based on what recipients need or want when they open up that inbox. You can use those insights to create a unique and personalized experience for each customer. Some reasons If you’re not changing your voicemail greeting and email language, then you’re missing out on a lot of opportunities to market yourself to your customers. Here are some reasons why changing your voicemail greeting and email language might be a good idea: - You can get more leads by offering special offers and discounts to people who leave a message. - People will be more likely to respond if they know what kind of response they’re going to get from you. If they don’t get the response they expect, they’ll just move on in life. - You’ll build trust with potential clients by letting them know that you’re always available for them by phone or email. - It will set you apart from your competition. - You can create an engaging conversation with your customers, which will keep them coming back for more. - You can use this opportunity to introduce new features or services in a fun way that resonates with your audience. - It will help you stand out from other businesses in the same industry. - It’s a great way to increase customer retention and loyalty - You can lead with the value of your product or service, instead of just saying “the next call is on me” - It’s more professional, which is always a good idea! The languages that are supported in Cloud Voicemail Cloud Voicemail allows you to record and play messages in nearly any language. The cloud Voicemail supports languages from all over the world, including French, German, Spanish, and more. Cloud Voicemail is available 24/7 and can be accessed from any computer or mobile device with an internet connection. It is fully integrated with your phone’s operating system, so you can check voicemails without having to worry about downloading software or syncing your phone with a computer. It supports the following languages: - Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese) - Spanish - German Cloud Voicemail is the best way to get your work done on the go. With our easy-to-use interface, you can check your voicemail from anywhere, at any time, and in any language! How to change the wording of your voicemail You can change the voicemail greeting from “Hi, this is [name], please leave a message after the tone. I’ll be back in an hour” to something more fun like “Hi, this is [name], please leave a message after the tone. I’ll be back in an hour, but if you’re a human being with a soul, I bet you’ll want to stay for longer…” Or maybe you want to say “Hi, this is [name], please leave a message after the tone. Voicemails are a great way to leave messages for your customers, but they can also be a little intimidating. Here’s how to change the wording of your voicemail message so that it doesn’t sound like you’re trying too hard to be funny. First, review your voicemail greeting. If you think the greeting is too long, try shortening it by removing unnecessary words and phrases. Another option is to use one sentence instead of two (or even three!). This will make it easier for your customer to understand what you’re saying and get back to you more quickly. For example: “Hey [name], this is [name]. How are you doing today? If these tips don’t work or if there’s something else that needs changing. We’d love to hear from you! Trouble with voicemail If you’re having trouble with your voicemail, it could be because you’ve set up the wrong message. Try these steps: - Make sure the number is dialed correctly. If you’re using a mobile phone or another device that isn’t set up to call your home phone, try dialing * followed by the phone number for your voicemail. - Make sure the message has been set up properly. If you haven’t created a message yet, check out our guide on how to create a voicemail message here! - Check if there are any other messages from that number on your phone or in Google Voice’s history. If another person is sending messages from that number, they may be sending them when they shouldn’t be. This can cause issues with voicemails being sent through Google Voice rather than through voice mail directly to your phone line or landline at home (if applicable). The benefits of using Cloud Voicemail The benefits of using Cloud Voicemail. Cloud Voicemail is a fantastic service that allows you to leave messages for your colleagues and clients. So they don’t need to spend the time and effort to call you back. No matter where you are, whether you’re busy or on vacation, or if you just don’t have time to pick up the phone, Cloud Voicemail will be there for you. You can also leave messages for yourself so that if you forget something important. It will still be there when you go back online. Cloud Voicemail works on any device with an internet connection whether it’s your phone, tablet computer, or laptop computer and it never expires. It’s perfect for anyone who has lots of work-related calls coming in every day and doesn’t like having to check their voicemails constantly. Cloud Voicemail puts all of your messages in one place not just on one phone but on all of them. You can access them from anywhere via the web or mobile app, which makes it easier than ever before to keep track of who’s calling and when they called. It also means that if someone leaves a message for you on a different phone than where you’re currently. Then all of your messages for that person are available everywhere. And with Cloud Voicemail, you don’t have to worry about whether or not someone is going to be able to hear what they’re saying. If they pick up their phone while driving you’ve got their voice blocked out by default until they wake up enough from their nap. Coffee breaks that they realize what’s happening and hit unblock. The top 10 benefits - You can get all your voicemails on your phone without having to go through a rollover. You’ll get notifications, and you can listen to them wherever you are. - You can speak into the phone when you’re not listening to it so that if you miss a message, you can call back and listen to it again. - You don’t have to deal with an answering machine that sounds like an old person telling you about their kids’ soccer games or asking for a ride home from work (because seriously slow down). - If you accidentally hit “delete” on a message instead of “save,” it’s gone forever! (And I’d be willing to bet this is super important for some people out there.) - Your calls don’t cost money! (Unless it’s a business call or something, but then they probably know better than to use this service and just do it themselves.) - You can make calls from any device that has a microphone. No matter how old or new yours is and all your friends will be able to hear what’s going on and join in on the fun (and yelling). - It lets you listen to voicemails remotely using your computer or phone (no more waiting in line!). - It’s available anytime, anywhere (even when you’re traveling). - You can listen to any message, even if it’s been deleted from your inbox (or if you’ve already listened to it!). - It’s easy to delete and add messages from your inbox. How to get started with Cloud Voicemail First, you need to choose a cloud-based voicemail service. There are many options available, including Google Voice and Microsoft’s Skype. These services offer free or low-cost plans that allow you to record your voicemail messages. After you’ve chosen a service, log into the platform of your choice and create an account. This can be done through your phone’s browser or by downloading an app on your computer or mobile device. Once you’re logged in, you’ll be able to access any information about your account and record new messages using the platform’s interface. You can also manage individual messages or groups so that they are easy to find later on. If desired, you can then customize the appearance of your voicemail system by changing its background color or font size. You can also set reminders for when it is time for incoming calls. So that they go straight into voicemail rather than being answered by someone else on staff who may not know about them yet! The first thing is first: login into your account and clicks on the “Voicemail” button on the top right corner of the screen. Then select the menu option “Create New Account.” This will take you through a series of questions about where you want your voicemail sent (if it’s not automatically set up). How many copies of each message do you want (they’re unlimited), and whether or not you want them to be encrypted (yes)? When all that’s done, go back into your inbox and listen through any messages that are waiting for you there and enjoy! Steps to get started - Create a new phone number on your phone or computer, and link it to your account. - Add the voicemail extension number to the “From” field when you call in to use the voicemail service. - Go to the official website and enter your username and password to log in to your account. If you’re still having trouble logging in, check out their help pages! - Click on “Settings” under “Voicemail Settings.” - Select “Voicemail Settings,” then select “Add New Account.” You’ll be prompted to enter a phone number and extension, so make sure they are correct before proceeding! - Click “Save Changes” when finished adding new information into the system. Change your voicemail language from Spanish to English If you live in a Spanish-speaking country, chances are you have received voicemails from English-speaking people. However, this can be a bit of a hassle to get used to. But if you change your voicemail language from Spanish to English, it will make things easier for everyone involved. The first thing to do is to change the language on your phone. This is easy enough if you have an iPhone or an Android device. Just go into Settings and choose languages from the menu (or just search for “languages” in your device’s settings). For example, if you are a Spanish speaker, changing your voicemail language from Spanish to English will allow you to be more confident in your ability to speak English. Then choose English as the option for your preferred language. Once that’s done, all you need to do is press 1 for Spanish and 2 for English when answering calls from now on! This way. Whoever calls in Spanish will get their message translated into English automatically before they hear it. This means they won’t have to worry about figuring out what they’re saying or wondering if they said something wrong. Changing your voicemail language from Spanish to English helps because it allows you to better use the language you are most comfortable with. For example, if you are a Spanish speaker, changing your voicemail language from Spanish to English will allow you to be more confident in your ability to speak English. Steps to change your voicemail We all know that Spanish is a beautiful language. But sometimes, it’s just not the right fit for your business. When you’re looking to hire, you have to be able to communicate with your potential employees and clients in a way that makes sense for them. If all of your employees are Spanish-speaking, but none of them speak English. Then it’s not going to work out and you’re going to have a hard time getting the best people on board with your company’s mission and goals. So how do you change your voicemail language from Spanish to English? It’s super easy! Just follow these steps: - Go into settings on your phone or computer - Scroll down until you see “Voicemail Settings” and tap on it - Tap “Change Language” at the bottom of the screen - Find the language option - Select “English” - Done! How to configure Cloud Voicemail for your language Cloud Voicemail is a great way to keep in touch with your loved ones while you’re away. It’s also a good way to make sure that family members don’t have trouble reaching you if they need to, and it’s an easy way for them to find out what’s going on with you when you’re traveling or otherwise not around. Cloud Voicemail is the best way to manage your business when your phone is on vacation or you’re out of the office. It’s important to configure Cloud Voicemail for your language because it’s a great way to make sure you always know what’s going on in your business, even if you aren’t around. But did you know that configuring Cloud Voicemail for your language can help improve its functionality for everyone? By configuring Cloud Voicemail for your language, you’ll be able to get better notifications about when messages come in (and when they’ve been read). You’ll also be able to choose which languages are available for each area code (if there are different languages spoken in different areas). So that all of your contacts can get their messages in whichever language they prefer. Configuring cloud voicemail for your language is important because it allows you to tailor your experience. You can decide what words and phrases will appear in your message and how they’ll be spoken. Also, you can add greetings and custom music to your messages, as well as choose whether you want them to be stored on your phone or sent straight to voicemail. You can do all of this by simply changing the language setting on your phone’s settings menu! Steps to configure In order to configure Cloud Voicemail for your language, you will need to follow these steps: - Log in to your Cloud Voicemail account. You can do this from any computer or mobile device. - Click on the gear icon in the upper right corner of the screen. This will take you to a menu where you can select Call forwarding. - Select Add new forward number under the forwarding number section of the menu. - Enter your phone number in the provided field and click the Save button. - Now go back to the main menu by clicking on the gear icon again and selecting the Settings option from it. - From the settings page, select the Language option from it and choose your desired language from the dropdown list. Benefits of using Cloud Voicemail in your language Cloud Voicemail is a revolutionary new way to leave voicemails on your phone, so it’s easy to get the messages you need without going around the house or leaving your office. You can leave a message for yourself in your native language, and it will be translated for you into English. You don’t even have to be in front of your phone to leave a voicemail just put it in your pocket or purse and go! Cloud Voicemail means that you can get messages on your phone at any time of day, from anywhere in the world. It will also automatically save the message for later playback. So that if you don’t have cell service at home or work, you can still check off those important messages from home or work. The benefits include Cloud voicemail is a great tool for businesses to use when they’re trying to reach out to their customers. The benefits of using cloud voicemail include: - The ability to make calls from anywhere in the world at any time, without having to worry about having an internet connection or even being connected to a landline (or cell phone). - The ability to have calls answered by someone who speaks the same language as you. For example, if you’re a company that sells products in Spanish, English, and French and you want your Spanish-speaking customers to get in touch with you over the phone, cloud voicemail can help. - Easy accessibility you don’t need any special equipment or software installed on your computer or smartphone. Just sign up for one of our plans and start receiving calls right away! - Cloud Voicemail allows you to leave a message for your customers, clients, and employees. This is a great way to make sure they know where you are and that you haven’t forgotten about them. - You can use this service to send voicemails in other languages as well. This is useful if you have customers who speak different languages than you do. If there are employees in your office who speak different languages than English. It also makes it easier for international travelers who need to leave messages for their relatives back home! - The best part? You don’t have to worry about keeping track of voicemail tapes or paying extra fees for long-term storage. All your messages will stay forever on the cloud! Why is changing your voicemail language important? We’ve all had the experience of leaving a voicemail and not hearing back from the person we called. Now imagine that instead of being able to leave a message, they get a robot-like message that says “Please press 1 to hear the message from [name]”. That’s what changing your voicemail language can do for you! Changing your voice recording language can help you be more memorable and engaging with your customers. You’re also more likely to sound like yourself in your messages. If you have trouble remembering things, like where you live or what time it is, changing your language may help you stay on top of things better. Changing your language also helps with localization. This means it will work in different countries around the world without having to make any changes to text or audio files. Ever wonder why your voicemail keeps rejecting your messages? It’s because you probably don’t have the right language in your voicemails. If you’re sending a voicemail about something that’s important to you, it’s important that the words you use are ones that your recipient will understand. People who don’t speak English as their first language might not understand what you mean when you say “I love you” or “thank you.” They might think you’re asking them to do something or that there’s an error in their recording. So change yours! What are the steps to change your voicemail language? There are a few steps you’ll need to follow in order to change your voicemail language. First, you’ll need to open up your phone’s settings. Once you’re in the settings menu, you’ll need to find the “Voicemail” section. In the voicemail section, you should see an option to change your voicemail language. From there, you’ll be able to select the language you want to use for your voicemail messages. Once you’ve changed your voicemail language, you’ll need to record a new greeting in the new language. To do this, you’ll simply need to dial into your voicemail and follow the prompts to record a new greeting. Once you’ve recorded your new greeting, your voicemail will be all set up in the new language. Most voicemail systems offer the ability to change the language of the recorded prompts. This can be helpful if you have a multilingual workforce or if you frequently do business with people who speak a different language than you do. To change the language of your voicemail, follow these steps: - From the main menu, select the ‘Preferences’ option. - Scroll down to the ‘Language’ setting and select the language you want to use. - Save your changes. That’s all there is to it! Changing the language of your voicemail prompts is a quick and easy way to make sure your employees and customers can always understand your messages. How to make your voicemail greeting sound professional in different languages Voicemail greetings are one of the most important pieces of voicemail software, and they can make or break a customer’s experience. If you’re looking to improve your customer service, here are some tips for making your greeting sound more professional in different languages: - Use proper grammar and spelling. Ensure that phrases are spelled correctly and that your grammar is consistent throughout the message. - Use words people understand. If you’re using an unfamiliar word or phrase, be sure to check Google to see if there is a translation available. If not, find another way to express yourself that won’t alienate customers who don’t speak English as their native language. - Be clear and concise. The goal is to give customers as much information as possible without overwhelming them with too much information at once. This means leaving out unnecessary details like dates or times when possible! - Provide context where necessary. Sometimes customers will ask questions about their account or otherwise have additional concerns. Be sure to address these issues in your voicemail greeting. What to do if you forget your voicemail password If you forgot your voicemail password, don’t worry. We’ve got you covered. It’s easy to reset your voicemail password with just a few simple steps: - Call the number on your voicemail page and ask to be transferred to a customer service representative. - The representative will ask for some identifying information like your name, address, and phone number. Email address and then they’ll give you a code that represents your voicemail password. - Dial *99 and wait for the message indicating that you’ve successfully reset your voicemail password. Read Also: I forgot my voicemail password iPhone To wrap things up In conclusion, this article has explained how to change the language on voicemail. The process is straightforward and can be completed in a few minutes. It’s super easy to change the language on voicemail. To do so, you simply switch the language preference on your voicemail phone setting panel. Then re-record your greetings in Spanish. Sounds like a pain? It’s not nearly as much work as it might seem, and will only take you about ten minutes tops. All languages are available for all phones, though you may have to wait for an update from your carrier if they haven’t made the new language options available at this time. In conclusion, these are the steps that you need to follow in order to change the language on voicemail. We hope that you found this article to be helpful. Happy reading! Cheers…

An Interview With Mrs. Collins: A transcript from an interview with Hilda Collins from Trimdon Grange during research carried out by Durham University in 1988. Provided courtesy of Brian Collins ROYAL ORDNANCE FACTORY Mrs. Collins – Age 68. L.S. This is an interview with Mrs. Collins of Trimdon Grange. Mrs. Collins, I wonder if you could tell us a little bit about yourself and your history up until the time when you started work in the Royal Ordnance Factory? Mrs.C. Yes. I lived at Quarrington Hill and had two brothers, and I was the only girl. My two brothers worked at the mine, my father worked at the mine and I didn’t work at all, because I didn’t have any reason to work with my two brothers and my father working I had to stay at home to help mam with the house work. In those days the house work was quite different to what it is now (there was the poss stick, the poss tub). Anyhow life was happy, but I couldn’t get everything I wanted, like they do now. I had to make a dress last me well into the second year and my father and two brothers didn’t make a lot of money in the mine at the time, just enough to keep us going. Anyhow the war broke out and it was said that girls which were living at home and not working they would have to go into the Forces (the A.T.S. or the Land Army or anything like that). And my mother was crying, she didn’t want me to go, but I said ‘mother I’ll have to go, I’ll go to the Royal Ordnance Factory’. So she said “oh that’ll be all right as long as you don’t go away from home”. So I managed to get into the Royal Ordnance Factory. We had to work shift work (three shifts). I think we started about 6.0 in the morning until 2.0, then dinner time until 10.0 o’clock at night, then 10.0 o’clock at night until 8.0 o’clock the next morning. I liked it very much, we were quite a happy lot. L.S. You liked it did you? Mrs.C. Oh I did, yes – we were very happy, and the atmosphere was nice, had some nice times. They had concerts for us in the factory every Friday, and then we had our rations of chocolate and cigarettes if you smoked. There was a special bus that took us into the factory; it started at Wingate – picked up at Wingate, Cassop, Qusrrington Hill and then went straight on to Aycliffe (that was the factory where I worked). Sometimes the driver would stop and take us to a pub called ‘The North Britton’ – we would go in and just have a glass of orange because we had plenty of time before we went into work. We’d all sit in the pub and have a bit laugh about the sirens going. Because sometimes while we were sitting the siren would go and the bus driver would shout “the siren is going girls, you’ll have to get into the factory, and get into the shelter”. We all used to run out, get into the bus, he used to drive it to the car park, and there were no lights on, bleek black dark, and we would go into the shelters, and then the ‘all clear’ would go and then we would go back into work. I made bullets, I can’t remember what they called them. J.D. The 303’s? Mrs. C. They were filled with powder. L.S. What Group was this that you were on? Mrs. C. I wasn’t in the Group where the yellow powder was, I was in the shop where there was blue powder, and we were just filling these little bullets – we each had a machine and these bullets used to go round and we were filling them with the powder. Then the siren would probably go again and we would have to run out again to go to the shelter. L.S. So that happened quite often did it? That you had to go to the shelters? Mrs. C. Oh yes, yes, quite a few times. I was very frightened though because at the time they were after ammunition factories, to bomb them. L.S. Yes, and we know that it was in a very exposed position really wasn’t it? Mrs. C. Yes. It was a relief when the ‘all clear’ went and we could come back out and go into our shops. When we got back into our shops we’d all have a bit laugh – oh well we’re still alive’ Then when the shift was over the bus was waiting in the car park to bring us back home. And my mother would have the washing all in heaps, that was when I was in night shift, mother would have heaps of washing because in those days you would have different heaps – pillow cases, tableclothes in one heap, towels and then sheets and they all had to be possed separately, then starched and everything, and then she would say “well you can go to bed now”. L.S. So you had to help with the washing after you came back from night shift? Mrs. C. Oh yes, my mother was very particular. L.S. It must have- been a long day? Mrs. C. Then I would go to bed at dinner time, and then she would shout about 6.0 o’clock, to get up for my supper and then go back to the factory. There used to also be a train from Hartlepool to the factory, and from Darlington there was a train ran to the factory. And you met some lovely girls. L.S. Did you? Mrs. C. You see some came from Newcastle and some of them got lodgings in Darlington. Hell I palled up with a girl, and she was the prettiest girl you ever met, and we all admired her make-up, it was grease paint. And she went back to Newcastle one week-end and she brought us all this orange make-up and oh we thought that was great. L.S. So it was theatrical paint? Mrs .C. Oh it was lovely that, but we never looked like her. Oh she was pretty. Then I sort of palled up with some more women from Hartlepool, and on a night sometimes, when we used to finish in the afternoon, we used to go and meet in Hartlepool and go to their houses and have a nice time, and then go back to work the next morning and say what a wonderful night we’d had. L.S. You must have been exhausted, but it sounds like you made the most of your time, your free time as well? Mrs. C. We did – they were happy times even though you had to work hard, you had to work hard in the shops. L.S. Yes. Mrs. C. There was a very big explosion, and it was this yellow powder, but I wasn’t in that Group, and one or two hod their fingers blown off. I know that was terrible, we were all really upset and frightened. Anyhow we still had to go, we still had to work. Anyhow the machine that I was on it blew up but not as bad as it would have been with the yellow powder. It was just like a big flash, but I was frightened and I was shocked and they brought me home. L.S. Did anything happen to you, or was it just shock? Mrs. C. No – it was just shock, and I came home, and I was trembling – I was a bundle of nerves, and that lasted for a few days, but I got over it. Still had to go back though. If you didn’t go back you see you would have to go in the Forces and you see my mother didn’t want me to do that. Anyhow I was never the same after that when I went back, I was a bit frightened. Then there was a notice came round – they were wanting women to go as fitters to work these machines. They had men fitters but they were starting to employ women fitters as well, and we got the first chance. Oh yes I would be a fitter – I would love that. Anyhow I put my name down to be a fitter and another girl from Wingate she put her name down with me, and we were sent to a place called Chorley. J.D. That’s in Lancashire. Mrs. C. Yes – well we were sent there for a fortnight to train as fitters. We were no more fitters than what a fly would be, but it was just a rule that came out. And oh we had the most fabulous time at this place in Chorley, we were in a lovely big house; well next door was another big house full of airmen, well you can imagine us young girls and these airmen next door – it was really great. I got on with a young chap who was in this hostel, anyhow my fortnight was up and we came back and he came to see me and he invited me down to London to see his family. We didn’t knock it off though. We used to have these sort of concerts you know. L.S. Oh yes – Workers’ Playtime. Mrs. C. Yes – Workers’ Playtime, and that was really nice. We used to look forward to that. L.S. But you didn’t use your experience as a fitter in the factory? Mrs. C. Oh yes – I thought that was great going round with a spanner, I didn’t have to work on the powder. Well you know we couldn’t really do it, we weren’t like what the men were. L.S. Were you supervised at all? Were you given any help with the work in the factory? Mrs. C. Well there were supervisors, they wore brown coats. And there was a nice chap over us fitters. He used to come, and if we were doing anything he would stand over you and say “oh you’re doing a good job” and all that. Whether we were I don’t know, but we did it. But there wasn’t a lot of fitting work to do, it was just more or less screws would come loose, and you more or less tightened them up. I think if we’d have had to mend the machines we couldn’t have done it. L.S. Only two weeks training perhaps wasn’t quite enough to know all about the machinery? Mrs. C. No – it wasn’t long enough. Anyhow we passed Al you know at this hostel. L.S. We were just wondering whether the accidents which happened quite frequently in the factory, whether you yourself know of anyone who received compensation either in the form of a lump sum or a pension? Mrs. C. Well there were twins worked in amongst this yellow powder and one of them she did get her fingers blown off, but she lived at Bishop Auckland, they used to travel from there, and I don’t know about that, whether she claimed, but I should think she would do, especially when her fingers were blown off. L.S. Well we’ve only come across one case of compensation, but it was quite a considerable amount, but we’ve only had one and I am sure there must have been a few more than that. We were just interested to find out that so very few women who might have qualified don’t seem to have actually received any compensation. Mrs. C. I don’t know whether she claimed anything because she was in a different shop to where I was. 1 wasn’t amongst the powder at all, which I was very pleased about because they used to come out all yellow; their hair used to be ginger. I would have hated that. They must have suffered even now from that powder. L.S. I think they still do – yes. Mrs. C. But a lot of the people that I worked with they are dead now. Because I did do a bit of research myself after I ‘phoned the Professor. L.S. Did you? Mrs. C. Yes I did. Friends that I worked with at Fishburn – well I was enquiring at Fishburn if they were still alive because I was going to have them come here the day that you were coming, and sort of help me out with the interview. Florrie – she’s dead, and the other woman that I knew – she’s dead. Then I found out at Wingate another lady that I used to sit with on the bus called Mrs. Unsworth – she’s dead. And I was going to have them come here. L.S. Well it’s just as well you didn’t actually because Ann Scott who does the transcription with the ear phones, she doesn’t like more than one person at a time anyway. So it’s just as well in a way. Mrs. C. Oh well that’s nice. L.S. So it is just as well in a way. Mrs. C. So things have worked out all right then. L.S. Yes they have. And in fact there are two people in Fishburn, who also worked at the factory, who we haven’t yet interviewed. One – her married name is Mrs. Stuart. Mrs. C. Well there was so many of us there. Well I know people better when I look at them, rather than by their names. But I did know Mrs. Unsworth and this one called Florrie – she was a very tall woman and she was always full of fun. Her grandson died two or three years ago with leukaemia. Probably somebody might mention that to you if you have to go to Fishburn. And they all worked in the same shop as where I was. L.S. Another thing that we asked is did you know of anybody who was a member of a Trade Union in the factory?. Who was either a member or an organiser, an official, who could help women with their rights in terms of compensation? Mrs. C. Oh I don’t know of anybody L.S. We have never heard of anyone yet, but we have to ask this question Mrs. C. No, nobody seemed to bother about you then, you were just there to help with the war and that was it. They didn’t care if you were alive or dead really. L.S. Now we know there were about 17,000 workers there when it was at its peak, three quarters of whom were women. Was that your experience -it was mainly women that you worked with was it? Mrs C. Oh yes, yes, it was mainly all women. And the forewoman that was over us, called her Mrs. Quiggly (from Darlington) – saw her death in the paper a few months ago, and there was another one called Gwen Brass, was another forewoman over us. L.S. Where did she live? Mrs. C. They lived at Darlington. There was quite a lot of people came from Darlington. L.S. Yes we’ve interviewed a lot of people from there. Mrs. C. Yes, and Hartlepool, and then those that were in Newcastle they were in lodgings at Darlington you see. We were able to travel by special bus. In fact the driver that used to take us just lives around the corner from me now – he’s oldish now – he doesn’t get out much, and he used to drive us in this special bus – the bus was from Wingate. L.S. Mrs. Collins the few men that worked there (because there were a number of men) who, for various reasons – some because they couldn’t do active service in the Armed Forces – and other reasons too – what were the relationship, would you say, between the women who were much in majority in the factory and the men who worked there? Mrs. C. Oh they were quite good really – didn’t have any trouble- I think the worst trouble was with the management. So much ‘tittle-tattle’ with the management side. The ordinary working men there didn’t cause you any trouble. L.S. But the management – what would you say was the problem there? Mrs. C. Well you know what I mean, when you’re working among a lot of women you do get a lot of tale-telling, that’s understandable among women, and then you see different ones wanted to be working their way up, and would report you for little tiny things, and they were the ones that always got the better jobs. But I never had any trouble. But that is how it used to be. I’m trying to think of anything else. L.S. You’re doing fine. But I think it is interesting what you say about this story about the tale-telling. That was among the women mainly was it? Mrs. C. Hell I don’t know. Myself, there was a lot of jealousy. You see these chaps that were made up to foremen and that, they didn’t know anything very much. You know, they were made up to these bosses and that but if they saw a nice looking girl that was it – “she’s beautiful her, I fancy her” – that’s how it was. Then the next thing you knew this girl was made up to a forewoman. L.S. Oh yes, so there was a bit of that carry on was there? Mrs. C. Yes. They weren’t really bosses, they were just made up. We were just the workers, we just had to do the work. L.S. What did you receive in the way of money – can you remember? I know it is an awful long time ago. Mrs .C. No I can’t remember what I used to get – I tried and tried to remember before you came, but I just can’t remember. L.S. I think we’ve heard that the ordinary R.O.F. workers received somewhere between £2/£3 a week – something like that. Mrs. C. Yes it wasn’t much more. Because I remember we got double pay once I think I got £7 something (like two weeks pay). And I came home, because I always gave my mother my pay, and I said ‘mother look I’ve got two weeks pay, I’ve got £7 – can you buy me a new dress?. “No, no, you’ll have to wait I can’t buy you a new dress yet, you’ll have to wait, that has to help keep you”. Because my father and my brothers didn’t make a lot of money. I didn’t get anything very much for all I was the only daughter, I always had to wait until they could afford it. Then when she could afford it she would take me to Sunderland; and she used to have this man that she used to pay him so much a week, they called him Moskie, and he used to come round with this case selling things and then he got this big shop in Sunderland. She said “look when Moskie comes on Friday I’ll ask him if I can go through and get you a dress”, because I was going to go to a dance at Coxhoe. Because that was our enjoyment you see, they started these dances at Coxhoe – oh it was lovely, because all the soldiers were stationed at Coxhoe, and the soldiers used to come – it was a really good night. It was always – who had the nicest dress. I always remember my mother bought me this dress, she didn’t pay for it right out, just so much every week. It had all little bright studs – I bet I had that dress for about six years. L.S. So you were ‘the bell of the ball’ were you? Mrs. C. No – there were nicer dresses than mine. Anyhow I liked my dress, and I always took care of it. Then there were some Italian soldiers, our soldiers got moved away abroad, and then they put these Italian soldiers in Coxhoe Hall, there were some lovely soldiers among the Italians.. They were allowed out – they were prisoners of war. L.S. They were prisoners of war were they? Mrs. C. Yes. They were allowed out, but we never dared have anything to do with them. L.S. Were they allowed to have anything to do with local girls? Mrs. C. Oh they used to walk about. L.S. Did they? Mrs.C. Oh yes. There were one or two Coxhoe girls married them when the war ended. But I never used Lo have anything to do with them because my mother used to say “mind – 1 don’t want one of them, we’re not having any of them in our house”. L.S. So did you meet your husband in the war, or was it after the war ended? Mrs. C. No. Anyhow I didn’t like the factory very much in the end, it seemed as if life wasn’t very good – there was a lot of tale-telling and things like that and I wanted to be out of it. Anyhow I put my notice in and I got a job at the huts at Sedgefield (it’s Sedgefield General now) – they were huts for the wounded soldiers and I got a job as a domestic there. You see you had to work somewhere. L.S. Was it easy for you to get a discharge from the factory? Mrs. C. Oh yes. L.S. Was that fairly near the end of the war then? Mrs. C. Oh yes, yes, it was nearly to the end. L.S. And people were leaving anyway – the factory was packing up was it? Mrs. C. Yes -they were packing up – a lot of them left – yes. L.S. Because I think during the middle of the war, at the height of the factory, it was very difficult for women to leave. Mrs. C. Oh you couldn’t leave then, oh no. But when they knew the war was going to be soon over you could leave then, but you still had to have a job. Anyhow I got this job at the huts in Sedgefield, and I was there for about a year. I know there was this awful matron, she was very very old and she led you an awful life. Anyhow I thought well I can’t stand her, I’m not going to work here. So the war ended and I left – I was back home again, and I was happy that I was back home. Anyhow time went by and I met my husband, and it wasn’t a very long courtship, we more or less got married straightaway, and I was very happy, I had a lovely husband. He was still in the Air Force then but the war had finished. L.S. But he had been in the Air force throughout the war had he? Mrs. C. Oh yes he had been in during the war, he was in Egypt, and I had a brother he went to war, but he was only stationed in Canada, he wasn’t in the war really at all, and he was in the Air Force – he left the mines and he got a job on the buses, and then you see you still had to go to the war even though they were on jobs like that and so my brother had to go into the Air Force. Oh that morning when he went I cried. L.S. Did you? Mrs. C. Yes. Never thought that he would have to go, but he went, and he married this girl in Canada when the war ended and she came over to England and she lived with us, I was still at home, and we were rationed at the time and when she got her rations she used it all in one meal. We were still rationed you see with butter and things like that. And my mother said “you can’t use your rations like that, they have to last a week”, but she had no idea, no idea of money or anything, we had an awful life with her, but finally got her broke in like to be very careful with the money. Then, as I say, the war ended and my brother got a house and then I got married. L.S. So would you say Mrs. Collins, just to finish off, that the women who worked in the factory would, in your experience, be fairly contented to be doing the work there, which was hard and long shifts and dangerous and so on? Mrs. C. Oh yes. L.S. But in your experience there was quite a high morale and they seemed happy enough about the work they were doing? Mrs. C. Oh yes they were – yes. Because you see some of them didn’t want to go into the A.T.S., they were quite happy to do that, the same as me – I was happy doing that because I didn’t want to go into the Forces, and I think that was more or less the attitude that you enjoyed it because you knew that you weren’t going in the A.T.S., because not everybody wanted to be in the Forces. I used to say that about the men, it’s not everybodys life for a man to want to be in the Forces. L.S. Of course not. Mrs .C. I was quite happy to go to the factory and work amongst the powder and that. L.S. Yes. Well thank you very much Mrs. Collins for giving us so much of your time. –

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It might not stay as is but I am already using it. See the PR here What is it? Black listing works like this, If a community is just to insane for me to host or I want it to not show up in trending and the community list I can mark it as blacklisted. Blacklisted communities still show up as normal for subscribers. They can still federate with mastodon if you sub to it from mastodon. You can still invite people to subscribe to a blacklisted community. The difference is that it is harder for other wolfballs users to find it. Without being subscribed it is currently invisible everywhere except comment view. I’m not sure if I need to remove it there. Most people don’t use comment view. Right now it is not very transparent which communities are blacklisted. The UI does not yet have a concept of blacklisted. I need to add it in still. I do think there should be a place for users to find what communities are blacklisted. Certainly moderators should be made aware. This feature is still in code review with the other lemmy devs so it will likely change some. What communities are blacklisted? Currently /c/racist and /c/incest The idea is that these communities do not break the rules but perhaps the spirit of the rules and also aren’t doing me any favors making a argument for freedom of speech to our detractors. Not that I need to appease them but sometimes the constant bitching and moaning about “hate, genocide, murderer” starts to wear me down when not many people are out defending me. (Please defend free speech if you are out in the wild and see the arguments btw) I know that my heart is nothing but love. Love for the free voice of mankind. But others often misjudge and do not know what is in my heart when they see /c/racist. I am committed to making the most popular free speech site on the planet. I am also under the belief that most of the opinions here are not fringe but what the majority of Americans hold. (If you are not American, I am going by american laws here. I can’t honor every country on earth it’s to complicated. Someone needs to start instances in each country if this one gets banned there.) But we may need to do a few things like this while the site grows. The more middle of the road content we have the easier it is to openly host fringe ideas. Because there are people to argue both sides and it will be a good representation of the population. I want true open discourse. I will not hide behind pejoratives aimed at hard working middle class conservative Americans. (Perhaps these fit you in other countries as well). example alphabet soup phobic. Grow some balls and argue back. That said, a community dedicated to deformed black babies is only going to get us taken down by a series of lawsuits I can’t possibly afford to defend. And it doesn’t add much to human knowledge or the pursuit of truth. Blacklisting is my current idea to be fair to the users who come here for freedom while allowing us to grow. I believe we can hit 20 percent of reddit’s userbase at-least while maintaining edgy free speech. Which is more than enough to sustain a business. Feel free to agree, disagree in the comments below, offer suggestions what ever. The Announcement Community This is not a free speech sub/community. This is the announcement community reserved for admins or announcements that effect the whole community. Feel free to announce new communities or instances. Bro, as long as you are transparent and fair in applying the rules to everyone and yourself, people would understand. The reason people left other social media platforms is because of arbitrary censorship and absolute hypocrisy from one class - the left. Its ok, as long as you are clear in defining the boundaries of your site from the get go, so no one feels betrayed. I plan to be hands off for the most part. C racist has been a huge thorn in my side for a while. I get a lot of shit and hardly no one is out there defending it. You can still go there, sub to it but I can’t advertise it ATM. Its not a hill I want to die on right now. I have more important battles to fight. Everyone has boundaries, even Christ and Buddha. I think transparency in your motives is all fair minded people will care about. No one should/would begrudge you your tastes/preferences. That’s the whole point of freedom of expression. Unfortunately, unlimited freedom doesn’t and can’t exist. Every freedom bumps up against every other freedom, and one person’s freedoms can eliminate another person’s freedoms. I had to delete a video on FBXL Video the other day. I don’t like doing stuff like that, but it was an ISIS recruitment video. The likelihood that keeping stuff like that up and keeping my own ability to speak in the jurisdiction I’m in was pretty low. If I protected their freedom it would be very likely everyone else would lose theirs. Same with when people upload copyrighted materials like movies. If I leave stuff like that up, it’s just a matter of time until I get hit hard and lose my shirt in an MPAA lawsuit. On FBXL Social, I occasionally see posts that are illegal in my jurisdiction, and I have no choice once I’m aware of them – I have to hit delete. On the other hand, someone from my instance blew up at a creator I like in the comments, and I left that up because although I disagree with it and don’t like it, nobody has a right to not see things they don’t like. A lot of the videos on my instance are strange marketing videos and although it’s not the sort of thing I’d prefer people use a federated service to get out there, they don’t need to justify their use of the site to me. Moreover, FBXL Social gets thousands of posts I disagree with every day, the correct choice is to either respond or ignore. I do think we need to change people’s way of looking at the Free Internet. People cry for freedom so they can say what they want and then when they see it they immediately complain that others have their own freedom to say what they want. You can’t do that. The /c/racist folks are offensive to a lot of people, but for a lot of people the opposing message can look just as racist and just as offensive. Now, that being said, the fediverse provides an extra layer of freedom. Let’s say that you just say “Sorry, /c/racist and /c/incest are my limit, you guys can’t host on wolfballs.com.” Well, then they just go “Oh noes whatever will we do oh we just set up our own server at racistincest.com” – you can even keep using your original account and just subscribe remotely to the new server (I assume lemmy allows this). On the other other other hand, you’ve got to be very careful because authoritarianism is a sweet but poison fruit, and freedom is a bitter but nutritious fruit. I was on reddit in its golden age right after the fall of digg, and it was beautiful – lots of people discussing and disagreeing and agreeing and finding new ideas they could process. A death of a thousand cuts occurred. Over the course of several years a site based on freedom and choice was changed into a curated space where mods silence dissent, and if the mods don’t get you the culture of “upvote if you agree, downvote if you disagree” forced all dissent out. Eventually I couldn’t go back. I tried Voat for a while, but I found it was an echo chamber of a different kind. That’s what ultimately led me to the fediverse, where there’s diverse opinions and a structure that can promote freedom. I would probably allow Isis videos. They would just get trolled super hard here. I’m looking for feedback and want this to be a back and forth thing. Ive noticed people really don’t want to self host. People just get mad when you ask them to host their own instance. Even if I offer to walk them through it. You never used ruqqus? I thought they did a great job for a while and were not yet at their potential. Before they gave up and censored mgtow . Categories kinda sucked there and most of the guilds they wanted to hide no one used. It was spam. Im interested in developing peer to peer solutions for people who want true freedom over their content. Maybe it can integrate into the fediverse somehow Given the jurisdiction I’m in, I didn’t want to risk it. My jurisdiction has a constitution that protects freedom of speech, but it isn’t as strong as the strict scrutiny standard in the US, it’s closer to the intermediate scrutiny standard, and I don’t want to test that. I never used ruqqus. Sounds familiar, though. The whole “I don’t want to self-host!” thing is another example of mindsets we need to change. People are far too used to letting someone else handle it. I could see a future where everyone has a little server in their utility room that provides the basic services they use. Move away from big tech towards small tech, and you never have to apologize or ask permission to do what you want. Don’t underestimate stupidity and greed. I would say that hosting a server is an easy mental challenge for about 25% of the population and that is generous. Self hosting is an ideal solution, but IMHO not a workable one. For sure, it’s something that would need a new product. The NAS I bought last year can run nextcloud in about four clicks, so I’m imagining a product that’s something like that: Plug it in, use the interface to get the utilities you want, start using it. I think there are products on the way like that, so it’s not impossible. Hosting on a rpi4 is pretty easy these days. Yeah, I think on principle it should be hosted, so adults can be aware of the reality of this kind of stuff, however, if the law prohibits, then its really not the hill to die on. If it was an anti covid disinformation law or hate speech or something, I would encourage everyone to break such laws, because they are too dangerous to leading society down a totalitarian path. But you can be forgiven for not wanting to host ISIS recruitment videos instead of getting fined/jailed. I agree there, if they wanted to make discussion about COVID illegal, I would probably have to take that risk on principle. Agreed. I think its even more important to host the worst content, so that it can be ridiculed in the open, rather than fester and grow underground. I feel there should be major NSFW warnings though, otherwise wolfballs would become unusable for office people. If I thought it was impossible for there to be legal consequences for hosting illegal content, I’d leave it. I don’t have enough time in my life to be micromanaging a bunch of services, so 0 moderation would be fine to me, but you need to put on your own mask before assisting other passengers. I agree. Its your life, no one can tell you how to run it. I see no problem at all, even with big sites like Facebook having rules. Its just that they are not fair in equally applying it, they are opaque as fuck and in a lot of cases, they are actively pushing propaganda. No one fair minded can begrudge private platforms deciding what their limits are… about gore, porn or whatever. Omg I’m the one who created those subs XD But hey at least they’re just memes and forums! I think I’ve kept the content on those subs pretty soft compared to how bad they COULD be. And I plan to continue keeping the content soft and forgettable. I approve of this system. Keep weird shit off the homepage! i like this idea. :) quite clever. and simple enough. I don’t see keeping things off the home page as “censorship.” Let’s suppose you have a kid drawing morbid things. You might not want to discourage them from art and creativity, but you don’t have to hang morbid pics on the fridge for the entire family to see. So you are not taking their paper, pencils, markers, and paint away, just not putting what they draw on the fridge. You wouldn’t want a daughter to see a pic your son drew of her being dismembered and having her head on a pike. So you don’t hang such artwork on the refrigerator, and maybe you ask that he draw such things in his room with the door closed. Or similar could be said if your artistic daughter were to draw the female reproductive system with great detail. There is nothing wrong with such a drawing, but you might not want to look at it while you are eating. Or take laws involving adult businesses. If you run a place that features strippers, you keep that activity on the other side of a partition. You’d try not to make that visible from the street. There are several reasons for that. You don’t want to expose the underage public to that, you don’t want to give that content away for free (at least make folks pay a cover charge), and you don’t want to violate municipal laws. And adult video shops would make you go into the masturbatorium to watch those or sell you the videos to watch at home, but they will not put a giant screen outside their business and show it to the public. That would likely violate laws and cause unintended consequences such as traffic collisions due to creating an “attractive nuisance.” The whole point of the fediverse it to spread out the responsibility so all legal content exist and together people can find it but one person/company doesn’t have to shoulder the whole responsibility. People need to start learning how to use Mastodon with lemmy and other fediverse apps. Wolfballs won’t get everything right the first time around. I am comited to helping build the fediverse so that no one is silenced like what happened during the last election. Where half the human voice was silenced. Yeah, I get that. That is why I sort of believe that a specialized browser is sometimes the way to go. So everything is sent in encrypted streams, and things like databases can be split among hubs or super-peers. And code can be used to locate disruptor nodes and quarantine those. Yeah, you can promote free speech without agreeing with everything. And just because a community is allowed doesn’t mean it has to be on the front page and promoted. That is a mistake that Gab made. After a while, others only saw fringe content, and the algorithms took votes into account. So all you had to do was get bots up upvote the fringe content and downvote everything else. Even Reddit knows about this sort of thing and has the quarantine option. It reminds me of Tay or Tai, the MS AI app. They took it down in a few days due to the responses “she” started giving. You could ask her about a certain German chancellor, and she said he did nothing wrong, blamed certain groups for today’s problems, and talked about needing to get rid of more people. Really, it seems an AI that acts like a teen needs parents, and MS was not up to the task. It just took a few days for the Alt-right to turn her. As for deformed babies, I think that depends on the context. I mean, if the community is based on supporting Smile Train, Mercy Ships, or Samaritan’s Purse, that would be one thing, as they would have before and after promotional pictures for their organization. The goal would be to raise awareness and funds to help those with deformities. However, if the goal is only for shock, awe, and making fun of such folks, yeah, I agree with you. I don’t see what that helps. What we need to watch for are infiltrators. I mean those who attempt to post illegal content, those who pretend to be race supremacists, and those who join before committing serious felonies or at least “imperfect self-defense.” That is when you might start out in the right because someone attacked you, but you escalate it beyond self-defense. Like if someone kicks your door in, you pepper them with a shotgun, they take off running, eliminating the threat, and you chase them down and finish them. We don’t need such folks around here. That is what happened to a few sites during the incident in Virginia the other year. The killer used certain sites and the sites got blamed for what independent crazies decided to do on their own. That’s what many on the Left don’t understand. Violent people are already like they are and in time, they will show that side of themselves. They don’t need a website to pump them up. Evil and violence already exists in them, but the Left wants a scapegoat and claims if society didn’t make them as they are, they wouldn’t have done whatever. No, they would have still acted that way eventually. Still, those are the cards we are dealt and we have to look out for unhinged folks, crisis actors, and activist trolls. of course section 230 protects against a lot of this but not the damaged reputation. Absolutely. They need one to exist. I was thinking more in terms of the damaged reputation and cancel culture. It seems that crisis actors get unhinged folks or infiltrators to join sites they don’t like, pump them up to commit violence, and then use the violence as an excuse to try to get things taken down. Then hacktivists will DDOS said site, Cloudflare will refuse to sell you DDOS protection, payment processors will label you as a terrorist site and refuse service, and even CP pedlers will target your site. I am torn a bit but I still dont like it. I think we should be able to choose personally what we want to backlist and not be site wide for everyone. I get that you dont want to be overrun be ignorant hate groups and nasty content but its still a form of censorship to me. If you subscribe its not blacklisted for you. I will make a way to see blacklisted communities in the UI I guess thats fair enough blacklisting is censorship imho. Not really. I don’t see it that way. Front-page is a promotion. Trending is a promotion. As long as you are subscribed its not blacklisted to you. By showing super offensive stuff on the front page, trending to people not subscribed, people are making the argument that I am encouraging racism. When I’m really trying to encourage open discussion and debate. You can still share those communities via link. People can go there and subscribe. You have to do the promotion yourself. That takes a lot of heat away from me. As I’ve talked about before, you can’t have pure unfiltered discussion in community oriented social media by definition. Timelines are better for pure free speech. Because it reduces down to the individual, the smallest unit. We don’t yet have a concept of personal timeline . for now, if you want pure free speech. Excluding nudity I suggest gab. I plan to build something like gab that integrates in the future, with a peer to peer database so censorship is not possible. That way it takes the responsibility away from me entirely and any liability. Again I appreciate your feedback. Im trying to make this place as free as possible while being realistic. There is a reason other sites like this failed and we need to learn from it. You didn’t use the word, but you do acknowledge this is a kind of censorship, right? A lot of people were critical of Ruqqus basically doing the same thing. I think the view of free speech that I grew to know was expressed by J.S. Mill in “On Liberty”, where he argued that it was important that views are free to be expressed, because either we find out that they are correct and can change our incorrect views, or they are incorrect views and we are able to freely discuss to come to the conclusion about them being wrong. So with something like racism, perhaps a person is able to explain why they are racist, and if another person disagrees with them, then to explain why they are not racist, and perhaps they can work out some kind of understanding of the subject, and come to a deeper understanding of and appreciation of why people hold the views they do. For example, I was personally victimized in a minor way with an act of violence from someone of another race, and have never experienced this kind of treatment from those of my race. This did not cause me to be racist, but I could understand how experiences like this could encourage others to be racist, but I endured much of such abuse over time, and have thus concluded there are differences between the races (the so-called “race realism”) whether they are simply biological or social - this view is considered “racist” by some people - while individuals may be different from some of these racial stereotypes. I also prefer to be around people of my own race, simply because it is “my” people, and I think this is a valid view other races hold. However, we are all created by God and so I am supportive somewhat of certain “anti-racist” views, like it is morally acceptable for people to different races to marry. But I think it is more common for people of the same race to marry, and think some leftists are simply having mixed race marriages to “stir up trouble” in society. Christianity ultimately is more concerned with Christians not engaging in inter-religious marriages (of Christians and non-Christians marrying one another). Anyway, so the basic idea is that if communities like c/racist are unable to be reached, I am unable to have as much of conversations as the above. This has generally made me supportive of lax moderation policies as a user, so that I can have such conversations, however as a moderator (or site admin) I think I would tend to want to have an instance where I enforce “Christian speech standards” that would exclude certain sins of the tongue or promotion of heresy or schism. So I see this issue from both angles, and quite honestly I don’t have a solution to it, besides that stuff I host will probably be moderated, stuff that someone else hosts I will probably seek out whatever has the least amount of rules. I view forums like a sandbox, or open world, or like LEGO, and I enjoy not worrying about if there are rules that suppress speech about incest or racism, or whatever else might end up on a “blacklist”. That all being said, I can understand and appreciate an argument for censorship based on market costs of speech - as long as it’s explained that that’s where the censorship comes from or from personal taste or values. Mostly I think people get frustrated when they see something advertise itself as being for “free speech” but then basically see there’s fine print that says “some restrictions may apply”. Then it is not a “free speech” site or project, although it could be thought to be a “freer speech” project (freer than some other project, like versus Reddit). Also they may be frustrated if someone restricts speech but is able to pay the cost of such speech, which is of a different motive. There are also differences between legal free speech and institutional free speech, like a person may support the freedom of speech legally but on their own forum may not want to allow full freedom of speech under the law, because that is not how they want to run their forum. Or for example, they may be ok with tobacco or marijuana being legal, but are not ok with people coming to their restaurant and smoking inside (which was allowed at one point - smoking tobacco inside, anyway). Also, I guess though from a user’s standpoint, moves like this are often thought to be red flags that pave the way towards censoring something in the future that the user likes, and so users jump ship or consider it. Restriction of c/racist and c/incest may not be a problem for me, but like on ruqqus then they moved on to mgtow which pretty much everyone thought was overboard. Votal started by saying communities could self-moderate, and then implemented some policy against “hateful speech” and then even started banning people for criticizing the policy (until shortly after they just closed down entirely). Lastly, this conversation may end up being somewhat unnecessary going forward, as the people who want as totally uncensored of speech as they can under the law, may just use some kind of tech like blockchain recording of posts, where the posts basically can’t be censored (or as much). I don’t know how these projects filter out illegal content, but I’m pretty sure many blockchains have illegal content in them and yet are judged to be legal to possess, or it may be some kind of gray area that otherwise still allows these projects to function. tl;dr it’s your site to run, if users don’t like it they can leave, I will stay for now, I kind of know where you stand on things and why and so I can see myself enjoy the instance for a while or indefinitely, if God forbid somehow you go the way of Ruqqus I’ll just hop to another forum (I think a lot of us on here are prepared to do that if necessary after already having to move around before), so hopefully the memes can continue to flow… Those are mostly reasonably views. I will never ban mgtow content. I will never ban the word tranny. I will never ban incels. Insults in general I will never ban. Memes can come and I will be mostly hands off. I made Wiggle hard a admin. I trust his Judgment. For the most part. He can always disagree and tell me why. But I can’t openly host a group dedicated to racism when I’m out trying to explain to people that conservatives are not racist and allowing criticism of critical race theory is not racist. We have elections being stolen and vaccines that kill being forced on people. Protecting someone’s right to post pictures of cat turds and calling them black babies isn’t a hill I want to die on. Who the fuck cares? On Instagram every single post we post would be fact checked with zoros funded disinformation. I will however offer all my knowledge and help anyone who thinks they can do better or even just wants to federate a one on one explanation on how to set up their own instance. I will walk through it completely. I’m not even done with the feature yet. I’m also looking for input here. I also need people to go out amongst the communist and defend wolfballs. Go to Lemmy when they talk about us and defend us. Go to reddit and post about how you enjoy unmoderated discussion. It makes a huge difference. In the mean time you can still sub to these communities , you can still post about them in other communities. Seems like a decent way around the problem without having a bunch of retarded group squares you have to click like ruqqus had. I think there’s a lot to be said on some of these topics. I think “racism” is often vaguely defined, and I would argue that there are basically two kinds of racism: the kind of extreme genocidal racism which has led to lots of people dying, which I think is somewhat rarer and which I disagree with, and then garden variety racism which is more like people wanting to be left alone with people like them - this latter kind may cause some inconvenience, but I think is much more benign than it’s made out to be. But in contrast while leftists complain about all racism, I see an analogy to socialism: Communism has been extreme and killed millions, while lesser socialism may be a nuisance but somewhat tolerable. If we attribute genocides like the Rwandan genocide to racism, in contrast the death tolls under Communism are much higher, which leftists are somewhat in support of. And then of course they often support abortion (infanticide), which has even higher estimated death tolls. So really I guess I feel this conversation needs to be reframed to understanding that not all racism is of the genocidal kind, as well as acknowledging the greater harm caused by leftist tendencies. With respect to appealing to other “conservatives”, some of us are not interested in that I guess. You kind of have to choose which path to go - there is the political solution and the principled solution. An analogy that comes to mind is Trump supporting the “vax” - to me this is the right political move, just like your blacklisting of the racist community is the right political move. It is contrary to the “principled free speech” approach though - in the case of Trump it disappoints us to see him take that stance, and for me sometimes I really enjoy the principled free speech approach. I can appreciate the argument though that there are people willing to make use of this free speech to try to take down a forum, and of trying to restrict certain edgy speech to preserve the ability to speak on other things - I guess that just needs to be clearly communicated (which you did, but which projects like Ruqqus or others maybe didn’t). There isn’t always a “right” answer, there are tradeoffs when people make decisions like this, and sometimes it depends on the situation. Certain moral situations require a principled stand, others don’t. But I guess some of us are not really worried about appealing to conservatives - many of them failed to protect the unborn as abortion is legal, some of them seem to want to ally with LGBTQ rather than call out the transgender stuff, there is the idea that they aren’t really conserving much of anything. The left will call us bigoted, so they’re not going to be appealed to. The right, some of them, are for free speech, so they shouldn’t have an issue with an offensive community or two. Reddit has an incest community, so it’s not like other places aren’t hosting objectionable content. To me the old conservative way was tolerant of these things that were disagreed with, and they wanted to overcome such things through prayer and offering good example and arguments. In the case of like legal incest, that was sometimes prohibited, not necessarily because the freedom of consenting adults was to be violated, but I imagine because the health of potential children produced might be risked by genetic defects. So again, even with offensive subjects like that, I think they can be talked about, and rational conclusions formed. However I can appreciate the reality that open forums have been used to just promote lies and that’s become a popular problem too. This will probably happen eventually, but for now we’ll see what happens - wolfballs fills the niche until then. But it is something to consider, if a wolfballs clone exists that allows all that wolfballs does plus the things that are blacklisted (without them being blacklisted), does that put wolfballs at a disadvantage? Perhaps not if the market wants such things to be blacklisted, and maybe it does. Does Reddit prevent things from going to their frontpage? Not that you want to compare yourself to reddit, but they might have done that even before they became “woke”, and you could make a sensible appeal to say that “see, even reddit used to do that”. Yeah, we should probably make more accounts. But I’m not necessarily interested in defending against commies, who to some extent feel like a lost cause at times, but rather for gathering more like minded people instead. It would have been nice if wolfballs existed just a little prior to ruqqus closing so we could have grabbed all the users. But, a banwave will probably come eventually, and then a whole bunch of people might be here, or reddit is on the verge of going public and that might push a lot of people here, so now is a good time to prepare in the calm before a possible coming “storm” of new users… This one I could be convinced to keep I guess. I really just wanted it off our trending section. It actually did exist. But most people had already left. When they announced they were closing I opened up wolfballs told my old guild covidhoax and only got 1 user. Who made one post and never came back. We had no reputation yet. For the defending against commies it’s really important.We do get some people defending us there. We get tons of missinformation post like this, (since been deleted) This might not even be a real person or it could be a WuMao. These kinda of people make 20 accounts, make a comment and then agree with themselves 10 times. I’m not interested in doing what the conservative party ask us. Just a world where you aren’t canceled for being against abortion, experimental medication, or maybe even against gay marriage.

During 2020, we interviewed two dozen fellow workers about their experiences of work during the Covid-19 lockdown. We spoke to nurses, postal workers, tube drivers, call-centre workers, university lecturers, agricultural workers, school students and more. The purpose of these interviews was to figure out how the power relation between bosses and workers has changed during the pandemic. In many cases, it was workers who had to enforce health and safety measures at work. Many ‘essential workers’, whose work tends to be invisible and low-paid, entered the public spotlight. It became pertinent to ask how stuff ends up on the supermarket shelves. In many workplaces, the question of who controls our work and why, resurfaced. Is our work useful? Why is it organised the way it is? What is in the interests of management, and what is in ours? Would the fact that this essential had now become more obvious give these workers more confidence to fight for better conditions? Or is that confidence being undermined by the bosses, who want to turn the current crisis against us through things like ‘fire and re-hire’ strategies? Many of those we interviewed found themselves in the middle of this tension. As working class revolutionaries, we want to support the discussion and independent coordination amongst workers beyond workplaces and sectors. We want to discuss how our day-to-day struggles relate to the fight for a different society, where we are in control of the means to create a better life. If you feel similarly, get in touch: [email protected] For printable booklet version click here. In the beginning… Royal Mail worker, London: “Initially there was no supply of PPE and people were worried, they brought in their own masks. We got our first hand sanitisers two, three weeks after the official government lockdown. Workers complained to the union about this, but it also took the union in my office a week to get active. There were union endorsed wildcat actions at other offices due to lack of health and safety, but I am not to informed about the ins and outs of these actions – they tend to be localised. The wildcat strikes had a knock-on effect. In our office, management and union became pretty cautious about health and safety, but in a very contradictory manner.” Tube driver, London: .” Primary school student, Bristol: “Key worker school was boring at the beginning, none of my friends were there. But when some of them came it was much better than normal school. More relaxed, no uniform, only 15 people in the classroom, more interesting stuff to learn. The teachers were more relaxed and less strict during playtime, apart from the social distancing. Inside they managed the distancing, outside they didn’t. They kept going on saying ‘Be aware of the sleeping lion’’or ‘Keep on pushing your shopping trolley in front of you’, to remind us to stay two metres apart. The playground is separated, so you can’t play with year 6.” Morrisons supermarket worker, London: “During the pandemic more people try to get jobs like these. There are actors working with us.” McDonald’s Worker, London: “A lot of workers, some of them are university students, didn’t come back after the end of the first lockdown. At the same time, you saw people who were full-time construction workers taking on roles here because their sites had been closed.” Agricultural worker, Kent: “As fruit pickers/agricultural labourers, we were definitely key workers, but in working on the farm I came to be aware of a kind of stratification of key workers in public conception, with doctors/nurses at the top and people doing our work much lower down. I guess doctors and nurses are clearly linked to fighting the virus in peoples’ minds, but folks sweating away in an anonymous field deep in Kent less so. If anyone found a shop in Canterbury (the nearest large town), which offered discount for key workers, we’d all tell each other to be sure to take the most advantage of it as a kind of practical solidarity thing.” NHS worker, Leeds: “Managers are working from home also and find it hard to monitor everyone’s activity and I and others tell colleagues who feel under pressure just do what you can in the hours you are paid for and ignore the targets. Most staff in our service are now doing this, which is self-activity of a sort. The other thing people are learning is that we don’t really need managers, the service runs quite well with the therapists managing their own caseloads and the admin staff booking patients in and sending out letters etc.” The quotes above show that the pandemic and the lockdown shook up our daily lives. There are of course negative aspects here, people felt scared and alone. But there are also opportunities as the daily grind is interrupted and some people had more time on their hands. Many fellow workers experienced an initial period of chaos, where the bosses didn’t know what to do and where there was more space to make decisions on the shop-floor, rather than the boardroom. Even more than in normal times it depends on our ability to improvise to keep work running. In many cases though, this causes extra stress. The question is, how we can use the need to improvise to improve our conditions collectively? What changed under lockdown? Work life became harder in some instances as management quickly made decisions about new working arrangements that workers had no say in or did not respond to the new pressures workers were under. On the other hand, some peoples work became easier as footfall dropped and there was less to do. Juggling childcare though was a common problem throughout. Here are some examples of how the daily routine changed. Royal Mail worker, London: “Normally the postmen and women go out with the van drivers once they’ve finished sorting the mail. We tend to have to wait for the van drivers. Now management say that we cannot go in a van together. They told us that we have to either walk to our patch – which in my case can be an extra 45 minutes each way – or take public transport. Public transport became very crowded as time went on, which puts you in an absurd situation. But management insists on continuing the measure, probably also because work can be done quicker! Instead of having to wait for the van drivers we start our round earlier and only few of the postmen wait till the final sorting work is done. The union also defends this measure, saying that it would save jobs! Management threatened anyone sharing vans with immediate dismissal.” NHS community midwife, Bristol: “For me the main issue around PPE was time, the time it takes to change and clean. You have 20 minutes to see each woman in normal life, and that is still the case. But in these 20 minutes you now also have to walk down two flights of stairs, change your PPE, wipe all surfaces and so on and then go back and let the next woman in. Everything takes literally twice as long. They should have given us more time for that, they should have changed to 30-minute appointments. I kept bringing that up, but then created my own solutions. We had more work, for example because of the cleaning. Then there were less workers. I normally finish at 4pm or 4:30pm. Now I would stay till 6pm to get the work done. Weekends we normally finish at about 2pm, I would finish at 4 or 5pm. If a colleague’s partner would have symptoms, she would have to isolate herself for two weeks, also because there was no testing or track and trace. Loads more work because of people shielding or isolating. During the peak of the lockdown I worked about a quarter again, unpaid.” Heathrow maintenance worker: “At the beginning, they also cut most peoples’ hours – again, with no loss of pay. They realised that we couldn’t all be at work at the same time. All the management and tech staff were working from home before the lockdown was imposed, which is another reason why they sent vulnerable workers home as well – it wouldn’t have looked good otherwise. Management hasn’t been hassling us either about work that isn’t completed. We haven’t taken on any new tasks either. We’re only doing ’emergency cover’ so British Airways knows not to expect the same level of service from us. We have less work to do overall as less things are being used but been as we have half the staff, the workload individually is very similar.” Housing officer, Manchester: “Most of our work is face to face interactions so after the lock down we had to find ways of doing things without this. This made everything twice as hard. Often you needed tenants to sign things and this couldn’t happen. We had to find ways round this, either by doing things online or over the phone. Mostly these new ways were just worked out by people themselves. When management did tell us to do things it was usually after we had already worked that out. My job is so varied that they couldn’t work out rules to cover everything. Not only has my workload increased a lot but working from home was very bad. My work normally is very stressful and I now realise how having a work environment defused that a bit but working from home is awful. At first, they had me working on a little tablet and working for seven hours a day on a little screen, which I had to do for months, was very difficult. On top of all this stress you’ve got managers also at home with nothing to do but monitor us more than usual and it’s so hard to motivate yourself to do eight hours work stuck at home all day.” Elderly care volunteer, London: “In our charity we organise social meetings, games, health talks, arts and crafts for elderly people in our area, who are mainly from a working class and migrant background. We use public spaces like libraries and community centres to do that – in this regard we depend on the (Labour) council to provide us with these spaces. With the Covid lockdown these spaces were closed, only our office space remained open. Many of the elderly people are without family, or their families live further away, so we started phoning them regularly. We started going shopping for them or getting their medication. Their mental health was affected by being isolated. The council had sent most of its workforce to work at home, so there were not many official council workers on the ground. What the council did do was transfer people to us who needed support, as most other local charities, for example mental health charities, were also closed.” University lecturer: “The workload has gone up for sure. We had to reconfigure all our lessons to be taught online. All students had a blanket ‘mitigating circumstances’ which meant that they could all resubmit work if they wanted, which meant extra marking for us. This went right on into the summer, meaning we had less time to prepare for the next academic year. Now the new term has started, I’m working around 10 extra hours a week than my usual 37.5 hours. The union did manage to negotiate some extra hours for teaching in our ‘Workload Model’, which assigns a time to each task – but it still doesn’t really reflect how long it takes, which means we end up working more hours than we are paid for.” Morrisons supermarket worker, London: “Since the pandemic started, they open the store earlier, on some days for vulnerable customers to come in, on some days just to extend opening times. That means you have an hour less to do the actual job before customers are on the floor. Especially when a delivery comes in late it becomes a bit of a nightmare. Having to wear a mask all the time when you are lifting 25kg boxes is also tough. A lot of people have dropped out and left the job. Management doesn’t really want to talk to you, they hardly ever come out on the shop-floor. There is no guidance, you learn by doing things wrong and then someone correcting you.” NHS worker, Leeds: redeploying.” University lecturer: “What’s been better and worse during corona? I’ve spent more time with my child, and less time commuting. But the increased stress and uncertainty during this time has definitely affected my mental health. My kid is only in nursery part-time because it’s too expensive for full-time care. Me and my partner, who is also working from home have had to devise a schedule where we take it in turns. Before we did that, it was chaotic and unworkable.” NHS worker, Bristol: “The main thing was childcare, and the fact that all that is based on kids going to school. That was difficult for people. There is key workers’ school, but midwifery doesn’t go from 9 to 5. Key workers school increases the health risk to your family. So what do you do? Some people picked up lots more overtime, bank work at the weekends. But childcare was the main issue. People left older kids at home, but then felt guilty about it and worried. My two flatmates lost their jobs in hospitality and found themselves without income overnight. I relied on them to do childcare. Other co-workers had their older children coming back from university and could rely on them. People had different strategies. But another reason why many of us stayed till six was because many of us were bloody bored by our children and partners at home. Home life became a topic of conversation. People were supposed to work from home with their kids around and realised that that is damned difficult, if not impossible. Childcare is work. It revealed the role of the grandparents, and all the neighbourhood structures and stuff women have put in place, like play dates. All this is vital to go to work. This is normally invisible, the whole fucking house of cards is built on these informal relationships and if you take them away… everybody suddenly saw the unpaid work, because it was not done. It takes a village to raise a child, but the village was shut. You can’t put your kids in front of the telly for eight hours.” Who imposed health and safety? Given the late response by the government and the prevalence of disorientation and unwillingness amongst management, workers often had to enforce health and safety from below. Here we can also see how workers are in different positions to enforce this. In some sectors, where workers have more power, it is easier than in others. Overall, there is a close relationship between workers’ general confidence to question unsafe conditions and the general rate of infections. Royal Mail worker, London: “Due to the lack of reaction from above, many people voted with their feet, sick-rates went up to 15 to 20% during the period of the lockdown. This meant that many walks could not be done, and work was piling up. There was a lack of drivers. Management offered overtime, but not many workers took it up. Most people just wanted to get their job done and go home – and due to the lack of traffic people managed to finish quick. This aggravates a general problem: some workers come in early and don’t take their breaks in order to finish early. Many workers have second jobs in the afternoon.” NHS community midwife, Bristol: “I think the public locked down before the government did. And our health Trust didn’t do anything before the government did. There was still a time lag even then. By the time the Trust management did anything we had already been quite nervous for two, three weeks. There was no management advice before lockdown, no changes. I myself changed my work routine at the risk of getting in trouble. I am on various midwife Facebook groups and I knew that a lot of Trusts were doing more than we were. And even our team was not doing as much about health and safety as other teams within our Trust. The RCOG (Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists), who are the uber-advisors, suggested ways to safely see women less. They put a Covid strategy on their website, like, there were certain appointments you could do over the telephone, there were certain blood tests that you could combine. A reduced schedule that wouldn’t compromise women’s health too much. And our Trust wasn’t doing that and neither was my team leader – but I was to a certain extent. The measures taken varied extremely between Trusts. I have colleagues in Hackney, in Cambridge and so on, and on the Facebook groups people were asking each other what each Trust was doing, for example, are you doing telephone booking or 16-weeks phone appointments? The differences were stark, in particular compared to my team.” Tube driver, London: . It basically took management till the middle of May to get a regular supply of masks and hand sanitiser and stuff.. The five hours shifts later on got formalised across the entire network. (…) So they could not run the usual timetable..” Heathrow maintenance worker: “Before government guidance was issued about corona and the lockdown, our management had pre-empted the way things were going to go. So two weeks before the lockdown, they sent those older workers with pre-existing health conditions home on full pay. The union didn’t want to ask for this, fearing that if it came from them, the management would try to get out of paying those workers in full. The thinking was that if the company led on these policies, the onus would be on them to give fully paid time off. They sent around 20 people (out of 130) home.” Waitress, Manchester: ”I went back to work saying, ‘we’ve got to sanitise all the touch points’ but no-one else was taking it seriously. I was going around with sanitiser everywhere and the others were saying ‘you’re taking it too far’. Actually, the manager was trying to keep everyone informed of what was going on but people still didn’t really take things seriously. We changed our practice a little bit but no-one was wearing PPE or anything. I started wearing gloves but my teammates were telling me to take them off.” Amazon worker, Glasgow: “Inside the warehouse they have a strict two-metre social distancing policy. They hand out red cards and threaten you with the sack if you don’t comply. But it’s impossible to stick to it. The work you are doing there necessitates that you are in close proximity to others. If the rule was actually applied, Amazon would not fulfil half their orders. People are rushed, people throw parcels at each other, managers rush them to hurry up. Initially, they told you no one has to lift more than 15kg, but now everyone lifts heavier items alone. Some have complained about this. (…) That’s the most frustrating thing at the moment; they’re weaponising health and safety against you. It feels like an important tool in their hand to discriminate against people in the warehouse. There are people whose job it is to walk around with a big stick saying ‘2 metres distancing” and to shout at you, we call them the “2 metre Nazis”. At the same time, you have grid controllers who send you to work in overcrowded aisles. They pressure you, they say “I’m sorry, but you have to do it”. We had a meeting with a big site manager last week, normally we hardly see him. He said that he was appalled at the chaos and lack of social distancing in the warehouse. He told us that on his first day back from holiday he sacked 50 drivers because they weren’t abiding to the distancing rules. He was bullshitting, he didn’t sack 50 drivers, but he wanted to scare us.” Elderly care volunteer, London: “The relationship with the council was pretty much a one-way street, as they would ask us to take on cases, but when we asked for PPE they never responded. It’s hard to get any material support from them. They did set up a website where people could volunteer work or donations. I personally worked longer hours at the charity during lockdown, from 11am to 4pm from Monday to Friday, as a volunteer. It was good to see that people really appreciated our work and that the relationships between staff and volunteers of the organisation grew closer during the crisis. We had to figure most of the things out ourselves, as there was no official protocol. This is not surprising, as the government itself didn’t really know what it was doing.” McDonald’s worker, London: “When the first lockdown started, people were no longer allowed to sit inside to eat in. Some new rules were introduced, like wiping counters more regularly, wearing masks in-store and glass shields between different parts of the kitchen. But the managers themselves were running back-and-forth between different sections and there was a shortage of masks at first. Even now, managers do not really care about safety. A manager told me that if I am too worried, I should stay home. There was no real collective resistance about all this. The financial situation of my family is pretty bad, so I couldn’t afford to stay home. At the same time, I didn’t want to go to work, as my parents are vulnerable. So, I initially took holiday days because we didn’t have much information about whether we would get paid at all after McDonald’s closed. So now I don’t have any holidays left.” Agricultural worker, Kent: “Between workers coming and going, there was no cleaning of the caravans. This was left up to the workers. Because it was the lockdown period, people left often as work reopened, e.g. the local McDonald’s. When a new person came, the site manager would knock on your door and then it was up to you to introduce them to the caravan site and show them around. The new worker’s bed could still have the old worker’s stuff on it. So no, not much cleaning. To begin with, pretenses were made at keeping us in ‘bubbles’ and staying two metres apart, but this quickly dropped and everyone (our farm- roughly 100/150 people) more or less interacted as normal, before the pandemic. Our temperatures were taken once a week to check for fever, but really that was all.” What kind of disputes emerged? And what was the role of the union? The question is how we can respond to such situations collectively? In some workplaces there are trade unions, but they don’t necessarily do what workers want on the shop-floor. We have to build our own groups and structures in order to put pressure on management. Royal Mail worker, London: “During the beginning of the lockdown, the CWU leadership called off industrial action against the management’s restructuring plans, saying that we are needed during these times of national emergency. At least temporarily this might have worked out for them. Management is now cautious to attack workers, who have just been declared heroes. We have to see how this turns out in the long run. The CWU is pretty top-down, the decision to call off action was not discussed. Our reps only inform us rarely of what is happening.” NHS community midwife, Bristol: “The Royal College of Midwives are half a union, half a professional association. They didn’t do anything. Nothing that I can remember anyway. They put out bulletins, but nothing that I could wave in front of management’s face and say: “Here you see, we can do 16-weeks appointments by telephone.” Or something like that. They played into the whole NHS heroes bullshit too much.” Tube driver, London: .” University lecturer: “Not being in the same physical space as my co-workers changes things. There are obviously less general collegial interactions. But on the flip side, there have been more opportunities for people to participate because all our discussions now happen online. Attendance of the union branch meetings has increased. And we’ve been discussing how to support each other – with the extra work and our mental health, which has been really good. The relationship with management has become even more distrustful after the strike and with their stance in relation to corona. They refused to renew loads of fractional/hourly paid contracts because of the university’s more precarious financial situation. This has increased the workload even further onto the permanent staff. (…) While the union agreed that it was still too dangerous to simply resume face to face teaching, management didn’t seem to be budging. In our department though, we decided to take our own course of action: staff teaching on face to face modules wrote a joint letter setting out the reasons why we didn’t think it was a good idea – the usual stuff like H&S and risk assessments, but also pedagogical reasons. Management ended up agreeing to our demand that all teaching in our department continues online, which was great! I’m not sure if the union knows we managed to do this though, at least, they haven’t contacted us about it…” Courier worker, Denmark: “Covid made it harder to organise because you couldn’t meet in person which is a big deal for precarious workers. You don’t have a physical workplace and you don’t know the people you are working with so face to face meetings are so important and now we couldn’t have them. Also, we were just having pay negotiations with the company and were supposed to have a meeting with them just after the Covid hit so those meetings were postponed for about 5 months. So organising fell to just a small group and wider meetings became impossible while all the time the company was pushing this ‘you’re heroes, we’re all a team’ mentality.” Waitress, Manchester : “I think some stores would go on strike if things get worse. Where I work only about 10% of people are in the union and it’s a bit of a water cooler mentality, i.e. people will talk and complain but are not willing to do much. I try to get them to join the union, but they say they can’t afford £2 a month membership or say they don’t want to get in trouble or say they’re not stopping in the job for long.” Amazon worker, Glasgow:“There is not much collective resistance. There were two incidents where people said, “we should start a group”, when they had their shifts cancelled. People suggested a petition, but that would mean handing over names of people who might then get even less shifts. Once when I was stopped at the door, four, five of us waited and told the manager that he should sort out a job for us. There was a bit of militancy, but basically with the aim to get some work. There was a refusal though to just go home. People are not aware of the other Amazon struggles that are going on internationally. Many people who started recently also don’t know that Amazon paid a bonus during the first lockdown period. Amazon have told us all we are working an extra two hours every day to cope with increased orders (with no prior notice, of course). Lots of us have refused, simply told them we can’t do it, and leave when we are scheduled to leave. There is certainly an increasing sense of disdain towards Adecco and Amazon.” Housing officer, Manchester: “I’m not aware of the union doing anything about these deteriorating conditions. We’re all in the union but you only ever see it when someone wants to get elected or if you’re on a disciplinary and you can take the union rep in. I say to all the others the reason the management get away with it is because we don’t do anything collectively, there’s no solidarity. People only care when they themselves are in the shit. So, the managers are able to deal with everyone through individual conversations, persuading people that they should just carry on working. That’s the environment we’re working in nowadays. People only deal with it by going and getting another job or getting their doctor to sign them off with stress. I keep saying to people we’ve all got the same problem, what have you got to lose by speaking up, but people just aren’t interested.” Morrisons supermarket worker, London: “The main grievances are around sick pay or rather the lack of sick pay. People tell you not to lift things in a certain way, because if you hurt your back the company won’t pay you. People also complain about the unsafe environment, like, there are too many people in the break room at the same time. They also give you your shift rota too late, like a day before, which is hard if you work night shift. One co-worker suggested to write a collective letter, but that never happened. People are angry, but also knackered, they don’t want an extra argument. The union is not present on the shop-floor.” McDonald’s worker, London: “During lockdown, our campaign was impacted severely. We only had Zoom meetings. We couldn’t visit other McDonald’s stores. Although the union campaign has existed for a few years now, it still relies on paid union organisers. It would be better to have teams of workers who visit other workers in their area. Workers organise the Zoom meetings, but not the real-life campaign yet. Organisers organised a protest once in front of my store, but that was six months before I started working there. People who were organising in the store at the time are now gone. That’s the painful part.” NHS worker, Leeds: “I work for the NHS, a Primary Care Psychological Therapy Service. Nearly all of us have been working from home doing telephone or video therapy using MS Teams. Working from home is a double-edged sword. Yes, we feel isolated at times, but we can also easily call each other up. All staff who use IT to do their work have an MS teams account so we can easily look up other workers we wouldn’t normally see during a day at work and message them. The Trust covers a massive area with hundreds of workplaces. We can easily arrange a union meeting for members in our own local team using Teams and we get a better attendance than before. Last week we had a meeting for UNISON and UNITE members across all the Primary Care Psychological Therapy Services in the Trust which would have been impossible to organise before because everyone is dispersed and would have to travel to a meeting and wouldn’t be able to spare the time.” Wetherspoons worker, Bristol: “There were a couple of instances where we actually took collective action. During the whole Eat Out to Help Out madness, we were working with a skeleton crew every night at a breakneck pace with the kitchen being absolutely overwhelmed. So the kitchen at one point told me that they just wanted to refuse any more orders. I went and had a quick chat with a couple of the workers who were in the union and we just turned off all the food on the till, so we essentially downed tools and forced the manager to not let anyone in and shut the pub for over an hour. The other occasion where we took collective action was when two workers in two consecutive days went home mid-shift displaying Covid symptoms. The manager basically decided that nobody else had to isolate and made up a definition of “close contact”. We had a quick meeting and sent a pretty much co-authored message to the manager saying that we were pissed off and that we would be isolating and think thought that we should get paid for that isolation period. It ended up with the boss agreeing that we could isolate if we thought we should, and it turned out later that we had managed to convince him to skew it so we got full pay over those 14 days.” Changes post-lockdown? In many cases management introduced new working methods during the pandemic to compensate for the fact that a higher number of staff were off sick or that certain work could not be done. It is likely that they will try to keep some of these measures in place to get more work out of us. We have to remember that it was us who kept things going during the pandemic. We have to use this power to avoid being squeezed more. Royal Mail worker, London: “All this comes during a time when a lot of changes in Royal Mail were announced, in particular by the old boss Rico, who left during the pandemic. There were job cuts announced for central London, also by reducing delivery to a Monday to Friday schedule. Figures of 40,000 to 45,000 job cuts were circulating. With less workers needed to cover the rest days of other colleagues, people would have to move between offices. Management wanted to introduce more flexibility in this regard. There was an uproar when management announced this, and they retreated by saying that all this is voluntary for the moment.” NHS Community Midwife, Bristol: “The health visitors stopped working, they shut down their offices during lockdown. They only do phone calls, no visits at all. This has been a bit annoying because we have been doing them instead. We would normally refer some babies or women to health visitors, but there were none. That’s another reason why we did more work. People say that the health visitors might have put themselves out of job by doing that.” Tube driver, London: bailout is that they have to save money somehow. An obvious way to save money is to cut the night-tube.” Waitress, Manchester: “Work has opened back up but I haven’t been called in yet. I’m not sure how they’ve worked out who to call back but those that have gone back are getting 40 hours a week but the rest of us are getting nothing. I think the manager wants to see how busy they are before asking too many people back. I’ve told her I will only go back if they can give me enough hours to make more than I’m making now on furlough. That means getting more than 25 hours a week. What they have said is that we’ve all got to sign a new contract. This will drop my guaranteed hours from 30 to 15 a week and they’re saying if even one person in a department doesn’t sign then we’ll all lose our jobs and have to re-apply and then there’s the possibility that some of us will lose our jobs. […] The new contracts also extend our job roles so now as a waitress I can be asked to do other jobs like deep cleaning for a couple of hours but then I’d be losing my tips for those hours and I can’t survive without tips.” Amazon worker, Glasgow: “The other problem is that they cancel shifts frequently. They hired too many people in October and November to be ready for the Christmas season, which meant that before December, lots of shifts were cancelled. On average one shift a week. Sometimes people are sent home at the door. Or they let you come in and say, “take a seat in the canteen and wait”. Then they say “sorry, someone messed up, you have to go home”. They offer to give you holiday for that day, if you had accrued enough holidays, or they take the piss and say, “I can give you a day off”, unpaid of course! That’s just a polite way to say, “fuck off”. They have the power over you. There is an agreement that Amazon pays higher hourly rates than the other warehouses in the industrial estate, but then that doesn’t mean much when they cancel your shifts. Apart from the shifts, getting your overtime pay on time is like constant guerrilla warfare with the company.” University lecturer: “Corona has been an opportunity for the university management to pursue a more blended learning model, which they’ve been wanting to do for a while now. I don’t think they’d want a fully online learning model, because a major draw of the university is its location. At the moment, I think they’ll carry on trying to push for more lectures being posted online, which is problematic because it makes them less reliant on staff but will probably become harder and harder to resist. I think the online meetings will continue, and that virtual one to one tutorials with students will become more normalised practice. There have been a lot of ongoing conversations about the handling of the pandemic and a lot of people I’ve spoken to at work are very angry. Management promising students stuff because they need to attract them in the marketed system is at odds with their needs as students and our needs as lecturers.” Call-centre worker, Birmingham: “In terms of corona, people are handling it in loads of different ways: paranoia, some don’t care, there’s no homogenous feelings. Even though the company are hiring new people, people are still scared of losing their jobs. As a workforce, we’re doing okay I think but if management would start doing something like redundancies, now we’re working from home, we’d be less strong to fight back. Saying that, there was a round of redundancies a few years ago and we couldn’t do anything about that then either. The company acts within the law so can do what they want.” The future is unwritten While we write this, many workers are out on strike to defend their jobs, wages, and conditions – at Heathrow airport, British Gas, London buses, amongst many others. After having pulled society through the pandemic, we are now supposed to become victims of their profit crisis. The problem is that most of these disputes remain isolated within their workplaces and don’t develop enough power against the bosses to really shut things down. Pickets are small and, often, trade unions are divided amongst themselves. As the interviews have shown, we are all facing similar problems. We have to share our experiences of collective resistance – however small-scale these might be. Rather than just waving our flags and collecting solidarity messages we have to start talking openly about the strong – and the weak! – aspects of our struggles. This includes learning from the many struggles that take place in other countries.

Content Sections By Meleni Aldridge, executive coordinator The need for a ‘saviour’ Taking a more existential view of what’s occurring on the planet right now, one could see the current challenges as impetus for self-realisation. To acknowledge finally that we’re all sovereign beings, powerful enough to create what we want in life, including good health. Rather than being left to the mercy of others who may not have our best interests at heart. There certainly appears to be an awakening, dare I say a ‘great awakening’, taking place as to how we, as citizens, have been manipulated, controlled — and enslaved, if we’re really honest — for decades if not hundreds or thousands of years. Perhaps because of the major Achilles heel that humans seem to share? The need to blame something else and to look for an external cause for what ails us. Equally, the desire to find a saviour – other than ourselves, someone or a collection of individuals who can swoop in and make everything right. We see this playing out most clearly with our health and the field of medicine. Especially now. In looking back in history as to how people reacted in similar circumstances, we were drawn to the writings of two American authors, Eleanor McBean and Ida Honorof, in their book, Vaccination: The Silent Killer, a clear and present danger (1977). Both doyennes of consumer protection and health freedom, campaigners, activists and tireless communicators in their bid to educate and turn citizens from blind faith to critical choice. Their inspiration for the book came after appearing at Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors and presenting facts and figures which all fell on deaf ears. As a result, they rushed to press with an endeavour to educate the people instead. Looking back over the last 44 years, they may have created a small ripple, but not the tidal wave they’d hoped for. Such is the trust in the propaganda machine and the desire for saviour archetypes, our blind focus on external causes and the ego’s need to remain within the herd, not cast out of it. ) A bird’s eye view Search for McBean online and you’ll find she’s been tarred and feathered as an anti-vaxxer. But rather than discount her out of hand, we looked further and found that she was actually a naturopathic doctor with a PhD. McBean is the author of two books (maybe more), Vaccination Condemned and The Poisoned Needle: Suppressed Facts about Vaccination; and the co-author with Honorof of the above-mentioned book. Given that McBean was a child during the Spanish flu of 1918, she must have been in her dotage when the last book was published. Evidence enough of extreme passion and persistence in trying to get her message out. .” - Eleanor McBean PhD ND- Eleanor McBean PhD ND Dr McBean’s passion appears to have been instilled in childhood as her observations of the 1918 Spanish flu clearly left an indelible mark. Whilst we’ve not been able to locate a copy of her book, Vaccination Condemned, we have found a fascinating excerpt, which gives some insight into her account of the time. Some of what she writes has a definite ring of familiarity: “When the flu was at its peak, all the stores were closed as well as the schools, businesses... No one was on the streets. It was like a ghost town.....” Medicine through the ages It wasn’t so long ago that the public was thoroughly convinced by the “medicine men” that evil spirits were the cause of disease. In fact, since antiquity to Pasteur’s germ theory in the 1800’s, theories behind the causation of disease have ranged from the Demonic Theory (evil spirits), to the Punitive Theory (disease is a punishment from an angry and neglected God), to the Miasmic Theory (disease is caused by vapours and miasmas emerging from the ground). The common thread throughout is that disease and ill health is caused by something external to our bodies. Ironically, we don’t appear to have moved on as far as some would like to think, given most people care to blame our current predicament on a virus, in apparent neglect that it almost exclusively exploits individuals with sub-optimal immune function. If we go further back in history to the writings of Hippocrates (460-370 BC), you find a very different perspective, one that is more in line with current thinking within the marginal worlds of traditional systems of medicine, integrative and naturopathic medicine. Hippocrates instituted personal treatment instead of exorcising spirits or making sacrifices to deities. He also wrote extensively about disease being a process and the need for the right diet and right environment in line with natural laws to bring the body back into balance again. He had a considerably more limited view of anatomy and physiology than we do now, but he knew more than enough to make healing and health a proactive, body-oriented, approach to regeneration, self-healing and the re-establishment of equilibrium of internal systems. Medical history shows that after the health high points brought about by Greek hygiene and Roman sanitisation, there was a recession back to the filth of earlier times and the theory of disease caused by demonology. The Dark Ages saw plenty of pandemics (check out our video for a historical perspective on the current pandemic!): leprosy, the bubonic plague and syphilis, among others, which together embedded the notion of contagion. Throughout, we see the diktats of the physicians of the time combined with the unquestioning belief from citizens. Charles-Edward Amory Winslow, in his book The Conquest of Epidemic Disease (1943), writes that “… for two millennia, laymen were generally contagionists and physicians were miasmatists”. Winslow postulates that this was not down to any prejudice on the part of the medical profession, but because citizens observed certain phenomena and then jumped to the conclusion of contagion. The power of beliefs turned ‘facts' Our ability to jump to conclusions, make assumptions and accept authoritarian diktats, combined with our inbuilt desire for external causes and saviour solutions are factors we simply can’t ignore at present. These traits, some of which come from our desire to conform to social norms (however absurd they might appear when we look back), make us intensely vulnerable to psychological, social and behavioural manipulation. As well as being fodder for experimental treatments. The unique ability humans possess to influence our destiny and create and manifest our desires, lies in our power to harness and direct our thoughts. Our thoughts, and our intentions, inform the direction that our energy takes, which is why we’re always manifesting, whether consciously or not. Each thought we have has a frequency that creates an energy flow, which in turn attracts a similar frequency. Gabrielle Bernstein describes it beautifully and so simply when she says, “So if you're thinking, ‘I suck’, then your energy kinda, well, sucks — and you attract sucky experiences. The opposite experience occurs when you think high-level thoughts like, ‘I rock! When you think and feel, ‘I rock’, you exude an energy of confidence and in turn attract great experiences into your life”. The thoughts (and feelings) we choose to take on as beliefs and translate to ‘facts’, which we then put our power of intent behind, are pivotal. A mechanism that is incredibly well understood by the authorities today, which is why we’ve seen such blatant emotional and manipulative messaging during the past 14 months. Such has been the success of harnessing control through mass media messaging that we have seen the UK’s small 7-person Behavioural Insights Team become a ‘global social purpose company’ with a much wider, more joined-up sphere of influence. Taking candy from a baby Without more people becoming aware of how their minds and emotions are being harnessed to drive monumental mass creative manifestation, the direction we are taking will not be of our choosing. Imagine a world without fear-driven public health messaging? Imagine harnessing the power of your thoughts to create a world full of the type of experiences that benefit people and planet that so many of us desire? However, happy-ever-after doesn’t appear to be what’s in store for the world if the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security’s futuristic scenario report, SPARS Pandemic (2025-2028), published in October 2017, just two years before SARS-CoV-2 appeared, is anything to go by. Whilst the disclaimer at the front states that the report is “entirely fictional”, of note is that it’s completely targeted at public health risk communicators (our emphasis not theirs). The report’s narrative is all about different scenarios that could illustrate communication dilemmas concerning medical countermeasures that could emerge should – heaven forbid – a pandemic occur. Now that we have a real pandemic, one that may indeed have been over-hyped, it’s especially important to glean what we can from the report to see what we might or might not want in our futures. Disturbingly, the scenarios described bear an uncanny resemblance to existing ones and potentially provide a telescope into the future of where we might end up if we don’t change the current trajectory. It’s set in 2025 and takes into account “…a world comprised of isolated and highly fragmented communities with widespread access to information technology”. Unsurprisingly given what we are experiencing now with regard to new mutations, the medical emergency is based on an outbreak of a novel coronavirus emanating from South-East Asia and discovered by a RT-PCR test. Enter SPARS-CoV or SPARS, the St Paul Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, named after the fictious city where the first cases were found. There was some deviation when ‘they’ rejected Donald Trump’s use of the term ‘Wuhan virus’. You won’t need a crystal ball to work out that social isolation, hand washing, staying at home and vaccines all find their place, but of potential concern is that we are now introduced to the concept of animal vaccines for livestock — and a major cull of ‘infected’ animals. Is it just coincidence that the only animals mentioned are those in the human food chain given how many tech founders like Gates are betting big on synthetic biology, meatless meat? Reading through the scenarios feels like going into a changing room with a selection of outfits to try on to find the one that fits the moment perfectly. It’s definitely worth a read, if only to ensure that you are free to think different thoughts and use your inherent power to create a more positive scenario when the mass media machine cranks up. Creating lasting change After the last 14 months, the world may appear more divided, polarised and oppressed than ever before. Looking back through the lens of Ida and Eleanor what we are experiencing is definitely not new but look closer and there is a marked difference — the growing number of awakened people galvanised into an active change movement. Communities have been strengthened by more heart-centred actions of neighbours helping neighbours, the Internet has connected people like never before, a flourishing alternative media refuses to be stamped out, freedom trading groups are springing up to power an alternative economy and the environment has been given time for regeneration whilst the world paused. More than at any other time in history, this dynamic transformation we are effecting in the world is coming from those of us with a steadfast desire to walk a path other than the one being thrust upon us. It is our single-minded intent, our emotionally-charged thoughts about the end game and the passion in our hearts for the world we want our children to inherit that’s going to get the job done. We have all to play for and so much to be grateful for. These are trying times and many of us are being tested to the limits. Rather than creating more division and polarisation, let’s continue doing what we are doing with deep empathy and compassion, along with absolute knowing that we are the change. We never dream of shouting at the flowers to bloom, we just know that they will in their own perfect timing. >>> Visit our CovidZone.org for extensive coverage of the last 14 months of the pandemic >>> Please consider supporting our work with a donation your voice counts 22 April 2021 at 6:48 am Absolutely spot on analysis! Vaccines are simply an extension of the view that we (or Nanny) must inoculate ourselves against a myriad of external threats, instead of taking responsibility for cultivating and protecting our native internal health intelligence through the life choices we make. These opposing views have their roots the debate about the origins of disease between Pasteur and Bechamp in the late 19th century, now characterised as Germ Therory versus Terrain Theory. This is ‘ground zero’ in the debate and should be the philosophical starting point in the push back against the medicalisation of human life. 22 April 2021 at 3:36 pm Germ and Terrain theory should be the starting point in a push back against this tech/chemical medicalisation of human life? The rot started with the Flexner Report under the aegis of the Carnegie Institute. Rockefeller bankrolled the implementation of that Report in USA & Canada, resulting in Natural medicine(s) and that knowledge being closed down completely in the Universities' and their Medical Curriculum. Why is John Hopkins University referenced here? So many Dept's in that university are funded by The Gates Foundation, think its well over the 1 billion in total. This University has been well and truly involved in pre and present PLandemic "activities". Given that Gates Foundation and cohorts seem to dictate direction/responses to whatever organisation they "give" to then I think that should have been NOTED clearly in this Article. Harvard and this University were instructed to issue persuasive articles to convince the Pubic of a certain direction that their Foundation donors wanted. I do not know of other Universities' but can attest to these two being involved. And Harvard who accepted Millions from Jeffery Epstein (he of the blackmailing/Phaedophile C, for Harvard Research, and that he made known of his interests. That Harvard professor is suspended at present. 22 April 2021 at 5:24 pm Great article, thank you! We have been brainwashed over the last 73 years into believing that the NHS will take care of us ‘from the cradle to the grave’, so it is not surprising that most of us expect exactly that! With the advent of this COVID ‘plandemic’ and the closure of our GP surgeries, we are waking up to the fact that ‘Nanny’ isn’t always there when we need her. I am from the old school, look after yourself and when it comes to point of needing some extra help, then the GP is consulted. The overuse of antibiotics is just now teaching us the error of our ways, the end of the road is in sight on that one. Question everything, do your research and don’t take anything on face value, including this virus. The Government website posted this on the 19th March 2020 - “As of the 19th March 2020, COVID-19 is no longer considered to be a ‘High Consequence Infectious Disease (HCID) in the UK’. So it had been downgraded to that of ‘Flu’ status. As far as I know it is still there on the Government website. Three days later, the Coronavirus Act had been passed and we were in full lockdown. So I have not believed anything this government has said about this virus from then on. Isn’t it interesting how politics can change a virus into a ‘global weapon of control’? We need to take care of ourselves because no one else is going to do it for us, the highjacking of the human species under the umbrella of ‘health’ and the subsequent genetically modifying of the human species through this ‘smoke and mirror’ vaccination programme, is the last ditch attempt by the globalists to gain final control over our planet. Thank you ANH for giving us the confidence to speak out on these issues and for making us realise that, ‘there are many paths, but only one mountain’! And this mountain is a very big one! 24 April 2021 at 11:54 am The practical implications of the issues discussed in this article point to a further polarization of society. There seems to be an increasing number of public demonstrations in Berlin, taking into account the supreme court ruling affirming the people’s right to demonstrate. On the other hand, the German federal government has just taken a massive step towards tightening the noose on people’s rights. Up until now the implementation of lockdown ordinances have been left to the provincial governments. Representatives from the provinces met with Chancellor Angela Merkel on a regular basis in an attempt to harmonize the different measures, but the provincial governments retained the last word. This reconciliation process has become more and more difficult, and the most recent meeting went well into the night without a compromise being reached. Angela Merkel was very angry, and prompted a change in national law, under which the federal government is given the exclusive authority to mandate lockdown measures nationwide. The provincial governments have no say in the matter any more. Consequently, among other changes, a nationwide curfew from 22:00 until 05:00 went into effect this weekend. There are limited exceptions for occupational purposes, and obligations for taking care of other people and animals count as an exception. Going out to walk or jog alone is permitted from 22:00 until midnight. Other than that, no one is allowed to be out on the streets when the curfew is in effect. I can imagine this latest measure is going to dramatically polarize the population between those that continue to believe that “they are just acting in our interests” and those that are getting more and more fed up with what is going on. The single-minded approach to tighter lockdowns and more extensive vaccinations has shown itself to be a fruitless effort, given the ever increasing number of mutations of the Covid-19 virus. The more rampant Angela Merkel and other government leaders are getting with their “fly swatters” in an attempt to get rid of these unwanted “demons”, the more of them are appearing. It is a vicious cycle with no end. There are many other methods of combating the pandemic. Assuring adequate levels of essential nutrients such as vitamins C and D and zinc is one of them. Plant-based sources of polyphenols such as cistus rose are another. It is hard to imagine that with all the different healing modalities that have been used traditionally by cultures around the world, that none of these are given consideration. A review of the history and development of modern medicine, especially in the United States, shows how we got to that point in our view of health care. We are most likely facing one of the darkest periods in modern history. We are definitely facing very challenging times ahead of us that provide the context for transforming the consciousness of humanity on a global level. As such it is very important to hold on to that vision as we confront the many obstacles placed in our way every day that we go about our business. 26 April 2021 at 3:50 am When all of your thoughts are reeled in and are placed on the head of a large pin, the question that remains behind, again, is where has Epigenomics disappeared to, when needed the most ? How is it possible for the whole Public Health empire on the planet to have attended medical school in the 19th century, while being clearly incapable of satisfying the basic entry requirements for medical schools of those times ? Blessings 26 April 2021 at 9:23 pm Excellent synopsis of what is happening and how we have got here. I always revert to remembering Pasteur versus Beauchamp : and the truth of our bodies physiology. Both were right but Beauchamp has been forgotten and perhaps it's time to revisit his research and teachings. On vaccinations it is always difficult because most people will cite Polio and the fact we no longer have the terrible effects of Polio in modern society, I found this timeline to be interesting: I think the biggest issue is not the doctors but the pharmaceutical giants who are sponsoring and investing and people like Bill Gates who have the money to manipulate. If we are ever to have a good health scenario again, these must be tackled, from the wooing of medical students to the major agro chemicals in our farming and food chain. It has been since 1950 this has fast tracked and now we are all paying the price. Sterility is on the increase as our soil depletion of selenium proliferates and you can see the agenda of technology as it moves us ever closer to sterile solutions. Anti bac everywhere, fight germs, wipe out the very organisms that we actually need to help us build stronger immunity. There will always be something new we are not prepared and ready for, but the more sterile we become the weaker our immunity. Doesn't that say something too? Antibiotic resistance has increased whilst vaccination containing antibiotic has also increased...doesn't that tell you something too? A weakened population can be controlled more easily and so the fight back has to come from the individual, the establishment will continue to conform and we need more non conformists than ever now to help human freedom and health freedom. Inner strength is paramount as we fight global control through scientific and tech control.Nature is greater and we are yet to witness the devastation she will bring to earth with a major wake up call as to who is really in charge! Blessings 01 May 2021 at 11:12 am Natural is not separate, but true to nature or living principle. Our mind 'thinks' itself separate, and perceives a fragmented or broken (fallen) nature to which it adapts as if to an external, alien will or realm of 'otherness'. That it seeks and finds allies, props and witnesses is its 'survival' within a mind it casts out to receive in like kind. Contractual agreements can become invisible tacit social rules and filters by which to seem to rule out or cast out conflicts so as to seem to escape by distancing, lockdown and masking. What runs beneath is the basis from which all else proceeds. When proceedings are intended to hide what runs beneath, we live the result of sharing in such an intent, until we release the cover story to a willingness to reevaluate what we thought or reacted to as true, trustworthy or real. But we are thus cast in the mask of such a rulebound and covert or hidden identity BY the act of 'saving' a self apart. I find A Course in Miracles speaks to and illuminates what is going on in the 'mind that makes such a world', in such a way as to recognise it is not Who I am or what I truly want. But while it lies hidden I 'see it as an insane world that baits me to react in its own frame of fully believed deceits. For we are convinced and convicted by fear-backed thinking that has all the pain of loss compounded by defences that reinforce fear, as threat, attack and pain of deep conflict in a heart that becomes victim, armoured, masked over hidden, denied, 'made safe'. 03 May 2021 at 5:18 pm I would be interested to hear whether you have read Piers Torday's The Last Wild, which describes exactly this scenario of animal culling in order for the global corporation to produce factory food for all? It's very strange how close it is to what is happening

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Calculate your salary Across the United States, interior decorators earn an average annual pay of $47,911 (or $22 per hour) Those in the top ten percent of the income distribution earn more than $57,000 a year, while those in the poorest ten percent earn less than $36,000. Obtain an Estimate of Your Compensation When you work as an interior designer, how much should you expect to make? If you want to get an idea of how much you should be making, you may use Zippia’s Salary Calculator. Interior Decorator Demographics Find the most suitable Interior Decorator position for you. Interior Decorator Jobs You Might Like - Employers are actively seeking entry-level interior decorator candidates with salaries ranging from $57,500 to $120,000. Entry-level interior decorator positions include part-time and full-time positions. More Information about Interior Decorator Demographics Make Your Dream Resume a Reality Our Interior Decorator resume builder will guide you through the process of generating a professional Interior Decorator resume. Interior Decorator Education Ithaca, New YorkPrivate ad 2. University of Washington WAPrivate is based in Seattle. 3. University of Minnesota – Twin Cities Minneapolis (Minnesota) Private 4. Ball State University INPrivate in Muncie, Indiana 5. University of Pennsylvania PAPrivate is a private club in Philadelphia. 6. Stanford University Stanford University, CAPrivate 7. University of Maryland – College Park College Park, Maryland is a city in Maryland. Private 8. University of Texas at Austin Private Location in Austin, TX 9. Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta (Georgia) Private 10. University of Southern California CAPrivate is based in Los Angeles. More Information on the Education Requirements for Interior Designers Find the most suitable Interior Decorator position for you. Interior Decorator Jobs You Might Like - Employers are actively seeking entry-level interior decorator candidates with salaries ranging from $57,500 to $120,000. Entry-level interior decorator positions include part-time and full-time positions. Online Courses For Interior Decorator That You May Like Decorating Your Modern Home Room by Room: A Room by Room Guide to Interior Design Learn how to take control of your home’s interior design and make confident decisions about how to decorate your space. Interior Design Styles: How to Master Them Simplified description of the criteria and characteristics of several interior design styles. What It Takes to Be a Professional in Interior Design Styles Interior Design Styles: A Guide to Understanding Them. Courses for Interior Designers Top Skills For an Interior Decorator The skills portion of your resume might be just as significant as the experience section, so you want it to be a true representation of your abilities. Fortunately, we’ve identified all of the talents you’ll require, so even if you don’t yet possess these abilities, you’ll be aware of what you need to improve. Customer service was mentioned on 19.6 percent of the resumes we reviewed, although soft skills such as artistic flair and creativity are also vital in the field of interior decorating. How Do Interior Decorator Rate Their Jobs? Are you an interior decorator in the making? Please feel free to share your experience anonymously. Do you have a job as an interior decorator or a similar position? Please rate your experience working as an Interior Decorator. It’s completely anonymous and will just take a minute of your time. Top Interior Decorator Employers What it takes to be a successful interior designer is outlined below. A Career as an Interior DecoratorCool Jobs as an Interior Decorator How to Become an Interior Decorator For the purpose of personalizing their clients’ homes or places of business, interior decorators rely on a wide range of skills, experiences, and natural abilities, among other things. Interior decorators may have the option to deal with a variety of different types of customers, including commercial clients. Some interior decorators opt to specialize on a particular area, such as bathroom or kitchen design, rather than general decorating. Companies seeking to customize and create a friendly environment for their customers or patients are increasingly turning to interior decorators for assistance. In recent years, an increase in the number of firms that have sought professional assistance from an Interior Decorator has resulted in an increase in demand for their services. The educational requirements for this career, as well as a general work description, pay and wage information, as well as the future forecast for this profession, are all included here. Education Requirements to Become an Interior Decorator Students wishing to pursue a career as an interior decorator should anticipate that attending an interior designing school will help them to develop their innate abilities. All entry-level occupations require a minimum of an Associate’s or a Bachelor’s degree, with an Associate’s degree preferred. In addition, several states need you to be licensed in order to pursue this profession. National Association of Schools of Art and Design estimates that roughly 315 approved interior decorating programs exist throughout the country. It may be necessary for an applicant to present samples of their work while applying to an Interior Decorating school depending on the program. Candidates who hold a Bachelor’s degree will have greater options in the sector of their choice. Qualification for entry-level roles and several approved apprenticeship programs will be enhanced for candidates who hold a Bachelor’s degree in business administration. Interior Decorator Job Description The objective of an Interior Decorator is to create a room that is both aesthetically pleasing and functional. The space would need to accomplish a specific goal for a business, such as establishing a warm and inviting environment for sections such as a clinic’s waiting room. Decorators who specialize in the interior design of certain rooms might accomplish this obligation. Residential and commercial buildings are among the sorts of structures that they may adorn. They will decorate a certain area by planning, designing, and furnishing the space. - When it comes to residential interior design, some Interior Decorators may furnish and design all of the rooms in a home, while others may specialize in a certain part of the home; it all depends on the demands of the customer. - They will take into consideration their client’s desire and use this information to determine a color palette and design style. - In order to furnish the area, they will need to take the room’s dimensions into consideration. - They will use this information to create and execute a design, and they will complete the project within the time frame that has been set. Interior Decorator Salary and Career Path The job outlook for Interior Decorators is predicted to rise at a rapid pace through the year 2026, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment possibilities will expand by 19 percent during the next year. However, because there are so many talented individuals who want to pursue careers in this industry, the competition will be fierce. A candidate that specializes in one component of interior decoration, such as bathroom or kitchen design, will have an advantage over other contenders. The Bureau of Labor Statistics also publishes information on Interior Decorators’ earnings and pay. Wages for Interior Decorators might vary depending on the niche they operate in, whether they are self-employed, and the industry in which they work. The information provided below is based on national averages from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for 2019. National Average Salary The state with the highest average wage in this sector is Rhode Island, with an annual compensation of $73,190. These are the top 5 earning states in the field: Providence, Rhode Island: $73,190 Arizona is responsible for $71,250. California is responsible for $70,920. Arkansas received $70,020. Alaska is worth $69,280. In May 2019, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) conducted an Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) Survey for Interior Designers, OCC Code 27-1025. * Employment circumstances in your location may differ from those in other parts of the country. Frequently Asked Questions Decorative components (paint, textiles, furniture, etc.) are selected and placed in a client’s house by an interior designer in order to set the overall feel and appearance of the space. The most significant distinction between an interior designer and an interior decorator is that the latter does not make any structural adjustments to the space under consideration. Interior decorators can operate as consultants and independent contractors, as well as for a variety of businesses. A client meeting is one of the most important obligations since it allows you to completely comprehend what he or she need. Typically, interior designers are also responsible for the work performed by subcontractors (carpenters, painters, flooring refinishers, etc.). How much do interior decorators make? According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, interior decorators make an average of $25 per hour. You can expect to earn between $35.000 and $66.000 per year depending on your experience. Some experts, on the other hand, make $86.500 or more per year in their respective fields. Interior decorators who work for construction material merchants and furniture stores get the lowest salaries in the profession, earning between $46.000 and $47,000 per year on average. Professional designers earn somewhat less than $53.000 per year, whereas those working for engineering and architectural firms earn slightly more than $58,000 per year on average. How much does it cost to become an interior decorator? The possession of a bachelor’s degree is not required in order to pursue a career in interior design. Those with a formal education, on the other hand, are more likely to get employed. It can cost around $33.000 per year to pursue a bachelor’s degree in interior design, for example (books and supplies included). Additionally, you can enroll in one of the certification programs. The cost of an online interior decorator degree is roughly $900 each semester. You might want to think about becoming a member of a professional decorating group. What is the demand for interior decorators? Interior decorators are expected to have a rise in employment of almost 19 percent, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. This is a little quicker than the average growth rate for all other jobs in the United States. Specialized design businesses will see their employment increase even quicker — by 27 percent. Interior designers are predicted to have an increase in employment of around 11.000 new positions by the end of 2020 in the United States. How long does it take to become an interior decorator? If you want to get a degree, it will take you about 2-4 years to complete. There are a variety of short-term programs available, some of which may be finished in as little as a couple of semesters. Keep in mind that an interior decorator must have excellent computer skills, as well as sketching abilities, to be successful. You’d also need a portfolio of your greatest work, which might take some time to put together depending on your experience level. Some businesses may need you to acquire a formal education before you can work (like restaurants or hotels, for example). You can, however, get the essential experience by working in the retail business. How information available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), interior designers in the United States earn a median annual salary of $56,040, or $26.94 per hour, on average. The top ten percent of earners took home more than $96,470 in a single year on average. In addition, the organization discovered that salaries vary depending on the area of interior design in question. You can see which strategies are the most profitable by looking at the chart below: Things appear to be even more promising when you look outside of the country. According to the International Interior Design Association, the average annual salary for an interior designer increased by 6.6 percent between 2016 and 2018, from $73,330 to $78,100. The International Institute of Industrial Development (IIDA) agrees and attributes this figure to both a thriving economy and significant regional disparities. “.the increases in salary are in direct proportion to the continuation of economic growth and the health of the design industry during that period.” Interior designers working in different parts of the United States can expect to earn significantly different amounts of money at the same time. Designers in the Midwest are typically. Geen salarissen voor Interior Decorator - Examine the possibility of use standard trefwoorden (for example, “ingenieur” in place of “systeemingenieur”) - Make sure your spelling is correct. Substitute the abbreviation “database administrator” for the full word (“database administrator” in place of “dba”) Recente salarisvermeldingen Check out this list of recent interior decorator salaries to see what people are earning in this field. The identity of the workgever has been withheld in order to protect the confidentiality of the situation. A salary of € 3.491 It has been established that an Interior Designer in the region of Amsterdam will receive a salary of € 3.000 per month. A salary of € 1.617 How Do Interior Decorators Get Paid? When you go into a room, what do you see first? If you have a keen sense of aesthetics and a visual way of thinking, you might have a successful career as an interior designer ahead of you. This is a position in which you collaborate with others to create attractive and practical settings for your clients, utilizing your visual and ornamental abilities. Interior Decorator Job Description Job duties as an interior designer include furnishing and embellishing areas with useful and aesthetically acceptable materials, such as furniture, fabrics, accessories, paint, light fixtures, wall hangings, carpets, and a variety of other items. According to Q Practice, interior design is a closely connected subject that combines the art and science of designing places with the science of architecture. The phrases interior decorator and interior designer are sometimes used interchangeably, despite the fact that they are two separate but comparable professions. A strategy for satisfying the objectives of the customer is then developed by the decorator from there. Bureau of Labor Statistics, interior designers also draw preliminary plans, which might incorporate electrical layouts, as part of their work (BLS). Decorators, as well as interior designers, make timetables for their teams, order and shop for supplies, supervise the installation of décor, and collaborate with a variety of other professionals, including architects, carpenters, electricians, plumbers, and construction workers. Interior Decorator Education Requirements According to The Spruce, while there is no official education necessary to become an interior decorator, many people begin their careers with a bachelor’s degree in a closely related subject. Many interior decorating companies need individuals to have a post-secondary degree in interior decorating or design in order to be considered. The Interior Design Society and Certified Interior Decorators International both recommend that you enroll in a program that has been authorized by both organizations. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, choose a program that has been authorized by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design or the Council for Interior Design Accreditation. Orlando, Florida, New York City, and Seattle, Washington are the cities with the highest pay for interior decorator positions in the United States, respectively. According to the U.S. Interior Decorator Industry According to The Spruce, the vast majority of interior decorators deal with domestic customers, transforming areas in their homes into beautiful settings. Some also work in the commercial sector, designing venues such as hotels, enterprises, restaurants, retail stores, and outdoor areas, among other establishments. Some interior designers really work for retail establishments that offer home furnishings and accessories, such as blinds and curtains, paint, and other household materials. Interior decorators who want to work for themselves might do so by starting their own firms that provide decorating and design services to clients. It is possible that they will not work a conventional Monday-Friday, nine-to-five schedule. Interior Decorator Job Growth Trend According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the United States, the job prognosis for interior designers and decorators is on par with the overall job outlook for all occupations. As customer expectations shift, interior designers must shift with them in order to suit their demands. Consumers, for example, are becoming increasingly interested in ecologically friendly products that are supplied in a sustainable manner. Customers in high-income areas are the most likely to choose you since they have the financial wherewithal to invest in remodeling and revamping their homes and businesses. Interior decorators that specialize in a certain area, such as hotels, for example, are more likely to obtain employment opportunities. Also vital is keeping up with design technology, such as drawing software, in order to stay competitive.. Interior Decorator Salary The average salary for an Interior Decorator in the United States is $52,318. With 100 percent of workers stating that they receive a bonus each year, the average bonus for an Interior Decorator is $1,986, which equals 4 percent of their compensation on average. Interior decorators earn the highest in Boston, Massachusetts, with an average total pay of $75,282, which is 44 percent higher than the national average. Salary Ranges for Interior Decorators Interior Decorators earn incomes ranging from $23,900 to $80,571 a year in the United States, with a median salary of $58,297. 57 percent of Interior Decorators earn between $58,297 and $65,009 per year, with the top 86 percent earning $80,571 per year. How much tax will you have to pay as an Interior Decorator In 2018, the average federal tax rate for a single filer in this tax band is expected to be 22 percent on average. Interior Decorators might expect to earn $44,868 per year after federal taxes are deducted, with each payment equaling around $1,870 *.*, assuming a bi-monthly pay period. Using 2018 federal and state tax tables, taxes for a single filer are projected based on marginal tax rates. Taxes levied by municipalities are not taken into account in the computations. This information is meant to be used as a guideline rather than as prescriptive financial or tax advice. Quality of Life for Interior Decorator In this scenario, an Interior Decorator would pay 67.02 percent of their monthly take-home earnings toward rent, based on a take-home pay of around $3,739 per month and a median 2BR apartment rental price of $2,506 per month**. ** This rental cost was calculated using data from an internet report available atApartment List***. The Cost of Living Index from Numbeo was used to calculate the average cost of living. Decorator Salary: How Much Do Interior Decorators Make? How much do interior designers make is a question that is frequently asked. According to study.com, the average annual compensation for an interior decorator is around $40,000 per year. To work as an interior decorator, you simply need a high school certificate, while there are several certifications, design courses, and even a bachelor’s degree in interior design that you can pursue. In fact, The Spruce strongly advises prospective interior designers to pursue a Bachelor’s degree in interior design. The theory that underpins it is also straightforward. Investing the time and resources to obtain a formal education and certification can demonstrate to a prospective customer that you fit their needs. Another advantage of attending classes in the field is that you may choose which speciality of interior design you desire after you have completed your coursework. Kind of Interior Decorators Everyone in the field of interior design works with both residential and business clientele. The use of furniture, room arrangement, light fixtures, color scheme, and accessories by interior designers may improve the appearance of any area. However, there are certain differences between the different types of interior decoration. Interior decorators can work with customers in both the household and business sectors. Residential Interior Designers Interior decorators work with residential clients to enhance the appearance of their houses. Interior designers of this type are entrusted with designing a fashionable living area that is both pleasant and useful. Commercial Interior Designers Interior decorators work mostly with commercial clients on projects such as office spaces, social meeting rooms, and retail outlets. Clients who are looking to design a commercial space are usually looking for a decorator who will consider productivity and efficiency. Always keep in mind that you are not restricted to a single style of home interior decoration. You can undoubtedly service a variety of different sorts of customers. You should, however, keep in mind that you should be gaining knowledge in certain areas of design and nurturing your clients as you progress. Interior Decorator Salary Considerations When it comes to determining the compensation of an interior decorator, there are a range of elements to consider. The following are some strategies for increasing your income as an interior decorator. Experience Level Interior decorators with years of expertise will make significantly more than interior decorators who are just starting out in the field. You can obtain practical experience by working for an interior design agency, as a freelance interior decorator, or as an interior decorator for a specific store or company, among other options. A varied range of expertise designing for a variety of clientele and settings can help you become a more effective interior designer. The more experience you have as an interior decorator, the greater your income will be as a result. This further training will assist you in becoming a more skilled interior decorator. Where You Work When compared to interior designers who are just starting out, an experienced interior decorator would make more. It is possible to obtain expertise by working for an interior design agency, as a freelance interior decorator, or as an interior decorator for a particular store or organization. Your interior designing skills will improve as you get more diversified experience decorating for various clients and settings. In general, the more experience you have, the more money you may make as an interior decorator. It is via this additional instruction that you will become a more effective interior decorator. - Florida - New York City - And Seattle, Washington are the locations of the events. Make the most money possible with your interior designer income. Additionally, the incomes of your clientele might have an impact on your employment opportunities as an interior decorator. If you reside in a high-income neighborhood, you may expect individuals to have greater disposable money. As a result, you will most certainly notice an increase in demand for luxury such as interior designers. Clientele If interior designers work in both home and business settings, they may serve a wide range of clientele. Those that work for high-end retail establishments and enterprises will earn a more lucrative compensation as commercial interior decorators. If you are a domestic interior decorator who works as an independent contractor, your interior decorator compensation will be greater since you have more expertise. Who You Work For You will become a great addition to your interior design company if you are successful in bringing in new clients to the organization. Becoming a company leader and acquiring new consumers can assist you in increasing your earnings significantly. As an alternative, if you create your own interior design firm, you have complete control over your clients and pricing structure. In order to choose this road, you will need to start from the ground up and manage the commercial side of things as well. Of course, a large pay isn’t the only thing that matters. Whether you discover that you appreciate interior designing while or after completing interior design classes, you should consider continuing your career in this field. You will most likely establish a solid reputation and expand your repertoire rather rapidly. Career Growth as an Interior Decorator An interior designer who is just beginning out should anticipate to work long hours for a salary that may be lower than they would have preferred. However, demonstrating your design talent and building a clientele rapidly might result in a rise in your compensation and a reduction in your working hours. According to the QC Design School, after a decade of working as an interior designer, you will most likely have clientele who will seek your services from you. This implies that you will be able to choose the tasks you wish to work on and will have complete control over your schedule. Interested in a Career as an Interior Decorator? Take a look at the interior decorating course offered by Stratford Career Institute. You will learn all you need to know about what to expect from a career as an interior decorator, which includes the following topics: - A quick overview of the history of interior design - Principles and components of ornamental design The process of designing a space - Selling interior designing services: the psychology of doing business - The choosing and placement of furniture - Designing an interior space and the responsibilities of an interior designer are discussed in detail. Interior designers must possess certain characteristics and knowledge. the advancement of the interior design profession - And The design process and the scope of services are discussed in detail. The interior decorating construction process, as well as materials and additional issues of interest to the interior designer We provide an excellent starting point for anyone contemplating a career as an interior designer with our course. It is especially beneficial if you are hesitant for whatever reason. This course will assist you in determining whether you have a love for interior decorating. Enroll in our interior decorator course right away if you are ready to start studying everything there is to know about interior design. RATE THIS POST Interested in designing and building visually beautiful spaces? Do you have an eye for aesthetics and a desire to work with others? You may get started by checking out our interior decorating course.

Are you eagerly waiting for the SSC exam result 2022? Bangladesh – All the education boards in Bangladesh have geared up to declare the SSC result 2022 in the 3rd/4th week of November 2022. More than 22 lakhs of aspiring students who took up the SSC examination have been anxiously waiting for the result. Soon after the result declaration, the students can access the SSC result in different ways. This post gives a clear explanation of how to check the result through various methods i.e., online and offline. The students can check the SSC mark sheet alongside their overall result in the significant examination. The concerned officials will disclose the result on the official website of the Bangladesh education board. We mentioned various modes and alternative ways to check the Bangladesh SSC Result 2022 through this article. Take a look! Contents - About SSC Examinations 2022 - SSC Exam Result 2022 / Dakhil Result - SSC Result Publish Date 2022 - How to Check SSC Result 2022? - BD SSC Result 2022 Marksheet - SSC Result 2022 Board Wise - 1. Dhaka Board SSC Result 2022 - 2. Jessore Board SSC Result 2022 - 3. Dinajpur Board SSC Result 2022 - 4. Barisal Board SSC Result 2022 - 5. Chittagong Board SSC Result 2022 - 6. Comilla Board SSC Result 2022 - 7. Mymensingh Board SSC Result 2022 - 8. Rajshahi Board SSC Result 2022 - 9. Sylhet Board SSC Result 2022 - 10. Madrasah Board SSC Result 2022 - 11. Technical Education Board Vocational SSC Result - SSC Board Challange Result 2022 - SSC Scholarship Result About SSC Examinations 2022 SSC examinations play a vital role in the educational career of an individual and it’s the same across different countries. In Bangladesh, students take up the SSC/Dakhil examination every year on different boards. SSC – Secondary School Certificate is a public examination conducted in Bangladesh by different boards. Every year, all the education boards in Bangladesh schedule the SSC exam and conduct the same in different exam venues. SSC examination results and their equivalent exam result will be disclosed soon by the corresponding boards. Such students can check their results either online or offline and download the mark sheet for further reference. Secondary School Certificate [SSC] examinations have been fruitfully conducted in Bangladesh starting 15th September 2022. Lakhs of ambitious candidates took part in the SSC examinations at different exam centres. All those aspirants alongside their parents have been currently waiting for the Dakhil result 2022. Most of the students are excited about the marks they score in the examination. By scoring a good percentage of marks in the SSC examinations, it becomes a huge advantage for the students in their higher education. Moreover, it helps them in choosing the right course for their further education. Another significance of scoring good marks in SSC exams is that the students have higher possibilities of obtaining the scholarship offered by the government. SSC Exam Result 2022 / Dakhil Result It is quite obvious that most of the students who have written the SSC Exam will be eagerly waiting for the SSC Result. Well, the students who don’t have an idea of the release date of the Dakhil result can go through this detailed article. Generally, the education boards in Bangladesh release the SSC result at least 30 days or 60 days after the completion of the SSC Examination. Likewise every year, the board has been planning to release the result in the second week of December 2022. After the final result disclosure, the individuals can access the result alongside the subject-wise scores from the corresponding board portals or the official website of the Bangladesh education board. There are various modes to check the SSC exam result 2022 through the official website, mobile app, SMS, and more. Get to know more information about the Dakhil Result 2022, board-wise results, mark sheet availability, and more through this post. SSC Result Publish Date 2022 After the successful completion of the SSC Examination, the corresponding Bangladesh education board discloses the result probably a month later. It is quite common for the board to release the Bangladesh SSC Result 2022 mostly a month after the completion of the exam. Considering the previous years’ release dates of the SSC result, we mentioned the tentative date in this article. This year, all Bangladesh education boards have been planning to release the result in November 2022. However, it is just the expected SSC result 2022 date. Once we get an official announcement from the Bangladesh Ministry of Education board, we update the same in this post. We will update this article with the precise result date and time very soon. Check the SSC result 2022 date on this website by visiting this website frequently. Hence, try to stay tuned to this page for the result update. How to Check SSC Result 2022? The students who have written the Bangladesh SSC examination can check their Dakhil result 2022 in three different ways. The students can access the Secondary School Certificate result 2022 through the official website, using the mobile app, and via SMS. Considering the convenience and availability, the students can choose their mode of checking the SSC result either online or offline. Some of the students may not have a smartphone facility or computer in their homes or nearby. In such a case, they can simply go with the SMS option to access the result. If the student’s roll number, board name, and registration number are noted, the parents or guardians can also check the SSC score of the students in all the subjects. Let’s go through the simple steps furnished below in each method to access the SSC result check. 1. Check SSC Exam Result Online One of the most effective and easiest ways to access the SSC Exam result is through the online mode. Students can visit the official portal of the Ministry of Education, Intermediate and Secondary Education Boards, Bangladesh. Follow the easy steps provided below to access the Bangladesh SSC Result 2022. - On the result declaration date, you can visit the official website of the board i.e., at. - On the home page of the website, you can find a section i.e., Exam Info, Bank. Below that, you can find the link that reads, SSC/HSC/JSC/JDC Result. - Click on the link. You will be redirected to a new web page wherein you can find a series of options. - Select the examination from the list of options in the drop-down menu. - It includes SSC/Dakhil, SSC/Vocational, HSC, JDC, etc. - Select the option ‘SSC/Dakhil’ Result. - Further, select the year of your examination i.e., 2022. - In the next option, you need to select the board from the list of education boards present in Bangladesh. - Enter your Roll Number and the Registration Number in the provided fields. - In the next field, you need to answer a random Captcha question. For instance, it asks ‘5+2’. Enter the answer in the field next to the question. - If you think you have entered and selected the precise options in all the fields, hit the ‘Submit’ button. If you want to change anything, just click on the ‘Reset’ button. - In a few seconds, your SSC Exam Result 2022 will be displayed on the screen. - Check the marks secured in all the subjects and grades. Save your result. - Take a printout of the result or download the result PDF for further reference. That’s all! This is an easy procedure to check the SSC result through the official website online. 2. Check SSC Result 2022 Through SMS Checking the SSC Result 2022 through SMS is one of the quickest ways. In case, if you don’t have an internet facility or are unable to check the result online, SMS is the right choice. If you have enough balance in your phone and a proper network signal in your locality, you can easily get your result directly onto your mobile phone provided you must be a mobile user residing in Bangladesh. Students need to send the SMS in a prescribed format from their mobile phones to get the instant Dakhil result 2022. Once you send the SMS in the proper format without any typos, you will immediately receive an SMS from the board comprising your result. Send the SMS in the following format: For SSC Board Result 2022: SSC <<Space>> First 3 Letters of Board <<Space>> 2022 and Send it to 16222. For Dakhil Result 2022: Dakhil <<Space>> MAD <<Space>> Roll << Space>> 2022 and Send it to 16222. For Technical Board Result 2022: SSC <<Space>> TEC <<Space>> Roll <<Space>> 2022 and Send it to 16222 The Code name for all the education boards in Bangladesh are listed below: - Dhaka Board – DHA - Madrasah Board – MAD - Sylhet Board – SYL - Chittagong Board – CHI - Comilla Board – COM - Barisal Board – BAR - Jessore Board – JES - Rajshahi Board – RAJ - Dinajpur Board – DIN The important point is that you need to ensure that your mobile SIM has a sufficient account balance to send the SMS. Each SMS will charge 2.44 TK. Teletalk provides this SMS facility to the students to check their SSC Result 2022. The students who are using any other mobile network in Bangladesh can also send the message in the aforementioned format to get the result. 3. Check SSC Result 2022 Through Mobile App Most students explore the web to learn different ways to access the SSC Exam Result 2022. As a result, we are trying to dig out the different methods through which the students can check their marks and overall result. With the rapid advancement in technology and the usage of smartphones, education boards have been utilizing the latest ways to disclose the results to students. The Ministry of Education has released an Android app to help the students access the result easily. The mobile app is free to access and supports the Android platform. Follow the simple steps furnished below to check the SSC Result 2022 via the mobile app. - First, go to the Google Play Store app store from your device. - Type in ‘SSC Result 2022 Bangladesh’ in the search box. - Hit the search icon next to the box. - Click the Install button. Follow the on-screen steps and finish the installation procedure. - Further, you can open the app from your mobile phone. - On the home screen of the app, you can find the option ‘SSC/Dakhil.’ - On the next screen, select the examination name, year of examination, board, result type, roll number, and registration number in the provided fields. - Enter the security key. - Hit the Submit button. - The Bangladesh SSC Result 2022 will be displayed on the screen. BD SSC Result 2022 Marksheet The Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Bangladesh will release the result on a scheduled date. Along with the result, the board will publish the SSC result 2022 mark sheet. The students of a specific board can easily access the mark sheet and download the same to check their subject-wise marks and grades. When you check the result on the official website, you will be able to access only the total score obtained in the SSC Examination. To get the subject-wise scores and grades, the students must download the SSC result 2022 mark sheet with number. However, the students may not obtain the mark sheet at the time of the result declaration. It might take some time yet you can access the mark sheet by the end of the result declaration date. The students don’t have a provision to access the SSC result with a mark sheet through the SMS. The students can access the mark sheet only through the official website. The mark sheet published online isn’t the original mark sheet given to the students. The candidates need to collect their mark sheets from their respective schools once they get a notice from the administrative department. At the schools, the teachers or relevant staff will distribute the SSC result 2022 mark sheet either roll number-wise or registration number-wise. This way, the candidates can easily check their marks by downloading the mark sheet online. SSC Result 2022 Board Wise The students can access the Bangladesh Technical education board SSC result in different ways as discussed earlier. A total of 11 different boards carry out their duties and responsibilities under the Ministry of Education, Bangladesh. All the boards will declare the Bangladesh SSC Result 2022 on the same date. Apart from the General Education Boards, there is one Technical Education Board and a Madrasah Board. Every year, the SSC Result will be published on the same date by all the education boards. SSC Examination is the second public exam conducted by the Bangladesh education board. Once a student finishes JSC with a qualifying score, he/she will get a chance to take up the SSC examination. Each board maintains a separate official portal to post the latest news and announcements. This helps the students to access the result soon after the official declaration by the respective board. In this post, we mentioned the SSC Result 2022 board-wise exam result. Check it out! 1. Dhaka Board SSC Result 2022 Dhaka Board of Secondary Education is one of the biggest education boards in Bangladesh. The concerned authorities of this board maintain its official portal besides the main education board’s website. Dhaka Board of Secondary Education holds the complete responsibility to govern all the public schools in the Dhaka division except the madrassahs and English-medium schools. Originally, the Dhaka board was set up in 1921 at Bakshibazar. This board conducts the SSC exams and declares the SSC result 2022 Dhaka board and HSC Exam result every year. Dhaka board conducts all the public examinations such as JSC, SSC, and HSC. dhakaeducationboard.gov.bd is the official education portal of the Dhaka education board. The Ministry of Education is the parent organization of the Dhaka Education Board. The ambitious students of Dhaka are suggested to visit the official Dhaka board website to check the Dhaka SSC result 2022. On the home page of the website, the students can find the link Dhaka board SSC result. By tapping the link, you will be redirected to the main website wherein you need to enter some of the vital details. It includes the examination name, year, board, roll number, registration number, and the random Captcha code. By submitting all the details, you will find the Dhaka SSC result 2022 displayed on the screen. 2. Jessore Board SSC Result 2022 The Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Jessore is an autonomous organization and the major city in Bangladesh. The Board of Secondary Education Jessore was set up for the Khulna division in the year 1963. Jessore education board administers the public exams and discloses the exam result. It holds the key responsibility in conducting two public examinations such as the SSC and HSC. Besides holding the public exams, the Jessore board also gives recognition to the newly set up non-government educational institutions. is the official website of the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Jashore. Jessore Board conducts the SSC and HSC examinations and declares the result of the same online. The students can check the SSC result 2022 Jessore board through the official website of the Bangladesh education board i.e., the major portal. To access the SSC result Jessore board, the students need to fill in crucial information such as the roll number, registration number, exam name, year, and more. Once the board declares the result, it publishes the same on the website. We will update the link to access the Jessore board SSC result soon on this website. 3. Dinajpur Board SSC Result 2022 Dinajpur Board is the newly established board in Bangladesh i.e., in the year 2006. This education board holds the responsibility of handling the secondary education system alongside the junior and intermediate education in the Dinajpur division. The education system of all 8 districts will be administered by the Dinajpur division. Before 2006, Dinajpur was within the Rajshahi Education board. Further, it turned out to become an independent organization that controls the secondary level public examination. It offers quality education to the students under its jurisdictional regions that include Kurigram, Rangpur, Gaibandha, Dinajpur, Lalmonirhat, Thakurgaon, Nilphamari, and Panchagarh. is the official website of the Dinajpur board wherein the students can find their SSC exam result 2022 Dinajpur board. This year, lakhs of students have written the SSC examination at various exam centers. Every year, several examiners attend this board during the examination and at the time of valuation. Students can easily access their Dinajpur board SSC result 2022 by visiting the official portal of the Dinajpur board. Whenever you try to check the result from the Dinajpur website, you will be redirected to the main website. By entering the registration number, roll number, exam name, year, and more, you can check your Dinajpur SSC result. 4. Barisal Board SSC Result 2022 Barisal education board holds the responsibility of maintaining the education system of all the 6 districts in Barisal. Barisal Secondary Education Board is an autonomous educational organization that provides recognition to the newly set up non-government educational institutions. Barisal board was set up in the year 1999. Every year, thousands of students appear for the SSC examinations. Barisal education board holds the examination to all the students and declares the result at the same time when the remaining boards will disclose the result. Barisal Education Board conducts three public examinations such as JSC, SSC, and HSC. is the official website of the Barisal Board of Secondary Education. Barisal education board SSC result will be declared by the board on the official website. The students can easily access the result by using key details such as the roll number, registration number, exam name, and more. After the completion of the Barisal board SSC result 2022 declaration, the board will also publish the marksheet. 5. Chittagong Board SSC Result 2022 Chittagong Education Board is an autonomous organization that conducts three different public examinations such as the SSC, HSC, and JSC. The Chittagong Education Board has started its educational operations in the year 1995. Chittagong Education board carries out various education-related operations such as scheduling the public exams, conducting the examinations, and ultimately declaring the Chittagong education board SSC result 2022. Chittagong board maintains the quality of education to the students across different schools in this division. It strives hard in enhancing the center of excellence in the educational organization. Every year, this education board conducts the SSC examinations and discloses the result online. is the official website of the Chittagong Education board. Through this website, the students can access the Chittagong board SSC result 2022. After the official SSC result 2022 Chittagong announcement, the Chittagong board will publish the marksheet of the students. The students can check their subject-wise marks and download the PDF for further reference. 6. Comilla Board SSC Result 2022 Comilla Board of Secondary Education is an autonomous organization that holds the Secondary School Certificate Public Examination every year across 6 districts in Comilla Division. This board was established in the year 1962. Comilla Education Board maintains the education system in all the districts by offering quality education to the students. Comilla board organizes both the SSC and JSC public exams for the students every year. Besides, it declares the Comilla board SSC result along with the remaining boards in Bangladesh. Every year, lakhs of SSC students will pass out their SSC examinations under the Comilla board. s the official website of the Comilla Education board. Students can access their SSC result Comilla board 2022 online i.e., on the official website of the Comilla board. On the release date of the Comilla SSC result 2022, we will update the direct link in this post so that the students can access their results without much delay. 7. Mymensingh Board SSC Result 2022 Mymenshing is another newly established autonomous education board in Bangladesh in the year 2017. This board was set up by the concerned authorities to administer, regulate and enhance the intermediate and secondary level education in the Mymensingh division. This education board holds the responsibility of conducting various public examinations for the students such as the SSC and HSC exams in the Mymensingh division. Originally, the Mymensingh board controlled the secondary and higher educational institutions across 4 districts. It includes Mymensingh, Sherpur, Jamalpur, and Natrokona. Junior School Certificate [JSC], Secondary School Certificate [SSC], and Higher Secondary Certificate [HSC] are the 3 different public exams conducted b the Mymensingh board in 4 districts of the Mymensingh division. Mymensingh Board conducts the SSC exams and discloses the Mymensingh board SSC result 2022 at the same time along with the remaining education boards in Bangladesh. The students can easily access the result and marksheet online through the official website. mymensingheducationboard.gov.bd is the official website of the Mymensingh board. Using the roll number, registration number, exam name, and year of exam, the students can check their SSC result Mymensingh board. Sometimes, the students can also check the result through SMS. In Mymensingh, there are a total of 1800 fully recognized and 228 temporarily recognized schools and 235 colleges. All these schools and colleges are under the administration of the Mymensingh education board. 8. Rajshahi Board SSC Result 2022 The Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Rajshahi is the autonomous educational organization in Bangladesh. It holds the responsibility of conducting both the SSC and HSC public examinations to the students across various exam venues. This board has commenced its educational operations in the year 1961. With the set up of the Rajshahi board, it has generated a separated education zone in Northern Bangladesh. It has administrative supervision of the entire division. rajshahieducationboard.gov.bd is the official website of the Rajshahi board. On the home page of the website, the students can find the Results section. After the successful completion of the SSC examinations, the Rajshahi board will release the SSC result 2022 Rajshahi board. It publishes the result link and the marksheet of the students on the official website. Soon after tapping the result link, you will be redirected to a new web page wherein you need to enter some of the vital details. Select the exam name, board name, year of exam, roll number, and the registration number in the given fields. By submitting all the details, the students can get the Rajshahi board SSC result. Once you access your result, you can even get a chance to check your marksheet online. The students can collect the printout of their SSC result Rajshahi board 2022 online for further reference. The students can even check the Rajshahi SSC result through SMS. 9. Sylhet Board SSC Result 2022 Sylhet board of intermediate and secondary education is another autonomous organization in Bangladesh. This board holds various public examinations for aspiring students every year. JSC, SSC, and HSC are the major public examinations conducted by the Sylhet education board in the 4 districts of the Sylhet division. Originally, this board was set up in 1999. Some of the widely popular educational institutions in Sylhet include Sylhet Government Pilot High School, The Aided High School, and more. sylhetboard.gov.bd is the official web portal of the Sylhet education board. As per the scheduled date and time, the Sylhet board conducts the SSC examinations. Further, it discloses the SSC result Sylhet board 2022 following the date and time of the remaining boards in Bangladesh. To access the Sylhet board SSC result, the students need to enter some of the crucial credentials such as the roll number, registration number, examination name, year of the exam, name of the board, and the captcha code. is the official portal of this education board wherein you can find the result section. After tapping the result link, the candidates will be redirected to the main education portal. On that page, you will be prompted to fill in the vital details mentioned earlier. After submitting the details, you can access the Sylhet education board SSC result 2022. 10. Madrasah Board SSC Result 2022 Madrasah Board is another education board in Bangladesh that organizes various educational operations. Every year, the board conducts both the SSC and JSC public examinations. After the completion of the exams, the board will release the SSC Madrasah board result 2022. The students can easily access the result online and offline. On the official website of the Madrasah board, the students can find the result link. By clicking the link, you will be redirected to a new web page. On the education board website of the Ministry of Education, Bangladesh, the students can enter vital details such as the roll number, registration number, exam name, year of exam, and more. Further, submit the details to access the Madrasah board SSC result 2022. Lakhs of students who have written the SSC examination can access the result even offline i.e., through SMS. The students can even check their marksheet and download the same online after accessing the SSC result Madrasah board. 11. Technical Education Board Vocational SSC Result Technical Education Board Vocational is the vocational education board in Bangladesh. This board has been carrying out its operations since June 1969. Vocational Education Board regulates the educational operations and conducts the SSC exams for the students. Bangladesh Technical Education Board conducts the SSC Vocational Examination and releases the Technical education board vocational SSC result on the official website. is the official website of the Bangladesh Technical Education Board. The students can easily access the Technical Board Vocational Result online of the SSC examination by filling in the crucial details. By tapping the result link on the technical education board website, you will be redirected to the official website. On that website, you can select the exam name, year, board name, in the given fields. Enter the roll number, registration number, and the captcha code in the furnished fields. By submitting the above details, the students can get the SSC result Technical board vocational result. SSC Board Challange Result 2022 All the education boards in Bangladesh will release the Bangladesh SSC Result 2022 on their corresponding board websites. After the result declaration, the students have the facility to access the SSC result check by using vital details such as the roll number and registration number. Once you have checked all your results, you might not be satisfied with the marks or SSC results in any of the subjects. In such a situation, you can apply for the SSC board challenge. The SSC result 2022 re-scrutiny procedure will begin soon after the result declaration by the corresponding boards. The students who are wishing to recheck their SSC exam result or marks secured in any of the subjects can apply for the SSC Board challenge. It the nothing but a revaluation process. By applying to this challenge, the students need to wait until the official announcement of the Rescrutiny result. Mostly, the board might release the SSC board challenge result 2022 in January 2023. It might take at least a month to disclose the re-scrutiny result. SSC Board Challenge Result 2022 is sometimes referred to as ‘Khata Check Result 2022’. This result will be sent to the student’s registered mobile number. The mobile number through which the student has applied for the rescrutiny, he/she will receive the result on the same mobile number. The students can get the result comprising their roll number in the form of SMS on the registered mobile number. Hence, the students need not have to explore online for different methods to access the Dakhil result 2022. The SSC Board Rescrutiny result will be directly obtained on the registered number of the student. Once we get an official announcement regarding the re-scrutiny result of the SSC exam 2022, we will update the same here soon. SSC Scholarship Result Every year, the Bangladesh education board will give the scholarship to all the highly skilled and qualified needful students of the SSC exam result. In general, the SSC Scholarship is categorized into two divisions. One is a talent pool scholarship. This scholarship will be given to the skills students who secured a good GPA i.e., 90% to 95%. The second category is general grade scholarship. This scholarship is awarded to the students who secure 85% to 90%. Mostly, more than 30000 highly skilled students will be given the talent pool scholarship and 90000 general grade students will be given general grade scholarship. The concerned board will declare the SSC scholarship result 2022. The students who meet the eligibility guidelines can apply for the scholarship. After the completion of the SSC Scholarship 2022, the students need to wait till the official announcement of the SSC scholarship result 2022. The board might take a few months to disclose the scholarship result of the eligible students. The list of eligible candidates will be announced and also the scholarship test will be conducted for those students. On the official website of the education board or the official website of the major board, the students can access the scholarship result. The students can easily download the SSC Scholarship Result in PDF format. By downloading the result, the students can check whether their names are included in the list or not. If the name of the student is present in the list, they are eligible for the scholarship. What if the student becomes eligible for the scholarship? Well, if the students are selected for the Talent Pool Scholarship, they will get 300 Tk per month i.e., 3600 Tk per year. On the other hand, the general grades scholarship students will get 225 Tk per month i.e., 2700 Tk per year. The scholarship amount will be rewarded to the eligible students every month for a period of 1 year. However, there could be some changes in the scholarship amount in some cases. This is all you need to know about the SSC Result 2022 Bangladesh All Boards. We hope this article has given adequate information regarding the Dakhil result 2022. Through the official educationboardresults.gov.bd, the students can access the results of SSC examinations across various boards in Bangladesh. Once the board declares the SSC exam result 2022, we will update the direct link in this post so that our readers can access the result quickly. make sure you keep your roll number and registration number handy to get the result instantly after the official announcement. For more doubts and queries regarding the Bangladesh SSC, all boards result 2022, just go through this article. Stay tuned to this website for more related articles on SSC results, exams, Bangladesh public exams, timetables, and more.

Caramel Tres Leches Cake The BEST Caramel Tres Leches Cake! Dulce de leche is whisked into the three-milk mixture and then swirled into the whipped cream on top. Friday is May 5th… Cinco de Mayo! I love the excuse to eat lots of chips and salsa, tacos, and splurge on tres leches cake. If you’ve never had it, you MUST make it! The first version I made was way back in 2010 and while it was delicious, I couldn’t pass up Alton Brown’s version when I saw it last year. I was obsessed with his show about ten years ago, and his tres leches cake did NOT disappoint. It was definitely an improvement over my old one, and best of all? His whipped cream topping has become my go-to whipped cream for almost everything. It’s way sweeter than most, but is super stable and can easily be piped. I love it! However, THIS cake… this caramel tres leches cake… blows the other ones out of the water. First things first… all of the tres leches cakes that I’ve made or tried are a very short sponge cake baked in a quarter sheet pan. While they are delicious, they aren’t much to look at, to be honest. But this caramel tres leches cake bakes up super high in a springform pan and takes on a TON of three-milk (plus dulce de leche!) mixture for a truly WOW presentation. Topped with fresh whipped cream and more swirls of dulce de leche, and you have an utterly amazing cake that will have people fighting for leftovers. While looks aren’t everything, it IS awesome to hear oooh’s and ahhh’s when you set a dessert down on the dining room table. Plus, looks aside, this is, by far, the most amazing tres leches cake I’ve ever had. I love how high this cake is, and I love the combination of flavors in the milk mixture… there’s regular milk and sweetened condensed milk (both standard for a tres leches cake), but there’s also buttermilk. I hadn’t seen it used before, but it gives the cake just a slight tang and is a good balance to all of the sweetness from the cake, the sweetened condensed milk, and the dulce de leche. When you’re pouring the mixture over the cake, go slowly so the cake has time to absorb it. I still had some pooling around the edges once I was done, and I was fearful that when I unmolded the springform pan I would have milk running everywhere. I was pleasantly surprised to find that it had all been absorbed and there was zero mess, whew! This caramel tres leches cake was a wild success a couple of weeks ago, and I guarantee it will be a showstopper whenever you serve it! One year ago: Copycat Chipotle Cilantro-Lime Rice Five years ago: Alfajores Seven years ago: Pecan Sandies Caramel Tres Leches Cake Ingredients For the Cake - 1½ cups (187.5 g) all-purpose flour - 2¼ teaspoons (2.25 teaspoons) baking powder - ¾ teaspoon (0.75 teaspoon) salt - 12 tablespoons unsalted butter, at room temperature - 1 cup (200 g) granulated sugar - 1½ teaspoons (1.5 teaspoons) vanilla extract - 5 eggs For the Three-Milk Mixture - 2 cups (488 ml) whole milk - 1 cup (306 ml) sweetened condensed milk - 1 cup (240 ml) buttermilk - ⅓ cup (75.33 ml) dulce de leche - 1½ teaspoons (1.5 teaspoons) vanilla extract For the Topping - 2 cups (476 ml) heavy cream - ⅓ cup (75.33 ml) dulce de leche Instructions - Make the Cake: Preheat oven to 325 degrees F. Lightly grease a 9-inch springform pan; set aside. In a medium bowl, whisk together the flour, baking powder and salt; set aside. - Using an electric mixer, beat the butter, sugar and vanilla extract on medium speed for 8 to 10 minutes, or until very pale and creamy. Scrape down the sides of the bowl. Add the eggs, one at a time, beating well after each addition. Reduce the mixer speed to low and gradually add the flour mixture, mixing until just combined. Stir the batter with a rubber spatula to ensure all of the ingredients are incorporated. - Transfer the cake batter to the prepared springform pan and baking until a skewer inserted into the center comes out clean, 40 to 50 minutes. Place the pan on a wire rack and allow the cake to cool completely in the pan. - Make the Three-Milk Mixture: Place the cake pan on a rimmed baking sheet lined with wax paper or parchment paper. Using a skewer, poke holes all over the top of the cake. In a large pitcher, whisk together the whole milk, sweetened condensed milk, buttermilk, dulce de leche, and vanilla extract until combined. Very slowly, pour the milk mixture all over the cake. (It will seem like A LOT, but go slowly add use everything.) Refrigerate the cake for at least 3 hours, or overnight, ensuring that all of the milk mixture is absorbed. Remove the cake from the springform pan and place on a serving plate. - Finish with Topping: Place the cream in a large bowl and either by hand or using an electric mixer, whip on medium speed until soft peaks form. Spread the whipped cream on top of the cake, then drizzle and swirl the dulce de leche into the whipped cream. This is best served the day it is assembled, but can be refrigerated for up to 1 more day. Notes - If you can't find dulce de leche at your grocery store, you can buy it online, or use caramel sauce (store bought or homemade). Did you make this recipe? Leave a review below, then snap a picture and tag @thebrowneyedbaker on Instagram so I can see it! Do you have a recipe conversion to use a 9×13 pan? thanks I baked a gluten-free cake with almond flour and a cake with all-purpose wheat flour as in the recipe for my son’s birthday. My husband needs a gluten-free diet so I try include him by cooking and baking with him in mind but I also wanted to follow the recipe. My son, daughter-in-law and I tried both cakes. Crazy, we liked the gluten-free cake better. It turned out great. I made this cake yesterday and it was probably one of the best cakes I have ever made. I followed the recipe to a “T” and it worked perfectly! I made homemade dulce de leche in the instant pot to use! Delicious! Everyone who ate it loved it!!! My husband is a novice baker (or rather he is usually my assistant and doesn’t bake at all) and he made this recipe by himself. He didn’t have a single issue. We did replace the buttermilk with evaporated milk as we were originally going with a different recipe and saw this one last minute. And I did throw in some cinnamon because my husband is Mexican and we felt it appropriate lol. I made the whipped topping and added a tablespoon of powdered sugar and a tablespoon of the dulce de leche. In order to make the dulce de leche the right consistency for a drizzle just put it in the microwave for a few seconds. I also added just a little bit of salt to my drizzle to make it a salted caramel. Ok, so before I made this I read all comments and I made few changes. I baked half time on 350 and half time 325. Cake did not sink. I wanted to make sure, that the cake soakes all the milks so I cut the top crust off. And lastly yes- the Dulche des Leche can be very thick. So I mixed it with little water and I heated it little bit untill it was smooth and syrup like consistency. Cake turned out very good! Made this for a Christmas Eve family gathering and was very disappointed. I followed the instructions carefully, poking lots of holes with a skewer, pouring slowly and even after refrigerating overnight, it looked like half of the milk mixture wasn’t absorbed. I had to pour it down the sink. And the cake was too wet. Any idea what went wrong? I so wanted this to turn out, even made my own caramel sauce! Made this recipe this weekend for a dinner party and it was a HUGE hit! It didn’t last more than 24 hours! This recipe is a keeper – make it, you won’t regret it!! Thanks for sharing! Absolutely delicious! People raved about it! Beautifu presentation! Thank you! Hi Michelle, in the picture it looks like you put parchment on the bottom of the pan but I don’ t see that in the instructions. Did you? Thanks! Making this for the Super Bowl! Hi Carolyn, I did the first time I made it (which is when I took the photos), but it got so soggy from the milk mixture that it basically disintegrated, so I never used it again and didn’t specify using it in the directions. Sorry for any confusion! Ahhh….okay…thank you! I made the cake part last night and did use the parchment. I wrapped in saran wrap and left at room temp. I am doing the milk today and will serve tomorrow. Do you think that will be okay? I will see how the parchment goes and nix next time if it is an issue. Thanks! FABULOUS RECIPE! The family loved it and said it is their new favorite cake! Thanks Michelle! And yes, definitely skipping the parchment next time and pouring the milk much slower! I practiced making this prior to my Thanksgiving 2017 dessert contribution. Everything went well except when it came to incorporating the dulce de leche into the milk mixture, and the second major issue I experienced was when I tried to drizzle it on top of the whipped cream. Dulce de leche has a very odd, plastic-y texture that makes it impossible to “drizzle” or even pipe (ziplock piping bag broke from the pressure!). It clumps at room temperature, and when heated, which is the only way I could work with it, it melted my whipped cream. Is there a secret to working with it? Thank you in advance! The rest of the cake was a beauty. Topping, not so much. I used La Lechera brand. Hi Eda, I literally just stirred the dulce de leche in the jar, then used my spoon to drizzle. I didn’t do anything special at all. Perhaps different brands have a different consistency? I made this last night and ended up with the same brand of dulce de leche. Very thick and no chance of drizzling. My first thought was that I could spread it on top of the cake like a layer of frosting and then add the whipped cream on top. But the cake is kinda fragile after soaking up the milk. My husband had the idea of whipping the caramel with the whipped cream, and that didn’t work out well either as it didn’t form up right, but it was still very tasty. I think what I’ll try next time is folding the caramel into the topping after it’s been whipped up properly. I think that would work out fine. Hello Browneyed Baker, First of all I am a big fan of your blog. You are my default go to for all my baked stuff. Your thick and chewy chocolate chip cookies were the family favorite for years, now replaced by your soft and chewy chocolate chips! I am making this tres leches cake today. I noticed that in the ingredients list for the topping it says 2 cups (240ml) of heavy cream. 2 cups would be 480 ml. Can you confirm if thats 1 cup or 2 cups? Thanks Hi Sella, My apologies, that’s a typo! It should be 2 cups (480 ml) – will fix that now, so sorry. Hey Michelle, Is it possible to make this Caramel Tres Leches cake in a 9×13 pan? Thanks, Loria A. Hi Loria, You can, it may just be a bit shorter than if you made it in the springform pan. Baking time would also be reduced a bit. I made this cake. It’s absolutely delicious! Thank you for the recipe! Though I’d make less mixture next time: way too much, and it’s quite messy because of the pooling around the edges. I did follow the recipe exactly and poured the mixture very slowly. I’m sure it’d be still very moist without that much milk mixture. My son is making the cake for a Spanish project but I have been trying out the recipe first. The first time the cake completely fell in the middle. I checked everything carefully (all Ingredients at room temp, folding in flour til just mixed etc) and tried again. It is still sank in the middle but not near as bad and could be covered with the whipping cream. Just wondering, any ideas? Yours looks nice and mounded. Hi Tammy, Are you sure the cake is baked completely through before you’re pulling it out of the oven? Underbaked in the center is the most common reason for a cake sinking. Also, are you baking at altitude by any chance? I am not baking at altitude but I will keep in mind the “being sure it is done.” This could easily have been the issue the first time and with it being saturated with the milk mix, I don’t have to worry so much about it being dry! Thanks- here is hoping his try is perfect! My cake also didn’t rise in the middle, and it was probably done before 40 min. So I checked your other recipe for Tres Leches and the temperature is listed for 350, while this one is 325. After checking multiple tres leche recipes, the cake is baked at 350. This is probably the reason for our failed cakes. This cake bakes up completely different than traditional tres leches cakes; I’ve made it multiple times at 325 and it has worked just fine; I wouldn’t recommend altering the temperature or it may overcook on the outside by the time it is cooked through in the middle. Wow. This is amazing! I just made a tres leches cake and dressed it with whipped cream and strawberries. But, your version is over the top! Looks delicious and beautiful! I’ll be trying this! Hi! I love tres leches cake, and this sounds amazing. Recently, I was at the grocery and they had caramel sweetened condensed milk…have you seen/heard of it and would you use it? And, if you did, would you use it as both the sweetened condensed milk and the dulche de leche? Love you recipes, btw!! Hi Karen, Hmmmm I have not heard of that. If you use it for both I fear it might be TOO sweet. Plus, dulce de leche is quite a bit thicker than sweetened condensed milk, so there’s a texture issue, too. Ok, thanks! I don’t know what to do with the caramel sweetened condensed milk!! But it sounded so good, I couldn’t resist!! I would try it in iced cold brew coffee! Oooh, good idea!!! Made this yesterday for coworkers. They loved it!!! Made my own caramel by cooking la Leche can in water bath for 3 hours the day before. Easy and rich!! Didn’t have the luxury of serving it up on a fancy platter. They were scooping it out of the pan. Lol. Thanks for the recipe!!! Excellent cake. I grew up in San Antonio, so have had many tres leches cakes before. This one takes the cake (so to speak). Mine didn’t look quite as pretty as yours, but the taste made up for it. Thinking of trying this as cupcakes….would it work do you think? Hi Robyn, I haven’t attempted converting the cake to cupcakes, but I think it’s worth trying! A P.R. friend told me about dulce de leche and I fell in love with the stuff!! The chocolate is to die for and I eat the carmel off a spoon!! Guess I better buy two cans for this cake for Friday’s dessert!! I have just recently discovered Tres Leche Cake at Costco (which I highly recommend if you don’t have time to make this recipe; yummy AND beautiful!) and actually have some in the frig! Definitely decadent and I find it a crowd pleaser…kinda like neutral Switzerland…not a ‘I don’t like…’ from anyone who has ever tried it :) Can’t wait to try your recipe! I JUST saw them at Costco yesterday and wondered if they were any good! Now I know :) Can’t wait to make this! Just curious Michelle, did you use dulce de leche or your own salted caramel sauce? (which btw is absolutely divine!) Was thinking the salted caramel might be a little bit runnier, is it? As long as this doesn’t impact the liquid absorption I’m tempted to use it! Hi Helen, I used store-bought dulce de leche. You would need to let the caramel cool and thicken before you use it. I LOVE tres leches cake…it’s my ultimate favorite! I can’t even believe how good it must be with the caramel! I also appreciate that you said most tres leches aren’t exactly showstoppers but this one definitely is! I am DEFINITELY making this! Yum!! I’ve never had Tres Leches cake, but can’t wait to try this! I have a question….I’d like to take it to work on Friday, but need to make the cake today. Do you think it would be okay to make the cake today and then top it with the whipped cream on Friday morning? Thanks so much! Hi Kara, I would bake the cake today (cover tightly in plastic wrap), but I would hold off on poking holes and pouring the milk mixture onto the cake until tomorrow (Thursday). Then you can top it with whipped cream on Friday morning. We ate the cake leftover the next day and it definitely starts to venture into TOO soggy territory two days after the milk mixture has been poured in. I hope that helps! I’ve never made nor had a tres leches cake before, but this might have to be my first! Yum!!! This is a gorgeous cake! Just one question though, do you not add any sugar to the cream or is the dulce de leche on top enough? Hi Cathy, Correct, no sugar, which I never usually do (and was skeptical of), but the cake and dulce de leche on top is plenty sweet. Looks delicious. When do you remove the cake from the springform pan? Thanks for another great recipe. I second this comment. Your description above the recipe makes it sound like you left the cake in the springform pan while you poured the milk over but the method has you remove it first…. Hi Jacki, Yes, you leave the cake in the pan while you pour the milk over and while it is refrigerated. You don’t remove it until you’re ready to top it with whipped cream and serve. Sorry for any confusion! Hi Marsha, Right before you top it with whipped cream. So sorry, I’ve edited the recipe above to clarify that! Your cake looks amazing! I’ve made a tres leches cake from the Pioneer Woman before and it was great, but this definitely looks worth trying! Have you ever made your own dulce de leche with an unopened can of sweetened condensed milk? I don’t want to say how to make it because you actually must follow the instructions carefully (just look it up online), but it’s simple and delicious! I love to read your posts and am a fellow Pittsburgher and Golden Retriever mom! – Let’s Go Pens! Hi Jane, I’ve never done the whole cooked can of condensed milk since my grocery store stocks dulce de leche regularly, so I don’t have an issue getting it. And yay, Pittsburgh and golden retrievers :)

20 ELR 20349 | Environmental Law Reporter | copyright © 1990 | All rights reserved The court holds that the parent corporation of a defunct textile company is liable under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) for the government's response costs in responding to drinking water contamination caused by the textile company's trichloroethylene (TCE) releases. The court initially holds that a uniform federal rule should be applied in CERCLA cases involving piercing the corporate veil. The court holds that the parent corporation was a de facto operator of the facility under CERCLA § 107(a). The parent corporation exercised pervasive control over the subsidiary's operations, including the power to control the release of TCE and authority to prevent and abate environmental damage. The court also pierces the corporate veil and holds that the parent corporation is liable as an owner under CERCLA. CERCLA places no special importance on the corporate structure and should be interpreted broadly to enhance its beneficial purposes. The court holds that the releases from the textile company were the cause of the government's on-site and off-site response costs. Although defendant alleges that other sources were responsible for the contamination, CERCLA's liability is joint and several unless the defendant can show that the harm is divisible and defendant has not introduced any evidence on the divisibility of the TCE contamination. Counsel for Plaintiff Michael P. Iannotti, Ass't U.S. Attorney Westminster Sq. Blvd., 10 Dorrance St., 10th Fl., Providence RI 02903 (401) 528-5477 Cynthia S. Huber, Ass't U.S. Attorney Land and Natural Resources Division U.S. Department of Justice, Washington DC 20530 (202) 633-5273 Counsel for Defendant Deming E. Sherman Edwards & Angell 2700 Hospital Trust Tower, Providence RI 02903 (401) 274-9200 [20 ELR 20349] FRANCIS J. BOYLE, Chief Judge. In the somnolent village of Forestdale, Rhode Island, the ground waters run deep. Unfortunately, the waters also contain pollutants. Having long been home to machining and textile manufacturing industries, Forestdale found itself a victim of its [20 ELR 20350] own hospitality. Trichloroethylene, sometimes a by-product of those industries, had filtered into Forestdale's private and public residential water wells. The Government alleges that Stamina Mills, Inc., a defunct textile operation, was a source of the contaminant. In a slight twist on a biblical passage, the Court in this case must also decide whether the sins of the son should be visited upon the father. Cf. Exodus 20:5. Specifically, the issue is whether Kayser-Roth Corporation, the parent corporation and sole shareholder of Stamina Mills, Inc., is responsible for clean-up and response costs generated at least in part by a spill of a hazardous substance on its subsidiary's property in 1969. The answer to that query requires not only a journey through the labyrinth of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act ("CERCLA"), but thorough examination of the relationship between the related corporations as well. FACTS Release and Response Stamina Mills, Inc. was a textile manufacturing operation in North Smithfield, Rhode Island from approximately 1952 to 1975. The mill building had been on the site since some time in the last century. It is located on the north side of the Branch River. The Branch River flows west to east at the site. The company employed a soap scouring system to remove oil and dirt from newly-woven fabric. Because of complaints involving discharge into and pollution of the Branch River, Stamina Mills replaced the soap scouring system with one that used trichloroethylene ("TCE") in March 1969. Tanker trucks delivered the TCE which was pumped into a storage tank. During one delivery before November 1969, a mishap occurred; a tanker driver improperly attached a hosing coupling and spilled an indeterminate number of gallons of TCE. In addition to this accidental release of TCE, there is evidence that Stamina Mills would deposit used quantities of TCE bottoms in a landfill on its property. One witness, a Rhode Island Department of Health employee, testified that he saw a truck back up to the landfill and dump a purplish fluid with oily texture. The same witness also stated that the odor of TCE emanated from Stamina Mills' building. In August 1979, ten years after Stamina Mills began to use TCE, the Rhode Island Department of Health conducted a survey of drinking water supplies in the Forestdale area, which is generally north and northwest of the Stamina property. The survey found that residential wells north of the Stamina Mills site had elevated levels of TCE. In September 1982, the Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") completed a hydrogeological study of the area which concluded that the Stamina Mills site was a source of the contaminant. The study found a hydraulic connection between the Stamina Mills site and the residential wells. Although the flow of water through the bedrock aquifer was from north to south, normal pumping of the residential wells would reverse the flow. Consequently, the site was added to the National Priorities List the following September, making Superfund monies available for response actions. There was evidence introduced that the residential wells might have been contaminated by sources other than Stamina Mills. The potential sources included Amperex and other companies that were located on the opposite bank of the Branch River south of the Stamina Mills site. There was no evidence that other sources did, in fact, contribute to the pollution. The EPA did not investigate potential sources of contamination other than Stamina Mills. The EPA conducted remedial measures at both the Stamina Mills site and the residential wells.The parties have stipulated that the EPA incurred $ 660,612.71 in costs related to removal and enforcement activities. In addition, the parties have agreed that the Department of Justice (DOJ) spent $ 185,879.62 for enforcement activities. The record fails to reflect any distinction between costs related to "on-site" clean-up (at the Stamina Mills site) and "off-site" clean-up (at the residential wells). Corporate Relationships Stamina Mills, Inc. has expired. Its parent corporation, or more accurately, the parent's successor,1 remains in the form of the Kayser-Roth Corporation. Before Stamina Mills' dissolution, the two corporations shared a common history. In 1961, Crown Textile Manufacturing Company ("Crown") and Samuel M. Staymen each owned 50% of the shares of Stamina Mills. Three years later Crown merged into Colonial Corporation of America ("Colonial"), and a new subsidiary of Colonial, Crown Textile Mfg. Co. ("Crown Mfg."), was incorporated and organized to run the business of Crown. Colonial retained the 50% stock interest in Stamina Mills. In 1965, Colonial acquired Samuel M. Staymen's shares, thus becoming the sole stockholder of Stamina Mills. The following year Colonial merged with Kayser-Roth; Kayser-Roth was the surviving corporation. Kayser-Roth was therefore the owner of all the capital stock of both Crown Mfg. and Stamina Mills. Both subsidiaries, along with many other corporations, were part of Kayser-Roth's "Crown Division", a designation created for internal organization purposes only. Kayser-Roth remained the sole stockholder of Stamina Mills until its dissolution on December 31, 1977. Pursuant to the dissolution plan, Kayser-Roth received Stamina Mills' assets and assumed "all liabilities and obligations" of Stamina Mills. See Plaintiff's Exhibit No. 53 (Resolution of Stamina Mills' shareholders). As might well be expected, the two corporations shared common officers nominated and appointed by Kayser-Roth. The common officers of Kayser-Roth and Stamina Mills included: Kayser-Roth and its Crown Mfg. Division exerted practical total influence and control over Stamina Mills' operations. Kayser-Roth required Stamina Mills, after obtaining Crown Mfg. Division's approval, to obtain Kayser-Roth's approval in almost all its activities including purchase or movement of capital assets; leasing, buying, or selling real estate; borrowing money; and its budgets. The fiscal operations were completely in the control of Kayser-Roth including accounting supervision, payment of bills, collection of accounts receivable and executive compensation. Stamina Mills' officers did participate in union negotiations but this was simply a bargaining ploy since Kayser-Roth had to approve the ultimate collective bargaining agreement. Three former presidents of Stamina Mills each testified that they played little or no role in major decisions affecting Stamina Mills, except with respect to the local details of operating the factory. Kayser-Roth essentially was in charge in practically [20 ELR 20351]. LAW CERCLA, enacted in 1980, allocates responsibility for the clean-up of releases and threatened releases of hazardous materials into the environment. 42 U.S.C. §§ 9601-9675.2 A responsible party is strictly, jointly and severally liable for costs incurred for removal or remedial action as well as for damages for injury to or loss of natural resources. Id. at § 9607(a). Cf. O'Neil v. Picillo, 883 F.2d 176, 178-79 (1st Cir.1989) (damages apportioned only if defendant demonstrates harm divisible). Because CERCLA liability is strict, a party will be held responsible upon proof that: (1) a release or threat of a release of a hazardous substance occurred; (2) the government or other authorized party incurred response costs as a result of the release, and (3) the party falls into one of the four categories of responsible parties. Id. The four categories are: (1) the current owner or operator of the site; (2) any former owner or operator of the site at the time of the release or threatened release; (3) a transporter of hazardous materials which are released; and (4) a generator of hazardous waste. Id. The Government claims that Kayser-Roth and Crown Mfg. were owners and operators of Stamina Mills at the time of the TCE release. CERCLA's definition of "owner or operator" is not especially illuminating. In terms of an expanded definition, it states that "in the case of an onshore facility . . ., any person owning or operating such facility" qualifies as an owner or operator. 42 U.S.C. § 9601(20)(A)(ii).3 The term "person" expressly includes corporations. Id. at § 9601(21). CERCLA does provide that the term "owner or operator" does not include "a person, who, without participating in the management of a . . . facility, holds indicia of ownership primarily to protect his security interest in the . . . facility." Id. at 9601(20)(A). Courts have generally concluded that these provisions confer a subsidiary's liability upon its parent in two situations. The first occurs when the parent dominates the subsidiary to such an extent that the corporate form ought to be ignored and the corporate veil pierced. The second situation takes place where a stockowner participates directly in the management of a facility, although not to the extent that allows a piercing of the corporate veil. CHOICE OF LAW As a preliminary matter, the Court must resolve which law to apply. It is firmly established "that when a federal statute is silent as to the choice of law to be applied, but overriding federal interests exist, courts should fashion uniform rules of decision." United States v. Nicolet, 712 F. Supp. 1193, 1201 (E.D.Pa.1989) (citing Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States, 318 U.S. 363, 366-67, 63 S. Ct. 573, 574-75, 87 L.Ed. 838 (1943)). CERCLA, by promoting environmental protection, certainly seeks to further an overriding federal interest. One court has noted in terms that are logically overwhelming that: [i, 675 F. Supp. 22, 31 (D.Mass.1987). Accordingly, a uniform federal rule of decision should be applied in CERCLA cases involving alter ego liability. Courts framing a federal rule concerning the piercing of the corporate veil in CERCLA cases have isolated a number of factors. These factors include: . Id. at 33. The presence or absence of any particular factor, however, is not dispositive. The general rule is that "'a corporate entity may be disregarded in the interest of public convenience, fairness and equity.'" Alman v. Danin, 801 F.2d 1, 3 (1st Cir.1986) (quoting Capital Tel. Co. v. FCC, 498 F.2d 734, 738 (D.C.Cir.1974)); Town of Brookline v. Gorsuch, 667 F.2d 215, 221 (1st Cir.1981) (quoting Capital Tel. Co. v. FCC, 498 F.2d 734, 738 (D.C.Cir.1974)). The factors simply add flesh to that proposition. Not surprisingly, this federal common law borrows heavily from state law. Hence, these considerations do not radically differ from Rhode Island law. See, e.g., Miller v. Dixon Indus. Corp., — R.I. , , 513 A.2d 597, 604 (R.I.1986) (to pierce the corporate veil "where a parent-subsidiary relationship is involved, it must be demonstrated that the parent dominated the finances, policies, and practices of the subsidiary"). Indeed, courts confronting this choice of law issue have observed that the distinction between state law and a federal rule of decision is of little practical difference. In re Acushnet River, 675 F. Supp. at 33. Liability Without Piercing the Corporate Veil A parent corporation that controls the management and operations of its wholly owned subsidiary can be held responsible for its subsidiary's CERCLA liability without piercing the corporate veil. E.g., Idaho v. Bunker Hill Co., 635 F. Supp. 665, 671-72 (D. Idaho 1986). Cf. New York v. Shore Realty Corp., 759 F.2d 1032, 1052 (2d Cir.1985) (individual stockholder liable as operator); United States v. Northeastern Pharmaceutical & Chem. Co., 810 F.2d 726, 744 (8th Cir.1986) (same). But see Joslyn Corp. v. T. L. James & Co., 696 F. Supp. 222, 224-25 (W.D.La.1988) (parent corporation cannot be held liable under CERCLA unless corporate veil is pierced). While courts have reached this conclusion by finding that the parent corporation was a de facto operator of the subsidiary, they have used two slightly different approaches. One line of cases holds that a stockholder who manages the corporation may incur CERCLA operator liability. E.g., Shore Realty, 759 F.2d at 1052; United States v. [20 ELR 20352] Northeastern Pharmaceutical and Chemical Co., 579 F. Supp. 823, 848 (W.D.Mo.1984), aff'd, 810 F.2d 726 (8th Cir.1986). These cases note that the definition of operator or owner excludes "a person, who without participating in the management of a . . . facility, holds indicia of ownership primarily to protect his securing interest in the . . . facility." 42 U.S.C. § 9601(20)(A). Reasoning that this exception implies that a person who holds indicia of a corporation's ownership and who participates in its management can be an owner or operator, the courts have concluded that stockholders participating in management can be liable. Shore Realty, 759 F.2d at 1052; Northeastern Pharmaceutical, 579 F. Supp. at 848. Other cases support a second theory. A stockholder, parent corporation, or any person associated with a facility whether he or she has any ownership interest or not, may be held liable if that person (including a corporate entity) controls the management and operation of the polluting corporation. This approach focuses primarily on control. Federal common law is emerging to determine whether a parent corporation, individual stockholder, or sister subsidiary for that matter, may be held directly liable as an operator. See Northeastern Pharmaceutical, 810 F.2d at 743-44 (individual stockholder); Shore Realty, 759 F.2d at 1052 (individual stockholder); Vermont v. Staco, Inc., 684 F. Supp. 822, 831 (D.Vt.1988) (sister subsidiary); Bunker Hill, 635 F. Supp. at 672 (parent corporation). To be held directly liable as an operator, courts have considered a number of factors including: whether the person or corporation had the capacity to discover in a timely fashion the release or threat of release of hazardous substances; whether the person or corporation had the power to direct the mechanisms causing the release; and whether the person or corporation had the capacity to prevent and abate damages. See Bunker Hill, 635 F. Supp. at 671-72. THEORIES OF LIABILITY Stamina Mills is not a party to this action although it is clearly an owner and operator of a facility that released a hazardous substance into the environment. Cf. Levin Metals Corp. v. Parr-Richmond Terminal Co., 817 F.2d 1448 (9th Cir. 1987) (affirming dismissal of CERCLA action brought against dissolved corporation). The United States, however, has proceeded against Stamina Mills' former parent corporation, Kayser-Roth. The Government argues no less than six different theories of liability. First, the Government contends that Kayser-Roth, because of its control over Stamina Mills, was actually an operator of the site at the time of release. Second, the Government suggests that Crown Mfg. was an operator of the Stamina Mills site and that Kayser-Roth has assumed all of Crown Mfg.'s liabilities. Third, the Government contends that Kayser-Roth succeeded to the liabilities of Stamina Mills by continuing its operations. Fourth, the Government argues that Kayser-Roth implicitly and expressly assumed the liabilities of Stamina Mills. Fifth, the Government suggests that the corporate veil of Stamina Mills be pierced to find Kayser-Roth responsible for Stamina Mills' obligations. Finally, the Government contends that the same theory is available to hold Crown Mfg. liable for Stamina Mills' violations, and that Kayser-Roth is ultimately responsible because it assumed the liabilities of Crown Mfg. Kayser-Roth denies that it should be held liable for the acts of Stamina Mills. Defendant avers that it and its subsidiary, Crown Mfg., did not own or operate the Stamina Mills site within the scope of the statute. With respect to Kayser-Roth's assumption of Stamina Mills' liabilities upon dissolution, Kayser-Roth posits that the General Laws of Rhode Island, Section 7-1.1-98, which provides that suits against dissolved corporations must be brought within two years of the corporation's demise, protects it against a suit brought more than ten years after Stamina Mills' dissolution. Moreover, Defendant rejects the theory that the veil of Stamina Mills ought to be pierced to pursue the real culprit. Defendant also contends that Amperex and other hazardous waste sites in the area were the actual sources ofTCE contamination in the Forestdale wells. ISSUES The parties have stipulated to a number of material facts. Defendant has admitted that the 1969 spill of TCE occurred and that this constitutes a release. Furthermore, Defendant also admits that TCE is a hazardous material and that Stamina Mills qualifies as a facility under CERCLA. Finally, the parties stipulate as to certain response costs, although the division between on-site and off-site costs is disputed. The parties disagree over two major issues. The first is whether Kayser-Roth can be held responsible for Stamina Mills' actions. The second involves causation: Defendant asserts that even if it is liable for Stamina Mills' release, the 1969 spill did not contaminate the residential wells. Rather, Defendant argues that other sources, including a company known as Amperex, are the actual polluters of the Forestdale wells and therefore Stamina Mills' release did not result in off-site response costs. Each issue will be addressed in turn. DISCUSSION Parent Liability: Parent as Operator Ordinarily, a parent corporation cannot be deemed an operator based solely upon its status as a shareholder. The fact that the subsidiary was a member of the classes of persons potentially liable under CERCLA and that the parent had a substantial ownership interest in the subsidiary is insufficient to establish that the parent was an operator for CERCLA's purposes. Cf. Bunker Hill, 635 F. Supp. at 672. The parent corporation's control over the subsidiary's management and operations is an essential element of proving operator liability on the parent's part. See id. Cf. Shore Realty, 759 F.2d at 1052; Northeastern Pharmaceutical, 810 F.2d at 744. Kayser-Roth's liability as an operator turns on the issue of control. It is uncontroverted that Stamina Mills was within the class of those potentially liable under CERCLA. Similarly, it is undisputed that Kayser-Roth, as sole owner and shareholder of Stamina Mills, had a substantial financial and ownership interest in Stamina Mills. The question becomes whether Kayser-Roth exercised control over Stamina Mills management and operations sufficient to find that Kayser-Roth was a de facto operator. The evidence establishes that Kayser-Roth was indeed an operator for purposes of CERCLA.4 Kayser-Roth exercised pervasive control over Stamina Mills through, among other things: 1) its total monetary control including collection expenditures greater than $ 5,000; and finally, 6) its placement of Kayser-Roth personnel in almost all Stamina Mills' director and [20 ELR 20353] officer positions, as a means of totally ensuring that Kayser-Roth corporate policy was exactly implemented and precisely carried out. These are only examples of Kayser-Roth's practical total control over Stamina Mills' operations..5. Although not singularly determinative on the issue of operator liability, these factors along with Kayser-Roth's other acts of pervasive control over Stamina Mills, warrant a finding that Kayser-Roth was an "operator" for CERCLA purposes within the provisions of 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a). Parent Liability: Piercing the Corporate Veil CERCLA liability based upon piercing the corporate veil is a species of owner, rather than operator, liability. While an owner may be, in most cases, an operator, the converse is not necessarily true. Imputing CERCLA liability upon a parent corporation by piercing the corporate veil is, in essence, concluding that the parent is an owner for CERCLA's purposes. "'The effect of piercing a corporate veil is to hold the owner . . . liable. The rationale for piercing the corporate veil is that the corporation is something less than a bona fide independent entity.'" Northeastern Pharmaceutical, 810 F.2d at 744 (quoting Donsco, Inc. v. Casper Corp., 587 F.2d 602, 606 (3d Cir.1978)) (emphasis added). Upon analysis of the factors relevant to piercing Stamina Mills' veil, and mindful of the liberal construction CERCLA must be afforded so as not to frustrate probable legislative intent, the Court concludes that Kayser-Roth is an owner for CERCLA's purposes. An analysis of piercing Stamina Mills' veil to hold Kayser-Roth liable begins with the general proposition that a corporate entity may be disregarded in the interest of public convenience, fairness and equity. As the First Circuit has stated: . . . [F]ederal courts will look closely at the purpose of the federal statute to determine whether the statute places importance on the corporate form . . . an inquiry that usually gives less respect to the corporate form than does the strict common law alter ego doctrine. . . . Alman v. Danin, 801 F.2d 1, 3 (1st Cir. 1986) (quoting Town of Brookline v. Gorsuch, 667 F.2d 215, 221 (1st Cir. 1981)). CERCLA's language attempts to address nationwide public health and environmental problems. In fashioning a remedial framework by which some of these problems could be resolved, Congress had two basic purposes in mind:. Dedham Water Co. v. Cumberland Farms Dairy, Inc., 805 F.2d 1074, 1081 (1st Cir. 1986) (quoting United States v. Reilly Tar & Chemical Corp., 546 F. Supp. 1100 (D.Minn.1982)). CERCLA's provisions should thus be viewed expansively, so as not to frustrate these "beneficial legislative purposes."6 Id.; Shore Realty, 759 F.2d at 1045. It is against this backdrop that it is concluded that CERCLA places no special importance upon the corporate structure. See United States v. Mottolo, 695 F. Supp. 615, 624 (D.N.H.7. Causation Kayser-Roth contends that even if it is liable for Stamina Mills' release of TCE, that release did not contaminate the Forestdale wells. Absent a causal connection between Stamina Mills' release and the Forestdale wells contamination, Kayser-Roth asserts it bears no responsibility for the off-site response costs. While there might be some doubt if the 1969 spill were the only release, it ignores the credible evidence of TCE being continually dumped on Stamina Mills' property. In the beginning, there were inordinately high concentrations of TCE on the Stamina Mills' property. There was ample evidence to support the fact that once dumped on Stamina Mills' property the TCE migrated to the Forestdale wells. A hydrogeological study established a hydraulic connection between the Stamina Mills site and the residential wells. The relationship between the concentration on the Stamina Mills' property and the plume overspreading the residential area clearly established that the Stamina Mills property is a source of pollution. See 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a). Thus, the releases from the Stamina Mills site were the cause of both the on-site and off-site response costs. Kayser-Roth also argues that other sources were responsible for the contamination of the residential wells. Specifically, Kayser-Roth accuses Amperex, a southern neighbor, of contributing to the pollution. This argument, however, ignores CERCLA's joint and several liability scheme. "[D]amages should be apportioned only if the defendant can demonstrate the harm is divisible." O'Neil v. [20 ELR 20354] Picillo, 883 F.2d at 178-79. Kayser-Roth did not introduce any evidence concerning the divisibility of the TCE contamination. Indeed, on this record it is sheer speculation to suggest that there was any other source of TCE. There was evidence that Amprex used TCE but no evidence that its TCE migrated under the Branch River to the Stamina site or the Forestdale wells. In the absence of that evidence Kayser-Roth is itself liable for all on-site and offsite damages the Government has proven. Damages The parties stipulated to certain costs the Government incurred in a document titled "First Joint Stipulation As To Costs." Specifically, the parties agreed that costs incurred by the EPA totalling $ 660,612.71 were "'costs of removal or remedial action' within the meaning of 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a)." First Joint Stipulation As To Costs 1-2. Moreover, it was stipulated that costs incurred by the Department of Justice totalling $ 185,879.62 were also "'costs of removal or remedial action' within the meaning of 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a)." Id. at 2. The total costs the Government incurred and paid as a result of the release was therefore $ 846,492.33. As noted earlier, the record fails to reflect any distinction between on-site and off-site costs. Because Kayser-Roth is liable for both on-site and off-site costs, the distinction is immaterial. Accordingly, Kayser-Roth is found liable for $ 846,492.33. In addition, the United States is entitled to recover interest from the later of the date of the written demand for payment of a sum certain or the date of a particular expenditure. 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a). Finally, the Government shall within 10 days prepare and present a form of declaratory judgment holding Kayser-Roth liable for future response costs related to on-site and off-site clean-up. Id. at § 9613(g)(2). SO ORDERED. 1. Since the expiration of Stamina Mills, Inc., Kayser-Roth has been involved in a merger; immediately after the merger, however, the new entity was renamed Kayser-Roth Corporation. 2. CERCLA as initially enacted encompassed 42 U.S.C. §§ 9601-9657. In 1986, the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) was passed, which provided additional funding and repealed certain sections while adding certain other sections. See 95 Pub.L. No. 99-499, 100Stat. 1613 (1986). The statute, as amended, now comprises 42 U.S.C. §§ 9601-9675. 3. The term "facility" is defined at 42 U.S.C. § 9601(9). The parties have stipulated that Stamina Mills was a facility. 4. Because the Court finds Kayser-Roth responsible for any CERCLA liability of Stamina Mills on an operator theory and, as discussed later, a "piercing" theory, it need not address thethorny issue of whether Kayser-Roth, or Crown Mfg. for that matter, assumed, expressly or implicitly, the CERCLA liability of Stamina Mills at the time of its dissolution. Having dissolved prior to the statute's enactment in 1980, Stamina Mills' potential CERCLA liability was, of course, unknown at the time. Cf. Great Am. Ins. Co. v. Byrd & Watkins Constr., Inc., 630 F.2d 460 (6th Cir. 1980) (upon corporation's dissolution, shareholders pledged to assume all liability, known or unknown, of corporation). 5. Actual knowledge of the release is not required for CERCLA liability; CERCLA is a strict liability scheme. O'Neil v. Picillo, 883 F.2d at 182 n. 9. 6. The Dedham Water court further stated that "'[W]e will not interpret section 9607(a) in any way that apparently frustrates the statute's goals, in the absence of a specific congressional intent otherwise.'" Dedham Water, 805 F.2d at 1081 (quoting New York v. Shore Realty, 759 F.2d 1032, 1045 (2d Cir.1985)). 7. One version of the "Golden Rule" is that he who has the Gold rules. The circumstances comport completely with this version of the "Golden Rule."

The invention relates to a method of electrically enhanced in situ soil remediation. The invention further relates to a system and apparatus for employing such a method. U.S. Pat. No. 5,433,829 (incorporated herein by reference), by the same inventor as the present invention, describes a method of electroreclamation, which involves inducing in situ movement of undesired ions (ion complexes and electrical charged particles) and through soil under the influence of electric fields. This realized by inserting a grid of anodes and cathodes in the ground, or, when there is groundwater movement, by inserting a screen of alternate anodes transverse to the groundwater stream direction. Similar techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,056 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,393. Other electro-remediation techniques (not described in U.S. Pat. No 5,433,829) include electrically enhanced phyto-remediation and bio-reclamation. Phyto-remediation involves planting and harvesting plants that take up ions and ion complexes from the soil, wherein spatial extent of the uptake is increased by moving ions and ion complexes in the soil around the roots of the plants under influence of electric fields. Bio-reclamation involves electrically heating the soil to increase the speed at which chemical/physical reactions and/or biological activity removes undesired material. In situ electroremediation usually involves the generation of electric fields over a considerable extent of land, typically tens or even hundreds of meters, and over a considerable duration of time, typically months or even years. In order to make such a process economically viable it is desirable to use as few and as simple electrodes as possible and to pass as high currents as usefully possible through these electrodes. Also, a considerable amount of electric energy is used. It is desirable that this energy should be used efficiently as possible. Another cost factor is the cost of human intervention or supervision during operation over such long time and large area's. The equipment used to perform the process should be able to operate automatically, with a minimum of human intervention or supervision. This can be difficult, because the behaviour of the remediation process over such large, inevitably not entirely homogeneous land areas and such long time scales is not entirely predictable. One important factor during automatic operation is protection against electrode failure. U.S. Pat. No. 5,433,829 describes various techniques to guard proper operation of the electrodes. One technique involves keeping a record of cumulative service life of each electrode in order to select a time for replacing the electrodes. U.S. Pat. No. 5,433,829 also describes that clogging of the cathodes by the precipitation of hydroxides on or near the cathode may hamper proper operation of the remediation process. Clogging occurs when a DC current is applied through an electrode for longer durations. Clogging can make a cathode useless and it can increase the resistance between anodes and cathodes, so that an increasing amount of energy is wasted by increasing heat production in the electrode filter. Similar clogging problems may occur at the anodes due to acid formation. U.S. Pat. No. 5,433,829 describes how clogging can be prevented by incorporating each electrode (anode and/or cathode) in a housing in which liquid is circulated, the housing being permeable for charged particles, but much less permeable for the bulk of the liquid, and inserting the electrodes into the ground with their housing. Reclaimed ions, ion complexes and electrical charged particles that have migrated from the soil to the housing are removed with the circulation liquid. In the case of the anode, acids formed at the anode are generally also sufficiently removed by the circulation. In the case of the cathode liquid containing added acid generally needs to be circulated through the housing in order to dissolve hydroxides, or to prevent hydroxides from forming. The pH, redox potential, conductivity and temperature of the liquid in circulated through the housing are measured and controlled for this purpose, so that, to speed up the process as much as possible, a maximum electric current is supplied that can be supplied without clogging. In practice, it has been found that occasionally during the process a hydroxide crust develops on some cathodes. A thick crust makes a cathode useless, so that it has to be replaced in the ground and the remediation process effectively stops at the cathode until the cathode has been replaced. The attractive aspect of phyto remediation is its low cost. Since undesired material is collected by harvesting and does not need to be collected at the electrodes, simple electrodes may be used, which merely supply the DC current needed to induce sufficient movement around the roots, without requiring a housing through which liquid is circulated to capture material. However, without circulating liquid to remove hydroxides or acids the DC current to the electrodes can only be applied for a limited time period before irreversible acidification at the anode and hydroxide forming at the cathode will take place, which makes the electrodes useless. Heating the soil with current from electrodes can be performed with AC currents, so that clogging can be avoided. However, heating the soil with current from electrodes also has its problems. In this case boiling near the electrodes can be a problem. This can lead to deposition often material such as various carbonates precipitates at the electrodes. Among others, it is an object of the invention to increase the reliability of efficient automated operation of in situ electro remediation in soil. Among others it is an object of the invention to prevent reduction in the lifetime of electrodes used during in situ electro-remediation of soil. Among others it is an object of the invention to prevent formation of hydroxide crusts on cathodes used during in situ electro-remediation of soil. Among others it is an object of the invention minimize the loss of processing time due to problems with electrodes during in situ electro-remediation of soil. Among others it is an object of the invention to reduce energy consumption required for in situ electro-remediation of soil. Among others it is an object of the invention to provide for an electrical apparatus for controlling soil remediation that can be universally applied to different types of remediation processes. A method of soil remediation according to one aspect of the invention is set forth in Claim 1. This method provides for a temporary step down in electrode current through a particular electrode when upon detection of an electrical resistance increase due to increasing electrical resistance in the current path from the surface particular electrode to the soil. Ordinarily the resistance of a current path from an electrode, in particular the part of the path from the surface of the electrode to where the soil has homogeneous bulk properties, will not change in a short period. An increase of this resistance is indicative of problems at an electrode. By temporarily reducing the average current through the electrode by a significant step (e.g. by at least 10% and preferably to zero), the problems can be resolved. In the case of boiling near an electrode, the temporary cut-down allows the medium around the electrode to cool down so that the process can be resumed in a normal way. In the case of a cathode, for example, on which precipitated hydroxides cause the increase in resistance, a reduction allows acids to remove the hydroxides, because the generation of hydroxyl ions is temporarily reduced. Preferably, the average current level through the cathodes is normally controlled to the equilibrium level, or closely below the equilibrium level consistent with the supply of acid, so that the pH of the liquid around the cathode assumes a dynamic equilibrium. Upon detection of the resistance increase the average current level is reduced substantially below this current level. Typically the current at the cathodes is cut back during a time interval of a predetermined duration between five minutes and two hours, e.g. for fifteen minutes, The length of the time interval is selected dependent on the solubility of the particular hydroxide that is expected to precipitate at the cathode. This has been found to be sufficient to counteract crust formation and does not lead to excessive loss of process time. Preferably, also, the current is cut back only at an individual electrode for which a resistance increase is detected, or for a sub-group of the electrodes containing this electrode. It has been found that electrode problems generally do not occur simultaneously at all electrodes. Thus, by reducing current only at selected electrodes loss of process time is further limited. The resistance increase can be measured in a number of ways. In one embodiment information about the overall resistance between a cathode and a nearby anode is measured by measuring the average current through the anode or cathode and a voltage difference between the anode and cathode, or, if the current or voltage are known in advance, by measuring the other. If one of the current or the voltage is kept constant, the resistance need not even be determined explicitly, since in this case the variable other one of the current or voltage is indicative of resistance if voltage or current is kept constant respectively. An increase in the overall resistance between anode and cathode may be used to trigger the temporary reduction. In one embodiment the average voltages are applied between first and second electrodes and the average current through the first electrodes is controlled. Thus, an equilibrium between generation of hydroxyl ions and supply of acid can be ensured at a designed level. Average current control may be realized e.g. by adapting the duty cycle with which an electric power supply source is conductively coupled to the electrodes. This technique has the advantage that the supply system can easily be reconfigured to perform other functions, for example to supply a regulated average voltage, by controlling the duty cycle, or to reverse polarity of the currents, by providing conductive coupling in during different phases of output from an AC power supply source. In the embodiment where the average current through the first electrodes is controlled information about overall resistance can be obtained from the voltage difference between electrodes. Alternatively the current through the second electrodes may be measured to obtain more accurate information about the resistance near the second electrodes. The determination of resistance information from voltage differences between anodes and cathodes, and/or of currents through these electrodes has the advantage that a minimum of electrodes is needed. However, use of the overall resistance has the disadvantage that changes in the resistance of the soil that are not related to events at the electrodes at the cathode may affect the measurement. Such changes may include pH changes in the soil, precipitation of salts in the soil, temperature changes etc. To prevent this at least part of the effect of changes in resistance from the soil is preferably eliminated from the overall resistance. The elimination of an effect of soil resistivity on detection may be realized by using at least one further electrode inserted in the soil and using a voltage drop measured from that further electrode to eliminate the effect of soil resistance changes. This can be done in various ways, for example by measuring a voltage drop between a pair of sensing electrodes in a region where constant electric currents run through the soil as an indication of the resistance of the soil, and computing from this resistance how much of the resistance from the cathode to the anode may be attributed to the soil. Often it may be assumed that the soil responds similarly at different locations in the treated area, and in this case the pair of sensing electrodes need not be located near the cathode for which the resistance is determined. Thus, one pair of sensing electrodes may be used to eliminate the effect of changes in soil resistivity from measurements obtained from voltages and/or currents at a plurality of different cathodes and or anodes. One or both of the pair of electrodes may be a properly functioning anode or cathode. In another example, the voltage drop fiom a cathode to a nearby electrode (much closer than the nearest anode) is measured as a direct indication of the resistance near the cathode. A method for soil remediation according to another aspect of the invention measures information is about the groundwater flow speed (e.g. by measuring a ground water level differences between mutually distant position along the direction of flow) and this information is used to adapt the voltage difference between the anodes and cathodes along a line transverse to the flow direction. When the electric field in the soil is below a threshold level the electric field would be too weak so that ions from part of the ground water flow would not be deflected sufficiently far to reach the cathodes or anodes. Applying an anode-cathode voltage difference that results in electric field strength above this threshold level wastes energy. The threshold level depends on ground water flow speed. By adjusting the voltage to a predicted threshold level dependent on the flow speed energy can be saved without compromising cleaning. Preferably, a control computer is provided with information that makes it possible to specify the required anode-cathode voltages for the soil under process and the placement of anodes and cathodes. Resistance variations at or near the electrodes filters may affect the anode-cathode voltage needed to produce the threshold electric field strength. In an embodiment this effect is eliminated by using at least one sensing electrode in the soil, the anode-cathode voltage being adjusted until a voltage drop from the sensing electrode reaches a predicted necessary threshold level that has been predicted for the soil. Preferably the voltage drop between a pair of sensing electrodes in the soil is used for this purpose, but when most resistance variations are known to occur at one type of electrode (in particular the cathode), the voltage drop from the sensing electrode to the other electrode (in particular the anode) may be used. In another embodiment infiltration sources are placed at or near the row of anodes and cathodes and a current level from anodes and to cathodes is controlled dependent on the measured ground water flow speed. The relation between current level and flow speed is programmed so that sufficient material infiltrates. In a further embodiment a lower limit is imposed on the electric field between anodes and cathodes during current level selection, so that it ensured that substantially the entire groundwater flow is infiltrated. A method for phyto remediation of soil according to another aspect of the invention reverses the polarity of the electric current between the electrodes at time points selected dependent on a measured amount of cumulative charge that has passed from one electrode to another, before the electrodes are predicted to clog. This makes it possible to use very simple electrodes without clogging. A method for remediation of soil according to another aspect of the invention periodically interrupts the current is with off-periods of at least thirty seconds. In case of heating it has been found that carbonates precipitate near the electrodes (i.e. on the surface or in the immediate vicinity of the surface), which may gather steam bubbles, which obstruct the electric current. By interrupting the current for at least thirty seconds these bubbles get the opportunity to escape. In an embodiment current for heating the soil to a desired temperature is regulated by duty cycle modulation, at least part of the off periods of the duty cycle lasting at least thirty seconds. Preferably a versatile apparatus is provided that supports all these different methods. These and other objects and advantageous aspects of the invention will be illustrated using the following figures. FIGS. 1a,b show a first arrays of electrodes in a land area. FIG. 2 shows a second array of electrodes in a land area FIG. 3 shows an electric power supply apparatus FIGS. 4a,b show voltages supplied by an electric power supply apparatus FIG. 5 shows a graph of collection efficiency as a function of voltage FIG. 6 shows a graph of threshold levels as a function of groundwater flow speed FIGS. 1a,b show parts of arrays of cathodes 10 (marked by closed circles) and anodes 12 (marked by open circles) inserted in the soil in a land area. FIG. 1a shows how alternate rows of cathodes and rows of cathodes may be used. FIG. 1b shows how a matrix of cathodes 10 may be used, with anodes 12 each time in the middle between four cathodes 10. In addition to the anodes and cathodes in FIG. 1a pairs of sensing electrodes 14a,b are shown to be inserted in the soil at locations selected so that a voltage difference between anodes and cathodes results in a voltage drop between the sensing electrodes of a pair. These sensing electrodes have been omitted from FIG. 1b for the sake of clarity, but it will be understood that they may be used in the arrangement of figure 1b as well. FIG. 2 shows an array that may be used in a land area where there is groundwater flow (with a flow direction indicated by arrow 20). In this case a linear array of alternate cathodes 10 and anodes 12 along a line transverse to the direction of groundwater flow may be used. A pair of sensing electrodes 14a,b is shown symbolically. In addition, groundwater level sensors 22, 24 are shown upstream and downstream of the line. Cathodes 10 and anodes 12 are inserted in the soil of a land area that is filled by the array, at positions as shown in the figures. An electrical power supply is coupled to the cathodes 10 and anodes 12, to drive electrical current through the soil. In addition, liquid supply systems may be provided to supply liquid to anodes 12 and cathodes 10. FIG. 3 schematically shows an electrical power supply apparatus. The apparatus has cathode connections 31 for connecting individual cathodes 10 (not shown) and anode connections 38 for connecting individual anodes 12 (not shown). The apparatus contains a power supply source 30 such as a generator or a transformer coupled to an electricity network, cathode current switches 32, cathode current sensors 33, anode current controllers 34, anode current sensors 35, anode current feedback circuits 36, a current reference source 37 and a control circuit 39. A first terminal 30a of power supply source 30 is coupled to respective anode connections 38, each through a respective branch via a respective succession of an anode current controller 34 and an anode current sensor 35. Although a single output line is shown for first terminal 30a is shown, it should be understood that in the case of an AC power supply source 30 this output line may represent a plurality of first output conductors (e.g. three), for different power supply current phases. All these output conductors for different phase outputs may be connected to each anode current controller 34, or respective phase output conductors may be coupled to respective groups of anode current controller 34. An output of anode current sensor 35 in each branch is coupled back to anode of the current controller 34 in the branch via the anode current feedback circuit 36 for the branch, which is also coupled to current reference source 37. A second terminal 30b of power supply source 30 is coupled to respective cathode connections 31, each through a respective branch via a succession of a cathode current switch 32 and a cathode current sensor 33. Current sensors 33, 35 may be implemented for example as Hall sensors (known per se), which measure magnetic fields induced by the currents, or voltage sensors, which measure voltage drops over resistances in the paths to connections 31, 38. Control circuit 39 is coupled to outputs of cathode current sensors 33 and to outputs and/or inputs anode current controllers 34 (inputs and/or outputs shown as respective single lines, but it will be understood that separate lines may be used for different sensors or controller and for input and output, or that a communication bus may be used). Control circuit 39 also has an input 39a for coupling to one or more pairs of sensing electrodes 14a,b (not shown). In operation anode current controllers 34 regulate each anode current to a set level. In a preferred embodiment each current controller 34 contains a switch arranged to switch a conductive connection between the first terminal of electric power supply source 30 and anode connections 38 on and off, with a ratio between the part of the time during which the switch is on and off respectively so that the average anode current has the set level. In a preferred embodiment electric power supply source 30 is an AC source and current controllers 34 switch the conductive connections on and off only at the time when the output voltage levels at the terminals of electric power supply source 30 cross each other. FIG. 4a shows the voltage at an anode output connection 28 in the case where a single phase is supplied to each current controller 34. In this case current controllers 34 switch on the conductive connection only during positive half cycles, when the voltage at first terminal 30a is higher than that at second terminal 30b. The connection is switched off at the time of zero crossing when there is no voltage difference between the first and second terminal 30a,b. Thus a positive half voltage phase 40 is applied to anode connections 38. Current controller 34 does not pass all positive half phases provided by power supply source 30. The fraction of half cycles during which the conductive connection is on is dependent on the required average anode current. FIG. 4b shows the voltage at an anode output connection 28 in the case where three phases are supplied to each current controller 34. In respective cycle parts 42, 44, 46 the voltage is determined by establishing a conductive connection to respective ones of the phase output conductors of first terminal 30a. In this case current controllers 34 switch on the conductive connection from respective phase output conductor of first terminal 30a alternatingly, or switch all conductive connections off. Current controllers select the time of transitions between on and off cycle parts 42, 44, 46, at the time of crossing with the next voltage that is switched on or, if all connections are switched off, at the time of zero crossing of the voltage of the last connected phase output conductor with the voltage at second terminal 30b. The connections are kept switched on only while the voltage at the connected phase output conductor is higher than that of second terminal 30b. During part of the time current controller 34 does not connect any of the phase output conductors to an anode output connection 38, or at least not the phase output conductor that has the highest voltage. The fraction of cycle parts during which the conductive connections between the output phase conductors and anode output connection 38 is on is dependent on the required average anode current. The apparatus may be applied to drive various processes in the soil, including for example electrokinesis and heating. The use of electrokinesis for soil remediation is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,433,829. Prior to installation of the electrodes and the apparatus exploratory measurements are performed (usually including sampling and measurements on samples) to determine soil properties such as electrical soil resistivity, response to electric current and soil composition. Dependent on the results of the measurements a method of treatment is selected. For a give method of treatment parameters of the remediation process are selected, such as the number of anodes 12 and cathodes 10 and the mutual distance at which these anodes and cathodes will be placed in the soil, the size of currents that will be passed from the anodes 12 and cathodes 10 into the soil and the duration of the remediation process. The selectable size of the current is limited by the risk of corruption of the anodes 12 and cathodes 10. When high currents (e.g. 10 Ampere per meter of anode or cathode) are used it is generally necessary to supply liquids to the anodes 12 and cathodes 10. U.S. Pat. No. 5,433,829 describes how the anodes 12 and cathodes 10 can be placed in the ground in containers through which liquid is circulated, the containers having walls that are permeable for charged particles but much less permeable for the bulk of the liquid. In the case of anodes 12 the liquid typically is water (if necessary with an added base to improve the removal of acids, but usually normal water suffices). In the case of cathodes 10 the liquid generally contains an acid in order to compensate hydroxyl ions generated by the currents through the cathodes 10. In this case the maximum useful current is determined by the rate at which hydroxyl ion scan be removed by the circulating liquid. Preferably, two liquid circulation systems are provided: one for the cathodes and one for the anodes. Liquid is pumped from storage tanks through conduits that are connected to the electrode containers and back from the containers to the storage tank. pH of liquid supplied to cathodes or anodes can be controlled by controlling an flow of acid or base from a supply vessel to the circulating liquid. Conductivity, redox potential and contaminant concentrations can be controlled by the rate of refreshing the electrolyte. Temperature in the soil and near the electrodes can be controlled by temporarily cut off current. In the anode electrolyte: pH can be controlled by adding Ca(OH)2, NaOH, and redox potential can be controlled by adding Ca(OH)2, NaOH. Conductivity can be controlled by refreshing the electrolyte. Contaminant concentrations can be controlled by refreshing or treating the electrolyte The various possible processes that may be controlled with this apparatus will now be described in more detail. Electrokinetic Processing In general the electrokinetic process is used when contaminants have to be removed from the soil. Under influence of the electric field between the anodes 12 and cathodes the contaminants move through the soil to the anodes or cathodes, where they are captured. Of the contaminant(s) to be removed, it is preferred that the chemical structure, the form in which the contaminant is present (bound to the soil, liquid phase, solid phase, dissolved in the ground water), the distribution over the site and/or the concentration of the contaminant(s) are determined. For efficient decontamination, it is preferred that not only the amount of contaminants is determined but also the total quantity of charged particles in the soil, and/or the electric conductivity of the soil. For effective decontamination it is preferred that the contaminant is mainly present in a charged state (as an ion, ion complex, etc), because the electrokinetic velocity of the contaminant is directly proportional to the electric field strength and its effective electrophoretic or ion mobility, the latter being dependent on the effective charge of the contaminant. The speed at which decontamination takes place may be influenced by altering the effective mobility, such as by changing the pH. In case of removal of heavy metals, the pH is preferably acidic, to ensure a high charge and suppress binding to the soil material. During the electrokinetic process the pH may be brought to a desired value, e.g. by electrokinetically transporting acid/base from electrode liquid (or a liquid injected near an electrode) through the soil. In general the pH is preferably decreased in case of heavy metals (e.g. to a value in the range of 1 to 5 for instance about 3), and the pH is preferably increased in case of contaminants such as arsenic or cyanide (e.g. to a value in the range of XX8 to XX12 for instance about 10). Before the electrokinetic decontamination a suitable (or optimal) pH is determined in the laboratory by altering the pH and checking the electric conductivity and the concentrations of the contaminants in the soil water. The soil is mixed with acid or base and the required quantity of gram equivalents protons or hydroxyl ions, needed for a specific pH change may be determined. This information can be used to regulate the pH during the electrokinetic step, by using the H+ and OH− formed at the electrodes due to electrolysis. One or more acids, bases and/or complexing agents may be supplied at the beginning and/or during the electrokinetic process. The choice of such additives may be based upon the lab tests. The skilled person will know how to perform such tests and how to choose appropriate additives based upon common general knowledge and the information disclosed herein, dependent on the type of contamination, soil composition etc. Further, electrokinetic lab tests may be performed with samples of contaminated soil material, which may or may not be mixed with acid/base/complexing agents. The samples may be evaluated for their decontamination speed under different conditions, such as at different current densities (A/m2). For example, for clay-like or sand with relatively small particles very good results have been achieved at a pH of about 3. The gram equivalent amount protons per m3 needed to reduce the pH to 3 has been found in a range e about 100-2000 gramequivalent H+/m3. The results of the electrokinetic tests and the exchange tests can be used into a calculation model, that can be used to determine the practical conditions for the decontamination. The electric charge (Ampere second or Faraday) per volume unit of soil material that has passed, is an indication for the progress of the decontamination. Changes in temperature, acidity, solubility of contamination and other substances, humidity etc, that occur in the soil and at the electrodes during remediation have an effect on the electrical conductivity of the soil material. These changes are relatively slow and may be predicted and monitored with current and voltage measurements. The electrode containers can be inserted horizontally, vertically or at an angle in the soil. The container of the electrode may be made of ceramic material, or surrounded with a layer that is permeable for charged particles but much less for uncharged particles (e.g. Bentonite) if only electrically charged particles should be transported from the soil. . Apart from ceramic material tubes of PVC-PE en HDPE may be used. The supply and abduction conduits for electrode liquids can be made of the same type of material. Connections for these conduits to the electrode housings depend on the way the electrodes are placed and other local circumstances, such as groundwater level, the need to place the conduits underground etc. Circulation of liquid should take place along the entire active electrode surface. This can be realized with electrostatic pressure difference between supply and abduction conduits, by pumping or pressurizing. Anode materials such as graphite, noble metals, titanium or ebonex coated with noble metals may be used for the processes involved. The implementation depends on the electrode housing. To prevent energy loss and undesired heating a large electrode surface is desirable. Useful shapes are bars, wires, cables plates or grids. The cathode may contain graphite, (stainless) steel etc., dependent on the type of contaminants and may have the shapes mentioned for the anodes. Once the desired current has been selected the anodes and cathodes have been inserted into the soil. The anodes and cathodes may then be connected to the anode and cathode connections of the apparatus of FIG. 3 and the apparatus may be set to supply on average the selected current to the cathodes. Control circuit 39 monitors whether anodes 12 and cathodes 10 function properly and causes the apparatus to intervene if this is not the case. Current controllers 34 determine information about the average output voltages supplied to respective anode connections 38. This information is sent to control circuit 39. In the case of current control by on/off switching the information about the average output voltage may be information about the fraction of time that the current is “on”. Cathode current sensors 33 sense the average currents drawn by respective cathode connections 31 and provide information about these currents to control circuit 39. Control circuit 39 is typically implemented as a suitable programmed micro-controller. In one aspect control circuit 39 monitors whether increases occur in the resistance of the paths from individual cathodes 10 into the soil. When such an increase for a particular cathode 10 exceeds a predetermined threshold level, control circuit 39 causes the cathode current switch 33 of the connection 31 to this particular cathode 10 to block current from the particular cathode 10 for a time interval of predetermined length, e.g. fifteen minutes. The increase of resistance is taken to be a signal that hydroxides precipitate at or near the surface of the cathode. This may be the result for example of locally different properties of the soil near the cathode (e.g. a locally higher concentration of Ca ions) or of fluctuations in acid supply. If the precipitation process would be allowed to proceed too long at a cathode, a crust would form on that cathode that makes the cathode irrevocably useless. By temporarily cutting of the cathode current the formation of hydroxides is interrupted and the acid from the circulating gets the opportunity to dissolve the precipitated hydroxides. Of course, the invention is not limited to this implementation or indeed to the particular circuit of FIG. 3. For example, it will be understood that instead of using current control circuits for individual anodes, current control circuits may be provided for individual cathodes. In this case the current at the cathode may be adjusted directly. As another example, instead of cutting off the cathode current to a particular cathode altogether, the cathode current may be merely reduced to a level substantially (e.g. at least 10%) below the level at which there is an equilibrium between the rate of generation of hydroxyl ions due to the current and their removal by the circulating liquid with acid. The reduction can be realized by switching off the cathode switch 33 of a particular cathode for which an increase of resistance has been detected with a corresponding duty cycle. In another embodiment the cathode current from a particular cathode may be reduced by switching off, or reducing, the current from one or more anodes that have been inserted in the soil near the particular cathode. For this purpose control circuit 39 preferably has available information that indicates which of the anode connections 38 has been connected to an anode that has been inserted in the soil near the cathodes that are connected to specific ones of the cathode connections 31. This may be realized by storing information about the position of the cathodes and anodes in control circuit 39. Alternatively, it may be required to connect anodes and cathodes that have been inserted in the ground near to one another to predetermined pairs of an anode connection 38 and a cathode connection 31, control circuit 39 reducing the current to the anode connection 38 of a pair when the resistance of the cathode connected to the cathode connection of a pair increases. Preferably, the current to cathodes for which substantially no resistance increase is detected is maintained at the normal level while the current is reduced for selected cathodes. Alternatively, the current to the entire array of anodes and cathodes, or to a subgroup of a plurality of cathodes and/or anodes may be temporarily switched off or reduced. But this is not necessary, since it has been found that precipitation of hydroxides does not generally start at the same time at all cathodes. Therefore switching off many cathodes each time when one cathode has increased resistance would lead to unnecessary production loss and longer process duration. This is preferably avoided by switching off or reducing the current only to selected electrodes. When the resistance near a particular cathode increases repeatedly it may be desirable to adjust the current supplied by nearby anodes permanently by a small amount (e.g. in a step of 1%) to prevent hydroxide formation so that the cathode does not have to be switched off too often. The determination of the resistance increase at or near the surface of the cathodes can be realized in various ways. In a preferred embodiment, information about the resistance between a cathode and a nearest anode is used to decide whether to reduce the current through that cathode, after correction of the effect of the resistivity ρ of the soil. Correction for the effect of the resistivity ρ of the soil is desirable because this resistivity ρ can change during the process, for example due to chemical or physical changes in the soil due to the current and/or external factors. When each of the anodes supply a controlled current I an indication of the resistance of the cathode plus that of the soil can be obtained from the voltage difference Vac between the cathode and a nearby anode (or between the voltage at the cathode and average of voltages at nearby anodes): Vac=I×(Rsoil+Rcathode) Control circuit 39 preferably substantially eliminates the effect of changes in the contribution Rsoil of the soil, for example by subtracting a prediction of I×Rsoil from Vac. Control circuit 39 can make this prediction by using a measured value Vdrop of a voltage drop between a pair of test electrodes 14a,b that have been inserted in the soil in the vicinity of the anode and the cathode under consideration. Assuming that the constant current I supplied to the anodes leads to a constant current density J in the soil, the voltage drop Vdrop is proportional to the resistivity p of the soil times this current density. As a result I×Rsoil can be predicted by mutliplying Vdrop by a factor λ: I×Rsoil=λVdrop Hence, the difference Vac−λVdrop may be used as an indication of the resistance near the cathode, where λ depends on geometrical factors, such as the distance between the test electrodes and the distance between the anodes and cathodes. λ does not depend on the properties of the soil, so that it can be set once in control circuit 39, for subsequent use. Preferably, coordinates of the sensing electrodes relative to the anodes and cathodes and/or coordinates of the anodes and cathodes are used to compute λ for each given pair of sensing electrodes. This computation may be performed by control circuit 39, which receives the coordinates for this purpose. Alternatively, the computation may be performed off-line, λ values being entered in control circuit 39 for respective pairs of electrodes. In another embodiment control circuit 29 is preprogrammed with λ values for sensing electrodes at specified positions and the sensing electrodes are inserted at those positions. It may be noted that the elimination of the effect of the resistivity of the soil need not be perfectly accurate. It suffices that most of the effect of resistivity of the soil is eliminated, so that the effects of resistance changes due to the precipitation of hydroxides in an amount that can still be removed by the acid in the circulating liquid exceed the effect of the resistivity of the soil. Therefore λ need only be known approximately. As an alternative, a ratio Vac: Vdrop is determined as an indication of the resistance near the cathode. This ratio still depends slightly on soil resistivity, but less than Vac, so that it can be used as a more reliable criterion for cathode resistance with knowledge of λ. In general, it is expected that the resistivity ρ of the soil varies only slowly as a function of time and position in the land area in which anodes and cathodes have been inserted. Therefore, it is generally not necessary to place different pairs of test electrodes 14a,b near each particular cathode. Measurements of Vdrop obtained from a pair of test electrodes 14a,b that has been inserted into the soil nearer to another cathode may be used to eliminate the effect of soil resistance on the voltage Vac obtained for a particular cathode. Thus much fewer test electrode than anodes and cathodes suffice. It should be appreciated that elimination of the effect of the resistivity of the soil can be realized in other ways. For example, a test electrode may be inserted in the soil near each cathode outside the cathode housing. In this vase control circuit 39 may use the voltage drop between the cathode and the nearby electrode as an indication of the resistivity near the cathode. As another example, a time profile of the changes of the resistivity of the soil may predicted from laboratory experiments with a sample of the soil. This time profile can be programmed into control circuit 39 and used to correct effect of the resistivity of the soil similarly as described in the preceding. In yet another alternative information about the resistivity of the soil may be obtained by measuring the resistance between a pair of anodes, e.g. by imposing a test voltage between two anodes while the current to nearby other electrodes is temporarily switched off. In another alternative, control circuit 39 may use the difference Vac(1)−Vac(2) between the anode-cathode voltages Vac(1), Vac(2) of different anode-cathode pairs while predetermined currents are supplied, to determine whether a resistance increase near the cathode of one of the pair occurs. In another example, the difference between the average current through a particular cathode and an average of the currents through nearby cathodes may be used as an indication of an increase in resistance. Electrokinetic Screen Processing A so-called hydrological screen has been proposed in the art to stop contaminations in ground water flows or to capture such contaminants. This screen is formed by pumping (contaminated) ground water to the surface. A disadvantage of such a screen is the large amount of water that usually needs to be pumped and that subsequently needs to be purified in a water decontamination process. Alternatively or in combination with a hydrological screen, an electrokinetic screen may be employed. Such screen does not have the disadvantage of having to purify large amounts of water. The electrokinetic screen is formed by electric fields between alternating electrodes as shown in FIG. 2. The electric fields are typically applied transverse to the flow direction of the ground water. Preferably the screen is applied essentially perpendicular to said flow direction. The electrokinetic screen can be used to capture charged contaminants, for instance heavy metals or cyanides. In the electric field the direction of movement of such compounds occurs at an angle to the direction of ground water flow, so that the compounds reach the electrodes rather than continuing to flow with the groundwater stream. The electrodes are usually placed in a housing, which is filled with circulating electrode liquid to remove the trapped compounds. Basically, the operation is similar to that during electrokinetic treatment, except that it suffices to provide electrodes only along a line instead of an area, because the groundwater flow ensures that the contamination is moved to that line. An important advantage of using a electro screen is the low volume of electrode liquid that needs to be treated to remove the contaminant, and which is in general comparable to a water treatment in electrokinetic decontamination. For satisfactory removal of the contaminants a sufficiently strong average electric field strength of constant polarity (DC) is generally needed in the soil. If the electric field strength is too small part of the contaminants will not be sufficiently be deflected to reach the electrodes before the contaminants are carried on by the groundwater flow. FIG. 5 illustrates this effect with a graph of the fraction x of captured contaminants as a function of anode-cathode voltage Vac. As can be seen the fraction x increases with the voltage Vac until a critical field strength Ec is realized in the soil, above which substantially all contaminants are captured. This critical field strength depends on the charge and mobility of the contaminants in the soil and on the flow speed of the groundwater flow. FIG. 6 illustrates a graph of a prediction of the critical field strength Ec as a function of groundwater flow speed u. Given measurements of the properties of a sample of the soil this prediction can be made by mathematical methods known per se e.g. from Schaum's on line series on Electrical Power Systems van Syed A. Nasser (1990, ISBN 0-07-0459177) Chapter 3. The prediction can also be determined experimentally, on laboratory scale or in field application for example by observing the amount of collected contaminant for different electric fields and groundwater flow speed. During electrokinetic screen processing the apparatus that applies electric voltages to the anodes and cathodes receives information about the groundwater flow speed and adjusts the anode-cathode voltage difference to the received information. In principle, the apparatus of FIG. 3 may be used, wherein the current controllers 34 contain switches and the current control loops with control circuit 36 are deactivated. In this case control circuit 39 controls the switches in current controllers 34 so that the average voltage (i.e. the fraction of time that the switches in current controllers 34 conduct) is adapted dependent on the information about groundwater flow speed. Control circuit 39 uses an internal memory (not shown separately) wherein information has been programmed that determines the required anode-cathode voltages that will be applied as a function of groundwater flow speed. The required voltages correspond to the critical field strengths (or in general slightly higher field strengths) that have been predicted for the particular soil and contamination under treatment and correspond essentially to FIG. 5. Any convenient representation may be used to represent the dependence on groundwater flow speed, such as a table of voltage values for different flow speeds, or coefficients of a polynomial function that expresses field strength as a function of flow speed, or any other set of parameters that specifies such a function. Control circuit 39 sets the time averaged anode-cathode voltage, to the voltage for the measured flow speed, as determined by using information from the memory. As a result the voltage is substantially equal to or slightly higher than needed to realize the critical field strength at the measured flow speed. It may be appreciated that the adaptation need not be instantaneous. Common average groundwater flow speeds are very small (of the order of 1-100 meters per year) so that it suffices that the time averaged voltage is substantially equal to the voltage needed to realize the average critical field strength over a timescale of weeks or months only. Information about the groundwater flow speed may be obtained by measuring the difference between ground water levels at positions upstream and downstream from one another e.g. near the screen. The ground water level difference is proportional to the ground water flow speed and may be used directly to regulate the electric field between any two electrodes. Of course other measurements of groundwater flow speed may be used, such as temperature gradients etc. Preferably the apparatus (and in the case of the apparatus of FIG. 3 control circuit 36) also receives information about a voltage drop between a pair of sensing electrodes placed in any soil region where an anode and cathode pair generates a measurable electric field. In this embodiment control circuit 36 stores information about the voltage drops that have to be realized between the sensing electrodes for respective measured flow speeds. The specified voltage drops correspond to the critical field strengths, or are slightly higher. The apparatus adjusts the anode cathode voltage so that the measured voltage drop between the sensing electrodes reaches a specified level for the measured groundwater flow speed. Use of this type of voltage drop measurement eliminates the effect of changes due to resistances changing at or near the electrodes. It will be appreciated that, instead of the voltage drop between a pair of sensing electrodes, the voltage drop from a sensing electrode and one of the anodes or cathodes may be used, if it is predicted that resistance variations near that anode or cathode do not significantly affect the measurement. This is often the case for anodes. Electrokinetic Bioscreen Processing Soil material containing uncharged organic contaminant(s), for instance halogenated hydrocarbons, such as per- tri- and dichloroalkylenes (e.g. per- tri- and dichloroethylenes) may be decontaminated in accordance with the invention by biological degradation. Biological degradation thereof may be accomplished by applying a electrically charged carbon source such as lactate, acetate, citrate or the like, a charged nitrogen source such as ammonium chloride and/or a charged phosphor source such as (sodium hexa meta)phosphate through the soil by means of electrokinetic migration. Microorganisms in the soil are then capable to adequately degrade organic contaminants. Anaerobic microorganisms have been found very suitable for removing Perchloro-ethylene, Trichloro-ethelene etc. Aerobic microorganisms are suitable for removing organic contamant(s) like PCA (polycyclic aromates), BTEX contaminants (benzene, toluene etc.). In this case Nitrates, hexamataphoshates may supplied electrokinetically through the soil. The electric field used for the electrokinetic migration, which usually has a constant polarity (DC), is referred to as an electrokinetic bioscreen. Configurations as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 may be used. Infiltration filters, comprising said carbon, nitrogen and/or phosphor source(s) may be part of the anode and/or cathode assemblies, or separate infiltration filters may be placed in the soil within the influence sphere of the electrodes. When there is a groundwater flow the infiltration filters are preferably placed upstream of the electrodes (in view of the ground water flow). An advantage of using infiltration filters is the reduction in energy that is required to keep the bioscreen intact. During electrokinetic bioscreen processing the apparatus that applies electric voltages to the anodes and cathodes receives information about the groundwater flow speed and adjusts the anode-cathode current or voltage difference to the received information. The amount of nutrients electromigrated from the anode and cathode into the soil is proportional to the cumulative amount of current through the electrodes. The amount of nutrients needed for biodegradation of the contaminants are calculated from laboratory measurements of the concentration of these contaminants and from field measurements of the amount of groundwater flowing through the screen. In the laboratory test the efficiency per Faraday can be estimated of each component of a desired mixture of nutrients. Thus, a minimum of current through a pair of electrodes (anode and cathode) is required in the case of the electrokinetic biosecreen. In addition also the critical electric field related to the groundwater flow is important to ensure that nutrients move through the entire width of groundwater flow through the screen. In this case, the apparatus is arranged so that both at least the critical field strength and at least the required minimum current are realized. If sufficient current flows when the critical field strength is realized, the anode-cathode voltage is kept at or slightly above the level needed to realize this field strength. If insufficient current flows when the critical field strength is realized, the anode-cathode voltage is raised to a level that results in sufficient current, above the level needed to realize the critical field strength. Generally, for a specific soil either the first or the second type of anode cathode voltage control is needed, so that the apparatus can be arranged to perform one form of control accordingly. In some soils, a cross-over may occur so that there is a critical ground water flow speed above which one type of anode cathode voltage control is needed and below which the other type of anode cathode voltage control is needed. In this case, the apparatus can be programmed to select the appropriate type of control, for example by providing for a minimum anode-cathode voltage and regulating voltage to a higher level if the current is below the required level. In principle, the apparatus of FIG. 3 may be used. In this case control circuit 39 controls the reference current source 37 so that the average current is adapted dependent on the information about groundwater flow speed. Control circuit 39 uses an internal memory (not shown separately) wherein information has been programmed that determines the required anode-cathode voltages and/or current that will be applied as a function of groundwater flow speed. The required voltages correspond to the critical field strengths (or in general slightly higher field strengths) that have been predicted for the particular soil and contamination under treatment and correspond essentially to FIG. 5. The required currents correspond to the current (or in general slightly higher currents) that have been predicted to be needed to transport sufficient nutrients for the particular soil and contamination under treatment. Any convenient representation may be used to represent the dependence on groundwater flow speed. Control circuit 39 is arranged to set the time averaged anode-cathode voltage as described before or it activate current regulation to the level required for the measured flow speed, as determined by using information from the memory. Alternatively control circuit 39 may be arranged to activate and deactivate current regulation, the current regulation being deactivated when the average anode-cathode voltage is below the required level for the measured ground water flow speed, after which the voltage is regulated, the current regulation being activated if the average current is below the required level for the measured ground water flow speed. It may be appreciated that the adaptation need not be instantaneous. Common average groundwater flow speeds are very small (of the order of 1-100 meters per year) so that it suffices that the average voltage and current are above the average critical voltage and current over a timescale of weeks or months only. Similarly, it may be appreciated that one or more sensing electrodes may be used to permit regulation of field strength in the soil independent of resistance variations at the anodes and/or cathodes. Electro Phytoremediation Processing Phytoextraction is suitable in case of diffuse contaminations, which may for instance be the result of deposition of contaminants, such as heavy metals from the air. Fast growing plant such as rape or a grasses are repeatedly sown. The growing plants collect a part of the heavy metals. The heavy metals are removed by harvesting the plants (e.g. every three months or so). Phytoextraction is laborious and time consuming because a plurality of sowing/harvesting cycles is usually required for removing a substantial amount of the contaminants, due to the limited influence sphere of the root system of the plants. The efficiency can be improved by combining phytoextraction with an electrokinetic treatment. Thus metals are mobilised and allowed to migrate through the soil that contains the root system of the plants, thus in effect increasing the sphere of influence of the root system. Thus, an electric field improves the efficiency of phytoremediation. Because the contaminants do not need to migrate towards an electrode, a relatively simple electrode construction may advantageously be used in this case. Anodes and cathodes encased in bentonite may be used for example, without liquid circulation system. To obtain the required migration of contaminant(s) through or near the root zone of the plants a DC voltage may be applied. However, when the anodes and cathodes have no circulation system there is a risk of electrode clogging. Use of Bentonite around the electrodes can increase the time interval until clogging occurs, because Bentonite has a buffer capacity for receiving protons at the anode and hydroxyl ions at the cathode. Other materials may be used that have similar buffering properties. However, even in this case clogging will occur. This can be prevented by regularly changing the polarity of the current. The selection of the frequency of such polarity changes requires a trade-off. A relatively high frequency reduces the risk of clogging, but it minimizes the distance over which contaminants are transported, thereby reducing efficiency. On the other hand a low frequency increases efficiency at the expense of an increased risk of clogging. A suitable moment to switch polarity may be determined based upon the mobility of the contaminant(s) and the applied electric field strength. Preferably, the moment at which to switch the polarity is determined based upon the charge, i.e. the integral of the current, that has passed the electrode since the last switch (or since starting the process). Using samples of the soil a safe charge is determined that can be passed without risk of clogging, preferably taking into account the pH-buffering capacity of the material (e.g. the bentonite) around the electrodes. The polarity is reversed each time this charge has been reached. It has been found that thus the pH is kept at a favourable value, especially in the vicinity of the electrodes. During phytoextraction processing the apparatus that applies electric voltages to the anodes and cathodes receives information about current and integrates the current to select the time of polarity reversal. In principle, the apparatus of FIG. 3 may be used, wherein the current controllers 34 contain switches. Dependent on a selected polarity control circuit 39 commands switches in current controllers 34 to conduct current only when the first terminal of power supply source is positive relative to the second terminal or when the first terminal of power supply source is negative relative to the second terminal. The current control loops with control circuit 36 may be activate, but this is not necessary. Control circuit 39 receives information about the anode and/or cathode current from sensors 33, 35 (if the anode current is controlled no sensor information from anode current sensors 35 is needed). Control circuit 39 stores a programmed charge threshold value and integrates the current until any of the electrodes has reached the charge threshold value. If so control circuit changes the selected polarity. In practice the polarity is typically changed after a period of half a day to a couple of days, depending on the circumstances. In principle, the cumulated charge may be measured for a plurality of electrodes individually, the polarity being reversed for the entire array when any one of the measured charges reaches a threshold level. Thus, local variations in the soil can be accounted for. Alternatively, cumulative charge for a single anode or cathode or joint charge for a group of anodes or cathodes may be used to trigger polarity reversal, assuming homogeneous conditions in the ground. In practice, it has been found advantageous to combine an electrokinetic technique such as described herein with electrophyto-remediation. Such process may suitably be carried out using electrodes, which preferably are positioned essentially horizontally, spaced apart several meters (in particular about 2 to 20 m, wherein the electrodes (e.g. of stainless steel, ebonex™, coated titanium) are optionally placed in a housing which housing is optionally provided with moist or another electrically conductive material with ion buffering capacity (e.g. bentonite). The electrically conductive material is preferably used in order to ensure a good contact between soil and electrodes and to provide a certain buffer capacity for the produced protons at the anode and hydroxyl ions at the cathode). The electric voltage) between the electrodes is preferably regulated by monitoring the electrical potential over a part of the soil material (using one or more sensing electrodes as described above), so that a desired field strength is realized. The required field strength is selected on the basis of a trade-off. The roots of the plants are able to absorb contaminants at a certain rate only. If the electric field is too high a fraction of the contaminants will be moved on from the roots before it can be absorbed. Thus, electric power is wasted. If the electric field is too small the contaminants will be depleted before they are replace under influence of the electric field, making it necessary to have many harvests. The field strength is selected so high that the rate of supply of contaminants under influence of the electric field substantially matches the maximum possible take-up rate of the roots. The required electric field is calculated from information about the plants and laboratory measurements of the mobility of contaminants. Calculation methods for that purpose are commonly known in the art. The desired electrical voltage difference between the electrodes is set to the calculated value based upon the mobility of the contaminant(s). An important advantage of electro-phytodecontamination is the low electrical power that is required in comparison to a process wherein only use is made of electrokinetic decontamination. In particular, electro-phyto decontamination may very suitably be used with a system operating on a sustainable energy source, for instance wind energy or solar energy. Thus, such a process is very interesting in (remote) areas wherein no regular energy source is available. Soil Heating Processing Heating of the soil material can contribute to an accelerated decontamination both in biological conversion and in chemical oxidation techniques. Direct heating by electrical soil heating is very suitable, even in case of poorly permeable soil materials. Both AC and DC currents can be employed. Use of DC currents allows for electromigration of additives such as nutrients respectively oxiding agents (in particular electrically charged additives) throughout the soil material. Soil heating by a process according to the invention has been found very suitable in for promoting the decomposition of a contamination from medium, in particular water or air from the soil material. For solely heating the soil an AC voltage is preferred. The electrolysis at the electrodes has been found considerably less than with a DC voltage or even completely absent. Heating may very suitably be carried out without using recirculation of electrode liquids, if used at all. Preferred electrode materials are selected from iron, steel and graphite. Preferred shapes are selected from tubular shape, rod-shaped, bar-shaped and cable-shaped. Preferably, the electrode, in particular in case of a metal electrode, is placed in a holder to avoid direct contact of the electrode with the soil. Thus deposition of minerals such as clay minerals or carbonates on the electrodes is avoided or at least reduced. Suitable holders include ceramic filters and plastic filters wherein the electrode is placed together with graphite particles to allow a sufficient conductance. The dimensions and configuration of the electrodes can be chosen depending upon the conditions. The skilled person will know how to choose these appropriately. For instance the electrodes may be placed vertically, horizontally or at an angle with the soil. The energy may be taken from a mains circuit or an electro-generator. In case of an AC voltage, it may be supplied in 12 phases, 6 phases, 3 phases, one phase or otherwise. Good results have inter alia been achieved with electrode configuration in a triangular or hexagonal set-up. In general heating tends to be highest near the electrodes, because of the high current density. In order to prevent drying up or even boiling of the vicinity of the electrodes, the current through each electrode or at least through a number of the electrodes is regulated. During heating the apparatus that applies electric voltages to the electrodes regulates the current, for example so that on average a specified temperature or at most a specified temperature occurs in the soil, which is compatible for example with PVC conduits in the soil In principle, the apparatus of FIG. 3 may be used. When AC field are used during heating complete cycles of the electric voltage from supply source 30 may be passed through current controllers 34. The average current is regulated by selecting the fraction of cycles, or half cycles of supply source 30 in which current is conducted to connections 38. Since AC current is preferably used, preferably the same number of positive and negative cycles is passed, e.g. by passing selected full cycles of the AC signal from supply source 30. Preferably, current controllers 34 are arranged to select the cycles so that time intervals of at least one minute exist in which no current is passed. It has been found that this promotes the release of steam bubbles from the electrodes, which lowers the resistance of the electrodes. Boiling near the electrodes may be detected and counteracted as electrode clogging described for electrokinetic processing. Optionally a supply of water is operated at the vicinity of the electrodes to regulate the humidity of the vicinity of the electrodes. Control circuit may activate the supply of water when boiling is detected near the electrodes. Another measure against drying up is supplying water around the electrodes to counteract the water loss and the use of a material like Bentonite around the electrodes. Electric heating may be combined with in situ chemical oxidation of contaminant(s). An increased temperature usually results in an acceleration of the oxidation rate or helps to start the reaction, e.g. if a peroxide is used. Good results have inter alia been achieved with a process wherein the temperature of the soil is raised to a value in the range of about 35-45° C. It will be appreciated by now that the apparatus shown in FIG. 3 can be applied to various different forms of in situ soil processing. Preferably the apparatus is installed in a closed unit, for example in the form of a ISO standard size container, which can be driven to a land area that needs to be treated, connected to electrodes (including anodes and cathodes) that have been inserted into the soil and left there operating for months or years to treat the soil according to any selected process. No separate, different apparatuses are needed for different forms of processing. Dependent on the selected process different forms of control are used and different information may have to be programmed into control circuit 39. Control circuit 39 may contain programs to perform all described forms of processing, a particular form being selected by an external command when the apparatus is activated, or the appropriate program may be loaded when the apparatus is activated. However, it should be appreciated that instead of an AC power supply source a DC power supply source may be used. In this case, the average current or voltage may be regulated by adjusting a duty cycle during which this DC power supply source is connected to the anodes and/or cathodes. Reversal of polarity can be realized by commuting the output connections to the DC power supply source.

Knowing how to clean golf club grips is as important as getting to know how to play golf. If you have a clear idea about how to clean golf grips, you can feel the taste of using new grips all the time while playing the game. However, if you don’t follow the right way while cleaning your golf club grips, then there is a higher chance that your golf grips may get damaged. For that, you may have to buy new golf club grips. And, this is what no golfers, no matter the beginner or pro, would want to experience. Being an avid golfer, I have used different types of golf club grips on numerous occasions. And that’s why I have a piece of complete knowledge on how to clean golf club grips (meaning all types of golf grips). To educate you about how you can clean your golf grips the right way, I have come here with a detailed discussion on this subject matter. Throughout this article, I will be trying to cover the cleaning procedure you need to follow for cleaning any kind of golf grips. In fact, to make this discussion the most useful one for you, I will be explaining step-by-step guidelines regarding the cleaning procedure of every golf grip type available currently in the market. This is why the following discussion on golf club grips cleaning can be regarded as the ideal one for every golfer – no matter the type of golf grip you have. Besides, I will also share some secret tips regarding golf club grips cleaning that I believe is important for every golfer out there who want to keep their golf grips like a new one. Before going to the main discussion you can have a look on 10 best golf grips for your golf clubs. Let’s jump right into our discussion on how to clean golf club grips…. How To Clean Golf Club Grips – Step By Step Procedure As I have already mentioned, there are various types of golf club grips available out there. So, I have divided the cleaning procedure with specific steps required for cleaning each golf club grip type into the following sections. You can easily jump into the golf grip cleaning section that matches your grip type. How To Clean Rubber-based Golf Club Grip? Being a golfer, it is very common to know that most golf clubs come with rubber-based grips. I personally found the rubber grips as the handiest one with great longevity. But, attaching the rubber grips with grim and similar other elements, the longevity I have just mentioned can get reduced. So, the best way, I believe, is to keep those grips clean. In this regard, I always use a soft and clean towel to wipe them after each shot while I am out there is the green field. But the saddest part is most golfers are not aware of this critical issue as they tend to remain busy while playing the game. In the following, I am going to share a step-by-step guideline on how to clean the rubber golf grips so that you get to know everything regarding this particular cleaning method. Things You Need Before I start explaining the procedure of cleaning the rubber golf club grips, it is essential to let you know the things you need in this regard. Don’t you worry, my friend, because you will need fewer components for cleaning your rubber golf club grip. And, you don’t need to spend much of your valuable time on this cleaning method. In fact, you don’t need much time for cleaning your golf clubs if you follow the right way. For this case of cleaning rubber golf club grip, you need the following equipment – - A bowl or plastic bucket. - Liquid soap. - Lukewarm water. - Two clean and soft towels. Step-By-Step Cleaning Procedure for Rubber Golf Club Grip Now, I am going to describe all the steps you need to follow for cleaning your rubber golf grips – Step 1 First, fill a bowl or plastic bucket with lukewarm water and add liquid soap to the water. Step 2 Now, stir the soap with water until there are bubbles or soap suds. You need to perform this step very carefully and slowly. Don’t make any rush while you apply this step. Step 3 Next, take a clean and soft towel and soak it on the water-soap mixture. Now, use the towel to rub your golf club grip. Always keep in mind that you have to rub the towel slowly with gentle pressure. This is the ideal procedure to clean all the dirt from your golf grips. Step 4 When you see the towel has become dirt by changing its color, you will notice the changes in your golf grips at that time. In fact, the color of your golf club grips will exhibit a change too. Step 5 Now, take another fresh and soft towel (meaning the dry one) to wipe the grip again. This particular step will give an end to the cleaning procedure of your golf club grip. How To Clean White Golf Club Grips? At this moment in time, the white golf grips have become one of the well-liked grips by golfers from all parts of the world. This raises the question – how to clean white golf club grips. To be honest, keeping the white golf grips is tough for any golfer. That’s why almost all golfers are somewhat desperate for the most effective solution for cleaning their white golf grips. According to my personal observation, the white golf grip features a classic look that is way better than those common golf grips. But, the main problem with the white grips are they can get dirty within a short period. If you don’t believe me, then compare the condition of white color grips with that of the black color grips. Trust me; you will notice the difference. Even if you use your newly purchased white color grip for the first time, you will see your gloves or fingers’ marks on that grip. Henceforth, golfers (especially those who have a weakness for white golf grips) want a perfect solution to this problem because it can become slick when there is too much dirt on the golf grips. This will distract you from taking an accurate and measured shot. In addition, you will have some kind of uncomfortable feeling. Therefore, it is like-a-must to clean your white golf grip before you intend to use them in the next shot of the round during your game. Things You Need For cleaning your white golf grips, you need to manage several components. If you are planning to clean your white golf grips at home, then you need to collect the following list of items in the first place – - Alcohol. - Cleaning liquid. - 2 Fresh towels. - Fresh bucket or bowl. - A piece of clean cloth or cotton pad. Step-By-Step Procedure of Cleaning White Golf Club Grips In this section, I am going to explain all the steps you need to follow for cleaning white golf grips (don’t worry, the procedure is easier if you follow the right way). Step 1 The first thing you have to do is take the clean piece of cloth or cotton pad and add alcohol. I personally prefer using a cotton pad. So, I would suggest you follow the same. Step 2 Now, take the cloth (after soaking it into alcohol) and start rubbing the grip. Try to rub on the specific places firmly where you find noticeable marks on your golf grips. Step 3 Now pour fresh and clean water in a plastic bucket or bowl and add cleaning liquid to the water. Keep mixing these elements until you see bubbles created from the mixture. Step 4 In this step, take the fresh towel and soak it in the mixture. Now, start rubbing the grip of your golf club. You will see that the color of your golf club grip will get changed (happens because the towel takes away all the dirt). Step 5 Now, apply the cleaning liquid directly on grips and use the towel to rub again gently and slowly. Applying this technique will remove all types of dirt and dust elements form your golf grips. Step 6 Take another fresh and clean towel and start rubbing the grip to dry it out. After performing this step, you will see that your white golf grip has got a newer and fresher look like a newly purchased one. How To Clean Golf Pride Grips? First off, let me tell you the fact that the golf pride grips are completely different than the ordinary ones. This type of golf grip has mainly drawn the attention of golfers from all the parts of the world for some specific features. According to my experience, I want to highlight that the hybrid golf grips can provide more stability and power when it comes to playing a shot. Many pro-level golfers use the hybrid golf grips for the tournaments along with regular practice sessions for this particular feature. However, you need to follow specific steps when it comes to cleaning the golf pride grips. For the cleaning thing, you have two options – either hire a professional golf club cleaning service provider or do it all by yourself. For either of these 2 options, the first thing you have to do is get a clear concept about how to clean golf pride grips. Things You Need - Liquid soap. - Lukewarm water. - A dry and fresh towel. - An old toothbrush. - Plastic bucket or bowl. Step-By-Step Procedure of Cleaning Golf Pride Grips For your convenience, I have designed this section focusing on describing all the required steps you have to follow for cleaning golf pride grips – Step 1 At first, pour lukewarm water in a plastic bowl or bucket and mix the liquid soap. In this case, it is recommended not to use too much hot water as it can damage the rubber of your grip. Step 2 Now, try to create bubbles on the mixture in order to confirm that the mixture of liquid soap and lukewarm water is ready-to-use. The bubbles also confirm that the liquid soap and the water has mixed properly. Step 3 Since the hybrid grip is slightly different from the regular or ordinary grips, you have to give some extra effort to clean this golf grip type. Take the old toothbrush and soak the head of the brush in the mixture of the plastic bucket. Now, start rubbing the golf grip using the brush. If you can rub the right way, it will remove all types of dirt and similar other elements from your golf grip. Step 4 Always keep in mind that you have to perform the rubbing thing with the brush for nearly 3 to 4 minutes. This is considered as the ideal time when it comes to cleaning your golf pride golf at home. Step 5 Finally, take the fresh & soft towel and try to rub the entire grip again with a view to drying it out. This will put an end to the cleaning procedure of your golf pride grips. How To Clean Golf Club Grips Using Grip Cleaning Wipes? Another effective way to clean your golf club grips is by using the grip cleaning wipes. In recent times, this method for cleaning golf grips has become one of the most popular ones. Let’s have a brief discussion on how to clean golf club grips using grip cleaning wipes. Things You Need - A packet of cleaning wipes (specifically made for golf grips). Procedure to Follow For this golf grip cleaning method, you need to manage one of the best grip cleaning wipes available in the market. In this case, I would assume that you have already purchased one pack of grip cleaning wipes. Now, open the packet and take out one wipe from the pack. Hold your golf club with your hand. And, use the other hand to wipe down the golf grip using the grip cleaning wipes. These wipes are very cost-effective because you only need 2 wipes to clean your entire set of golf clubs. While doing the wiping thing, you need to give firm pressure so that the grips can get cleaned properly. In fact, you will notice some color changes to your golf club grips. This mainly happens when all the dirt from the grips come out after wiping down thoroughly. It is claimed that grip cleaning wipes are designed in a way so that you can use the wipes for cleaning all types of golf grips. I, however, won’t recommend you to do that. According to my experience, I would suggest you not to use the wipes for cleaning the leather and white golf club grips. How To Clean Golf Club Grips Using Solvents? Have you ever thought of using solvents to clean your golf club grips? It is no wonder, my friend, because different types of useful solvents are currently available for cleaning golf club grips. These solvents are designed in a way so that they can dissolve mold along with many other contaminants like dirt and sweat stick to your grip. Using solvents to clean golf grips ensures that all types of contaminants get eliminated from your golf clubs. According to my personal observation, I think it would be better to use the solvents after cleaning the golf grips with liquid soap. To make it more convenient for you, many manufactures are now supplying solvents in spray bottles. This makes them easy-to-carry, and the best part is you can use them even at the time of your game. These are also much cost-effective because you can clean a whole set of golf club grips using only one bottle of solvents. All the commercially available solvents (also the spray bottles) come with a user instruction guide so that you can follow them while cleaning your golf club grips. In this case, I would recommend you to make a thorough study of those instructions or else you may not expect the kind of cleaning you have been looking for. What About Cleaning Soft, Porous Golf Grips? While discussing how to clean golf club grips, it won’t be fair if I don’t tell you about the procedure you need to follow for cleaning soft and porous golf grips. Always remember that the soft & absorbent grips are a bit delicate in nature. So, you have to be very careful while cleaning them. - First, take a clean towel and wipe down your golf club grips for removing dirt or loose sand. Don’t do this for too long since you have to handle the soft grips with great care. - Now, take a soft and clean towel and spray some water on the towel to make it slightly wet. For this purpose, you can also use the rubbing alcohol, but make sure the quantity must be very little. - Use the wet towel to rub your golf grips slowly and gently in order to clean them. Remember that you can never use any type of soapy water to clean the soft and absorbent grips. Also, it is not recommended to immerse them in water. - Now take a soft, clean, and dry towel to rub the grip again to dry out them fast. What About Cleaning Genuine Leather Grips? Leather grips have a classy look, yet they are much delicate in nature. This is the reason; you have to be very careful while cleaning your leather golf club grips. I have specifically designed this particular section for cleaning the genuine leather golf club grips for your convenience. Procedure to Clean Leather Golf Club Grips First off, take some lukewarm water in a plastic bucket or bowl. Now, take a soft and dry towel and keep it over the bucket to moisten it slowly. To be more precise, it can take around a minute to complete the moistening thing. Now, rub your leather grip using the towel gently and slowly. Within a few minutes of rubbing, you will see that all the dirt will come out from the grips. Finally, take another dry and soft towel to rub the grips again for soaking the moisture from the grip. Note: “Never use any kind of liquid soap, detergent or solvent for cleaning your leather golf club grips.” Benefits of Cleaning Golf Club Grips Cleaning your golf club grips can bring a number of benefits. So, every golfer must clean the golf grips. In the following, I will be pointing out only major benefits you can get from cleaning your golf club grips – - Your golf club grips absorb all types of dirt, your sweat, moisture, and oil to help you keep control while playing your strokes. Over time, your grips get hardened if you don’t clean them regularly. And this will greatly affect your shots. - In fact, your swing depends much on the condition of your golf club grips. If the grips have too much dirt, oil, or moisture, then you can’t just expect your regular swings from your golf clubs. - Cleaning the dirt, oil, sweat, and moisture from the golf clubs helps you not to lose control while doing the swing. Even the improvement of your golfing skill depends much on the condition of the golf grips. - Cleaning your golf club grips helps you to get rid of unwanted attacks of germs and infections. These are the major benefits of cleaning golf club grips. I hope that now you have understood why you need to clean your golf club grips. Secret Tips You Must Follow While Cleaning Golf Club Grips As I have promised, now I am going to share some secret tips regarding cleaning golf club grips that I believe are a must for you to follow. So, here we go…. - Always perform the specific cleaning method for each type of golf club grip. - Try to rub the grips with a soft and clean towel before playing a shot. - Never use soap water or liquid soap for cleaning leather golf club grips. - If you want to use commercial wipes, I suggest you manage the best one with top-class quality. - Solvents should be avoided while cleaning white or leather golf grips. - Always focus on the temperature of the lukewarm water you are going to use for cleaning specific golf grips. Too much hot water can ruin your golf grips completely. - If you use rubbing alcohol to clean soft and porous grips, make sure the quantity must be very low. - Don’t use grip cleaning wipes for cleaning leather or white golf club grips. - Try to clean your golf club grips regularly to enjoy a more excellent performance while you are out there in the green course. FAQs How To Clean Golf Club Grips How often should you clean your golf club grips? Answer: If you are the type of golfer who regularly uses the golf clubs, it is ideal for making a thorough wash of your golf club grips once a month. However, it is also important to wipe out the sweat and moisture using a soft & fresh towel after each shot you play. Always remember that keeping your golf grips clean will increase the longevity of your golf club grips. What is the best method to clean my golf clubs? Answer: To be honest, I don’t have any straightforward answer to this question as golf club grips vary a lot because of the material type. To put it simply, you have to follow specific cleaning procedures for cleaning a particular golf club grip. I have already described the ideal cleaning procedure for washing each of the golf grip type available out there in the market for your convenience. Depending on the type of golf grip you use, you can follow the specific cleaning technique. How can I keep my golf grips newer? Answer: To keep your golf grips newer, you have to clean your golf club grip regularly following the right way. Don’t forget to wipe out sweat and oil from the grips by rubbing them out using a soft and clean towel while playing your game. Is it necessary to use the same types of grips for all of my golf clubs? Answer: Well, I would suggest using the same type of grips for all of your golf clubs. Actually, the thickness of the golf club grips matters when it comes to swing the ball, or when you try to cover a longer distance. If you have different grips (like driver grip and iron grip ) on your golf clubs, you won’t be able to improve your golfing skill in manifolds. So, you have got to know what to do now. And don’t forget to thank me later! Final Words So, we are now at the end of our long discussion based on how to clean golf club grips. I have tried to cover the cleaning procedure of all types of golf club grips to make it a useful discussion for you. This will help you know what steps you have to follow for cleaning the golf club grip type you currently have. Always remember that keeping your golf club grips clean will help you become a pro-level golfer by improving your shots and swings. Besides, there are many other benefits you can get when you clean your golf grips regularly. Lastly, if you want to learn more golfing tips and tricks, you can knock me at any time. I would love to extend my helping hand. Take Care!

If you are familiar with compression socks, you know it’s quite a struggle to put them on or off. But, let me tell you, they are worth such effort. Compression socks are specially tailored hosiery and it’s designed to prevent medical conditions like deep vein thrombosis, edema, and phlebitis and improve the condition of the patient suffering from such disorders. But people also wear them to perform better in sports and comfort. Because compression stockings exert a significant amount of pressure compared to normal stocking which helps the blood vessels work better and also prevent your legs from getting tired. Compression therapy is an ancient concept, as early as the Neolithic period (5000-2500 BCE). The ancient text shows that Hippocrates, Galen, and Oribassius treated conditions like leg ulcers and blood pooling in the leg with tight bandages. This tight bandage is also used in Medieval ages. Recent discoveries of their health benefits encourage athletes to wear them during their performance. Top Compression Socks for Running What are Compression Socks? The primary difference between ordinary and compression socks is the remarkable amount of pressure that is applied all-around your legs by compression socks. These socks are snug-fitting and apply gentle pressure. You will find different types of compression stockings and differentiated by height, pressure level, and purpose. There are gradient and anti-embolism compression socks. The later type of socks is for someone who has had surgery recently and has to stay in bed. These socks will prevent blood pooling in the leg and thus vein thrombosis. For athletes and normal people, the gradient type compression stockings are suggested. Compression sleeves are also available and they are just the tubing without the foot. Some socks are knee-high and others are up to the thigh. Pressure ratings of such socks are mentioned in the product description as there are different compression classes of compression stockings. How Does Compression Work? Compression socks feature stronger elastics and squeeze harder than a traditional dress or athleisure stockings. By compressing the surface vein, arteries, and muscles the blood rushing through the leg is forced to pass down a comparatively narrow channel and they get a boost to push blood back to your heart. As a result, more blood returns to the heart and it reduces the chance of accumulating blood in the leg. Since an increased amount of blood returns to the heart, fresh oxygenated blood accesses the leg and it reduces fatigue and pain. The compression socks and sleeves are popular among athletes because it is believed that better blood flow will help get oxygen to their muscles, and the support will help prevent tissue damage during activities. Also, the increased blood and lymph circulation will help their muscles recover quickly and prevent ache and cramp. Benefits of Wearing Compression Socks for Running Although the athletes consider compression garments as a performance booster, the clinical studies show mixed results. In theory, the advantages of gradual compression around limbs is increased oxygen delivery to the muscles, improved blood circulation to the heart, and quick removal of lactic acid. A lot of research has been conducted on the subjects, studying the effects of compression socks on performance and recovery under different conditions and socks. Some claimed confidently that their performance was enhanced where other groups experienced no difference at all. There is another hypothesis that compression socks may decrease muscle vibration caused by impact. However, there is enough evidence that compression gear reduces muscle soreness and fatigue and produces faster lactate recovery. The gradient type stocking with pressure greatest at the ankle and gradually decreasing shows promising results. Besides, there is no evidence of any adverse effect associated with compression hosiery. Also, there are other health benefits like preventing blood clotting, blood pooling in the leg, and varicose veins of wearing these socks. So, you should give compression stocks a try to find out whether they give you an edge. Best Compression Socks for Running CEP Tall Compression Socks CEP is a sister concern of Medi, a prominent brand of innovative medical products for over 65 years. Every product from CEP combines the expertise and knowledge in sports and medicine to ensure better performances and a positive effect on the human physique. CEP 3.0 compassion socks feature improved design, fit, and high-quality yarn. The asymmetrical toe-box has seamless toe closure, and it prevents blisters from shoes. The material used for these socks is 85% polyamide and 15% Spandex. This tough and durable fabric is lightweight and breathable. Also, the high tech fabric can interact with body temperature and deactivate cooling when the body is not sweating. The CEP stockings have rib patterns in front of the shin which allows air to flow. They are anatomically designed to fit properly and provide better arch and ankle stabilization. The CEP socks stop swelling and speed up recovery as they increase blood flow by 40%. Excellent moisture control systems keep your feet dry during running and other activities. - Athletic fit - Anatomical design - Durable and lightweight material - Superior elasticity - Air circulation and thermal management - Exorbitant - No odor control measures. 2XU Vectr Full-Length Compression Socks for Running 2XU consults with industry experts and the Australian Institute of Sport scientific researchers to design the best product possible. This brand is popular among sports teams and athletes over 40 countries. 2XU Vectr compression socks incorporate X-Lock compression technology that holds the foot in proper alignment to improve stabilization and optimize movement across a range of activities. Anatomically designed, 2XU Vectr gradient compression socks have light cushioning without the bulk to support the arch and plantar fascia. They also increase blood circulation to improve performance and muscle recovery. The toe-cage is the seamless and anti-abrasion type to protect blister forming and comfort. The mesh panels of the socks improve breathability. To control odor, POLYGIENE permanent anti-bacterial fabric treatment is adopted. 2XU Vectr stockings have unisex sizing. - Permanent odor control treatment - Light cushioning for extra comfort - Arch and plantar fascia support - Mesh ventilation panels - Anti abrasive seamless toe closure - Unable to keep your foot warm in cold condition. Zensah Tech+ Compression Socks From seasoned athletes to the floundering one, Zensah Tech+ socks are appreciated due to the innovative design and super comfortable fit. You can use these compression socks for running, gym exercises, or any daily life activities and you will appreciate their quality. Zensah is based in South Florida and was founded in 2004. Zenshah’s compression accessories are trusted by the Olympic gold medalists; NBA, MLB, and NFL athletes. Zensah Tech+ Compression stockings are anatomically designed for the left and right foot individually to ensure a perfect fit. The toe box is seamless which reduces the chances of blisters, chafing, and promotes ultimate comfort. For arch support and ankle stabilization in the targeted areas, the Zensah stockings have zone ribbing in each pair. These socks apply pressure gradient which is a greater amount of compression in the ankle area of the compression sock than in the calf area for better blood circulation. Zensah Tech+ socks are knitted in a 200 needle count machine and so, the fabric is more durable and denser. Also, this fabric wicks moisture to control temperature and it is lightweight. - Anatomically designed for the left and right foot separately. - Dense and durable fabric - To keep your foot cold, the fabric wicks sweat - Gradient compression - There are size problems. Even if you buy several pairs of the same size, they would fit differently. - Some people complain about being too tight. Rockay Vigor Graduated Compression Socks Rockay team is composed of people from all over the planet and there is a close collaboration between designers and athletes who never stop developing, perfecting, and repeatedly field testing new products. The company utilizes 100% recycled materials for sustainability and environmental protection. A new product from Rockay starts with the extensive process of designing, testing, and prototyping along with thousands of miles of testing on each design. In fact, Rockay is so confident about the performance wear that the company offers a lifetime guarantee. The Rockay Vigor Graduated compression socks are no exception as this sock has been tested for maximum durability in extreme conditions like ultra-marathons & obstacle course races. They will reduce the vibration and muscle tears during intense activities and increase blood circulation. During the activity, these compression socks will keep your foot and calves stable and prevent muscle soreness afterward. These socks have ventilation zones that wick away sweat. You can walk or run mile after mile without sweat or blisters as the toe-box is seamless. Also, there are cushioning in the ankle and toe areas for stability and comfort. Rockay Vigor compression socks are treated with antibacterial treatments for fabric named Polygiene Stay Fresh Technology. You don’t have to wash every time you wear them, just dry and wear socks. - Ventilation zone for temperature and moisture control. The fabric wicks away the sweat. - Permanent anti-odor treatment - Lifetime guarantee - Seamless toe cage - Cushioning in toe and heel areas. - Recyclable material - Superb quality control - The cushioning in the toe and heel areas may not be adequate for some people. - Price Swiftwick- ASPIRE TWELVE Running Socks Swiftwick is operated by a dedicated team of athletes who share the passion and dedication of other athletes. It’s a made-in-USA brand and prioritizes sustainability by choosing materials and processes that minimize waste and energy consumption. Swiftwick aspires 12 socks use olefin fiber which is lightweight and wicks the moisture to keep your foot cool and dry. This fiber is lightweight and for breathability, it is knitted in mesh pattern in the footbed. There are built-in channels in the upper part of the sock which are designed to release heat. These socks are knee-high and provide compression support every contour of your foot and calf to reduce fatigue and stabilize muscles during athletic activities. The Swiftwick aspire 12 compression socks have heel section which is stitched in a Y shape for snug fitting and no bouncing. The seamless toe box avoids blisters and calf muscles are greatly supported by knee-high tubing art of the socks. - Designed for excellent ventilation - Knee-high compression tubing supports calf muscles and stabilizes them. - Y-shaped heel section fit properly - Seamless tox box - Affordable price range - Olefin fiber is lightweight and wick moisture. - No odor control measures - For some customers, the socks are a little short and don’t reach the knee. Falke Impulse Running Socks (Women) Falke impulse is designed to support your overall posture whether you pronate or supinate. The socks have target sensors in the sole and outer calf to perform those actions. So, these compression socks are must-have accessories for keen runners and they also offer the advantages of conventional compression socks which improve blood circulation and quick recovery. Falke impulse utilizes 90% Polyamide and 10% Elastane. The fabric dries quickly and to regulate humidity, it wicks away moisture. So, you can move along with dry and comfortable steps. There are cushioning on the left side, right side, and toe section which ensures optimal fitting. Like any other compression shoes, the Falke Impulse running socks put regulated pressure around your leg through gradual compression for faster regeneration and more oxygenated blood circulation. The added feature of these socks is Falke impulse technology. This technology sends targeted impulses utilizing silicone or knitted nodules to stimulate the sensors in the fascia, which refines the individual sense of motion and stabilizes the back, knee, or ankle. - Fast redrying material - Sweat-wicking fabric to regulate temperature and humidity. - Gradient compression socks - Cushioning for optimal fit - Falke impulse technology rectify overall posture and prevents supination and pronation - No odor control treatment. - Extravagant MudGear Premium Compression Socks Established in 2012, Mudgear greatly focuses on gears for obstacle course racers and promises products of solid construction, functional performance, and toughness. Mudgear Premium Compression Socks are designed for obstacle course runners. So, they are extremely well built, tough, and utilize performance sock yarn which is tougher than sheer compression hose and average gym quality compression socks. This tough fabric protects the calf and shin from cuts and abrasion. The Mudgear socks have fast wicking and drainage to remain as dry and light as possible on wet trails. These socks offer 168 needlepoint compression and tough construction. They are built to perform in extreme conditions. - Extremely durable and tough construction - Superior drainage and wicking - Reasonably priced - These socks are suitable for military personnel, medical professionals, cooks, and other people who work on their feet. - No odor control system - If you are not careful during wearing them, they might get damaged X-Socks Trekking Energizer V2,0 Smart Compression X-socks Trekking Energizer compression socks incorporate several advanced features that make them stand out from average compression socks. These socks have a patented ventilation system, the Air Conditioning-Channel which pumps moist air at every step and sucks fresh air to the sole which keeps your foot dry. Hence, chances of abrasions and blisters are reduced. There are toe and toe tip protectors to absorb bumps and prevent blisters and abrasion. To support and enclose the ankle region, there are X-Cross bandages. They promote a secure and healthy stance by supporting the ankle. Trekking Energizer gradient compression socks relieve the cardiovascular system and reduce pulse rate. - The advanced air circulation system - Extra support for the ankle - Separate toe and toe tip protector - Gradient compression socks - Affordable - Multiple blisters and abrasion protection cushioning - No odor control treatment - It can be too enveloping. Vitalsox Silver Drysat Series VT1211 Since 1998, Vitalsox has been doing extensive research on the true ideal compression which is the most effective for Athletics, Recovery, and Performance. This company is granted a US patent on the finding of this research. According to this research, the ideal gradient compression for athletes starts at the midfoot, compared to other compression socks that start at the ankle. Vitalsox VT1211 gradient compression socks are designed for versatile activities and they are suitable for people of different professions other than athletes. The socks are designed with patented technology and material. The socks put mild pressure around calf and ankle regions, moderately strong pressure around the front side of the toe and lower calf area, and strong pressure between these two regions. The added arch support and soft padding in flexible structures prevent injuries. The ultra-flat toe box is seamless to protect your toes from abrasion. For ventilation, there are built-in ventilation channels and piquet ventilation knitting is adopted. Drystat fiber kills germs and wicks away moisture. - Patented design for optimum compression - Patented advanced material - Odor control treatment - Soft cushioning in joints - Arch support - Ventilation channels - Flat and seamless toe box - Reasonably priced - These socks are a little bit hard to put on LAITEHEBE Compression Socks Laitehebe gradient compression socks come in a value pack of 8 pairs of different colored socks. These socks are designed to provide all the benefits of the gradient compression socks along with fashion and technology. To relieve pain, the Laitehebe socks deliver 360° stretch and stimulate oxygenated blood circulation. Different professionals like nurses, teachers, flight crews, receptionists, office workers, and pregnant women can improve their conditions using compression socks. The fabric of these socks is strong high-quality breathable fabric and maintains an optimal temperature for maximum comfort. To regulate temperature, the fabric wicks moisture and it also keeps your feet dry and comfortable. - Economic - You have multiple options to choose from 8 different pair of stockings - Breathable and comfortable material - Gradient compression - Moisture-wicking fabric - You may smell fume when you unpack them the first time - No odor control treatment - These socks are not medical grade. They are not recommended for people with medical conditions. How to Buy the Best Compression Socks For Running and Sports? Since numerous varieties of compression hosiery are available; you have to know what you are looking for before purchasing a pair. Here are some tips: - Knee-high socks are more comfortable and better suited for athletes. In a clinical study, it was found that redness and itching of the skin was reported in 41% of patients wearing thigh-high and 27% in patients wearing knee-high compression stockings. - The best results can be expected from the gradient compression stockings. The sock puts more pressure around the ankle and the pressure drops gradually as it gets closer to the knee. - The socks with midrange compression ratings are preferred for the athletes. The rating should be 20-30mm/Hg and top-quality compression stockings have compression ratings on them. - These socks are snug-fitting, you should struggle to wear them. - The crucial areas that need checking when you are buying compression hosiery are the padding around the heels, toes, top of the foot, and the Achilles area. Also, examine the seams whether they will irritate your skin when you put them on. - As you are purchasing for sporting purposes and outdoor activities, you should choose dark colors. White socks will get dirty easily. - Finally, read the washing instruction carefully. Because these socks tend to shrink in the tumble drier after washing. Also, fabric softeners damage the elasticity of the socks’ material. Are There Any Proof Of Compression Socks Running Benefits? Compression socks are very effective medical devices that have been in use for many years. These socks are prescribed by the medical practitioners to treat all manifestations of chronic venous disease like Edema, Chronic venous insufficiency, Varicose veins, Deep vein thrombosis, Lymphedema, Phlebitis, Lipodermatosclerosis, Pregnancy. They also prevent such diseases. Since, the compression socks increase oxygenated blood flow in the leg, reduces the diameter of distended veins, and increases venous blood flow velocity and valve effectiveness, they can recover the muscles quickly after any athletic activities. They are also recommended for the people who have to be in standing positions for a long time. Frequently Ask Questions on Compression Socks for Running Should Runners Wear Compression Socks? Yes. Although there are arguments about whether they help to increase performance, there is no doubt that these socks help to recover the muscles fast after activities and prevent pain and cramp. There is no bad side effect of compression stockings. How do I size my compression socks? Unfortunately, there is no single straight forward method to measure the right size of compression socks. You must take measurements of your calf circumference at its widest using tape for the best fit. If you are looking for thigh high socks, you have to take the measurement of your thigh’s circumference, too. Actually, it depends on the brand you choose and you will get instructions to get the right size from the manufacturer. It’s very important that you wear the compression stockings of the right size and right compression rating. Otherwise, it may cause serious health problems. How tight should running compression socks be? The compression stockings are meant to squeeze your leg tightly. So, they have to be snug-fitting. The compression rating determines how tight the socks are. For runners, midrange compression rating which is 20-30mm/Hg is suitable. How long to wear compression socks after running? In one study, it was found that marathon runners who wore compression socks for two weeks, performed better on a treadmill test. There is no evidence of any negative side effects of wearing these socks for an extended period. So, you can wear them anytime and keep them on as long as you want. My Recommendations Medical grade compression socks perform better than the athleisure compression socks. The most important thing is that the socks shouldn’t be too tight. They may act as the tourniquet and cut off the blood supply completely. If this is the case, it may cause you serious infections. Compression socks will not cure injuries, but they are beneficial in many cases. For runners, these socks will prevent small scratches, abrasions, and nasty things like poison ivy on the trail apart from other benefits. So, whether you are a serious athlete or not, compression socks will make your life more comfortable.

Congratulations! You have decided to start your own daycare center. In this guide, we offer a step-by-step process for building a successful childcare business to help you as you embark on this adventure. We cover making your business plan, budgeting, finding your location, establishing your insurance, policies, and procedures, hiring your team, marketing your center, and so much more! Opening a childcare center can be a great opportunity for an aspiring entrepreneur who loves children and early learning. Use this handbook as your guide to help walk you through the process! And feel free to reach out if you have any questions. We are here to help you every step of the way! Table of contents - Determine demand - Business plan - Set budget - Secure your space - Choose your name - Apply for licensing and accreditation - Get insurance - Establish your center policies - Order supplies and furniture - Purchase management software - Build your team - Market your center - Open your doors - Grand opening - Provide high-quality childcare Before you begin, define your WHY You are about to embark on a rollercoaster of a journey: Opening your own daycare. There will be countless highs and lows, but the key to navigating through all of them is to remember why you made this decision in the first place. So, before you even get started in the nitty-gritty, take some time to clearly and precisely define your why. Write it down. Use a vision board, a journal, or the back of a napkin; whatever works! Whatever your medium, keep your WHY handy so that you can look back on it with pride and determination. Defining Your Why: Getting Started I am opening a daycare because… - …I want to provide the best possible experience for children and their parents. - …I want to share my vision for early childhood education with the world. - …I care deeply about having a positive influence on childhood development. Think about what matters most to you when it comes to childcare. What excites you? What are you passionate about? Your WHY may change over time, but no matter what your ultimate destination is, the journey there will be so much harder if you don’t understand your reason for undertaking it in the first place. Early childhood education can be thankless and exhausting day-to-day, but the benefits it provides for our next generation are immeasurable. Children are our future, and early childhood education fundamentally shapes their development. Providing them with a positive learning environment during their most formative years is essential to helping them become healthy, well-rounded adults. You will be a part of their childhood. And let’s not forget about all of the hard-working parents you are supporting at the same time! 90% of brain growth occurs before a child reaches kindergarten” At birth, the average baby’s brain is about a quarter of the size of an adult’s brain. A baby’s brain doubles in size in the first year of life and reaches about 80% of adult size by age 3 and 90% – nearly full-grown – by age 5. Just think for a moment about all the changes taking place in the brain in those few short years. More than a million new neural connections are formed every second during this time, and those connections will determine the person a child grows up to be. The quality of childcare you provide will have a direct impact on which connections get made and what kind of people your children grow up to be. 1. Determine the demand for care in your area When it comes to the reasons for opening a childcare center, there’s your personal WHY, and there’s the more general one: children need childcare! This may sound obvious, and it is, but believe it or not: some areas that are already so saturated with childcare options for parents that your business will struggle to gain a foothold. Therefore, as you are scoping out your location, ensure you do thorough research on the potential competition and how you measure up. This is more than just searching for childcare options in your area. Go for a walk around the neighborhoods you’re considering and take note of accessibility during different times of day for both driving and public transit. For any childcare centers you find, take a tour and meet with the Director to ensure you can get all of the information on their service offerings. Check out local churches, community centers, YMCA’s, etc. since they may also offer childcare services. Determining demand Steps you can take online: - Search for “childcare” or “daycare” in your area to identify competitors - Join local parent groups on social media to gauge interest - Check local property taxes, health codes, and other regulations that may impact your business Steps you can take in person: - Walk/Drive around prospective neighborhoods - Note locations of nearby parks, playgrounds, and other potential activities - Tour potential competitors to learn about their offerings Make sure you find out how many spaces any neighboring centers have available. You need to ensure there will be enough demand for your services once you are open. When you have found a location with the promise of demand, you are ready to move on to the next step! 2. Put together a business plan Here’s the bad news: writing your business plan will be one of the most time-consuming and mentally exhausting steps toward opening your childcare center. The good news is: if you get this step right, you will have set the tone and direction for a successful business adventure! When developing your daycare business plan, try to think in a timeframe of 3-5 years. This level of long-term thinking will serve as a map on your way to your goal of establishing a successful daycare business. Components of a business plan Once you have this completed, make sure you have a business partner or mentor review it as a second set of eyes. Are you having trouble finalizing your plan? Try the following for help and support! 3. Put together a budget and secure funding Love it or loathe it, one of the most important parts of running a daycare is maintaining a balanced budget. No matter how great your daycare is, if you’re spending more than you’re bringing it, its days are numbered. Thorough planning and keeping an eye on your expenses will help you understand exactly where your money is going and suggest ways to improve efficiency. Get a head start with our free and easy-to-use daycare budget template. At the most basic level, you’ll need to track the money your center brings in on a yearly basis–referred to as Annual Recurring Revenue or ARR–and the money it spends regularly (operating expenses) and for one-offs, such as purchasing new playground equipment (capital expenses). Getting into the details, however, this process begins to get a little tricky. When you factor in everything you need to spend money on — from crayons and dish soap to salaries and rent — costs will begin to add up quickly. Make sure you’ve built your budget in such a way that you can answer these kinds of questions: - Which items are essential to running my business and which are nice to have? - How many children will I need to enroll to sustain my business? - How much will I need to charge in order to cover all of my costs? Whether you’re an accounting wiz or your eyes glaze over when faced with a spreadsheet, don’t worry: budgeting can be done by anyone. As long as you carefully think things through and list everything out, line-by-line, you’ll be able to create a budget that works for you. HiMama’s budget template was designed to help you list and analyze your income and expenses. In this Excel file, you will find three sections: Summary, Income, and Expenses. Formulas are included throughout to help you make calculations easier and play with the numbers to determine a budget that works for your business. 4. Secure your space Once you have determined the demand for your childcare center and your budget, you are ready to secure your location! If you are planning on using your home, this part is easy! Check out our separate free guide specifically about starting a home daycare. If you’re planning on purchasing property or you’re applying for a loan to get started, your business plan should contain all the information you need. If you are looking for a space to lease or rent, ensure from your budget that you know what you can afford on a monthly basis, and be mindful of the rate at which your rent may increase. Be sure to consider alternatives to commercial real estate, such as churches, community centers, and schools, as many of these places will have rooms available with affordable rent. Search online (try private groups and newspapers!) and also ask around in your community for recommendations. Once you have found a spot that seems like a good fit, be sure to check with your local licensing guidelines to ensure it will get approved for childcare. Ideally, your business will be centrally located, accessible to caregivers and children alike, while also being safe and affordable. We all know how difficult the real estate market can be, so get started as early as you can to give yourself lots of time to find the perfect place for your daycare. 5. Choose your name This is the fun part! You might have something that came to mind right away that’s very meaningful to you, or this might be the kind of thing that you go back and forth on, feeling like you just can’t get “the one” nailed down. Whatever the case, here are a few points to keep in mind: - Google potential names and consider how they would perform in online searches - Consider how your business name might be abbreviated or translated If you need help, try using HiMama’s daycare name generator tool! 6. Apply for licensing and accreditation. 7. Get insurance Childcare centers need insurance in order to limit risk and give parents, educators, and owners peace of mind. Insurance policies for childcare centers policies typically include liability coverage, property, workers’ compensation, and business insurance. Check with your local licensing authority to ensure you are getting the correct insurance to cover you throughout all circumstances. 8. Establish your center policies A successful daycare runs on clearly defined policies and classroom procedures. Some could come from your local licensing body and are mandatory, while others you will be able to set yourself. It is important to make these policies into brief, plain language documents that you can distribute to parents and staff. Be sure to consult a lawyer if you intend any of your policy documents to be legally binding. Some examples of policies to put together are: - Business - Vacation, Personal Days and Sick Days - Health and Safety - Violence and Harassment - Diversity and Inclusion - Parent Relations - Drop-off and Pick-up - Access and Visitors - Payments and Fees - Childcare - Outside Food and Toys - Allergies and Medications - Field Trips - Incident Reporting Check out our template library to use as a starting point when you develop these policies! 9. Order all center furniture and supplies Unless you’re taking an extremely minimalist approach to childcare, your daycare is going to need furniture and supplies. While it can be tempting to see money as no object (or to spend as little as possible) when first starting out, the key is to distinguish what’s necessary for running your business from what isn’t. Consult your budget, and take the time to find the decor that feels right to you. Think about how parents and children will experience your center when they tour and attend it, as well as how you and your educators will interact with the decor on a day-to-day basis. A fuzzy rug might make a classroom feel cozier, but the ambiance might not be worth it if it’s a nightmare to clean. When it comes to consumables–everything from antibacterial soap to animal crackers–a reliable supplier is worth their weight in gold. Talk to other business owners, even other daycare providers and educators, and ask them about their preferred brands. You probably have some of your own already! 10. Purchase management software As you will soon find out, the owner of a childcare center has a lot on their plate: managing a team of educators, keeping parents and caregivers satisfied, organizing classrooms and making sure the bills are paid, and most important of all, ensuring your children are growing, learning, and thriving! With all of that on your shoulders, you can use all the support you can get. This is where a childcare center management app comes in to save the day! With the right tools, you can save yourself hours of paperwork, admin tasks, and email. Childcare management platforms provide you with the flexibility and freedom to be more present in the classroom and offer better support to your team. More specifically, childcare management apps (such as HiMama!) provide the following services: - Smooth parent communication. Ditch the days of email! You can share videos, updates, photos, and more directly through the app. Delight parents and bridge the gap between learning in your program and learning at home. - Contactless check-in. Parents can check in their children securely from their mobile devices. No paper or pen required! Timestamps register the time each child arrived to the exact minute. - Comprehensive classroom management. Put your classrooms at your educator’s fingertips. They can use tablets to record observations through a simple-to-use interface and share pictures and reports with parents in real-time. Plus, you stay in the loop about what’s happening in each classroom. - Digital daily reports. Goodbye daily paper reports! Digital reporting saves directors an average of five hours per week. Use digital daily sheets for meals, naps, activities, and more. Send the daily reports automatically by the end of the day or manually whenever you need. - Effortless observations. Attach photos or videos with classroom observations to show child development in action. Save time by making notes about the entire class, individual groups, or on a child-by-child basis. - Informative assessments. Help parents recognize the hard work you put into stimulating learning and development with bespoke development reports. Display educators’ notes across activities and learning domains, all aligned to your developmental standards. - Simple online billing and payments. If you’re using a manual system to keep track of payments, things can get overwhelming quickly. Digital billing platforms allow you to set flexible tuition plans, create and send custom invoices, generate reports and track all your billing activities at a glance. - Smart lesson planning. Use the app to record planned learning experiences for the week and automatically align them to your program’s learning domains, such as cognitive, sensory, or physical development. Plus, you can automatically connect to your state or province’s framework. - Beautiful portfolios. Portfolios are a great way to see a child’s experiences in an organized format. Say goodbye to binders and hello to an online portfolio, automatically generated as educators record photos, stories, and observations in the classroom. - Activity planner. Access developmentally-appropriate activities to share with your staff or families. Complete with step-by-step instructions, videos, and free printables, never run out of inspiration for fun new activities! 11. Build your team Hiring and retention are some of the biggest challenges in any industry, but they’re especially difficult in early childhood education. Despite the importance and intensity of their work, early childhood educators are typically underpaid and unappreciated. Keep this top of mind both when you’re hiring and when you’re considering retention risks. We could write a whole book on hiring and retaining early childhood educators (And we did! Check out The Complete Guide to Hiring and Retaining Early Childhood Educators) but there are some basic points that apply to almost any industry. Recruiting your dream team Here are some tips to help your recruitment process:! 12. Market your center to parents Most parents are looking for more than the closest childcare provider to their home or workplace. They want a center that provides high-quality care, they care about curriculum choices, and they need to stay connected to their child’s development and growth while they’re away. Young parents especially are expecting ‘on demand’ access to their child’s day. In order to stand out from the competition and get noticed by parents, try these starter marketing strategies: - Introduce your childcare center with a story. Highlight your journey to bring it to fruition, a child you made a mark on or who left a mark on you; go back to your WHY and tell a story to explain it. Use real-life photos to show your center in action and add some authenticity! - Build a website and establish a strong online presence. You want to come up at the top of online searches for keywords like ‘childcare’ or ‘daycare’ + ‘[your city or county]’ so use those words on your homepage. Your website should include: - Contact information – we recommend both an online form as well as a phone number, email, and address. - A window into your center – photos of the classroom and highlights of your curriculum so that parents who access your site can get a feel for what it’s like. - Important dates and deadlines - Pricing and services offered - An explanation of your registration process - Highlights that make you stand out – make sure your website is telling your story on what makes your center special. This could include parent testimonials, quality rankings, or benefits to parents, such as access to childcare apps for enrolments, registrations, updates, etc.. - Ensure you have a Google Business Profile and start seeking positive reviews - Add your center’s information on local childcare directories - Set up your social media profiles and start engaging with local parent groups 13. Open your doors! Welcoming your first children into care is one of the most exciting and rewarding steps in this process! Start building your classrooms by enrolling children and hiring staff. Ensure all of your policies are being followed and that your educators and children are satisfied and thriving. It is essential to have a soft opening so that you can ensure your systems are working, you have the proper supplies, and your staff members are trained. You do not want to overwhelm yourself. Slowly welcoming children into your classrooms sets everyone up for success. You want to be operating at your best before you invite the whole community into your center! 14. Host a grand opening! Once you have opened your doors officially and welcomed some initial children into your care, it is time to host an official grand opening event!! This is your chance to invite community members, local businesses, prospective parents, and potential hires to see all that your daycare has to offer. Use the marketing skills you’ve cultivated to advertise the event on social media and your website. Showcase your space by providing tours, allowing free play for children in specific classrooms or outdoor spaces, leading crafts using lesson plans from your curriculum, and even offering samples if you are providing your own meals and snacks. You only get one chance to make a first impression, so make sure you put your best foot forward. 15. Provide high-quality childcare With the official Grand Opening under your belt, you are officially off to the races!! Congratulations, you have opened your first center!!! Of course, now comes the truly challenging and vital work: maintaining the high-quality childcare being offered at your center. High-quality childcare involves every element of a daycare. It starts with the physical learning environment and carries over to educators, ratios, group sizes, and workplace culture. High-quality childcare is associated with: - Enhanced language development - Higher IQ (cognitive development) - Improved pre-academic skills - Advanced social-emotional skills - Fewer behavioral problems and lower aggression - Happier children who have better relationships with their peers High-quality childcare also has long-term impacts: - Higher IQ, improved future school performance, and fewer behavioral problems at age 15 - Better grades and less likely to be placed in special education at age 18 - More likely to have attended a four-year college at the age of 21 Do not forget to take a minute and pat yourself on the back for all of the hard work you have put in so far and all of the positive impacts you are having on the children in your care. You have taken on one of the most important jobs in the world. You are shaping the future. You got this!!

1. Introduction. Wastes from electric and electronic equipments (WEEE) show an increasing upward tendency: a recent annual estimation for WEEE was almost 6.5 million tonnes, and it has been predicted that by 2015 the figure could be as high as 12 million tonnes However there is an increasing interest in the end-of-life management of polymers present in WEEE mainly due to high quotas of recycling and recovery set by legislation which can only be fulfilled by including the plastic fraction in recycling and recovery approaches. Furthermore, disposal of PCB in landfill is no longer accepted in developed countries because of environmental impact and loss of resources. So far recycling of waste PCBs is an important subject in terms of potential recovering of valuable products but several difficulties still exist due to environmental problems involved in end-of-life WEEE management.. 2.. As an example, after removing hazardous batteries and capacitors which, according to current legislation, must follow a separate recycling, the organic fraction resulted about 70% in PCBs from computers and TV set and 20% in those from mobile phones (William & Williams, 2007).. 2.1. Polymer matrix and reinforcement Platforms are usually thermoset composites, mainly epoxies, containing high amount of glass reinforcement; in multilayer boards multifunctional epoxies or cyanate resins are used; in TV and home electronics PCBs are often made with paper laminated phenolic resins. Biobased composites have been recently proposed as possible substitute of traditional resins used in PCBs (Zhan & Wool, 2010). Due to the risk of ignition during soldering of the components on the platform or impact with electric current, the matrix is often a bromine-containing, fire retarded matrix likely to contain 15% of Br. Fire retardance can be attained either using additive or reactive fire retardants. The two primary families of brominated flame retardants are the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDPE) and fire retardants based on tetrabromo-bisphenol A (TBBA). Despite PBDPE have now been restricted in electrical and electronic equipment they have been found above detection limits in some PCB wastes collected in 2006 in UK; as these results relate to equipment manufactured at least 15 years ago, these levels can be considered to be likely maximum levels. Future waste PCBs are expected to contain significantly lower amount (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs [DEFRA], 2006). One of the main reasons for the current concerns regarding the use of BFR is that nearly all of them generate polybrominated dibenzo-dioxins (PBBD) and polybrominated dibenzo-furans (PBDF) during the end of life processes involving even a moderate heating. Environmental impact of BFR has been considered (Herat, 2008; Schlummer et al., 2007) and several ecofriendly strategies of fire retardancy have been investigated particularly in Europe, United States and Japan, including incorporation of metal oxides, phosphorous (Pecht &. Deng 2006) and phosphorous-nitrogen compounds (El Gouri et al., 2009). However, these approaches still suffer for drawbacks and the market has not selected a standard replacement for bromine-based flame retardants yet. On the other hand in 2008, European Commission's Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks concluded no risk for TBBA when used as a reactive fire retardant and does not foresee restrictions onTBBA marketing and use. (Kemmlein et al., 2009) The majority of reinforcements in PCBs are woven glass fibres embedded in the thermoset matrix. However because of the crushing stage preliminary to most recycling technologies, they can be recovered as shorter fibres still possessing high length/density ratio, high elastic modulus and low elongation for being used in thermoplastic polymers. 2.2. Metals Precious metals in electronic appliances serve as contact materials due to their high chemical stability and their good conducting properties. Platinum group metals are used among other things in switching contacts or as sensors. The typical Pb/Sn solder content in PCB scraps ranges between 4-6% of the weight of the original board. Copper-beryllium alloys are used in electronic connectors where a capability for repeated connection and disconnection is desired and such connectors are often gold plated. A second use of given as typical averages actually only represent scraps of a certain age and manufacturer. Additionally, non-ferrous metals and precious metals contents have gradually decreased in concentration in scraps due to the falling power consumption of modern switching circuits: in the ‘80s the contact layer was 1–2.5 μm thick, in modern appliances it is between 300 and 600 nm (Cui & Zhang, 2008). 3. WEEE legislation Concern about environment prompts many governments to issue specific legislation on WEEE recycling: however with the notable exception of Europe, many countries seem to be slow in initiating and adopting WEEE regulations. In Europe the WEEE Directive (European Union 2003b) and its amendments as a first priority aims to prevent the generation of WEEE. Additionally, it aims to promote reuse, recycling and other forms of recovery of WEEE so as to reduce the disposal of wastes. In both developed and developing nations, the landfilling of WEEE is still a concern and accumulation of unwanted electrical and electronic products is still common.. Batteries and condensers also have to be removed from WEEE waste stream. The RoHS Directive (European Union 2003a) names six substances of immediate concern: lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (Penta-BDE and Octa-BDE) and polybrominated biphenyls. The maximum concentration values for RoHS substances were established in an amendment to the Directive on 18 August 2005. The maximum tolerated value in homogenous materials for lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated biphenyls is 0.1% w/w and for cadmium 0.01% w/w. 4. Disassembling WEEE and PCBs Nearly all of the current recycling technologies available for WEEE recycling include a sorting/disassembly stage. The reuse of components has first priority, dismantling the hazardous components is essential as well as it is also common to dismantle highly valuable components, PCBs, cables and engineering plastics plastics in order to simplify the subsequent recovery of materials. Moreover cell batteries and capacitors should be manually removed and separately disposed in an appropriate way. The PCBs can then be sent to a facility for further dismantling for reuse or reclamation of electric components. Most of the recycle plants utilize manual dismantling. The most attractive research on disassembly process is the use of an image-processing and database to recognize reusable parts or toxic components. The automated disassembly of electronic equipment is well advanced but unfortunately its application in recycling of electronic equipment still face lot of frustration. In treatment facilities components containing hazardous substances are only partly removed particularly in small WEEE. This implies that substantial quantities of hazardous substances are forwarded to subsequent mechanical crushing processes, causing significant dispersion of pollutants and possibly reduction of quantities of valuable recyclable materials (Salhofer & Tesar, 2011). Electronic components have to be dismantled from PCB assembly as the most important step in their recycling chain, to help conservation of resources, reuse of components and elimination of hazardous materials from the environment. In semi-automatic approaches, electronic components are removed by a combination of heating and application of impact, shearing, vibration forces to open-soldered connections and heating temperature of 40-50 °C higher than the melting point of the solder is necessary for effective dismantling; pyrolysis probably occurs during the dismantling, which means there is a potential for dioxin formation when this scrap is heating (Duan et al., 2011). 5. Physical recycling Thermosetting resins, glass fibres or cellulose paper, ceramics and residual metals can serve as good filler for different resin matrix composites. Physical recycling always involves a preliminary step were size reduction of the waste is performed followed by a step in which metallic and non-metallic fractions are separated and collected for further management. 5.1. Size reduction and separation A crushing stage is necessary for an easier further easier management of PCB waste. The PCB are cut into pieces of approximately 1 -2 cm2 usually with shredders or granulators giving the starting batch easily manageable for supplementary treatments (PCB scraps). Further particle size reduction to 5-10 mm can be carried out by means of cutting mills, centrifugal mills or rotating sample dividers equipped with a bottom sieve. The local temperature of PCB rapidly increases due to impacting and reaches over 250°C during crushing, so a pyrolytic cleavage of chemical bonds in the matrix produces brominated and not brominated phenols and aromatic/aliphatic ethers (Li et at., 2010) Effective separation of these materials based on the differences on their physical characteristics is the key for developing a mechanical recycling system; size and shape of particles play crucial roles in mechanical recycling processes because the metal distribution is a function of size range: aluminum is mainly distributed in the coarse fractions (> 6.7 mm), but other metals are mainly distributed in the fine fractions (< 5 mm). Almost all the mechanical recycling processes have a certain effective size range and mechanical separation processes is performed in a variety of technique. Shape separation by tilted plate and sieves is the most waste matrix. Electric conductivity-based separation such as Eddy current separation, corona electrostatic separation and triboelectric separation separates materials of different electric conductivity such non ferrous metals from inert materials. (Veit at al., 2005; Cui & Forssberg, 2003). Density-base separation of particles such as sink-float separation, jigging, upstream separation are also used to separate metal from non metal fractions in PCB scraps. 5.2. Applications in composites Physical recycling for non metallic fraction sorting from separation stage has been recently reviewed by Guo (Guo et al. 2009). The thermal stability of the non metallic fraction of PCBs is very important for physical recycling methods which must be suitable for moulding processes. The thermosetting matrix more suitable for making composites with PCB scraps are phenolic resins, unsaturated polyester resins and epoxy resins. To ensure the surface smoothness, the size of non metallic fractions used was less than 0.15mm. The non metallic items so produced are used for trays, sewer grates, kitchen utensils, electronic switches etc. with properties comparable to that of composites with traditional filler. The 300-700 °C pyrolysis residues (75–80%) can be easily liberated for metal’s recovery, and the glass-fibres can be re-compounded into new SMC and BMC structures as a filler replacement (Jie et al., 2008). Nonmetals reclaimed from waste PCBs are used to replace wood flour in the production of wood plastic (polyethylene) composites (Guo et al., 2010). In analogy, addition of PCB non-metallic fraction as reinforcing fillers in polypropylene (PP) has proven to be an effective way to enhance strength and rigidity: particles 0.178-0.104 mm, modified by a silane coupling agent, could be successfully added in PP composites as a substitute of traditional fillers. Larger particles (> 0.178mm) are fibre-particulate bundles showing weakly bonded interface which make easier crazes initiation and particle detach from the polymer matrix. (Zheng et al., 2009a). As one of the plastic wastes to a certain extent, the non-metallic fraction of PCB can also be used with some effectiveness as a partial replacement of inorganic aggregates in concrete applications to decrease the dead weight of structures. Lightweight concrete is extensively used for the construction of interior and exterior walls of buildings for the case where the walls are not designed for lateral loads (Niu & Li, 2007). The glass fibres and resins powder contained in the non-metallic fraction can also be used to strengthen the asphalt. 6. Chemical recycling Chemical recycling refers to decomposition of the waste polymers into their monomers or some useful chemicals by means of chemical reactions. In this view, chemical recycling consists of pyrolysis process, depolymerization process by using supercritical fluids, hydrogenolytic degradation and gasification process. The refining of the products (gases and oils) is included in the chemical recycling process, and can be done with conventional refining methods in chemical plants. Metal fraction can be treated by pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical approaches, biotechnological processes being still in their infancy. 6.1. Pyrolysis Pyrolysis of polymers leads to the formation of gases, oils, and chars which can be used as chemical feedstocks or fuels. Pyrolysis degrades the organic part of the PBC wastes, making the process of separating the organic, metallic and glass fibre fractions of PCBs much easier and recycling of each fraction more viable. Additionally, if the temperature is high enough, the pyrolysis process will melt the solder used to attach the electrical components to the PCBs. The combination of the removal and recovery of the organic fraction of PCBs and the removal of the solder aid the separation of the metal components. The thermal behaviour of epoxy resins, the most common polymer matrix in PCB, has been widely investigated as a basis for pyrolytic recycling. In thermogravimetry brominated epoxy resins are less thermally stable than the corresponding unbrominated ones. They exhibit a steep weight loss stage at 300-380°C depending on the hardener, those hardened by aromatic amines and anhydrides decomposing at higher temperature (Fig. 1). Mostly brominated and unbrominated phenols and bisphenols are found in the pyrolysis oil however the balance phenols/bisphenols and brominated/unbrominated species depends on the temperature and residence time in the reactor; higher temperatures and longer times making debromination more extensive (Luda et al., 2007, 2010). The size of the PCB particles effects as well on the decomposition temperature: degradation is postponed when particles are larger than 1 cm2 due to heat transfer limitation (Quan et al., 2009). Figure 1. TGA of epoxy-system based on Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A or Diglycidyl ether of tetrabromobisphenol A (Br) crosslinked using different hardeners; DDS: Diaminodiphenylsulphone; DCD: Dicyandiamide; PEA: Polyethylene-polyamine, PHT: Phthalic anhydride. (20°C/min, Nitrogen) When PCBs (4 cm2) were pyrolyzed in a tubular type oven in the range 300 - 700 °C, no significant influence of temperature was observed over 500 °C both in gases and oil yields (9 and 78% respectively) as well as in the gross calorific value (30kJ/kg). However the oil resulted contaminated by polluting element and must be purged for further utilization. (Guan et al., 2008). The boards pyrolysed in a fixed bed reactor at 850°C were very friable and the different fractions could be easily separated (Hall & Williams, 2007). 6.1.1. Vacuum pyrolysis Recently studies on application of vacuum pyrolysis to PCBs have appeared in the literature. They were mostly aimed to recover solder and facilitate separation of metals and glass fibres from PCB scraps. Vacuum pyrolysis shorts organic vapour residence time in the reactor and lowers decomposition temperature, reducing the occurrence and intensity of secondary reactions. The residue of vacuum pyrolysis at 550 °C of bare PCB scraps (25 cm2) was crushed and size classified; about 99% of original copper was confined in particles > 0.4 mm, fibres remained in the smaller particles were recovered after calcinations. Pyrolysis oil and gases were collected from pyrolysis reactor for further refining (Long et al., 2010). Two different arrangement for recycling disassembled PCBs (10-15 cm2) were proposed: in the first centrifugal separation of solder (240°C) was followed by vacuum pyrolysis of the residue (600 °C); in the second vacuum pyrolysis (600 °C ) was followed by centrifugal separation of the residue at 400°C in order to collect solder ready for reuse (Zhou & Quj, 2010; Zhou et al., 2010) 6.1.2. Dehalogenation Contamination of oil by harmful compounds remains a severe issue with a strong impact on material and thermal recycling: bromine-containing phenols are potentially hazardous compounds emitted during heating of polymers flame retarded with TBBA based fire retardants. In effect brominates phenols likely form PBDD/PBDF through Ullmann condensation, contaminating pyrolysis products. So that reduction of the amount of brominated phenols in the pyrolysis oil in favour of less toxic substances is a way to add value to the whole PCB recycling process. Dehalogenation attempts have been carried out on model compounds, directly in the pyrolysis of PCB scraps or on refining the pyrolysis oil. Successful approach to debrominate PCB scraps was carried out by pyrolysis in the presence of NaOH or sodium-containing silicates resulting in an enhanced bromomethane evolution and depression of brominated phenol formation (Blazso et al., 2002). Various combination of cracking catalysts and absorbers for halogenated compounds (CaCO3 and red mull) decreased as well the amount of all heteroatoms in pyrolysis oils of PCBs: after pyrolysis at the 300-540 °C the oils were passed into a secondary catalytic reactor (Vasile et al., 2008). PBDD/PBDF formed during pyrolysis at 850 to 1200 °C of PCBs were destroyed under controlled combustion conditions (1200 °C): the total content decreased by approximately 50% increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 850 to 1200 °C. If CaO is added in the feeding, inhibition of 90% PBDD/PBDF occurs with prevention of evolution of HCl and HBr that corrode the equipment (Lai et al., 2007). Liquid products obtained from pyrolysis of general WEEE, PCBs and their mixtures were upgraded by thermal and catalytic hydrogenation. The effect of thermal hydrogenation was improved by using catalysts such as commercial hydrogenation DHC-8 and metal loaded activated carbon. The upgraded degradation products were separated in residue, liquids and gases; liquids with high amount of aromatics were obtained but most of hazardous toxic compounds were eliminated after hydrogenation by converting them into gaseous HBr (Vasile et al., 2007). Hydrodehalogenation with hydrogen-donating media is a promising option for the destruction of halogen-containing aromatics in the pyrolysis oil, converting them into non-halogenated aromatics and valuable hydrogen halide. It was found that PP was an effective and selective hydrodehalogenatig agent because only HBr was recovered at 290–350 °C from a mixture of chlorinated and brominated phenols PP was effective as well in upgrading pyrolysis oil (Hornung et al. 2003, Balabanovich et al., 2005). Recently other polymers have been tested for dehalogenation of a model brominated phenol. From pyrolysis of equimolecular mixture of various polymers with 2,4- dibromophenol (DBP) bromine was recovered as valuable HBr in gases, toxic brominated compounds in oil or confined in the charred residue. Table 1. Percentage of the bromine resulting in the various fractions from pyrolysis of 2,4- dibromophenol (DBP) with low density polyethylenes (LDPE), High density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), polybutadiene (PBD) Polyamides (PA-6, PA-6,6), polyacrylonitrile ( PAN). LDPE was found nearly as effective as PP; PBD and HDPE were slightly less effective while activity of PS, polyamides and PAN was poor. Br was partially recovered in the water soluble fraction when polymers contained nitrogen (Tab. 1) (Luda & Balabanovich, 2011). Because these polymers are present in significant amount in the organic fraction of WEEE, or even in other solid wastes, their action can be considered as a viable and convenient route of recycling of PCBs. 6.1.3. Depolimerization in supercritical fluids Supercritical methanol and water have been tested for depolymerization of thermoset resins in PCBs for recycling purposes: the lower critical temperature and pressure of methanol (Tc : 240 °C, Pc : 8.09 MPa) compared to those of water (Tc : 374 °C, Pc: 22.1 MPa) allow milder conditions. At 350°C the oils of comminuted PCB (<1mm) treated with supercritical methanol included phenol with 58% purity, much higher than that produced by other conventional pyrolysis processes. The oils did not contain brominated compounds due to the complete decomposition and debromination during the process. Large amount of HBr existed in the gaseous products, which could be recovered effectively by simple distillation. Metallic elements in waste PCBs were concentrated effectively up to 62% in the solid residue. Longer reaction time and lower temperature was favorable for obtaining a higher oil yield (Xiu & Zhang, 2010). 6.2. Gasification and co-combustion Gasification converts organic materials into carbon monoxide and hydrogen (syngas) by reacting the raw material at high temperatures with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam: syngas is itself a fuel or can be used as intermediates for producing chemicals or even combusted in gas turbines for electric power production. Staged-gasification of WEEE and PCB comprises pyrolysis (550°C) and high temperature gasification (>1230°C). Combustion or co-combustion competes with gasification producing electric power as well. A certain amount of bromine contained in the waste turns into ashes (co-combustion) or char (gasification), while most turns into combustion gases or into syngas where: bromine can be recovered using suitable wet scrubbing systems. A comparative environmental analysis of these two competing scenarios, intended for bromine recovery and electric power production, was carried out on recycling of the same mixed feeding PCB/green waste. While both processes resulted eco-efficient, staged-gasification was more efficient from an energy point of view, had a potentially smaller environmental impact than co-combustion and allowed a more efficient collection of bromine (Bientinesi & Petarca, 2009). 6.3. has been recently reviewed by Cui (Cui & Zhang, 2008) underlining three possible approaches: pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy and biotechnology. 6.3.1.. Energy cost is reduced by combustion of plastics and other flammable materials in the feeding. It should be stated, however, that applying results from the field of mineral processing to the treatment of electronic waste has limitations because the size of particles involved and material contents are quite different in the two systems. Despite differences in the plants, general electronic scraps are treated together with other metal scraps by pyrometallurgical processes in the Noranda process at Quebec, Canada, at the Boliden Ltd. Rönnskår Smelter, Sweden (Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe [APME], 2000), at Umicore at Hoboken, Belgium (Hageluken, 2006). The used electronics recycled in the smelters represent 10-14% of total throughput, the balance being mostly mined copper concentrates at Noranda, lead concentrates at Boliden, various industrial wastes and by-products from other non-ferrous industries at Umicore. Recently a modified pyrometallurgy to recover metals from PCBs has been proposed (Zhou et al., 2010) showing that addition of 12 wt.% NaOH as slag-formation material promotes the effective separation of metals from slag; the remaining slag in the blowing step was found to favour the separation of Cu from other metals and allow noble metals to enter the metal phase to the greatest extent. Additionally, the resulting slag was shown to be very effective in cleaning the pyrolysis gas. Eventually 68.4% Cu, 92.6% Ag and 85.5% Au recovery could be achieved in this process, confirming preliminarily the feasibility of modified pyrometallurgy in recovering metals from PCB. However, pyrometallurgical processing of electronic waste suffers from some limits in particular the recover as metals of aluminum and iron transferred into the slag is difficult, the presence of brominated flame retardants in the smelter feed can lead to the formation of dioxins unless special installations and measures are present and precious metals are obtained at the very end of the process. Furthermore pyrometallurgy results in a limited upgrading of the metal value and hydrometallurgical techniques and/or electrochemical processing are subsequently necessary to make refining. 6.3.2. Hydrometallurgy Leaching is the process of extracting a soluble constituent from a solid by means of a solvent: for electronic wastes leaching involve acid and/or halide treatment due to the fact that acid leaching is a feasible approach for removing of base metals so as to free the surface of precious metals. The solutions are then subjected to separation and purification procedures such as precipitation of impurities, solvent extraction, adsorption and ion-exchange to isolate and concentrate the metals of interest. Consequently, the solutions are treated by electrorefining process, chemical reduction, or crystallization for metal recover. A bench-scale extraction study was carried out on the applicability of hydrometallurgical processing routes to recover precious metals from PCBs in mobile phones (Quinet et al, 2005).. Recovery of Cu, Pb and Sn from PCB scraps equipment has been performed by a mechanical processing which concentrate metals. At the second stage, the concentrated fraction was dissolved with acids and treated in an electrochemical process in order to recover the metals separately (Veit et al., 2006). Recently a general approach for recycling of scrapped PBC by hydrometallurgy has been proposed. First the crushed PCB scraps were leached in the NH3/NH5CO3 solution to dissolve copper. After the solution was distilled and the copper carbonate residue was converted to copper oxide by heating. The remaining solid residue after copper removal was then leached with hydrochloric acid to remove tin and lead. The last residue was used as a filler in PVC plastics which were found to have the same tensile strength as unfilled plastics, but had higher elastic modulus, higher abrasion resistance and were cheaper (Liu et al., 2009) 6.3.3.. Despite, limited researches were carried out on the bioleaching of metals from electronic wastes but it has been demonstrated that using Biosorption process is a passive physico-chemical interaction between the charged surface groups of micro-organisms and ions in solution. Biosorbents are prepared from the naturally abundant and/or waste biomass of algae, fungi or bacteria. Physico-chemical mechanisms such as ion-exchange, complexation, coordination and chelation between metal ions and ligands, depend on the specific properties of the biomass (alive, or dead, or as a derived product). Compared with the conventional methods, biosorption-based process offers a number of advantages including low operating costs, minimization of the volume of chemical/biological sludges to be handled and high efficiency in detoxifying. However further efforts are required because the adsorption capacities of precious metals on different types of biomass is greatly variable and much more work should be done to select a perfect biomass from the billions of microorganisms and their derivatives. Most of the researches on biosorption mainly focused on gold, more attentions should be taken into biosorption of silver from solutions and on recovery of precious metals from multi-elemental solutions. 7. Conclusion A successful recycling approach of PCB should take into consideration the valorisation of the recycled items to compensate for recycling costs. Recycling of WEEE, and of PCB in particular, is still a challenging task due to complexity of these materials and possible evolution of toxic substances. Traditionally, recovering of valuable metals by waste PCBs was carried out on a large scale for a positive economic revenue. Legislation pushes now toward a more comprehensive processes which includes recovering and recycling of the ceramic and organic fractions in substitution to not-ecoefficient disposal in landfill. A disassembly stage is always required to remove dangerous components such as batteries and condensers. Manual dismantling is still in operation despite the attempts to proceed by automatic procedures which however need more progress to be really effective. Crushing and separation are then key points for improving successful further treatments. Physical recycling is a promising recycling method without environmental pollution and with reasonable equipment invests, low energy cost and diversified potential applications of products. However separation between the metallic and non metallic fraction from waste PCBs has to be enhanced. Pyrolytic approach is attractive because it allows recovering of valuable products in gases, oils and residue. Evolution of toxics PBBD/PBDF can be controlled by appropriate treatments such as addition of suitable scavengers or dehydrohalogenation, which are still under development. New technologies are proposed such as vacuum pyrolysis or depolymerisation in supercritical methanol. Metal recovery can be performed by traditional pyrometallurgical approaches on metal-concentrated PCB scraps fractions. Comparing with the pyrometallurgical processing, hydrometallurgical method is more exact, more predictable, and more easily controlled. New promising biological processes are now under development. 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1. Introduction Wildfire is the one of the prominent disturbance factor in most vegetation zones throughout the world, like forests and grasslands. Wildfires present a challenge for ecosystem management, because they have the potential to be at once beneficial and harmful. On the one hand, wildfires are a natural part of several ecosystems for maintaining their health and diversity in numerous ways, such as regulating plant succession and fuel accumulations, controlling age, structure and species composition of vegetation, affecting insect and disease populations, influencing nutrient cycles and energy flows, regulating biotic productivity, diversity and stability and determining habitats for wildlife. On the other hand, wildfires can also become a threat to property, human life and economy, particularly in ecosystems where fires are an uncommon or even unnatural process. Despite the prominence of fire events, current estimates of the extent and impact of vegetation fires globally are still a challenge. Several hundred million hectares of forest and other vegetation types are estimated to burn annually throughout the world, consuming several billion tons of dry matter and releasing emission compounds that affect the composition and functioning of the global atmosphere and human health. According to the FAO (FAO 2012), wildfires are important climate forcing factors as they release aerosol between 25-35% of the total CO2 net emissions to the atmosphere. Over the last decade in Canada, wildfires have consumed an average of 1.9 million ha/year and induced fire suppression costs ranging from about $500 million to $1 billion a year (Canadian Forest Service, 2012). In Europe, wildfires burn more than half a million ha of forested areas every year. Over 95% of the burnt areas are located in the Mediterranean region, in which critical fire events have taken place in recent years (). Because of the threat that fires represent, operational systems have been developed for use in fire management that includes fire danger prediction, fire detection and fire control. Given expected increases in fires across the world due to climate changes, better prediction of fire danger and fire detection will have significant benefits both from the economical and the human safety points of views across the world. There is also the need to accurate assessment of burnt areas because they are related to greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere that need to be accounted for following Kyoto’s protocol requirements as well as for managing post-fire environmental impacts, such as regeneration and erosion. Space-borne remotely sensed imagery can play an important role in these systems. Indeed, satellite imagery offers the advantages of extensive regional coverage, zero disturbances of the area to be viewed, as well as a method for acquiring data in less accessible areas on a regular and cost effective basis. In the first part of this chapter, we will present the use of remote sensing in pre-fire conditions management. The second part of the section will deal with the use of remote sensing for detecting fires and burn scar mapping. 2. Pre-fire conditions management Ignition and spread of wildfires depends on fuel moisture and weather conditions as well as on fuel types and topography. These parameters are as inputs into fire danger predicting systems that have been developed for fire management, among others for fire suppression. These systems are among others the Several pre-fire conditions can be monitored using remote sensing. The first one is related to the fuel type, which can be mapped, like classical vegetation mapping, from high spatial resolution optical or radar images (e.g., Chuvieco and Martin, 1994; Burgan et al., 1998; Chuvieco et al., 1999a). These maps can then be linked, within a wildfire threat analysis system, to other pre-fire conditions variables, such as topography, proximity to roads and to urban areas, etc... (Burgan et al., 1998; Chuvieco et al., 1999a; Chuvieco et al. 2010). Another pre-fire condition, which can be estimated by remote sensing, is the fuel moisture condition. We will focus here on live fuel moisture conditions, which are in current fire prediction systems, either directly measured (Pinol et al., 1998) or broadly estimated (Canadian Forest Service, 1992). Dead fuel moisture conditions will also be considered, although they can be more easily computed from weather data and fuel characteristics, because dead fuel moisture is in balance with that of the surrounding atmosphere (Burgan et al., 1998; Pinol et al., 1998; Chuvieco et al., 1999b). In most of the remote sensing studies on live fuel moisture estimation, live fuel moisture conditions have been quantified as an absolute measurement of plant water content, through the Fuel Moisture Content (FMC) or the Equivalent Water Thickness (EWT). FMC is defined as the ratio between the quantity of water (fresh weight–dry weight) and either the fresh weight or the dry weight (see the review of Ceccato et al., 2001). EWT is the leaf water content per unit leaf area which is defined as the ratio between the quantity of water and the leaf area (see the review of Ceccato et al., 2001). Live fuel moisture conditions have been also quantified indirectly, through the degree of water stress which is expressed in terms of evapotranspiration rates (Vidal et al., 1994). In the present study, the term "optical" is used to describe wavelengths between 400 and 2500 nm, in contrast to the thermal infrared bands, which range from 3000 to 15000 nm. Both types of wavelengths are recorded by optical sensors. The present study will primarily focus on satellite data, although the theory may also be applied to airborne sensors, which are currently used during fire suppression activities rather than as fire danger prediction tools. 2.1. Optical remote sensing The first remote sensing studies on fuel moisture conditions monitoring used optical data, mainly NOAA-AVHRR NDVI images (e.g., Paltridge and Barber, 1988; Burgan et al., 1998; Chuvieco et al., 1999b; Hardy and Burgan, 1999). This supposes that timing and extent of drought can be assessed from vegetation greenness, as retrieved from satellite data. NDVI data were also correlated to simulated forest evapotranspiration (e.g., Deblonde and Cihlar, 1993), to FWI codes and indices (Dominguez et al., 1994; Camia et al., 1999; Leblon et al., 2001; Oldford et al., 2006; Leblon et al., 2007), to fuel moisture content of grasslands (Yebra et al., 2008), and to fire occurrences (e.g., Lopez et al., 1991; Illera et al., 1996; Burgan et al., 1998). NDVI-based operational systems have been proposed to assess fire potentials (Figure 1) (Burgan et al., 1998) and crop droughts or fire dangers (Kogan, 2001). Figure 1. An operational system to compute fire potential maps from NOAA-AVHRR NDVI images (adapted from These studies listed several problems related to the use of NDVI images in fuel moisture mapping, namely the saturation of relationships (Paltridge and Barber, 1988), the influence of site wetness on relationships (Deblonde and Cihlar, 1993) and the difficulty of using NDVI over forests, due to the spectral mixture of the overstory with the understory, both being different in nature and in moisture content (e.g., Hardy and Burgan, 1999; Leblon et al., 2001). In fact, NDVI and associated vegetation indices are only indirectly related to fuel moisture conditions, because it rather measures the greenness and the chlorophyllous activity of the vegetation (Ceccato et al., 2001; Leblon, 2005). In a study on pre-fire conditions using NOAA-AVHRR over Northwest Territories boreal forests, Oldford et al. (2003) showed that high FWI areas correspond to high surface temperature areas on the surface temperature NOAA-AVHRR image, indicating water stress, but to high NDVI areas over the NOAA-AVHRR NDVI image, indicating no drought conditions (Figure 2). Figure 2. Map of (a) interpolated FWI, (b) interpolated Ta, and corresponding (c) Ts NOAA-AVHRR image and (d) NDVI NOAA-AVHRR image for the area, where the fire “ Greenness and the chlorophyll activity of the vegetation explained the positive correlations between NDVI and FWI codes and indices found by Leblon et al. (2001, 2007) over Canadian northern boreal forests, since both types of variables increase in parallel throughout the fire season, but for two different reasons: FWI codes and indices, because of drought, and NDVI because of vegetation growth. In addition, reduction in NDVI could be induced by factors other than drought, like disease or senescence (Leblon, 2005) and shadowing or penumbra (Chuvieco et al., 1999b). For all these reasons, a better use of NDVI images over forests will be to map timing of deciduous leaf flushing, which is critical in fire management, because of its relationship to fire occurrence in mixed-deciduous forests. Fuel moisture is theoretically better related to another optical band, the shortwave infrared (1300-2500 nm) (e.g., Pierce et al., 1990; Pinol et al., 1998; Chuvieco et al., 1999b, Ceccato et al., 2001, Yebra et al., 2008). Relationships were significant only when the water stress was already well developed (Pierce et al., 1990; Pinol et al., 1998). Reflectance variations associated with water changes were smaller than those associated with leaf structure (Pierce et al., 1990; Ceccato et al., 2001). In addition, shortwave bands are highly disturbed by atmospheric effects. Fuel moisture is also probably estimated better using hyperspectral data. Indeed, hyperspectral data allow derivative analysis which is useful to remove, on reflectance, the effect of leaf structure, of background and of atmosphere as well as to resolve overlapping spectra to better separate components of the global spectrum (see the review of Leblon, 2005). Hyperspectral data were related to plant water content through empirical relationships (e.g., Pinol et al., 1998) or analytical models (e.g., Ustin et al., 1998; Ceccato et al., 2001). Multispectral data of the MODIS sensor were used into analytical model to retrieve fuel moisture content of shrublands (Yebra and Chuvieco, 2009). However, from the operational point of view, both hyperspectral data are, up to now, only provided by airborne sensors and shortwave infrared data are acquired by only a few numbers of spaceborne sensors, among others LANDSAT-TM, SPOT-VEGETATION, NOAA-16 and MODIS. While the oldest ones like LANDSAT-TM have a long revisit period, the newest ones, like SPOT-VEGETATION and the new series of the AVHRR sensor, on board NOAA-16, or MODIS, have the advantage to allow daily image acquisition. This temporal scale may be longer on cloudy periods. The performance of these new sensors is still under evaluation. By contrast, for many years, thermal infrared data are provided more often and mostly at the same time as the optical visible and near-infrared ones, by several existing spaceborne sensors, e.g., NOAA-AVHRR, LANDSAT-TM, ATSR-2, RESURS-01, METEOSAT, GOES or MODIS. 2.2. Thermal infrared remote sensing Surface temperatures (Ts) were better correlated than NDVI to FWI codes and indices (Dominguez et al., 1994; Camia et al., 1999; Aguado et al., 2003; Oldford et al., 2003; Oldford et al., 2006, Leblon et al., 2007), to foliar moisture content (Chuvieco et al., 1999b) and to shrub water potentials (Gouyet et al., 1991). They were also useful to detect water-stressed coniferous stands, when extreme differences in canopy water content occurred (Pierce et al., 1990). In fact, the difference between surface and air temperatures is a better spectral index to monitor plant water status than the surface temperature solely, the last being too sensitive to weather conditions (Camia et al., 1999; Duchemin et al., 1999). In addition, according to the energy budget equation, plants respond to water stress by stomata closure, thereby decreasing latent heat transfer from leaf surface to the air and causing an increase in leaf surface temperature (Pierce et al., 1990). Solving the energy budget equation, in which the sensible heat flux (H) is inferred from the difference between surface and air temperatures (Ts-Ta), as a function of the latent heat flux (LE) leads to an analytical relationship between actual evapotranspiration rate (AET) and Ts-Ta. Cumulative Ts-Ta data were well related to monthly fire start numbers throughout the fire season over Mediterranean forests (Prosper-Laget et al., 1995). For the same ecosystem, Vidal et al. (1994) used the energy budget equation to compute the ratio between actual and potential evapotranspirations (AET/PET) from daily NOAA-AVHRR surface temperatures and synoptic air temperatures. The ratio was related to fire occurrences (Vidal et al., 1994) and to two shrub flammability variables (Desbois and Vidal, 1996). The ratio was used to operationally monitor fire danger over Mediterranean forests in 1994 (Desbois and Vidal, 1995) and was correlated to FWI codes and indices over Canadian northern boreal forests (Strickland et al., 2001). However, these studies also showed that estimating AET from Ts-Ta using the energy budget equation is more problematic over forest canopies than over crop canopies (Leblon, 2005). First, canopy height makes forests different from a thin leaf surface, as supposed by the energy budget equation, because of an additional level of radiation absorption and convective heat exchange between the ground and the superior stratum. Second, the measured surface radiative surface temperature is different from the aerodynamic surface temperature (Trad) required by the equation, because of an additional excess resistance (known as the kB-1 factor) to heat transfer from leaves, which increases with the canopy height. Third, the aerodynamic resistance (ra) is lower than the canopy resistance (rc) and Ts-Ta is thus less sensitive to moisture fluctuations. This lower sensitivity is compensated by the sensitivity of satellite signals to ground vegetation patches which are an important fire danger parameter. Also, the clumped nature of canopy elements in tree crowns reduces wind speed near leaves and allows sunlit leaves to have temperatures elevated well above Ta. Wind can affect temporal fluctuations of Ts-Ta, but these fluctuations on the 1 km pixel basis of NOAA-AVHRR may be very small, because eddies near the surface are on a scale of about 10 m and because of the spatial integration over the pixel. The energy budget equation requires an estimate for Ta. If synoptic Ta measurements are used, they should be corrected for shelter and tree height effects (Prosper-Laget et al., 1995). They can also be estimated as the radiative surface temperature of nearby well-watered canopies (Duchemin et al., 1999), since for not well-watered canopies, a systematical bias has been observed because the difference between surface and air temperatures is an indicator of water stress. Ta was also estimated as the radiative surface temperature corresponding to the extrapolation of the NDVI/Ts relationship to an NDVI of an infinitely thick vegetation canopy (e.g., Goward et al., 1994). However, such an estimate requires first that the range of variation in NDVI and Ts is enough to accurately define the slope (Pierce et al., 1990). Second, the images should not be contaminated by clouds, snow or standing water, because the slope can then be positive (e.g., Goward et al., 1994). Third, the canopy should be well-watered because the NDVI/Ts slope can changed as a function of the moisture of the canopy. Indeed, the slope was related to several moisture-related variables which are listed in Section 4. The energy budget equation also requires the knowledge of the aerodynamic and canopy resistances which are difficult to estimate (Vidal et al., 1994; Vidal and Devaux-Ros, 1995; Strickland et al., 2001) and whose estimates are valid only for small areas. Thereby, other analytical models for computing AET from Ts have been proposed. The first one is the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) (Bastiaanssen et al., 1998). It computes LE as a residual quantity of the energy budget equation, but H is derived from the vertical difference in air temperature (Ta) between the surface roughness length to heat transport (zoh) and the reference height (zh), Ta being directly inferred from Ts. SEBAL has been validated on both short and tall vegetation (Bastiaanssen et al., 1998). The second one does not compute LE as a residual of the energy budget equation. It uses the Penman-Monteith approach, in which the vapour pressure deficit of the air (VPD) is estimated from the saturation vapour pressure at the mean daily surface temperature (VP*Ts) (Granger, 1997). Indeed, according to the feedback theory, feedback links between the surface and the overlying air are such that the observed surface temperature is a good indicator of the air humidity over the surface (Granger, 1997). It is applicable to both short and tall canopies, because the VPD-VP*Ts relationship does not depend on the cover type. However, it does not distinguish between vegetated and non vegetated surfaces having the same surface roughness, temperature and air humidity, unless they have a different albedo leading to a different Rn. Its operational use thereby requires a careful land use mapping. There are other more sophisticated approaches to estimate AET from Ts, like soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) models (see the review in Olioso et al. (1999)). SVAT models usually require a high number of input variables and thereby have little operational potentials in fire management. 2.3. Synergisms between optical and thermal infrared remote sensing Several empirical studies already showed that inclusion of thermal infrared data improved correlations between NDVI-related indices and drought-related variables (Dominguez et al., 1994; Chuvieco et al., 1999b, 2003; Aguado et al., 2003; Oldford et al., 2003; Oldford et al., 2006; Leblon et al., 2007). Oldford et al. (2006) showed that for slow-drying fuel moisture code (DC) mapping, compared with weather station data interpolation, improved spatial resolution can be achieved at the pixel level when DC is computed using a regression model which has surface temperature and NDVI NOAA-AVHRR images sensing data as independent variables (Figure 3). The fire shown in the center of the 15x15 pixel area was classified by the Sustainable Resource Development Department of Alberta as a surface fire, caused by lightning. It is interesting to observe that the fire burned in a closed coniferous forest cover type which was classified as having a high DC danger rating, when the NOAA-AVHRR image was used, but it was classified as having a moderate DC danger rating in the weather station-based map. Combining optical vegetation indices with surface temperature data helps account for the influence on the ground cover rate over the composite surface temperature measured by the sensor. This led to defining several drought indices, like the Vegetation and Temperature Condition Index (VT) (Kogan, 2001), an empirical index (Chuvieco et al., 2003), the Water Deficit Index (WDI) (Vidal and Devaux-Ros, 1995), and the Temperature-Vegetation Wetness Index (TVWI) (Akther and Hassan, 2011). WDI was related to the number of fires and the area burned in the case of Mediterranean forests (Vidal and Devaux-Ros, 1995). TVWI together with the surface temperature and the normalized multiband drought index were related to fire occurrence maps in the case of boreal forests (Akther and Hassan, 2011). The inverse relationship between NDVI and Ts was related to fire occurrences in Mediterranean forests (Prosper-Laget et al., 1994) and to moisture-related variables, such as canopy resistance (Nemani and Running, 1989), sensible and latent heat flux (Nemani and Running, 1989; Olioso et al., 1999), leaf water potential (Goward et al., 1994), accumulated rainfall (Duchemin et al., 1999), FWI codes and indices (Dominguez et al., 1994; Aguado et al., 2003, Oldford et al., 2006; Leblon et al., 2007), and foliar moisture content (Chuvieco et al., 1999b, 2003). Figure 3. Comparison between a slow-drying fuel moisture code (DC) mapped by weather station interpolation and the one computed by stepwise multiple regression models from NOAA-AVHRR images for the June 1- June 10 1995 compositing period. The fire polygon corresponds to a 62 ha area burned between 2 and 17 June 1995 (after Other synergisms between optical and thermal infrared data can also be considered when estimating AET using the energy budget equation. Indeed, the required net radiation flux (Rn) can be computed from the solar irradiance at the surface or from the surface albedo, both variables being inferred from optical data (e.g., Granger, 1997; Bastiaanssen et al., 1998). Also, the ratio between the soil heat flux (G) and Rn can be analytically derived from optical vegetation indices (e.g., Bastiaanssen et al., 1998; Leblon, 2005). Using both thermal infrared and NDVI images improve the correlation with fuel moisture variables, but these images have the same operational inconvenience of limited image availability during cloudy days. As reviewed in Leblon (2005), many strategies can be applied to overcome the problem of cloudy days, like the interpolation of evaporation fractions for the cloudy days, or the use of images acquired by passive or active microwave sensors, which are able to penetrate cloud cover. Currently, only the SSM/I sensor provides images acquired in passive microwaves, but at a coarser spatial resolution than NOAA-AVHRR images. For all these reasons, this paper has no further discussion of the use of passive microwaves in fuel moisture monitoring. By contrast, active microwave (or radar) images can be acquired by several existing satellites, i.e., ERS-1/2, ENVISAT, and RADARSAT-1/2, ALOS-PALSAR. In addition to acquiring images under all illumination and weather conditions, these satellites provide data at a finer spatial resolution than NOAA-AVHRR. 2.4. Radar remote sensing Studies reviewed in Leblon et al. (2002) and in Abbott et al. (2007) have shown that radar backscatter (°) measurements over forested areas depend on (i) vegetation type, species, and structure, (ii) vegetation biomass, (iii) topography and surface roughness and canopy height; (iv) flooding and the presence/absence of standing water, and (iv) moisture. Three sources of moisture variation may contribute to the forest radar backscatter: the forest floor, the canopy (including its woody elements) and the environmental conditions (rain events). Over boreal forests, positive relationships between radar backscatters and rainfall amounts were found with ERS-1 C-VV SAR images (Bourgeau-Chavez et al., 1999; Leblon et al., 2002) and with RADARSAT-1 C-HH SAR images (Abbott et al., 2007). The good correlation between °and weather variables, which are used to compute the various FWI codes and indices, may expect that these indices and codes are also well related to °. FWI codes and indices were correlated to ° derived from ERS-1 C-VV and RADARSAT-1 C-HH SAR images acquired over burned and unburned boreal forests located in Alaska (Bourgeau-Chavez et al., 1999; 2001, 2006, 2007) and in the Northwest Territories, Canada (Leblon et al., 2002; Abbott et al., 2007) (Figure 4). While these studies produced encouraging results, they also showed that single channel C-band SAR images are restricted in their applicability across the landscape primarily due to variations in surface roughness and biomass which act as confounding factors. Recently, fully polarimetric X-, C- and L-band SAR sensors have been launched into orbit (ALOS-PALSAR in 2006 and TerraSAR-X and RADARSAT-2 in 2007) allowing for decomposition of the backscattered energy into dominant scattering mechanisms which may prove useful for reducing the confounding factors and allowing improved extraction of the variable of interest in the absence of ancillary information. Bourgeau-Chavez et al. (2012) compared RADARSAT-2 polarimetric SAR images acquired under the same incidence angle and during an extreme dry date and a wet date over a chronosequence of Alaskan boreal black spruce ecosystems (recent burns, regenerating forests dominated by shrubs, open canopied forests, moderately dense forest cover). They found that there was a significant difference between the wet and the dry dates for all backscatter polarizations and for the Freeman-Durden (Freeman and Durden, 1998) and van Zyl decomposition (van Zyl et al., 2011) parameters particularly for the parameter corresponding to odd bounce or surface scatters (Table 1). However, none of the Cloude-Pottier decomposition (Cloude and Pottier, 1997) parameters exhibited significant differences between the wet and dry dates. Indeed, the Cloude-Pottier decomposition works with the polarimetric state only, and does not consider the span information (i.e., radar intensity) in contrast to the two other decompositions. Both use intensity information implicitly and therefore more information from the imaged area. These polarimetric decomposition parameters are currently under investigation in empirical algorithm development for a multi-date dataset (across a range of soil moisture conditions) over the Alaska boreal test area. Figure 4. Relationship between ERS-1 C-VV SAR and RADARSAT-1 C-HH SAR radar backscatters (o) and Fire Weather Index (FWI) codes and indices over boreal forest sites in the Northwest Territories, Canada and in Alaska, USA (data from Table 1. Although radar images are theoretically available independently of the weather conditions, their availability could be limited because of the longer repeat cycle of the satellites. For example, ERS-1/2 had a repeat cycle of 35 days. Fortunately the revisit period is shorter for the Canadian radar satellites (RADARSAT-1/2), which has a possible quasi-daily coverage due to its pointing capability (Abbott et al., 2007). In addition, often the radar images have a finer spatial resolution than optical or thermal infrared images, while covering a smaller area. Thus, radar data represent a data source that is complementary to optical or thermal infrared data. Consequently, synergisms between optical or thermal infrared bands and radar bands should be investigated. 3. Fire detection and burnt area mapping Fire detection is one critical stage of wildfire management, which is aimed at either fighting or monitoring the fire. For fire fighting the early detection is essential; so far, fire detection for fire fighting is based on human observation, the use of fixed optical cameras to monitor the surrounding environment, or aerial survey. The revisit time provided by current satellite sensors is not considered sufficient for fire fighting operations by forest fire mangers. However, the monitoring of wildfires and wildfire effects for large territories is mainly based on satellite remote sensing. Mapping of burnt areas and assessment of wildfire effects is one of the most successful applications of satellite remote sensing. Satellite remote sensing provides the means for acquiring comprehensive and harmonized information on wildfire effects for large territories at low cost. For this purpose, burnt area mapping is performed with a wide variety of remote sensors and techniques. A wide variety of optical and radar sensors have been used for fire detection and burnt area mapping, from local to global scales. This section reviews the application of remote sensing in active fire detection and the assessment of fire damages through the mapping of the extent of burnt areas. 3.1. Fire detection Fires produce anomalies that are detectable in many different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum and are therefore suitable for detection with the use of remote sensing techniques. Although fire detection is possible in the microwave range of the spectrum, these techniques are not used operational because of the high cost of the sensors and the low nominal achievable spatial resolution of the detection (Kempka et al., 2006). Therefore the focus of this section is on the detection of fires from optical remote sensors. Firstly, active fires can be detected from the light they emit in the visible part of the spectrum; however, the discrimination of the fire-emitted light is only possible at night (Cahoon et al., 1992, Elvidge, 2001). Since most of the fires occur and have their highest intensity during the day, the detection of them solely at night is not of high interest for operational fire management. Secondly, fires can be detected by the smoke plume they produce (Figure 5). This detection method is widely used at local scale, as an alternative to visual detection by human operators. Image processing algorithms can be used to single out this smoke plume in contrast to its background, and associate it to a fire. Although these systems eliminate false alarms produced by overheating of ground areas, they also present some limitations. The limitations arise from two facts; first, the smoke plume can only be detectable some time after the fire has started; and second, smoke is often conducted along the surface and emerges in an area different from that where the fire started. Ground automatic detection systems can make use of cameras mounted in towers, buildings or masts with good visibility of the surveyed terrain. The cameras can be fixed (attached to the structure) or mounted on a positioning system to vary the azimuth and elevation angles. A positioning system can be used to survey the entire environment by varying automatically the scanning angles. The detection delay depends on the scan velocity given by the motors and the optical system in the camera, noting that the image processing requirements for automatic detection are higher when using mobile sensors. The sensor technologies used in today’s automatic ground detection systems are mainly infrared and visual cameras (San-Miguel-Ayanz et al., 2005). Figure 5. Smoke plume identification for fire detection with optical cameras Lastly, and most commonly, fires are detected due to the distinct high temperature they produce, which results in a high reflection signal in the mid-infrared and thermal electromagnetic spectra. Active fires produce temperatures ranging between 800 K and 1200 K, although they can reach up to 1800 K. These temperatures are easily detectable in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum (Matson and Dozier 1981). This mid-infrared spectral window is suitable for fire detection because it is far from the peak of the Earth and Solar radiations at 0.5 and 9.7 μm, respectively (Figure 6). Fires also radiate in the thermal part of the spectrum, i.e. between 8 μm and 12 μm; however, the peak radiation at these wavelengths corresponds to a normal environmental temperature of 300 K. Fires can be detected as local or absolute maximum in the mid-infrared and thermal spectra. An absolute (or regional) maximum is used in the so-called thresholding algorithms. Any area above a given threshold temperature is considered a fire. However, differences in fire characteristics among regions in the world lead to problems of false alarms and/or missed fires using this method. Although fixed thresholding algorithms were used in the past most current techniques fore fire detection make use of the so-called contextual algorithms. Contextual algorithms detect local maxima. Multispectral criteria are aimed at detecting the difference between a fire pixel (active fire) and the background temperature (environmental temperature in the proximity of the fire pixel (Flasse and Ceccato, 1996, Giglio et al., 2003). Figure 6. Spectral radiant exitance as a function of the temperature of the black body. The figure shows that forest fires being hotter than the Earth’s surface exhibit a peak in their spectral exitance at a shorter wavelength than the Earth’s surface Active wildfire monitoring is performed through the use of geo-stationary satellite sensors such as GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) or SEVIRI on board of the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite, or geo-synchronous satellite sensors such as the AVHRR on board of the NOAA meteorological satellite, the ATSR (Along Track Scanning Radiometer) on board the ERS-1 and 2 and the Envisat, and the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on board of the Terra and Aqua satellites. Figure 7. MODIS-based active fire detection in the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) () GOES and SEVIRI provide high frequency coverage in the order of 30 minutes and 15 minutes, respectively. They are thus suitable for the monitoring of most wildfire processes (Prins and Menzel, 1992; Prins et al., 1998). This is a relative advantage for the monitoring of fire activities, as compared to ATSR, AVHRR that provide a maximum of 1 daily pass, or MODIS, which provides 2 daily passes. However, due to its high spatial resolution, its good fire detection capabilities and its global coverage, MODIS has become the standard sensor for active fire monitoring at regional to global scales. The Aqua MODIS instrument acquires data twice daily (1:30 PM and AM), as does the Terra MODIS (10:30 AM and PM). These four daily MODIS fire observations serve to advance global monitoring of fire processes and their effects on ecosystems, the atmosphere, and climate (Giglio et al., 2006a and 2006b). Some operational fire monitoring systems using MODIS active fire detection include the Canadian Wildland Fire Information System (CWFIS) (. gc.ca), the USA Active Fire Mapping Service, or the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) (). In the case of EFFIS, post-processing filters based on landcover ancillary data are applied to the MODIS product to reduce the number of false alarms produced by non-fire hot surfaces (e.g. industrial areas, hot ground soils) and therefore increase the reliability of the active fire detection (San-Miguel-Ayanz et al., 2012). Figure 7 shows operational fire detection monitoring in the European region within EFFIS. 3.2. Burnt area mapping Remotely sensed data have been extensively used for burnt area mapping. Fires produce a significant change in the structure and the reflectance of vegetation and the soil properties within the burnt area that are noticeable in the microwave, visible and especially the infra-red part of the electromagnetic spectrum. At the global scale, NOAA-AVHRR data were extensively tested in the 1990s. Studies differed mainly on the use of diverse spectral indices, although most commonly, burn scar areas were discriminated from a multi-temporal comparison of NDVI (Kasischke and French, 1993; Martin and Chuvieco, 1995; Pereira, 1999). More recently other global burnt area datasets were derived from SPOT Vegetation and the ATSR-2 on board of Envisat (Gregorie et al., 2003, Tansey et al., 2004; Simon et al., 2004). Although these data provide gross estimates of burnt areas at the global level, the lack of extensive validation and agreement between them limit their use at regional or national levels. Nevertheless, partial validations of the global burnt area products were performed by Roy et al. (2005) and Boschetti et al. (2007). Pereira et al. (1999) showed that the accuracy of the results for mapping burnt areas with AVHRR data in the Mediterranean region of Europe was about 80% for large fires. The methods were considered suitable only for fires larger than 1000 ha, and reliable for fires larger than 2000 ha. However, the mapping of those fires would correspond only to approximately 30% and 21%, respectively, of the total yearly burnt area in the European Mediterranean region. With the launch of the MODIS sensor on board of the TERRA and AQUA satellites, a new capability for regional mapping of burnt areas was put in place. The availability of free data of medium spatial resolution from the MODIS sensors since 2000 provided a definite impulse for the use of remote sensing at the regional and global scales (Justice et al, 2002). Better radiometry and higher spectral information of the MODIS sensor provided the right data for the discrimination of burnt areas at these scales. The simultaneity in the operation of both satellites provided higher frequency in data acquisition and enough revisit time for accurate mapping of burnt areas. At the global scale, the MODIS program has released a standard product on burned areas that is based on a multitemporal change detection approach to analyze differences between modeled and actual reflectance, and to take into account Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) corrections (Roy et al., 2002, 2005). At regional scale, MODIS is operationally used in systems such as Canadian CWFIS and the European EFFIS, mentioned above. Two full mosaics of MODIS data are received and processed daily in EFFIS to provide near-real time monitoring of wildfires and map burnt areas. The systems is thus updated up to two times daily, providing accurate information of fire impacts in Europe ((San-Miguel-Ayanz et al. 2009). The use of higher spatial resolution imagery from Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) for regional coverage in Europe was recently tested. However, results of this exercise showed that the benefits derived from the use of high spatial imagery in term of detailed mapping of fire perimeters are obscured by the limitations in the revisit time of the sensor. These results did not enhance those of the standard Rapid Damage Assessment module of EFFIS based on MODIS imagery (Sedano et al., 2012). Figure 8 shows the extent of burnt area as they were mapped from MODIS and AWIFS imagery. At national to local scales, the wide variety of remotely sensed products at medium to high resolution (10 m to 30 meter ground spatial resolution), make it possible the accurate mapping of burnt areas. However, the increase in spatial resolution is often accompanied by a decrease in revisit time of the sensor, which prevents the acquisition of this imagery for extensive areas. Figure 8. Burnt areas in the European Mediterranean region between 2000 and 2009 () High-spatial burnt area mapping has been performed with Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery (Michalek et al. 2000, Pereira and Setzer, 1993, Chuvieco and Congalton, 1998) complemented in some cases by the SPOT and ASTER sensors. Some analyses made use of the LISS-3 sensor of the IRS Indian satellite, and the RESURS MSU-K (San-Miguel-Ayanz et al, 1998). A variety of indices computed from the original spectral bands were used to enhance the mapping of burnt areas (Pereira et al., 1997, Li et al. 2000, Chuvieco et al, 2002). However, this exercise was, in most cases, limited to the mapping of burnt areas at local and sub-national scale. An exception to this is the case of Portugal, where an operational system capable of processing Landsat TM scenes for mapping of burnt areas was set up (Pereira et al., 1993). The use of high resolution remote sensing in the management of critical wildfires has improved dramatically in the last decade. The variety of remote sensing imagery of high and very-high spatial resolutions such QUICKBIRD, IKONOS, FORMOSAT, EARLYBIRD, RAPIDEYE has permitted the rapid coverage of critical fire events. The processing of this imagery provides a great level of spatial detailed that is needed for the accurate analysis of fire damages and the sound planning of restoration measures. Data provision for critical fire events has been supported by the agreement of the space agencies in the so-called International Space Charter, which allows the rapid provision available remotely sensed data from a series of satellites, including RADARSAT, ERS, ENVISAT, SPOT, IRS, SAC-C, NOAA satellites, LANDSAT, ALOS, DMC supporting crisis management. Although most of the studies on burnt area mapping were based on the use of optical imagery, there are a series of examples in which data from active sensors such as the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) were used. Most of the studies were carried out in boreal forest (Bourgeau-Chavez et al. 1997, 2002, Kasische et al, 1994, French et al. 1999, Siegert and Ruecker, 2000, Menges et al, 2004), but some examples for the Mediterranean area exist (Gimeno and San-Miguel-Ayanz, 2004, Gimeno et al. 2005). Rather than the changes in vegetation condition and structure, the detection of burnt areas from SAR is based on the changes on moisture content in the burnt surface with respect to the unburned areas. Burnt areas tend to have higher moisture content than unburned areas, which reduces the backscatter. Thus, burnt areas appear as dark objects in relation to the surrounding non-affected areas. Similarly to the studies on pre-fire conditions (see Section 2), polarimetric SAR images have been recently tested. They were more efficient for fire detection and burnt area mapping than single channel C-band SAR images. Figure 9 compares RADARSAT-2 single-polarized and polarimetric SAR images that were acquired at 32.4°-34° incidence angle and using a east-looking direction, during a dry day, between 1 to 2 months after fires that occur in rough terrains (Calabria peninsula in Southern Italy). Similar to the pre-fire conditions study (see Table 1), fire scars were more visible on the Freeman-Durden decomposition images than on the Cloude-Pottier decomposition, probably because the first decomposition works with the polarimetric state only, and does not consider the span information (i.e., radar intensity) in contrast to the second one. The Freeman-Durden decomposition uses more information from the imaged area because it implicitly considers the intensity information. Figure 9. Fire scars over various RADARSAT-2 products made from a RADARSAT-2 that was acquired over Calabria peninsula in Southern Italy 1 to 2 months after the fires during a dry date using an ascending pass (east-looking direction) with a FQ13 beam mode (32.4°-34° incidence angle). The fire scar limits are displayed in yellow or black. 4. Conclusions We reviewed studies using optical, thermal infrared and radar images for pre-fire and post-fire conditions monitoring. For the pre-fire conditions, our review has a particular emphasis on the studies using satellite data to monitor fuel moisture. Remote sensing of fuel moisture was first done with NDVI images (mainly from NOAA-AVHRR), based on the assumption that the greenness of the scene is a good indicator of fuel moisture and fire danger. NDVI images are used operationally to map fire potentials, but the reviewed studies have shown that NDVI is sensitive to the chlorophyll activity of the vegetation rather than to its actual changes in moisture content. By contrast, thermal infrared images allow the computation of surface temperatures which are analytically related to surface moisture-related variables, like evapotranspiration, through the energy budget equation. This analytical approach was used to compute the ratio between actual and potential evapotranspiration (AET/PET) from daily surface temperatures and synoptic air temperatures. The ratio was used in an operational fire danger monitoring system over Mediterranean forests. The same ratio was computed from optical and thermal infrared images acquired over Canadian northern boreal forests and related to FWI codes and indices. In the AET/PET computation, NDVI images were also used, in the calculation of soil heat flux and aerodynamic resistances. More recent studies on the use of remote sensing in fuel moisture monitoring use both NDVI and surface temperature images. This is done at no additional cost of data acquisition, since both kinds of images are provided in the same time by numerous existing satellites, like NOAA-AVHRR, LANDSAT-TM, ATSR-2, RESURS-01, METEOSAT, GOES, EOS-ASTER, and EOS-MODIS. An important operational limitation of using optical and thermal infrared data is image availability, which still depends on weather and illumination conditions. For this reason, an operational system to monitor fuel moisture using satellite images should probably also include radar images, which can be acquired during cloudy days. These images have also the advantage of having a finer spatial resolution.Good relationships were found between ERS-1 and RADARSAT-1 radar backscatters and FWI codes and indices over northern boreal forests, but these studies also showed that radar backscatters are affected by several confounding factors other than those related to moisture, such as surface roughness and biomass. More recently, the availability of polarimetric SAR images allows for decomposition of the backscattered energy into dominant scattering mechanisms which may prove useful for reducing the confounding factors. Statistically significant differences between wet and dry dates were observed in the case of several polarimetric variables extracted from RADARSAT-2 C-band polarimetric SAR images, such as the Freeman-Durden and van Zyl decomposition parameters particularly for the parameters corresponding to odd bounce or surface scatters. Further studies are required to establish models that can use such data for estimating fuel moisture. One limitation of the operational use of SAR images in fire danger monitoring is image availability that is limited by the long revisit periods of most existing radar satellites and by the commercial operating mode of some new radar satellites, like RADARSAT-2. However, the availability in the near future of SAR satellite constellations such as the planned RADARSAT-3 mission, will decrease the revisit period. Eventually, further studies are needed to assess the combination of optical and thermal infrared images to radar images for monitoring pre fire conditions. Most of the reviewed remote sensing studies for pre-fire conditions management are based on the estimation of fuel moisture which is one of the canopy factors which influences fire danger. However, further research is needed to see whether or not current fire danger rating systems can account for canopy variables, like evapotranspiration or moisture content, which are more closely related to spectral variables. On the other hand, all required input variables of an operational fire danger system, like wind parameters, will surely not be derived from remote sensing data and additional ground-based and weather information will always be required to effectively monitor fire danger. In this regard, Regarding fire detection, remote sensing techniques can be considered fully operational. At local scale they are mainly based on the use of visible and infra-red cameras for the detection of active fires or smoke plumes. Fire detection at this scale is focused on support to forest fire fighting operations. At large scale, information is provided by geo-stationary satellite sensors (GOES, SEVIRI) or geo-syncronous sensors (AVHRR, ATSR, MODIS). The high revisit time of the geostationary satellites provide frequent information (15 to 30 minutes) that is indicated for monitoring fire processes and fire effects. However, although geo-stationary satellites provide a lower revisit time (1 to 2 daily passes), they provide global fire information that is essential for the monitoring of wildfire processes and their effects on ecosystems, the atmosphere, and climate. Burnt area mapping from remote sensing has been on-going for nearly 30 years. Most of these applications are based on passive optical remote sensing imagery at global and regional scales. Global burn area datasets were derived from AVHRR, ATRS, Vegetation, and recently from MODIS. At local scale, actives sensors such as the ERS SAR and RADARSAT have proven their capacity for monitoring fires under all-weather conditions. Currently, the data acquired by the MODIS sensor has become the standard for fire monitoring at regional to global scales and is used for environmental policy and decision-making. At local level, numerous examples on the use of high-spatial resolution imagery exist. However, the lack of operational routines for the processing of satellite imagery and the difficulties in acquiring cloud free imagery due to the low revisit time of the sensors has prevented the full operationalization of remote sensing. Agreements have been recently established among the Space Agencies in the International Space Charter for the provision of remote sensing data for wildfire crisis management, which permits the rapid monitoring of critical fire events. Acknowledgement The pre-fire conditions study is a compendium of the works from the following students: Lisa Gallant, Shannon White, Mark Doyle, Melissa Abbott, Guy Strickland, Keith Abbott, Steven Oldford and P.A Fernandez-Garcia. ERS-1 and RADARSAT-1 SAR image processing were helped by N. French and Gordon Staples Field support for the RADARSAT-2 study was provided by Aditi Shenoy, Eric Kasischke, Kevin Riordan, Kristen Manies, and Nancy French. The whole study was funded by CIFFC, MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates Ltd. (MDA)and by a NSERC Discovery grant awarded to B. Leblon. Additional funding for this research was provided by NASA grants NNX09AM15G and NNG04GR24G. NOAA-AVHRR images were provided under the EODS program, thanks to J. Cihlar and J. Chen, Canada Centre of Remote Sensing, Ottawa. ERS-1 SAR images were provided by E.S. Kasischke. RADARSAT-1 images were acquired under the ADRO-2 program of the Canadian Space Agency. RADARSAT-2 polarimetric images were provided by a Canadian Space Agency SOAR grant (SOAR#445). Weather data were obtained from Marty Alexander, Canadian Forest Service, Edmonton and Rick Lanoville, Government of Northwest Territories, Fort Smith. Examples for the sections on active wildfire detection and burnt area mapping were extracted from the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS). This is the result of a team of scientists working in different fire-related disciplines at the at the European Commission Joint Research Centre () References - 1. Abbott K. Leblon B. Staples G. Alexander M. E. Mac Lean. D. 2007Fire danger monitoring in a northern boreal forest region using RADARSAT-1 imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 28 5-6March 2007), 1317 1338 0143-1161 - 2. Aguado I. Chuvieco E. Salas J. 2003Assessment of forest fire danger conditions in southern Spain from NOAA images and meteorological indices. 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Abstract Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is used extensively nowadays as a non-invasive imaging method for the evaluation of patients suspected of coronary artery disease, providing data on calcium burden, the presence of coronary artery stenoses, but also, more recently, on coronary atherosclerotic plaque morphology and composition. Plaque morphology analysis by CCTA aims to accurately identify vulnerable plaques, in an attempt to reduce the number of ischemic events triggered by high-risk atherosclerotic lesions. Recent research provides CCTA descriptions of vulnerable plaques and a particular radiological sign shows promising perspectives. The napkin-ring sign refers to a rupture-prone plaque in a coronary artery, comprising a necrotic core covered by a thin cap fibro-atheroma. The napkin-ring sign is described on CCTA in cross-sectional images of coronary arteries as a central low-attenuation area surrounded by an open ring area of high attenuation, having a high specificity and positive predictive value for the presence of advanced lesions. These lesions have been designated as vulnerable plaques, indicating an increased probability of rupture, and were shown to correlate with a higher incidence of cardiovascular events. In acute coronary syndromes, the location of the napkin-ring sign was shown to correspond to the culprit lesions. The aim of the current paper is to provide an overview of the current literature on available methods for quantitative measurement of atherosclerotic plaque features from CCTA and to discuss the clinical implications of the napkin-ring sign as detected by CCTA. Keywords - Coronary computed tomography angiography - Coronary artery plaque - Napkin-ring sign - Plaque quantification - Plaque characterization 1. Introduction The development of atherosclerosis by lipoprotein storage, inflammation, muscle cell proliferation, necrosis, apoptosis, calcification, and fibrosis in the arterial wall triggers important changes in the coronary vessels, leading to coronary artery disease (CAD). In fact, atherosclerosis is the main etiology of CAD, and plaque rupture followed by intraluminal thrombosis is the most common cause of acute coronary events, including sudden coronary death [1, 2]. For that reason, the early and accurate characterization and quantification of atherosclerotic plaques is valuable for preventing and managing acute coronary syndrome (ACS) [3]. In everyday clinical practice, major acute ischemic cardiac events involve plaque rupture in thin-cap fibroatheromas, which are considered vulnerable plaques; these rupture-prone atherosclerotic lesions usually contain a high level of lipids and have a large necrotic core, numerous inflammatory cells, and a thin, vulnerable fibrotic cap [4]. Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques can be characterized by several invasive and non-invasive methods that are either fully validated, pending validation, or still under scrutiny for clinical practice. Among non-invasive methods, coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) by multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) is currently the preferred modality for evaluating the extent of CAD, providing the advantage of accurate assessment of coronary atherosclerotic plaque morphology and composition. In two recent multicenter trials [5, 6], CCTA was shown to have excellent sensitivity (95–99%) and negative predictive value (97–99%), although rather low specificity (64–83%) for identifying patients with at least one coronary artery stenosis among individuals at low to intermediate risk for CAD. Moreover, CCTA imaging of atherosclerotic plaques was found to correlate well with invasive assessment by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) [7, 8, 9]. 2. Role of MDCT in the detection of plaque morphology and composition 2.1. Plaque characteristics 2.1.1. Plaque morphology and composition Pathophysiologically, a subendothelial accumulation of lipoproteins generates inflammatory responses involving macrophages and T-cells, leading to the further development of atherosclerotic lesions [10]. Initially, atherosclerotic lesions were classified as fatty streaks, fibroatheromas [11], and advanced plaques, complicated with hemorrhage, calcification, ulceration, and thrombosis [12]. Over the years, this classification became more complex and six types of atherosclerotic lesions have been defined by the American Heart Association (AHA) Consensus Group: type I - characterized by adaptive intimal thickening; type II - fatty streak; type III - transitional or intermediate lesions; type IV - advanced plaques (atheromas); type V - fibroatheroma or atheroma with thick fibrous cap; and type VI - complicated plaques with denudated surface, and/or hematoma/hemorrhage, and/or thrombosis [13]. The earliest lesions are represented by adaptive intimal thickening (AHA type I) and fatty streaks or intimal xanthoma, which are basically foam cell collections (AHA type II) [13]. AHA type III transitional lesions, described as pathological intimal thickening, represent the earliest stage of the progressive plaques and are considered precursor lesions of more advanced fibroatheroma. This type of lesions consists of multiple layers of proliferating smooth muscle cells near the lumen, with an increased quantity of lipids on the intimal medial border. Intimal xanthomas are lesions containing a large amount of foamy macrophages but without lipid acumulation outside the cell [14]. Type IV AHA, also called fibrous cap atheromas, are the first of the advanced lesions of coronary atherosclerosis [15] and are characterized by the presence of a necrotic core with a high amount of lipids surrounded by a fibrous cap containing smooth muscle cells, collagen, and proteoglicans, as well as inflammatory cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes. This type of lesion can cause significant artery stenosis and may be submitted to complications, namely surface disruption, thrombosis, and calcification. Fibrous cap plaques may be more or less prone to complications depending on the thickness of the cap: fibroatheromas are more stable due to the rather thick fibrous cap, while thin-cap fibroatheromas characterize the typycal "vulnerable plaques" [15]. In fact, thin-cap fibroatheromas are very likely to lead to plaque rupture. Although they are not included as individual entities in the AHA consensus classification, plaque erosion and calcified nodules are also prone to coronary thrombosis. Erosions may occur on intimal thickening or fibroatheroma, whereas the notion of calcified nodules refers to eruptive fragments of calcium that protrude into the lumen, causing a thrombotic event [16]. Also, plaque ruptures may heal by wide accumulation of proteoglycans, having more reduced necrotic cores and more extensive areas of calcification. In their study on early coronary lesion progression near branch points, Nakashima et al. provided evidence endorsing the hypothesis that intimal thickening lesions with macrophages are more advanced [17]. Macrophage infiltration in lipid pools rich in cholesterol and the deterioration of the extracellular matrix believed to be induced by matrix metalloproteinase activity suggest early stages of the necrosis process and should be recognized. This particular feature, combined with macrophage destruction as a consequence of an anomalous phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells, may contribute to the development of late plaque necrosis. In addition to that, an extended necrotic core is a strong predictor of complications [17, 18]. Thin-cap fibroatheromas are highly prone to plaque rupture due to their rather large necrotic core and thin, inflamed fibrous cap (<65 µm). The accumulation of an increased number of macrophages at the level of the cap is characteristic, although exceptions may occur. However, as a significant number of fatal coronary events are triggered by plaque rupture due to the impairment of the fibrous cap followed by thrombosis, early recognition of thin-cap fibroatheromas is crucial. The fibrous cap mainly contains type I collagen, variable numbers of macrophages and lymphocytes, and rather few alpha-actin positive smooth muscle cells. Fibrous cap disruption exposes the lipid-rich necrotic core, favoring the formation of local thrombi by platelet accumulation. Most plaque ruptures are reported in the proximal segments of the coronary arteries, near branch points, with the left anterior descending coronary artery being the most frequently affected, followed by the right and left circumflex coronary arteries [19]. Although the mechanisms behind plaque rupture are far from being fully understood, the increased activity of matrix metalloproteinases, excessive enzyme secretion by inflammatory cells, high shear stress, macrophage calcification, and iron build-up are recognized as implicated factors. Data are also beginning to pool on different gene expression in stable and unstable atherosclerotic plaques [20]. For instance, in one study, differential expression of 18 genes coding for metalloproteinase ADAMDEC1, retinoic acid receptor responser-1, cysteine protease legumain (a potential activator of matrix metalloproteinases), and cathepsins was shown to contribute to increased lesion vulnerability [20]. As previously mentioned, the extension of the necrotic core is also a main factor in plaque complication development, and intraplaque hemorrhage was shown to favor the accumulation of free cholesterol provided by red blood cells in these lesions [21]. As atherosclerotic lesions expand, more vasa vasorum infiltrate the plaque and become leaky, triggering intraplaque hemorrhage [22]. Morphologic studies have suggested that repeated ruptures are responsible for plaque progression beyond 40–50% cross-sectional luminal stenoses [23]. Three hystological types of lesions have been described in association with acute coronary events: rupture, erosion, and calcified nodule [13]. Ruptured coronary atherosclerotic plaques folowed by intraluminal thrombosis are the most common cause of acute myocardial infarction [24]. In fact, two-thirds of luminal thrombi in acute events result from ruptured atherosclerotic lesions characterized by a necrotic core covered by a thin layer of fibrous cap [4]. Ruptured plaques are characterized by a lipid-rich necrotic core (>40% of the total volume of the plaque), surrounded by a thin, fibrous cap with active inflammation (increased number of monocytes, macrophages, and sometimes even T-cells), endothelial denudation leading to superficial platelet aggregation, and the presence of hemodynamically significant coronary artery stenosis (>90%) [19]. Vulnerable plaques prone to rupture share most of the morphological characteristics with ruptured plaques, showing a large necrotic core, macrophage infiltration, and often an increased number of intraplaque vasa vasorum [4], but an intact, thin fibrous cap [13]. These lesions—called thin-cap fibroatheromas—are considered to be at high risk for rupture and subsequent ischemic events [4]. The destruction of the endothelium exposes the minimally inflammed intima containing smooth muscle cells and proteoglycans to circulating platelets, favoring thrombus formation. In a post-mortem study of 20 patients who died with acute myocardial infarction, plaque ruptures were found in 60% of lesions with thrombi, while the remainder of 40% only revealed superficial erosion [16]. Plaque erosion refers to the lack of endothelial cells on the luminal surface beneath the thrombus. Kramer et al. showed in their study that, when plaque erosion was the incriminated lesion, the thrombus was limited to the luminal portion of the plaque, and no ruptures were identified following serial sectioning of these lesions. In the same study, more than 85% of thrombi in erosions showed evidence of healing, such as acute inflammatory cell lysis, invasion by smooth muscle cells and/or endothelial cells, or organized layers of smooth muscle cells and proteoglycans with varying degrees of platelet/fibrin layering. By contrast, only half of the ruptured plaques showed signs of healing [25]. Beyond histopathological description, a clinically relevant definition of vulnerable plaques refers to the risk of developing future major cardiac events, which may also involve the presence of “vulnerable blood” (prone to hypercoagulability) or “vulnerable myocardium” (susceptible to arrhythmia), either due to acute or pre-existing ischemia and/or non-ischemic electrophysiological anomalies. The presence of one or more of these elements elevates the individual risk of the patients for cardiovascular events, turning them into “vulnerable patients”. Identifying vulnerable plaques is currently a major challenge, although recent progress in cardiovascular imaging raises new possibilities. As vulnerable plaques are prone to rupture and rapid evolution towards the development of ACS, [26, 27, 28] finding reliable imaging characteristics that could help detect unstable plaques are of the utmost importance. Early identification of such plaques could facilitate timely initiation of adequate primary prevention measures, thus diminishing the incidence of acute coronary events [29]. For this purpose, several imaging methods have been proposed, including IVUS, optical coherence tomography (OCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or MDCT (Table 1), with variable success [30, 31, 32]. However, the use of many of these methods is mainly confined to experimental studies and has not yet been validated for everyday clinical practice. Table 1. Methods for the Identification and Characterization of Vulnerable Plaques A possible imaging method for coronary artery plaque assessment is IVUS, which has been used to measure lumen area, plaque burden, and vascular remodeling [33, 34]; plaque burden and positive remodeling, in particular, can identify high-risk, thin-cap fibroatheromas during follow-up [34, 35, 36]. As suggested by IVUS-based studies, a vulnerable plaque is characterized by the presence of an extensive necrotic core surrounded by a thin-cap fibrous with macrophage infiltration, a large lipid pool, and several more specific traits such as positive remodeling or spotty calcifications [37, 38]. When such characteristics occur, there is an increased risk of fibrous rupture, exposing the thrombogenic lipid core, which leads to thrombus formation and the development of ACS. A more detailed analysis of coronary plaque composition has been provided by virtual histology (VH)-IVUS studies [39, 40, 41]. Another recently developed method for the assessment of coronary artery plaques quantification is intracoronary OCT that provides the advantage of very high resolution (approximately 10 to 20 μm), which is about 10-fold higher than that of IVUS [42, 43]. Unlike some other imaging methods, including CCTA [27, 44, 45], OCT can be used for measuring fibrous cap thickness and for detecting lipid content, which makes it useful for in vivo identification of thin-cap fibroatheromas and for evaluating plaque vulnerability [46]. For the time being, the correspondence between OCT- and IVUS-derived characteristics of thin-cap fibroatheromas, as well as the angiographic stenosis severity, is yet to be established. As advanced coronary artery plaques have a high level of complexity, basic classifications that include non-calcified plaques, calcified plaques, and mixed plaques are rather crude and of limited use for establishing the potential risk for acute ischemic clinical events of individual lesions [4, 26, 47]. For that reason, some authors have attempted to provide more detailed descriptions of vulnerable plaques and to establish correlations between CCTA imaging characteristics (Figure 1) of the lesions and the risk for acute events. Motoyama et al. suggested that vulnerable plaques are characterized by positive remodeling, low attenuation plaque and spotty, limited calcification [44]. In later research, non-calcified plaques were more extensively characterized by modern MDCT and several authors described a ring-like attenuation of the non-calcified portion of the coronary atherosclerotic lesion, which is now called the napkin-ring sign [48, 49, 50]. The description of the napkin-ring sign has changed current classifications of non-calcified plaques, which are now classified in three categories: homogenous plaques, non-napkin-ring sign heterogeneous plaques, and napkin-ring sign heterogeneous plaques [49]. The napkin-ring sign corresponds to a morphological type of vulnerable plaque described on coronary CCTA (thin-cap fibroatheromas) comprising a necrotic, low attenuation core surrounded by a thin area of higher attenuation, which some believe may represent the thin peripheral fibrous cap (Figure 2) [26, 47]. However, in vulnerable plaques, the fibrous cap has extremely reduced thickness [48, 51], which makes it indistinguishable by non-invasive imaging methods; by contrast, the necrotic core may be visualized and quantified on thin sections (<0.6 mm) on modern CCTA [52, 53]. As the presence of the napkin-ring sign was shown to have a high predictive value for future cardiac events and is considered a valuable correlate of unstable plaques [49, 27, 20, 54, 55], its detection could add specificity to the CCTA assessment of vulnerable plaques. Figure 1. Figure 2. However, in studies conducted over the last decade, CCTA was also shown to have excellent sensitivity for detecting, and particularly, for excluding coronary atherosclerosis in patients with symptoms suggesting either stable or acute CAD [56]. In addition to that, data from large prospective registries support the use of CAD absence/presence and extension evaluation by CCTA for prognostic purposes [53, 57, 58, 59, 60]. Recent studies conducted with more advanced scanners having 64 to 320 detector rows, and higher spatial (230 to 625 µm) and temporal (75 to 175 ms) resolution focused on identifying vulnerable coronary artery plaques and on establishing correlation between plaque characteristics and ischemic events [61]. Currently available spatial resolution of CCTA scanners approach the spatial resolution provided by invasive methods such as IVUS (100 µm) and invasive coronary angiography (200 µm). Moreover, spatial resolution reaching 0.3 mm in-plane in modern CCTA scanners allows a more accurate discrimination of the non-calcified portion of the plaques [62]. Some researchers [63, 64, 65] attempted to distinguish lipid-rich from fibrous plaque by CCTA based on attenuation criteria, as expressed by Hounsfield Units (HU), but conflicting results have been obtained. In addition to that, HU values cannot accurately discriminate between the types of plaques, mostly due to the small dimensions of the plaque, insufficient spatial resolution of CCTA, and reduced contrast difference between lipid-rich and fibrous plaques. In these studies, certified methods of coronary artery plaque quantification (such as IVUS and histology) were used for comparison to CCTA [63, 64, 65]. Despite current technical limitations, progress has been made in the non-invasive imaging assessment of coronary artery lesions by CCTA. Data from recent studies suggest that low attenuation (<30 HU) is more common to culprit lesions in acute coronary events, as well as to high-risk, vulnerable plaques [26, 27, 47, 66]. Currently, there is not enough data to support a valid assumption on the accuracy of CCTA for detecting non-calcified coronary plaques at high risk. Small studies comparing CCTA to IVUS reported sensitivities and specificities between 80 and 90% for the detection of coronary artery segments with plaque [8, 9, 67, 68]. Other studies demonstrated significant correlations between measurements of plaque cross-sectional area, volume of single plaques, and plaque volume per coronary segment on CCTA and IVUS [8, 69, 70, 71]. However, despite significant and quite high correlation coefficients, the limits of agreement were typically large in most studies, which betrays the limitations of CCTA, mainly imposed by the spatial resolution of the method. Plaque quantification is particularly challenging when plaques have low thickness. Reported interobserver variability is also unusually high (30% variability for plaque volume quantification) [9, 72, 73] and is very much influenced by image quality. In a research on 41 patients, the interobserver variability was 17±10% for the left anterior descending coronary artery, which was best, visualized with fewer artifacts, but escaladed to 29±13% for the left circumflex and 32±10% for the right coronary artery [73]. 2.1.2. Low CT attenuation plaques In CCTA studies investigating patients with ACS, several features of high-risk plaques have been described, such as low attenuation plaque, positive remodeling, and spotty calcification [74, 54]. Recent studies have also described a specific CCTA aspect of coronary artery lesions called the napkin-ring sign consisting of a low attenuation area surrounded by a rim-like area of higher CCTA attenuation [22, 47]. Speculations were made on the histological substrate of this aspect, as it was believed to be given by either a central lipid core within a fibrous cap, deep micro-calcifications, neo-vascularization, or the presence of intramural thrombus [22, 27]. Current criteria for the definition of the napkin-ring sign include the presence of a high attenuation ring around a certain coronary artery plaque and higher CCTA attenuation of the ring by comparison to the adjacent plaque, but no greater than 130 HU, in order to differentiate from calcium deposits [27, 47]. Plaques with rich necrotic core have been described as plaques of low attenuation; low attenuation areas were shown to correlate strongly with echolucent areas in IVUS [75]. In a large prospective study on more than 1000 patients, low attenuation plaques and positive remodeling were shown to correlate with the development of acute coronary events. In this group, 45 patients had both CCTA characteristics and 10 of them (22%) experienced an acute coronary event vs. only 4 (0.5%) of the patients who did not exhibit neither positive remodeling nor low attenuation plaques. Patients with normal CCTA did not have any coronary events at all (p<0.001). In this study, positive remodeling and/or low attenuation plaques were independent predictors of acute coronary events (hazard ratio: 23, 95% confidence interval: 7 to 75, p<0.001) [74]. A limitation of CCTA in quantifying atherosclerotic plaques may have its origin in the fact that intravascular attenuation significantly influences the attenuation of the plaques. Cademartiri et al. performed a phantom test that supports this hypothesis [76, 77] and Schroeder et al. also obtained similar results in their study [78]. Comparative studies between CCTA density and IVUS or histopathology suggest that lipid-rich plaques have lower CCTA density than fibrous plaques. However, low CCTA attenuation is not a constant finding in lipid-rich plaques, raising controversy over its ability to discriminate between lipid-rich and fibrous plaques. As mentioned above, some studies have reported that luminal density influences neighboring structures CCTA attenuation. Some authors reported that, when contrast medium is not used for examination, significant overlaps can occur between CCTA attenuation values of lipid-rich and fibrous plaques. CCTA resolution is defined in terms of spatial, contrast and temporal resolution. Although significant technological progress has been made in CCTA, the spatial resolution of CCTA (0.5 mm) is still inferior to that of cardiac catheterization or IVUS. The 0.5 resolution is suboptimal, considering the fact that the average diameter of a coronary artery is 3–4 mm. CCTA density is influenced by the partial volume effect and contrast resolution has not improved despite other technological advances in MDCT [27]. CCTA attenuation values, measured in HU, are given by the amount of radiation absorbed by tissue in the voxel and density is directly proportional to the attenuation coefficient. A CCTA value of –1,000 HU corresponds to air, while 0 HU corresponds to water. Most soft tissues CCTA averages have values of 50 HU. Some tissues, such as bone, calcified tissues, or the iodine-rich tissue of the thyroid gland are >100 HU, whereas fat or fatty mixed tissue and lung tissue are <0 HU. If the value for a tissue type, with the exception of calcified or fatty tissues, deviates from the soft tissue attenuation, artifacts should be considered, particularly if contrast is used and the beam hardening effect is suspected; another element of confusion may be the presence of a near-by area of calcification or fat that may induce a partial volume effect. MIn addition to that, motion artifacts should be considered. CCTA values can also be influenced by tube voltage [27]. 2.1.3. Spotty calcium in plaques Besides plaque density (Figure 3), other CCTA features such as positive remodeling and spotty calcification can suggest plaque vulnerability. Positive remodeling is appreciated by referral to the remodeling index; obviously, expanded plaques have higher remodeling index, above the cut-off values, but borderline values can hamper interpretation, considering the narrow lumen of the coronary arteries, which barely averages 4 mm; a difference of 10% is less than 1 pixel on the CCTA image. Consequently, when the set cut-off value is near one, plaque expansion may be erroneously measured as positive. Also, the presence of spotty calcification can lead to overestimation of plaque expansion. As the presence of more calcium is considered to be an element of increased atherosclerotic plaque stability, low calcification plaques are regarded as more vulnerable [27]. Figure 3. However, pathological studies concluded that calcium is commonly encountered in ruptured plaques causing sudden cardiac death and that a few scattered small calcium deposits are often present in the fibrous cap of fibroatheromas [79]. The development of scattered small calcium around the necrotic core is believed to be triggered by osteogenic changes under the influence of inflammatory factors and oxidized lipids [80, 81]. The presence of spotty calcifications seems to induce mechanical instability at the interface with non-calcified plaque components [82]. Clinical studies have shown that: spotty calcification has been associated with an increased incidence of ischemic cardiovascular events [83] and, more accurately, that patients with ACSs have a different pattern of calcification when compared to those with stable angina [84]; spotty calcifications are more likely to be found in culprit lesions in patients with myocardial infarction than in patients with stable angina [38]; spotty calcification are more commonly encountered in patients with accelerated disease progression [85]; ruptured coronary plaques are associated with spotty calcification, particularly in deep locations and the number of deep calcium deposits is an independent predictor of culprit plaque ruptures in patients who had ACSs [84]; and superficial spotty calcifications in IVUS are associated with very late stent thrombosis after bare-metal stent implantation [86]. A possible caveat in CCTA imaging may be the fact that microcalcifications under the detection level of CCTA seem to induce very high plaque instability. However, the presence of calcification increases CCTA values, which seems to contradict the finding that low attenuation plaques are unstable. 2.2. Plaque quantification Currently, MDCT with at least 64 detectors allows nearly motion-free visualization of the coronary arteries and accurate detection of significant stenosis, comparing well to coronary angiography at low heart rates [8, 87]. Contrast-enhanced scans are performed by injecting intravenously 80–100 ml of contrast agent at a flow rate of 6 ml/s followed by 70 ml of saline. The delay time is previously established using the bolus tracking technique with a region of interest positioned in the ascending aorta; a manually triggered threshold of 100 HU is specified for the main scanning. All scans are performed during a single breath-hold. Non-contrast CCTA is also useful for atherosclerotic plaque description, allowing the calculation of the coronary artery calcium (CAC) score. The CAC is validated as a good marker of atherosclerotic burden and high values are associated with increased cardiovascular risk [88], However, despite relatively easy quantification, the CAC is hindered by several disadvantages, including the inability to identify small, scattered calcifications in non-calcified plaques, which may lead to the underestimation of disease severity and cardiovascular risk. Also, plaque morphology cannot be described on native calcium scans. Quantitative measurements of coronary plaques aim to assess global atherosclerotic burden and provide detailed and specific descriptions of plaque morphology that could accurately evaluate the risk for cardiovascular events [70, 89, 90]. However, volumetric measurements of coronary artery plaques with manual tracing contours is strenuous and time-consuming; current software, such as AUTOPLAQ (APQ; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA), allow semi-automated quantification of both calcified and non-calcified plaques that has reduced the examination time and was shown to correlate very well to the IVUS assessment of the coronary plaque volume [91]. Dey et al. [92] evaluated the accuracy of APQ and compared semi-automated quantification on CCTA using APQ to IVUS with manual tracing of the coronary artery plaque. Average examination time was significantly reduced by automated quantification. Manual IVUS required the longest processing time (15 to 35 minutes), followed by manual CCTA (5 to 15 minutes), while automated plaque segmentation and quantification took less than 20 seconds. There were no significant differences in plaque volumes calculation between IVUS compared with APQ, or between manual CCTA quantification and APQ. Interestingly, APQ quantification revealed smaller absolute differences from IVUS results than CT manual quantification. APQ has also been shown to have reliable interscan reproducibility of quantitative plaque measurements. Schuhbaeck et al. evaluated total plaque volume, volume of calcified and non-calcified plaque, and maximal remodeling index by performing CCTAs twice in consecutive patients; using APQ there were no significant differences in any of the measurements between scans [93]. Another CCTA automated software for plaque quantification, QAngio (Medis, Netherland), has been developed and compared with IVUS. In their study, Boogers et al. [90] evaluated the accuracy of CCTA automated plaque quantification using a single algorithm to co-register CT and IVUS after having previously established anatomical markers; slice-by-slice comparisons of each location along the transverse axis of the coronary arteries have been made. The compared parameters included the percent lumen area stenosis, plaque burden, the degree of remodeling at the level of minimal lumen area, and the mean plaque burden for the whole coronary plaque. The study revealed significant correlations between the two methods regarding the quantification of lumen area stenosis, plaque burden at the level of the minimal lumen area, as well as mean plaque burden. However, CCTA failed to quantify all parameters as accurately as IVUS, underestimating minimal lesion area and overestimating lumen area stenosis. Moderate correlations were established between the two methods regarding coronary plaque remodeling. Automated plaque quantification methods are expected to reduce interobserver variability by comparison with manual quantification techniques. Several studies were conducted in order to assess the reproducibility of the results. Papadopoulou et al. [94] reported little inter- and intraobserver variability for lumen and vessel areas. Also, in an additional study inter- and intraobserver relative differences for lumen, vessel, plaque area, and plaque burden did not reach statistical significance. Automated plaque quantification proved, however, less reliable for compositional measurements of plaque attenuation values, demonstrating high inter-observer variability (12%), which is an important limiting factor. Despite this drawback, automated softwares can be used for evaluating coronary artery sclerosis progression, as demonstrated by Papadopoulou et al [95]. In another study, Blackmon et al. [96] tested the accuracy and interobserver variability for volumetric measurement of non-calcified lesions of another automated postprocessing software algorithm. Very strong correlations were found between manual measurements performed by highly experienced examiners and automated plaque volumetry, and interobserver variability was reduced when using the plaque analysis algorithm. As demonstrated by the aforementioned studies, automated softwares provide the major advantage of higher reproducibility, while also allowing faster quantifications, which make them elligible for more widespread use. CCTA is very accurate for stenosis detection [97] and for the measurement of calcified plaque burden [98, 99]. The amount of coronary calcification quantified by CCTA is a strong predictor of CAD [100, 101], but fails to accurately identify the site of stenosis. Moreover, even in modern CT scanners, spatial resolution is not sufficient to provide an accurate analysis of the fibrous cap by CCTA [102]. Also, histopathologically-based studies suggest that vulnerable plaques are enlarged in all three spatial dimensions [103] and that average measurements of the necrotic core, such as length and area [104] are beyond the plaque detection threshold for CCTA [105]. 2.3. Functional plaque characteristics Recently, some techniques have been developed for the purpose of analyzing functional parameters, as well as anatomical structures. CT-based fractional flow reserve (FFR-CT) and CT perfusion allow the non-invasive hemodynamic assessment of coronary stenoses and increase the specificity of CCTA, which may greatly influence the management of CAD patients in the future [106]. 2.3.1. Endothelial Shear Stress (ESS) ESS refers to the tangential stress that is applied on the endothelial surface of the arterial wall by flowing blood friction and is expressed in units of force/unit area [107]. ESS is influenced by blood viscosity and the spatial gradient of blood velocity at the wall. When a fluid passes through a tube, its flow is influenced by the characteristics of the tube walls such as surface irregularities or obstructions. Fluid flow may be laminar or turbulent. Laminar flows are streamlined and may be either completely smooth (“undisturbed flows”) or “disturbed”, with areas of reversed flow. In turbulent flow, velocities vary continuously in a certain point in space [108]. The presence of low ESS favors the formation and development of coronary artery plaques, as well as their progression to high-risk, vulnerable plaques. Local blood hemodynamics can influence atherosclerosis development for better or for worse. Therefore, an accurate in vivo quantification of plaque characteristics, local ESS, and vascular remodeling response would facilitate a better understanding of the mechanisms behind CAD progression, as well as clinical decision making regarding possible pre-emptive local interventions [109]. The evolution of each coronary artery plaque is individual and considerably influenced not only by the progression of atherosclerosis, but also by vascular remodeling. Extensive remodeling leads to the development of vulnerable plaques and is triggered by ESS. Persistent ESS favors local lipid build-up, inflammation, oxidative stress, and matrix breakdown, with subsequent plaque progression and further remodeling [109]. Advanced plaques in areas of severe stenosis are submitted to considerable shear stress that promotes plaque destabilization [110]. 2.3.2. Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) FFR is calculated as the ratio between the maximum blood flow within a diseased coronay artery and the theoretical maximum flow in a normal coronary artery. An FFR of 1.0 is considered normal, while values of less than 0.75–0.80 are acknowledged by most as associated with myocardial ischemia [111]. FFR values >0.8 but <1 are considered indicative of a hemodinamically unsignificant stenosis, while values <0.75 reflect significant stenoses. In earlier works, values between 0.75–0.80 represented a grey area and were interpreted according to the clinical context. Investigators estimated that the cut-off value for FFR could be extended to 0.80, thus improving sensitivity without significantly compromising specificity. The cut-off value of 0.80 was already used in the FAME 1 and FAME 2 trials and proved to be clinically valid [112, 113]. This is now the recommended ischemic reference standard for the invasive assessment of myocardial ischemia [114]. Invasive coronary angiography is the established clinical standard for coronary artery disease assessment, with IVUS providing the advantage of intramural and transmural coronary artery imaging. OCT offers an even more accurate visualization of the coronary arteries [115]. The use of these additional invasive imaging methods can facilitate therapeutical decisions regarding revascularization and help guide percutaneous coronary interventions, leading to better postprocedural results. However, in current clinical practice, the reported rates of use for these techniques in assessing intermediate (40–70%) coronary stenoses are fairly low, 20.3% for IVUS and 6.1% for FFR [116]. In the Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of Functionally Non-significant Stenosis (DEFER) Study [117], investigators evaluated 181 patients with stable ischemic heart disease and FFR > 0.75 across an intermediate stenosis. These patients were randomized to either percutaneous coronary interventions or to deferral of percutaneous coronary interventions with medical treatment. At 5-year follow-up, patients in the deferred group had a significantly decreased (less than half) rate of death or myocardial infarction by comparison with the percutaneous coronary interventions group. In the Fractional Flow Reserve versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation (FAME) trial [113], 1,005 patients with multivessel disease were randomized to either FFR- or angiography-guided percutaneous coronary interventions. In patients with FFR-guided interventions, the composite rate of death, MI, or repeated revascularization at 1 year was significantly lower (13.2% vs. 18.3%, P<0.02). The Fractional Flow Reserve versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation 2 (FAME 2) trial [113] compared the outcomes of FFR-guided percutaneous coronary interventions with optimal medical therapy against optimal medical therapy alone in a group of 888 patients with stable ischemic heart disease. In this trial, unlike in others such as COURAGE, only patients having at least one lesion with FFR <0.80 were enrolled [118]. FFR assessment of lesions with 50% to 70% diameter narrowing revealed that only 35% of the lesions were hemodynamically significant. Interestingly, in severe lesions with 71% to 90% diameter stenoses, 20% were not hemodynamically significant based on FFR and did not require percutaneous coronary interventions. These results endorse the hypothesis that FFR can have essential clinical implications regarding revascularization decisions even in more severe angiographic stenoses and, particularly when noninvasive data is discordant with coronary angiography [119]. In patients with multivessel coronary artery disease, FFR can be performed, allowing an accurate determination of the Functional SYNTAX Score, and subsequently, a better selection of patients that could benefit from percutaneous coronary intervention rather than being submitted to coronary artery by-pass graft [120]. The use of CCTA for non-invasive anatomic assessment has increased considerably and the method is considered an accurate tool for detecting or excluding CAD [6, 5]. FFR-CT is a recently developed method based on computational fluid dynamics to calculate coronary blood flow, pressure, and FFR based on routinely acquired CCTA datasets [121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129]. 3. Clinical implications of napkin-ring sign plaque for prognosis and management Recent research has shown that the napkin-ring sign is associated with future cardiac events, frequently corresponding to the culprit lesion in ACS [53]. In the study by Otsuka et al., 895 patients were evaluated by CCTA and followed up for 2.3±0.8 years; in this population, the presence of the napkin-ring sign on CCTA was strongly associated with ACS events: 24 patients (2.6%) experienced ACS events, of which 41% developed plaques with napkin-ring sign during the follow-up period [53]. Kashiwagi et al. conducted a CCTA-based study on 273 patients with either ACS or stable angina. In their research, the authors described the napkin-ring sign as the presence of a ring of high attenuation and the CT attenuation of a ring presenting higher than those of the adjacent plaque and no greater than 130 HU. The napkin-ring sign was more frequently encountered in culprit lesions (12.7% vs. 2.8%, p<0.01). Moreover, napkin-ring sign plaques were associated with a higher remodeling index and lower CT attenuation (1.15 ± 0.12 vs. 1.02 ± 0.12, p<0.01 and 39.9 ± 22.8 HU vs.72.7 ± 26.6 HU, p<0.01) [50]. Similar results were obtained in another study in which the napkin-ring sign was more common in patients developing ACS than in those with stable angina [28]. Besides the napkin-ring sign, other imaging characteristics such as large plaque volume, low CT attenuation, positive remodeling, and spotty calcification were proved to be correlated with a higher risk of acute events [130]. Motoyama et al. found that positive remodeling and low attenuation correlated best with the development of ACS, [74] which is consistent with results from other studies [131, 132]. Considering the results of the previously mentioned studies, one can conclude that the identification of CCTA aspects suggesting vulnerable lesions may be useful for several reasons. Firstly, although statins are known to reduce the incidence of acute cardiovascular events [133], proving their effect on a certain individual is challenging. CCTA may help identify coronary artery lesions regression, but, as it is not routinely performed, there is not enough data to support this hypothesis. Risk stratification in asymptomatic individuals has also been taken into account as a possible use for CCTA, but the actual ability of MDCT for detecting small non-stenotic plaques is yet to be established [134]. In conclusion CCTA is used extensively nowadays as a non-invasive imaging method for the evaluation of patients suspected of CAD and the napkin-ring sign described on CCTA has been designated as a valid element for identifying vulnerable plaques, indicating an increased probability of rupture, and was shown to correlate with a higher incidence of cardiovascular events. References -. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000087480.94275.97. -. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000087481.55887.C9. - 3. 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KUH-E ḴᵛĀJA, a well preserved archeological site of chiefly Sasanian date that takes its name from an isolated basalt extrusion situated in the delta of the Helmand River, in the Iranian province of Sistān (ancient Drangiana), 35 km southwest of Zābol (Plate I). The name means “Mountain of the Lord” and is first attested in the variant form of Kuh-e Ḵvodā, in a Zoroastrian text of early Islamic date (Boyce and Grenet, p. 151, n. 139). GEOGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE The solitary mountain, in the form of a truncated cone and over 2 km in length, rises abruptly from the flat plain of the Helmand basin at an altitude of 600 m (Stein, II, p. 909; Gullini, 1964, p. 89; Afshar, p. 86; Sajjādi, p. 201; Mousavi, p. 81). Watered by the terminal streams of the Helmand, the area is home to a sheet of water of constantly varying size known as the Hāmun Lake (Av. Kąsaoya, MPers. Kayānsih; see HĀMUN, DARYĀČA-YE). Significantly, the lake forms the largest single expanse of fresh water on the Iranian Plateau, even if it is nowhere more than 12 m deep (Fisher, pp. 76-81). The walled settlement lies on the southeastern side of Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja on a low-lying rock promontory, at a point where the main mass of the mountain serves to diminish the worst effects of the northwesterly 120-day wind. Known today as Qalʿa-ye Kāferān (Fort of the Infidels) or, occasionally, as Qalʿa-ye Sām (Fort of Sām, who is a hero in the Šāh-nāma), the site is bounded by a slender, angular fortified wall that encloses an area with maximum dimensions of 153 m from north to south and 177 m from east to west. (For reasons of convenience this account follows the lead of earlier commentators in treating the site’s long southeast-northwest axis as a north-south line; see Figure 1, where the circular north symbol reflects this convention.) In the broad, lower portion of the settlement, a veritable labyrinth of cells, chambers, and courts are the remains of a once densely populated town. This area could only be entered through the main gate near the east end of the south wall, and was locally known, at least in the early years of the 20th century, as Ḡāḡā Šahr (Stein, II, p. 909). Although these ill-defined remains had never been closely examined, G. P. Tate (b. 1856) noted that the main gate was originally flanked by a pair of towers. At the time of his visit, many of the natural lines of drainage on the rocky slopes outside the enclosure wall were still connected through carefully constructed stone and mortar cisterns (Tate, pp. 265-66). The sacred precinct is located on the monumental upper part of the site and has inevitably attracted most attention (Plate II). During ceremonies this discrete northern unit could only be entered from the south on a narrow path that still winds its way through the ruins of Ḡāḡā Šahr. From this direction the access was through an entry court, leading to an entry terrace and a single impressive portal, the south gate, which consisted of a vestibule and an inner domed chamber. The sacred precinct exhibits a well-ordered axial plan, on which buildings are arranged on a split-level elevation that ascends from south to north, following the natural configuration of the mountain (Figure 1). The lower of the two levels is distinguished by the south gate and the entry terrace, but dominated by a spacious central court. In its original state, the court’s mudbrick north facade was marked by series of engaged columns of classical inspiration (Herzfeld, 1941, p. 98; cf. Kleiss, 1990, 1993) and flanked by the celebrated painted gallery, the tall windows of which opened southwards onto it (Kawami, 1987b, p. 18). Then the whole court was reconstructed, and the painted gallery was blocked off. Two lateral, non-axial ayvāns, each of which led to an elongated back room with a north-south axis, were introduced, and tall arcades were erected on each side of the court. A staircase marked the midpoint of the north side, so that everyone climbing the steps, would soon behold the entrance to the all-important fire sanctuary on the far side of the inner terrace. The sanctuary consisted of a square domed chamber, in which the dome’s ring was originally supported by squinches springing from the four corner piers. The side walls of this čahārṭāq (lit. four arches; see Huff, 1990) construction were left open, while an immediately adjoining ambulatory corridor assured the closed character of the sanctuary. At its center E. Herzfeld (1879-1948) uncovered an overturned fire holder (ātašdān; see Boyce, 1999b) of stone, which had once rested on a square, plastered plinth. Its three-step shape closely corresponds to the shape of earlier fire holders, and it is possible that the holder was inherited from the earlier phase of the site’s occupation. Moreover, the form—three outsteps at the top and three more towards the base (Herzfeld 1941, fig. 397 and pl. 99)—suggests that the fire holder was already of considerable antiquity at the beginning of the Sasanian period. The western end of the inner terrace led to a small domed chamber, which presumably served as a secondary fire chamber. The northwestern and northern sectors of the sacred precinct’s outer wall were strengthened and thickened from a point a little to the south of the small domed chamber to a point directly east of the North Gate. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES Many of the mudbrick masons who worked at Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja appear to have been masters of their craft. Not only do a number of the extant walls still stand to a height of 15 m or more, but they are also witness to an intriguing variety of building procedures. In particular, certain walls combine standard layers of mudbrick and mortar with a band of stone near the foundation and with layers of reed, cow dung, or a mixture of the two, towards the top (Ghanimati, 2000, pp. 144-45). Such stone bands probably served to strengthen the lowest stretches of the wall system, while the introduction of light materials at a higher elevation duly lightened the overall weight of construction. Since the use of stone bands is not attested in other Sasanian mudbrick construction, and since the skills of prisoners of war from the Roman empire are thought to be discernible at various sites within Sasanian Iran (Frye, 1983a, p. 296; 1983b, pp. 126-38; Bosworth, p. 2; Garsoïan, p. 581; Matthews, pp. 133-40), Kuh-e Ḵvāja’s banded walls—and even its multiple external cisterns (Tate, p. 266; Shahbazi)—may offer proof of the presence of a labor force far from being strictly local. Striking is that the otherwise unparalleled stone bands recall the fact that Roman and Byzantine concrete walls were often faced with small limestone blocks that were leveled or reinforced at varying intervals by bands of thin baked bricks in mortar beds of equal thickness (Krautheimer, p. 49; Rice, II, pp. 53-57, pls. 9 D, 18). Domes served to roof all principal chambers associated with the sacred precinct, such as the south gate’s main room, the significant rooms that opened off the back of the two ayvāns, the cella of the fire sanctuary, as well as the domed units associated with the inner terrace. All of these domes appear to have been constructed with the aid of cone-shaped squinches (Pers. sekonj, filpuš, or gušvāra; cf. Godard, 1990, p. 16; Huff, 1990; 1987, sec. 2), which originated in Sasanian times and ultimately gave birth to the more complex moqarnas of the Islamic period (Ghanimati, 2001, pp. 86-87). Barrel vaults (Pers. ṭāq-āhang) were usually employed to cover corridors and galleries. To obviate the need for wooden centering, the builders customarily resorted to pitched brick vaults composed of sun-dried bricks set in gypsum mortar (malāt-e gač). In contrast, arches and arcades were constructed with the aid of reed-reinforced long, molded mudbrick struts. Such prefabricated mudbrick elements were first used by the Medes in the 7th century BCE, and today they are still used in parts of Iran (Roaf and Stronach, pp. 129-41; Hansman and Stronach, pp. 11-22; Huff, 1990, pp. 150-60). Almost all brick surfaces were given a generous coat of gypsum plaster as a standard protective measure. ORNAMENTATION The sacred precinct once had a wealth of luxurious decoration which illustrated, more than anything else, its importance (Kawami, 1987a, pp. 18, 25; Schlumberger, 1970, pp. 53-59). The decoration included stucco moldings, stucco colonnettes, stucco panels with geometric design, figurative reliefs made of mud and plaster, and of course wall paintings. The high quality stucco ornamentation at Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja has been extensively studied (Stein, II, pp. 909-21, esp. p. 916, n. 4; Faccenna, p. 84, fig. 11; Herzfeld, 1941, pp. 293-94, pls. xcix, xcvi bottom; Schlumberger, 1970, pp. 53-59; Kröger, pp. 35, 74, 133, 185, 226-27, 247, 257, 267, pls. 103-4; for a reference to sketch xiii by Herzfeld, see Kawami, 1987b, pp. 17-18, 24). A. Stein (1862-1943) and Herzfeld, the site’s first excavators, discovered the reliefs. They found them on the north wall of the central courtyard, at each side of the central staircase, as well as on the south facade of the fire sanctuary. Generally, these reliefs were made of mud, coated with gypsum plaster, and presumably painted. Tamarisk pegs (qowwa) of about 15 cm were used to attach the reliefs to the walls. On the north wall of the central courtyard, Herzfeld discovered a pair of sculptured male figures above the arch of the middle doorway. He speculated that together they had originally held a wreath. These life-size figures were molded in a very high relief. Only fragments of the drapery of the westernmost figure had survived (Herzfeld, 1941, p. 292, pl. xcvi bottom; Kröger, pp. 210-11, pl. 104; Kawami, 1987b, p. 18). But the opposing image was better preserved, and had retained some portions of the left shoulder, arm, torso, and leg, as well as a mass of curly hair and a few ribbons. This frieze was still recognizable in 1961 (Gullini, 1964, p. 389, fig. 219). T. Kawami identified this particular figure as that of a Sasanian king, while J. Kröger identified various decorative elements as early Sasanian (Kröger, 1982, pp. 35, 74, 133, 185, 226-27, 247, 267). Stein (II, p. 913) noted that directly to the east of these figures a section of the wall had originally been painted, and he described traces of rippling ribbons and a ring or circle. The imposing south facade of the fire sanctuary bore the remnants of a stucco relief that portrayed a contest between a horseman and a lion. An adjoining wall further to the west had an equally worn mud-stucco relief consisting of an equestrian scene executed in low relief. The scene shows three figures on horseback, all facing right, who according to Stein are taking part in a procession. Although the equestrian figures are now almost completely destroyed, the horses’ bodies and heads have survived and are still visible (Ghanimati, 2001, pls. SD-5-7). Stein suggested a Sasanian date for this relief as well (Stein, II, pp. 909-912; cf. Ghirshman, pl. xxxv, 1-3; Kawami, 1987b, p. 19). The paintings of Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja have given rise to a wide range of interpretations as well as to many different datings. Both Stein and Herzfeld discovered paintings within and near the south and the north gates, as well as in the painted gallery. In 1981, D. Faccenna reported the discovery of a painting in the sacred precinct. Since 1995, two more pieces have been recovered by an Iranian team in the immediate vicinity of the north gate. South gate. Stein (II, pp. 915-21) uncovered a large number of paintings in a passage near the south gate’s western facade. Most were on walls that had been sealed off by later additions. One painting showed a nearly life-sized, robed figure in a standing pose. Stein (pp. 917-18) identified the figure as a Bodhisattva, because the faintly preserved colors, together with the figure’s overall contours and style of dress, seem to evoke Central Asian Buddhist parallels. A second painting was located on an adjacent wall of a later date. The composition showed two registers of standing figures in belted tunics and trousers with out-turned feet, while their heads turned slightly to the viewer’s right. Fabrics and ornaments varied from figure to figure. In the lower register, a partly obliterated seated figure faced several standing ones. Stein also observed a three-headed creature and an ox-headed mace (gorz) held by a seated figure, and identified the seated figure as the hero Rostam with his weapon. In 1974 Faccenna (p. 83) discovered a fragmentary painting of a cityscape in the south gate’s inner domed chamber. This fragment was detached from its original setting and, after restoration in Italy, presented to the Archeological Museum in Tehran (Muza-ye Iran-e bāstān). The painting depicts two rows of people in procession, showing two overlapping male heads in profile facing left and, compressed into the same amount of space below, four male heads facing right. They are bareheaded males with large eyes, sharp and large nose-profiles, and a compact mass of hair. The heads are placed against a light background in a setting of light-colored walls, battlements, and two towers. Between the two towers, two heads are shown facing left (Faccenna, pp. 85-97; cf. Kawami, 1987b, pp. 26-52). One is bearded, and the other, partly hidden behind the first, is wearing a low, red hemispherical helmet with a jutting visor and a side-flap, from which a white cheek-piece reaches down under the chin. This side-flap and similar devices are generally identified as mouth piece or mask (padām). Royal attendants, as well as others, used to wear a padām on special occasions, but nowadays padāms are primarily associated with Zoroastrian priests who wear them to avoid the pollution of pure ritual objects (see Choksy, 2015). Painted gallery. Paintings in the gallery were found on the vaulted ceiling and the side walls. The barrel vault bore a pattern of painted coffers in three rows. The pattern ascended from the cornice at the springing of the vault to its apex, so that the painted squares created a three-dimensional representation of a coffered ceiling. In addition, alternating squares were filled with floral rosettes of varying designs and styles. Some rosettes had a solid circular form, much like a dense sunflower or lotus, while others had long curling leaves that unfurled into the corners of the square, a few of which folded back on themselves. The remainder of squares held single human figures that varied in character and compositional style and were defined by a relatively heavy dark outline. Some figures are shown with musical instruments in postures of repose, and some are dancers or acrobats. Another is a little winged Eros riding a horse or feline (Herzfeld, 1941, pp. 294-95). Herzfeld assigned a Hellenistic origin to all paintings that he discovered on the ceiling of the painted gallery, while Kawami (1987b, p. 28) suggests a date in the 1st century CE or later. The south wall of the painted gallery. An elaborate painted frieze also ran along the length of the south or window wall of the painted gallery, just above the cornice. The frieze’s first element at the top consisted of a row of painted, red and white dentils, framed by a red band at the top and bottom. Kawami (1987b, p. 30) speculates that its purpose was to set off a series of painted, more than life-sized figures, which were arranged in groups of two, sometimes three, between the eight windows of the south wall. The windows were distributed at regular intervals, and the figures’ arrangement proceeded westward from the gallery’s eastern end. The first painting shows a pair of beardless figures. On the left, a male with short curly brown hair is shown in a three-quarter view. He holds an upright trident in his left hand and wears a long yellow tunic decorated with a red band with yellow and green roundels about the neck (Kawami, 1987b, pp. 30-52). A mantle is wrapped around his waist and falls over his left shoulder in a triangular fold. Standing to the right of the trident bearer, a female figure holds a long rod with a rounded head against her left shoulder, which Kawami (1987, p. 31), following Herzfeld, identified as a mace. Apparently, she wore a yellow sleeveless gown, gathered above her right breast by a roundel or brooch with a mounted stone in the center. The mace-bearer has her right hand raised, and her left elbow virtually leaned against the upper arch of the window, while the head of the beardless trident-bearer protruded slightly into the painted cornice at the top of the wall. Their identity remains to be established. Herzfeld saw the figures as deities, but Kawami (1987b, pp. 32-52) has strongly opposed this interpretation (Herzfeld, 1941, p. 296; for the interpretation as a Saošyant, a Zoroastrian world savior [see ASTVAT̰.ƎRƎTA], with a mace, see Ghanimati, 2001, pp. 171-74). The wall between the second and third windows was decorated with three standing figures, probably men (Kawami, 1987b, pp. 32-33). Like the gallery’s other figures, they are only visible from the waist upwards, showing broad, sloping shoulders and thick necks with small heads. They stand in three-quarter view, grouped very closely while turned to the viewer’s left. The two on the left wear tunics and mantles over the left shoulder, like the mace carrier, and have dark hair and rounded beards. But the third figure is beardless, and wears a round headgear with a thin rim and a wing-like feature at each side. His tunic is white, and he carries a reddish-brown and yellow shield. These figures are also not identified. The painting between the third and fourth windows was already destroyed by the time of Herzfeld’s excavation. But Stein had described a painted mural with seated, youthful figures in a classical style. The composition consists of two life-size, beardless men who are shown in profile, facing each other. Both hold long lances and are nude to the waist with white drapery around their hips, which Stein (II, p. 920) had interpreted as loincloth. The left figure is bent forward, grasping his leveled lance with both hands, while aiming at the right figure, who leans back as if anticipating the thrust. The latter’s upright weapon is held in his left hand. Kawami observed above this mural the remnant of a painted cornice, showing dentils, beribboned laurels, and dark red bands. She concluded that the panel belonged among those described by Herzfeld, thus suggesting that this fragment was placed somewhere near the gallery’s center. She noted that Stein’s panel portrayed a combat that the row of standing figures between the other windows were supposed to witness. Kawami (1987b, pp. 36-38; cf. Matthews, pp. 63-66) speculated that most probably the contestants rode elephants (see ELEPHANT ii. Sasanian Army), adding that only two Sasanian kings—Šāpur I (241-272-73) and Ḵosrow II (591-628)—had elephants in their armies, although Šāpur II (309-379) also employed elephants in his army (Frye, 1983b, p. 136). The space between windows five and six in the gallery’s western half bore no paintings. Kawami (1987b, p. 38) noted that Herzfeld had recorded two heads between the sixth and seventh windows in his notebook, but his notes about the space between the seventh and eighth windows are illegible. Although the painting between the eighth window and the gallery’s western end was severely damaged, Herzfeld sketched a beardless man, framed by a yellow nimbus, and identified him as a moon god (Kawami, 1987b, pp. 37-39). Window recesses. The walls and vaults of the window recesses were also painted, because two windows had retained some traces. In his sketch book Herzfeld mentioned painted coffers and pictures in the second window from the gallery’s east end. He also made an annotated sketch of a row of five standing men on the wall of the second window recess in the gallery’s eastern half. Unfortunately, not all details were clearly preserved (Herzfeld, 1941, pp. 294-303; cf. Kawami, 1987b, pp. 32-52). All five are shown frontally, with their heads in profile facing towards the viewer’s right. Each figure has the right hand flexed to chest level, while the left arm is bent and held to the side and across the waist. Their hair is cut short, and they wear sleeved tunics. The men are depicted in procession, and the figure at its head, on the right, is only half-size, raising the question whether he is a boy. The small figure carries a vertical object in his raised right hand. The man behind him holds in his right hand an almost white, tulip-like flower with two green leaves and a reddish, ball-like object in his left. Kawami (1987b, p. 39) interpreted the circular object as the hilt of a sword. The third man carries in his right hand an oval ring, and above his head are two small flowers, one with four and the other with five petals. At their back a leafy branch in pale yellow takes the shape of a stylized laurel. This figure is distinguished by his belt and his inverted sword, whose hilt his left hand grasps. Behind the ring-bearer stands a man whose upper clothing was decorated with yellow circles. Back wall. The gallery’s north wall was windowless and preserved remnants of the same painted cornice found on the south wall. But only one section of the wall painting itself had survived in the gallery’s eastern half, directly opposite the trident-bearer (Stein, II, p. 921; Herzfeld, 1941, pp. 295-303, pl. CIV top). It showed three standing figures, one overlapping couple, and a barely visible single figure on the left. The couple wear long-sleeved, V-necked tunics and look to the viewer’s right. The man’s sword hangs from a thin belt worn low over the hips. The left arm of the other figure, presumably a woman, hangs down at her side, while her right arm is obscured by the male figure. Light and dark vertical bands framed this composition, which Herzfeld considered a royal couple. Kawami (1987b, pp. 42-44) dated this painting to the late 3rd or early 4th century CE. North gate. This building was a two-story vaulted structure with a tower. The tower’s upper room retained traces of wall paintings, of which two fragments—each showing a single head—are now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. These are the only surviving pieces of all the paintings that Herzfeld had recorded (Stein, II, pp. 912-13, pl. 53). Herzfeld interpreted the larger head with short black, curly hair as a beardless man in profile, facing left, and identified the smaller beardless head in profile, facing right, first as a woman and later as a flute player (Herzfeld, 1941, caption to pl. ciii top left). Kawami (1987b, pp. 45-50), however, judged the first description uncertain and the second incorrect. She argued that the second head wears the aforementioned padām—a thin band tied across the mouth and fastened at the top of the head. She admitted, though, that the padām is no proof of a religious ceremony, because a servant or attendant may have worn it in a secular context. P. O. Harper (p. 117, n. 86) was the first to suggest this possibility. But neither scholar has mentioned that a servant may have worn a padām because his master was a Zoroastrian priest, requiring the observance of purity laws. To the smaller painting Kawami (1987b, pp. 48-50) assigns a date in the late Sasanian era. One of the aforementioned two new paintings that the Iranian team has recovered is a panel from a small chamber in the north gate’s vicinity. This painting shows the classical Iranian theme of a contest between a man and a beast. In addition to the paintings discussed above, the eastern tower of the inner terrace seems also to have retained traces of painting. Herzfeld noticed those during his 1925 visit, though already by 1929 they had completely vanished. HISTORY OF RESEARCH Many European travelers visited Sistān during the last two hundred years, yet only a handful mentioned Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja in their accounts (Ghanimati, 2001, pp. 113-15). B. Lovett (b. 1839) explored the site in March 1872 and provided its first general description (Lovett, pp. 145-50). But Tate’s account of 1910 (pp. 265-68) was the first to direct attention to many of Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja’s most characteristic details. The first thorough archeological examination of the mudbrick buildings on Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja was conducted by Stein in December 1915. He mapped the mountain as a whole and argued that the ruins had coterminously served diverse functions: (1) shrine; (2) perimeter walls and towers of an adjacent town; and (3) outlying forts on the mountain rim. In addition, Stein transferred twelve painted panels to the National Museum in Delhi, where, regrettably, only two panels are still extant (Faccenna, p. 87, n. 6). He identified the mountain, in print, as Mount Ušiδam (cf. Av. Ušidarəna, MPers. Ušdāštār) of Yašt 19.2 (see ZAMYĀD YAŠT) and yet speculated, despite the Zoroastrian associations, whether the sacred precinct had served as a Buddhist monastery. In his correspondence, he assumed that the site was Parthian but later dated the site to both the Parthian and the Sasanian periods (Stein, II, pp. 909-25; cf. Mirsky, pp. 390-91; Kawami, 1987b, p. 15, n. 12). The next archeologist to inspect the ruins was Herzfeld (1931-32; 1941, pp. 291-97), who visited the site in February 1925 and in the winter of 1929. Herzfeld (1941, pp. 292-301) concerned himself only with the sacred precinct, which he interpreted as a palace with a fire-temple, probably because his excavations, as already mentioned, had unearthed the overturned fire holder. Unfortunately, the fire holder’s whereabouts are no longer known (Mousavi, p. 84). In deference to Herzfeld’s characterization, the sacred precinct is often called a palace-temple, and the validity of this label has seldom been challenged (e.g., Erdmann, p. 22; Ghanimati, 2000, pp. 141-44). Like Stein, Herzfeld removed a significant number of wall paintings. Most were sent to Berlin, where they are believed to have been destroyed during World War II, though two images (Herzfeld, 1941, pl. ciii, top; see above) were eventually acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Important is that Herzfeld also recorded the presence of stucco reliefs. Herzfeld (1941, pp. 291-92) followed Stein in identifying Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja as Mount Ušiδam and suggested further that it was the Eastern Christians’ Mons Victorialis, where in a legend about the birth of Christ the magi kept vigil. He also believed that the sacred precinct was the seat of the Indo-Parthian ruler Gondophares (20-46 CE), speculating whether Gondophares and the Rostam of epic tradition were the same person (Bailey, pp. 1154-55; Duchesne-Guillemin, pp. 167-68; Bivar, p. 197; Boyce and Grenet, pp. 451-55, esp. n. 447; Bernard, pp. 518-19). He initially assumed an early construction phase in the Sasanian, and a later one in the early Islamic, period. But subsequently Herzfeld (1941, pp. 291-97) argued for a Parthian building phase in the 1st century CE and a subsequent Sasanian one indicated by 3rd century alterations. In 1961, the site was reexamined by G. Gullini (1964, pp. 65, 105, 224, 263, 283, 354, figs. 53-56), who sank a series of trenches on the central court’s south side. He claimed six distinctive levels ranging from Achaemenid to Islamic times, but his analysis was immediately challenged by G. Tucci (pp. 143-47). Shortly thereafter, K. Schippmann (pp. 55-70) concluded that only Gullini’s Sasanian dating was likely to be safe (Boucharlat, pp. 129-30; Besenval, pp. 137-38). In response to Herzfeld’s earlier claim that the art and architecture of Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja could be regarded as half Greek and half Eastern, D. Schlumberger (1970, p. 55) suggested that Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja’s buildings and artwork belonged to a new eastern culture, which fused a Greco-Iranian syncretic style drawing on the heritage of Hellenism, the Achaemenids, and nomadic Iran (Schlumberger, 1970, p. 55). Schlumberger (1970, pp. 5-18, 53-60; 1983, pp. 1052-54) also dated Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja at the beginning of the Sasanian era. In the winter of 1974-75, a restoration team, led by Faccenna, accidentally discovered a further fragment of wall painting in the south gate’s inner chamber. In his report, Faccenna (pp. 84, 92-93) suggested a perhaps doubtful late Parthian date for the structure, and made the more arresting proposal of a direct link between the painting’s content and the ceremonies in the south gate. In his comprehensive survey of Sasanian stucco decoration, Kröger (pp. 35, 74, 133, 185, 226-7, 247, 257, 267) argued that for all Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja stuccos an early Sasanian date is most likely. Kawami (1987b) also highlighted the major Sasanian component in the sacred precinct’s art and architecture. She partly based her findings on Herzfeld’s field records that are today kept in the Freer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Kawami ascribed the paintings in the south gate and the painted gallery to the Sasanian period rather than to the Parthian period. Style, proportions, dress, and coiffure of the stucco figures are all distinctly Sasanian in character, and one of them is probably a Sasanian king. The equestrian reliefs on the fire sanctuary’s entrance facade also reflect Sasanian taste. Even though specific elements in the sacred precinct’s architecture are indebted to classical architecture, Kawami (1987a, p. 154; 1987b, pp. 18-19, 22-23) argued that classical influences were not restricted to the Parthian period and persisted well into Sasanian times (cf. Schlumberger, 1983, pp. 1052-54). But neither her suggestion of an early Islamic date for the second construction phase in the sacred precinct (Kawami, 1987b, pp. 19, 24, 47; cf. Faccenna, p. 93, n. 18) nor her recent proposal—echoing Stein’s early speculation—of the site’s first function as Buddhist shrine (Kawami, 2005, pp. 181-215) seems persuasive. Since1995, a team of the Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization (ICHTO) has conducted several seasons of work at Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja. As already mentioned, they uncovered two paintings in the north gate’s immediate vicinity, but also traces of a stone staircase in the gallery’s east side. M. Mousavi (p. 84) speculated whether the staircase predated the gallery and suggested for the sacred precinct two construction phases, in the late Parthian and the Sasanian period, respectively. The author’s studies of Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja (Ghanimati, 2000 and 2001) have recently drawn special attention to the unresolved issues of chronology and function. In particular, she considers C14 samples, taken from two chronologically distinct contexts within the sacred precinct and tested in the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 1998 (Ghanimati, 2000, p. 145). A sample of organic construction materials from the gallery’s ceiling yielded a date of 80-240 CE (plus/minus 50 years). A sample of the tamarisk pegs, which were used for the stucco reliefs on the fire sanctuary’s entrance facade, provided a date of 540-650 CE (plus/minus 50 years). CHRONOLOGY These radiocarbon dates, in connection with the already mentioned chronological evidence, indicate that an early Sasanian phase of monumental construction was supplemented by an important phase of remodeling within the last century of Sasanian rule. Moreover, in the spring of 1998, part of the entry terrace floor suddenly collapsed, and a still older mudbrick structure was revealed. Just on the basis of this evidence Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja underwent at least three separate stages of construction: (1) a relatively modest, late Parthian building activity; (2) the all-important first phase of Sasanian construction; and (3) an almost equally significant, late Sasanian phase, during which the stucco reliefs were added to the facade of the fire sanctuary, and other substantial changes affected in particular the immediate vicinity of the central court. It is noteworthy that Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja’s vaulted mudbrick architecture is consistent—for all its sometimes innovative qualities—with both construction techniques and design elements of the Sasanian period, thus supporting the chronological testimony of paintings, stucco elements, and C14 results It seems possible (Ghanimati, 2000, pp. 144-45), if certain overarching historical perspectives are given due weight, that the first Sasanian building plan was initiated by Ardašir I (d. 241/42) and completed by Šāpur I (r. 241/42-270/72). For it appears probable that the architectural development and formation of the sacred precinct was a gradual process that occurred under the patronage of several pious kings. This speculation is based on two recent coin finds in the gallery’s vicinity, though these finds have not yet been officially published. The more legible coin seems, according to the available photographs, a silver drachm (see Album et al., p. 17; see also SASANIAN COINAGE). The obverse depicts the bust of the king facing right, and his crown identifies him as Šāpur II (r. 309-79; cf. Frye, 1983a, p. 135, fig. 1; Göbl). But the legends are illegible. On the reverse, two attendants flank the fire holder, whose base is not fully preserved (Plate III). Even though no information on mint or year is available, the coin may have been minted in Sistān (Mochiri, II, pp. 135-37). Finally, the architectural details of the site’s remodeled areas are consistent with the building style of the late Sasanian period (Schippmann, p. 67; Duchesne-Guillemin, p. 67; Kröger, p. 257; Kawami, 1987b, pp. 38, 40; Boucharlat and Lecomte, pp. 51-57, 64-72). FUNCTION A number of previously mentioned possibilities can be ruled out as the overall function of Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja. If the identification of Mount Ušiδam with Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja is correct, the location of a Buddhist monastery on a holy Zoroastrian site seems unlikely (Bulliet, pp. 140-45; Boyce and Grenet, pp. 149-51; Duchesne-Guillemin, pp. 165-69; Emmerick; Ghanimati, 2000, pp. 140-41; 2001, pp. 131-33, 150-55; Gnoli, 1980, pp. 183-84). In addition, the plan of the sacred precinct does not show the range of appointments— such as audience hall, the royal ladies’ sleeping quarter, baths, kitchens and guard rooms—appropriate for the residence of an important royal ruler and his entourage. Together with the author’s chronological considerations, this circumstance militates against Herzfeld’s contention that Gondophares had his seat at Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja, and invalidates his interpretation of the sacred precinct as a palace-temple. The true function of Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja’s buildings seems to be related to the site’s holiness. Even though no written records document the buildings’ uses, the surviving archeological remains seem to illuminate the situation. The sacred precinct’s most sanctified part shelters the square domed cella where the fire holder was discovered (Huff, 1990; Boyce, 1975; 1989c; 1989a; cf. Erdmann, pp. 22-37; Gropp, pp. 150-70; Monneret de Villard, 1935-36, pp. 176-84; Wikander, pp. 58, 101). A roofed ambulatory surrounded the cella allowed for ritual circumambulation and other ceremonies (Herzfeld, 1941, p. 302; Bernard, p. 510; Stronach, pp. 618-27). The remaining appointments of the sacred precinct include a domed chamber immediately adjacent to a reinforced portion of the outer wall, which appears as a second unit perhaps associated with the fire’s safekeeping, as well as open courts, covered galleries, and passageways. Though this plan does not exactly correspond with that of any other extant Iranian temple, Zoroastrian temples show a range of architectural plans, probably because each temple had to reconcile a specific set of local requirements with the demands of Zoroastrian ritual (Marshall, pp. 85-90; Monneret de Villard, 1938-39; Schlumberger, 1970, pp. 53-59; Gropp, pp. 150-70; Schippmann, pp. 177, 185, 266, 492, 494, n. 120; Duchesne-Guillemin, pp. 64-69, 159-70; Boyce, 1975b, pp. 461-65; Boyce and Grenet, pp. 287-89; Bernard, pp. 507, 518; Ghanimati, 2001, pp. 147-52, 191-99). The author (2000, p. 142-44) has suggested that the sacred precinct was designed to meet the requirements of a Zoroastrian school for priests (hērbedestān). The whole built environment at Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja suggests a place of pilgrimage (Boyce, 1982, pp. 278-79; 1992, pp. 4, 182-85; Boyce and Grenet, pp. 147-51). Worshippers had to pass through the tightly packed residential area of the lower town before entering the well-ordered religious precinct on a higher level. They could assemble in the central court before moving past the fire sanctuary and through the monumental north gate towards the summit (Boyce, 1975a, pp. 166-77; Boyce, 1968, pp. 52-53; Ghanimati, 2001, pp. 183-93). This interpretation is further supported by the documented practice of animal sacrifices at open air sanctuaries until modern times (Boyce, 1982, pp. 180-81; Boyce and Grenet, pp. 75, 202, 301). Priests officiated over these rituals, which also involved a ceremonial procession. SIGNIFICANCE Perhaps the most impressive feature of Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja is its enduring sanctity. Nothing is known about the mountain and Hāmun Lake in pre-Zoroastrian times (Gnoli, 1980, p. 71, n. 80), but their significance in Zoroastrian lore is well documented (Boyce, 1975a, pp. 145, 274, 282; Gnoli, 1980, pp. 68, 129; cf. Ghanimati, 2001, pp. 167-95). As mentioned above, scholars have identified Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja as Mount Ušiδam (Gnoli, 1980, pp. 68-70, 129-38), which can be found in several places in the Avesta. The area of Hāmun Lake is named in other Zoroastrian texts, such as the Vendidād, as one of the lands created by Ahura Mazdā (Boyce, 1975a, p. 274-75; Gnoli, 1980, pp. 59, 63, 129-38). The waters of the Hāmun Lake were believed to guard the divinely preserved seed of Zoroaster from which the Saošyant would be born (Duchesne-Guillemin, p. 150; Boyce, 1975a, p. 282). There is a reference to the apocalyptic legend of Saošyant in Yašt 19.89. The Saošyant is often called victorious (Av. vərəθragan-), and his coming is accompanied by the resurrection of the dead and the last judgment (Duchesne-Guillemin, pp. 229-35; Boyce and Grenet, pp. 451-56). Scholars have suggested that the Zoroastrian priests of Sistān played an important role in the development of Zoroastrian eschatology and Avesta transmission, and presumably respected scholar-priests lived in this area (Boyce, 1975a, p. 274-75; 1982, pp. 128-31; 1992, pp. 4-10, n. 35; Boyce and Grenet, pp. 121-24; Gnoli, 1977; 1980, pp. 59-65, 129-38; cf. also Pahlavi Texts II, pp. 25-26; Gershevitch, pp. 1-29). Thus, it seems plausible that the isolated rock of Kuh-e Ḵvāja, emerging from Lake Hāmun, was endowed with exceptional religious significance (Gnoli, 1980, p. 135; Boyce, 1975a, pp. 277-85; 1984, p. 39; 1992, pp. 4-10, n. 35). M. Boyce and F. Grenet (pp. 150-51, cf. Boyce, 1982, pp. 278-79; 1992, pp. 4-10, 182) have argued that throughout the Achaemenid, Parthian and Sasanian periods each year Zoroastrians conducted a pilgrimage to Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja, once the eschatological myth of Saošyant and Lake Hāmun was accepted. Presumably, pilgrims worshipped and prayed on the bare mountain top, while watching over the holy lake. (For the site’s associations with other myths and divinities, such as the god Žun, see Marquart and de Groot; Bosworth, pp. 34, 91; Scarcia, pp. 755-64; Boyce, 1975a, pp. 145, 274, 282; Frye, 1975, pp. 45-77; Gnoli, 1980, pp. 70, 129, 149; Sajjādi, p. 243; Yarshater; Utas, pp. 259-67). The fame of Kuh-e Ḵvāja seems to have reached lands beyond Iran, if one accepts the above-mentioned identification of the mountain as Mons Victorialis, mentioned in a 4th-century commentary on the Gospel of Matthew, though the commentary is incomplete and of disputed authorship (Boyce and Grenet, p. 448). This identification is disputed, because the site has no caves, trees, or springs of water. Nevertheless, it seems probable because Kuh-e Ḵᵛāja is in Persia and belonged to the most renowned places of Zoroastrian pilgrimage (Duchesne-Guillemin, pp. 17, 167-68, 229; Boyce and Grenet, pp. 451-52, esp. n. 447). It would appear at all events logical to assume that Zoroastrian priests kept watch on Kuh-e Ḵvāja for the coming of the Saošyant (Boyce, 1975a, pp. 234, 282-93). Today, Kuh-e Ḵvāja draws large numbers of Muslim pilgrims, especially at Nowruz. Indeed, the region’s inhabitants still cherish stories of saints and heroes associated with Kuh-e Kvāja over the centuries. The summit is marked by a solitary stone block, ca. 1 m in height, that stands but a short distance from the reputed tomb of the Ḵvāja (Plate IV). The stone is considered part of the Islamic tomb, and pilgrims leave offerings at its base. The practice seems to recall animal sacrifices that ancient Iranians, as well as ancient Arabs, regularly offered. 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Yarshater, “Iranian National History,” in Camb. Hist. Iran III(1), 1983, pp. 359-477. (Soroor Ghanimati) Originally Published: September 28, 2015 Last Updated: September 28, 2015Cite this entry: Soroor Ghanimati, “KUH-E ḴᵛĀJA,” Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, 2015, available at (accessed on 28 September 2015).

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Grass Cutting Falkirk Scotland (FK1): Both domestic and commercial property owners who have outside space in Falkirk must make sure that any sections of lawn or grass are mowed regularly. While it's perfectly possible for most householders to maintain their own lawns, it is still an activity that many of us loathe. You don't have to fret however, if you simply can't cope with such work, seeing that there are people out there who will gladly take this task out of your hands - to be precise grass cutting services in Falkirk. Grass cutting solutions to match virtually any budget or circumstance are offered by a number of lawn mowing companies and independent gardeners in Falkirk. Scheduled grass cutting services are normally available in Falkirk for weekly or even monthly cuts, plus once only visits for the odd lawn care emergencies. No longer needing to be concerned about your need for grass cutting is a substantial benefit of arranging these lawn mowing services in Falkirk. If you live outside of Falkirk such lawn care and grass cutting services are also available in Camelon, Bainsford, Old Plean, Hallglen, Polmont, Bonnybridge, Westquarter, Stenhousemuir, Larbert, Denny, California, Grangemouth, Shieldhill, Brightons, Carronshore, Laurieston, Maddiston. The rewards for using a professional lawn care service in Falkirk is no great surprise, since you can pretty much guarantee that your grass will be well cared for and maintained. If you actually take pride in your lawn, you need to steer clear of using some random person who just knocks on your door with an offer to mow the grass. So, when you are looking at bringing in an established lawn care company in Falkirk for regularly cutting your grass, what are the key benefits? - 1. Lawn care professionals in Falkirk provide all of the necessary equipment to do a first class job. 2. It saves you spending your hard-earned cash on expensive lawn cutting tools, mowers and fuel. 3. It saves you time and enables you to chill out and get on with other activities. 4. It reduces all of the stress, burden and hassle of having to cut your own grass. 5. All of the waste and lawn cuttings will be disposed of, saving you constant journeys to the local tip. 6. Lawn treatments will be applied whenever necessary, for example fertilizers, scarifying and weed control. 7. Your lawn will invariably look neat and tidy, deterring intruders who specifically target unkempt homes. There are of course some costs involved in bringing in a professional lawn mowing service in Falkirk, but the benefits described above to some extent cancel this out. If you choose your grass cutting service cautiously there are some affordable lawn care companies operating in Falkirk. Depending on your specific requirements and what sort of condition your lawn is currently in, extra services such as aeration, seeding, moss removal, top dressing, edging, strimming, re-turfing, watering, patch repairing and feeding, are also offered as well as grass cutting Falkirk. More general garden maintenance tasks like green waste clearance, leaf clearing, pruning, planting, landscaping, digging and hedge cutting, are offered by many lawn care contractors in Falkirk. Your Falkirk grass cutting specialist should also be capable of producing eye-catching designs in your lawn by carrying out the mowing in alternate directions, with stripey, rippled or chequerboard patterns being the ultimate result. This is especially effective if you've got a large, open area of grass that's visible from your house or from a main road. When you're on the lookout for grass cutting companies in Falkirk, you'll be hoping to uncover the best service possible. One way to achieve this is to ask for a few references from previous customers. Lawns are mowed in Falkirk every week, so it is fairly likely that a person in your social circle will have had lawn mowing done recently, so ask family and friends for a recommendation. Word of mouth recommendations are favoured over any other kind of review or endorsement by around 80% of householders in Falkirk, so when the chance presents itself, you should use this fact to your advantage. You'll want to obtain a minimum of 3 different estimates from your shortlist of possible lawn mowing services in Falkirk. If you need some specialist advice because you are intending to maintain your own lawn, the ideal spot to go to is the dedicated lawn care page of the Royal Horticulatural Society's website. Topics such as feeding, lawn issues, mowing, killing moss, over-seeding, caring for new lawns, lawn care treatments and watering are expertly covered to help you with this job. It's possible to get grass cutting in Falkirk, in the nearby areas of Camelon, Bainsford, Old Plean, Hallglen, Polmont, Bonnybridge, Westquarter, Stenhousemuir, Larbert, Denny, California, Grangemouth, Shieldhill, Brightons, Carronshore, Laurieston, Maddiston and in any of these. Locally based lawn mowing specialists will most likely have the postcode FK1 or similar, and the dialling code 01324. Checking this can guarantee you're accessing local grass cutting. Falkirk householders will be able to utilise these and many other related services. How Often to Mow a Lawn There aren't many garden owners in Falkirk who enjoy cutting the grass, and I guess we're all guilty of postponing this task till a later date. The truth is trimming your grass frequently is important, not only to make it look attractive, but also to keep it healthy. So, how often and when should we mow our lawns? The frequency of mowing will be contingent on the season and the weather conditions. Throughout the main growing season, you should really trim your grass at least once weekly (possibly even twice weekly), though you can reduce this slightly if it's extremely dry. Unless your turf is growing extremely quickly in the spring and autumn months, a fortnightly mow will be about right to keep it in good shape. Unless the weather in Falkirk is very mild and your grass has carried on growing, mowing should not be necessary during the winter season, and only then using a high-cut setting on the odd occasion. If it's wet or frosty, you should never cut your grass, because this will compress the soil underneath and harm the grass. Routine mowing can have many benefits: - It boosts "mulching" - the finer cuttings are returned to nourish the soil. - It reduces the chance of lawn scalping - the crowns of the turf grow upwards when the grass is long. - It lessens the potential for "thatching". - It keeps many harmful pests away - long grass attracts more pests. - It improves its visual appeal - your lawn will look tidier. - Well cropped lawns recover faster from the effects of disease and pests. - It makes the grass stronger and encourages new growth. Lawn Scarifying Falkirk In relation to scarifying, this short section will attempt clarify these pertinent questions: - Why would I need to carry out scarification? - Is it best to use machine or hand scarifying? - What is scarifying exactly? - What are the benefits of lawn scarifying? - When should you perform scarifying? Lawn scarification is a process whereby thatch and moss in your lawn are wheedled out by raking, and kept to a tolerable level. The raking procedure can be undertaken by hand using a spring-tined rake or using a mechanical scarifying machine. If you ask various lawn care specialists in Falkirk about scarifying, you might discover that viewpoints vary. Some will claim that "proper" scarifying can only be accomplished with a mechanical scarifier and not by hand, which merely removes small quantities of moss and doesn't have the desired effect. However, both methods can be beneficial in the right situation, and they have to be judged on their merits in our opinion. But, why is scarifying necessary? The fact is that it's totally natural for a layer of thatch and moss to form on a lawn, however it can impede the penetration of air, fertiliser and moisture to the roots of the grass if it grows too dense. The health of your lawn can be enhanced by removing most of this thatch and moss, and this can be achieved through scarifying. An indicator that your lawn in Falkirk needs scarifying is when it feels bouncy when you walk on it and is showing excessive moss growth in the autumn or winter months especially. The arrival of spring heralds the perfect time for a gentle raking with a hand rake, and if in the autumn the problem persists, bring out the heavy guns in the form of a scarifying machine. You can also access lawn scarifying in Camelon, Bainsford, Old Plean, Hallglen, Polmont, Bonnybridge, Westquarter, Stenhousemuir, Larbert, Denny, California, Grangemouth, Shieldhill, Brightons, Carronshore, Laurieston, Maddiston, and and of course in Falkirk itself. Lawn Rolling Falkirk Lots of property owners in Falkirk ask about lawn rolling services in the hope of getting a beautiful flat lawn to impress their neighbours. However, if you're seeking to make your lawn look like the local golf course or cricket pitch, you may have a mountain to climb. Although some minor imperfections and bumps can be ironed out by lawn rolling, the process can also lead to a number of problems by soil compaction, causing water runoff and inhibiting root growth. To get guidance on whether lawn rolling is recommended for your lawn, you should get in touch with your local Falkirk lawn care specialist, and they'll likely advocate spiking afterwards to enable moisture, air and nutrients to get into the soil and keep your lawn healthy, should you choose the lawn rolling option. If you're intending to seed a bare or new area, lawn rolling can also be worthwhile in the preparation stage, since a moderate rolling with a lightweight roller will help uniform germination as the seed will be pressed firmly down into the soil, giving a much more even spread. Basically, you should really only do lawn rolling during spring, only use a lightweight roller, and only on a dampish lawn (never ever a soaking wet one). And you should keep in mind that rolling is seldom necessary. Lawn Mowers - The Different Kinds - Rotary Lawn Mowers - Manual Push Lawn Mowers - Power Scythes - Cordless Mowers - Lawn Strimmers - Ride-On Lawn Mowers - Mulching Mowers - Hover Mowers - Electric Lawn Mowers - Cylinder Lawn Mowers - Hand Scythes Lawn Spiking Falkirk When the need arises to provide better aeration for your lawn, you can resort to a method known as "spiking". This can enhance the movement of moisture and air through the roots of the turf, with a number of benefits. A process that can help your lawn to successfully survive spells of both drought and waterlogging, spiking will may be necessary every 2 to 3 years. Hollow-tine spiking and solid-tine spiking are the 2 different methods of lawn aeration, and both of these can be equally beneficial in the appropriate conditions. Solid-tine lawn spiking, as the name suggests, is where solid spikes are driven into the earth to make access holes for fertiliser, air and moisture. Implements which are used for this procedure are a garden fork, an aerator or a lawn spiking machine. Devices can even be purchased that fit to the bottom of your shoes (although we've never yet tested these). The second method is hollow-tine aerating, where hundreds or even thousands of narrow plugs are removed from the soil to form the holes without compaction. Solid-tine spiking is the best solution for light and sandy soils, whilst hollow-tine spiking will have a more beneficial effect on cloggy clay soils where you must prevent further compaction. Once you've cleared away the plugs that are produced by a hollow-tining treatment, you should lightly fill the holes with a dressing of sand, loam and compost, which will improve air and moisture penetration into the heavy soil. The hollow-spike tining approach should only be practised every three or four years as required, given that it is quite an invasive treatment. The Benefits of Lawn Aeration/Spiking: - Enables maximum water penetration by reducing surface run-off. - Improves root development. - Helps the overseeding process, stimulating seedling growth. - Stops waterlogging by allowing water to drain off more easily. - Enhances moisture, air and nutrient movement around the root system. - Encourages a lush, green appearance. (Tags: Hollow-Spike Tining Falkirk, Lawn Spiking Falkirk, Lawn Aeration Falkirk). Lawn Edging Falkirk Lawn edging is excellent for creating a distinct barrier between your lawn and flower beds, pathways or driveway to keep it clean and tidy. By preventing gravel, mulch and soil from spilling into your lawn area, and also inhibits grass from spreading into areas of the garden where you don't want it, edging should help to keep your lawn looking immaculate. Your design and style of garden can be accentuated by choosing the appropriate edging product. Concrete or brick edging nicely defines the boundary between a driveway or path, steel creates a modern, durable finish and timber edging brings a more natural edge to a garden. Each of the materials has a particular method of installation, and although it could be within the capabilities of a competent DIY person to correctly install lawn edging, for getting the perfect look to your edging and for a long-lasting result, it's better to use a lawn specialist in Falkirk to design and install it. Grass Overseeding Falkirk There are particular operations that ought to be a regular part of your yearly lawn maintenance, and overseeding is one of those processes. Spring and autumn are the optimum times for overseeding, when the temperatures are normally above about 13°c and the seeds are likely to germinate in seven to twenty one days. Your lawn in Falkirk may benefit from overseeding in various ways, and it's a good way of: encouraging new growth in bare areas and worn patches, hampering the growth of moss and weeds, boosting pest resistence, making your grass more dense, reduced erosion/run-off and improving the colour of your turf. Subject to which area of grass you are overseeding, and the conditions experienced in that particular location, the selection of seed is crucial. For areas that are often shaded you'll want to use a shade-loving species such as creeping fescue, and for locations that endure lots of footfall you should use a seed blend which includes perennial ryegrass. Before overseeding it is preferable to remove any excess thatch and moss by vigorous raking, and simultaneously break up the surface of the soil to a fine texture. You can then sow your grass seed at about 50% the rate recommended, or approximately 10-15gms per square metre. 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An entire root system may really need to be taken out for certain types of weeds. Weeds like clovers are beneficial so you should not pull them. The health and beauty of your turf is going to be elevated by leaving clovers, because they are nitrogen rich plants. It can be beneficial to get a soil test kit to determine what the make-up of your soil is. Also you can determine the pH balance, and what nutrients are needed for having a perfect soil balance. When your lawn features bald spots, re-seed using a mix of different grass species. Disease happens to be a common occurrence but it won't affect all forms of grass so a mixture will guarantee some strong growth. In order to avoid your grass becoming a heavy thatch, be sure to break it up and aerate the soil. This can allow the roots to gain nutrition from the soil. The easiest method to aerate your grass is to use earthworms. As soon as the covering of thatch is more than 12 millimetres thick, you must get it de-thatched. 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You could take a look at the Wikipedia lawn webpage to learn information about the English lawn, mowing & other maintenance practices, varieties of lawn plants, lawn care & maintenance, the alternatives to grass, the origins of lawns, fertilizers & chemicals and the uses of lawns. To read an interesting and informative article about how to maintain your lawn in spring check this out. Doing a Search Online There is no question that your initial instinct when you're looking to find a tradesman or service in Falkirk is to head online and "Google it". As you are scanning this web page as we speak, you more than likely found your way to it by using Bing, Yahoo or Google. One dilemma is usually that the opening page results given by the popular search engines may not exactly be the ones you were after. Thinking of the ideal search term is essential when you are looking to find a given service, and in this situation it would be something like "lawn mowing in Falkirk", "grass cutting Falkirk", "grass cutting near me" or "Falkirk grass cutting". You might be interested to learn that the four top results are all too often PPC advertising (which may or may not be useful), and lots of the remaining page 1 results will be from large trade portals like Local Heroes, Checkatrade, My Hammer, Rated People, My Builder or TrustaTrader or internet directories such as 3 Best Rated, Yell, Yelp or Free Index. For any lawn care companies who've got a website, it is likely they're hidden away on the second or third pages of the listing results, and you will have to look beyond the first page. Getting client appraisals, reviews and free price quotes on a trade portal like My Hammer or Rated People can be beneficial, since there'll be tradesmen registered with such websites who don't bother with their own websites or related social media profiles. Lawn Care Tasks Falkirk A professional Falkirk gardener will likely be able to help you with routine lawn mowing in Falkirk, moss removal from lawns, lawn care estimates, hedge cutting, lawn mowing, lawn care Falkirk, lawn sprinkler services, lawn spiking, lawn watering, grass cutting, grass cutting estimates Falkirk, routine lawn care, lawn trimming, lawn designs, weekly grass cutting in Falkirk, lawn scarifying, overseeding lawns in Falkirk, lawn weed control Falkirk, lawn maintenance, grass cutting services, lawn top dressing, lawn, lawn mowing estimates, lawn over-seeding, grass cutting packages, grass care Falkirk, lawn fertilizing, lawn sodding, lawn re-turfing in Falkirk, lawn treatments and additional associated services. Listed are just a small portion of the activities that are undertaken by experts in grass cutting. Falkirk providers will tell you about their whole range of services. Skip Hire Falkirk: There is likely to be quite a bit of waste generated when you are undertaking any type of home refurbishments or garden makeovers in Falkirk. While a skip will seldom be needed when grass cutting alone is involved, one might be required for much larger gardening assignments such as garden clearance and landscaping in Falkirk. If the tradesman you use doesn't deal with waste removal, and it hasn't been listed on your price quote, this is something that you're going to have to deal with. If this job is left for you to do, you could look into hiring a skip. Skips come in various sizes depending on your needs, and deciding what type of skip to hire is vital. Almost all skip hire providers in Falkirk offer skip bags, mini-skips, midi-skips, builders skips and even roll-on roll-off skips for different domestic and commercial applications. You can GO HERE for skip hire prices in Falkirk. Grass Cutting Near Falkirk: Also find: Camelon lawn mowing, Westquarter lawn mowing, Shieldhill lawn mowing, Brightons lawn mowing, Stenhousemuir lawn mowing, Bainsford lawn mowing, Grangemouth lawn mowing, Carronshore lawn mowing, Laurieston lawn mowing, Old Plean lawn mowing, Denny lawn mowing, Hallglen lawn mowing, California lawn mowing, Polmont lawn mowing, Maddiston lawn mowing, Bonnybridge lawn mowing, Larbert garden services and more. Most of these villages and towns are catered for by specialists in grass cutting. Falkirk business and home owners can get tree surgery quotes by going here. More Falkirk Services: Even though you might be searching for a professional who can do grass cutting in Falkirk, Scotland, you can also get tree surgery in Falkirk, deck installation in Falkirk, garden design in Falkirk, a landscaper in Falkirk, waste removal in Falkirk, block paving in Falkirk, fencers in Falkirk, an electrician in Falkirk, gardeners in Falkirk, garden maintenance in Falkirk, a garden pond installer in Falkirk, garden shed construction in Falkirk, a handyman in Falkirk, patio installation in Falkirk, a bricklayer in Falkirk, a carpenter in Falkirk, SKIP HIRE in Falkirk, a gate installer in Falkirk, garden clearance in Falkirk. Grass Cutting Around Falkirk: In Williamson Street, Westburn Avenue, Scotia Place, Garthill Lane, Forbes Road, Garden Terrace, Queen Street, Park Street, Arnothill Mews, Learmonth Street, Kerse Lane, Grahams Road, Rosehall Terrace, Cockburn Street, Millburn Street, Melville Street, Bellsmeadow Road, Manor Street, Newmarket Street, Weir Street, Hodge Street, Oliver Road, Penders Lane, Mayfield Mews, Camelon Road, Moncks Road, Maggie Wood's Loan, and in the following Falkirk area, lawn mowing specialists were just recently undertaking lawn care work. These locations recently saw activity by experts in grass cutting. Falkirk business and home owners benefited from professional and competent grass cutting services. More Scotland Grass Cutting: More Scotland lawn care specialists: Kilsyth, Stevenston, Barrhead, Kirkintilloch, Strathaven, Girvan, Ellon, Stirling, Dalry, Greenock, Kirkcaldy, Clydebank, Elgin, Grangemouth, Rutherglen, Forfar, Viewpark, Whitburn, Westhill, Denny, Troon, Bonnybridge, Burntisland, Broxburn, Kirriemuir, Larkhall, Tranent, Cowdenbeath, Dumfries, Bonnyrigg, Peterhead, Cumbernauld, Coatbridge, Bathgate, Lerwick, Stornoway, Blantyre, Bellshill, Buckhaven, Forres, Cumnock, Fraserburgh, East Kilbride, Methil, Dalgety Bay, Dumbarton, Stepps, Inverness, Dundee, Stewarton, Armadale, Alva, Tullibody, Dunfermline, Ballingry, Largs, St Andrews, Newton Mearns, Penicuik, Ardrossan, Dunbar, Uddingston, Glasgow, Newport-on-Tay, Dalkeith, Bearsden, Stranraer, Erskine, Galston, Lochgelly, Bishopton, Linwood, Renfrew, Hamilton, Jedburgh, Nairn, Paisley, Kilwinning, Ayr, Kelso, Alloa, Aberdeen, Leven, Stenhousemuir, Livingston, Cupar, Carnoustie, Johnstone, Lanark, Cambuslang, Larbert, Dingwall, Kinross, Dunblane, Milngavie, Wishaw, Inverkeithing, Glenrothes, Bishopbriggs, Musselburgh, Perth, Airdrie, Montrose, Prestwick, Edinburgh, Falkirk, Stonehaven, Brechin, Kilmarnock, Hawick, Irvine, Motherwell, Linlithgow, Carluke, Ardeer, Inverurie, Arbroath, Lenzie, Prestonpans, Peebles, Fort William, Galashiels, Rosyth and Tayport. Gardener Jobs Falkirk: Get grass cutting jobs in Falkirk here: Gardener Jobs Falkirk Professional lawn care in FK1 area, phone code 01324. TOP - Grass Cutting Falkirk

Because Of Countless Hours of Research… These Gold Companies are our Top 4 Choices: Goldco – Our Best Choice Noblegold Goldco is a privately held firm concentrating on aiding individuals protect their retired life savings. Goldco works as a broker for silver and gold, yet what sets them apart from others in the industry is they also give their customers with an exceptional advisory solution, both when purchasing rare-earth elements as well as later on in retirement when it is time to liquidate. What is Goldco’s Process Like? ” From Goldco’s website, we entered our e-mail address and contact number in order to get a totally free informative set. A associate called us a few mins later on to get our address as well as stroll us through a quick appointment. The whole process was simple, tension complimentary, as well as interesting. After briefly asking about our current possessions, spending objectives, threat resistances, and future strategies, our account representative informed us on the basics of silver and gold IRAs. After our kit got here, which was loaded with lots of details, we completely underwent every one of our retirement assets. Seeing as exactly how we were practically 100% purchased the securities market and nearing retired life, we made a decision a precious metals IRA would certainly benefit us. We set up one more telephone appointment with our account representative as well as he patiently walked us via the rest of the procedure. We had an old individual retirement account that we made a decision to move into a gold individual retirement account. He dealt with all the documentation as well as contacted the broker agent firm that held our assets. Within a number of weeks, our properties were liquidated, and also the cash money was moved to Goldco. The documents for our new gold IRA was additionally set up by our account representative. We obtained a really fair price for our brand-new gold and also obtained evidence it was being held securely as well as safely at our custodian center. Moving forward, we will certainly still be designated to our very same account representative in case we wish to acquire more gold or liquidate our gold if we need it. The whole process was easy and also anxiety cost-free. Our total experience was extremely favorable and we do advise Goldco for anybody severe regarding hedging their retirement plan versus uncertainty.” — Goldco Customer GoldCo Affiliate Program– Expert Evaluation, a Rip-off or Legit? February 13, 2020 by John 10 Remarks This evaluation is mosting likely to have to do with the GoldCo Associate Program I have actually been been a member of it for 6months but actually started to use it just now recently once again. I have to state I am really satisfied that I have, since it looks extremely encouraging, let me telly you why in this short review.GoldCo Associate Program Product: GoldCo Affiliate Program. Website:. Owner: Goldco. Rate: FREE to join (IF you qualify). That is it for: Affiliate online marketers, Financial experts. Particular niche: Investing in general, Precious Metals, Cryptocurrency, Trading, etc. Total ranking: 4.9 out of 5 stars (4.9/ 5). P.S. All links on this web page are second rate associate web links, indicating I will generate income if you make sales (if you get authorized to the program). The money I might make, will obviously, Never ever be on your part, but on the behalf of the firm, that you advertise. Noblegold + ALL the Hyperlinks on This Page Come with Only Advantages! IF you sign up with through any one of the Hyperlinks on this web page you will certainly obtain a HUGE advantage over any competitor that wear ´ t, as I will certainly supply you with some “secret methods” that whatever from a seasoned Blogger, Social network or pay per click marketing professional, search engine optimization specialist, or even a full beginner in Associate advertising will have HUGE benefit from, ( learn more concerning that listed below). Why I would do this? Obviously, right? I mean if you make money, I make money? Yeah sure,. I also happen to LOVE to Help People Succeed. / John. Owner of: $ sharp Make $ leading Waste. Table of web content. What is Goldco affiliate program? Just how does it function? Information for affiliates. Gaining possibilities. Some instances of my commissions & earnings. Just how do you get paid? Various other alternatives? Exactly how you obtain authorized. My insider experience. Final words. Goldco Associate program (What is it)? As the name suggests the GoldCo affiliate program appears and straightforward the Gold individual retirement account supplier firm ´ s GoldCo ´ s affiliate program. If you are approved to join it, you can utilize this program to promote the investing services that GoldCo provides to clients and make hefty compensations doing so. Inside the backend you get accessibility to your associate links, and statistics. Something that is great regarding this is that you can also recieve fantastic SEO training if you prepare to take that path in your promo endavours. In short, it is a terrific chance to make HUGE associate compensation. Exactly how does it function? The GoldCo affiliate program functions just like any other associate program available, you are provided with your personal associate links and other material and also can after that begin advertising the product or services for the company. You are likewise able to see statistics inside your backend and you will certainly get an e-mail alert as quickly as you have produced a brand-new lead, you can certainly likewise, if you do not want this alert, you simply transform it off:. ( get going here) What is GoldCo Affiliate program. P.S . As discussed over, one point that I such as a lot is that there is some top-class affiliate training gave inside the backend, from the free training just, that permit you to discover, how to do search engine optimization and place your site and posts high in the SERPs, which method get free web traffic to your links. It’s never ever ahead of time to begin considering means to make saving for retired life a bit much safer. As you obtain closer to retirement, though, you’ll want to focus on anything that will certainly aid you to not only make conserving easier yet that will not require you to invest excessive time needing to deal with your accounts. Typical investing isn’t specifically simple for many financiers. Numerous barriers will frequently be in your method, some deliberate and some just due to just how investing works. If you invest in the securities market, for instance, you’ll need to spend a considerable quantity of time researching the efficiency of a offered stock prior to you intend to invest. Even then, though, there’s no warranty that a sudden market change will not invalidate all of your research study. Average investors aren’t out of luck when it comes to building their portfolios. There are companies like Goldco that can help them navigate their financial investment choices. Goldco is a firm concentrating on assisting its consumers buy rare-earth elements. Rather than dealing with supplies, bonds, or perhaps residential or commercial property, the business looks to ensure that its customers will be able to purchase a part of the market that often tends to be overlooked by lots of. The company tends to excel at making sure that their customers can invest in a way that makes sense. Why does this issue? In other words, it’s since Goldco can make financiers feel secure in spending even if those very same investors don’t feel like they are currently experts in the precious metals market. You don’t need any type of sort of background having fun supplies or working in investment company below – just a willingness to collaborate with an professional from Goldco so that you can find out specifically what steps are required to build your account. The Worth of Purchasing Gold. There’s been a great deal of speak about purchasing rare-earth elements just recently, yet people have actually been utilizing steels as an investment tool for fairly time. Gold IRAs themselves are certainly nothing brand-new, yet they can be a new method for you to purchase a brighter future. Acquiring gold is merely a method of purchasing a well-recognized store of value. Gold has been able to weather numerous storms over the ages, commonly obtaining worth even when the market has a tendency to go down. As you may visualize, after that, the reality that Goldco offers financiers a means to utilize this kind of device can profit those aiming to buy a procedure of security in the future. If you’re mosting likely to invest in gold, however, you need to go with a name you can rely on. Goldco is among the leaders in this sector, mostly through assisting customers to establish gold IRAs that really make a difference in their retirement plans. Entering the gold market isn’t always as very easy as one could really hope, however Goldco does simplify the process significantly. Goldco stands as a barrier versus considerable dips seen worldwide of conventional investing, Goldco presents a novel solution for financiers that intend to keep their riches secure from considerable market shifts. Actually, gold even works well as a bush versus inflation and a method to ensure that the money you invest now isn’t devalued gradually. Stability is the key aspect below. When you pick gold, you’re picking an investment that remains stable over time. It might vary a little bit below or there, however the price tends to be kept in a manner that you just can’t get out of other sorts of investments. Their company stands as a useful entity since it gives capitalists a opportunity to purchase something that at least seems like more of a winner than most of the various other financial investments they could make. They do a wonderful job helpful to make sure that its consumers will purchase real gold and utilize it as a actual investment for the future. So, is gold right for you? If you’re seeking to mitigate your threats and also maintain the worth of the cash that you already have, gold – as well as Goldco – are absolutely worth your time to check out. Doing so will offer you a strong possibility to invest in a manner in which ought to lessen your worries about the future. Why Investors Need Education And Learning. You can not just toss your cash at a retirement account and also expect the most effective; rather, you’ll have to hang out learning just how to invest your money to ensure that you can comfortably retire. Doing so implies taking the time to educate yourself on how various financial investments job and how specific assets might or might not be the right suitable for you. However, most conventional investors don’t do the type of homework they need to do to be successful. These investors trust that an expert will certainly constantly make the appropriate choice, so they do little more than signing a check. Unfortunately, this indicates that you’re actually placing every one of your hopes in a single person – and also oftentimes, that individual can lose in ways that you might not anticipate. If you determine to collaborate with a business like them, though, you will not be merely handing over your money. Instead, you’re going to be taking charge of your very own future as well as obtaining some fantastic suggestions in the process. Among the very best things about working with this company is that they do a wonderful work informing their customers. Any partnership with Goldco will certainly start with a discussion with a member of the business’s staff. These people are well-educated, of course, yet even more than that, they’re proficient at describing precisely what solutions the business provides. The business additionally does a great job explaining to you specifically why you may intend to place your cash in rare-earth elements. The huge reason that this issues is that gold is a special financial investment possibility. The good people at Goldco will certainly walk you via exactly how gold has actually boosted in value in recent years, exactly how the lasting prognosis for gold investment is solid, as well as just how buying gold can assist you to put cash right into when you’re bothered with the worth of your current incomes being dropped due to rising cost of living. Putting money in a gold individual retirement account is merely an superb method to make sure that you’re keeping a few of your cash separate from the sorts of financial investments that can be unduly affected by points like securities market collisions or worldwide economic uncertainty. The cash that is commonly shed when large economic issues happen commonly discovers its method right into the precious metals market. It’s always a good idea to precisely understand how to get into that part of the market before it goes south. Of course, your investment expert will certainly tell you regarding more than just the value of gold. They will certainly also stroll you through precisely just how your potential gold IRA would certainly function and how it can keep worth in ways that a much more traditional individual retirement account could not have the ability to match. Your advisor will clarify just how gold operate in general, exactly how your individual retirement account will function as an financial investment device, and also how you’ll have the ability to utilize the power of the gold market to satisfy some of your own financial investment objectives. Your consultant will likewise spend some time to describe specifically what you’ll be able to contribute to your account. Your goal here isn’t just to include gold or silver – it’s to do so in a manner that assists you to satisfy your own goals. This indicates making certain that you understand which items to acquire, which items might be a better long-term investment, and also which pieces that you’ll require to check out as you begin to determine what you’re planning on finishing with your account. Noblegold 2. AUGUSTA PRECIOUS METALS Noblegold Do you need to expand your retired life conserving techniques? Does your existing profile have too much direct exposure to basic stocks and also bonds that go to threat from the limitless decline of the united state buck? Are you trying to find a transparent, efficient, as well as trustworthy company to help with your retired life goals? Are you searching for an different method of possessions to assist you prepare for your retired life savings? Look no more because Augusta Valuable Metals Firm is the best fit. The clients are pleased with the business’s solutions, thus offering it an exceptional online reputation as well as luxury scores. The firm was developed in 2012, as well as it has not gotten any kind of grievances from the Bbb (BBB) and also the Business Consumer Alliance (BCA). Augusta Priceless Metals is recognized for its excellent trusted photo in conducting company. This testimonial will highlight the advantages and demerits of the company, look comprehensive at what the company does, the product or services it supplies, its qualified group, the reasons for one to purchase the precious metals, i.e., gold, silver, and so on, and what makes the business distinct to its consumers. Benefits and also disadvantages of Augusta Precious Metals. The following are the qualities of having an account at Augusta Precious Metals. They include;. • Openness, sincerity, and informative in all its endeavors. • The BBB and also BCA have actually elevated no problems since their facility. • Exceptional track record in the state and great evaluations of luxury from its clients. • Among the greatest ranked companies in the sector per their various favorable testimonials. • No pressure sales by salespeople. Negative aspects consist of;. • One requires to have a minimum of $50,000 bucks in the account. • There is no online arrangement, whereas the world has obtained made use of to doing whatever online. Augusta Priceless Metals Background. Augusta Priceless Metals is a business whose primary service is aiding capitalists in transforming investments right into precious metals, e.g., silver as well as gold. It is likewise a gold Individual Retirement Account (IRA) firm that does not have pressure sales, thus providing a stable workplace for its workers. The firm’s proficiency is with precious metal Individual retirement accounts, which have a tax-benefit benefit in physical steels, unlike supplies that are not backed by substantial assets. Rare-earth elements hold their value as well as have a lot less volatility, unlike stocks that have irregular cost motions daily. With its skilled team, the business informs its clients concerning their retirement diversity alternatives. It uses a basic strategy that enables its customers to clearly recognize the solutions rendered and also the products offered. The solutions provided proceed even after the client has actually attached the company. Numerous gold business do not provide long-term robust service past the initial purchase. The benefits of collaborating with Augusta do not gap after the initial purchase. Augusta is known for its reputable name and brings in much more consumers as no other individual retirement account business can assert not to have issues from the BBB and the BCA. The firm’s goal is to safeguard its consumers’ futures with precious metals Individual retirement accounts. The firm additionally has to offer sales to non-retirement customers who intend to possess their silver and gold outside the individual retirement account. Augusta Firm is sincere and transparent in its negotiations with customers. It educates the customers regarding obtaining the rare-earth elements IRAs as well as just how to preserve them throughout the conserving procedure. The company advises its clients on the threats involved and also the durability of their solutions. Noblegold Monitoring Team of the Firm. Isaac Nuriani is the business’s CEO. As the business mentions, he aided introduce the business to assist individuals retire and also save by increasing their savings with precious metals. Mr. Nuriani helps with the process by educating the customers on the significance of them maintaining their properties like precious metals. Isaac Nuriani believes in the values of transparency and also dedication when leading the firm. Mr. Isaac is likewise a participant of numerous organizations, such as the Ethics network. A solid team backs up Mr. Nuriani to make it possible for the firm to complete its tasks. Devlyn Steele forms part of the group as he is the company’s Education Director. Mr. Steele leads the education and learning group to educate the clients about saving mechanisms with alternate properties. His job has made numerous Americans well-off by purchasing business and additionally start saving via precious metals. Howard Smith, the Principal Financial Officer of the company, provides expertise about danger monitoring to the business as well as the clients. He has actually aided the company attain its financial and company goals because he began collaborating with the business in 2018. Mr. Smith has further assisted consumers conquer the possible risks that might impact their retirement. What You Need to Find Out About Augusta Valuable Metals. Augusta Precious Metals evaluation. Augusta Valuable Metals is among one of the most trusted names in gold investing, and if you’re looking to purchase gold and silver bullion, you may find yourself asking yourself whether it’s the right firm for you. If so, you have actually involved the appropriate area; our Augusta Precious Metals review has all the details you need to make an enlightened decision regarding whether this investment company is right for your needs. Augusta Valuable Metals Evaluation. Augusta Precious Metals is an IRA administrator that has been around given that 2006. The company was named one of Inc 500’s fastest expanding firms in 2013 and also they are accredited as an individual retirement account administrator by both IRS and also NFA. Augusta specializes in physical rare-earth elements including gold, silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium. They have a wide range of products from fractional sizes (1/10 oz) to bars (up to 100 oz). They additionally have lots of options for storage ranging from Augusta Vaults to self-directed safe deposit boxes. Overall, Augusta has actually been an recognized business that is still growing. If you’re searching for a reputable as well as solid gold IRA company, they are one of your best choices. { However, in order to give you with an objective opinion on Augusta’s services we had some assistance from our buddies at Bullion Exchanges in Dubai. In order to give you with an unbiased viewpoint on Augusta’s solutions we had some assistance from our friends at Bullion Exchanges in Dubai. Check out their testimony below:. One of our customers had an interest in opening up a Gold individual retirement account via a carrier beyond North America. We helped him in selecting Augusta Precious Metals as his recommended choice. The procedure went smoothly as well as he purchased physical gold for his IRA via Augusta Valuable Metals. Since then he notified us that he got dividends on his assets as well as makes routine contributions in the direction of constructing wealth making use of precious metals such as silver and gold due to low inflation prices contrasted to paper currencies. He claims their customer care is outstanding! The Creators Behind Augusta Valuable Metals. Augusta Precious Metals was founded in 2012 by Isaac Nuriani. Augusta Rare-earth element offers affordable prices and also excellent quality gold with their regular reduced charges ( among many factors they consistently place as one of our preferred locations to open a precious metal individual retirement account). They’re members of both The National Coin Dealers Organization and also Market Council for Concrete Properties. Their company is insured by Lloyd’s of London. As for gold individual retirement account companies go, Augusta Precious Metals attracts attention for its practical approach and organization principles. If you’re trying to find a place to purchase gold or silver for your IRA, we certainly suggest providing a try. Augusta Precious Metals has an A+ rating with the Bbb and all of their evaluations on Google are positive– even if they have a tendency to applaud them greater than deal constructive objection. They have actually even gotten favorable reviews from precious metals guru Peter Schiff! Because Augusta Valuable Metals is an recognized company with years of experience, they do their ideal to stroll customers through what is usually an unknown procedure. Augusta will certainly assist you select which sort of metals (gold, silver, platinum) makes good sense for your investment objectives. Background of Gold IRAs and Gold Buying. Prior to you decide to acquire gold, it’s important that you comprehend what a gold individual retirement account is and just how it functions. The federal government enables rare-earth elements like gold, silver, platinum and palladium to be used in a retirement account. This allows investors to expand their profiles, avoid excessive danger in stock exchange and also obtain tax benefits. To read more about Augusta Valuable Metals and also why buying precious metals is valuable for your monetary future, continue reading! And for more on why buying rare-earth elements is advantageous for your financial future, have a look at our section listed below! Augusta Precious Metals offers investors a vast array of gold bullion items that create fantastic retirement financial investments. If you’re taking into consideration opening up a gold IRA, or looking for a solid location to invest in precious metals, we welcome you to call us today. Our group will enjoy to answer any type of questions and also guide you via our various offerings. When it involves investing in precious metals, there are couple of names that carry as much status and respect as Augusta Priceless Metals. As one of America’s biggest silver and gold dealers, we collaborate with many international mints including The Royal Canadian Mint and also The Perth Mint. Sorts Of Gold IRAs. Augusta Valuable Metals Testimonial. There are 2 primary types of gold IRAs: straight and indirect. The most typical type is a direct individual retirement account, which can be set up at practically any kind of financial institution or lending institution that provides Individual retirement accounts. Many financial consultants recommend going with a self-directed account, because they enable capitalists to invest in alternate possessions like real estate, concrete home as well as rare-earth elements. On top of that, these accounts often tend to come with greater payment limitations than various other accounts (up to $70,000 each year). It’s crucial to note that there are more stringent IRS guidelines for developing straight gold Individual retirement accounts; some investments such as hedge funds do not count as qualified. It is essential to keep in mind that there are more stringent IRS standards for establishing straight gold IRAs; some investments such as hedge funds don’t count as certified. That stated, not all financial investment choices will certainly benefit every person– if one doesn’t benefit you currently it does not suggest it will not function later in the future. It’s constantly a great idea to run concepts by your tax expert before making any significant adjustments. Furthermore, investors who desire maximum defense can go with an indirect account via a financial institution like Augusta Precious Metals (APS)– the procedure is very comparable to a typical IRA or 401( k), yet rather than holding stocks as well as bonds you’re holding physical gold and silver bars stored at APS’s safekeeping facility. Investors that want optimum defense can select an indirect account through a banks like Augusta Precious Metals (APS)– the process is extremely similar to a standard IRA or 401( k), but instead of holding stocks as well as bonds you’re holding physical gold and silver bars kept at APS’s safekeeping facility.

This view is on what Bernard Bailyn called, in a seminal book, “The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution,” an emphasis on political and constitutional ideas as motivating forces. Draper is not the first to challenge the key role of ideology in the Revolution. Neo-Marxist scholars have done their best to discount the importance of ideas expressed in pamphlets and newspapers and speeches by upperclass leaders of the Revolution and emphasized a posited discontent among the inarticulate lower class. Draper gives short shrift to this kind of challenge. He acknowledges the existence of an “anonymous mass of the poor to the middle stratum” whose support of the Revolution “generally expressed itself in destructive local violence, which suddenly flared up and just as suddenly subsided.” But whatever discontent may have moved the lower classes, it was “mainly expressed against the British rather than their own elite.” “In the end,” he says, “the elite managed to hold on to its leadership and to direct the Revolution where it wanted it to go.” Where the leaders wanted it to go, however, is not to be found, he asserts, in what they told themselves they wanted or imagined they wanted in the years before 1776. He does not suggest that they were hypocrites, mouthing talk about rights that was mere camouflage for tax-dodging, a view commonly implied if not expressed by the so-called Progressive historians of the 1930s, like Charles Beard. Rather he thinks that the colonists did not quite know at first what they wanted, namely the removal of all the restraints that membership in the British Empire imposed on them. It took them ten years or more to recognize that their quarrel with the British Parliament, once started, was irreconcilable. They could not have been satisfied with anything short of total independence, nor could the British have been satisfied with anything short of total subjection; because each side wanted a power that the other could not allow. Advertisement Draper gives a detailed account of the course of the political and constitutional arguments on both sides, as the colonists worked their way toward recognition of what they really wanted. He does so to show “the intellectual struggle that preceded the outbreak of hostilities.” But he is convinced that “something of longer range and deeper significance [than the arguments indicated] was driving the Americans to an ever more extreme resolution of the conflict.” As he sees it, the ideological interpretation makes too much of the colonists’ adherence to the English commonwealth tradition of Milton and Sydney, perpetuated by the “eighteenth-century Commonwealth-men” who mounted a vocal but unavailing opposition to the Whig oligarchy in England. Preoccupation with that tradition has led historians to emphasize constitutional issues and to neglect a longer line of English thinking about colonies that stressed the likelihood of their seeking independence as they grew in size and strength and therefore in power. Draper demonstrates with a host of quotations that the English already in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries had mixed feelings about their colonies. Colonies might be useful as sources of raw materials for the country that founded them and as captive markets for its manufactures; but as colonies grew, they could become competitors rather than servitors, and in the end would throw off all subordination. If colonies were not kept under strict control, Charles Davenant warned in 1698, they would be “like offensive Arms, wrested from a Nation, to be turn’d against it, as occasion shall serve.” And David Hume in his History of England complained that the colonies would surely go off on their own “after draining the mother country of inhabitants.” This line of reasoning was as old as colonization. Indeed, even in the sixteenth century, before England had any colonies, the chief proponent for founding them, Richard Hakluyt, conceded that they might ultimately “aspire to government of themselves” and attain it.1 The likelihood of such an outcome was magnified by the fact that when the English launched their colonies, they did it, as Draper observes, “on the cheap.” English colonies were the product of private enterprise, authorized by the king at a time when the king was truly sovereign, but they were paid for by corporations and individuals who hoped to profit from them. Although they remained legally subject to royal control, usually through a royally appointed governor, the actual colonists were expected, both by the king and by their backers, to pay for their own government and defense, taxing themselves through their own representative legislative assemblies. The governors appointed by the king usually had to rely on those assemblies to pay all the expenses of government, even the governors’ own salaries. As a result the assemblies attained a power that posed an increasing threat to imperial control. By the opening of the eighteenth century the governors were deluging the king’s ministers in England with complaints of their helplessness to carry out the instructions sent them. Draper cites the case of Robert Hunter, who after two years of fruitless struggling with the New York Assembly, wrote to his superiors in 1711 that “without a speedy and effectual remedy her Majesty can make no state of any government in this place, and in a little time the disease may prove too strong for the cure.” Eleven years later, he tells us, Governor Samuel Shute reported from Massachusetts that “the people here pay little attention or no defference to any opinion or orders that I receive from the Ministry at Home.” But this was the era when British policy toward the colonies was one of “salutary neglect,” and Draper shows that the governors’ pleas for a show of power from home went unheeded. By the middle of the century, neglect was beginning to look not so salutary. The colonies were growing in population at a rate unheard of in Europe, doubling every twenty-five years. It was apparent that in less than another century they would overtake the mother country. Predictions of ultimate independence now took on a more immediate relevance. Already the colonies comprised so large a portion of the market for English manufactures that England’s economy was more dependent on them than they were on England. And as they grew, their very growth undermined their usefulness, for their original scarcity of labor no longer inhibited their engaging in manufactures competing with England’s. Draper argues that the English government failed to confront the implications of this growth until the 1760s, when the conquest of Canada from the French doubled the national debt and brought the overseas empire suddenly to national attention. If new colonies in America were worth acquiring or defending at such a price, it was time for Parliament to take a hand in the way all the colonies were governed. Parliament had long since gained a dominant position over the king in the government in England. Neither its members nor the king himself ever doubted that its supremacy extended to the colonies, though it was a supremacy hitherto exercised only in the regulation of colonial trade, with local government left to the colonial representative assemblies and the royal governors. The assemblies, exercising the same power of the purse that had driven parliamentary ascendancy over the king, had come to regard that power, within their boundaries, as their exclusive right, and they had used it to gain their own superiority over the royal governors. They did so, Draper explains, by delaying or withholding funds for crucial government activities and by doling out the governors’ salaries only on a year-to-year basis. Parliament assumed too easily that it could ignore the assemblies: by levying its own taxes directly on the colonists, it could preempt whatever power of the purse the assemblies might have supposed they had. It could even legislate directly for the colonies if it chose to do so. Parliament and the colonial assemblies were thus on a collision course which would become apparent as soon as Parliament attempted to exercise its presumed supremacy. Advertisement When Parliament made the attempt with the program of direct taxation that began with the Sugar Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765, it was already too late. The colonists had already grown to the degree of strength needed to sustain a bid for independence. Draper insists that the British understood this before the colonists did. In resisting parliamentary measures, the colonists tried for a decade to draw a line between their own powers and those of Parliament within a British Empire toward which they retained an ever diminishing pride and loyalty. The English, schooled in the expectation of an eventual colonial independence, saw every colonial denial of total parliamentary supremacy in the light of that expectation and acted to thwart its fulfillment for as long as possible. In effect, Draper is saying that the British were right. The colonists may not have thought that they were headed for independence, may have sincerely denied any such intention, but once they challenged the supremacy that Parliament would not relinquish, they could not have stopped short of the independence that the English knew all along they really wanted. The story as Draper tells it is fascinating. After all, it did happen. The Americans did go for independence in the end. They could not find a durable line between Parliament’s authority and their own that would enable them to stay within the Empire. It may have been as much the arrogance of Parliament as colonial growth that made compromise impossible, but it did prove impossible. Without the conquest of Canada and the new attention it brought to the colonies, the confrontation might not have come when it did. But it did come, and the expectation of it may well have contributed to its coming when it did. The prophecies may have been irresistibly self-fulfilling. Draper is careful not to treat the events he narrates as inevitable, but the working out of the old predictions seems to demonstrate an inescapable sequence: political power will ultimately conform to changes in economic power. Draper repeatedly cites a prediction by James Harrington that when the colonies came of age they would “wean themselves.” He might appropriately have cited Harrington’s main contention that economic power begets political power, that the shift in economic power sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England from the king to the gentry had required the shift in political power from king to Parliament, a shift that also involved a struggle, and culminated in the English Civil War. Draper is offering a Harringtonian analysis, affirming that the colonists, even before they realized it, were grasping for the political power that their growth had already given them. The analysis may also remind us that ideology generally conforms to political power, even as political power conforms to economic power. But in reducing the Revolution to nothing more than a struggle for power, Draper departs from Harrington, who he thinks “was only useful [to the Americans] to stress that when the colonies had come of age they would have a right to their own place in the sun.” That assessment neglects the fact that Harrington was a commonwealthman, indeed a republican, imprisoned Charles II as a threat to the restored monarchy and admired by the Americans not so much for his predictions of their independence as for his proposed limitation of government by a written constitution, in order to make the executive subordinate to the legislature and to keep both subordinate to the people by frequent elections, secret ballots, and rotation in office. By contrast, Draper seems to be arguing that the struggle over possession of power in the Revolution had little to do with whatever political or constitutional restrictions people may have wished to attach to it. Apart from the growth of colonial population and economic power, he says, “it would have mattered little who was right or wrong in the ideological, constitutional, and political arguments of the years after the Stamp Act.” We may agree that such arguments might have mattered little in the ultimate outcome of a struggle for power, once it came to a trial of strength on the field of battle (though that, too, is debatable). But the struggle Draper recounts took place before the trial. It was marked only occasionally by violence and was conducted largely in words, in pamphlets, newspapers, and speeches, as well as in acts of Parliament and resolutions of colonial assemblies. The verbal struggle was ideological, constitutional, and political, and it had as much to do with the legitimation and limitation of power as with its location. The colonists may have been mistaken in thinking that they could achieve a curtailment of governmental power within the Empire, but they embraced the necessity of independence only after Parliament had demonstrated that it would not be bound by its previous restraint in leaving them to make their own laws and levy their own taxes through their own representative assemblies. They believed that restraint to be a matter of right, embedded along with other rights, such as trial by jury, in the unwritten British Constitution. As British subjects they had been proud of those rights and had never doubted that they were entitled to them. They struck for independence when the British government refused to recognize their entitlement. They wanted not merely power but power defined and limited as they believed the British Constitution defined and limited it. Since the British government had been able to violate limits not expressly set down in black and white, they took pains to supply the deficiency at once in their own new constitutions, specifying not only what powers their governments should have but also what powers they did not and should not have. Without such a specification (such as Harrington had favored a century earlier) they could no longer trust anyone, themselves included, not to abuse power as Parliament had done. In discounting the colonists’ constitutional arguments (which, incidentally, many constitutional historians now regard as historically valid) Draper seems to imply that constitutions are something other than instruments for the distribution and control of power. Constitutional arguments seem to take place for him on some plane isolated from the actual use of power. “In form,” he allows, this debate was “constitutional.” It was superficially a controversy over the jurisdiction of Parliament over America. Yet the term constitutional hardly conveys what was really at stake. It was whether and to what extent Parliament’s power extended as far as the colonies. If Parliament did not have such power or if it was restricted to only as much power as the colonists were willing to consent to, the implication was that the colonies were declaring themselves to be de facto independent. This in any case was how the British saw it. The Americans were long loath to admit even to themselves that this was what they were aiming at. The extension of Parliament’s power over the colonies was indeed at stake, but the question of its extension was nothing if not a constitutional one. Questions of governmental power in Anglo-American history have generally been constitutional questions, and constitutional limitations of governmental power have often come into existence after and as a result of, not to say the objective of, a struggle for power. The distinction is not merely semantic. When the colonists maintained that they could be taxed only by their own consent given through their representatives, they believed they were affirming a constitutional limitation of government already established in the seventeenth-century struggle for power in England that they so often cited for precedents. Their outrage at England’s attempt to tax them arose from their dismay at Parliament’s provincial interpretation of representation to mean only what took place at Westminster, where they were said to be represented by stretching the concept to a meaningless length. (It could as plausibly be said that the whole world was represented there.) Parliament, it seemed to them, was violating the very principle on which its own authority rested. Isolating constitutional arguments from reality makes it plausible for Draper to portray the Americans as scarcely knowing or admitting to themselves what they really wanted when they disavowed a desire for outright independence and contended that they wanted nothing more than a return to the relationship that existed before 1763. That relationship had been marked by little constitutional conflict, except as implied in the clashes between governors and assemblies. A ramshackle system, it had nevertheless worked until Parliament tried to fix it and in doing so led the colonists to define the constitutional principles that had made it satisfactory to both parties. Draper’s emphasis on the British expectation of a colonial bid for independence leads him, I think, to exaggerate the colonists’ flouting of imperial policy under those principles before 1763. Later royal governors were not quite as helpless as those whose letters Draper quotes at length from the early part of the century. In the two or three decades before 1763 many governors enjoyed an accretion of power that made the implementation of British colonial policy less precarious than it once seemed. If the colonists were growing in strength, so in many ways was the imperial control exercised by royal governors through traditional channels. In Massachusetts, for example, later to be a center of revolutionary activity, the royal governor had gained not a dominating but at least a respectable power in the colonial assembly itself. As the historian John Murrin has shown, he had been able to use his prerogative of appointing justices of the peace to influence a sizable bloc of representatives and to shift a good deal of governmental power to the county courts where the justices presided. Disputes over the governor’s salary came to an end after 1735, when the assembly, while declining to grant a permanent salary, agreed to make an annual grant the first business of every session. “In effect,” Murrin tells us, “the governor obtained a guaranteed salary, which he had never had before, while the House agreed never again to use its most effective weapon. This settlement took constitutional questions out of politics for the next generation, guaranteed the governor’s political independence, and thus inaugurated the royal era of Massachusetts history.”2 Not every colony experienced such a “royal era,” but in eighteen colonies, including some that later participated in the Revolution, the British were able to establish salaries for governors independent of assembly control.3 Thus, when the colonists offered a constitutional definition of the relationship that existed before 1763, they were demanding restoration of a system that had worked for England as well as for themselves and that generated neither discontent nor aspirations of independence. Draper sees the colonists, even before 1763, as straining at the leash, impatient with the restrictions imposed by parliamentary regulation of their trade and manufactures, violating those restrictions at every opportunity. But the economic growth that made the colonies strong and ever stronger took place within the limits established by Parliament in the so-called Navigation Acts, which required the colonies to purchase all European products from England and to sell their major exports in England. It is misleading to claim that “one of the most cherished colonial freedoms had been the freedom to smuggle,” that is, to evade customs duties or to import European goods directly from foreign countries and export to them the commodities, such as sugar and tobacco, that were supposed to be sent to England. Smuggling undoubtedly existed, and smugglers do not leave the archives needed to measure their activities, but enough records of legitimate trade survive for historians to assign the prosperity of the colonies to it. In the vain attempt to define a limit to Parliament’s authority over them, colonial spokesmen left intact its authority to regulate their trade. Even when they came to the point of denying Parliament any authority at all, as they generally did by 1774, they continued, in the Continental Congress of that year, to express a willingness to submit voluntarily to such regulation. And in the Declaration of Independence, when compiling their long (and inflated) list of grievances, they were careful to exclude the Navigation Acts. Before the fighting began, it was not unrealistic for the colonists to hope that the struggle for power could be settled within the Empire. They had a greater knowledge of the way the Empire had worked and a greater knowledge of themselves than Draper gives them credit for. The Revolution was indeed a struggle for power. And Draper’s account is a forceful reminder that the arguments over the limitation of power took place only because power itself was in dispute. His book restores to a central place in the Revolution the simple clash of wills that can be neglected in searches for a larger meaning. Yet there was a larger meaning. It can be found in the constitutional limitation of power that the Americans thought they had enjoyed before 1763 and affirmed as their right there-after. They knew what they wanted from the beginning, and it was precisely what they said they wanted: not power alone but just power derived from the consent of the governed. That was the objective to which they ultimately and successfully pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor. This Issue March 21, 1996 Queen of the Golden Age Too Nice to Win? Palimpsest Regained - 1 E.G.R. Taylor, editor, The Original Writings and Correspondence of the Two-Richard Hakluyts (London, 1935, Works issued by the Hakluyt Society, LXXVI, LXXVII), pp. 142-143. ↩ - 2 History and Theory, Vol. XI, No. 2, “Review Essay” (1972), pp. 226-275. This essay has had almost as much influence on historical interpretation as the books it reviewed. ↩ - 3 Leonard W. Labaree, Royal Government in America (Yale University Press, 1930; Frederick Ungar, 1958), p. 335. ↩

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Social distancing, an influx of unfortunate news, and the abrupt change to remote work have severely impacted their morale and motivation. This lack of initiative has expanded all over. Sally M. Fox, a copywriter from the UK, sums up everyone’s low motivation in one sentence: “With no idea when this will end and no clear delineation between work and leisure time, my usual motivational favorites, future planning, and walks in the fresh air are off-menu.” Motivation is one of the most complex concepts that can make or break our days. Why? Because literally anything can be behind motivation or a lack of drive. Not seeing a purpose to your work. Being in an environment that’s prone to bringing up distractions. Feeling pressured or unappreciated. The good news is that just as quickly as we lose motivation, we can boost it and make the most of our days. The importance of staying motivated when at work Motivation is that one tiny thing we all ignore until we realize it’s no longer with us. Behind its apparent unimportance, everything around you results from a highly motivated person who didn’t give up. This being said, having a higher dose of self-motivation drives us to keep pushing and learning until we reach our top goals. No motivation to work and you’ve set yourself to nothing. Beyond this, you also need to work on staying motivated to keep your business going and never stray away from your targets. Some people argue that motivation is not a prerequisite but a result: “I thought motivation was a prerequisite to starting a tedious learning process—a spark necessary to get me going. But motivation is really a result. Motivation is the fire that starts burning after you manually, painfully, coax it into existence, and it feeds on the satisfaction of seeing yourself make progress.” – “The Motivation Myth” by Jeff Haden. This subtle mix of achieving motivation and keeping it makes us feel competent, accomplished, and accountable. “Although it can be hard to summon up work motivation each day, especially consistently, it’s well worth pushing yourself. The sense of achievement keeps driving you along. Furthermore, once you find a sense of “flow” work can be far less emotionally taxing than fixating on an endless news cycle. Yes, everybody is having bad days, but bouncing back and making sure the next is a good one is definitely the key.” – Ben Taylor, Founder @HomeWorkingClub Frankly, every single aspect of your life is dependent on motivation to a certain degree. From staying in touch with your friends and family to getting out of a rut or improving our personal brand’s reputation. The #1 reason you might want to gain back your motivation to work is that it just makes life easier. It is good for your energy levels, it’s one of the best solutions to procrastination, and it pushes you to do your best. All in much less time than you would if you were delaying everything. No more postponing work or sleeping in because you just can’t be bothered to do something. It’s what always worked for personal productivity. How to increase your work motivation Not all tips on work motivation are practical, though. With many aspects influencing our day-to-day lives, how can you know what method to use first? Every individual has one or two key things they care about. For instance, if you’re a career-driven person, your top motivation might be keeping your goal in mind at all times. But as usual, no matter how different we are, there will always be a set of feelings and concepts that will build up to demotivate us. Here’s how to fight back the lack of motivation: Get rid of negative emotions Negative feelings can keep us from focusing on our goals. All our worries, fears, and anxieties keep us thinking of all the things that could go wrong, along with other personal issues we might have. These distract us from our priorities indefinitely, having us postpone our life-long dreams until it’s too late. The secret is to avoid having time to think about these negative aspects of your life while focusing on the good: your happiest moments, things you’ve learned, or how you’ll feel once you reach a goal. “If you are suffering from stress or anxiety, it’s a great time to start practicing yoga and/or meditation to help change your relationship to negative thought patterns. These practices can help shift your perspective to lean towards positive thoughts and emotions, and as a result, lead to greater productivity and motivation in your personal and work life.” – Jamie-Lee Kay, Co-Founder @theotherstraw Simply talking to other people can keep you balanced and take your mind off all the things that are bothering you: “Talk to people, don’t bottle up your fears and concerns. Once you have let it off your chest, you may feel better and can move onwards. It’s ok to be anxious.” – Andrew Taylor, Director @Net Lawman Plan your day and keep distractions at bay One quick fix to help you avoid bumping into distractions is to create a schedule and stick to it. If you know you only have 1 hour to take care of a task, you’ll have to work during that time and steer clear of any social media posts, funny videos, or articles that can wait. Use a work management tool like Paymo to plan tasks and follow their progress as you work on getting them done. Prioritize them and start small every day, gradually expanding your goals until every single task you do daily will help you reach your ultimate goal. Detailed task list in Paymo Nikki Hamilton advises on automating this entire process of managing tasks: “If there are tasks that need to be repeated over and over, create templates to take the thinking and emotion out of them. This could be as simple as drafting a checklist to work through each time or using scheduling software to automate the workflows.” To see how you’re progressing, you’ll want to monitor how you spend your time. Clock in your tasks to see how your efforts add up and whether or not the time was spent according to your priorities. If turning the timer on and off seems too much of a routine activity, switch to a top time tracking tool like the online timekeeping system for project tracking. PaymoPlus records everything you do on a computer—including idle time—so you can see exactly what your top distractions are and stay away from those apps or websites in the future. Time tracking works best for freelancers compared to businesses where there’s more than one employee. For example, if you’re managing your team’s working hours, you’ll want employee timesheet software to augment your business. Time tracking is essential to accurate billing, so many users like online bookkeeping because it’s easy and convenient. Try out the best invoicing software for freelancers in 2022. If you’re unsure how generating invoices works and which invoicing mistakes to avoid, read our complete invoicing guide. If you need a free and quick invoice generator online that has printable templates, opt for an invoice builder. Another helpful feature is the built-in Pomodoro timer for desktop (Mac, Windows, and Linux). Learn what is the Pomodoro technique in this article. Time tracking with Paymo Identify the causes behind your mistakes to avoid making them again Humans are, by nature, highly likely to repeat the same mistakes they’ve made before. You’d think that seeing what blunders you’ve faced, learning from them, and never going that way would be easy. Life happens, and we find ourselves in the same positions repeatedly. We procrastinate, choosing temporarily fun activities over the ones that can truly help us attain our goals, and we’re simply too distracted by everything around us. As mentioned in the previous section, the key to a successful weekly work plan is to make sure you don’t leave time for distractions. You should keep anything unrelated to work for your planned breaks. Bookmark it for later if you come across some tempting news or a viral video. The worst distractions are not a harmless cat video or your kids asking you a question. It’s the bad news you see on TV or social media that will only make you worry and keep your mind elsewhere in the long run. Mitchell Kelly, Director of Digital Marketing @Pathfinder Alliance shared his own biggest distractions, which are likely to be the same for many of us: “A huge challenge for me is procrastination and distraction. They are the biggest enemies of productivity and motivation. To get on top of them, you need to identify the source of your major distractions and eliminate them one by one. When you’re working from home, it’s easy to get caught up in the endless parade of notifications and time-draining apps only to find your concentration and productivity melt away. At a minimum, use the Do Not Disturb mode and put your phone in another room so that you won’t have it constantly tempting you. Also, it should go without saying but you need to keep your office separate from where you normally relax. If you have a separate study room, this is the best option, but if you’re in a small apartment without a lot of space, then the next best option would be to set up an area in your living room facing away from the TV.” Challenge yourself Why add a challenge to your daily routine if you’re already finding it difficult to stay motivated? Challenges are what keep us evolving. They help us stay focused on our goals and increase our engagement rates, making us excited to take care of our duties and not just complete them to finish work quickly. We all seem to have different ways of looking at a challenge, though. Ben Taylor shared with us how finding a new challenge has been motivating him each day: “Giving myself new projects to work on has been a strong motivator for me. This is a great opportunity to take stock and think of where you can develop new skills, and many companies are offering free training materials. I hope to someday emerge from lockdown knowing two new languages – Python (programming) and Spanish!” For Grant Gurewitz @Think For Yourself, keeping himself busy also works: “I like to take a page from Japan’s longest-lived people who maintain a healthy body and active mind into their 100s by simply keeping their hands busy. Gardening, washing dishes, folding laundry, cleaning, and cooking, while some are not activities we love, are amazing ways to stimulate creative thinking. Try doing any of these necessary activities without consuming content like audiobooks, podcasts, or scrolling your phone to give your brain time to wander into some of your best creative thinking in years.” For Becca Taylor, a Holistic Time Management Coach, simply staying accountable is enough to keep her motivation strong: “One of my favorite ways to get motivated is to tell someone else what I’m doing and when I’ll finish it and that really lights a fire for me. Accountability is one of my favorite ways to challenge myself, especially when I give a deadline that I know is a bit of a stretch. Another great way is to have a treat or something I really want after I get a project done. This exercises my self-accountability muscle and I get to celebrate that I accomplished a goal at work. Our brains really love positive reinforcement.” Find that one thing to keep you going Receiving recognition, making a change, advancing professionally, and even earning extra cash. All of these are solid reasons to stick to and keep going. Accomplishing each one of your own goals at a time helps you feel like you’re contributing to a larger cause and not just putting in work for someone else’s sake. “Look deep inside of you for your ‘why’. What is that one big reason for what you’re doing? Sometimes it’s hard to find a reason for ourselves, which is why I make it about others as well. What I do is to support my girl, my family, and even the cat (she counts too)! This makes waking up at 4:30 in the morning easier. It also makes it easier to sit down and get my actions for the day completed. You don’t always have the biggest ‘why’ in the world, but making it emotional and attaching it to the ones that you love can certainly help you move mountains.” – James Canzanella, Owner @Isolated Marketing Nights According to Vroom’s Expectancy Theory, this tip should work for everyone. This theory states that both individuals and companies are driven by the positive correlation between their own efforts and their performance outcomes. Implicitly, rewards will satisfy their needs. So the mere thought that your need will be met by performing a task is enough to keep you working and staying focused on the end reward. Prioritize your mental health Job burnout might keep you from focusing on your work, giving your best performance, and seeing the end results. To steer clear of burnout, you must know when to end your workday. Take breaks as often as needed [maybe even when you don’t feel like you HAVE to take one, but you’ve already been working for 5 hours straight]. Go for a walk or just take your laptop to your balcony or terrace to take some pressure off your shoulders. Anything to break the routine will do the trick. Your mental health is at stake here. So focus on one task at a time and take care of them in order of priority. Try not to accept new work you won’t be able to finish unless you stay to work through the night or on weekends. “Know when to stop working. Having all you work at home, you tend to work beyond your regular hours and keep working through. I even find myself working on weekends when I usually wouldn’t. This is a surefire way to burnout, so this must be avoided. Rather than looking at all obstacles, see the opportunity to test, learn, and recreate what your culture means in the digital world. We understand the importance of mental health, so we’re using a couple of hacks to increase team morale: - We surprise and delight our employees by delivering a pot plant and OKR poster to their door - We now hold Team leader one-on-ones weekly [not fortnightly] to make up for the missed informal catch-ups - We have virtual hangouts for lunch and coffee - We’ve created a separate WFH-hacks & health zone Slack channel to share ideas and inspiration, plus prompts to get up and stretch” – Adam Stewart @HROnboard The HROnboard team sends employees plants to brighten their day Even helping others can keep you motivated when you’re struggling: “I also try to keep myself motivated by performing random acts of kindness throughout the week. I try to give a little money to causes and people who have it worse off than I do. Knowing that my money is going to help not just myself but others who are struggling motivates me to keep pushing forward and to give everything I can to my work.” – Jay Allen, Publisher @Unseen Japan Celebrating every win Sometimes nothing else works besides looking at what you’ll be able to do AFTER you’ve reached a goal or completed a project. Take a vacation after writing your book, launch an app, and write down an article on the success you’ve achieved, or just thank everyone that helped you along the way. Studies have shown that simply tracking and writing down our small achievements can boost motivation at work because it reminds us of the rewards we’ll get, providing bursts of energy to keep us hooked on a goal. Take the time to celebrate success, whether the goal was something you’ve always dreamed of or just a small bump you were worried about: “Celebrating ‘every’ little win keeps me motivated. If a blog gets published, if a tweet does better than average, whatever it is, I’m celebrating it. I realize that as a team of one, there’s a lot that I can (and feels like I should) do. So, the fact that I even ‘did’ something with the limited resources I’m now working with is keeping me motivated each day. Finding people to celebrate those wins with. At a company mostly comprised of engineers, it’s hard for them to fully understand or appreciate certain wins that many marketers would be super pumped about. Not because they’re not supportive, they just don’t have that full understanding of what it takes to achieve certain things. So, I lean on my community of marketers and friends who can appreciate and fully celebrate those wins with me.” – Hiba Amin, Content Marketing Manager @Soapbox Feeling swamped with work? A lack of work motivation becomes a bigger problem when you have loads of tasks to take care of. While many of the people I’ve talked to stay motivated because they know they have to deliver work on time, others find it challenging to focus with everything going on in their lives. Early 2020, the world is currently going through a bizarre situation: quarantine has put extra pressure on everyone, making people think they should use this time to work more. So many people are now busier than ever. This is primarily influenced by the industries professionals are active in as there’s an increased demand for work in pretty much everything that involves staying visible online: “I’m finding that I’m busier than ever right now, and I’m definitely feeling overwhelmed at the moment! As a website designer, I’m finding people are trying to get online or improve their online presence more than ever, and prioritization and productivity are extremely important to getting the job done and maximizing the work I can take on, and consequently my income throughout this time.” – Nikki Hamilton, Digital Designer @Seedling Digital “In my full-time job (online technical training for a major IT company), we’re seeing a HUGE surge in demand as in-person training classes get canceled and everyone wants to move to online training. While it’s awesome to be considered useful, we’ve all found we need to set boundaries to prevent ourselves from becoming overwhelmed. For example, we’ve had to push back on requests to compress launch dates when we were certain we couldn’t have a given solution ready in the time requested. I think this aggressive boundary setting is critical for anyone feeling overwhelmed.” – Jay Allen Many of us are also putting too much pressure on ourselves and trying to achieve more than we’ve ever thought of. Whether that’s because we’re overachievers or trying to compensate for lost clients: “Since the start of the crisis, I’ve lost all my regular clients, but somehow I’m busier than ever. In a bid to stay afloat and distract myself from the crisis, I’ve set myself an almost impossible number of tasks and projects. From cold pitching to publications, rewriting my website, to doing training and tackling my reading list. The problem is my ever-lengthening to-do list is motivating me even less.” – Sally Fox Luckily, Sally also shared her go-to strategy to get back her work motivation, something we’re all struggling with: “Regaining motivation will mean me accepting that I can’t plan too far ahead right now. I’ll need to get realistic about my goals for each week and realize that doing everything on it isn’t a golden ticket back to how things were before. Then I need to take every day as it comes and not beat myself up if things slip out slightly. Much like how we’re all taking stock and working out what kind of world we want to go back to when this is over, I want to do the same for my business. And, as my own boss, I don’t want to be an unkind one.” Working on a side gig or taking on an additional project is commendable. But steer clear from overworking yourself to avoid burnout and its main consequence: losing your work motivation altogether. Here are some tips from Lonna, who is also juggling quite the workload these days: “Many of my clients are counting on me to help give their marketing plans more fluidity. I’m grateful to be over-capacity, but it also comes with intense feelings of guilt and, if I’m being completely honest, some mental paralysis, too. I feel guilty because my business thrives while others are struggling or shuttering altogether. Then I feel paralyzed (like everyone else I know) by the distractions of daily news cycles, breaking alerts, and worry over the health of my friends and loved ones. Productivity comes in spurts these days, and these fits of energy are unpredictable, at best. So I get as much done as I can in sprints and try not to be too hard on myself for needing extra breaks during my regular work hours.” – Lonna Whiting, Chief of Content @lonna.co

COMMENT ⊗ VALID 00017 PAGES C REC PAGE DESCRIPTION C00001 00001 C00003 00002 \|\\M0NGR25\M1BDR30\M2SIGN57\M3NGR25\M4NGR20\ C00005 00003 \F1\CUNIMATE 500 - MECHANICS C00009 00004 \F1\CUNIMATE 500 CONTROLLER - ELECTRONICS\F0 C00023 00005 \F1\CUNIMATE 500 - COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND TEACH BOX OPERATION\F0 C00044 00006 \F1\CDEFINING POSITIONS\F0 C00050 00007 \F1\CCREATING AND EDITING PROGRAMS\F0 C00054 00008 \F1\CINPUT AND OUTPUT COMMANDS\F0 C00057 00009 \F1\CCOMPUTER STATUS\F0 C00060 00010 \F1\CEXECUTION CONTROL\F0 C00064 00011 \F1\CPROGRAM INSTRUCTION SET\F0 C00065 00012 \F1\CMANIPULATOR MOTIONS\F0 C00071 00013 \F1\CGRIPPER INSTRUCTIONS\F0 C00073 00014 \F1\CARM CONFIGURATION CONTROL STATEMENTS\F0 C00075 00015 \F1\CPROGRAM CONTROL LOGIC AND ARITHMETIC\F0 C00082 00016 \F1\CSPECIAL SWITCH STATEMENTS\F0 C00086 00017 \F1\CMISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS\F0 C00087 ENDMK C⊗; \|\\M0NGR25;\M1BDR30;\M2SIGN57;\M3NGR25;\M4NGR20;\ \⊂'210555;\turn on flags outovl option, nest⊃quote, multiarg macros, lf sim, \←=30;\→S\ε\N Interbase spacing in register S: single spacing \ \1\CUNIMATE 500 - MECHANICS GENERAL\F0 \J\ The mechanical manipulator is an all electric motor powered device having five degrees of freedom, plus an output plate suitable for mounting a terminal device. The manipulator is connected to its computer based controller by one electrical power/signal cable up to 3 meters in length. The manipulator weighs approximately 40 kg. and mounts with four bolts to any solid surface. An electronics enclosure with a rigid top surface is provided for attaching the manipulator and controller as a complete unit to a conveyor or other piece of equipment. Both the manipulator and electronics chassis are individually removeable and replaceable.\. \F1\CMECHANICAL DRIVES\F0 \J\ Each of the five joints is characterized by the following mechanical components: an electric motor, an optical encoder position sensor, a tachometer, two stages of gear reduction, and backlash and wear adjustment components for each stage of reduction. Joints 1,2, and 3 have failsafe electromechanical brakes added to their motor shafts to prevent joint sag or coast in the event of power failure. On joint 1, backlash is controlled by a tandem gear drive system, featuring two gear trains in parallel, with different torsional spring rates, and preloaded against each other. On all other joints, backlash is controlled through adjustment of gear center distances. All gear pairs are mounted in pre-assembled cartridges having the gear shafts offset from the centerline of the cartridge. Turning of the housing provides for gear center adjustment. All gears are made from nitrided alloy steel for good wear life and high load capacity. Grease pack lubrication is used on all joints. The base and shoulder sections of the manipulator structure are machined from plate and tube, while the structure of the outer extremeties is characterized by formed aluminum sheet box sections. All motors, drives and shafts are attached directly to this thin structure. This results in a lightweight but stiff manipulator.\. \F1\CUNIMATE 500 CONTROLLER - ELECTRONICS\F0 \J\ The electronic hardware section of the Unimate 500 Controller consists of three basic modules: a computer, an interface for data I/O and a servo system. Ancillary input devices include a terminal, cassette unit and a manual control unit. These devices are for programming and loading convenience only; they are not necessary for program execution. The computer provides high level control of the arm to the user through means of extensive software. The software consists of English language word and number sequences which are converted to operating code upon execution. The computer communicates with a Data Acquisition Interface through which it commands manipulator position and reads inputs from the arm and manual control unit. Position commands are loaded into the Digital Sum section of the servo where they are summed with position signals from optical encoders on the arm. Resolution is up to sixteen bits (one part in 65,536). Position Error is amplified, compensated and summed with a velocity signal in the power stage of the servo. The power stage provides motor currents to the arm joint electric motors.\. \F1\CCOMPUTER\F0 \J\ The computer used in the Unimate 500 Controller is Digital Equipment Corporation's LSI-ll microcomputer. Incorporated in the computer are a sixteen bit CPU with 4K of RAM, 8K of ROM, a parallel interface for execution data I/O, and a serial interface for user terminal devices. A second serial interface for communicating with a master computer or process controller is optional. Power status is monitored and a backup battery is provided to maintain CPU memory in case of short term power failure. Operating software is resident in ROM, however, user programs are stored in RAM. Programs may be either loaded or stored by means of a cassette unit or terminal.\. \F1\CMANUAL CONTROL/TEACH UNIT\F0 \J\ The manual control unit consists of a rotary switch which selects mode of operation, seven center return toggle switches for commanding arm motion, a proportional control for setting speed, a teach button for recording points and an emergency stop button.\. Modes of Operation: \jOFF In the off mode the arm is stationary and no inputs from the manual control box or computer are possible.\. \jFREE When the free mode is selected, the arm behaves initially as if it were in off mode: all joints are stationary. Pushing a toggle switch towards a number releases the joint indicated by that number. The joint goes limp with no brake on or motor current applied. This free mode is used for manually placing the arm in position.\. \jJOINT Joint mode allows the toggle switches to command motion of their respective numbered joints. Joint speed is selected by the speed potentiometers. When the pot is rotated counterclockwise into the detent and the "INC" indicator light is lit, the joint will switch to incremental mode, i.e., it will move an increment equal to the resolution of the joint. Turning the pot out of detent, clockwise, gradually increases joint speed.\. \jWORLD In this mode, the toggle switches command motions of the tool tip along the X,Y or Z axes relative to the base of the arm. The switches labeled O,A and T command angles of the tool about its tip.\. \jTOOL In this mode, the arm moves along pre-defined axes fixed to the tool in use. Tool axes must be defined through the terminal. A "no tool" default condition is assumed if this is not done.\. \jCOMP In computer mode, motion programs may be executed.\. \jTEACH Pushing the teach button records the current position of the arm, and performs any other operations defined by terminal entries.\. \jSTOP The stop button halts the arm. To restart the arm in manual mode, it is necessary to select off position and then reselect a manual mode. In comp mode, pushing stop interrupts execution of the program. It is necessary for the program to be restarted.\. \JThe tool toggle switch controls bits for operating a terminal device from the teach box. The manipulator may also be operated without the teach box attatched. In this mode, all modes and functions are controlled through the terminal.\. \F1\CINTERFACE/DATA ACQUISITION\F0 \JThe Unimation Interface may be divided into two sections, the Encoder Counters and the Data Acquisition section. The encoders on the arm are bi-directional, incremental encoders with two output signals in quadrature and a zero reference track. The encoder counters decode these signals into up or down counts. The encoder count output registers may be zeroed or preset to a value by the computer during startup and initialization procedures. These counters are addressable by the computer through its DRV-ll parallel interface. This allows the computer to read the manipulator position at all times. Other registers contain the servo status bits, peripheral device bits and brake bits. These, too, are addressable by the computer.\. \F1\CSERVO\F0 \JThe servo system is a digital position servo with analog velocity damping. Current limiting is provided for DC motor protection. Position commands are loaded into registers Z1 and Z2 in the form of a sixteen bit word. They are summed in adders Z3 through Z6. If there are ten bits or fewer of position error, the DAC is loaded with the error to produce an output in the linear region. The DAC output, which represents position error, is fed into amplifier A1A of the analog amplifier, where lead compensation may be added. Thee error is amplified by A1C, which for errors larger than eight counts (three bits), has a linear gain of eleven. For small errors, FET Z16 is switched on, which turns A1C into an integrator. This allows the elimination of steady state offsets and provides a final error null. Position error is converted to an absolute value by amplifiers A1D, A2A and A2B. This absolute value of error drives comparators C1A and C1B. When the magnitude of the error falls below the selected comparator threshold, C1A turns on the position error integrator and C1B outputs a bit to the interface signifying that the position error is within the selected tolerance. For high accuracy, this tolerance threshold is set to one bit of resolution. It is not always desirable to turn on the integrator and servo to zero error; it may be sufficient to be within several degrees of a position before advancing to the next position. To allow this, F3 can be turned on by the wide tolerance bit, which causes a much higher threshold to be set at C1B, and consequently, the tolerance bit comes up at a larger error. This wider tolerance region allows the manipulator to proceed rapidly through a succession of approximate points without entering the integration region. In order to have a stable high bandwidth servo with adequate damping,it is necessary to have velocity feedback. This is accomplished through high gain tachometers which are buffered and compensated by the tach amplifier. Position error and velocity damping are summed at A3B. P3 adjusts damping and P4 adjust amplifier gain. Transistors Q1 and Q2 in the feedback loop around A3B are driven by a circuit which integrates current in an electrical model of the thermal time constant of the DC motors. Should this integral reach a level which would indicate overheating of the motors, a proportional decrease in motor current is effected through lowering the voltage at the base of Q1 and Q2, and hence, decreasing amplifier gain. This protects the motors without disabling the arm. A3C provides the current summing mode which drives the power stages of the amplifier. Current is sensed through current sensing resistors. The power transistors are mounted on a separate heat sink which is fan cooled. The joint servos are mounted on individual, interchangeable, printed circuit cards. During normal operation, the brakes(joints 1-3 only) are not used and the arm motors run continuously. The brakes are failsafe type brakes which are on whenever power is off. They may be set by pushing emergency stop or by the computer in a power down sequence. The brake card also contains an eight bit A/D for digitizing the analog speed control signal from the manual control box and provides I/O to the servo back plane for the manual control bits.\. \F1\CUNIMATE 500 - COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND TEACH BOX OPERATION\F0 \J\ The computer is responsible for both the execution of motion programs and for the interpretation and execution of the functions contained on the teach box. From the standpoint of the software trajectory generator, motion commands can either emanate from a motion program or the manual teach box. However, these two modes are mutually exclusive. Therefore, initiating the execution of a program automatically disables the motion functions on the manual control box. At all other times, so long as the computer is properly initialized, the teach box can be used for moving the arm.\. \F1\COPERATING THE TEACH BOX\F0 \J\ Using only the manual control teach box, it is possible to move the arm in either joint coordinates, world ( cartesian ) coordinates, or hand coordinates. In addition, the control box allows the specification of a number of different speeds ranging from an incremental step of one resolution element per button depression to a continuous velocity capable of moving each joint from stop to stop in a matter of seconds. The teach box also permits the recording of positions or sequences of motions to positions. As a safety precaution, a button is provided which can be used to bring the arm to an immediate stop. Finally, using the control box, the brakes on individual joints can be released, allowing the manipulator to be taught positions by physically moving it by hand from point to point. The teach box operations are controlled by five different sets of buttons: mode select, joint/cartesian component select, speed select, position record, and panic. The mode select buttons are used to specify the type of motion control that is to be used: joint coordinates, world coordinates, hand coordinates, or free motion. If joint coordinate control is selected, then five of the six joint/cartesian component select buttons are used for controlling the speeds of the individual joints. While if world or hand coordinate control is selected, the joint/cartesian component buttons are used for specifying straight line motions along and rotations about the X, Y, and Z axes of the applicable coordinate system. Finally, if the free mode is selected, five of the joint/cartesian component buttons are used to set and release the manipulator's joint servos or brakes (joints 1 to 3 only) to allow the arm to be manually repositioned. In any of the first three motion control modes, additional switches have been provided for specifying if motions are to be incremental or continuous and for selecting the size of the step or the magnitude of the speed with which to move. The remaining two buttons on the teach box are for position recording and panic error stop. The function of the position record button depends upon the state of the computer and will be described in detail in the following sections on "Defining Positions" and "Creating Programs". The Panic Button can be used to immediately stop the motion of the manipulator whether the arm is moving under teach box or program control.\. \, \F1\CDEFINING POSITIONS\F0 \J\ The position and orientation of the manipulator, which will be called the manipulator's position, can be stored within the computer using either a transformation or a precision point. A transformation is a cartesian description of the position of the hand, they are independent of the geometry of the manipulator. However, where high precision position recording and playback are required, transformations are somewhat inaccurate due to the complexity of the computations necessary to convert between joint angles and cartesian coordinates. If high precision is required, the manipulator's position can be stored as a precision point. Precision points save the five and numbers. Precision points and transformations are distinguished by the fact that precision point names must always be preceded by the symbol "#". The number of precision points and transformations that can be stored in the computer is only limited by the size of the computer memory. The standard memory will store at least 128 precision points or transforms. There are several commands that can be used for defining positions and determining the current location of the arm.\. \jPOINT position - Used to specify and modify the value of the position. If the position is a transformation, its current value is printed as an X, Y, Z location followed by three Euler angles which specify orientation. If the position is a precision point, the five joint angles are displayed. In either case, the operator is repeatedly asked for changes to the position components until no further changes are to be made.\. \jHERE position - Sets the position value equal to the current arm position. As with POINT, post modification of the position is permitted.\. \jTEACH position - Each time that the TEACH button on the teach box is pressed, the current manipulator position is determined and saved either as a transformation or a precision point depending upon the type of the "position" argument specified. In this case, the position name must end in one or more numbers. For instance: C1, TX25, PIN007, and BOX10 are all legal names. Each successive recorded position will be assigned the name with the next largest number. For our examples, the second positions would be assigned the names: C2, TX26, PIN008, and BOX11. This mode is terminated by typing a RETURN on the terminal keyboard.\. \jWHERE - Prints out the current X, Y, Z location of the arm together with the Euler and joint angles and the current hand opening.\. \, \F1\CCREATING AND EDITING PROGRAMS\F0 \J\ Distinct sequences of instructions to be executed are stored as motion programs within the computer. The number of programs that can be saved is limited only by the amount of computer memory available. Programs are refered to by six character names which, like transformations, must begin with a letter and can be followed by any sequence of letters and numbers. Programs can be developed off-line ON ANY COMPUTER capable of generating ASC-II text strings or they can be developed using the program editing routines which are a standard feature of this language. These editing routines can be used for both modifying existing programs and creating new programs. The command to begin editing a program at a particular step number is\. \CEDIT program, step number \J\ If no step number is specified, editing proceeds from the step where the last editing session was terminated - 1. If no program is specified, the last program edited is re-opened. Once the EDIT routine has been initiated, the programmer can examine any step within the program, delete instructions or insert new ones, and even add new motion steps using the teach box. The teach box EDIT mode functions in much the same fashion as the TEACH command used for memorizing positions. However, each time the TEACH button is depressed on the teach box, both a position is recorded and a new program instruction is generated for specifying a motion to go to that position. Each program instruction is referred to by a unique step number. Step numbers are numbered consecutively and are automatically adjusted whenever instructions are inserted or deleted. A typical sequence of program steps will be displayed as follows:\. : 9. MOVE POINT1 10. 201 MOVE POINT2 : \J\ In this example, steps 9 and 10 are both motion commands and step 10 contains a label, 201, which can be used for program branching. Instruction labels are integer numbers which can assume values in the range from 0 to 32767.\. \, \F1\CINPUT AND OUTPUT COMMANDS\F0 \J\ The following commands are used for writing and reading hard copies of programs and positions. All input and output is directed to either the console terminal or to the cassette magnetic tape peripheral. As an option, it is possible to connect the manipulator computer directly to another computer and perform inter-computer data transfers to load and store programs and positions.\. \jLISTT p1,....,p8 - Types out the values of up to eight different positions on the console terminal. If no position names are specified, the values of all existing positions will be printed.\. \jSTORET p1,...,p8 - Writes the values of up to eight different positions onto cassette magnetic tape. As with LISTT, if no positions names are specified, all positions will be written out.\. \jLOADT - Reads in the positions stored on cassette magnetic tape.\. \jLISTP program, s1, s2 - Types out the user motion program from step s1 to step s2. If the step numbers are omitted the entire program will be printed.\. \jSTOREP program - Writes the entire program on cassette magnetic tape.\. \jLOADP - Reads in a program from cassette magnetic tape.\. \jPROGS - Prints out the names of all programs that have at least one program step defined.\. \, \F1\CCOMPUTER STATUS\F0 \J\ There are a number of commands which can be used to determine the current state of the manipulator computer and to initialize and terminate execution. These commands are briefly summarized below.\. \jCLEAR - Re-initializes ARM program so that all positions and programs are deleted. This is a totally destructive operation. This function first asks "Are you sure (Y,N)?" to verify that the operation is to be performed.\. \jFREE - Types the percentage of free storage that is not currently in use. As the available free storage area is being added up, a simple check of the whole area is made to ensure that the free storage book-keeping tags are consistent.\. \jSTATUS - Prints the status information of the program being executed. This includes data on the program or subroutine step which will be executed next and the number of program EXEC loops completed and those still remaining. Note that if the program is in an infinite EXEC loop, i.e. nloop < 0, the print out of the number of loops completed can be off by 32767*n counts ( n =1,2,..,∞ ), since the loop counter is permitted to overflow.\. \jDONE - Monitor program stops, computer exits to ODT. The program can be restarted by starting execution at location '20000.\. \, \F1\CEXECUTION CONTROL\F0 \J\ Once a program has been written and all of the required manipulator positions have been defined, the following commands can be used for executing and single stepping through the program.\. \jEXEC program, nloop, step - Executes the motion program, "nloop" number of times. The value of nloop can be between 32767 and -32768. All negative values of nloop put the program into a infinite looping mode. If nloop is omitted or assigned a zero value, the program will be executed one time. If the program name is omitted, the last program executed will be re-started. If "step" is specified, the motion program begins execution at specified program step for the first pass, otherwise, the program starts execution at step 1. All successive passes begin at the start of the program.\. \jP - Proceeds the program at the step following the step where execution was halted due to a PAUSE instruction or runtime error.\. \jX - Program single step mode. Executes the next instruction in the user program and then halts. Like the "P" instruction, "X" can only be typed after a PAUSE instruction has been executed or after a non-fatal run-time error has occurred.\. \jABORT - Program execution is terminated at the completion of the step currently being executed.\. \J\ When a program terminates execution for whatever reason, a message is typed on the console terminal indicating the reason for termination and the program location where the termination occurred. In addition, while a program is being executed, the following functions can be executed from the console terminal: POINT, TEACH, HERE, WHERE, LISTT, STORET, LOADT, LISTP, STOREP, LOADP, PROGS, FREE, STATUS, EDIT. This ability allows the programmer to touch up positions while the manipulator is in motion and even to alter the program being executed or to load or develop new programs. Furthermore, this facility enables the interrogation of the computer as to the status of the program currently being executed.\. \, \F1\CPROGRAM INSTRUCTION SET\F0 \J\ The following sections describe the available program instructions. Due to the great flexibility of the basic structure of the language, new instructions and data types which are deemed necessary can be added very easily.\. \, \F1\CMANIPULATOR MOTIONS\F0 \J\ There are three basic methods that can be employed for moving the manipulator's hand from one point to another: hardware slewing, joint interpolation, or straight line. Each of these methods is described below. In hardware slewing mode, the computer generates a single set of joint angles corresponding to the desired final position of the manipulator. These angles are sent to the individual joint hardware position servos at the start of the motion and each joint is permitted to move to its final position at its own speed. The resulting motion is therefore very fast. However, the path of the terminal device will not, in general, follow a simple curve. A typical program instruction for moving the arm to a position called "PT1" using the slewing method can be written as follows:\. \CGO PTI \J\ For a joint interpolated motion, the software generates a series of joint angles which go from the manipulator's initial position to its final position using an interpolating polynomial. The speed and position of each joint is continuously and accurately controlled throughout the trajectory. The path of the terminal device is smooth and quite predictable. The total time required for each motion can be controlled by altering the maximum permitted joint speed ( see SPEED instruction ), or if no special speed is specified a default value will be assumed. Naturally, the default speed is also under the control of the programmer. A sample instruction for generating a interpolated motion to a position "PT1" follows:\. \CMOVE PT1 \J\ The final method for trajectory generation moves the manipulator's terminal device along a straight line path. As with joint interpolated motion, set points are continuously generated by the computer and the movement of the terminal device is smooth and accurately controlled. Once again, the speed of each motion can be individually specified by a SPEED instruction or a default value will be utilized. A typical straight line motion instruction follows:\. \CMOVES PT1 \J\ In addition to the three basic motion instructions, there are several special instructions which are extensions of MOVE and MOVES. These are briefly described below:\. \jREADY - Moves the arm to the READY position above the work space. This forces the arm into a standard configuration and position.\. \jREST - Moves the arm to the REST position. This leaves the arm in a position for power shutdown.\. \jDRAW dx,dy,dz - Moves the hand along a straight line a distance of dx in the X direction, dy in the Y direction, and dz in the Z direction.\. \jAPPRO position, distance - Moves the manipulator to the indicated position offset by the specified distance along the Z axis of the hand. This instruction is used to move the manipulator just above the final desired destination.\. \jDEPART distance - Moves the hand a specified distance along its Z axis. This is a very convenient way of retracting the hand so that it clears all obstacles before moving off to the next destination.\. \jDRIVE joint, angle, time - Drives a single joint through a specified angle taking the indicated amount of time to execute the operation.\. \, \F1\CGRIPPER INSTRUCTIONS\F0 \J\ Several instructions currently exist for controlling the opening of a gripper device which can be provided with the manipulator. Similar commands for operating any terminal device attached to the arm can be added to the basic language upon request. The following instructions are intended to indicate the type of control possible.\. \jOPEN distance - Changes the hand opening to the specified distance during the execution of the next motion instruction.\. \jOPENI distance - Performs the same change in hand opening as in OPEN but the operation is performed immediately instead of waiting for the next motion instruction\. \jGRASP distance, program label - Closes the hand and checks to see if the final hand opening was less than the specified distance. If so, the program branches to the step indicated by the program label or an error message is generated if no program label is specified. This instruction provides a simple one step method for grasping an object and testing to ensure that proper contact was achieved.\. \, \F1\CARM CONFIGURATION CONTROL STATEMENTS\F0 \J\ For the UNIMATE 500 manipulator, most X, Y, Z locations in the workspace of the arm can be reached by assuming one of four possible spatial configurations. These configurations correspond to having the manipulator resemble a human's right or left shouldered arm and having its elbow ( the end of joint 3 ) either pointed up or down. The four instructions that have been provided for controlling the manipulator's configuration are:\. \CRIGHTY, LEFTY, ABOVE, and BELOW \J\ Normally, the arm will remain in whatever configuration it starts in when the user program begins execution or continues from a PAUSE statement or runtime error. The only exceptions to this rule are: 1) when a READY or REST instruction is executed or 2) when a specific change in configuration is requested by the user program through the execution of any of the above program instructions. When a change in configuration is requested, the change will be accomplished during the execution of the next GO or MOVE motion instruction.\. \, \F1\CPROGRAM CONTROL LOGIC AND ARITHMETIC\F0 \J\ Integer arithmetic has been built into the language to allow the execution of simple program loops and conditional branching. In most cases where a integer variable is required as an argument for a program instruction, either the symbolic name of a variable can be given or a integer value can be specified. Integer symbol names conform to the same rules given for position and program names. Integer values must be between 32767 and -32768. A brief description of the integer arithmetic and control instructions follows:\. \jSETI var1 = var2 operation var3 - The value of the first variable is set equal to the result of evaluating the expression on the right side of the equal sign. The permitted operations are: addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), integer division (/), and modulus determination (%). If both the operation and the third variable are missing, the instruction is a direction assignment statement.\. \jIF var1 relationship var2 THEN program label - The value of the first variable is compared to the value of the second and if the stated "relationship" is true, the program branches execution to the specified program step. Otherwise, the next sequential step of the program is executed as usual. The possible relationships that can be tested for are: equal (EQ), not equal (NE), greater than (GT), greater than or equal (GE), less than (LT), or less than or equal (LE).\. \jGOTO program label - Performs an un-conditional branch to the program step specified by the given label.\. \jDO variable = val1,val2,val3 - Commences a loop where the variable is assigned to values from val1 to val2 in steps of val3. The loop is always executed at least one time. and branching into the middle of a loop is not permitted.\. \jNEXT variable - Marks the end of the DO loop which increments the specified variable\. \jTYPEI variable - Types the value of the integer variable.\. \J\ In addition, two basic instructions are provided for altering the positions stored in transformations:\. \jSET trans1 = trans 2 - The value of transformation 1 is set equal to the value of transformation 2.\. \jSHIFT trans BY dx,dy,dz - The X, Y, and Z positions of the transformation are modified by adding the changes in distances: dx, dy, and dz, respectively.\. \J\ In order to conserve the space required by repeated sequences of operations and to permit the development of libraries of programs, subroutines are included in the language. Subroutines cannot as yet be called with specified arguments. Therefore, programs and subroutines are identical. Also, since all data stored in the computer is globally defined, all integers and positions can be accessed by any program or subroutine.\. \jGOSUB subroutine - Execution of the current program is temporarily suspended and program execution continues starting with the first step of the subroutine. The address of the next step in the current program is automatically saved. Up to 10 programs can be superseded at any given time.\. \jRETURN - Terminates execution of the current subroutine and re-initiates execution of the last suspended program at the step following the executed GOSUB instruction. A RETURN instruction executed in the main program functions like a STOP instruction.\. \J\ The final group of instructions are used for interlocking the execution of a manipulator program with other devices and to suspend the execution of programs:\. \jSIGNAL channel - Transmits a signal to the device attached to the output channel\. \jWAIT channel - Program is put into a wait loop until a signal is received on the input channel.\. \jDELAY duration - Puts the program in a wait loop for the specified amount of time. The duration can be given as any value between .01 and 327.67 seconds.\. \jPAUSE message - Terminates execution of a user program and types a message on the console terminal. Execution can be continued from this point by typing P.\. \jSTOP - Suspends execute of a program. Program execution cannot be continued from this point.\. \, \F1\CSPECIAL SWITCH STATEMENTS\F0 \J\ The following instructions are used for enabling and disabling special features of the hardware position servo and the software trajectory generator. As indicated below, a few of these instructions can be followed by the word ALWAYS if it is desired that the requested option be turned off or on during all successive motions. Whenever a switch is not followed by ALWAYS, it is assumed that the switch setting is only to effect the next motion.\. \jCOARSE <ALWAYS> - The low tolerance feature is enabled in the hardware servo so that larger errors in the final position of the arm joints will be permitted at the end of the next motion. This will result in much faster motion execution times if high accuracy is not required.\. \jFINE <ALWAYS> - Opposite of the COARSE instruction.\. \jNONULL <ALWAYS> - The next executed motion is terminated without waiting for the hardware.\. \jNULL <ALWAYS> - Opposite of the NONULL instruction.\. \jINTOFF - Turns off the hardware position error integration feature during the next motion. However, the hardware integration is always enabled during the final position error nulling period.\. \jINTON - Forces the hardware to integrate the position error throughout the next motion.\. \jPULSE - Enables the hardware hand pulse mode during the next arm motion for approximately 100msec. This mode is useful for freeing the hand after it has jammed open or closed.\. \jSPEED value <ALWAYS> - Requests that the next arm motion be performed at a speed other than normal( = 100). The percentage can range from 1 ( extremely slow ) to 32767 ( the largest possible integer variable number which in this case produces a hardware slewing mode ).\. \, \F1\CMISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS\F0 \J\ The following two instructions have been included in the language to allow program documentation and error message type out.\. \jCOMMNT message - Comment line, a no-operation at run-time.\. \jTYPE message - Types the message on the console terminal.\.

– in the House of Commons at 12:00 am on 28th November 1960. Alert me about debates like this I should like to start with a story about the Lancashire lad who returned home after doing his National Service. He sat one Sunday night on the back step talking to his father about the things he had seen abroad and he said, "Dad, we have travelled the world. Things have got to be different. We have lived in houses—proper houses, modern houses, houses with a bath, hot water and inside toilet. Look at this place—dirty, filled with lice, bugs and rats. Look at that", and he pointed to the outside toilet. He grew so angry about it that he said, "It is a disgrace" and he pulled a Mills bomb out of his bag, lobbed it on to the outside toilet and the outhouse went up in smoke. So they sat there for another five minutes, until the smoke had cleared. The father turned to his son and said, "Son, tha should not have done that. Thy Ma was in there." I am suggesting tonight that there are better ways of going about it than that. It is a national scandal that, in the year 1960, 5 million families in Britain are living in houses without baths. That means that approximately 15 million men, women and children—I am including Scotland in my figures—or, in other words, roughly one in three of our fellow countrymen are living in these conditions. I do not want to get things wrong, and what I shall say does not minimise the problem, but the 1951 census, from which the hon. Member may be quoting, showed that the number of dwellings was 3 million. I hope that the hon. Member will keep to that, which is the only figure we have from the census. I should like to take this up on another occasion, because I am using Government figures. Many of these houses are a disgrace to civilisation and the only remedy for them is to demolish them. That would take many years, however, and according to the Minister's figures, 3 million of these house—3½ million if one includes Scotland—are structurally sound. This shows that the figure of 5 million was not a long way out. It is an appalling situation that all these houses are in this condition and most of them are also without hot water and inside toilet. It is a strange kind of affluent society where people have no bath in the house. I believe that the Welfare State has not even started. Who is it who says, "You have never had it so good"? Perhaps it is gentlemen like the one I met from a comfortable Surrey suburb last week, who told me that when there is a full wage packet coming in, the ordinary working-class family does not mind if there is no bath in the house. It is quite clear that one half of the world does not know bow the other half is living. Let us take the case of a typical worker doing a dirty kind of job that is common to our great industrial cities. Let us say that he is a fitter or a turner in heavy engineering; and I know about this because I have done the job myself. He comes home from work, filthy and stinking of oil, of steel filings, of sweat and of mistic—a coolant liquid used to reduce the heat of the cutting tool. It is a great mistake to think that most engineering workers have baths at work; they have not. Usually, the only engineering worker who has a bath at work is a foundry worker. So the engineer comes home to a house without a bath. If he wants to wash his feet, his wife has to pull an enamel bowl from under the cupboard and put the kettle on—this in an age of space travel, atomic energy and automation. Suppose that he or his wife or children feel a cold coming on. If they could take a hot bath and go to bed all might be well, but they cannot do this. I believe that the absence of baths is a great contributory cause to a good deal of avoidable ill-health. If the man's position is bad, his wife's position is far worse. Let hon. Members think of the problems facing a working class mother desperately trying to bring up her children Olean and healthy. I could take the Minister to a "two-up, two-down" house in my constituency where a mother and father and eight children share an overcrowded kitchen. Every drop of hot water in the house has to be heated in a large saucepan on the gas stove. Consequently, it is no wonder that two of the children have been seriously scalded. Bathing young children in the usual zinc bath in front of the fire, ladling the water in and out, calls for the strength of an athlete. So there is not much of the "press-button age" for mothers in those circumstances. I quote a letter which I received this morning from a war widow: I have never known the luxury of having hot water on tap. I never doubted that by the time my child had grown to manhood conditions would have so progressed that he would take for granted a bath and hot water tap that I fondly imagined would be in every home. But there is no such luck. He is married and has not been able to get a house with a bath. Having one's own bathroom is an impossible dream to ordinary folks like me. That is what it means to millions of decent folk. Let us take another aspect. A friend of mine is suffering from a stomach complaint, he must frequently visit the toilet at short notice. He lives on the first floor and cannot get down quickly to the toilet, which is in the yard outside. That is a real difficulty which must affect a considerable number of people. I believe that it is utterly wrong, too, that very young people and very old people should have to go out of the house in the cold or wet weather to visit a toilet. I know a place in Stockport where the mother has to take her child's chamber pot across the square to a hutted toilet in the middle. In Manchester today there are 250,000 men, women and children living without a bath in the house. In Salford, the situation is even worse. In my constituency, Salford, East, and also in Salford, West, five out of ten houses have no bath, hot water or inside toilet. More than one in three are in this position in Wigan, Bolton, Bury, Burnley, Rochdale, St. Helens and Preston. This is not confined to the North; I have figures showing that West Ham, Leyton and Southwark have an even higher percentage. In the great cities of Birmingham, Liverpool, Cardiff, Newcastle, Leeds and Sheffield the same story can be told. In Glasgow, it is even worse. In 1949, the Labour Government made grants available, but no use was made of them by private landlords. So, in 1959 the Conservative Government made more generous grants available, and one would have thought that they were a gift for the landlords. Is the hon. Gentleman referring to the grants in 1949 which were used by owner-occupiers? Yes. Half the total cost up to £310 is now granted by the Government, and the landlord can recoup his half by increasing the rent by 8 per cent. for twelve years. In other words, it costs him nothing. Yet the landlord cannot be bothered. The figures show that the owner-occupiers, to whom the Parliamentary Secretary has just referred, have, sensibly, made use of the grants, but the private landlords have not. Government figures show that the owner-occupiers of one out of 27 houses which were structually sound have made use of the grants, but only one out of every 200 private landlords with structurally sound houses have made use of the grants. In a Written Answer this month the Minister told me that only 18,000 private landlords' houses have had the grant for baths, inside toilets and hot water in the first nine months of this year. Recently, officials of the Ministry of Housing and Local Government said that it would take forty years to remove the slums in certain local authority areas. It will take longer to introduce these improvements into houses because a far larger number is concerned. What is the Government's target? Is it to be forty years, fifty years or sixty years before every house in the country has a bathroom? What is the Government's solution to the problem? I am sure that the Parliamentary Secretary will say—because he has said it before—that the Government's solution is to have more publicity about the scheme. But this will not do the trick. In Salford, as the hon. Gentleman knows, there were two show houses demonstrating these improvements which were visited by 11,000 people in three weeks, so widespread is the longing for a bath. Yet, although there are 43,000 landlords' houses in the city, only seven received a grant. I am not saying that all landlords are heartless. There are some honourable exceptions; but they are precious few. If publicity has failed, as it has, what proposal have the Government to make now? I believe that the only solution is to let the tenant himself apply for an improvement grant. If, as at present, a local authority approves a house as suitable for these improvements and the house has an estimated life of more than fifteen years, the landlord should then be compelled to apply for the grant. I know that in an adjournment debate I am not allowed to ask for amending legislation, which would be the simplest way of going about this problem—and I hope that is what the Government will do. However, I am proposing another way of doing it. Under the Public Health Act it is required that the landlord should keep his house in a fit condition. I believe that in modern terms a "fit house" means a house which contains a bath, inside toilet and hot water. In other words, I am appealing that that Act should be applied more stringently. Consequently, I conclude by asking the Minister to use his power to grant this boon which is so deeply desired by millions of families in the country. I want to put the view of the property owner on a problem that is admittedly far from satisfactory. My first point is that the 8 per cent. increase in rent in respect of the amount spent by the landlord is quite inadequate. The cost of maintenance is very much greater. The hon. Member for Salford, East (Mr. Frank Allaun) spoke of repayment in twelve years, but I would point out that there is a liability for Income Tax. In fact, over a period of fifteen years the property owner who improved his property would find himself about £14 "in the red". In spite of that some property owners are doing their very best. Improvement is, however, a very difficult matter. One of the greatest difficuties lies in the fact that a tenant is very often not prepared, because of his circumstances, to give up the extra room necessary to make a bathroom and hot-water supply available— Would the hon. Member tell us whether his association has tried to find out how many tenants would be prepared to give up the room? I do not know what the hon. Lady means when she refers to "my association", but a company of which I am a director found itself in a position to improve twenty houses. We were able to improve fourteen of them. Unfortunately, the remaining six were in the middle and the tenants wore not in a position to give up room. We carried out the improvements to the fourteen houses, but it was more expensive than it would have been had we been able to have a straight run through of the pipes necessary for the supply. I feel that the Government should seriously consider whether they can do anything about a difficulty like that. The private landlord is not necessarily in a position, as is the local authority, to find alternative accommodation so that people can be moved, the house improved, and someone else provided with sufficient accommodation. The cost of preparation of plans for the improvement of these houses is also quite considerable. A small company of which I am a director has tried for nine months to get the local authority to agree to its plans. I entirely agree with the hon. Member for Salford, East when he says that that should be looked at. Where I disagree with him is when he does not realise that some of these improvement problems are not easy of solution, and I hope that my hon. Friend will indicate some of the ways in which the Government can help. Since the passage of the 1949 Act, Stoke-on-Trent has had over a thousand improvement schemes to a value of £175,000—those are the latest figures in the Jubilee Year Book. Up to date, only eighty-eight landlords have taken advantage of the offer. That means that only 8 per cent. of the improvements carried out since 1949 have been carried out by landlords. Stoke-on-Trent has played a part in trying to persuade landlords to do this work, because we realise that in a city where we have a large number of houses that are good for twenty or thirty years longer, we could, if we could have modern amenities installed in them, be saved from having to build a large number of council houses to give the people the decent things they ought to have in a house. The Parliamentary Secretary knows that Stoke-on-Trent is about to embark on another pilot scheme in a very densely populated area. I hope that the Minister will do much more this time than merely make a film of this work, but will consider some of my hon. Friend's proposals so as to ensure that landlords as well as owner-occupiers take advantage of the scheme. We are living in an age when children are taught at school to be clean and to use showers. The schools have inside toilets and a supply of hot water. We have a duty to save their mothers from the trials and tribulations that my hon. Friend has described. My right hon. Friend and I share completely the strong feeling shown on this subject by those who have spoken this evening. It is, of course, desirable that every household should have all modern amenities. Hon. Members have not referred to the major contribution being achieved by the slum clearance drive. Having said that, I shall not refer to it again, but the improvement drive is, of course, Government policy. As the hon. Member for Salford, East (Mr. Frank Allaun) has said, we have calculated that there are probably 3 million structurally sound dwellings with fifteen years or more of life in them that merit improvement. Some lend themselves more easily than others to improvement. As my hon. Friend the Member for Aldershot (Sir E. Errington) has pointed out, some are more difficult to improve because of their size, or because of the size of the families occupying them. The hon. Member spoke of the 1949 Act. I am glad to pay tribute to the Labour Government for conceiving this excellent idea, but the fact is that until the new legislation was bought in the idea did not catch on, either with landlords or with owner-occupiers. Only under the 1958 legislation did the thin trickle of improvements grow to any size at all. In 1958, 35,000 improvements were carried out with the grant. In 1959, the number had grown, because of legislation passed by the last Government, to 80,000, and I think that hon. Members will be glad to know that the figure this year looks like topping the 130,000 level. This is a considerable improvement. That is some success to report. It is true that, measured against 3 million, it means that many people will have some years to wait, but it does not seem to me to be altogether a discouraging record. My right hon. Friend the Minister has announced that he would like to see 200,000 improvement grants a year and when we reach that he would like to see an increase to 250,000 per year. These are figures which really bite into the problem. The hon. Gentleman may say, "Why not be more ambitious still?" There is a limit to the speed at which we can go. It is the limit imposed by our resources. The building industry is absolutely flat out. It is building not only houses but schools, hospitals and factories. It is modernising railways and is doing a great deal of work which I am sure the House as a whole finds absolutely essential. In fact, local authorities are already finding it very difficult to get their own housing programmes carried out to time because there is so much work in the building industry. As for plumbers, on which the enterprise depends, there are more vacancies than there are unemployed. There are virtually no unemployed to put on the job. Still, we hope that the trend will continue upward and that higher productivity from the building industry will enable the industry, however busy it may be, to pick up an increasing number of improvement grants. Its record seems to me to show clearly that whatever needs there may be, there is absolutely no case for compulsion. The hon. Gentleman, in a courteous way, has pointed the finger at landlords. My right hon. Friend would very much like more landlords to use the grant. He is constantly saying so. Any ideas to encourage more to do so will be carefully studied. But it is only recently that the figures of improvement grants have been split to show how many have been carried out by landlords and how many by owner-occupiers. We only split the figures this year, partly at the suggestion of the hon. Member, for which I thank him. Landlords accounted for 18,000 of the grants in the first nine months of this year. That is 27 per cent. of all the grants made. Applying the same percentage, which one must do arbitrarily, to the 1958 total, that would have shown that landlords in 1958, had the same percentage held, would have claimed 8,400 grants in the whole year. But this year they have already in nine months claimed 18,000 grants. In other words, on that assumption—we have not got the analysed figures for before this year—landlords are already doubling their rates. We hope that they will continue to do so. Landlords have their difficulties, too, as my hon. Friend the Member for Aldershot has indicated—difficulties associated with the return on capital, which, in some cases on present figures might even be a negative one; difficulties in connection with the space available to the tenant and difficulties in connection with the expense of preparing plans. I can only say that the compulsion for which the hon. Gentleman asks would raise enormous difficulties. If the landlord is to be compelled surely the tenant should be compelled, too. As the hon. Gentleman and the hon. Lady know, at the moment the tenant, on the whole, quite rightly, has a power of veto. No matter how much the landlord may want the improvement, the tenant can say "No". He can say, "No" for understandable reasons—because he does not want the improvement, or cannot spare the money for the extra rent, or cannot spare the space or does not want to be disturbed while the work is going on. He has got the power of veto, and if the landlord were compelled, it is only fair that the tenant should be compelled also, and this would lead to a whole structure of appeals. The owner-occupier, with whom the hon. Gentleman compared the landlord, seems to have an easier task. He is improving his own asset of which he can, after three years without repayment of grant, give vacant possession at an enhanced price. This is a considerable incentive to an owner-occupier. Still, my right hon. Friend welcomes all improvement grants which are taken for whatever motive, and he would like to see more taken not only by the owner-occupier but by the landlord as well. We should bear in mind that because of the difficulties that the landlord sometimes finds, there may be landlords who are improving their properties, possibly not over the full range required by the improvement grants system, without claiming the improvement grant. All people who are interested in the whole subject of housing will be delighted when the census figures for next year are produced and we can see a photograph of the country's housing situation instead of having to refer back to 1951. The hon. Gentleman spoke about the position in Salford and the hon. Lady the Member for Stoke-on-Trent, North (Mrs. Slater) spoke of the position in Stoke-on-Trent. No one tries to minimise the problem there, of course. But it may be that in those towns, and in many others in the North, the size of the houses makes improvement grants rather more difficult than in some places in the South where the average size of houses is larger. If a household has not got a bathroom and has to give up its parlour as a living room, and give up its living room as a dining-kitchen, so that the scullery can be converted into a bathroom, there is an added obstacle to saying "Yes", which is not so when a spare bedroom is given up. However, the picture is so encouraging, with the graph rising and nearly doubling each year, that we do not at the moment have to consider these problems while the graph is rising so fast and the building industry is so busy. The hon. Lady referred to the demonstration which is to be opened by the Minister in Stoke-on-Trent. It is true that the last demonstration has produced disappointing results so far. But since then the new legislation has made the field more attractive. Here publicity, no doubt, will have helped, and people must admit that the results are much less disappointing than they were; indeed, I would put it in another way—much more successful than they were. We hope they will continue to go in the same direction. I am sure the hon. Gentleman did not mean to disparage publicity. It is a great help when officialdom as a whole is trying to make this system work. My right hon. Friend is anxious to see the figures rising even more steeply. He has set a target for what he hopes people will do for their own benefit—either owner-occupiers or landlords. Therefore, I would say that the trend is encouraging and there is no case made for compulsion when, by the existing system, houses are being modernised at the rate of 400 a day, though of course we wish the rate to be faster still. The hon. Gentleman is confusing households with houses. Those are households, many of whom share.

Summary: - The veterinary shortage has put a huge amount of pressure on professionals. - In the long term, changes in pay, work-life balance, and client expectations have driven dissatisfaction. - In the short term, the pandemic has increased practice inefficiency, and therefore backlogs, exacerbating shortages. - This cumulatively has resulted in a deep dissatisfaction and burnout among vets. - To aid the problem, better management of expectations (for clients, employees, and employers), a movement towards specialization, and better training could help. On the front lines of veterinary medicine, a crisis is in full swing. Widespread shortages of clinical staff are being reported all across the world. In the UK, new graduates are being (somewhat hysterically) dubbed as ‘lambs to the slaughter’ as veterinary practices struggle to recruit and retain staff [1]. In the US, veterinarians are calling the crisis ‘acute and growing’, with many demanding urgent action [2]. While down under in Australia, reports of a ‘dangerous environment for both animals and practitioners’ have been published in a number of outlets [3]. But why is this happening? At a surface level, vets have never had it better. Statistically, they’re working fewer hours than ever before. Yet, there is clearly a problem that needs to be fixed fast. In this article, we explore the fundamental causes of the veterinary shortage, looking at what needs to be done to ensure that the profession has a sustainable future. What Are Some of the Drivers of the Veterinary Shortage? To really understand what the underlying drivers are, you have to look at the data. In terms of the average veterinary work week, vets have never had it so good. Examining data from the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS), there has been a steady decline in work hours since 1998. Sources:[4][5][6][7] Two decades ago, the average UK vet worked about 48-hours a week (on average). But in recent years, this has fallen to just over 40-hours. Although this excludes out-of-hours care, much of this labor is now outsourced, meaning vets do much less of this [8]. Although this data is from the UK, similar trends can be observed elsewhere. In the US, for example, in 2006 the average vet worked around 47-hours a week, but more recent reports suggest that many now work 40-hour weeks (again excluding out-of-hour work) [9][10][11]. But Has This Had a Positive Impact on Work-Life Balance? Despite the changes in working hours, there has been a sizable increase in dissatisfaction regarding work-life balance. According to the RCVS, in 2019, 57.2% of vets wanted a better work-life balance. This is comparative to 2006 when only 37% of vets felt the same. Sources:[12][13][14][15] So what’s going on? Much of this can likely be attributed to cultural changes. As Dr. Gary Marshall, DVM and owner of Island Cats Veterinary Practice puts it: ‘30 years ago, the typical plan was to get into a practice that you could see yourself owning, or move to a position where you could start your own. Today, there are so many other options, and with the complexities involved in owning and running a practice, the traditional path is less desirable.’ ‘That doesn’t mean that younger vets don’t have awesome goals that they are working toward. I just think they are divided. They want to spend less time as practitioners so they can be coaches, teachers, podcasters, sales reps, awesome parents, and so much more.’ ‘This is not necessarily bad, it’s just different. After all, I practice differently than I did 30-years ago.’ It’s hard not to conclude that the issue either lies elsewhere or is more so related to a perception of what is acceptable rather than the reality when you compare the improvements made in this area. Wage Dissatisfaction There has also been growing unhappiness towards the financial rewards vets reap in return for their effort. According to Dr. Karen Felsted, the founder and president of PantheraT consulting, money (or perceived lack of it) is a significant cause of dissatisfaction: ‘If you’re a practice that has been scraping along with paying [an] average [salary], with the large signing bonuses being thrown around nowadays- this will no longer suffice’. This is evident in the research. According to the RCVS, dissatisfaction in pay has generally increased since 2006. Sources:[16][17][18][19] This is, at least in part, fueled by the increase in veterinary education costs that have impacted so many countries across the world. In any event, with a shortage of staff and an abundance of positions vacant, it seems likely that wages are on the up. Although, naturally, there will be a point where a ceiling will be reached. Despite some of the rather inflammatory and vitriolic points expressed on social media, there is an inescapable truth. Vets are only as valuable as the skills they bring to the party. If there are to be pay raises, this will only be possible or sustainable if there are equivalent raises in production and efficiency. Everyone in veterinary medicine would do well to remember that we are a largely self-funded care model without the widespread underpinning of insurance that funds the larger rewards enjoyed by lawyers or doctors. Comparison is thus likely to be unhelpful and fuel professional resentment/dissatisfaction. There’s also the small matter that for many families, veterinary care is already beyond them. Leaving ethical questions about how we reach the have nots and as well as the haves. All of which is not to say vets do not deserve a fair salary, they absolutely do. But there are going to have to be some reality checks- ones perhaps best installed further upstream when prospective vets are doing their due diligence on this as a career choice! The easy solution and the lowest hanging fruit is to pay doctors based on production, in doing so reward is inherently linked to tangible value. But rewarding based solely on financial performance is not without risk and requires balance. More on that to come. Client Expectations One of the most common complaints you will hear these days will revolve around clients. Although many veterinary professionals join this industry for the animals, ultimately, they stay (or leave!) because of the people. After all, client interaction is a major part of practice life. But there has been a change over the last two decades which is evident in the data: Source:[20][21][22][23] It’s striking that between 2010 and 2014 we jumped from less than 20% of vets struggling with clients to more than half! With such struggles widely and enthusiastically ‘discussed’ online. But is this an example of the pet-owning public en-masse metamorphosing into surly curmudgeons? It’s easy to paint it as such, but there is another possibility. One far less palatable to the frothing masses of vets online queuing to bite the very hand that feeds them. This jump could just as easily be due to the collective inability of vets to care about, learn and wield the communication skills needed to work effectively with the general public. As the old saying goes, we will rise (or fall) to the level of the people with whom we spend most of our time. With little to no space for meaningful communications skills training, emotional intelligence, or exam room skills (we could go on). And even less available post-graduation due to pressures of time, it’s hard to see this as anything other than a huge professional blind spot. One thing is certain- if we blame or label clients as ‘the problem’, we have little to no chance of being motivated or capable of effecting change. However, if we see our skills as the challenge, the opportunity becomes clear. Work on our skills and we’ll experience a much better outcome. If further evidence was needed, in a recent study where we asked more than 150 graduates what the most energizing and draining parts of being a vet was, clients were at the top of both lists. This suggests that it’s perhaps not the clients that are the problem, but the skills in how to address them. A human handled well is likely to respond well. A human handled badly is likely to respond in kind. How the Pandemic Has Added to the Mix The pandemic has clearly not helped with existing shortages. Anecdotal evidence suggests that an increase in pet ownership has further put pressure on the veterinary healthcare system, leading to more acute front-line shortages of staff. Numerous news reports suggest the public, many of whom are now working in hybrid environments, have bought pets to fill the social void created. This, in turn, has increased demands for veterinary care, increasing burnout and turnover. It is difficult to say how true this narrative is, given that there is little to no data on pet acquisition outside of shelters. The data we do have from the AVMA suggests that 2.3 million fewer pets were adopted from shelters in 2020, the lowest number seen in five years. Which is exactly the opposite of what one might expect given we have been led to believe the shelters are empty. This is not to say that there hasn’t been a pet boom (there are many reports in the UK, for example, stating that practices are being inundated with new patient requests), but it is hard to say accurately how much of an impact this has had on shortages [24]. Is Efficiency the Biggest Issue?? Veterinary appointments did increase during the pandemic. According to VetSuccess, an organization specializing in practice data analysis, the average number of appointments rose by 4.5% between 2019 and 2020. This, in tandem with a decrease in practice productivity (which dropped by 25% in 2020) has increased backlogs, placing huge pressure on teams [25]. It has undoubtedly exacerbated existing skill deficits as face-to-face communication was literally forbidden during the lockdown. Hardly a way to effectively bridge the communication divide between pet owners and professionals. For many vets and veterinary nurses, the pandemic has also had a huge personal impact. It would be weird if this wasn’t the case. The impact on freedoms, certainty and social connection was always going to take a large emotional toll. And that’s not to mention those who have lost friends or family. As such, many people have gotten quite introspective and are asking whether what they are doing is worth it: ‘I think some people looked at the pandemic and thought: this has been horrible, this has upended my life, people have died… life is too short to stay in a role you don’t like,’ says Dr. Felsted. ‘And because of the demand for jobs created by the pandemic, it’s never been easier to get another one and move on.’ It’s easy to see why practices or roles that are failing to meet human needs are struggling. Higher lifestyle expectations have run into greater workplace pressures. The results are not encouraging. Are You a Practice Manager, Owner or Director? This leadership masterclass will teach you the fundamentals of practice management. Dr. Dave Nicol covers the common mistakes leaders make and how to overcome them… What Effect Has This Had on Professionals? All these different factors have had a huge impact on the way professionals are experiencing veterinary medicine. It’s hard to escape the gloomy conclusion that today’s vets are simply not enjoying their careers. Since 2006, the percentage of veterinary professionals agreeing with the statement: ‘Veterinary work is stressful’ has increased incrementally: Source:[26][27][28][29] In a similar wellbeing study conducted by Merck Animal Hospital, researchers found that wellbeing indicators in vets were proportionally lower than those in other healthcare professions: Source:[30] The Great Generational Divide One pervasive argument for why there is a veterinary shortage revolves around generational differences. The argument propagates that shortages are not a product of the profession, but rather of the people within it. Anecdotal evidence suggests that younger vets are less resilient (or perhaps tolerant) than previous generations, and therefore more likely to bounce out of the profession. Although it is true that younger people tend to be less resilient than their seniors (given their lack of life experience), it is hard to say whether this argument holds water given that there is little research in the area. This is mainly due to the difficulties surrounding the study of generational attitudes in social science. Nonetheless, it is a compelling argument that has gained a lot of traction. It may also explain why the ‘Great Resignation’ is not limited to the veterinary profession, with similar reports from many other sectors. Bring Me Solutions So is this a disaster playing out in real-time? Are we doomed to a slow death where our number dwindles year after year? One thing is for sure, change is necessary, and necessity is the mother of all inventions. So what can be done to make things feel a heck of a lot more sustainable? ‘I think one major problem is that of the expectation of Autonomy before Mastery,’ says Dr. Gary Marshall. ‘I think those in charge of practices (typically offsite managers without a medical background) feel that anyone with a DVM can be plugged into a clinic and hit the ground running. They hire them, put them to work, and expect great things. This ‘thrown to the wolves’ reality for so many leads to dissatisfaction and burnout, with many young practitioners leaving the field and not coming back.’ This mentality has to stop. Better training and support (particularly as vets transition into working life), both by businesses and educational institutions will help tackle such problems. Creating more realistic expectations for both students and employees could also help. We would also suggest that a recruitment drive is needed, an open and honest one. But as a part of this, we ask ourselves: who are the best people to carve out a career in veterinary medicine? For years it has been white, privileged individuals. Searching questions must be asked of the recruitment of future vets into schools. Alongside better training, there needs to be a cultural shift within businesses: ‘Individual practices are going to have to make changes to create work environments where people want to stay’ says Dr. Felsted. ‘You can like this or not as an employer. You can say: I think this is crazy that I have to do this! But if you don’t do it, you’re not going to get the number or type of people that you want.’ Although Dr. Felsted acknowledges that some of these changes will be harder for rural practices, offering a better work-life balance, economic incentives, and work culture (in terms of support, etc) are all things that can improve retention rates. At the heart of such changes are the absolute necessity to place vision, values, and effective HR systems (that value people as well as performance) into action. The salary problem can be fixed overnight if vets are willing to embrace exam room training and drop the nonsensical need to be apologists for their process. Instead, we must all be advocates for our service. The widespread and routine discounting of bills is incredibly harmful to revenue, profit and salaries. To this end, vets have reaped what they have sown for decades. There also needs to be expectation management on the employee’s part: ‘Some of the hours and salaries that [vet students] throw out, to me, can seem a little unrealistic’ says Dr. Tennetje Crocker, a veterinarian, and speaker from the US. Dr. Crocker believes greater transparency regarding pay could help bridge the gap between graduate expectations and business reality. A focus on ‘skills training’ as a means to improve pay expectations should also be a priority. A Manifesto for Better Workplaces Something needs to be done about veterinary shortages being experienced in clinics. In the short term, a return to a more efficient working model will help practices manage their workloads. But must we not do better? In the long term, there are several things both employees and employers can do: Practices should provide better support for employees. - Greater support for employees can reduce burnout, improve the skill set of the team and hence open up the possibility of pay rises (that is, if training has a positive effect on cash flow). Employers and educational bodies should make access to veterinary degrees more widespread and actively reach previously shunned communities. - From work experience to community outreach, it’s time we actively recruited from minority communities who in the past have not had the equal opportunity to pursue veterinary medicine. There needs to be a much greater emphasis on professional skill training. - Important soft skills such as communication, emotional intelligence, and resilience need to be taught to vets. Many lack these fundamental skills and may take out their frustrations on clients. Practices need to improve efficiency. - Pandemic-related inefficiencies need to be addressed so they don’t continue to put a strain on teams. - Improved use of veterinary technicians and nurses will help engage, reward, and hence retain this group. Employers need to create positive, safe, and diverse cultures that attract and retain talent. - It’s a buyer’s market, and employees are voting with their feet. Employers must work on their leadership skills to improve their cultures and create environments in which people want to work in. Practices need to dream up and execute more effective healthcare models. - Searching questions must be asked of the general practice model as to how it can continue to be profitable and provide a fair wage to those who work within it. The adoption of new technologies and a better focus on who the practice exists to serve can help to generate improved margins which can sustainably improve life quality for all. Veterinary medicine will always be an exciting and enticing career for professionals. The flow of talent and money continues to be strong which is an incredibly positive thing. But in order to continue providing fantastic animal care, there needs to be a change. There isn’t any quick fix, but any practice working towards a healthier working culture is taking the right step towards a prosperous future. Before You Go... If you want to level up in your career, you can get access to our FREE veterinary skills course, plus unlimited blogs, podcasts, and mentorship by registering to our site below. Go on- it only takes a second. References 1- ‘Profession ‘about to explode’ due to vet and VN shortages.’. Accessed 11 Feb. 2022. 2- ‘AVMA Is Urged To Address Veterinarian Shortage – Bioguard.’. Accessed 11 Feb. 2022. 3- ‘Shortage of vets nationally in ‘demanding and exhausting’ job – ABC.’ 9 May. 2021,. Accessed 18 Feb. 2022. 4- ‘THE UK VETERINARY PROFESSION IN 2006 – RCVS.’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 5- ‘The 2010 RCVS Survey of the UK Veterinary and Veterniary Nursing ….’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 6- ‘The 2014 RCVS Survey – of the Veterinary Profession.’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 7- ‘The 2019 survey of the veterinary profession – RCVS.’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 8- ‘The 2019 survey of the veterinary profession – RCVS.’. Accessed 16 Feb. 2022. 9- ‘Not enough hours in the day – American Veterinary Medical ….’ 1 Mar. 2006,. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 10- ‘Not enough hours in the day – American Veterinary Medical ….’ 1 Mar. 2006,. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 11- ‘Less experienced vets working longest hours in veterinary industry.’ 13 Jul. 2021,. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 12- ‘THE UK VETERINARY PROFESSION IN 2006 – RCVS.’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 13- ‘The 2010 RCVS Survey of the UK Veterinary and Veterniary Nursing ….’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 14- ‘The 2014 RCVS Survey – of the Veterinary Profession.’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 15- ‘The 2019 survey of the veterinary profession – RCVS.’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 16- ‘THE UK VETERINARY PROFESSION IN 2006 – RCVS.’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 17- ‘The 2010 RCVS Survey of the UK Veterinary and Veterniary Nursing ….’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 18- ‘The 2014 RCVS Survey – of the Veterinary Profession.’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 19- ‘The 2019 survey of the veterinary profession – RCVS.’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 20- ‘THE UK VETERINARY PROFESSION IN 2006 – RCVS.’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 21- ‘The 2010 RCVS Survey of the UK Veterinary and Veterniary Nursing ….’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 22- ‘The 2014 RCVS Survey – of the Veterinary Profession.’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 23- ‘The 2019 survey of the veterinary profession – RCVS.’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 24- ‘Vet practices managing triple whammy of Brexit, Covid, and pet boom.’ 19 Aug. 2021,. Accessed 16 Feb. 2022. 25- ‘Are we in a veterinary workforce crisis?.’ 15 Sept. 2021,. Accessed 16 Feb. 2022. 26- ‘THE UK VETERINARY PROFESSION IN 2006 – RCVS.’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 27- ‘The 2010 RCVS Survey of the UK Veterinary and Veterniary Nursing ….’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 28- ‘The 2014 RCVS Survey – of the Veterinary Profession.’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 29- ‘The 2019 survey of the veterinary profession – RCVS.’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022. 30- ‘VETERINARIAN WELLBEING STUDY 2020 – Merck Animal Health.’. Accessed 17 Feb. 2022.

-2020 Previous News | Past News Index | Next News Highlights Editor’s Note Guy Klucevsek Is Appointed to Faculty of New England Conservatory Bridge & Wolak’s New Film “Bach to Benny Goodman” Kevin Friedrich Celebrates Launch of his New CD “The Journey” NAA Hosts Virtual Training Area for Accordion World and 2021 Festival Info 2021 AAA Elsie M. Bennett Composition Competition for Aspiring Composers Announcing the ATG Online Master Class Series International Digital Electronic Accordion Society (IDEAS) Virtual Symposium 3.0 A Great Digital and Electronic Accordion Event Accordionist Dan Newton New CD, "Out of My Dreams" Release Show Acme School of Music Seeking Guest Artist(s) for “Virtual” Awards & Concert Zydeco and Blues Workshop with Bruce Sunpie Barnes Reports for Concerts, Masterclasses, Competitions, Festivals, etc. Remembering Accordionist Lloyd La Vaux "Poet of the Accordion" Accordionist Nathan Neuman Wins 2020 Song Writing Contest AAA Historian Joan Grauman Contributes Articles on Accordion Personalities Hohner Echophon Added to A World of Accordions Museum A Touch of Italy in Dargaville, New Zealand Light Classical Accordion Concert by Peter Peluso Cafe Accordion Orchestra Outdoor Concert in Minneapolis Annual Wedding Feast Features Accordion Entertainers Future events "Music with Mary Accordion Academy" November 14 & 15 Stas Venglevski in World Premiere of His “Poetic Rhapsody” in December AAA Festival: July 14-18 2021 in Philadelphia, PA ATG 2021 Festival in Lisle, Illinois Highlights Editor’s Note by Rita Davidson Barnea, Editor USA Accordion News Welcome to the October USA news! It is always amazing to witness the great variety of accordion events taking place throughout the United States even when we continue to live in the midst of the pandemic. There are many new CD’s, films, and online live stream master classes available this month and in the future. Some are free while others require a small fee. We hope you will continue to be supportive of accordionists. As we move into 2021, you will learn about accordion events which are planned to be in person happenings. AWW will always continue to keep you informed if there are any major changes in venues. As always, I welcome your comments: [email protected] Guy Klucevsek Is Appointed to Faculty of New England Conservatory by Rita Davidson Barnea, Editor USA Accordion News Guy Klucevsek has been appointed to the part-time faculty of the New England Conservatory in the Contemporary Improvisaton Department as Accordion Instructor. In this innovative program, students take one private lesson a week on their instrument to advance their performance skills, and another lesson specifically in improvisation with a faculty member who plays an instrument other than the student's. Currently led by Hankus Netsky, and founded in 1972 by musical visionaries Gunther Schuller and Ran Blake, the Contemporary Improvisation program at New England Conservatory trains creative musicians to broaden their musical palettes and develop unique voices as composer/ performer/ improvisers. Guy said that he is honored to have been appointed and excited to begin working with students. Excerpts from the NEC website: “NEC’s Contemporary Improvisation program addresses the needs of musicians seeking to move beyond traditional boundaries. We bring together a diverse group of the world’s finest young artists in a setting where they can grow as a community of composers, performers, and improvisers. With an emphasis on ear training, technique, conceptual ideas, interdisciplinary collaboration, and a wide range of improvisational traditions, the CI program is uniquely positioned to produce the complete 21st century musician.” Bridge & Wolak’s New Film “Bach to Benny Goodman” by Rita Davidson Barnea, Editor USA Accordion News You can see (above) a trailer of the Lifestream concert, “Bach to Benny Goodman” which will be aired on October 18, 2020. The full film (1h 10mins) is being aired in local theatres and on laptop screens across the Canadian Maritimes and will continue to be presented nationally and internationally. Upcoming online Debut Atlantic shows will be held at: Rotary Arts Centre, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador on October 18, 2020. Bridge & Wolak's first feature-length concert film, including 12 songs and behind-the-scenes interviews, is available now. Contact [email protected] for pricing and availability for airing in your region. Filmed at the Isabel Bader Center for Performing Arts in Kingston, ON, July 2020. The MusicUNB Livestream Concert - Bach to Benny Goodman was held on Wednesday, Sept. 23, 2020 live through YouTube. Artists included: Michael Bridge (accordion, piano) and Kornel Wolak (clarinet). Kornel Wolak (clarinet) and Michael Bridge (digital accordion) are an internationally acclaimed duo, pushing the limits of their instruments and musical styles into the 21st Century. With deft virtuosity, and endless wit, Bridge & Wolak have been called the “Victor Borges of the 21st Century.” From Bach to Rock, this thrilling concert is full of surprises and is a pure joy to experience. B&W 2020 Virtual Concert Schedule was organized by Debut Atlantic: Sep 12 Antigonish Performing Arts Series, Antigonish, NS Sep 18 New Glasgow Academy (educational) Sep 18 Marshview Middle School (educational) Sep 18 Acadia Performing Arts Series, Wolfville, NS Sep 20 Lawrence O’Brien Arts Centre, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL Sep 22 Imperial Theatre, Saint John, NB Sep 23 MusicUNB, Fredericton, NB Sep 25 Dartmouth Community Concert Association, Dartmouth, NS Sep 25 Amherst Cove Consolidated School (educational) Sep 25 Leo Hayes High School (educational) Sep 26 Musique Royale, Mahone Bay, NS Sep Rotary Arts Centre, Corner Brook, NL Micheal and Kornel share, “We thank our amazing production team: Debut Atlantic - fearless executive producers, who made this possible! The Isabel Bader Centre for the Performing Arts & house technical crew Robert DiVito - film director Society Of Sound - video & sound production Kim Gudlauski - makeup & hair And our thanks to the provincial and federal Governments of Canada for their financial backing: Arts Nova Scotia New Brunswick / Nouveau-Brunswick Canada Council for the Arts | Conseil des arts du Canada Ontario Arts Council - Conseil des arts de l'Ontario Kevin Friedrich Celebrates Launch of his New CD “The Journey” by Rita Davidson Barnea, Editor USA Accordion News Picture above: Kevin Friedrich (left), Sound Engineer Mal Smith and Gary Daverne (right). New York based accordionist Kevin Friedrich will celebrate the launch of his CD ‘The Journey’ at an official reception to be held at the Dargaville Methodist Church Hall in Dargaville, New Zealand on October 4, 2020 at 2:PM. A report of the event will be added to this news article a few days after the CD launch. The new website with sound samples and full information about the CD will be released then too. Marking a 30 year collaboration between Kevin and renowned New Zealand composer Gary Daverne, the launch of the CD entirely of Gary’s works, will include a talk by both the artist and composer as well as some sample excerpts from the CD performed both live and as pre-recorded items by Kevin and some of the supporting artists. Kevin has devoted his life to the accordion. He is an accomplished performer, speaker, writer, and on the board of many important and influential accordion organizations worldwide including AAA , Accordion CIA , ATG , A World of Accordions museum and more. Kevin has performed in concert, on radio and on television in many countries as a soloist, with Symphony Orchestra and as a member of The International Trio , the Air New Zealand Accordion Orchestra (formerly the North Shore Accordion Orchestra), the Musicale Accordion Orchestra from Auckland, the Auckland Accordion Symphonietta, New Zealand and as concert master of the ) ( CIA ), the umbrella organization for 35 countries and their National Accordion Associations. Since the CIA (member of the International Music Council, IMC-UNESCO). At the conclusion of his Presidency, Kevin was unanimously elected to the CIA Executive Committee as CIA Ambassador, a role created specifically for him. Acknowledging the ability of the Internet to keep accordionists in touch with each other and informed of worldwide activities, his association with the world wide web included initiating and subsequently producing the United States National Accordion News for 10 years, and being the USA Manager for Accordions Worldwide , the largest accordion site on the Internet since 1997. Learn more about Kevin Friedrich: For further information: [email protected] NAA Hosts Virtual Training Area for Accordion World and 2021 Festival Info by Rita Davidson Barnea, Editor USA Accordion News The NAA has decided to host a virtual training area for the accordion world. The purpose is to provide a single reference area for digital training areas. You can see this public service announcement at this link: . You can see the rough draft of the program by using the Training Center on the title bar of the NAA website: National Accordion Association Website The NAA Annual Convention is 90% ready to go! The following individuals have confirmed that they are ready to assume the 2021 planned activities with a few required modifications. (See Poster). Watch the NAA website during October 2020 to be ready to register on November 1, 2020. Of course, fees will be returned if a need arises. Further information will be published in the USA News , 2021 AAA Elsie M. Bennett Composition Competition for Aspiring Composers by Harley Jones The American Accordionists' Association ( AAA ) 2021 Elsie M. Bennett Composition Competition for Aspiring Composers has published Information, Awards, Regulations and Entry Form at: 2021Bennett.pdf Entry closing date: January 10, 2021 International entrants can use the AAA-Store to pay the entry fee by credit card and then send the entry form information by email. Winners will be notified about January 30, 2021. Winners are invited and encouraged to perform their compositions at the 2021 AAA Festival in West Philadelphia, PA. Details at: AAA Announcing the ATG Online Master Class Series by Rita Davidson Barnea, Editor USA Accordion News Come observe some of the finest accordion instructors in the world provide instruction to students. The ATG October Master Class will feature world champion Cory Pesaturo on October 24, 2020 at 4:00 C.S.T. Cory will discuss "How to Play Music, Not Play With Music”. Excerpts from ATG website: “The ability to read advanced music, and play it at a high level is seen as the mountain top in the profession of "Musician". It is only but the First step in your quest! How can one improvise off the cuff? How can one play what they hear in their head? How can one hear a song on the radio and learn it immediately without sheet music? Cory will first go over the "Numerical System" of music that is used Worldwide, and explain its foundational aspect to most all music in the world from Classical to Jazz to Folk. One must know what VI7 is in your head when you hear it, and conversely, hear someone play a VI7 chord, and know it's VI7. Cory will also go over his "3 Pillars of the Musician”. Cory Pesaturo (“C Pez”) is a multi world champion international accordion competition performances were played on accordions which were not his, and performances generally 90% improvised. Cory has given 2 TED Talks, 2 Google Talks, an EG Talk, and spoken at various other conferences on the accordion. For further information: [email protected]  International Digital Electronic Accordion Society (IDEAS) Virtual Symposium 3.0 by Joseph Natoli Advertising video: Digital accordionists will soon be enjoying 2020’s largest and most expansive virtual accordion event at the IDEAS Virtual Symposium 3.0 to be held Nov 5-20, 2020! That’s 15 days of wall-to-wall learning content and concerts from some of the world’s finest digital accordionists from around the globe. View the video above. Registration is still open on the IDEAS site. Because this year is a virtual event, pricing is half of our normal live event Symposium pricing. Yet you will get 40 classes to attend (any or all of them), and 4 concerts, all of which will be recorded and posted on our Members Only section of our web site only for Symposium attendees to view well into the future. Now that is content and value unrivaled anywhere! Therefore, no need to miss work or miss important family schedules or events. It is all there for our attendees with the highest level of convenience. We look forward to having you attend this important digital accordion event! For further information: [email protected] A Great Digital and Electronic Accordion Event by Dennis O'Toole On behalf of Gary Dahl–The Legacy Continues ( GDTLC ), we're excited to announce our involvement with the International Digital Electronic Accordion Society (IDEAS) Symposium 3. This is an event that you will not want to miss! If you own or are even thinking about buying a digital or electronic accordion, you'll drastically reduce your learning curve through these seminars and soon be creating music like you've never imagined possible. In addition, there will be concerts by some of the finest digital accordion players. For a complete overview. view the video in the article above. Consider the cost of entry as an investment in your future, enabling you to accomplish your musical goals. Tris Gour of GDTLC (picture right) will be both a presenter and a concert performer in the Symposium 3! To show our appreciation, GDTLC will provide a complimentary eBook to every registered attendee! See you there! For further information: GDTLC Tech Support: [email protected] Accordionist Dan Newton New CD, "Out of My Dreams" Release Show by Rita Davidson Barnea, Editor USA Accordion News Accordionist Dan Newton celebrates the release of his new album “Out of My Dreams” with a live Facebook online stream on Monday October 5, 2020 at 12:PM CT. This will be followed by a live performance in the beer garden at the Waldman Brewery and Wurstery in St Paul, MN, USA (weather permitting). Bookings are essential due to Covid-19 social distancing regulations. Phone: 651-222-1857. You can make donations on Paypal just like paying a cover at a bar, buying a concert ticket or putting change in a tip jar. Dan’s new CD "Out of My Dreams" is available now, with the download version coming soon! Mail him a check for $16 or put $16 in his Paypal "tip jar" and email your order: [email protected] at: A Zydeco & Blues workshop and concert with Bruce Sunpie Barnes (from New Orleans) will be held online on October 5th, 6th, 11th & 12th organised by Not Just Oompah! The cost is $65 person for the workshop will includes all materials delivered by email. (Details below) The free concert will be held on Facebook on Monday, October 5, 2020 from 7-, 2020 from 7-9:PM to meet participants and become familiar with the workshop agenda. The Zoom Workshops will be held on Sunday, Oct 11,2020 from 3-5:PM & Monday Oct 12, 2020 from 7-9 Reports for Concerts, Masterclasses, Competitions, Festivals, etc. Remembering Accordionist Lloyd La Vaux "Poet of the Accordion" by Rita Davidson Barnea, Editor USA Accordion News Accordionist Lloyd La Vaux is an important teacher and performer who deserves recognition for his contributions to the accordion world. Seeking information/records on the late Lloyd Lavaux: David and Zach Cohen, a father-son duo, are compiling research on Lloyd LaVaux (1924-2011), a relative of theirs who was a decorated veteran of World War II and an acclaimed accordionist in the mid-20th century. They would appreciate hearing from anyone who ever met LaVaux, attended one of his many performances, or otherwise know where they might find more information. You can contact them directly: [email protected] and [email protected]. Lloyd was a WWII decorated veteran and accomplished accordion soloist. Born on August 29, 1924 in New York City, Lloyd began his musical career at age five, studying under his father Joe La Vaux. His professional debut came at age six. As "The Two La Vaux", he and his father won the love of audiences throughout North America and the West Indies while on tour together. His career started in 1929, as a six-year-old touring vaudeville stages as a duo act with his father. Years later, when the United States entered the Second World War, Lloyd joined and was assigned to the Intelligence Division, thanks to the fact he could speak German, French and Italian. Lloyd returned to New York and continued his studies and within ten years, at age 17, would perform at Carnegie Hall. One of the first graduates with honors from Mayor La Guardia's High School of Music and Art, Lloyd enrolled in Brooklyn College, where he studied foreign languages and literature. Concurrent with these studies was his intensive work in harmony and composition with the late Pietro Frosini. Through his vast repertoire of Bach, Handel, Mozart, Schubert, Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Bartok, Gershwin and other masters, he was recognized universally for his outstanding work in the elevation of the accordion and was referred to as "The Poet of the Accordion". Lloyd wangled an under-aged enlistment in the Allied Intelligence Service during WWII, and as an Army Intelligence Agent, accompanied the first wave of shock troops in the Normandy invasion. He was decorated with the Silver Star for gallantry in action in Northern France. He volunteered for an intelligence mission alone in advance of Allied fighting lines, and was captured by German forces on September 7, 1944. He landed in Stalag IIIC in Prussia, from which he ultimately escaped in January 1945. Mr. La Vaux toured the United States, Canada and the World, performing for President Dwight D. Eisenhower as well as for dignitaries around the world, including Norodom Sihanouk, King of Cambodia. Lloyd eventually settled in Toronto and ran the "La Vaux School of Music" until moving to Amherst, NY in 2008. Before and after the war, Lloyd was a headline act, performing in 23 coast-to-coast tours of the U.S. and Canada, and concerts in at least 21 other countries. Performing classics by great composers like Bach, Schubert, Tchaikovsky, and Gershwin, a critic dubbed him “The Poet of the Accordion.” His career continued into the 1960s, despite the general flagging interest in the instrument at that time. Known as “The Poet of the Accordion”, excerpts from the article “Once Upon An Anecdote: The ‘Poet of the Accordion’” by Scott B. Thompson, Sr.: It was on a mild, cloudy, late autumn night when they came to see him play. They came to see man who was known around the county and the world as the “Poet of the Accordion.” Lloyd could play his accordion as well as and as uniquely like few others had ever done. At the age of five in the late 1920s, he began to study under the tutelage of his Russian father, Joe. Lloyd, then six years of age, joined his father to form the act, “The Two La Vaux,” and traveled throughout North America where they appealed to a wide variety of audiences. Lloyd moved from Amherst, New York to the Bronx in New York City to study his craft. By the age of seventeen, Lloyd was performing in Carnegie Hall. As one of the first graduates from Mayor La Guardia's High School of Music and Art, Lloyd began his study music in Brooklyn College, where he also concentrated in the classical foreign languages and literature. Reaching new heights as an accordion player, Lloyd played many compositions of the great classical composers to become one of the more famous accordion players in the country as he performed in dozens of national tours in the United States and Canada. After the end of World War II, Lloyd returned to the United States and returned to stages in big cities and small towns around North America and the world. After performing for President Dwight D. Eisenhower and the King of Cambodia, Lloyd eventually made his home in Toronto, Canada. He opened a music school, “The La Vaux School of Music,” which he operated until his move home to Amherst in 2008. He died two days after his 87th birthday in 2011 and is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Erie County. The members of the Laurens County Concert Association had been working for more than three years after forming their group in the lobby of the Fred Roberts Hotel in November 1949. It was the goal of the association to seek out and obtain many of the best musical performers in the country within the means of their budget from among more than 400 performers available.This group and others like it have consistently brought the finest musical talent in America to Dublin under the banners of the Dublin Community Concerts Association, the Dublin Fine Arts Association and the Dublin-Laurens Art Council.The Dublin performance took place in the auditorium of Central Elementary School, currently the home of Dublin City Hall. The auditorium was the city’s primary performance center from its early days as the high school auditorium in 1902 until its remodeling in the 1980s. The twenty-eight-year-old master of the bellows presented his unique style on an accordion especially designed to simulate the individual and combined sounds of an entire orchestra. Lloyd was touring the nation raising funds to benefit Italian War Orphans Relief and other charities in Italy. After his American tour, La Vaux was scheduled to perform in a dozen of Italy’s largest cities. What the audience that night did not know back in the days when we only had adequate encyclopedias and no Google searches, hardly anyone knew the whole story of La Vaux’s life as a teenager. For you see, the highly talented accordionist known around the world as “The Poet of the Accordion,” was actually a boy hero of World War II. Lloyd entered the United States Army at the age of seventeen in the Allied Intelligence Service during WWII. As an Army intelligence agent, Lloyd accompanied the first wave of troops in the D-day invasion of Utah Beach on the coast of Normandy. “On 15 June 1944, Private La Vaux, as a member of the 90th Infantry regiment, volunteered to accompany his lieutenant in an attempt to gain information from a Civilian who was taking refuge in a house some distance beyond the American lines. During the interrogation of this civilian, a fire fight developed in the vicinity of the house and Private La Vaux found that they were 200 yards behind German positions. Realizing the importance of the information obtained if received in time, Private La Vaux left his place of comparative safety and worked his way back through the enemy positions and through 400 yards of intense small arms fire to his own lines. The meritorious achievement and devotion to duty of Private La Vaux aided materially in the subsequent successes at Valognes and Cherbourg,” read his citation issued by the President Franklin D. Roosevelt. ”Toward September of 1944, I must have been a little less intelligent than my London mailing address indicated. Volunteering for an intelligence mission alone in advance of Allied fighting lines, Lloyd ran into some difficulties and was, on September 7, 1944, arrested by German police forces. After some of the most fabulous experiences on record, he landed in Stalag IIIC in Prussia from which he promptly escaped in January of 1945. The return trip was made the hard way -through Eastern Germany, Poland, the Soviet Union to Odessa, then Istanbul, Greece and Naples and finally back to Paris,” La Vaux recalled of his most trying times during his military service. Described as “A young man with an engaging personality, a fine musical background and imagination,” Lloyd La Vaux thrilled the Dubliners present that night nearly 63 years ago on December 8, 1952. They saw his brilliance flowing out of his special accordion. And, now you know what an American hero this brilliant young man truly was. Photo: Lloyd La Vaux playing the accordion for a school of blind children in Saigon, now Ho Chi Minh City. This photo, which appeared in the Guardian, is likely of Nguyen Dinh Chieu School for the Blind, established in 1926. - Region of Peel Archives/Brampton Photo: Concert accordionist Lloyd La Vaux Teaches 10 year old Ian Baird Photo: 1955 Lloyd La Vaux Lavaux Photo Scandalli Accordion Vintage Print Ad Please contact David and Zach Cohen if you have any information on Lloyd La Vaux: [email protected] and [email protected]. Accordionist Nathan Neuman Wins 2020 Song Writing Contest by Rita Davidson Barnea, Editor USA Accordion News Video 1: Nathan Neuman's winning composition "Pass It On" Video 2: Nathan's 3rd place song - "The Next Step" Nathan Neuman is the winner of the International Polka Association 2020 Young Songwriters contest with his song “Pass it On”. Nathan’s song "The Next Step", co-written with Alli Lange, won 3rd place. The duo originally began writing the song 2½ years ago, but never finished or released it, when they were advised they could enter it in this competition. Nathan shares, “The IPA songwriting contest was really fun also because I got to teamwork with other musicians! Alli Lange and I wrote this song "The Next Step" for our 2nd album (our first was "When I'm Dancing with You"-- themed about when we first met) two and a half years ago but was left incomplete and unreleased until we heard we could enter it into the contest. Any unreleased songs could be submitted! I believe it was the best of the 4 that I was a part of. There are too many "met a girl at a dance" songs already, but I think our lyrics are clever. The song came in 3rd place. Alli did a great job singing. And the most clever of all, I just noticed we are both on steps in these pictures! Michael Retka I'm sure will come up with an inside joke concerning which steps I'm at! He knows all the churches." Nathan began his performing career as a young teenager in bluegrass music playing guitar with fiddling sister Alicia. When given the family concertina at age 15, he developed a great interest in polka music. He started his own polka band at 17 with high school friends and has performed across Minnesota and in the surrounding states for church festivals, receptions, dances, park concerts, and senior homes. His band is featured nationwide on RFD TV's Mollie B. Polka Party and CCX Media's Polka Spotlight. His instruments of choice: Chemnitzer concertina and chromatic button accordion. He didn't stop there, learning all other types of bellowed instruments, trumpet, tuba, drums, upright bass, and piano. His favorite part about polka music is the people he meets along the way; the happy beat brings out positivity in each community. Nathan performs a wide variety of old sing-a-longs, ethnic folk songs (in German, Polish, and Ukrainian), classic country, 50's/60's, novelties, and originals. Nathan said, “‘I’m looking forward to the Oktoberfest performances coming up. Come on out for some German fun! Oct. 2nd - Brainerd Eagles dance, 7-11 Oct. 4th - Oktoberfest at Grand Lake Grill (Eddie's on Grand Lake) south of Rockville, 3-7 Nathan's specialties are Dutchman and Polish style polka music, but his versatility extends to country, swing, and 50's/60's. Popular venues are dances, Oktoberfests, church festivals, weddings, private parties, and nursing homes. He plays solo or also can bring a duo band (drums or piano). You can contact Nathan at (320) 345-1925 or e-mail at [email protected] Congratulations to both musicians from Accordions Worldwide. AAA Historian Joan Grauman Contributes Articles on Accordion Personalities by Rita Davidson Barnea, Editor USA Accordion News A special thank you goes to Harley Jones for assisting AAA Historian Joan Grauman with placing more of her feature articles on the AAA website at: Archival Information This month, articles on the lives of Frank Marocco , Manny Bobenrieth and Lou Coppola were added, plus two other articles including videos on Lou Coppola , bringing the current total to 23 of Joan’s articles in the AAA website at: Archival Information Please check the USA News each month as more articles are added to the AAA website! Hohner Echophon Added to A World of Accordions Museum by Dr. Helmi Harrington, Curator, A World of Accordions Museum, USA This month we were able to add an accordion previously missing in the museum. My ever-vigilant daughter Hanni Harrington Wrencher found and purchased one such example: “Hohner with a horn.” While the instrument is not extremely rare, it has eluded our acquisition until now. This model’s outstanding visual feature is the brass horn etched with “Echophon” that covers the treble pallets and issues overtones-modified, reinforced sounds. Other than a slightly enlarged size, the instrument is a conventional one-row button diatonic in the key of “C.” It sports ten treble buttons, three bass buttons on the front of the bass hand-hold plus an air-button behind, and four banks of “Steel Bronze Reeds” in two octaves engaged by pull-stops. The solid wood body frame is attached to twelve bellows folds with two support frames, front and back metal bellows closures (entirely intact), and is ornamented with Ernst Hohner’s picture and logo imprinted on metal at each body-frame corner. An impressed D.R.P. 200625 is found on the bass plate. The instrument is faultlessly perfect. According to German Accordion Museum curator Dr. Martin Haeffner’s book Ewig Jung Trotz Vieler Falten, the Echophon was manufactured in five advertised model variations 1907 to 1908. We proudly display it in the museum’s Early Diatonics section. For more information: [email protected] A Touch of Italy in Dargaville, New Zealand by Harley Jones Picture above: Christine Johnstone (left), Kevin Friedrich (centre) and Linda Litt (right). AAA Governing Board member, ATG Board of Directors member and CIA Ambassador Kevin Friedrich is making the most of his lengthy stay in New Zealand while away from his home in New York, this time returning to the school where he attended and first began accordion lessons, the Dargaville Primary School. With the students having recently studied Italy, it was a perfect opportunity to present an educational program about the accordion and its strong Italian connection. Combining music, movement and song, the program showcased the accordion history, construction and music while allowing the enthusiastic young students aged 9-10 years old to participate. During the five concerts, approximately 150 young students were treated to music from Disney, Star Wars and The Muppet Movies, Folk music, novelty pieces and traditional New Zealand Maori music. Assisting Kevin were accordionist Christine Johnstone , AWW News Editor and Director of the North Shore Music Makers Accordion Orchestra (Auckland, New Zealand) and Linda Emmett Litt, (percussion and timpani) the daughter of Doreen Emmett who first taught Kevin the accordion at the Dargaville Primary School in the 1970s. The concerts will resume in October 2020 when the new School term begins with the upcoming concerts being presented to the middle and junior syndicates at the Dargaville Primary School. Pictures below and above left: getting the children involved and moving to music   Light Classical Accordion Concert by Peter Peluso by Rita Davidson Barnea, Editor USA Accordion News Video 1: Video 2: Video 1: Peter Peluso in Solo Concert Video 2: The CT. Accordion Association & American Accordionists' Association ( AAA ) Proudly Presents “Celebrating American Composers featuring the CAA Orchestra in concert with The Plainville Choral Society on June 8, 2019 at Gloria Dei Lutheran Church, Bristol, CT. The Connecticut Accordion Association presents its Orchestra Conductor, Peter Peluso, in concert. Peter performs a compilation of light classics and religious pieces recorded during the COVID outbreak. You will enjoy listening to and watching CAA Orchestra Conductor Peter Peluso play all accordion parts in a special concert he organized. This event will begin at 8:AM every day repeating until October 15, 2020. (Video1) Suggested donation is $10.00. Video 2 features. The CAA is an affiliate of the American Accordionists' Association ( AAA ), a 501c3 corporation founded in 1938. For further information: Marilyn: ( [email protected] ) (203) 272-1202 Visit on the web: Cafe Accordion Orchestra Outdoor Concert in Minneapolis by Rita Davidson Barnea, Editor USA Accordion News Video 1 Video 2: Video: “I Love Paris” Video 2: “Bohemienne” The Café Accordion Orchestra (CAO) will perform in the Main Stage Tent at Crooners Supper Club in Minneapolis, MN on October 8, 2020 beginning at 7.30 PM. The band includes Dan Newton (accordion & vocals), Eric Mohring ( mandolin, violin and vocals), Erik Lillestol (bass and vocals) and Joe Steinger (percussion). Special guest Brian Barnes (guitar and vocals) will join them for this performance.The band enjoy playing an eclectic mix full of French flare, Latin heat and Bohemian attitude with swing, ballads, cha chas, rumbas, and cumbias to create a wonderfully varied show.!” For details: Phone: 763-760-0062 Annual Wedding Feast Features Accordion Entertainers by Christine Johnstone The Reading Liederkranz German Singing & Sports Society will hold their annual celebration this year from October 1st to 3rd, 2020 in Reading, Pennsylvania. This year’s event will celebrate the first Oktoberfest – the wedding of Prince Ludwig of Bavaria and Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen in 1810. Dr Squeezebox - Kermit Ohlinger will be playing each night as the opening act of the entertainment! (picture right). See poster above for details of evening performers. Get crazy and come dressed up in your favorite Oktoberfest character. Trachten wear is welcome or take it up a notch and come as wedding guest of the early 19th Century. Organisers will have their own Prince Ludwig and Princess Therese. They are planning re-enactments to go along with the schedule and theme! Each of the evening events will celebrate as follows: October 1st: The Engagement October 2nd: The Wedding October 3rd: The Banquet All current CDC / State / County and Social Distancing Guidelines will be followed. Masks are required for entry and must be worn when not seated. Tickets are limited to 200 people each night for outdoor events. For details email: [email protected] Picture below: Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen and Prince Ludwig of Bavaria.  Future events "Music with Mary Accordion Academy" November 14 & 15 by Rita Davidson Barnea, Editor USA Accordion News Concert accordionist, Mary Tokarski , presents “Music with Mary Accordion Academy”, a virtual accordion event on November 14 and15, 2020. There will be workshops, one-on-one lessons and a final concert. As a concert accordionist Mary Tokarski has performed national and internationally with many musical groups. She has produced 8 CD;s and regularly travels presenting workshops and master classes. The guest artist will be Guy Klucevsek (see article on Guy in Highlights). Please register by November 6, 2020. Registration includes 4 workshops, One on One lesson with Mary and Final Concert. For further information: [email protected] or Meg: [email protected] Stas Venglevski in World Premiere of His “Poetic Rhapsody” in December by Rita Davidson Barnea, Editor USA Accordion News A World of Accordions Museum announces with pride Stas Venglevski’s concert on December 6, 2020 at 3:PM. The concert’s first half will present J. S. Bach’s music including: “Passacaglia and Fugue in C Minor, BWV 582”, “Toccata and Fugue in D Minor”, “Prelude and Fugue VI” from the Well-Tempered Clavier (Book Two), “Invention in C Minor (three-part)”, “Inventions in E Major and B Minor (two-parts)”, and “Chorale Prelude in F Minor, BWV 565”. The second half of the concert will premiere his “Poetic Rhapsody”, Bill Sussman’s “Zydeco Madness” and and music by Hiromi Uehara. Virtuosity, artistry, sensitivity and dazzling technical command have brought Stas to the forefront among concert accordionists. Stas Venglevski , born in the Republic of Moldova and taught by Friedrich Lips , has honored the museum with performances on numerous landmark occasions. As a noted composer, his works range from masterpieces in miniature to orchestral feats. The museum is especially privileged to present the World Premiere of his new, major work, “Poetic Rhapsody”. Stas ascribes the commissioning and dedicatory credits of this work to the museum. Specially earmarked donations are requested to reward Stas for its creation. The World of Accordions Museum spacious concert hall allows 6 foot distancing between audience members, masks required. Tickets are $20.00 per person and can be purchased in advance or at the door. The event will again be live streamed on the museum's YouTube channel and Facebook accounts. The live stream links will be sent out prior to the event. A GoFundMe page has been set up to help support the continued growth of the digital outreach of A World of Accordions Museum . The website will be updated to make it more mobile friendly, continue to grow the Accordion Notes newsletter, and continue to live stream many events. This is a large undertaking and it is critical to the long term success of A World of Accordions Museum . For further information: [email protected]. It has been rescheduled to July 14-18, 2021 in Philadelphia, PA. © 2022 Accordion USA. All rights reserved. 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* A knock at Rosemarie's door! It proves to be Illyana, standing opposite her— wearing a simple peasant blouse under a heavy wool sweater, and a plain, limp grey skirt that hangs to her knee. The smile she flashes Rosemarie, however, brief, is dazzling and her eyes seem brightened by beholding her friend. "Hello Rose," Illyana says, venturing a diminutive affectation on for size. She steps forward and kisses Rosemarie's cheek, a bit quickly, as if worried she might recoil, lifting on the balls of her feet to do so. "Am glad you have time off today. Was wondering, perhaps you have time to go to Limbo? Could do another flying lesson?" she offers, adjusting her clutch on her shoulder. * Clad in loose pants and a simple t-shirt (after all, it is her day off and this one intended to be spent around the house), Rosemarie answers the door to her apartment. The one knocking is promptly given a beam that shows off the many freckles and slight snag at her upper lip. "Illyana, hello — oh!" The kiss comes as a surprise and the taller brunette tucks her chin but a little. Those eyes twinkle behind shy lashes, but she does emerge from the moment in light of the reasoning put forth for the visit. "I…suppose I have time, yes," and she looks over her shoulder. Lola the cat is peering around the corner of the couch with red-zone suspiciousness, ears perked and eyes narrow. With a 'murr', she darts down the hallway and out of the sight. "I don't get that cat," the brunette mumbles before glancing back at Illyana with an apologetic quirk to her mouth. "Sorry. She's not normally shy. But - flying, right. Yes, I guess so. I can try it again." The more she talks, the more confident she seems to get. "I'll need to change real quick. I don't think my shirt will survive my wings." Stepping back from the door, she waves Illyana inside before shutting it. "Give me a second to change." Then, down the hallway like her cat and into her bedroom to swap out tops. * "Of course." Illyana waits patiently for Rosemarie to change. A bit fidgetingly, actually, taking a few cautious steps into the room to look around. She examines the piles upon piles upon shelves of books, looks at photographs, plays with at least one bobbin on a credenza before thinking better of the fragile bric-a-brac and setting it quickly back down. Once Rosemarie's back, she smiles and offers the woman a hand. "Let's go, then," she says— and with two steps into the yellow void, Rosemarie's apartment fades away, and Illyana and Rosemarie stand in Limbo inside one of the rooms of Illyana's castle. It's filled with strange artifacts with no apparent rhyme or reason to them, some martial, some banal, some utterly alien— clearly displayed as trophies. * What to wear though?! What leaves her back open at least down to the bottom of her scapulae? Hangers shift, clothing results, and she finally pulls out the shirt. It's a more formal number with a…rather daring back in comparison to Rosemarie's general personality. Scoop-necked in solid burgundy; however, her collarbones show through a pattern of lace rather than to the open air. The back arcs down in a cowl of fabric, all the better to let those…stupid wings show up without destroying more clothing. "What? Don't look at me like that," the brunette mutters at her cat, currently curled up on the bed and bestowing a look of absolute feline disdain. "I'll be back." Easy enough to take Illyana's hand and follow the blonde into Limbo once more. It only makes a /little/ weeble escape from her mouth this time, definitely more towards nervous titter than shock. Cinnamon-brown eyes travel around the room and that mouth sloooowly drops open. There's some aspects of familiarity to the objects in this…trophy room? Like, that thing could be a weapon…and that a helmet…maybe? She reaches out to touch the feather-and-fur-covered stuffed animal-thing with a blatant disregard for the fact that it /might/ have consequences. After all, Limbo is Limbo and the rules aren't quite the same here, especially in light of magic. * "Some of the trophies of the rulers of Limbo," Illyana explains, hands clasped over her clutch in front of her. "Some so old, even S'ym doesn't know what they are," she admits. "Or why we have them. More… monument to the ruler of Limbo, than to whomever is current ruler," Illyana concedes, shrugging one narrow shoulder. "Old enemies, gifts from allies, strange artifacts that wash up. I think there's a telephone in one of the antechambers," she frowns, looking around. "Came by way of peculiar ripple in time." She lets Rosemarie get her fill of sightseeing, then gestures at a stairway leading upwards. "Want to go up to tower and fly, then?" she invites, letting the avian woman set the pace of her second trip to this strange realm. * The feather-fur combination is utterly freaky. It's like…the fringe of a ponytail, but velvety soft with the thousands of hooklets and barbs that make up the vane of a feather. She draws back her hand and looks sheepish once Illyana starts talking. Moving back closer to her friend seems like the better idea in light of the fact that these are truly trophies from past rulers of Limbo. There's about a minute or two of silence where Rosemarie's eyes just travel around the room. She turns in place, hands clasped primly before her, and finally realizes that Illyana is offering to start lessons. "Oh, um, sure, lead the way," she says with mild apprehension. She has no idea where they are in the castle now. But she does recognize the weird semi-spongy stones from the time on the parapets. * They don't get time to see the strange Police call box in the corner— Illyana leads Rosemarie up the stairs, across a bridge, through a hallway, and over a freakishly unsupported bridge towards another taller tower. Looking at the castle, there's an unshakeable sense that a child assembled it, with no regard for architectural symmetry or even physics. Towers lean and bulge and scrape the sky with a casual disregard for aesthetics. "I know tall tower is scary," Illyana tells Rosemarie as they scale the taller structure. "But better for flying, da? Farther to fall means, more time to get lift." She sets aside her clutch while Rosemarie turns to look out over the view, and without a trace of modesty, removes her blouse and her skirt, leaving her in a plain shift that leaves her shoulders exposed, much like Rosemarie. She focuses herself, expelling air through her teeth, and once more wings start to grow from her skin in a fusion of flesh, sinew, and feathers, until a wingspan most of twenty feet stretches from a dense cluster of muscle that expands under her scapula. * Rosemarie follows mutely behind Illyana through the maze of the castle's innards. No doubt at all in her mind that the laws of physics do not rule here, not at all, especially with the bridge that defies all gravity. The brunette has to make a point of not actively thinking about it a certain distance across it, lest she be caught up in a tizzy of snarled logic. "It's not the height that's scary. I climb ladders all day, remember?" she reminds her friend in mild exasperation. "It's hitting the ground…" This is added quite sotte-voce, barely a whisper, and she feels the itching beginning. Still, the view is wondrous as always. She makes her way to the edge of the parapet once more to take it in, letting out a breathy machine-gun of a laugh as she rubs at her elbows. The soft tips of the feathers have emerged from her skin and the nascent breezes of Limbo flutter at the arcs of midnight-blue plumage behind her ears. "What are those mountains called, Illy? They seem too..big…for the…" Words fade off as Rosemarie glances over her shoulder and takes in the sight of those swan-like wings. The shift is plain, yes, but more than enough to accentuate the lean beauty of the woman's build and those wings. "That's…amazing, Illy. I mean, they're so perfect and big and feathery." She bites at her bottom lip as she takes it all in. Cue blush. * Illyana turns to look at Rosemarie, and if she wasn't feeling immodest before, Rosemarie's fawning admiration makes her neck and collarbone flush a pale shade of pink. She almost folds her arms across her belly, then forces her fingers to interlace and forces them firmly flat in front of her, lines of hard, sinewy muscle on her shoulders and arms twining into relief. "Saw a swan once," she tells Rosemarie. "Always thought, very pretty, da?" she says. She looks up at the wings curling behind her, then unfurls them and one arches towards Rosemarie, pinions brushing against her face before pulling her towards Illyana in a peculiar sort of feathery embrace. "I like yours, too. Seem so much… more natural," Illyana says, struggling to find the right English word. * The touch of feather-tips to her cheeks is enough to make that blush go up to level 11. Rosemarie reaches up partly to try to hide her blush, but it turns into a momentary caress of the white plumage that retreats all too soon. "Natural?" The brunette wrinkles her nose and eventually manages a small attempt at a smile. "Mine aren't natural. They're…something else." Cue the ratchet in her heartbeat. The next she looks from her toes back up at Illyana, those irises are paling towards peach. Not too far from the emergence of her own wings at this point. One blood pressure point more. "It's weird. It's like…there's something in my blood that wants me to keep trying to fly. To have the feathers visible. It…tingles," and she grimaces, knowing that's not quite the word she wants. * "How not natural?" Illyana asks, frowning. Is she misunderstanding the word? "You have wings. Want to fly. Go fly," she says, with blunt logic. "If not natural, then, wouldn't instinct be— /don't/ fly? Stay on ground?" she asks. "If only had wings, then maybe I might say, 'don't fly'," she concedes, stepping close to Rosemarie. She hesitantly strokes Rose's tricep, still daring that casual intimacy and unsure of how it'll be received. "But, instincts tell me you should try to fly, wings or no." "Well— not without wings," she amends, a beat later. "But— bah. You know what I mean," she mutters, pinking darkly across her nose. * "But I'm human," Rosemarie mutters, leaning slightly into the touch. But you're not, not anymore, not after…something happened, her mind finishes with cool logic. Maybe Illyana can catch the flash of conflicting emotions that ends in her squashing down frustrated tears. "And I know what you mean, no worries." A shuddering inhalation and the brunette looks her friend squarely in the face. "What first? Stretching? Jumping off?" A small broken laugh followed by a little rise of shoulders up towards ears. "Please don't push me off again," she adds with a hint of apology in her tone in case of hurt feelings. * "I think you need to make wings stronger," Illyana advises Rosemarie. She tugs the girl to the edge of the tower, then steps cautiously up behind her and slides her arms around Rosemarie's waist. Shorter as she is, she is clear of her friend's wingspan. A steady, warm air rises from below, and gravity's hold seems somewhat less tenuous. "I will glide for us," she tells Rosemarie, standing on tiptoe to speak into her ear. "You just focus on making wings move, da? If you start to falter, I will pull us both up. I won't let you crash," she promises Rose, hugging her with quick reassurances. * What is this odd quiver in her stomach? Where is it coming from? Not heights, she just denied it on the way up and just yesterday she was placing encyclopedias onto the uppermost shelves of the back rooms at the library. Not vertigo. She's not cold, though her fingertips are oddly tingling where they grip at her shirt at her sides. It's the brush of Illyana's words along the conch of her ear…and the brunette gulps loudly, even as the lean arms around her hold her secure. "But — but — but my wings aren't there yet," she whispers loudly, glancing over her shoulder. Well, they aren't! Last step, the wings. "M-my shoulders itch but they — " she swallows again and realizes that they are basically nose-to-nose with her backwards turn of head. "Not…there yet," Rosemarie finishes lamely. * "…did not want to pry, but figured you had reason for that," Illyana admits, squirming a little against Rosemarie's back. She looks abruptly surprised when Rosemarie turns around and they're inches apart, her eyes a shockingly cerulean shade of blue and wide as dinner plates. Her jaw slacks just a little, staring at Rosemarie, then averts her eyes— but a moment later, they flicker back, looking up at her through her lashes. She lifts her chin just a second later, regaining her poise, and her fingers tighten a bit on Rose's hipbones. A lean, bare quadricep presses against the back of Rosemarie's thigh. "Uhm… what would, uh… what would help?" she asks, one wing drifting around to add another feathery hug to the touch of her fingers. * "I-I-I-I'm not sure," the brunette stutters out, turning a most spectacular shade of red beneath those freckles. She feels the curvature of the single wing about her body and turns to look at it instead of those true-blues that make her stomach do funny flips. Another swallow, a sudden wince and moderate curl into herself, and swish!!! Narrowly missing Illyana's nose, the midnight-blue wings emerge as if from some pocket beneath her skin and rapidly expand out. They seem to stretch and quiver, as if enjoying the glorious freedom beyond their captivity, before folding politely up behind her shoulders. Panting just loudly enough to be heard, Rosemarie grimaces around one wing. "Sorry, you okay?" The pinions should rest along either side of Illyana's leanly-muscled arms. Her irises are fully orange now, raptor-like behind thick dark lashes. * "Ack!" Illyana's arms tighten on Rosemarie, and she hugs her until she calms down. "Oh! Well, da, worked well," Illyana mutters, examining the pinions. She forces her wings back behind her so they're well clear of Rosemarie's wingspan, straight and fully extended behind both women. "Am fine. What were you thinking about? Might be useful next time you are falling and must fly, right now," Illyana asks Rosemarie. She stands on the balls of her feet, resting her chin on Rosemarie's shoulder and looking at her with that penetrating blue gaze, fingers still making absent, almost unconscious little circular patterns on Rose's belly. * Forget that stutter, Rosemarie's mouth opens and closes a few times with about as much clear communication as a fish out of water. Actually, not a bad visual. Flop, flop, red alert, out of comfort zone! Pair it up with the borderline-tickling on her abs, she's nearly fizzling with anxiety. "I don't remember," she finally blurts out quickly before closing her eyes and tucking her chin tightly to her chest. A full-body quiver, down to the tips of her wings, and then she briefly whitens her knuckles in the shirt. "Okay, now what?" Now she recognizes that summoning the wings is as easy as thinking of sapphire eyes. * Illyana gives Rosemarie's rear a bump with her hips. "Fall forward," she tells her tandem-flying-partner. "Open wings up, and jump little bit so you're going /forward/, not down. Wings should flex and pick up wind. I will help," she promises Rosemarie. As slender and wiry as she is, Illyana effortlessly lifts Rosemarie an inch off the ground just to show she can, without so much as a grunt of exertion to go with the movement. "I will help glide, but you must make first jump," Illyana says. "Everyone says, first jump, most important. Must trust your wings to do the work," she explains, seriously. Who precisely she talked to— that's anyone's guess. But she shuffles Rosemarie towards the edge of the tower implacably. "If you jump, I can give you cookie or treat at your home," Illyana advises Rosemarie. "What would be good reward? Think of reward, then— jump!" * "I-I-Illy, wait, this is — you're carrying me, my toes can't — " Nope, she can't scuff at the weird stones with the toes of her slip-on shoes, even pointing as hard as she can. "Put me down, EEEP!" Yep, that sound really just came out of her mouth. Still, at the edge of the precipice, she steadies herself with one final shiver. Then, with less force of thought than expected, those midnight wings unfurl. Not as broad as Illyana's clearly — shorter by a good foot or two, meant for gliding more than flying — but they flap twice experimentally. "I'll decide after I'm done jumping," she squeaks. Then, bending her knees and trusting Illyana to follow, she flings herself out into empty space with a cry that's half human terror, half avian delight. * Illyana helps with one kick off the tower at the last minute, giving Rosemarie that last little push of forward momentum. She hugs Rosemarie tight, her own wings opening up but staying well back— it creates a bit of extra drag but the additional lift is supremely helpful. Clutching Rosemarie against her belly, her slender physique pressing firmly against Rosemarie's back, Illyana holds herself arrow straight behind Rosemarie, chin resting between her wings and her belly bumped up against Rose's rear, her arms slung around Rosemarie's center of gravity. Rarely does she flap her own wings, except when Rosemarie's falter due to fatigue or loss of rhythm, content to bury her nose against Rosemarie's back and indulge in some perfectly harmless spooning with the lovely librarian. * Falling for just a second and then…gliding. Illyana's grip around her upper stomach is iron — she's not going anywhere — and the midnight wings flap frantically at first. It's like the first moment of hitting the surface of the water, when one drags to the surface and splashes frantically. Dark feathers fly loose in random tufts from the frantic effort and Rosemarie is panting far harder than before. There's a moment where that other instinct kicks in and a thrilling sort of mental alignment happens. Puzzle pieces fall into place. The wings compensate automatically for her heavier bone structure, even if lightened when in this odd Atavistic mode, but continue flapping at a much more sedate if brisk pace. It's still not quite flying, the path a rolling rise and fall like a magpie, but it's a hell of a lot more than the first time. "Illy! Are you okay?" Rosemarie calls out into the wind, unable to crane her neck to look back without messing up her flapping. * "Da! Just keep going!" Illyana's arms grip tighter around Rose, keeping her snugly in place, and one heel hooks around the front of Rosemarie's leg for a bit of extra leverage. Though Illyana's never ridden a horse, it's a sensation entirely akin to it, with the smooth rocking motion and the steady, surging pumps of Rosemarie's wings setting a rhythm that send the two of them bobbing through the air like a lazy rollercoaster. Finding her face turning bright pink, Illyana clears her throat, then coughs, clearly unsure if she should grip more or grip less. "Er… are you okay, da?" Illyana calls ahead to Rosemarie, erring on the side of hanging on tighter. Y'know, for safety sake. * "Okay, I'll…I'll keep going then!" She's not sure if her words reach the blonde, she wasn't able to make much more than 'keep going'. The wings keep a-flappin', so they keep a-half-flyin' along. The mountains aren't drawing any nearer, but the geography is changing a bit as they go along. Weirdly-stunted bushes are dotted here and there and off in the distance is an odd glassy patch, as if some super-heated impact occurred and melted the ground. Illyana speaks again and the brunette tilts her head to see if she can catch more of the Russian's words. "Yes, I'm fine!" she calls back. The wind pulls tendrils of her hair into her mouth and she spends the next few seconds spluttering and picking chestnut locks from her lips with one hand. The other arm remains steadfastly aligned with her ribs. * Feeling Rosemarie's wings starting to falter, Illyana points at the ground. "Set down, there!" she tells her friend. She aids with the landing, which is a bit of a production— a tricky maneuver where she doesn't want to accidentally double the drag by throwing her wings out, but doesn't want to get Rosemarie stuck with trying to halt all that mass. It abruptly occurs to Illyana that she doesn't know how to land any more than Rosemarie does, so— she cheats. Summoning the power of Limbo itself, the young Sorceress adjusts the gravity around them and simply wills them to a halt six inches off the ground, partially disengaging from Rosemarie as they land but not entirely letting her go. "Is good place to rest a bit," she tells Rosemarie, still hugging her from behind. "You did very well! Would guess… might have come two miles?" she says, squinting into the distance. "Don't think we hit any stretchy spaces on the way." * "But I don't know how to land!" Rosemarie's words are lost in the cacophony of wing beats between the four sets of wings. How it's all coordinated is nothing shy of magic and most definitely a tweak on Limbo's properties. Otherwise, it probably would have been a tangle of limbs and splayed feathers. Still, halting those six inches short of the actual ground is enough to elicit a bit of a backpedaling in the brunette in arms, legs, and midnight-blue wings alike. "Aaaaaaaahhhhhhhoookay," she breathes, even as Illyana chirps up behind her. One wing is drooped down so she can glance over her shoulder once more at her friend. "Two miles? Really?" She pauses and frowns in confusion. "What do you mean by stretchy spaces?" * "Limbo is not… um…" Illyana tries to find the word. "Straight. Sometimes, 100 paces— you go one hundred yards. Sometimes, can go one hundred miles. Stretchy space," she says, unable to explain subjectively distorted local spacetime. Her own wings unfurl and stretch forward, rubbing against Rosemarie's wingspan affectionately. "But, didn't feel like we went that far. I get tingling feeling in toes when I find stretchy space." Realizing she's still clinging to Rosemarie, she reluctantly steps back, rubbing a palm against the muscles under Rosemarie's scapula. "How do your wings feel? Nothing hurts, no?" she inquires. * "Oh," Rosemarie murmurs at the description given to her. It's like a time-space distortion of sorts, a weird blip of physics in the otherwise null Limbo. The sudden appearance of both sets of white primary feathers that emerge and slightly engulf her own is enough to make her pause and then laugh lightly. That back rub though? Mmm. "No, the wings don't hurt, it's my shoulders." She reaches back across her body and prods tenderly at her trapezius muscles. "I feel like I just did too many laps in the pool. I don't think I'll be able to fly back." The shrug that follows hurts and the brunette grimaces, still rubbing at the spot. * It would be a long time before Illyana would realize what an invitation to a backrub looks like— or discover what a backrub /is/. She just nods sympathetically at Rosemarie, walking past her a few paces and looking around the area, unaware of her future regret. "Perhaps, should be time to return to home," Illy suggests. She grips Rosemarie's wrist and takes two steps, returning the women to Rosemarie's apartment in a shimmering of yellow light. Her wings she leaves behind in Limbo, dissolving in her wake like glorious golden streams until she's just another, average, blonde girl in her shift, barefoot and looking up at Rosemarie. "Did very well, Rose. Will do even better next time," she promises the other woman. * Such a shame too. No doubt there will be a moment of wide eyes and wry laughter behind hands on her part. "Yes, that would be — " And back into her apartment with all of two short steps. "Good," Rosemarie finishes with that same semi-breathless awe at Illyana's magical abilities. She looks at her friend and has to consider for a moment what is so incredibly different. Then it hits her: the wings. She looks much smaller without them, though no less like the Illy she's coming to adore. There was something about that wingspan that gave her such presence. "Thanks, Illy. I couldn't do it without you, honestly." Her nails scratch at the retreating feathers behind her ear. Within another triplicate of heartbeats, the wings are gone too, and they're both just young women standing there, one trying not to snarl up her fingers within her locks. A glance at the thin mirror hanging beside the apartment door shows that she has a serious case of flight-hair. Blushing a little, she glances back at Illyana and tries to pat down the places she remembers seeing stick out all awry. "Have to remember my headband next time, I think," she mutters before chuckling. "I probably look like I lost a fight to an industrial fan." Regardless, she takes Illyana's hand in both of hers now and gives it a gentle squeeze. "Thank you again, Illy. For everything." With a move rooted in impulse and attempt at mirroring, she leans in to press a kiss against her friend's cheek as well and draws slowly back. Her throat bobbles. * "This is true," Illyana agrees. "Cannot get to Limbo, or play with gravity without me," she says. It's a factual statement, not a mark of braggadocio. Then, Rosemarie reaches forward to touch Illy's hand, and her heart goes into triple-time— oh wait, she's holding it, and Illyana's jaw starts working but not words fall out as Rosemarie leans in, oh, she's being kissed on the cheek. Illy's eyes flitter shut and she leans a little into the kiss, despite herself, and she swoons a little with her fingers gripping Rosemarie's hands. When Rosemarie starts to draw back, Illyana reflexively turns her lips towards Rosemarie's cheek— incrementally— and the kiss ends up lingering much closer to Rosemarie's mouth than on her high cheekbone, and there is nothing polite or chaste about it. Rosemarie's slow retreat pauses and Illy's lips brush so close to Rosemarie's mouth that there's a lingering second of uncertainty. Did that just happen? Suddenly wide eyed, Illyana backpedals two rapid steps into a glowing circle of light, and her blue eyes, wide, startled, and entirely uncertain, are the last to vanish from Rosemarie's view.

Ruthless rural strategies Big Saturday Read: Battle for hearts and minds of rural Zimbabwe Alex T Magaisa June 10, 2017 USAID Food distribution in 2007 – Photo: Associated Press The rebel Tozivepi Nyikamunhu walked away with a shrug. In the past he would have been frustrated but he had become indifferent. Once again, they had told him that his name was not on the list. He was used to it. It had almost become a ritual. Whenever the call was made for local villagers to come and receive their food rations, Tozivepi went along with the others, even though he knew he would get nothing. They would always tell him that his name was not on the list. “Why do you waste your time going there?” his wife, Muchaneta, had asked him a number of times. She had since given up. But Tozivepi always joined other villagers at Cheshiri School, where the officials distributed food rations after yet another devastating drought. At the start of the season, when others got seed and fertiliser from government, Tozivepi also came back empty-handed. Whereas everyone got their share, Tozivepi’s name was always missing from the list. One day, Sabhuku Mutota, the village head had called Tozivepi to his home. Tozivepi found other elders gathered at Sabhuku Mutota’s home. “You have to change your ways, Dhehwa, or you will kill your children with hunger,” said Sabhuku Mutota, with a voice that carried a tone of authority and persuasiveness. “Do you want your children to suffer because of your stubbornness?” His face was slightly contorted, like a man trying to shield his eyes from the glare of the sun. “We cannot allow you to starve your family just because you refuse to follow the ways of the party,” chimed one of the elders, with an air of authority. Another one cleared his throat, clearly preparing to issue some stern words. “What will you lose if you simply say yes to them like we all do?” he said. “Do you think we agree with what they do? The other year, they almost killed you. If the women of this village, your mothers, had not cried and pleaded, for sure they would have killed you. You forget how they hunted Museyamwa’s boys like wild animals until they killed one of them? Very soon they will be back for elections and you know what they will do.” There was concern in the old man’s voice. The elders were concerned that Tozivepi was courting danger. Tozivepi told them he would not change. His mind was made up a long time back. “They can do what they want, but I will not change. Even if they refuse with their food, I will not change. I would rather die with my honour than submit to them like a dog with its tail between the legs”. He walked away and the elders were left without words. They just shook their heads. “He’s headstrong, this boy, ever since he was small,” said Munyakwe, an elder who had sat quietly during the discussion. “He takes after his grandfather. The old man was like that. He never listened. They say his great-grandfather was a warrior during Chimurenga when the Europeans first came and settled here. Some say they cut off his head and took it away to their country overseas. That’s where this boy gets his stubborn head from. I fear one day these people will kill him.” Although Tozivepi knew they would always tell him his name was not on the list, he had long decided that, as a matter of principle he would always go along to the events. “I must remind them of the injustice of their ways. If I stay away, they will think I have given up,” he once told his wife. Tozivepi never attended their meetings. They had tried to force him but he refused. “I will have nothing to do with your party!” he had declared. Everyone else complied. They said he was the rebel and he was paying the price for it. Tozivepi’s story is a familiar one across the rural areas of Zimbabwe. Villagers are expected to comply with the ruling party. Those who fall out of line are regarded as outcasts. The Romans had a figure that they called the “Homo Sacer” – the accursed person. During the Roman Empire, when a man committed a certain type of offence he was banned from society and lost all rights as a citizen. His life was regarded as so worthless that he could not be sacrificed and he could be killed by anyone. But even if he was killed, the killer would not be regarded as a murderer. The notion was also evident in some pre-colonial African societies. In Chinua Achebe’s classic novel, Things Fall Apart, when the tragic hero, Okonkwo commits an abomination in the community, his punishment consists primarily of banishment from his village - Umuofia. He is sent to his mother’s village for some years, where he starts afresh while staying with his uncle. This banishment was clearly a form of exclusion from society. In Zimbabwe’s rural areas, a man like Tozivepi is not always banished from the society in the physical sense – not like Okonkwo. He does lose all his rights like the Homo Sacer in Roman society. But the common denominator between all these characters is that they are excluded from society in a number of ways. There are cases where people like Tozivepi have been beaten up severely or killed but their assailants have never faced justice. In effect, as in Roman times, killing people like Tozivepi does not even attract a murder charge because the perpetrators are protected. Even where they are found guilty, they are simply granted presidential pardon. The history of presidential pardons and amnesty and the moral hazard it creates has previously been analysed in these pages: Tozivepi’s story is very important in trying to understand voting behaviour among voters who reside in the rural areas. Of course, like any other party, ZANU PF has core supporters and many of them live in the rural areas. The rural economy revolves around land and the fact that ZANU PF took land from white commercial farmers and gave some of it to rural peasants means there are thousands of rural households who have a strong attachment to ZANU PF. Ironically, since the new land occupiers have no title to the land and can be easily removed, loyalty to the party is the mortgage they must pay in order to keep the land. But ZANU PF also knows when to throw gifts and trinkets related to land, such as seed and fertiliser, all of which remind the peasants that the party “cares” for them. To conquer the rural areas, the dynamics of this rural economy must be understood. The opposition must offer an alternative and believable alternative to the peasants. Acknowledging that ZANU PF does have a core of support based mainly in the rural areas does not mean that it has exclusive control of those areas. Not everyone is indebted to ZANU PF. If everyone was loyal, ZANU PF would not resort to strategies of intimidation, violence, instilling fear and other control methods. The rigging thesis has been used to explain ZANU PF’s apparent dominance in the rural areas. Nevertheless, how this rigging takes place is often described in general and vague terms. Election observers often arrive a few weeks before the elections and leave soon after. It is during that period that the conduct of political actors is scrutinised. Whether or not elections are free and fair depends on what happens during this limited period. In my experience, this is a flawed model of judging whether or not elections are free and fair. It is a flawed model of assessing whether or not there is rigging. The conception of rigging under this model is narrow as it looks to acts and omissions within this limited period. However, the technologies of power employed to affect elections stretch over a longer period of time, well before and well after the observers have come and gone. Some of these technologies of power are evident in Tozivepi’s story. These technologies of power, including the use of poverty and food aid, are influential enough to affect the behaviour of the majority of villagers. The exception is Tozivepi and his family, but they must pay a penalty for their political choices. The threat of social exclusion is a technique that compels villagers to comply. A way of life It is important to understand that for the rural voter, ZANU PF is more than just a political party. It is a way of life. In fact, in more desperate areas, they have been led to believe that ZANU PF is life itself, that it is the difference between life and death. The structures of the state and the structures of the party have seamless interaction. The boundaries are so fluid that to the rural voter, ZANU PF is the state and the state is ZANU PF – there is literally no difference. When food aid or agricultural inputs are distributed in these areas, this is done in the name of ZANU PF, even though they are funded by the taxpayer or donors. Growing up in the villages, it was not uncommon to hear villages refer to “Chibage chaMugabe” (Mugabe’s maize) or Beans dzaMugabe (Mugabe’s beans). Even plots of land were named after Mugabe’s inputs -- dhunduru rechibage chaMugabe, meaning the plot on which maize seed donated by Mugabe was planted. As we have seen with Tozivepi’s story, villagers who are associated with the opposition parties are excluded. They do not get food aid or agricultural inputs. For most villagers who rely upon agriculture, it is quite literally a matter of life and death. Spaces of state authority, such as the District and Provincial Offices are also ZANU PF spaces. They are predominantly occupied by and exude the spirit of ZANU PF. The location and architecture of their offices tells a story. Oft-times, party offices are located side by side with the district and provincial offices. Sometimes, they are in the same buildings. When people see the state, they see ZANU PF. In the villages, the traditional structures – Chiefs, Headmen and Village Heads - switch from their formal and ZANU roles with seamless ease. Many Zimbabweans who have tried to do philanthropic activities in their home regions have met the same problem: interference from the political actors seeking cheap credit. Even if you want to donate to your local clinic or school, the head of the institution will have to seek authority from or at least inform the MP or local political leadership. They are scared of acting on their own. The MPs and political leadership want to claim credit in order to build their political capita among voters. This interference puts off many in the Diaspora who want to be involved. But for the rural dwellers, their way of life means they cannot separate their activities from the control of political actors, the majority of whom are ZANU PF. Overall, the lifestyle in most rural areas is a ZANU PF-dominated lifestyle. The party has a suffocating presence in the rural areas. There is no single person that it does not affect. It is what children grow up knowing. When there is a rally, schools are closed and school kids are commandeered to attend the rally. Some might even spend months preparing to perform music and dance as part of the event’s entertainment. Their socialisation, from the time they are born is heavily affected by ZANU PF. For many of the unemployed youths, the only way out of the rural areas is offered by aligning to or participating in activities ZANU PF-sponsored activities. It is these young rural youths who become members of ZANU PF’s Youth Militia, eventually graduating into members of the Police Support Unit or joining the military. Thousands are deployed as Youth Officers under the guise of the Ministry of Youth, Indigenisation and Empowerment. ZANU PF understands the rural economy, which is why it concentrates its efforts in these areas. The Panopticon effect Last year, I explained how the “Panopticon Effect” works in the rural areas and it is relevant to summarise it here again in order to explain forces that affect voter behaviour. Oft-times, when people talk of rigging, they refer to methods where voters are forced or coerced to behave in a particular manner. This is partly true. What the narrative does not include however is that ZANU PF uses technologies whereby voters appear to act autonomously, exercising free-will, when in fact they would be responding to insidious forces. The panopticon is an architectural design developed by English philosopher, Jeremy Bentham. The design allows a centrally-located watchman to observe occupants of the panopticon building structure with the occupants believing that they are being watched but without them knowing whether they are actually being watched. Bentham’s panopticon was designed to house and monitor inmates in a prison. The panopticon is a circular building consisting of cells and a central tower. A watchman sits in the central tower watching over the occupants in the cells. These occupants could also be workers in a factory or students in an educational facility. The tower allows light to come through, enabling the watchman to see every occupant in the cells below. However, the occupants in the cells are not able to see the watchman or what he is doing. They won’t even know whether or not he is actually keeping constant watch over them. However, because they do not know, they must assume that they are constantly being watched. This belief and fear of being punished means the occupants must always be on their best behaviour. They must do whatever they believe is expected of them by the watchman. Thus, they become regulators of their own behaviour, doing what they believe is expected of them by the watchman. The watchman doesn’t actually have to do anything. The famous French philosopher Michel Foucault, took up Bentham’s concept of the panopticon in his work on disciplinary societies. According to Foucault, the panopticon is a useful concept to demonstrate how disciplinary societies tend to dominate and control citizens. When a prisoner is in a panopticon, he is the subject of surveillance by the watchman. But this relationship is asymmetrical. “He (the inmate) is seen, but he does not see”. The watchman might not even be there or even if he is there he might not be watching the inmate constantly. But the prisoner does not know that. The result is that the prisoner must regulate and police his own behaviour to avoid punishment. This self-policing by the inmate is an important way by which a central authority indirectly controls citizens. As already pointed out, it is not limited to prisons. It can be used at the workplace or in schools to supervise and monitor workers and students. It could also be used in hospitals, where a central authority monitors patients. Once advantage is that one doesn’t have to use a large number of staff for the surveillance task. It can be achieved with a limited number of staff – instead of a supervisor for each cell, class or ward, you can have one central authority for everyone. Technological innovations have however, extended the panopticon effect to wider areas of society beyond the prison, the classroom or the hospital. Indeed, the idea of a circular building with a central tower is now more evident as a metaphor of a system in which society is under general surveillance. With CCTV everywhere, citizens believe they are constantly being watched by central authority. With digital snooping being used in several countries, citizens live in fear that whatever they do in cyberspace is being monitored by a central authority. The enduring idea of the panopticon lies in the principle of central supervision/inspection. The belief in the presence of a central authority means the subject has to behave according to the standards expected of him by that central authority. When Bentham developed the panopticon, he did not intend that it would be used to oppress people, even its effect as a metaphor when applied across society has been to subjugate citizens. I have used the Panopticon Effect to explain how it influences voter behaviour in the rural areas. It might well have resonance elsewhere. There is no physical structure that is called the panopticon. There is no central tower or cells in which inmates are located. I use it merely in its metaphorical sense. There are various actors who make up the central authority which watches over the activities of rural citizens. These actors include traditional leaders, members of the police, intelligence and military, civil servants in administrative structures, and ZANU PF political officers. Together, they perform the role of watchman, overseeing rural spaces and exercising disciplinary power whenever rural citizens do not conform to the rules. All these actors represent the interests of ZANU PF and their task is to ensure that everyone complies – they are the enforcers. The disciplinary power which these enforcers exercise includes sanctions against those who do not comply. For example, those who are regarded as opposition supporters are punished by not being given food aid or agricultural inputs. They might even be beaten up during elections. Voters are told that they will be secretly monitored in the voting booths. In some cases, since voters cannot be trusted to comply, the traditional leader gathers all voters in his sphere of influence and accompanies them to the polling station. They are told that they must declare illiteracy which means a trusted person will assist them to vote, literally supervising how they vote. All these strategies mean that the voter is constantly labouring under the belief that he is being watched. The consequence is that he self-polices himself, behaving in a manner that he believes is expected of him by the central authority. He is “free” to vote, but actually, his freedom is emasculated by the Panopticon Effect. I had occasion to observe the Panopticon Effect during the last election campaign in 2013. One day, when I worked with Morgan Tsvangirai, we visited a rural business centre in the heart of Mashonaland East. This area had seen high levels of violence in 2008. Five years later, although there was no violence, fear was evident in the eyes of the people. A group of hard-core MDC supporters – the Tozivepi type – had dutifully gathered at the appointed space, waiting for their leader. However, it was evident that there were many others who were loitering around the business centre, watching from afar. They showed some interest in the proceedings but for some reason they could not physically present themselves. When the politicians started giving their speeches, I received a message from a group that was sitting in one of the nearby shops. “Can you please ask them to raise the volume so that we can all hear them? We can’t be seen at the gathering but we want to hear, too.” I found this very interesting. Here were people who were keen to be involved at our meeting of the opposition but for their own safety, they could not afford to be seen at the rally. As far as they were concerned, someone was there watching them and if they were seen at the gathering, they would be in trouble. I don’t know if there was someone watching them. But the fact that they believed that someone was watching them meant they had to police themselves. However, they still wanted to be close enough to the event to hear what the opposition leader was saying. I then told the speakers not only to speak louder but that their address must focus not just on those who were at the gathering, but the hundreds who were sitting in shops and bushes because they also wanted to hear but they could not physically present themselves. What’s to be done? The golden question, therefore, is how to overcome these challenges. Can they be resolved merely by changing the Electoral Law? But there is no law that says traditional leaders must behave in that manner. There is no law that allows the police, army or intelligence services to engage and interfere in politics. There is no law which allows traditional leaders to gather villagers before proceeding to the polling station. In fact, both the Constitution and the Electoral Law prohibits all these things. However, those who are supposed to enforce these laws do not perform their role or they are the chief violators. This makes law-based solutions limited. The implication is that dealing with these challenges among rural voters requires strategies that go beyond the law. A lot more work has to focus on the mind of the voter. The problem lies in how the voter, particularly the rural voter, has been socialised. After independence, critics spoke of the need to decolonise the mind. This was in reference to the fact that even though colonialism had formally ended, the mind of the citizen was still colonised. It needed to be decolonised. Bob Marley put it in song as he called, in the Redemption Song, for emancipation from “mental slavery”. There is a need for a similar phenomenon within the electorate, particularly in the rural areas – something that might, for convenience, be called a de-Zanufication of the mind. This is why a multi-disciplinary approach is necessary in dealing with the problem of elections in Zimbabwe. Law alone is not enough. Politics alone is not enough. There is need for a radical approach that de-Zanufies the mind of the voter. It has to be an intensive programme of de-Zanufication of the mind. Those in the Diaspora can play their role too. They are the benefactors of many households back in Zimbabwe. They too have to play their role in this process, engaging their relatives, instead of leaving it to the "opposition". They have leverage and they must make use of it. People must understand that there is life beyond ZANU PF and that it does not control their lives. They need reassurance. Apart from engaging the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) on legal reforms, opposition parties have to more actively engage rural voters in countering the culture of fear which stifles free-will. As long as ZANU PF is all they see in their localities, or all they believe is in control, their voting behaviour will yield to ZANU PF. As I have often said in recent months, the opposition leaders have to stop moaning about ZANU PF’s power and control and they must start using positive and more confidence language that they can overcome, the handicaps notwithstanding. Ordinary people will look at it and wonder what they themselves can do in the face of ZANU PF if their leaders are always crying out for help. There are few people like Tozivepi. The challenge is to have more people like Tozivepi. They are there and with more active strategies, they will emerge and inspire a new generation.

- Research - Open Access - Published: A pilot study to assess use of fluorescent lotion in patient care simulations to illustrate pathogen dissemination and train personnel in correct use of personal protective equipment Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control volume 5, Article number: 40 (2016) 2098 Accesses 17 Citations 13 Altmetric - Abstract Background Simulations using fluorescent tracers can be useful in understanding the spread of pathogens and in devising effective infection control strategies. Methods During simulated patient care interactions in which providers wore gloves and gowns, we evaluated environmental and personnel dissemination of fluorescent lotion and bacteriophage MS2 from a contaminated mannequin. The frequency of skin and clothing contamination after removal of personal protective equipment (PPE) was compared before versus after an intervention that included education and practice in PPE donning and doffing. Results Ten healthcare personnel participated in 30 pre-intervention and 30 post-intervention patient care simulations. Fluorescent lotion and bacteriophage MS2 were rapidly disseminated to touched surfaces throughout the room; there was no difference in the frequency of contamination before versus after the PPE training intervention. After the intervention, there was a decrease in skin and/or clothing contamination with fluorescent lotion (9/30, 30 % versus 1/30, 3 %; P = 0.01) and bacteriophage MS2 (8/30, 27 % versus 2/30, 7 %; P = 0.08) and there was a significant reduction in the concentration of bacteriophage MS2 recovered from hands (0.31 versus 0.07 log10plaque-forming units; P < 0.01). Conclusions Our findings suggest that simulations with fluorescent lotion can be a useful teaching tool to illustrate the spread of pathogens and provide further evidence that simple PPE training interventions can be effective in reducing contamination of personnel. Background Transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens occurs through interplay between patients, healthcare personnel and the environment. Patients colonized or infected with pathogens shed organisms onto their skin, clothing, bedding, and nearby environmental surfaces [1–4]. The hands of personnel serve as the major vector for transmission of pathogens [3–6]. Susceptible patients may also acquire pathogens through direct contact with contaminated surfaces or portable equipment [1–3]. The environment is considered an important source for transmission of several pathogens, including Clostridium difficile, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), some gram-negative bacilli (e.g., Acinetobacter baumannii), and norovirus [1–6]. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is intended to reduce the risk that personnel will contaminate their skin and clothing during contact with patients and contaminated surfaces. However, such contamination is not uncommon despite use of PPE [7–10]. Failure to use PPE correctly is one factor that may result in contamination. For example, Landelle et al. found that 1 or more contacts with a patient or environmental surface in a Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) isolation room without wearing gloves was an independent risk factor for hand contamination with spores [9]. Failure to use PPE correctly may occur in part because personnel may not appreciate the risk for contamination after brief encounters or after contact only with environmental surfaces [11]. Incorrect donning and doffing technique is also common, and is associated with increased risk of contamination of skin and clothing [7, 12]. Thus, there is a need for improved strategies for training of personnel in correct use of PPE. Several recent studies have demonstrated that simulations using fluorescent lotions or powders can be useful in understanding the spread of pathogens and in devising effective control strategies [7, 13–15]. For example, we showed that personnel frequently contaminated their skin and clothing during removal of fluorescent lotion-contaminated PPE and training that included use of the lotion to provide visual feedback reduced contamination [7]. The primary goal of the current study was to examine the use of fluorescent lotion as a means to track dissemination of pathogens to the environment and personnel during simulated patient care interactions. A secondary goal was to test whether an educational intervention would reduce the risk for contamination of the skin and clothing of personnel. Methods We conducted a simulation study of pathogen dissemination and a quasi-experimental evaluation of the impact of an educational intervention. During simulations of patient care performed by 10 healthcare personnel, we evaluated environmental and personnel dissemination of fluorescent lotion and compared the frequency of skin and clothing contamination before versus after an educational intervention that included education and practice in PPE donning and doffing technique as described previously [7]. There was no concurrent control group that did not receive the educational intervention. A convenience sample of healthcare personnel providing direct care of patients in contact isolation participated in the study. Individual personnel participated in 3 simulations before the intervention and 3 simulations after the intervention during a 1 month period. Education included a 10-min video presentation and 20 min of practice in glove and gown donning and doffing. The donning and doffing protocols recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were presented [16]. Personnel practiced removal of fluorescent lotion-contaminated gloves and gown with use of a black light (Ultra Light UV1 by Grizzly Gear, SCS Direct Inc, Milford, CT) to identify sites of contamination. Personnel continued to practice until they were confident they could use the correct technique and avoid contamination. The simulation room contained a life-size mannequin placed in a hospital bed in addition to a bedside table placed over the bed above the mannequin, call button placed on the bedside table, curtain, intravenous (IV) pole, stethoscope hung on the IV pole, and trashcan for disposal of PPE. For the assessments of the frequency of skin and environmental contamination, a solution containing 0.5 mL of phosphate-buffered saline containing 104 plaque forming units (PFUs) of bacteriophage MS2 mixed with 0.5 mL of fluorescent lotion (Glitterbug Lotion, Brevis Corporation, Salt Lake City, UT) was applied to the mannequin’s anterior chest and abdomen, spread to cover a 10×10 cm area, and allowed to dry for 2 h. Bacteriophage MS2 is a non-pathogenic, non-enveloped RNA virus commonly used to study spread of pathogens [7]. The bacteriophage was prepared as previously described [7]. The contamination was applied to the mannequin because our primary goal was to simulate how contamination may spread from a patient to the environment and personnel during routine patient care activities. For the simulations, healthcare personnel donned a cover gown (SafetyPlus Polyethylene Gown; TIDI Products, Neenah, WI) and nitrile gloves (Denville Scientific Inc, Metuchen, NJ). The clinical scenario involved the following steps: drawing the privacy curtain after entering the room, pressing the nurse call button to call for additional personnel, moving the bedside table away from the bed, raising the bed to the proper height for examination, taking the stethoscope from the IV pole, examining the mannequin by auscultating the chest and palpating the abdomen and returning everything in the room to its previous location, closing the privacy curtain, exiting the room, and removing PPE. The scenario was read to the participants prior to the simulations and they were cued if they forgot the sequence during the simulation. After each simulation, research personnel used a black light to assess for fluorescent lotion contamination of surfaces in the environment and of the skin and clothing of volunteers after PPE removal. The hands and wrists were then sampled for bacteriophage MS2 using a 4x4 gauze pad pre-moistened with phosphate-buffered saline. After every 10 simulations, the bedside table (top, short and long sides), side rail, stethoscope, IV pole, call button, curtain, trash can and floor were sampled for bacteriophage MS2 using pre-moistened BD BBL™ CultureSwabs™ (Becton Dickinson, Cockeysville, MD) and the surfaces were thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with bleach to eliminate fluorescent lotion and MS2. Sampling for MS2 on surfaces was performed after 10 simulations to determine accumulation after multiple repetitions. The swabs and gauze pads were cultured to quantify bacteriophage MS2 as previously described [7]. The percentage of contamination with fluorescent lotion was determined for each environmental site after each simulation; the average contamination of each site for the 3 repetitions of 10 simulations was graphed. The frequency of environmental surface and personnel skin and/or clothing contamination before versus after the intervention was compared using the Fischer’s exact test. Data were analyzed using R version 3.1.1. Results Ten healthcare personnel (5 physicians and 5 allied health providers) participated in 30 pre-intervention and 30 post-intervention simulations. The average age of the participants was 37 years (range, 24 to 55) and the average number of years working in healthcare was 8 (range, 3 to 26). Figure 1 shows the average accumulation of contamination with fluorescent lotion on surfaces during 6 sets of 10 simulations (i.e., surfaces were cleaned and disinfected after each set of 10 simulations). Multiple surfaces were contaminated after a single simulation and after 4 simulations 100 % of several surfaces were contaminated (stethoscopes, bedside table, curtain, and call button). No fluorescent lotion contamination of the trashcan or floor adjacent to the trashcan occurred during any of the simulations. As shown Fig. 2, the overall distribution of contamination with bacteriophage MS2 was similar to that of fluorescent lotion after 10 simulations. After the intervention, the overall percentages of environmental contamination with fluorescent lotion (26/30, 87 % versus 23/30, 77 %; P = 0.50) or bacteriophage MS2 (13/30, 43 % versus 12/30, 37 %; P = 1.00) were not significantly different than before the intervention (Fig. 3). However, skin and/or clothing contamination with fluorescent lotion decreased significantly after the intervention (9/30, 30 % versus 1/30, 3 %; P = 01). The percentage of skin and/or clothing contamination with bacteriophage MS2 also decreased after the intervention, but the reduction was not statistically significant (8/30, 27 % versus 2/30, 7 %; P = 0.08). However, there was a significant reduction in the concentration of bacteriophage MS2 recovered from hands after the intervention (0.31 versus 0.07 log10PFUs; P < 0.01). The most common skin site contaminated with fluorescent lotion was the dorsum of the wrist and the most common site of clothing contamination was the chest and abdomen. Discussion During simulated patient care interactions, we found that fluorescent lotion was rapidly disseminated from a contaminated mannequin to touched surfaces throughout the room. The distribution of contamination by lotion was similar to the distribution of bacteriophage MS2. Our findings suggest that simulations with fluorescent lotion could be a useful teaching tool to illustrate the spread of pathogens. Such simulations could be useful for training of healthcare personnel. As noted previously, failure to use PPE correctly may occur in part due to lack of appreciation of the risk for contamination after brief contact or after contact with surfaces [11]. Our findings expand on previous studies that have used fluorescent tracers to assess contamination and train staff. We examined dissemination of fluorescent lotion from a contaminated mannequin to touched surfaces during simulated patient care interactions, whereas many previous studies have directly contaminated gowns and/or gloves and focused primarily on contamination of personnel [7, 10, 13]. Our results are consistent with a recent study in which transfer of fluorescent lotion from a contaminated mannequin to personnel and the environment occurred during simulated emergency department scenarios [17]. Our finding that a PPE training intervention that included practice with fluorescent lotions was effective in reducing skin and clothing contamination after PPE removal is consistent with a growing body of evidence that such interventions may be beneficial [7, 10, 13, 18, 19]. Although contamination of skin and clothing was reduced by the intervention, it was not reduced to zero. Additional measures such as disinfection of PPE prior to removal may be beneficial to further reduce contamination. Current guidelines from the CDC recommend that personnel disinfect their gloves at multiple steps during doffing of PPE used in the care of patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola virus infection [20]. However, this approach may not be practical for routine patient care. Improvements in PPE design are also needed to provide products that are easy to remove while minimizing the risk for self-contamination. For example, we demonstrated that a prototype seamless PPE design that ensures wrist coverage and requires the wearer to remove gloves and gowns simultaneously reduced hand and wrist contamination [21]. Our study has some limitations. Only a small cohort of subjects was studied and no nurses were included. However, we have previously reported that the frequency of contamination during removal of contaminated PPE is similar for nurses, physicians, and allied health personnel [7]. The frequency of contamination was relatively high in comparison to studies that have involved cultures during actual patient care [8, 9]. Thus, our results may mimic situations in which relatively heavy contamination is present. The post-intervention assessments were conducted within 1 month of the intervention. It is likely that intermittent training sessions will be necessary to maintain skills in PPE technique. Repeated training sessions would be particularly indicated during outbreaks of infection due to virulent pathogens. Finally, our conclusions are limited by the fact that we did not include a concurrent control group that did not receive the educational intervention. Studies with untrained control groups are needed for optimal evaluation of the efficacy of PPE training interventions. Conclusion Fluorescent lotion was rapidly disseminated from a contaminated mannequin to touched surfaces throughout the room during simulations of patient care and the distribution of contamination was similar to the distribution of bacteriophage MS2. Our findings suggest that simulations with fluorescent lotion can be a useful teaching tool to illustrate the spread of pathogens and to train personnel in correct use of PPE. Abbreviations - CDC: Centers for disease control and prevention - CDI: Clostridium difficile infection - IV: Intravenous - MRSA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus - PFU: Plaque forming unit - PPE: Personal protective equipment - VRE: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci References Weber DJ, Anderson D, Rutala WA. The role of the surface environment in healthcare-associated infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013;26:338–44. Hota B. Contamination, disinfection, and cross-colonization: are hospital surfaces reservoirs for nosocomial infection? Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1182–9. Donskey CJ. Does improving surface cleaning and disinfection reduce health care-associated infections? Am J Infect Control. 2013;41:S12–19.:149–54.–7. Guerrero DM, Nerandzic MM, Jury LA, Jinno S, Chang S, Donskey CJ. Acquisition of spores on gloved hands after contact with the skin of patients with Clostridium difficile infection and with environmental surfaces in their rooms. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40:556–8. Tomas ME, Kundrapu S, Thota P, et al. Contamination of the skin and clothing of healthcare personnel during removal of personal protective equipment. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:1904–10. Morgan DJ, Rogawski E, Thom KA, et al. Transfer of multidrug-resistant bacteria to healthcare workers' gloves and gowns after patient contact increases with environmental contamination. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:1045–51.:10–5. Casanova L, Alfano-Sobsey E, Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Sobsey M. Virus transfer from personal protective equipment to healthcare employees’ skin and clothing. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1291–3. Dedrick RE, Sinkowitz-Cochran RL, Cunningham C, et al. Hand hygiene practices after brief encounters with patients: an important opportunity for prevention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28:341–5. Zellmer C, van Hoof S, Safdar N. Variation in health care worker removal of personal protective equipment. Am J Infect Control. 2015;43:750–1. Cassir N, Boudjema S, Roux V, Reynier P, Brouqui P. Infectious diseases of high consequence and personal protective equipment: a didactic method to assess the risk of contamination. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2015;36:1485–6. Clay KA, O’Shea MK, Fletcher T, et al. Use of an ultraviolet tracer in simulation training for the clinical management of Ebola virus disease. J Hosp Infect. 2015;91:275–7. Oberyszyn AS, Robertson FM. Novel rapid method for visualization of extent and location of aerosol contamination during high-speed sorting of potentially biohazardous samples. Cytometry. 2001;43:217–22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sequence for donning and removing personal protective equipment, 2014.. Accessed 15 April 2016. Drew JL, Turner J, Mugele J, et al. Beating the spread: developing a simulation analog for contagious body fluids. Simul Healthc. 2016;11:100–5. Guo YP, Li Y, Wong PL. Environment and body contamination: a comparison of two different removal methods in three types of personal protective clothing. Am J Infect Control. 2014;42:e39–45. Lai JY, Guo YP, Or PP, Li Y. Comparison of hand contamination rates and environmental contamination levels between two different glove removal methods and distances. Am J Infect Control. 2011;39:104–11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014 Guidance on Personal Protective Equipment To Be Used by Healthcare Workers During Management of Patients with Ebola Virus Disease in U.S. Hospitals, Including Procedures for Putting On (Donning) and Removing (Doffing).. Accessed 15 April 2016. Tomas ME, Cadnum JL, Mana TS, Jencson AL, Donskey CJ. Seamless Suits: Reducing Personnel Contamination Through Improved Personal Protective Equipment Design. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37:742–4. Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge the healthcare personnel who participated, especially Eric W. Nickens Sr. Funding This study was supported by a Merit Review grant from the Department of Veterans Affairs to CJD. Availability of data and materials All the data supporting conclusions are in Figs. 1, 2, and 3. Authors’ contributions HA, SK, MET, JLC, AJ and CJD made substantial contributions to conception and design, HA, SK, MET, JLC, AJ and CJD made substantial contributions to acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data. MET and CJD drafted the manuscript, and all authors gave final approval of the version to be published. Competing interests CJD has received research grants from STERIS, Clorox, Merck, EcoLab, and GOJO, and has served on scientific advisory boards for 3 M and Seres Health. All other authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article. Consent for publication Not applicable. Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical approval was obtained from the Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center’s Institutional Review Board. All participants provided oral informed consent prior tomidi, H., Koganti, S., Tomas, M.E. et al. A pilot study to assess use of fluorescent lotion in patient care simulations to illustrate pathogen dissemination and train personnel in correct use of personal protective equipment. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 5, 40 (2016). Received: Accepted: Published: DOI: Keywords - Bacteriophage MS2 - Fluorescent marker - Personal protective equipment - Healthcare personnel - Training

I’m a massive fan of lists. I find nothing more satisfying than listing out tasks or projects and subsequently crossing off accomplishments. Tracking progress and being able to look back at what I’ve done over the course of the last day/week/month/year thrills me. So when a friend introduced me to Goodreads—an online reading log to help readers keep track of books read and to be read—back in 2014, I was immediately hooked. I wasn’t the only one. Goodreads, for the uninitiated, is the online reading tracker. As of January 2021, Goodreads has accumulated over 90 million users since it was first launched in January 2007. And yet despite its popularity, many users are still looking for alternative options. Last year, when a single tweet started gaining traction on Book Twitter, users began flocking to a new online reading log, participating in the beta testing and progressive growth of The StoryGraph. What is a Reading Log? Unfamiliar with the idea of online reading trackers, or logs? At their core, they’re pretty simple—just a platform for readers to track books they have read, are currently reading, and want to read. - Want to Read lists (or To Be Read lists) are a great way to keep track of book recommendations, stay on top of upcoming releases, and keep track of books you want to read. - Currently Reading allows you to track progress on the book(s) you’re actively reading. - Read lists track all the books you’ve finished reading, including the options to add dates read, rereads, which specific edition you read (paperback, ebook, audiobook, etc.), and reviews. Beyond allowing you to track your reading progress, reading log platforms use the data they aggregate from their users to provide recommendations for what to read next, which can be an incredibly useful function both for avid readers and authors. And, in some cases, these platforms provide opportunities for authors and readers to connect with like-minded communities over reading challenges, discussion groups or book clubs, book reviews, and more. Let’s take a look at two online reading logs—long-time frontrunner Goodreads and up-and-comer The StoryGraph—and see how authors and readers alike can make use of these popular platforms. Goodreads Goodreads is the largest and most popular book tracker currently available online. This is an undisputed fact—the overwhelming majority of the publishing industry and its consumers use Goodreads in some capacity. I’ve used Goodreads consistently since I was first introduced to it—both personally and professionally, from multiple different professional perspectives.\ Yet, despite its popularity, Goodreads is often found wanting by many of its users. Not unlike Amazon, Goodreads members seem to be begrudgingly using it in spite of their own personal reservations—we’re not fans, but it’s just so convenient and useful that it’s hard to say no. In fact, Goodreads is very much like Amazon, especially since Goodreads has been owned and operated by Amazon since 2013 (yes, that’s a bad thing). Why, then, is Goodreads so popular? Most likely a variety of reasons. Last spring Tom Critchlow—a strategy consultant who once tried to create a competing book database that has since gone offline—shared his thoughts on Goodreads’ dominance. Details like the monetization of Goodreads via Amazon and the SEO real estate both can claim are certainly a contributing factor, but from a user perspective, I think the answer is pretty straightforward. Goodreads is popular, despite its flaws, because it is still the most robust book reviewing and networking platform currently available online. Book Reviews Of course, like you would expect from any online book database, book recommendations, and public book reviews are major features of Goodreads. Goodreads provides book recommendations in a variety of different formats. Part of the community-based nature of Goodreads includes Facebook-like news and activity feed on your homepage that shows your friends’ recent activity, including what books they’ve recently read, reviewed, or added to their Want to Read lists. Data-generated recommendations—“based on your reading activity we think you would like” style—are inserted directly to your home feed, or “Readers Also Enjoyed” curated lists on every individual book page. They will also email you book recs, sending follow-up “what to read next” emails after you log a review for a finished book. To be fair, in many cases these recommendations are biased, influenced by more than just raw user data, but that doesn’t necessarily make them inaccurate or inappropriate. Want to check out if one of the books Goodreads recommended to you is actually worth your time? There are two different styles of user reviews available on the platform: - Ratings allow a reader to rate a book on a very simple scale of one to five stars, just like any other online product review. - Reviews give users the opportunity to elaborate on their rating with a blank slate for written reviews. It’s not a perfect system—it’s a common practice, for example, for users to give a star rating to a book they haven’t actually read. And as with all online reviews, especially something as subjective as thoughts on a book, they can get personal. But despite their flaws, Goodreads reviews can be prolific and incredibly influential in the promotion of a new book. Featured Books Hands down my favorite feature on Goodreads is the lists. Lists are curated by users (in fact, most of Goodreads is curated by users, or “librarians,” in a similar style to Wikipedia), and can be a fantastic resource for finding new and upcoming books to read. For example, my two most-read genres are Adult Contemporary Romance and Young Adult Fantasy. With a little effort, I can find curated lists of every Adult Contemporary Romance novel or Young Adult Fantasy novel coming out in any given year, which helps me keep track of what new books are coming soon, what to keep an eye out for, and what everyone’s going to be talking about. Books can also be highlighted in the Featured Giveaways section, where users have a chance to win everything from ARCs of upcoming debuts to hardcover bestsellers (yeah that’s right, free books!). Giveaways are generally set up (and paid for) by publishers, but any author with the budget can choose to purchase a giveaway package and promote their book as a Goodreads Giveaway. Even better, any reader with a Goodreads account can enter—for free—for a chance to win. Who doesn’t love the chance to win free books!? Goodreads has also gained enough clout in the industry that they have their own annual award. The Goodreads Choice Awards are voted on by users, nominating the best new releases in twenty different categories and narrowing each category down to a single winner. These awards aren’t small, either—over 5.6 million votes were cast for the 2020 Choice Awards. Community What really makes Goodreads stand out as the preeminent reading log platform is the robust online community and the features for participants. For better or worse, Goodreads is integrated with some of the major social media platforms, which gives members the opportunity to connect with Facebook friends or share their reviews on Twitter. Your friends’ activity is visible on your user homepage, which means you can see what your friends are reading, comment on their reviews, and see which Lists or Giveaways they’ve been interacting with. If you want to get more involved, or network with other readers that aren’t just your Facebook friends, Groups and Discussions allow members to create online book clubs, conversation topics and threads, special interest groups, and more. And it’s not just limited to readers—authors can get involved in the community too, with features like Ask the Author and the opportunity for authors to upload behind-the-scenes notes, comments, and details to their book pages and author profiles. For many Goodreads users, the community aspect is enough to outweigh the occasional pain points in the functionality of the website. But many users were still looking for book tracking, tagging, and reviewing features that Goodreads still doesn’t—and likely never will—have available on their site. One user, in particular, was so frustrated with the limitations of Goodreads that she decided to do something about it. Enter The StoryGraph. The StoryGraph Nadia Odunayo, the tech entrepreneur who built (and continues to build out) The StoryGraph, knew she wasn’t alone in feeling frustrated by Goodreads. “For three months I didn’t build anything and I didn’t join in on anything, I just spoke to readers,” Odunayo told Sarah Manavis in this interview. “I spoke to Goodreads users, I spoke to book bloggers, I spoke to friends, and I just looked at a bunch of different people to try and find out: is there still an untapped reader out there?” Apparently, she found plenty and has since gone to work on rectifying those grievances in her own platform. Some of them are immediately obvious to users familiar with Goodreads when they first begin to use The StoryGraph. Nuanced Book Reviewing Most notably—and easily the selling-point I see most often when users are telling others about The StoryGraph—is a more nuanced rating scale than just 1-5 stars. In fact, the whole review system is more nuanced, including the ability to rate books on a decimal scale (for example, further than just a 4-star books, readers can rate books 4.0, 4.25, 4.5, or 4.75), and the option to designate a book as “Did Not Finish” or DNF. These may seem like relatively small improvements in the grand scheme of book tracking, but it’s worth noting that both of these features were details that Goodreads users had been asking for—with no success—for years. Even the written reviews for books are more detailed and more to guide users than just an open-ended text box. And while guided reviews are a great feature, they aren’t just to help users leave more detailed reviews on books they’ve read—they’re actually a key element of the feature that has caught so many users’ interest. Book Recommendations In many ways, The StoryGraph functions like Goodreads—it’s still a reading log platform designed to track books read, books currently being read, and books to read, by adding them to separate lists and applying relevant tags to them. And in many ways, The StoryGraph leaves behind some of Goodreads defining features—the community experience, for example, is much quieter on The StoryGraph, at least at the moment. Written reviews are harder to find, leaving instead a more curated collection of data for browsers to use. And if there are promotional features like giveaways or public lists, I haven’t found them yet. Though there are, perhaps in lieu of lists, a wide range of reading challenges available, which is a pretty awesome way to broaden your bookshelf. So why then, if The StoryGraph offers fewer features than Goodreads, are so many people signing up for this new platform that is barely even out of beta testing? Well, a lot of reasons, honestly—ethical and moral ones as much as functional and practical ones, many of which are discussed in this article from Ethical Unicorn. But ultimately? Because what The StoryGraph does it does so, so well. And what The StoryGraph does, above all else, is help readers find new books. When leaving a review of a finished book on The StoryGraph, users are presented with a list of questions: The StoryGraph then uses the feedback gathered from book reviewers to curate personal recommendations for other users that may be interested in the book. The StoryGraph, like Goodreads, has multiple methods of delivering book recs to users. But unlike Goodreads, these recommendations aren’t influenced by what your friends are reading, industry trends, or what publishers are paying for ads on Goodreads. Rather, these recommendations are informed entirely by the data aggregated by user reviews and Nadia Odunayo’s algorithms. Customized recommendations are delivered to users directly on The StoryGraph homepage—the very first thing you see when you log in is a row of curated recommendations based on your reading habits, your past reviews, and a reading preferences survey you fill out when you first register. Beyond those recommendations, users can browse for recommendations based on the data provided in those prompted review questions. When browsing or searching for books, The StoryGraph prompts users with the question “What are you in the mood for?” and a series of choices about desired mood (adventurous, emotional, inspiring, etc.), pace, genre, length, and even filters like “don’t show my books already in my To-Read pile” or “only show me books that aren’t part of a series.” The results—which have been consistently accurate in my experience—are an even more curated list of suggested books based on what you’re in the mood to read. Even further, The StoryGraph applies more weight to this data—mood, genre, pace, etc.—than it does to star ratings. As Odunayo explained in the interview with Sarah Manavis, .” Goodreads and The StoryGraph for Authors Maybe you’re thinking sure, all of that sounds great…but what does it have to do with me, an indie author? Totally fair question. Let’s take a look at how Goodreads and The StoryGraph can be useful for authors, and which one might better suit your specific needs. Researching I’m pretty sure that I’ve brought up the importance of understanding your book’s genre in every blog post I’ve written in the last two years. To me, it’s an essential part of both writing and publishing your book, in more ways than one. First, it’s important to identify your book’s genre and BISAC code so that you can accurately define your book’s metadata before publishing and distributing. Second, it can be extremely helpful to understand what is happening in your book’s genre for a multitude of marketing and networking reasons. Keeping up with what books are trending in your genre can help you make informed decisions on everything from cover design and interior layout to comp titles and marketing efforts. One of the most unassuming but powerful marketing tools any author can have in their back pocket is a list of comp titles—books that are comparable to their own. Whether you’re using those comp titles to pitch your book to potential readers or using them for your own market research, it’s great to have a list of five to ten books like yours ready at hand. Reading logs can be an incredibly useful tool to help with genre research—and in particular, I think The StoryGraph will prove to be a much more powerful tool than GoodReads for this particular task. The StoryGraph’s entire premise—and selling point—is its powerful book recommendation algorithm based on filters and details that you apply. So, in theory, it should be relatively easy for you to narrow down a fairly accurate list of comp titles, or at the very least books for you to look further into, based on the criteria you input. In fact, I tried it myself with my current work in progress, and as far as I can tell the recommended list of books The StoryGraph suggested are all right on the money. Give it a try yourself and see how it goes! But even beyond the recommendation features, any platform that allows for readers to leave detailed reviews of a book can provide excellent research opportunities for authors. Take a look at the reviews readers have left on your list of comp titles – is there anything you notice? Readers complaining about something these other books did or didn’t do, for example? Maybe reviewers commented that they wished the author had gone into further detail about a concept that you planned to include in your book – now you can consider fleshing that out more in your manuscript! Maybe a bunch of reviewers mentioned that they hate genre novels written in first-person POV. Maybe it’s as simple as people saying “I picked this book up because of the gorgeous cover!” that might inspire your own cover design! There’s a lot to learn from reading consumer reviews, and websites like Goodreads and The StoryGraph are the perfect places to find those detailed reviews. Networking Growing your author network can be a challenging part of writing and publishing your book, for self-published and traditionally published authors alike. Connecting with a community of like-minded authors and their readers can be a great way to promote your book to a new audience—not to mention find a great writing support system—but finding them isn’t always easy. In theory, websites like Goodreads and The StoryGraph should be great places to connect with authors and readers—after all they’re literally websites designed to cater to the exact community of people you’re looking for. In reality, this will likely work better for some authors than for others. I’ve already mentioned that the community features on Goodreads are much more robust than they are on The StoryGraph, and even then those features tend to be much more reader-focused than author-focused. But despite that, there are still ways for you to work this to your advantage! These communities probably aren’t the best place for you to try to pitch your book to a new audience, but that doesn’t mean that you can’t find valuable resources and networking opportunities on sites like Goodreads! Marketing I’m going to cut right to the chase on this one—neither of these websites are good places for marketing your book directly. As far as I can tell The StoryGraph isn’t presently equipped with any opportunities for authors to promote their books, whether that promotion is paid or earned. And while Goodreads does provide opportunities for both paid and earned promotion for individual books and authors, I would strongly recommend looking into both the cost and the expected return on investment before devoting any of your marketing budget to promoting on Goodreads. But while Goodreads and The StoryGraph may not be great places to promote your book, that doesn’t mean you can’t use them as useful tools while marketing your book in other places! First, you need to get your book listed on these sites. As I mentioned earlier, Goodreads is largely run by a community of volunteer “librarians” who are responsible for, among other things, curating book entries on the site. But you can also manually add your own books if you’re a verified Goodreads user! Check out the details on how to add your book to Goodreads here. As for adding a book on The StoryGraph—to be frank, I don’t know if you can. I haven’t turned up any feedback on manually adding books to The StoryGraph’s database, but it’s very possible that that is intentional. For the time being, at least, it seems that The StoryGraph is sticking to their own database for new books, but who knows how that may change in the future—it’s definitely important to remember that The StoryGraph is still a new site, with new features rolling out constantly. Once your book is listed on Goodreads and/or The StoryGraph, you should include a link to that page wherever you include buy links for your book—especially if you’re doing pre-launch promotion. Lulu doesn’t allow authors to “pre-sell” their books before their official pub date (yet), but prompting potential readers to add your book to their “to be read” shelf on Goodreads is a great way to keep them interested in your upcoming book. Plus, it’s a much softer level of commitment for a potential new reader. I rarely ever buy a book the first time I hear about it, but I won’t hesitate to add an interesting-sounding title to my Goodreads TBR—especially if an author makes it easy for me by providing a link directly to the book’s page on Goodreads. Get your book up on Goodreads as soon as you can, and get links to your Goodreads page up on your website, your author spotlight, and your social media profiles. So, Which Is Better? I started this blog post hoping that by the time I finished it I’d have a better answer to this question, but as it turns out, my answer now is the same as it was when I started—I don’t know. As a reader—not to mention ethically, morally, and personally—I’m a huge fan of The StoryGraph. As someone who is constantly looking for new book recommendations—and particularly something other than the same ten books being recommended over and over again during any given season—The StoryGraph delivers so much of what I’m looking for. But it is definitely still a work in progress, and whether it’s the site itself or just growing pains from learning to navigate a new site or app, I still find myself occasionally struggling with actually using The StoryGraph. As an author, though, Goodreads still wins out—at least, for now. The networking opportunities offered in the community sections of Goodreads, plus the ability to add your own book to Goodreads and share it with potential new readers, are still unmatched on The StoryGraph. Whether or not The StoryGraph intends to roll out comparable features remains to be seen. Ultimately, I believe that The StoryGraph will prove to be better for readers (and for book research), while Goodreads is still the best option for authors. But the only way to really know for sure is to try them both and see which platform provides the functionality and features that you—as an author, a reader, or both—are looking for. >>IMAGE. 1 thought on “Goodreads Vs. The StoryGraph: Reading Logs for Readers and Authors” Hy Goodreads i’m mexican and My book it’s writen in spanish, that is a problema for You?

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To maintain your no claims discounted, you need to contemplate switching suppliers yearly or two. When hunting for a low-priced automobile insurance plan estimate, boosting your deductibles is a great way to get reduced premiums. Some estimates say you can save amongst fifteen and 30 p.c on your own premium by increasing your deductibles. These personal savings can differ extensively dependant upon your driving background, the type of auto you push, and your state’s legal guidelines. Boosting your deductibles also can reduced your annually quality by nearly 40%. Though elevating your deductible is not the appropriate alternative for everybody, it will help you help you save Many dollars around the long run. Whilst the amount you decide on to boost your deductible will depend on your economic problem, gurus advocate saving no less than two months’ worth of living expenditures. Furthermore, it will decrease your coverage charges each month. Additionally, you will help you save a major sum of money if you ever create a assert. Obtaining a plan that has a regional insurance company can be useful for drivers that has a very poor credit score record. It can save you revenue each month on your monthly insurance policies bill, and you’ll benefit from savings and outstanding customer support. Acquiring a coverage with a regional insurance provider is out there in all fifty states, and you can Assess premiums by state to discover the lowest premiums. Having said that, it can be crucial to notice that it could take a few months to lift your credit history rating, and a few drivers that has a inadequate credit history heritage can wind up paying above $four hundred a year. Erie Insurance plan is another regional insurer that offers low cost auto insurance. This enterprise is based in Pennsylvania, and has become in enterprise since 1925. Erie features automobile coverage, lifetime, and assets insurance policies. Though Erie only supplies protection in specific states, it has in excess of 13,000 independent insurance policies agents in the course of America. You’ll be able to choose an agent or even a regional insurance company In accordance with your requirements. On the other hand, it is recommended you study all great print before making a choice. If you are a large-threat driver, you must Review vehicle insurance plan estimates and discover The most cost effective policy for your preferences. You should also look into the amount of coverage is obtainable close to you so you’re able to decide if a decreased charge is achievable. It might be additional very affordable to invest in a lot more protection When you’ve got reduce possibility or if you agree for a higher deductible. All of it is determined by your preferences. Fortunately, there are many choices available to you. When you are seeking the cheapest automobile coverage quote for prime-chance drivers, you are in luck. You can easily discover a single using a couple of clicks over the internet. The online market place can provide you with various estimates for protection in a fraction of the expense of classic car insurance. Not only that, nevertheless it will likely make signing up for insurance coverage a whole lot less difficult. All You need to do is fill out an easy on line variety, spend your premium, and you simply’re done! The insurance company will then print you a card as proof of the insurance coverage protection and you will have a policy over the road. When you have a poor credit background, you are viewed as a superior-threat driver by lots of insurance policies businesses. It is because you usually tend to file an insurance policy assert than the usual driver with fantastic credit. Your credit rating rating is actually a Think about how insurance plan companies watch you, and a earlier DUI/DWI will raise your top quality by approximately 65%. That is such as an extra $477 on a six-month coverage. Yet another factor that insurers take into consideration is your driving background. A DUI/DWI can raise your quality by around $174, plus a dashing ticket can include approximately about forty five%. In case you have a DUI with your record, you are able to choose the cheapest auto insurance policies provider. Organizations such as Point out Farm, American Spouse and children, and Progressive have some excellent possibilities which provide decrease rates for top-hazard motorists. Additionally they contemplate your credit rating score when determining your quality. Insurers consider these variables when selecting exactly how much you pay for your coverage. A lousy credit rating could potentially cause insurance plan rates to skyrocket, so It truly is very important to be aware of your credit score rating before making a choice. There are a number of things to think about When picking the cheapest automobile insurance policies for younger drivers. Your age and marital standing Enjoy a major role with your auto insurance plan premiums. The sort of auto you generate may additionally have an effect on your own premium. For illustration, higher-overall performance autos are typically dearer to insure than very low-general performance vehicles. Thus, step one to find the cheapest automobile insurance policy for youthful drivers is to locate a automobile with numerous safety capabilities. A great way to decreased the expense of vehicle coverage for youthful drivers would be to lessen the coverage you would like. Several insurers offer discounts should you be a very good pupil, or For anyone who is in driver teaching. Having said that, cutting down your coverage could bring about substantial out-of-pocket fees For those who have an accident. Therefore, make sure to weigh the risks of this selection thoroughly, and usually err on the facet of obtaining far better price. Teens Have got a tricky time securing low cost auto coverage. Whilst the cost of a coverage for the 16-12 months-outdated driver is far increased than that of the Grownup, it can be diminished by including a teenager to an present coverage. This option will increase rates by a mean of $one,461 a yr, but is commonly cheaper than acquiring a independent policy. Also, in case you are a youthful driver, hunt for bargains together with other techniques to save. The expense of auto insurance coverage differs commonly according to your profile, which may signify that you need to store around for The most affordable insurance coverage for lower-risk drivers. Insurers contemplate numerous aspects when selecting on an insurance policies plan, like your driving record, demographics, and Total chance level. Listed under will be the 5 most vital elements to think about when comparing insurance quotations. Understand that decrease insurance policies prices don’t indicate that you’ve to sacrifice top quality. For starters, consider your zip code. Those people in higher-crime parts will encounter larger charges. Furthermore, insurance organizations consider traffic volume into consideration. Also, ensure you don’t have any incidents or promises on your own history, as these will increase your rates. Lastly, keep in mind that you need to compare rates every single six months to stop having to pay a lot more than you have to. It’s also wise to look at getting a multi-policy low cost if you’ve multiple plan with a certain insurance provider. Even though credit scores are not lawfully employed by insurers in some states, they’re however critical factors when comparing vehicle insurance policy premiums. In Hawaii, motorists with lousy credit rating can pay 168% more than similar clean up drivers. In Massachusetts, high-threat motorists pay out 30% over clean up drivers. For brand spanking new motorists, a DUI, dashing ticket, and bad credit will enhance fees much more than Many others. You should definitely acquire several prices before you make a choice. The zip code you reside in is A significant Consider the price of insurance. If you reside in a region with higher criminal offense and accident prices, you could be expecting to pay extra for insurance policy prices. In addition, elements like targeted traffic quantity and incident historical past can raise the expense of insurance. Most insurance policies corporations also check into a driver’s driving record to determine what charge they need to cost for their coverage. Normally, drivers using a bad driving historical past pay back far more for protection than All those which has a clean driving document. Vehicle insurance has risen by $fifty – $a hundred in the last five years, as wellbeing care charges are escalating. Motorists will also be necessary to carry uninsured and PIP insurance policies, that happen to be above-regular condition demands. Many states only call for liability coverage, but New York calls for motorists to carry the two. These optional coverages boost the price of insurance, and will generally boost the complete high quality. And lastly, drivers really should Test their coverage restrictions, as some policies Have got a reduce minimum degree of protection than Other folks. In Ny, the average person spends 2.8 % of their revenue on car insurance coverage, that is marginally higher compared to nationwide regular of 2.40 p.c. Folks of their 30s, 40s, and 50s will pay a little under the typical. The 70+ age team can pay better rates than motorists with much less driving encounter. Those people who are married can pay a little better premiums, but still reduced than single people. Besides lower fees, motorists may get defensive driving courses. These courses are 320 minutes in length, and include things like conversations of driver attitude and targeted traffic rules. In addition they instruct defensive driving procedures that can significantly minimize the expense of insurance coverage. They may also enable to enhance their driving history, so completing a program can decreased the price of an automobile insurance quote. Nonetheless, should you be Doubtful about the precise protection you need, you may Test Along with the Insurance coverage Info Institute. Although fuel price ranges vary by state, the cost of an auto insurance plan quotation in other states may very well be larger or decreased than your personal. Some elements could account for this, like the percentage of uninsured drivers, condition insurance coverage laws, and the speed of theft. Also, the incidence of bad weather can change the price of insurance in numerous states. The next desk displays typical car or truck insurance policy premiums in several states. These estimates are according to a comparison of point out coverage necessities. Missouri is the cheapest condition for full-coverage automobile insurance plan, having to pay just $944 less than Louisiana. In addition, this condition has one among the lowest costs for each capita, and is also rated fifth in terms of expense of residing. In contrast, Texas motorists pay back one of the most for his or her vehicle insurance, paying approximately 33% of their yearly revenue in total. This disparity may be because of The reality that the point out provides a substantial number of uninsured motorists and a lot of lawsuits. The countrywide normal for entire coverage auto insurance policies is $one,771 a year. The state with the most expensive insurance policies premium is Louisiana, that has a premium of $two,839, a 19% raise from 2020. Conversely, Maine’s ordinary insurance policies top quality is simply $858. It’s because no-fault states have bigger insurance rates. The price of a car insurance coverage policy in other states can vary drastically. There are many elements to take into consideration, such as your point out’s regulations on insurance coverage. When you are trying to find large-threat driver motor vehicle coverage close to me, you might be wondering how to get a minimal-Expense policy. Substantial-threat motorists pay out greater insurance rates than common motorists. This is due to they tend to possess much more mishaps or violations on their own report. With regards to the condition, the Restrict could be 3 many years or 5 years. In some cases, you can get discount rates if you are taking a driver protection training course. Although the countrywide averages for prime-hazard driver car or truck insurance policy in close proximity to me are fairly steady, you’ll discover that rates fluctuate wildly from state to point out. Some providers change their costs to distinctive states, so if you reside in a particular state, it’s possible you’ll find that one particular insurer presents you the most beneficial coverage for just a low selling price. The most affordable superior-risk driver car insurance coverage around me emanates from Condition Farm, that has an extended-standing track record for delivering exceptional company. The ultimate way to find a large-risk driver auto insurance policy around me is to enter your ZIP code and Examine quotations. The price of significant-danger car insurance plan around me can vary from state to condition, but most large insurers offer you such coverage. Some of these organizations specialise in superior-danger protection, which include Countrywide Basic. You might even be capable of finding a less expensive plan For those who have great grades along with a reduced-chance auto. There are many advantages of evaluating motor vehicle coverage providers. In this article, We are going to examine a few of The main options, including ratings, special discounts, and customer care. Picking out the most effective policy is essential for your protection and safety, so go to the trouble to check the various procedures from diverse providers. By the point you end studying this post, you will have an concept of which insurance provider features the top protection at the lowest Expense. Here are several ways to choose the proper 1 for you personally: To get the very best charge, you’ll want to Look at motor vehicle insurance coverage quotes from different providers. Insurers use quite a few components to determine the expense of coverage. You need to determine your particular person wants and Examine charges from a number of suppliers. For example, sports activities cars can Expense much more to insure than regular cars. Also, your locality and driving record could also influence the premiums that you are quoted. Through the use of a comparison Resource, you can find the lowest price on the same coverage Along with the same deductibles. Insurance rates may vary considerably, so it is actually vital to understand how Each and every policy works. Among the many factors that have an impact on premiums are driving record, age, and credit history heritage. You may also Assess the benefits that every business presents, which include roadside help or incident forgiveness. Though this might seem to be a frightening activity, it can assist to compare rates from distinctive suppliers and select the appropriate 1. Outlined underneath are some tricks to get you commenced. In regards to comparing vehicle insurance plan corporations, you may want to start with the J.D. Electric power vehicle insurance company ratings. They’re according to shopper pleasure surveys that study Many auto insurance plan buyers nationwide. The final results are compiled into numerical scores that stand for the businesses’ typical purchaser satisfaction score. These rankings are published every year, and the very best motor vehicle insurance providers in Every single category are awarded gold medals. But how Are you aware if the businesses you are thinking about are any very good? There are several methods To judge the fiscal power of car insurance policies firms. First off, you can Test the AM Very best insurance provider ranking, which supplies monetary steadiness scores for auto insurance policies firms. If the automobile insurance company has an A, B, C, or F rating, it is important to understand how stable it’s prior to choosing a coverage. This is an important aspect of customer care, so make sure you examine the testimonials and browse the high-quality print before you make a choice. Vehicle insurance coverage providers supply various bargains. Many of these reductions will not be readily available for Every person, so it is important to check the organization website to ensure that you qualify for your savings that implement to you. Some companies supply numerous bargains, and you can also check with your insurance policies agent If they’re suitable for just about any distinct lower price. Nevertheless, the method is not hard and often takes a lot less than an hour. Under are a few examples of doable motor vehicle insurance policy bargains. Legacy Bargains: A vehicle insurance company might offer you a reduction to new motorists who invest in their plan by way of their dad and mom’ corporation. This lower price is generally around ten p.c. This is certainly one method to thank your dad and mom for your company over time, and it could help you save revenue on your car insurance plan coverage. A lot of firms offer legacy savings to youthful motorists, and It is really value examining to check out When your insurance provider provides one. You can also take a look at procedures offered by American Family members, Farmers, or USAA. During the coverage field, There are several organizations that persistently excel at customer support. Esurance, for example, scored four out of five from the J.D. Ability rankings for customer service, a superior mark for a company whose mum or dad enterprise doesn’t. The company scored greater than its competitors in all other spots, which includes coverage offerings and prices, and also the good quality of assistance supplied by its Call Centre representatives and website.(personalized support) The most important element of vehicle insurance for the majority of people is its coverage, but it is the customer support that issues most. Prospects need to Make contact with their insurers and receive prompt, courteous company. Which means they would like to receive a reaction for their email messages and cellphone phone calls promptly, and they wish to talk to an agent who will listen to their issues and offer you solutions. Although all auto insurance policy organizations may well offer outstanding customer care, some do perform much better than Other individuals.(rideshare coverage)(just some clicks)(insurance plan alternatives) Quite a few aspects influence the rates of car insurance policies companies. Driving background and age are two big factors. A driver using a poor driving history or maybe a very poor credit score rating can have increased premiums. Also, the price of living in your area will influence the premiums. This is why, it’s important to check the premiums of several insurance companies to discover the just one that should suit your budget as well as your driving habits. There are several tips on how to reduced your rates, like reducing coverage or taking a defensive driving course. It’s also possible to choose to pay for a complete 12 months of coverage up entrance.(bill on the web)(personnel bargains)(at fault incident)(included incident) In combination with the above mentioned-pointed out variables, all kinds of other points can improve your quality. As an example, for those who’ve just lately created a claim or logged a website traffic violation, your insurance policies supplier will reassess your premiums. Moreover, if you’re taking a safe driving study course, you may be suitable for a reduction. Coverage corporations are regularly tweaking their designs to find out the premiums, and you would possibly see a difference in your premiums even if you’ve never altered your driving historical past.(usage centered insurance policy)(rental vehicles)(vehicle repairs)(Safe and sound driver price reduction) An automobile insurance policy Review is a great way to stay away from disreputable coverage companies. By way of example, reduced prices from a particular insurance company is often deceptive Should the quotation excludes certain coverage or helps make inaccurate assumptions regarding your driving profile. By hunting up insurance plan organizations’ scores as well as the A.M. Greatest score, you will discover the cheapest insurance organizations in your neighborhood. Examine this text to Discover how automobile insurance plan compares can help you save revenue. Then, Get the quotations from your best firms and find out which one particular is the greatest in your case.(incident cost-free) Your credit rating-centered insurance policy score is often a handy indicator of the amount of chance you might be prone to pose, but you mustn’t Allow it dictate your charges. The federal govt isn’t going to make it possible for insurers to make use of your credit score heritage as the sole basis for a rise in your premiums. Nonetheless, states for example California, Massachusetts, Oregon, Utah, and Vermont have laws in position that limit insurers from working with credit rating background to determine insurance policy costs.(could help save)(new car or truck)(automobile declare) Nevertheless, this kind of insurance policy will not utilize to every condition, so customers haven’t any way to find out if a business is using your score to make your mind up simply how much to charge them. Some states, for instance California, Hawaii, Massachusetts, and Michigan, do ban credit score-primarily based insurance policies. A number of other states also have restrictions on using credit score-based mostly insurance scores. Ultimately, you need to make your mind up on your own whether your credit score-primarily based insurance plan rating is appropriate for you.(bike insurance plan)(roadside assistance protection)(bundling vehicle)(obtain a vehicle insurance policies)(pet insurance plan)(real funds worth)(superior statements provider)(yacht insurance) Several variables affect the cost of car or truck insurance policy special discounts, which includes age. Age impacts your level by a lot more than 30 p.c, and in certain states, a young driver will pay Just about 4 moments just as much as a thirty-yr-previous. Inexperience is yet another important component, as youthful teens are more likely to get into accidents. By knowledge what aspects have an affect on your premiums, it is possible to negotiate reduce fees yourself. Stated down below are a number of the ways that age impacts your car insurance policies. Normally, the younger you might be, the lower your premiums will likely be. But if you are a man, age does impact the price of vehicle insurance coverage. While young male drivers pay a lot less than their older counterparts, rates for motorists inside their sixties and seventies skyrocket. Statistically, males are two along with a half moments as very likely to be involved in a car crash than Ladies, Hence the gender hole decreases with age.(protection choices)(homeowners coverage) The fact that a person pays an increased premium for auto insurance policies than a lady is just not solely shocking. Numerous Gentlemen make inadequate options while driving, resulting in more incidents and promises. However, there are a few components which make men dearer to insure. Here are several of the top explanation why. Read more to find out more about the most well-liked aspects that influence automobile insurance policies charges by gender. And when you’re still baffled, contemplate the following tips for lowering your premiums.(auto insurance procedures)(vehicle insurance policies quote)(motor vehicle insurance amount) The Oregon Division of economic Regulation has instructed vehicle insurers to support people who Really don’t specify their gender. Discrimination against non-binary men and women might be grounds for unfair discrimination expenses, and insurers must file costs for anyone motorists commencing in January 2019. These premiums could possibly be higher than People for male and female drivers. Given that they are not too much, Ladies will be able to get monetary savings. Also, Don’t fret in regards to the “non-binary” rate for younger motorists.(auto insurance declare)(gap insurance plan)(vehicle plan)

George Bullard's Journey Resources and inspiration directly from George What is Your Congregation’s Future Story of Missional Ministry? What is Your Congregation’s Future Story of Missional Ministry?DownloadDuring the past ten months, CMBA had engaged in two phases of[...] George Bullard: Leaving a Mark at CMBA George-Bullard: Leaving a Mark at CMBADownload As CMBA celebrates the retirement of Executive Director George Bullard on June 30, 2022,[...] Seven Facts About Congregational Multiplication in the Columbia Metro Baptist Association of 100 Congregations in Richland, Fairfield, and Kershaw Counties Population: The population of the associational fellowship area is almost 500,000 – up from 300,000 in the early 1980s. Today[...] Disciplemaking is About Moving Your Feet Disciplemaking is About Moving Your FeetDownloadSt. Andrews Baptist Church – not unlike many churches in our association – is striving[...] Seven Ways I Am Finishing Strong Seven Ways I Am Finishing StrongDownloadAlthough my retirement is less than 100 days away and the association has already conducted[...] Four Questions for Your Congregation about Unleashing FutureStories Four Questions for Your Congregation about Unleashing FutureStories Download As a new CMBA strategy emerges, a core focus will be[...] Biblical Encouragement for Congregational Revitalization Biblical Encouragement for Congregational RevitalizationDownloadDoes the Bible support congregational revitalization? Yes. Various passages support the need for people, families, tribes,[...] A Revolutionary Approach – Columbia Metro: Mission Local A Revolutionary Approach Columbia Metro- Mission Local Download What if no incremental or discontinuous approach works for Columbia Metro: Mission[...] Mission Field Alpha Mission Field Alpha Download Mission Field AlphaColumbia Metro: Mission Local(This is a characterization of a real, currently existing mission field[...] Columbia Metro: Mission Local – February 24th Dispatch Columbia Metro- Mission Local – February 24 DispatchDownloadAn exceptional way to engage in Mission Local is to adopt a mission[...] Columbia Metro: Mission Local – February 10th Dispatch Columbia Metro- Mission Local – February 10th DispatchDownloadIn the January 26th dispatch (Read HERE), we introduced plans to focus on[...] Columbia Metro: Mission Local – January 26th Dispatch Columbia Metro- Mission Local – January 26th DispatchDownloadDuring the first half of 2022, CMBA plans to focus on Columbia Metro:[...] The Cloud and the Box: The Image for the Future of Our Association The Cloud and the Box- The Image for the Future of Our AssociationDownload CMBA, several other associations in our state,[...] The Importance of Martin Luther King Jr. Day The Importance of Martin Luther King Jr. DayDownloadOn the evening of April 4, 1968, my college dorm room door swung[...] Longevity in Pastoral Ministry Longevity in Pastoral MinistryDownload My pastor announced his retirement recently following 33 years of leading our congregation. That is a[...] Advance Leadership Podcast with George Bullard Here is a podcast recorded earlier in 2021 that was just released at the end of 2021 that provides an[...] Reflecting on 2021 in Our Association Reflecting on 2021 in Our AssociationDownloadWhen we entered the year 2021 great hope existed for mass vaccination that would halt[...] Design Worship with Kingdom Impact In Mind Design Worship with Kingdom Impact In MindDownloadRachel and Cody were new in town. They were visiting various congregations to find[...] For Whom Are You Praying? For Whom Are You Praying? Download Modest Changes with the Potential for Big Impact for CongregationsPrayer patterns for small groups in[...] The Numerology of Critical Congregational Capacity The Numerology of Critical Congregational Capacity DownloadI believe in smaller membership congregations. Those who have less than 100 in average[...] No Baptist Associational Family is Perfect. No Not One. No Baptist Associational Family is Perfect. No Not One. DownloadAt its best a Baptist association is a family of congregations[...] Churches Who Cannot Make Shifts May Be in Trouble Churches Who Cannot Make Shifts May Be in TroubleDownloadThe very early Church faced many crises. A series of them revolved[...] An Association is Congregations in Fellowship on Mission in Their Context and Beyond An Association is Congregations in Fellowship on Mission in Their Context and BeyondDownloadThe annual session of the Columbia Metro Baptist[...] Thankful for Ministers! Thankful for Ministers! DownloadOctober is Minister Appreciation month – what are you doing to show your senior pastor and ministerial[...] When a Church Lacks Evangelism Efforts is it No Longer a Church? When a Church Lacks Evangelism Efforts is it No Longer a Church?Download Acts 2:41 tells us that on the Day[...] Because Online Worship is a New Normal… Because Online Worship is a New Normal Download. . . it is time to do a serious evaluation of our[...] Is the Very Early Church Our Best Model for a Local Church? Is the Very Early Church Our Best Model for a Local Church? Download In a recent strategy post we asked[...] What is the Missional Health of Your Congregation? What is the Missional Health of Your Congregation?DownloadThis month our association began an 18-month journey along with 30 associations throughout[...] When a Church Is Spiritless, It Is No Longer a Church When a Church Is Spiritless, It Is No Longer a Church Download In a recent strategy post we asked the[...] Defining Your Active Congregation in an Emerging Post-Pandemic Year Defining Your Active Congregation in an Emerging Post-Pandemic Year DownloadUntil a few decades ago congregations could numerically define their active[...] A Sprint to the Finish Line – Serving Until the Last Day! A Sprint to the Finish Line – Serving Until the Last Day Download Watching the Olympics recently, I saw a[...] Q&A with George Bullard July Story 2 - Q&A with George Bullard WEB Download CMBA Executive Director George Bullard formally announced his intent to[...] CMBA Goes Virtual to Serve Churches-in-Association CMBA Goes Virtual to Serve Churches-in-Association Download This week CMBA’s Visionary Leadership Community voted to close its offices at North Trenholm[...] A Kingdom Growth Mindset in the Midlands of South Carolina – Fourth Dispatch A Kingdom Growth Mindset, Fourth Dispatch Download (See, read, and downloaded this series of dispatches at.)A tough issue for many[...] A Kingdom Growth Mindset in the Midlands of South Carolina – Third Dispatch Bullard-Kingdom Growth Mindset_Third Dispatch Download Factors surrounding church growth and church sustainability were addressed in the first two dispatches. (See the[...] A Kingdom Growth Mindset in the Midlands of South Carolina – Second Dispatch Bullard-Kingdom Growth Mindset - Second Dispatch DownloadServing as a Family of Baptist Congregations – Words of Challenge for CMBA Second Dispatch The[...] A Kingdom Growth Mindset in the Midlands of South Carolina – First Dispatch Bullard-Kingdom Growth Mindset DownloadServing as a Family of Baptist Congregations – Words of Challenge for CMBA First Dispatch A family of Baptist congregations[...] Rejoice! God is at Work During the Pandemic Rejoice! God is at Work During the Pandemic - 3.4.21 Download Pastors, staff, and lay leaders in CMBA were asked in[...] Ministering in the Twilight Zone During a Pandemic Pastoral-Message-01.05.21Download As we begin the year 2021, it is certainly the hope of many in Christian ministry that we can[...] Worship Wars Are About Distance Not Style Bullard-Worship-Wars-About-Distance-Not-Style-12.04.20Download I continue to hear of worship wars and rumors of worship wars. If you are still battling worship wars[...] Future Church Moments from Will Mancini and Cory Hartman Future Church Moment Three "I believe that the COVID pandemic probably constitutes the greatest innovation opportunity that leaders will have[...] Missional MOBS — Missional Opportunities for Breakthrough Service Missional-MobsDownload What are Missional MOBS? Missional MOBS are formal or informal groups of people from a missional community who choose[...] Calling, Community, and Congregation During a Pandemic Calling-During-a-PandemicDownload Something is missing in how churches and congregation participants are connecting during the pandemic. Do you feel it? Are[...] A Prayer for Our CMBA Family of Congregations Also view at O Lord, we pray this morning for every congregation connected with our association. Each one is unique[...] Listening for the Voice of God Also view at No one wanted the pandemic to go on almost six months. No one wants the pandemic to[...] Beware of the Ides of March 2021 Also view at On the ancient Roman calendar the Ides of March – the 15th day of that month –[...] Boldly Go Where No Association Has Gone Before George Bullard has spent a lifetime relating to Baptist associations and understanding their relationship with other dimensions of Baptist and[...] The Challenges of Acceptability and Predictability Also view at During the COVID-19 Pandemic I have been reading a lot of books. Many are about popular[...] It’s Time to Assess Your Online Appeal Also view at In dialogue with ministry colleagues, one person suggested that for many years we sought to impress[...] Taking the Long View of the PPP Loans for Churches Also view at When COVID-19 struck the USA – and the world – over the last six to eight[...] Insights for Congregations from the Writings of Jim Collins Insights-from-Jim-CollinsDownload Insights for Congregations from the Writings of Jim Collins This is a list of 118 insights compiled by George[...] Insights about Baptist Associations Insights-about-Baptist-AssociationsDownload Insights About Baptist Associations with an Emphasis on Those Which Developed within the Southern Baptist Denomination This is a[...] Blowing a Certain Trumpet During the COVID-19 Pandemic Also view at During the COVID-19 Pandemic, one of the greatest stressors is uncertainty. No one knows for sure[...] Vulnerable Churches Also view at Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic we have heard dialogue about people who are more vulnerable to this[...] I Am My Father (and, of course, my mother too) Also view at This Father's Day is the 33rd one without my father. If you live long enough, then[...] Keeping the Iron of Racial Redemption and Reconciliation Hot! Also view at At some point in your life you have likely heard the idiomatic phrase "strike while the[...] Everyone Seems to Be Worried About the Kids When We Return to Church. What About the Workers? Also view at During the recent primary elections in the United States, the voting process was hampered by several[...] How Do You Say “Come at Your Own Risk” Without Frightening People? Also view at Just as there are swimming pools, lakes, beaches, etc. where there is a sign that says,[...] The Minimalization of Print Communication in Congregations Also view at The COVID-19 Pandemic is causing the minimalization of printing in congregations. The fear is that too[...] Moving From “Can’t” to “Can” During COVID-19 Pandemic Also view at A pastor mused recently "I have spent so much time telling people what they cannot do,[...] Blessed Assurances Also view at "Some people in my congregation want assurances I cannot give them," was the frustration shared by[...] Navigating the Technology Issue Technology has opened up a brave new world in human information sharing and communication. It has impacted education in tremendous[...] The High Points in Congregational Ministry What are some of the high points in congregational ministry for your pastor and other staff ministers? Baptism of a[...] Vacation Bible School Vacation Bible School is an annual event in many congregations. It is a time that typically the largest number of[...] An Upside to Social Media While social media is – at its best – a wonderful way to communicate with family, friends, and acquaintances, it[...] What Type of Volunteer Are You? Once upon a time in church life, when a general call was issued for volunteers for a certain event or[...] A Call to Deeper Faith On the way home from church one Sunday a little girl asks her parents what it means to “fast.” The[...] Gifting Among Ministers Earlier this month we shared the same “wordle” you see here. At that time we asked you about the number[...] Circus and Monkeys We would all hope that no pastor or other staff minister ever considers their church to be a “circus” and[...] Do You Peek? Okay, admit it. Have you ever looked when the pastor says, “With every head bowed and every eye closed?” The[...] Student Minister Appreciation One of the most important ministry roles in a congregation is the leader of the youth or student ministry. In[...] God Is Always Speaking God is always speaking. God is always speaking into the lives of each person. God is always speaking into your[...] When a Pastor Goes Long There is an old joke that asks the question, what does it mean when the preacher/teaching pastor looks at their[...] Remember the Team George Bullard grew up in Baltimore, MD, and followed the then Baltimore Colts. Many years later in another part of[...] Ministers Are Human Too Whatever you do during the month to show appreciation to the ministers among you does not have to be formal,[...] That Awkward Moment When… A pastor once admitted that he was not musical. However, he would often catch himself humming to the music being[...] Tangible Ways to Appreciate Your Ministers We are now halfway through October. How is it going in your church or ministry setting? In what ways have[...] A Lifetime Campaign Serving in Christian ministry is like engaging in a lifetime campaign for a political office. There is seldom a day[...] There is a Sermon Illustration Somewhere… People in Christian ministry often have decades of preaching, teaching, testifying, and dialogue with people either seeking spiritual guidance, attending[...] Sacrifices and Service All Christians are called to serve our Lord with their full heart, soul, mind, and strength. That is a foundational[...] Share Your Gratitude The next time your family is gathered around a table for a meal, or you and your spouse, or you[...] Volunteerism vs. Recruitment Among the things that have changed over the decades about church life is how people volunteer. When church was the[...] How Many Hats? How many hats does your pastor and other ministers in your church wear? Probably a lot more than you think.[...] “I Appreciate You” Do you remember that time a minister from your church came to the hospital during a critical surgery of a[...] Cutting Edge Ideas If you are a youth group leader – volunteer or paid – or many other positions in a church, you[...] What is an Awesome Minister? “We serve an awesome God” is a phrase often heard around church worship services. Yes, we are in awe and[...] Ministry and Family Ministers have families too. Not every member of every minister’s family is excited about their parent serving in a ministry[...] Those Who Diligently Labor In spite of the fact that each of us is responsible for our own spiritual health, faithfulness to God, and[...] “My Pleasure!” If you ever dine at a Chick-Fil-A you will hear the two-word phrase “My Pleasure” said to you when you[...] Ministers Must Be Confident Okay so this t-shirt may be a little bit over the top. It does, however, remind us of the pastor[...] Ministers Should Be Bold! While Jesus was known for flipping over tables and chasing people with a whip, that is probably not what you[...] October is Minister Appreciation Month Are you ready? October 1st - 31st is Minister Appreciation Month. Use this month to express appreciation for the ministers[...] The Bullard Journal for July 7, 2019 Sunday, July 7, 2019: Posts to The Bullard Journal will now take a summer break. They will return by the[...] The Bullard Journal for July 6, 2019 Saturday, July 6, 2019: “A Call to Action” An Uncommon Witness. The seventh of at least seven uncommon characteristics of[...] The Bullard Journal for July 5, 2019 Friday, July 5, 2019: “A Call to Action” An Uncommon Generosity. The sixth of at least seven uncommon characteristics of[...] The Bullard Journal for July 4, 2019 Thursday, July 4, 2019: “A Call to Action” An Uncommon Expectation of the Miraculous. The fifth of at least seven[...] The Bullard Journal for July 3, 2019 Wednesday, July 3, 2019: “A Call to Action” An Uncommon Worship. The fourth of at least seven uncommon characteristics of[...] The Bullard Journal for July 2, 2019 Tuesday, July 2, 2019: “A Call to Action” An Uncommon Prayer Life. The third of at least seven uncommon characteristics[...] The Bullard Journal for July 1, 2019 Monday, July 1, 2019: “A Call to Action” An Uncommon Life of Fellowship. The second of at least seven uncommon[...] The Bullard Journal for June 30, 2019 Sunday, June 30, 2019: “A Call to Action” An Uncommon Experience with God’s Word. The first of at least seven[...] The Bullard Journal for June 29, 2019 Saturday, June 29, 2019: “A Call to Action” An Uncommon Church. Acts 2:41-47 talks about the very early church where[...] The Bullard Journal for June 28, 2019 Friday, June 28, 2019: “A Strategic Insight” Gathering and Scattering the Church. This evening my wife and I went with[...] The Bullard Journal for June 27, 2019 Thursday, June 27, 2019: “A Call to Action” Nurturing Fully Devoted Followers of Christ. I had the opportunity for lunch[...] The Bullard Journal for June 26, 2019 Wednesday, June 26, 2019: “A Strategic Insight” Seventh Day Baptists Worship on Saturday. When I was 15 years old my[...] The Bullard Journal for June 25, 2019 Tuesday, June 25, 2019: “A Call to Prayer” Connecting with an International Student. This evening a group of people gathered[...] The Bullard Journal for June 24, 2019 Monday, June 24, 2019: “A Strategic Insight” Completed Communication is an Illusion. George Bernard Shaw was an Irish playwright who[...] The Bullard Journal for June 23, 2019 Sunday, June 23, 2019: “An Answered Prayer” Church Adoption Decision Made. Today Park Street Baptist Church gathered for worship followed[...] The Bullard Journal for June 22, 2019 Saturday, June 22, 2019: “A Strategic Insight” The Church and Their Edifice Complex. You already know the answer to the[...] The Bullard Journal for June 21, 2019 Friday, June 21, 2019: “A Call to Action” To Affirm and Build is a Learned Behavior. Early in my ministry[...] The Bullard Journal for June 20, 2019 Thursday, June 20, 2019: “A Call to Action” Lay Leadership Development. Great, significant, and exceptional lay leaders in congregations do[...] The Bullard Journal for June 19, 2019 Wednesday, June 19, 2019: “Strategic Insight” Where is the Voice of the Holy Spirit Clearest? I believe the Holy Spirit[...] The Bullard Journal for June 18, 2019 Tuesday, June 18, 2019: “A Call to Action” Ministry is Personal! Ministry action is always personal and direct. Ministry support[...] The Bullard Journal for June 17, 2019 Monday, June 17, 2019: “A Call to Prayer” Church Adoption is Hard! By now the word is out throughout the[...] The Bullard Journal for June 16, 2019 Sunday, June 16, 2019: “A Family Story”: A God Moment? This Sunday morning when I woke up I checked my[...] The Bullard Journal for June 15, 2019 Saturday, June 15, 2019: “A Call to Action”: I was in Toronto, Canada this week meeting with some leaders from[...] The Bullard Journal for June 14, 2019 Friday, June 14, 2019: “A Call to Action”: Where Have All the Musicians Gone? At one time the average congregation[...] The Bullard Journal for June 13, 2019 Thursday, June 13, 2019: “A Call to Prayer”: Who’s Church is This? Regularly I interact with congregations who are struggling[...] The Bullard Journal for June 12, 2019 Wednesday, June 12, 2019: “Strategic Insight”: The 50+ Congregation. It is time to pull out an old file and reintroduce[...] The Bullard Journal for June 11, 2019 Tuesday, June 11, 2019: “A Call to Action”: Over or Under Communication in Congregations? As I observe congregations, I see[...] The Bullard Journal for June 10, 2019 Monday, June 10, 2019: “Strategic Insight”: Fair Weather Christians? I am not talking about people who failed to get out[...] The Bullard Journal for June 9, 2019 Sunday, June 9, 2019: “A Family Story”: Time for VBS? School is out. Many churches are holding their Vacation Bible[...] The Bullard Journal for June 8, 2019 Saturday, June 8, 2019: “An Answered Prayer”: Celebrating a Future Story of Ministry. In January 2019 almost 400 members of[...] The Bullard Journal for June 7, 2019 Friday, June 7, 2019: “A Call to Action”: The Rule of 21 Leaders. In an urban area in the southern[...] The Bullard Journal for June 6, 2019 Thursday, June 6, 2019: “A Call to Action”: Conducting a Congregational Assessment and Learning Experience (CALE). Today is the first[...] The Bullard Journal for June 5, 2019 Wednesday, June 5, 2019: “A Family Story”: A Young Adult Leaders Forum. In an earlier post the spiritual strategic journey[...] The Bullard Journal for June 4, 2019 Tuesday, June 4, 2019: “A Call to Prayer”: Making Decisions Without God. In too many congregations in too many situations,[...] The Bullard Journal for June 3, 2019 Monday, June 3, 2019: “A Call to Action”: The Missed Opportunity of a Pastoral Interim. Early in my ministry I[...] The Bullard Journal for June 2, 2019 Sunday, June 2, 2019: “A Call to Action”: Today I preached on what I would call the “very early Christian[...] The Bullard Journal for June 1, 2019 Saturday, June 1, 2019: “A Call to Prayer”: Summer is here in that school for the year is ending. Many[...] The Bullard Journal for May 31, 2019 “A Call to Action”: The best model of congregational multiplication is for churches to start churches rather than church planters[...] The Bullard Journal for May 30, 2019 “A Call to Prayer”: This evening beginning at 6:00 p.m. representations from 12 people groups who are immigrated to the[...] The Bullard Journal for May 29, 2019 “A Family Story”: One of the goals of CMBA is to tell the stories of our congregations and their leaders[...] The Bullard Journal for May 28, 2019 “A Call to Prayer”: Pray for the open doors God has given CMBA this week. Would you join me in[...] The Bullard Journal for May 27, 2019 “A Call to Action”: What happens when congregations wait too late to consider radical transformation? Many things. Here are a[...] The Bullard Journal for May 26, 2019 “A Family Story”: Today St. Andrews Baptist Church will ordain Lisa Dempsey as a Baptist minister serving in a role[...] The Bullard Journal for May 25, 2019 “A Family Story”: Last Sunday more than 100 leaders of Spring Valley Baptist Church gathered to hear a report entitled[...] The Bullard Journal for May 24, 2019 “A Call to Action”: Casey Williams, senior pastor, North Trenholm Baptist Church in Columbia presented some of the research this[...] The Bullard Journal for May 23, 2019 “An Answered Prayer”: During our Vision Day this week, First Impressions Cheerleader Mary Ann Sibley said “Parking cars is not[...] The Bullard Journal for May 22, 2019 The is the "Real" George Bullard's Journey is a Journal. It is a 5.5x8.5 "Field Book" by Elan Publishing that[...] Captured By Vision Insight 101 By George Bullard When the first century church at Jerusalem lost vision and slowed missional action, it invented the holy huddle. Now many[...] Captured By Vision Insight 100 By George Bullard Vision is more about transformation of the prodigals than honoring the elders among us. Congregational vision is more about creating[...] Captured By Vision Insight 099 By George Bullard God’s empowering vision often disrupts the status quo and who is in charge. That is why some people try to[...] Captured By Vision Insight 098 By George Bullard Myopia prohibits many long-tenured congregational members from seeing the long-term benefits of new vision. Many longer-tenured members are nearsighted. They[...] Captured By Vision Insight 097 By George Bullard Killers of a new vision in a congregation are the people who will not let go of the old vision[...] Captured By Vision Insight 096 By George Bullard In general, the longer people are connected with a congregation, the more difficult it is to see a new vision.[...] Captured By Vision Insight 095 By George Bullard When vision wanes in congregations they can become angry at God for forsaking them, when they may actually have forsaken[...] Captured By Vision Insight 094 By George Bullard Vision which is not fulfilled in new and innovative ways each year will become stale and lose its cutting edge.[...] Captured By Vision Insight 093 By George Bullard Vision does not call for the rejection of heritage. It sees heritage as a foundation, a centering, and a mooring.[...] Captured By Vision Insight 092 By George Bullard Vision is always about the future, never about the past. The past is a prelude to the emerging future. Congregational[...] Captured By Vision Insight 091 By George Bullard Vision involves forgetting what is behind and looking forward to what is ahead as urged in Philippians 3:13. Congregations captured[...] Captured By Vision Insight 090 By George Bullard People with vision know they must leave the 99 and focus on the one. People without vision primarily see the[...] Captured By Vision Insight 089 By George Bullard Vision is about leaving your land of heritage and going forward to a new place God will show you as[...] Captured By Vision Insight 088 By George Bullard If vision is too clear it may be too short-term, not sufficiently challenging, prophetic, or focused on your full Kingdom[...] Captured By Vision Insight 087 By George Bullard Vision will always be something beyond your current grasp, out of sight, around the corner, or over the next hill.[...] Captured By Vision Insight 086 By George Bullard Vision, after the first generation of a congregation, expresses where a congregation discerns it will be seven years from now[...] Captured By Vision Insight 085 By George Bullard Even though congregational vision involves the long view during the first generation, it must still be reconceptualized thereafter at least[...] Captured By Vision Insight 084 By George Bullard Following the first generation of a congregation, vision must be recast, renewed, and re-owned every seven years. A great challenge[...] Captured By Vision Insight 083 By George Bullard The founding vision in a congregation often empowers the congregation for the first generation of its life. Launching a new[...] Captured By Vision Insight 082 By George Bullard From the Apostle Paul's life we learn that a vision of your destiny guides many choices along the road to[...] Captured By Vision Insight 081 By George Bullard Living into vision involves congregations increasing their expectations of members and regular attendees. As congregations live into vision, they often[...] Captured By Vision Insight 080 By George Bullard Living into vision involves an intentional disciplemaking process that seeks to help people grow spiritually. I do not know of[...] Captured By Vision Insight 079 By George Bullard The sustainability of vision may be dependent on how well it is cast to and owned by newcomers in the[...] Captured By Vision Insight 078 By George Bullard Vision is continually clarified as a congregation journeys in the direction of God's future for them. In the clarification of[...][...] Captured By Vision Insight 074 By George Bullard Living into vision requires regular spiritual celebration of the fulfillment of the future story of ministry for the congregation. Vision[...] Captured By Vision Insight 073 By George Bullard Vision should be the main framework and focus of a congregation's actions and not just part of the puzzle. Vision[...] Captured By Vision Insight 072 By George Bullard A congregation captured by vision is always asking in every dimension of ministry how decisions and actions will help them[...] Captured By Vision Insight 071 By George Bullard Vision and its fulfillment should positively impact every decision a congregation makes, or vision becomes marginalized. When it comes to[...] Captured By Vision Insight 070 By George Bullard Leaders sold out to their congregation's vision often think about how they can help fulfill God’s empowering vision. A high[...] Captured By Vision Insight 069 By George Bullard A vision for a needed or wanted new or retrofitted building is seldom, if ever, a missional vision that is[...] Captured By Vision Insight 068 By George Bullard Vision is not about new or retrofitted buildings, but about the lives transformed through the ministries that take place within[...] Captured By Vision Insight 067 By George Bullard Living into vision is not about a checklist of tasks, but a map for a scavenger hunt that moves from[...] Captured By Vision Insight 066 By George Bullard When visionary leadership is not present in a congregation, it creates a vacuum into which management rushes. Management is the[...] Captured By Vision Insight 065 By George Bullard Vision is about leadership rather than management. Management should be accountable to visionary leadership. Visionary leadership should take the initiative.[...] Captured By Vision Insight 064 By George Bullard Effective visionary leadership is supported by empowering management that is captured by God’s empowering vision for the congregation. Management can[...] Captured By Vision Insight 063 By George Bullard Vision fulfillment is about empowerment over control, relationships over programs, and hope over heritage. Empowerment, relationships, and hope are the[...] Captured By Vision Insight 062 By George Bullard Management is only fully happy when it is driving the congregational vehicle. When not driving, it is trying to drive.[...] Captured By Vision Insight 061 By George Bullard It is easy to confuse having vision with the success of programs, ministries, and activities. They are not the same.[...] Captured By Vision Insight 060 By George Bullard Programs, processes, and emphases in a congregation must have their own vision that supports the congregation's vision. One of the[...] Captured By Vision Insight 059 By George Bullard Many congregations structure their life around programs rather than relationships, thus putting a drag factor on vision. Too many programs[...] Captured By Vision Insight 058 By George Bullard Vision is more about relationships with God, one another, and your context than it is about successful programs. If the[...] Captured By Vision Insight 057 By George Bullard Many congregations fall back on their mission statement as their vision, rather than being embraced by a specific vision that[...] Captured By Vision Insight 056 By George Bullard Vision is more about increasing and deepening disciplemaking than it is about successful and growing programs. Program fulfillment is an[...] Captured By Vision Insight 055 By George Bullard Having a proactive, excellent call to disciplemaking action plus experiences that live into vision is as important as casting vision.[...] Captured By Vision Insight 054 By George Bullard When vision is of a mediocre, business-as-usual future, it can negatively impact the spirituality of the congregation. If the vision[...] Captured By Vision Insight 053 By George Bullard When vision is of a mediocre, business-as-usual future, the congregation may be turning its back on the call of God.[...] Captured By Vision Insight 052 By George Bullard When vision is of a mediocre, business-as-usual future, then less is less and more is nowhere in sight. I was[...] Captured By Vision Insight 051 By George Bullard When vision is of a mediocre, business-as-usual future, then you get a future less vital and vibrant than you projected.[...] Captured By Vision Insight 050 By George Bullard When vision is of a mediocre, business-as-usual future, you will get a mediocre, business-as-usual future. When I pushed for excellence[...] Captured By Vision Insight 049 By George Bullard When it comes to vision, good enough is never good enough, adequate is never acceptable, and mediocrity is never excellence.[...] Captured By Vision Insight 048 By George Bullard When vision is of an excellent, challenging future, then it can positively impact the spirituality of the congregation. Congregations with[...] Captured By Vision Insight 047 By George Bullard When vision is of an excellent, challenging future, then the congregation is continually seeking God's presence and leadership. One way[...] Captured By Vision Insight 046 By George Bullard When vision is of an excellent, challenging future, then more quality, depth, and quantity is a strong possibility. Excellent, challenging[...] Captured By Vision Insight 045 By George Bullard When vision is of an excellent, challenging future, then a more vital and vibrant future is a strong possibility. If[...] Captured By Vision Insight 044 By George Bullard When vision is of an excellent, challenging future, then you are more likely to get an excellent, challenging future. Mediocrity[...] Captured By Vision Insight 043 By George Bullard Vision is much more than a marketing statement or motto, yet these tools can be important in communicating vision. It[...] Captured By Vision Insight 042 By George Bullard Vision is not about doing the same old things the same old ways and giving them a new name and[...] Captured By Vision Insight 041 By George Bullard Too much focus on a professionally crafted vision statement takes the focus off a real visionary experience. While your vision[...] Captured By Vision Insight 040 By George Bullard Since vision is not a statement, do not try borrowing a vision statement from your favorite congregation. Sure, I have[...] Captured By Vision Insight 039 By George Bullard We write the vision we have experienced to create a consistent historic and dynamic record of the vision to share[...] Captured By Vision Insight 038 By George Bullard Vision is experienced. We reflect on it and share it orally with our full heart, soul, mind, and strength. Then[...] Captured By Vision Insight 037 By George Bullard When considering how vision comes to us, it may be helpful to consider how the New Testament came to us.[...] Captured By Vision Insight 036 By George Bullard Vision is not so much written as it is experienced. Vision must be sensed and experienced more than read or[...] Captured By Vision Insight 035 By George Bullard Any similarity between the typical committee-developed vision statement and true vision is purely accidental. Committees write statements, create mottos, and[...] Captured By Vision Insight 034 By George Bullard Vision crafted using an organizational model misses the fact that a congregation is a spiritual organism. Vision in an organization[...] Captured By Vision Insight 033 By George Bullard Casting vision is a forever activity. When does congregational leadership finish casting vision? Never, or vision wanes. Pastors, staff members,[...] Captured By Vision Insight 032 By George Bullard Potential leaders who cannot articulate their passion for the congregation’s vision need to remain “potential leaders.” The functioning of lay[...] Captured By Vision Insight 031 By George Bullard Few followers get vision easily. Leaders must paint a picture of what the congregation could be like once captured by[...] Captured By Vision Insight 030 By George Bullard Vision casting is the responsibility of all leaders in a congregation with the pastor providing initiating leadership. Pastors would do[...] Captured By Vision Insight 029 By George Bullard When pastors do not get vision easily, they may find some true visionaries among their congregation who do get it.[...] Captured By Vision Insight 028 By George Bullard Pastors and staff who feel entitled to their role with a particular congregation are not likely to empower vision. Entitlement[...] Captured By Vision Insight 027 By George Bullard Pastors not passionate about God’s empowering vision for their congregation are likely to become known as “former pastor.” If there[...] Captured By Vision Insight 026 By George Bullard Pastors not passionate about God’s empowering vision for their congregation are likely to gain a reputation as mediocre. Let’s admit[...] Captured By Vision Insight 025 By George Bullard When congregations expect the pastor to provide vision, they often mean a vision with which they agree. Even if a[...] Captured By Vision Insight 024 By George Bullard If vision is deeply felt throughout the congregation, it does not diminish when there is a transition in pastors. This[...] Captured By Vision Insight 023 By George Bullard If congregations focus on the pastor’s vision, when the pastor leaves vision often leaves. Vision from God never leaves. Does[...] Captured By Vision Insight 022 By George Bullard Vision plus Intentionality is the core formula for an Enduring Visionary Leadership Community to follow. Congregations seeking to transform only[...] Boldly Go Where No Association Has Gone Before — Overview Boldly Go Where No Association Has Gone Before! For some leaders and churches there are big misunderstandings about the truly[...] Captured By Vision Insight 021 By George Bullard Visionary Leadership is about who we are, what we believe, where we are headed, and how we are getting there.[...] Captured By Vision Insight 020 By George Bullard God offers transformative vision. Too often our possessions, deference to other people, and pride blind us as we are only[...] Types of Missional Engagement and Missional Support — A Document for Dialogue Things a congregational expression or missional community can do to engage in and support the Missio Dei (Mission of God)[...] Captured By Vision Insight 019 By George Bullard Earthly things, preferences, and tangible security blind us to the brilliance of God’s new vision. Humankind regularly confuses the leadership[...] Captured By Vision Insight 018 By George Bullard Vision is not a passing fantasy or a fleeting passion. It is a long-term view of God’s calling on a[...] Captured By Vision Insight 017 By George Bullard When congregations are in the best possible relationship with God and one another they can easily experience vision. Distance from[...] Captured By Vision Insight 016 By George Bullard Vision is about pressing on towards the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus as shared in[...] Captured By Vision Insight 015 By George Bullard Even if only a small percentage of leaders in your congregation are visionaries, God still has a perfect vision for[...] Captured By Vision Insight 014 By George Bullard Vision is specific to your congregation. Mission is transferable to many congregations in your denominational family. A key difference between[...] Captured By Vision Insight 013 By George Bullard Do not confuse our eternal mission, your everlasting purpose, and your enduring core values with God's empowering vision. These are[...] Captured By Vision Insight 012 By George Bullard The word vision contains neither the letter “m” nor the letter “e.” Vision is not about “me.” It is about[...] Captured By Vision Insight 011 By George Bullard One crucial test of vision is that it moves the congregation forward in God's image and not the image of[...] Captured By Vision Insight 010 By George Bullard Vision is more about the pulling of God into the future than the pushing of humankind to do better each[...] Captured By Vision Insight 009 By George Bullard Vision is initiated by God to the body the church, cast by leadership, and owned by membership. Pastors, staff members,[...] Captured By Vision Insight 008 By George Bullard The only vision that will work is God’s empowering vision. Neither the pastor’s vision nor the lay leadership’s vision is[...] Captured By Vision Insight 007 By George Bullard Vision is the super high-octane fuel that drives the spiritual and strategic journey of a congregation. Vision is not about[...] Captured By Vision Insight 006 By George Bullard Moses did not see vision in the burning bush. He experienced it with his whole being and was transformed by[...] Captured By Vision Insight 005 By George Bullard Vision is about seeing with your full heart, soul, mind, and strength, rather than with only your eyes—even with corrective[...] Captured By Vision Insight 004 By George Bullard Vision is not what leaders cast and followers catch. It is something by which leaders and followers are captured. Vision[...] Captured By Vision Insight 003 By George Bullard Vision is about walking by faith in God rather than by what is in plain sight, as we are admonished[...] Captured By Vision Insight 002 By George Bullard Vision is the current understanding of God’s spiritual and strategic journey for a congregation. It is not yesterday’s understanding of[...] Captured By Vision Insight 001 By George Bullard Vision is a movement of God that is memorable rather than a statement of humankind that is memorized. Vision is[...] Has the Multi-Site Movement Been Good for US Churches? George Bullard’s Perspective on the Dave Travis National Church Intelligence Poll #1 -- July 16, 2018 Dave Travis--pictured here--who has been connected[...] When Congregations are Family and Not Just Friends or Acquaintances Download this Post: When Congregations are Family, 07.13.18 Latterly*, I was in a conversation with a small group of people about[...] People of Passion vs. People of Position Download: Top Ten People of Passion Some years ago, when consulting with various sizes and shapes of congregations, I realized[...] Vision Plus Intentionality is the Holy Grail Download this Post: Vision Plus Intentionality, 06.07.18 Vision Plus Intentionality are the three most important words in congregational vitality and vibrancy.[...] An Endorsement of Captured By Vision — a Book by George Bullard Today I received an amazing unsolicited endorsement of my latest book today--I must share--from a pastor in Michigan who is[...] Chart of Ten “R”s for Plotting a New Congregational Course Radical Transitions and Changes When Congregations Fully Surrender to God's Empowering Vision Download the chart: The Ten Rs Chart, 05.14.18 Tuesday,[...] in[...] Redirection — Changing the Focus of Your Congregation One of the Ten “R”s for Plotting a New Congregational Course Download this post and make copies for use in[...] Reconciliation — The Merger of Congregations One of the Ten “R”s for Plotting a New Congregational Course Download this post and make copies for use in[...] Redemption — Joining with A Congregation of Potential One of the Ten “R”s for Plotting a New Congregational Course Download this post and make copies for use in[...] Reception — Becoming a Location Partner One of the Ten “R”s for Plotting a New Congregational Course Download this post and make copies for use in[...] Contrarian Strategies for Congregational Movements By George Bullard It is dangerous to be away from a regular routine for too many days. (I am at[...] Relocation — Moving to a More Promising Location One of the Ten “R”s for Plotting a New Congregational Course Download this post and make copies for use in[...] Reproduction — Planting New Congregational Expressions One of the Ten “R”s for Plotting a New Congregational Course Download this post and make copies for use in[...] Replication — Launching Multiple Congregational Campuses One of the Ten “R”s for Plotting a New Congregational Course Download this post and make copies for use in[...] The Ten “R”s for Plotting a New Congregational Course Overview Radical Transitions and Changes When Congregations Fully Surrender to God’s Empowering Vision Download this post and make copies for use in[...] Through Fundraising We Work Together for the Full Coming of God’s Kingdom “Fundraising is a very rich and beautiful activity. It is a confident, joyful, and hope-filled expression of ministry. In ministering[...] Fundraising is a Life-Giving, Hope-Filled Expression of Ministry “How do we become people who security base is God and God alone?" "How do we move from perceiving fundraising[...] Fundraising Must Increase the Significance of the Organization “In the world, those who raise funds must show potential donors a strategic plan that convinces donors their money will[...] Fundraising Must Create New, Lasting Relationships “We have something to offer--friendship, prayer, peace, love, fidelity, affection, ministry with those in need--and these things are so valuable[...] Fundraising is About Providing the Ministry of Community “When fundraising as ministry calls us together in communion with God and with one another, it must hold out the[...] Fundraisers Invite People Into a Spiritual Communion “When we ask people for money to strengthen or expand the work of the kingdom, we are also inviting them[...] God’s Love Can Multiply the Effects of Our Generosity “When Jesus fed five thousand people with only five loaves and bread and two fish, he was showing us how[...] Donors Are Asked to Put Their Resources at the Disposal of the Kingdom “Asking people for money is giving them the opportunity to put their resources at the disposal of the kingdom. To[...] Fundraisers Must Approach Potential Donors in the Spirit of Christ “Because we approach potential donors in the Spirit of Christ, when we ask them for money we can do so[...] Only When We Are Free Can We Ask Donors to Give Generously “Once we are prayerfully committed to placing our whole trust in God and have become clear that we are concerned[...] Only When We are Free From Money Can We Freely Ask for Money “If our security is totally in God, then we are free to ask fro money. Only when we are free[...] Fundraising Respects the Whole Life of the Rich and the Poor “The poor are indeed held in the heart of God. We need to remember that the rich are held there[...] Fundraising Helps People Store Treasures in Heaven “The pressure in our culture to secure our own future and to control our lives as much as possible does[...] Multiplication of Worship and Music Leaders for Congregations There exists a current need, and a growing future need, for high quality worship and music leaders for various types[...] Money is a Greater Taboo Than Sex or Religion “Money is one of the greatest taboos around. Money conversations are a greater taboo than conversations about sex or religion.”[...] Money is Only One Aspect of Our Personal Worth “It is interesting that the phrase 'personal worth' can mean both the extent of our financial assets and our value[...] Fundraisers Must Know Their Relationship with Money “We will never be able to ask for money if we do not know how we ourselves relate to money.”[...] Fundraising Creates a Community of Love “Indeed, if we raise funds for the creation of a community love, we are helping God build the kingdom.” (Nouwen,[...] Fundraising Helps the Kingdom of God to Come “The kingdom is where God provides for all that we need. It is the realm of sufficiency where we are[...] Fundraising Transforms the Fundraiser “If we (the fundraiser) comes back from asking someone for money and we feel exhausted and showehow tainted by unspiritual[...] Fundraising Gives People a Spiritual Vision “By giving people a spiritual vision, we want them to experience that they will in fact benefit by making their[...] Jesus Helps Us to Multiply the Impact of Our Generosity “When Jesus fed five thousand people with only five loaves of bread and two fish, he was showing us how[...] Fundraising Often Happens More Effectively in the Marketplace "In fundraising, people who work in the marketplace are often wiser than people who work in the church.” (Nouwen, p.[...] Fundraising is a Call to Conversion "Fundraising is always a call to conversion.” (Nouwen, p. viii) Both the fundraiser and the donor are called to conversion.[...] Fundraising is an Act of Proclamation "Fundraising is proclaiming what we believe in such a way that we offer other people an opportunity to participate with[...] Fundraising is as Spiritual as . . . "Fundraising is as spiritual as giving a sermon, entering a time of prayer, visiting the sick, or feeding the hungry."[...] Fundraising as a Form of Ministry "Fundraising is first and foremost a form of ministry." (Nouwen, p. vii) Fundraising is not a "show me the money"[...] Is It Discipleship, Stewardship, Generosity, or Fundraising? The best answer is “yes!” It is about all of these. What is “it?” Here it means the short-term and[...] Denominational Service Is a Unique Spiritual Calling Download this article: Bullard, Denominational Service a Unique Spiritual Calling Denominational service is a unique spiritual calling within God’s constellation of[...] In Church Planting It Should Be Pull Not Push, and Receive Not Send—Part Two Continuing from part one, I have certain convictions I want to test. In some I am a contrarian to the[...] In Church Planting It Should Be Pull Not Push, and Receive Not Send—Part One This is my 54th year to be involved in planting new congregations. 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As an organic, missional approach to[...][...] Choosing to Pivot: 10 Hinge Points for Congregations–An Introduction Pivot. Whirling around on one foot. In basketball, a pivot is the action by the player with the ball that[...] Seven Strategies for a Baptist Association–An Overview The following conversation could have taken place between any Baptist pastors, staff ministers, or laypersons anywhere in North America any[...] Baptist Associations are a Family Heritage For my family, Baptist associations have been part of our DNA since at least the 1940s. I suspect it goes[...] How Do Economics Impact Churches in Your Ministry Area? I hope we all know that economic situations, and patterns of both increased and lessening prosperity significant impact the opportunities[...] George Bullard Speaks to Accept His Election as Director of Missions in Columbia, SC With great joy, and with my promise to you of faithful, effective, and innovative service, I accept your election of[...]

It is never expressed against his New Covenant community (unless you get a speeding ticket). God’s wrath is judicial. It is not like this: But like this: That is a picture of God in judgment, showing his protective wrath and love over his people. “Lack of wrath against wickedness is a lack of caring, which is a lack of love” (p. 23 or 160). Down here on earth, as it is now in its sinful state, you can’t have love without anger against injustice and evil. Judgment against injustice and evil = wrath = protective love. I have to deal with the topic of God’s wrath that puts everyone on edge. If I neglect it, some readers will accuse me of sugar-coating the whole counsel of God and discussing only “feel-good, self-help” biblical truths. However, I’m committed to the plain teaching of Scripture, wherever it may lead. So let’s get started on this study and see if I can do it without scaring or scarring people. If readers would like to see the verses in various translations, they may go to biblegateway.com and type in the references. INTRODUCTION This introduction is based on the biblical evidence presented, below, and somewhat from the companion article, The Wrath of God in the Old Testament. Judicial Wrath God’s wrath is part and parcel of his judgment against wrongdoing, injustice and evil. A few times his judgment and justice was administered quickly (Acts 5:1-11; Acts 13:8-12). However, you should picture God like an old English judge who wears a red robe, white collar, ribbon-tie, and white wig. He systemaaaaaaaatically and methoooooooodically and slooooooooowly gathers, sifts, weighs the evidence and then renders his verdict. What kind of human judge would it be if he simply let the guilty go without paying a fine or spending time in prison? God instituted justice – including punishment against lawbreakers – down here on earth because it reflects his just character. That is called the judicial wrath of God. Therefore, God expressing wrath is not like a human losing his temper. God does not flash with anger and throw an unsuspecting, nearby angel across the universe before God can think straight. “Sorry, I lost my temper! I reacted without thinking!” No, he does not lash out. This is crude literalism and human-centered thinking. Rather,) Therefore, God’s wrath is never mysterious, irrational, malicious, spiteful, or vindictive. It is predictable because it is aroused by injustice, lawbreaking and evil – and that alone. See this interview in Christianity Today about godly anger v. sinful anger. Very good. OLD COVENANT V. NEW COVENANT Paul had an interesting, and I say profound, insight that is hidden away in his epistle to the Romans; it hardly gets noticed. Rom. 4:15 says, “The law brings wrath”; the law here is the Law of Moses or the Torah. So I set out on a study of how that’s true. I concluded that of the 499 that God showed wrath in the OT, he shows it against his people 448 times after the Law of Moses was thundered down on Mt. Sinai, beginning in Exod. 19. (See the longer, offsite post about God’s wrath in the Old Testament) Wrath on Individuals However, in a few contexts we will discover that God evaluates an redeemed individual as he walks with God. Sometimes the individual has such deep character flaw and sins so egregiously that he must go through a “dealing” from God. For example, he will show fatherly and judicial anger – evaluating you and concluding you need correction – when you refuse to show mercy and forgive, though you were shown both. Next, one time Jesus showed indignation (personal reaction that opposes wrong behavior) against his disciples who tried to block children from seeing him. Finally, God institutes law enforcement and the courts, and they are agents of God’s wrath. If a Christian commits a crime, then his arrest and incarceration is God’s (judicial) wrath. Remember, wrath means judgment against injustice, wrongdoing, and sin. Specifically, judgment is an evaluation and correction in your personal life. In a court of law it is trying the facts and reaching a verdict and then sentencing the guilty and punishing him. In the Old Covenant, wrath means judging lawbreakers who violate the Law of Moses within the covenant. But in your personal life it just means God scanning your soul and disciplining you (Heb. 12:5-11). Conclusion So Far The Spirit-filled, blood-washed church as a whole, in an eschatological context, is not destined for the wrath of God that is falling on the world because of its lawbreaking, sin, and evil. They are not in Christ and his protection, but we are. So the two contexts are micro (an individual) and macro (the church v. the world). God shows wrath on the world, but not on the church as a whole in the macro. In the micro, in your personal life, where there is evaluation and correction, there is always forgiveness and restoration. Thus God’s wrath for the individual believer in Christ has turned into correction (Heb. 12:4-11). This is one more reason why the individual must belong to a church. There is protection in a Spirit-filled, loving community, mainly protection from his own sin nature. Outside of the church he risks a sinful lifestyle and eventually severe correction from God himself or through Satan (1 Cor. 5:5; 1 Tim. 1:20), but always with the redemptive purpose of restoring him. We hope and pray that restoration is indeed always the result as well, but sadly, from 1 Corinthians 11:30 we know that sometimes this is not the case, which says one who drinks or eats of the Lord’s Table unworthily brings judgment on himself. Finally, I talk about the bigger biblical perspective in the conclusion section, below. Love and mercy and grace and forgiveness and redemption are much more predominant themes in the entire Bible, both Old and New, than wrath is – much bigger themes. But let’s focus on the topic at hand. BIBLICAL DEFINITIONS AND TEXTS calling. being Let’s use the Q & A format. I. Who Earns God’s Wrath? A. Religious Oppressors and Self-Righteous Hinderers John the Baptist speaks judgment-wrath on this class of people. The coming wrath means that it’s on its way, at the advent or coming of the ministry of Jesus, who will lay an axe to the roots and make people decide yes or no about his gospel. It is eschatological in the sense of the new era being inaugurated with Christ. And there is no reason why it can’t envelope the Final Judgment, if people persist to resist. 7 But when he saw many Pharisees and Sadducees coming to his baptism, he said to them, “You offspring of vipers! Who warned you to flee from the coming wrath? [orgê]? (Matt. 3:7; cf. Luke 3:7) Jesus was angry at religious people who stopped – or tried to stop – the fullness of the kingdom, which included healing (and still does) – from reaching people. 2 They watched Jesus closely to see if he would heal him on the Sabbath, so that they could accuse him. After looking around at them in anger [orgê], grieved by the hardness of their hearts, he said to the man, “Stretch out your hand.” He stretched it out, and his hand was restored. (Mark 3:2, Mark 3:5) B. Those Who Reject Christ and His Gospel Many people rejected the gospel, but here is a verse that says wrath remains on them. Wrath of God remaining on them means that they live within the sphere of his evaluation and correction or discipline – he would like to correct them by bringing them to the gospel of his Son. Will they see it? Will they come and have eternal life? 36 The one who believes in the Son has eternal life. The one who rejects the Son will not see life, but God’s wrath [orgê] remains on him. (John 3:36) C. The Ungodly and Wicked In the next passage, the word wrath is not mentioned, but it is about a judgment and punishment. It is ironic that Elymas believed he could point people towards the truth. Not so. Elymas was spiritually and morally blind, so he was blinded. Let’s hope Elymas repented after the time of blindness was up. However, since wrath as such is not mentioned, you don’t have to include this passage in the discussion.:8-12) In the next verse the clause is being revealed is in the present tense. There’s a sense in which God’s judgment-wrath is currently and gradually being revealed in ungodly and wicked men’s lives. But he is also leading them to repentance by showing them kindness (Rom. 2:4). 18 For the wrath [orgê] of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of people who suppress the truth by their unrighteousness (Rom. 1:18) Note the day of God’s wrath in the next passage. That’s the Final Judgment. Once again wrath and judgment are connected. 5 But because of your stubbornness and your unrepentant heart, you are storing up wrath [orgê] against yourself for the day of God’s wrath [orgê], [orgê] and anger [thumos]. (Rom. 2:5-8) Paul uses the rhetorical “we” and “our” here: 5 But if our unrighteousness demonstrates the righteousness of God, what shall we say? The God who inflicts wrath [orgê] is not unrighteous, is he? (I am speaking in human terms.) Living a self-centered and lustful life, we used to be under wrath: … All of us also formerly lived out our lives in the cravings of our flesh, indulging the desires of the flesh and the mind, and were by nature children of wrath [orgê] (Eph. 2:3). Persisting to do the next sins and resisting God on a continuous basis will land you in trouble. [orgê] comes on the sons of disobedience. (Eph. 5:5-6) The coming wrath and the present wrath in Paul’s writings means that God is evaluating and correcting people today, but eventually his evaluation will be final, and he will incarcerate people in hell, like a judge incarcerates the guilty in prison. 5 So put to death whatever in your nature belongs to the earth: sexual immorality, impurity, shameful passion, evil desire, and greed which is idolatry. 6 Because of these things the wrath [orgê] of God is coming on the sons of disobedience. (Col. 3:5-6) D. Old Covenant Opponents and Rejecters of the Gospel It’s one thing not to accept the new gospel; it’s quite another to actively oppose it and persecute those who do. A certain class of Old Covenant people, usually leaders, showed active hostility against Jesus and his gospel and his disciples. They sometimes persecuted the new believers. Also, in this section the epistle to the Hebrews refers to the ancient Israelites who broke God’s laws and rebelled back in the OT. In the Parable of the Wedding Banquet, Jesus’ opponents resisted and held back others who wanted to follow a new way. He is probably talking about the entire nation as represented by its leaders who did not accept his message and persecuted the new messengers. 5 But they were indifferent and went away, one to his farm, another to his business. 6 The rest seized his slaves, insolently mistreated them, and killed them. 7 The king was furious [orgizô]! He sent his soldiers, and they put those murderers to death and set their city on fire. (Matt. 22:5-7; cf. Luke 13:34-35; Lk. 21:20-24) As a nation, the Jews of Jesus’ day had time to repent (cf. Luke 16:19-23). If not, they were to have the axe laid to the roots. In the next passage, the word wrath is not used, but I include it here because it speaks of judgment in much the same way that the two banquet parables do, above and next. But if you don’t want to include this passage in a discussion about wrath, skip over it.) The Parable of the Great Banquet says the same thing as wedding banquet. Only the poor and expendables and unclean are welcome to the banquet, if the self-satisfied and the “too busy” believe they don’t need the kingdom feast. These are the complacent religious leaders. The master sized them up and disqualified them for the feast; that sizing up is called judgment against wrongdoing and refusal, which is called wrath. 21 So the slave came back and reported this to his master. Then the master of the household was furious [orgizô] and said to his slave, ‘Go out quickly to the streets and alleys of the city, and bring in the poor, the crippled, the blind, and the lame.’ (Luke 14:21; cf. Lk. 13:34-35; Lk. 21:20-24) This is Jesus’ prediction about the destruction of Jerusalem. 20 “But when you see Jerusalem surrounded by armies, then know that are nursing their babies in those days! For there will be great distress on the earth and wrath [orgê] against this people. 24 They will fall by the edge of the sword and be led away as captives among all nations. Jerusalem will be trampled down by the Gentiles until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled. (Luke 21:20-24) I believe Ananias and Sapphira lived under Old Covenant law, even though they were caught up in the new Jesus movement. It is not clear to me that they experienced salvation in their hearts (and yes, salvation needs to go into the heart). Anyway, the word wrath is not mentioned, but this is a sudden judgment because God’s Spirit can evaluate matters instantly. (But if you don’t want to include this passage in a discussion about wrath, skip over it.) Also, this is not the Final Judgment, the macro; this is judgment in the micro. Yet, this passage has an eschatological feel to it too because Pentecost had opened up a new era; God apparently couldn’t let anything like lying to the Spirit disrupt this inauguration, somewhat, but not exactly, like security using deadly force if a madman aims a weapon at the president during his inauguration. Next, Paul reviews the plan of God for his ancient people, and how his new people, the Gentiles, relate to it. God was patient with the Elder Brother, Israel. But even he has his limits. 22 What if God, choosing to show his wrath [orgê] and make his power known, bore with great patience the objects of his wrath [orgê]—prepared for destruction? (Rom. 9:22) These fellow Jews of Paul resisted and stirred up trouble for him. They wouldn’t let others follow his gospel. 15 They displease God and are hostile to all men 16 in their effort to keep us from speaking to the Gentiles so that they may be saved. In this way they always heap up their sins to the limit. The wrath [orgê] of God has come upon them at last. (1 Thess. 2:15-16) The author of the epistles to Hebrews quotes or reviews Old Testament passages. 10 That is why I was angry [prosochthizô] with that generation, and I said, ‘Their hearts are always going astray, and they have not known my ways.” (Heb. 3:10) 11 So I declared on oath in my anger [orgê], ‘They shall never enter my rest.’ (Heb. 3:11) 17 And with whom was he angry [prosochthizô] for forty years? Was it not with those who sinned, whose bodies fell in the desert? (Heb. 3:17) 3 “So I declared on oath in my anger [orgê], ‘They shall never enter my rest.’ “(Heb. 4:3) E. Final Enemies of God in the Last Days This is God’s worldwide eschatological judgment-wrath as he wraps up the (im)moral universe and final accounts are settled. This is the Last Judgment. It is disconcerting and ironic that the Lamb meek and mild has wrath. 16 They [people] called to the mountains and the rocks, “Fall on us and hide us from the face of him who sits on the throne and from the wrath of the Lamb! 17 For the great day of their wrath [orgê] has come, and who can stand?” (Rev. 6:16-17) The twenty-four elders around the throne prophesy in heaven, and note the linkage between judgment and wrath: 18 The nations were angry; and your wrath [orgê] has come. The time has come for judging the dead, and for rewarding your servants the prophets and your saints and those who reverence your name, both small and great—and for destroying those who destroy the earth. (Rev. 11:18) I let the following verses speak for themselves. 9 “If anyone worships the beast and his image and receives his mark on the forehead or on the hand, 10 he, too, will drink of the wine of God’s fury [thumos], which has been poured full strength into the cup of his wrath [orgê].” (Rev. 14:9-10) 19 The angel swung his sickle on the earth, gathered its grapes and threw them into the great winepress of God’s wrath [thumos]. (Rev. 14:19) 1 I saw in heaven another great and marvelous sign: seven angels with the seven last plagues—last, because with them God’s wrath [thumos] is completed. (Rev. 15:1) 7 Then one of the four living creatures gave to the seven angels seven golden bowls filled with the wrath [thumos] of God, who lives for ever and ever (Rev. 15:7) 1 Then I heard a loud voice from the temple saying to the seven angels, “Go, pour out the seven bowls of God’s wrath [thumos] on the earth.” (Rev. 16:1) 19 The great city split into three parts, and the cities of the nations collapsed. God remembered Babylon the Great and gave her the cup filled with the wine of the fury [thumos] of his wrath [orgê]. (Rev. 16:19) 15 He treads the winepress of the fury [thumos] of the wrath [orgê] of God Almighty. (Rev. 19:15) II. How Does the Law of Moses Relate to the Wrath of God? As I discussed in the introduction, Paul is very clear about this. As he scanned the entire history of the OT people, his fellow Israelites, he concluded that sinful humans could not keep all of the law, which by definition means they were lawbreakers. Breaking the law for centuries elicited judgment-wrath. Therefore, the holy law – passing through the sinful human heart – brings wrath. 14 For if those who live by law are heirs, faith has no value and the promise is worthless, 15 because law brings wrath [orgê]. (Rom. 4:14-15) See the onsite companion piece, The Wrath of God in the Old Testament. III. Does God Show Anger Towards Any of His New Covenant People? There is one passage that seems to say that God shows anger at an individual disciple: the Jesus follower who shows no mercy and refuses to forgive, even though he was shown mercy and forgiven. The punch-line or application is in v. 35. Is Jesus being rhetorical and not literal? After all, the Father does not throw us in a literal, physical prison to be tortured. On the other hand, one can sense God’s displeasure if he shows us mercy or forgiveness but we show none. 32 Then his lord called the first slave and said to him, ‘Evil slave! I forgave you all that debt because you begged me! 33 Should you not have shown mercy to your fellow slave, just as I showed it to you?’ 34 And in anger [orgizô] his lord turned him over to the prison guards to torture him until he repaid all he owed. 35 So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if each of you does not forgive your brother from your heart.” (Matt. 18:32-35) Jesus was perfectly divine and perfectly human. He showed indignation towards any of his individual disciples who prevented children from approaching him. Jesus loves the little children. He took them in his arms and blessed them. Be careful about blocking people from the full gospel. You risk falling into the same trap that the religious leaders did, when they persecuted Jesus and his apostles (see Question 1D, above). 13 Now people were bringing little children to him for him to touch, but the disciples scolded those who brought them. 14 But when Jesus saw this, he was indignant [aganakteô]. (Mark 10:13-16) So, in the New covenant for the individual believer, God’s wrath has been transformed into loving correction. For one more possible context in which God might show wrath to an individual follower of Jesus, see Question 5. IV. How Else Does God Show Wrath? In this verse Paul tells us to leave revenge in God’s hands. In this verse wrath seems to mean that he will fight for us. 19 Do not take revenge, my friends, but leave room for God’s wrath [orgê], for it is written: “It is mine to avenge; I will repay,” says the Lord. (Rom. 12:19) He will probably use the legal system to achieve his justice or the proper authorities if there is a conflict on the job. But God does not tell us how he will do this. Christians should pray for justice. V. What Is the Most Common Way God Shows Wrath?) Again, God’s wrath is linked with the judicial process or judgment.. VI. Does God Cause Natural Disasters Today to Express His Wrath? God would have spared Sodom and Gomorrah if he had found even ten righteous in those two towns (and environs). And when he did destroy it, the Hebrew words for wrath were never mentioned as his motive. Today, we have lots of righteous people living in the New Covenant throughout the world, so I believe God does not use natural disasters. Even in the last of the Last Days, God is never said to be their direct cause (Mark 13:24, Luke 21:10, and Luke 21:25). They instead are part of the natural world. Nature is doing her thing, and in the last of the Last Days, nature is severely running amok. But even if, hypothetically, God were to directly cause a natural disaster today, he does not tell us that he is doing it with any specific one. We just don’t know. And when we don’t know something, we should not make major announcements in the news media. The New Covenant is here. The new era of salvation has been ushered in. It’s the kindness of God that leads you to repentance (Rom. 2:4). As noted in Question 5, however, God uses law enforcement, when it is functioning properly, to express his wrath – his judicial wrath. See my post: Does God Cause Natural Disasters to Punish People Today? VII. Who Is Free from God’s Final Wrath? Everyone in Christ is free from it. He inaugurates the New Covenant, bought and paid for with his precious blood. 8 But God demonstrates his own love for us in this: While we were still sinners, Christ died for us. 9 Since we have now been justified by his blood, how much more shall we be saved from God’s wrath [orgê] through him (Rom. 5:8-9) These next verses from 1 Thessalonians also say Christ is the answer. The church as a body is not subjected to the wrath of God in Final Judgment. Rather, Christ paid for our sins. Therefore, he welcomes all of us into his eternal realm with open arms of love. 9) 9 For God did not appoint us to suffer wrath [orgê] but to receive salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ. (1 Thess. 5:9) As a whole, the church universal – everyone found in Christ – will not be on the receiving end of God’s wrath in the Last Judgment. Is Wrath of God on Jesus on the Cross Divine Child Abuse? See my post here: Christ’s Death on Cross = Cosmic Child Abuse? CONCLUSION That study was not so hard, after all. I didn’t feel emotionally warm while doing it, but it was necessary. I’m glad I did it because I learned a lot. difference is the law that they lived under, contrasted with the eternal once-and-for-all sacrifice of Christ and Pentecost that we live in. We walk in the fullness of the Spirit – or we’re supposed to. As noted in the introduction, above:. In the OT, this verse is repeated again and again:) Additionally, the word counts in the OT for favor (grace), love, salvation, forgiveness, redemption, mercy, and compassion (and their various forms) add up to about 1220 times, the vast majority of which are used of God (his wrath occurs 499). Remember, the NT is a lot smaller than the OT. In the NT those same positive words and their various forms appear 673 times, the vast majority of which are also used of God. And yes, God’s people are called to show those positive traits as well. The various words for wrath occur only 42 times when used of God, as we saw in this study. Clearly, the God of the entire Bible is more interested in favoring, loving, redeeming, forgiving, saving, and being merciful and compassionate to people than he is in evaluating their sins and rendering his verdict after a careful sifting and weighing of all the evidence (i.e. judgment against injustice and evil = wrath). Thus, wrath is not central or fundamental to God’s character. God is more than a judge. He is love. Wrath is a response to something outside of himself in the world; his love always is. start with a deficit, in a hole, with shackles on your legs. He lifts you out of it and takes them off so you can begin again, in and with him. He thinks about you with love in his heart. God loves you. Always has. Always will. RELATED Do I Really Know God? He Shows Wrath The Wrath of God in the Old Testament The Wrath of God as an Aspect of God’s Love (offsite by another author) That last, offsite article teaches us how shallow it is to criticize justice and punishment for wrongdoing (wrath). God’s justice and love and wrath are linked. But his love is fundamental in a way that wrath is not. Wrath of God (offsite by another author) That Evangelical dictionary entry, above, gives a much briefer overview of the topic. Once again, see this interview in Christianity Today about godly anger v. sinful anger. (offsite by another author) God’s Plan of Salvation (offsite by another author) That last offsite article explains in more depth how we personally may escape God’s wrath through the one and only way of salvation that He provided in Jesus Christ.

The Beatles, Societal Decay, & Jon Benet Ramsey Murder August 16, 2006 The Beatles, Societal Decay, & Jon Benet Ramsey Murder (August 16, 2006) Subject: couple questions From: [email protected] Date: Wed, August 16, 2006 7:54 am To: Editor hey ken, i'm going to assume, being the editor of this website and all, that you probably get hundreds of e-mails on a daily basis, so i'll try to make this as short as possible. i first off would like to thank you for creating this website, i've always been a very skeptical person and, although a lot of this material is very disturbing, i feel very fortunate that i've learned these things (especially at such a young age, i'm only seventeen). i was reading something on your site the other night, i can't remember the exact page or anything, but it was a conversation you had with someone about the Beatles.. in that, you mentioned that they were introduced into America to imply that marijuana, and other "small" drugs, were ok.. i know that physically marijuana is a lot safer for you than say, alcohol and nicotine.. or atleast that's what i've always heard, i never thought it was that bad.. is there something about illegal drugs (esp. marijuana, since it's the only drug i've ever tried) i dont know about? if so, please tell me.. one more thing, i've always been a huge John Lennon fan, and on that same page you mentioned he was killed by a mind-controlled subject, do you know the story behind that (or the reason why)? i understand these question may not be very important, when i read articles on your site i usually dont need to ask questions, but those two questions have been nagging the hell outta me.. oh and by the way, i'm a very patient person so if you dont feel like responding to this message right away, please dont. thanks again, ken LOVE and PEACE James Crews (from NC) *** Hi James, The Beatles did NOT know they were being used. They got a big publicity push from unseen hands that helped them take over the American dominance in Rock and Roll. What Dr. John Coleman wrote about the Beatles being USED as a vehicle to promote the acceptance of soft drugs, like marijuana, is true. The Illuminati destroys the moral fabric of a nation and the cohesiveness of the nuclear family unit in small steps. The decadence and decay of society is planned to build up slowly over time, so no one notices what's taking place, but the decay keeps building. We had the decade of Hippies and Free Love that seemed to follow in the wake of the Beatles success. That wasn't by accident. That was planned. From free love, you go to children without marriage (or parental commitment) and then you got a million un cared-for kids in the streets and they get into a destructive lifestyle and impregnate a 13 year old girl and the cycle keeps on repeating itself. You get a lot more welfare types, a lot more drug addicts. a lot more people who are more addicted to drugs, rock music, and having a good time instead of leading a productive life. Concurrently, in the 1970's, you introduce the radical feminist movement in order to get men and woman fighting with each other. That leads to a call by feminists to change the divorce laws from being a joint decision, requiring the agreement of both spouses, to a UNILATERAL decision where one spouse can divorce the other without the other spouse's consent. To make it all seem OK, the manipulators call it by a cute and friendly name to throw you off guard: They call it "no fault divorce", as if a marriage between a man and a woman was on the same level of importance as an auto accident. That clever bit of destructiveness then leads to bitter acrimony and fighting over custody and child support issues between the former husband and wife, because NO ONE -man or woman- wants to be on the receiving end of a divorce that they did not agree to. Nothing creates more anger or hostility or resentment than taking a father (or a mother) out of their home and their relations with their own kids by the decree of some blacked robed representative of the British Crown. You then create a new category of media-created scoundrels that are collectively tagged as "Dead Beat Dads". . In the 1950's, the divorce rate was about 7 or 8%; in the late 1990's, the divorce rate was about 75% here in America. The connection to the above influences is obvious. Today, the relative innocuousness of the Beatles is pronounced because we now have heavy-metal bands that are in-your-face satanists wherever you look. I'm constantly seeing the devil hand signal being flashed whenever there's a heavy band on the Tonight Show, etc. Satanic promotion is becoming so bold that I saw a McDonald's TV commercial during the Winter Olympics with the guy in the ad holding up the satanic hand sign as he's walking away from the camera. The entire country saw everyone of the Bush family repeatedly flash the satanic hand sign during the last inauguration. John Lennon was probably killed because his role in promoting the Peace Movement was becoming too pronounced. With songs like "Imagine", too many people around the world were tuning into the Love vibes and the Illuminati can't have too much of that because they need an environment of fear and hate to promote their goals (and wars). The guy who shot him was definitely a programmed victim of mind control. All of these 'lone nut' assassins are. This guy Karr who claims to have killed Jon Bennet Ramsey is also a victim of mind control and has been programmed to THINK that he killed the girl. They can implant ANY memories they want into a mind controlled person and feeding him the scenery and his "movements' at the Ramsey house would be a piece of cake. The father is the one who set up the girl for sacrifice in my opinion. The PRICE which every Illuminati WannaBe has to pay in order to join the Club (and be assured of riches, privileges, and freedom from prosecution), is the sacrifice of their first born child. That kid was murdered in a special satanic Christmas ritual called "The Last Bulb on the Christmas Tree", a specialty of Herr Doctor Mengele. Karr is just another patsy being set up to take the fall and the suspicion off the father, now that the mother had conveniently died in June and can't offer any comments. I'm guessing of course, but I figured he was waiting for Mom to shuffle off so his pals could trot out the patsy. Since the mother KNEW what really went down, she might not have agreed to having the patsy take the rap * *(this is just speculation on my part, but interested phychics can always chime in and let me know what you get). Regards, Ken <Editor> Subject: your Ramsey speculation off base. From: [email protected] Date: Fri, August 25, 2006 7:21 am To: Editor Dear Ken, I just read your speculative post on the Beatles, Ramseys and Karr and think you have to be careful not to jeopardize the credibility of the rest of your site by making broad accusations so casually. Saying John Ramsey sacrificed his first born for illuminati power and advancement is foolish. A) He was financially run into the ground and made completely financially unviable because of the cloud over his head. B) the Illuminati media railroaded him and his wife at record speed, having clips of the daughter's pageant activities on TV the day after as proof of the parent's bad intent. Karr may well be mind controlled, and strongly reminds me of Oswald. The Christmas killing may well be a satanic sacrifice. But I have long had a theory that Jonbenet's murder was a frame up and the press railroading of her parents was a social experiment to see if the public would buy the guilt of a couple on the basis , of planned and overwhelming media overkill. Around this time there was another interesting murder of a young 8 year old girl in a casino (unbelievably,her parents had brought her with them to gammble) supposedly by a brilliant honor student who went to there with a "friend" and woke up in a bathroom stall, covered in blood, not remembering a thing. The "friend" cut a deal and testified against the student, who most probably got a drink laced with the date rape drug. Ramsey's "friend" who they spent Christmas Eve with, similarly set up the Ramseys, first having them over so the killers could get in place, then finding the body and immediately turning on their friend to the police and later to the governor when they weren't indicted. I believe this was a dry run at setting up a politician, probably Bill Clinton, to take the fall in a staged murder of one of his girlfriends. Such a woman in the state dept. died violently, around the time Clinton had to return to Washington from Camp David to get a book to prepare for the State of the Union address. David Balducci, a first time author had a huge hit with "Absolute Power" a novel about an accidental killing of a woman during a presidential tryst. This book was made into 2 movies, obviously a classic media paving for people to grasp the concept. I'm sorry to see you inaccurately joining the illuminati chorus over these parent's guilt. Another thing, on your Gunderson page, you have a similarly innacurate item on Jeffrey McDonald, saying he was railroaded for the killing of his family. I followed this case closely, and it is forensically clear by the way it was done, the stab wounds on him perfectly line up with an elaborately folded towel he held over himself, that he absolutely caused the injuries to himself and killed the members of his family. The writer of "Fatal Vision" went into the project assuming he was innocent, but became convinced of his guilt by the overwhelming evidence that emerged. I am no pushover, believe me, but I think Gunderson championing this case is an indication he is "wrong" on a lot of things. Doesn't he think OJ was set up as well? Gary Condit, was railroaded in the Chandra Levy murder, perhaps in a leftover plot they never used on Clinton, while Joe Scarborough, the Florida republican congressman who so adamantly defended Bush in 2000, had a healthy 25 year old female jogger supporter/campaign work found dead on the desk of his reelection headquarters, a fact that was quietly covered up, but which lead to his quitting the election and divorce, only to be rewarded by getting a TV show on MSNBC. Now that's illuminati protection for you in the wake of a murder. I'm saying be careful, because casual speculation brings a cloud of suspicion over the rest of your good work. Robert Schoen (In New Orleans- I'm the guy who wrote the piece Don Croft sent you after Katrina that the resevoirs in New Orleans were deliberately broken and the communications shut down to ruin our city) *** Hello Robert, My comments about Jon Bennet Ramsey and her father's role were based on specific information about the Ramsey case offered by Arizona Wilder in 1999 to David Icke. If you don't know who Arizona Wilder is, then you need to read The Biggest Secret by David Icke. The sacrifice of the first born by Illuminati aspirants is well known and discussed by high level priestess insiders who have participated at those very satanic rituals, and include Arizona, Cisco Wheeler, and others. But remember, my comments about John Ramsey was SPECULATION and that I'm only GUESSING. I could be wrong. While you criticize me for faulty speculation, you seem to be pretty good at it yourself. Here are your conclusions: 1. John Ramsey is a swell guy who's been "railroaded' by the Illuminati and the press into poverty and misfortune. Right. 2. Bill Clinton-a major Illuminati puppet who runs around on a regular basis with the top Illuminati honcho in America, George HW Bush - was being set up to take the 'fall' for a staged murder. Right. The Clinton "Body Count", if I recall correctly, is up to 164 people who ALL died under "mysterious" or suspicious circumstances during Clinton's two terms in office; the last one being Barbara Olson who wrote "The Final Days" critical of the Clintons' corruption in office. Olson died on Sep 11, 2001 supposedly in the "plane" that crashed into the Pentagon All of these people had one thing is common: they had intimate knowledge of Bill Clinton which could have(or did) prove embarrassing. And yet this is the guy you speculate is being "set up" to take a fall in a faked murder rap. Sure. 3. I was willing to give your opinions the benefit of doubt right up to moment I read your profound thoughts on Ted Gunderson and Jeffrey MacDonald. Now, I am no longer in doubt. For a man who claims to be "no pushover", believe me, Robert Schoen, YOU'RE A PUSHOVER. So you followed the MacDonald case "closely" did you? And it's " forensically clear" that the "stab wounds on him perfectly line up with an elaborately folded towel he held over himself, that he absolutely caused the injuries to himself and killed the members of his family" heh? Well, let's review your "clear' forensic conclusions for a moment For starters, MacDonald was attacked by three men at 2 a.m. while sleeping on his couch in the living room. There was no "elaborately folded towel" he held over himself. What the prosecutor, James Blackburn (later convicted and jailed for embezzlement), tired to claim was the ice pick holes in MacDonald's PAJAMA TOP, when folded in a certain way, matched the stab wounds in Colette's (the wife) upper body. That " forensically clear" fantasy concocted by Blackburn was thoroughly reviewed in excruciating detail and DEMOLISHED in a book about the MacDonald case published in 1995 by Jerry Potter and Fred Bost called "Fatal Injustice", along with all the other " evidence" the prosecution claimed to "prove" that MacDonald was guilty. "Fatal Injustice" also revealed just how much EXCULPATORY EVIDENCE was WITHHELD from the jurors by prosecutors Blackburn & Murtaugh, which would have conclusively established MacDonald's INNOCENCE had the juries heard or seen what was known to the prosecutors. The Macdonald case is the greatest instance of PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT in the history of the United States jurisprudence, and that's not Ken Adachi saying that, that's Harvard law professor Alan Dershowitz saying that. Thank God that Ted Gunderson, a man with the intelligence and insight to see beyond the veils of deception that have so easily clouded your perception, was asked to interview Jeff MacDonald from prison in 1980 and discovered for himself that MacDonald "clearly" was innocent and was on the receiving end of a frame up that required a patsy to cover up much greater crimes and intrigues that were taking place at Fort Bragg, North Carolina in 1970, the time of the MacDonald murders. Your notion that Joe McGinniss, author of the NOVEL called "Fatal Vision" was a supporter who later became "convinced of his [MacDonald's] guilt by the overwhelming evidence that emerged" shows me just how deeply your brain is immersed in Rubedom. You do not know squat about Joe McGinniss or his treacherous character or his duplicitous conduct. You failed to mention that JoeMcGinniss had to pay $325,000 to MacDonald's lawyers following their 1984 lawsuit against him which PROVED that McGinniss was FABRICATING 'evidence' against MacDonald from cover to cover. Nice try, but no brass ring. Ken *** Subject: Ramsey murder From: [email protected] Date: Fri, August 25, 2006 11:29 am To: Editor The first time I saw JonBenet in her cowgirl outfit, I psychically saw Patsy putting her hands around the child's neck and choking her. I asked why and I saw the father being sexually inappropriate with the child, the mother furious over the daughter's lack of gratitude, the mother threatened by loss of love and respect, her jealousy, and her inability to be young and beautiful. The child smarted off and gave Patsy a condescending look, exactly like her earlier rivals had done, but this time it was her daughter. She made her and she could unmake her. She could undo her mistake. The father called someone to help clean up the mess. Patsy's note told him not to grow a brain. In other words, don't think. Do what you are told to do and shut up. Patsy, worried for her soul, wanted to make a death bed confession to the world. John agreed, but in a twisted bit of logic, he let an innocent patsy do it for her, thus appeasing his conscience. Spiritual sickness, all around. Analysis from Donna Wolfe Gatti. *** Sbject: Jon Benet Ramsey From: [email protected] Date: Fri, August 25, 2006 11:06 am To: Editor Hi Ken, I read you site all the time. Thanks for posting some new stuff! I read the response to the 17 year old about the Beatles and you threw in some Jon Benet stuff. All this JBR case publicity has got me a little obessed with it all over again. Which is probably one of the purposes of it. The feelings that contemplating the death of JBR bring up are probably being fed upon by something. One thing I think of too is, why now? I agree that John Ramsey is the cause of her death and that John Karr is a patsy. This whole Karr business gives the media the opportunity to rewrite the history of the case and reimprint what they want people to know about it. One major theme is,"the parents are innocent now." I'm sure the truth is so much deeper and horrible than we care to imagine. JBR possibly loaned out to rich and powerful pedophiles, involved in Satanic rituals, sexually abused from infancy. Can you talk more about the Mengele Christmas ritual you mentioned or direct me to a place where I can read about it? I'm trying to make sense of this a little bit, in my own way. Thank you, Dan Kroha *** Subject: Jon Bennet Ramsey From: Diana Date: Sat, August 26, 2006 9:30 am To: Editor Dear Ken: I am the first born child of a woman whom I have every reason (based on my life with her) to belive is a Satanic Priestess. Your reference to the ceremony called 'The Last Bulb On The Christmass Tree' intrigued me because I KNOW that my mother attempted to sacrifice me in a most gruesome manner, but I was rescued by someone. I would be most grateful if you would please direct me to any resource that you are aware of that would inform me about what the consequences are for 'failing' to kill the intended victim. Thank you, Sincerely Diana *** Hi Diana, The Last Bulb ceremony is discussed in David Icke's book "the Bigget Secret" and in his 1999 video interview with Arizona Wilder called "Revelations of a Mother Goddess". Brian Desborough also writes about it in his first book titled "They Cast No Shadows" Arizona was programmed by Josef Mengele. He had a large repertoire of unique satanic rituals that he introduced to his "students". I got the idea that the Last Bulb ritual was something that only very highly placed Illuminati big shots participate in. Brian Desborough seems to believe that a very high level politico was the person who had the "honor" of taking Jon Bennet's life. I don't know whether that's true or not, but that's what he writes. I can't say much on the consequence of 'failure'. I really don't know one way or the other. If Brian is correct, then that ceremony is viewed by the participants as more of an 'honor' or 'privledge' . I do know that in other satanic ceremonies that if the mother doesn't offer up the kid for sacrifice (if required by the cult), then the mother herself will be killed on the spot. That's SOP for satanists. Regards, Ken JonBenet Ramsey Murder: Satanic Ritual Sacrifice by ANONYMOUS Publication date unknown, likely Fall 2006.) Melody Stanton, one of the Ramsey's neighbors (living less than 100 feet away), awoke abruptly from a deep sleep - the prior stillness of the Boulder night has been pierced by the harrowing scream of a child (for her brother Burke, now 12, to save her from being killed, experts say. When a child is attacked by a parent, she has to turn to an ally she can trust. And we know JonBenét was close to Burke and trusted him. Patsy has told police that JonBenét had a habit of going into her brother's room during the night, but according to the book Perfect Murder, Perfect Town, Burke admitted that he pretended to be asleep that morning about the time his mother called 911). She assumed it was somewhere between midnight and 2:00 a.m., but didn't look at the alarm clock. The scream lasted three to five seconds (it was a little girl screaming," recalls Stanton, 52. It was the longest, most horrible scream I have ever heard in my entire life. It sent shivers down my spine. I could tell the sound was coming from the Ramsey house and I knew instantly it had to be their little girl, JonBenét". The next morning, while police still thought the 6-year-old beauty queen had been kidnapped, Stanton told them about the heart-rending cry that rang through the Ramsey house and stopped as abruptly as it started. (Melody momentarily had at the time wondered what to do, but thought that surely the parents would hear and come to the child’s rescue. Although still bothered by the scream and the thought that a child had been injured, she stayed awake and listened for any other noises for five to ten minutes, but heard absolutely nothing after that - no cars, no voices, no footsteps, so she eventually went back to sleep). This time has since been corroborated as the app. time of the skull fracture suffered by JonBenet, a skull fracture so severe that it would have ended the little girl's life had she not been strangled. Three neighbors have gone on-record giving depositions of hearing this scream at app. midnight. The Ramsey's have always claimed they heard no such (scream). How could this possibly be? (4) Officer Barry Harkopp interviewed next door neighbors and reported that Scott Gibbons saw strange lights and movements coming from the kitchen area around midnight; neighbor Melody Stanton awoke her husband (around midnight) after hearing a scream, and he stated he heard “the sound of metal clashing against cement.” The Ramsey's say they heard none of this. (5) The ransom note was an 82% match to Patsy Ramsey's handwriting according to the CBI and handwriting experts contacted to examine the note. Patsy stated that it was written on the same kind of paper that she had in the kitchen. She also stated, at a later date, that the handwriting did not look like the handwriting of their maid, Linda Hoffmann. Detectives found an entire draft of the ransom note in the home, and the legal pad on which the final ransom had been written, along with Patsy Ramsey handwriting samples similar to the style on the note. In fact, an investigator of the ransom note testing states, "Out of the 74 names submitted for testing, Patsy's handwriting was the only one that set off alarm bells": .. Dr. Robert Kirschner of the University of Chicago's pathology department went even further, pointing out that her vaginal opening was twice the normal size for six-year-olds. He stated, "The genital injuries indicate penetration, not only (previously) by a penis, but by another instrument and are evidence of molestation that night as well as previous molestation. If she had been taken to a hospital emergency room, and doctors had seen the genital evidence, her father would have been arrested.". (C) It is clear. (13) The William Morris Agency has close ties to NBC News. This Agency is responsible for placing the likes of stooges Tom Brokow and Brian Williams at NBC News. It was NBC which broke the current JonBenet Ramsey story. The William Morris Agency also Wm. Morris Agency and FBI Div. #5 (FBI Special/Black Ops). Director of Silverado, Neil Bush, George W. Bush's brother. Ramsey was also on a list of witnesses never subpoenaed by former Iran Contra Prosecutor Lawrence Walsh. It can now be reported that Ramsey had either knowingly, or unknowingly, pimped his daughter out as a prostitute to the Wm. Morris Agency who were taking these child 'Models' and using them to provide sexual services for pedophile's in Government, Industry and so on in addition to their Modeling shows (shows often displayed in video footage in the many news specials on JonBenet's murder). John Ramsey must stay silent given his position as a Bush-Clinton crime syndicate asset or risk having the truth come out about this entire, horrid affair. Something he has done quite well up to this juncture. (14) Search warrants also turned up nude photos of the Ramsey children - and not baby pictures. (15) In the three years prior to her death, Jonbenet made 33 trips to the pediatrician, diagnosis was "yeast infections". Yeast infections for a child of four to six years old? I've been told that is not possible. (16) It is impossible to navigate the Ramsey's home in the dark without prior knowledge of it's layout due to it's complicated, unusual four-story design and odd placement of light switches. An intruder could not have done so without making undue noise and awakening the Ramseys. (17) The supposed 'intruder' shoe print on the floor of the wine cellar in soft, white, dirt like substance turned out to be the delineation of a shoe print with a clear impression of the words "HI TEC". This is known to be a common police footwear product line, and police personnel had been in this room after the discovery of the body and before the crime scene processing and was eventually identified as the shoe print of one of the Boulder Police. A second shoe impression was also found in the white powdery substance. Although not as visible as the “HI-TEC” shoe impression, it was a distinctly different print and eventually was determined to be John Ramsey's. (18) The Ramsey's ex-housekeeper, Linda Hoffmann-Pugh, testified to the Boulder County Grand Jury that Patsy killed her daughter. (19) John Ramsey left the house during the very first part of the investigation - presumably to get a paper. (20) One of John Ramsey’s first acts was to call his lawyer - not the act of an innocent man. Detective Linda Arndt, the only police Detective on the scene in the hours prior to the discovery of the body at 1:05 p.m., remembers Mr. Ramsey’s demeanor when he initially greeted her as not distraught nor even upset, but cordial. Arndt says that the Ramsey's did not spend those morning hours in each other’s company, but that Patsy stayed in the sunroom with friends and John stayed mostly in his den, and read his mail in the kitchen. Very, very unusual behavior for a couple who have just experienced the murder of a child. Typically, they cling desperately to each other. The Ramsey's (behavior) exhibited some element of blame, condemnation, as if accusing each other of knowing of the crime beforehand and doing nothing to ultimately stop it. Thirty-seven minutes after finding JonBenet's body, a detective overheard John Ramsey talking by phone to his pilot and arranging a trip to Atlanta that evening for himself, his wife and son. Det. Sgt. Larry Mason told him, “You can’t leave". He seemed surprised. (21) There is a considerable amount of trace & DNA evidence linking Patsy directly to the murder of JonBenet, contrary to the lie that was circulated beginning in 2005 - that DNA had exonerated the Ramsey's. (22) Ainswoth's report noting duct tape in the basement closely matching duct tape used during the strangulation (JonBenet's mouth was taped). (23) Pam Griffin states that Patsy admitted writing the practice note "for an innocent purpose". An innocent purpose???? No one does such a thing unless they intend to carry out a crime of this nature. (24) Round marks, consistent with shape of cigarette, found on JonBenet's neck and jaw appeared to have been caused by a stun gun. The Ramsey's had a stun gun. (25) The Colorado Bureau of Investigation analyzed and confirmed that the wooden stick used with the ligature rope in the garrote for the strangulation is, in fact, the paint brush handle from the broken paint brush from the painting supply tray owned by Patsy Ramsey, a critical second piece of weapon evidence that came from within the house. It was also noted that a portion of the paint brush handle, appearing to be from the top, is unaccounted for. No fingerprints were ever found on any portion of the paintbrush: (A) Prosecutors in Boulder, Colo., presented to the grand jury shocking evidence that they feel shows the rope used to strangle JonBenét was purchased by her mom Patsy. A sales slip indicates that Patsy bought a thin nylon rope at Boulder's McGuckin hardware store. Patsy paid for this rope with an American Express card. The sales slip doesn't name the items, but it shows a $2.29 purchase rung up in the section of the store that sold nylon ropes. The price of a nylon rope at the time -- $2.29. Realizing they were on to something explosive, authorities bought up all the 100-foot packs of quarter inch Stansport nylon utility rope sold at McGuckin's. They compared the McGuckin ropes with the one used on JonBenét and it matched. Tests run by the Colorado Bureau of Investigation convinced the police they had the right rope. This was vital evidence since investigators never found the remainder of the murder rope in the Ramsey home. (B) JonBenét had been gagged by duct tape so they asked Patsy's art teacher if Patsy ever used that kind of tape. During a formal police interview months earlier, Patsy had denied ever buying duct tape, and authorities were frustrated because they never found a roll of duct tape at her house. However, during the investigation of Patsy's McGuckin hardware store purchases, they hit pay dirt. They found she had in fact made a purchase for $1.99 in the section where duct tape was on sale, for that very price. The duct tape used on JonBenét was a very rare black type -- the same kind on sale at McGuckin's. The manufacturer revealed that type made up a mere 2 percent of all its duct tape. Experts determined it had been manufactured in November 1996 -- only a few weeks before the child's grisly death.. However, Patsy was fully dressed including face make-up when she met the police after the 911 call in the same clothes she wore to the White's Christmas Dinner the night before strongly indicating she never went to bed the previous night. Why would she lie about that? (26) Judith Phillips, took some of the most poignant pictures of JonBenét. She believes the case against the Ramsey's has been delayed by politics and DA Alex Hunter and wants the Colorado Governor to appoint an independent prosecutor. Scott Gibbons, neighbor, who had also heard the horrible scream somewhere around midnight has made the same claim concerning playing politics and obstruction by the Boulder County DA. He says it was an inside job. This was not a random killing. There is no way parents could possibly sleep through a scream such as he heard, and the murder of their child. "Despite all the talk of an intruder in the district, I was never afraid for my own kids. You can put all the 'spin' on it you want, but if an 'intruder' came into my home, and a scream of that nature was heard by several of the neighbors, I'm responsible for the death of my child. Period". (27) Early in the investigation, sources say detectives probed John Ramsey's many visits to Amsterdam, Child-Porn capital of the world, suspecting a link between child porn and) The profile of JonBenet Ramsey's killer developed during the investigation is as follows; ...A white female ...Age 35-45 years ...Single or divorced ...Average or slightly above average intellectually. ...A loner and acted alone in murder ...Domineering ...Sexually she would most likely be aggressive and willing to try anything ...with many others of like mind (fit Patsy well, considering the nature of her past sexual abuse). ...Aggressive and controlling with masculine demeanor. ...Overconfident with an air of superiority. ...Neatly groomed, slightly overweight with hair short or frequently tied up. ...High birth order with several siblings; highly educated parents. ...History of bi-polar disorder or other mental illness. ...Works as a paralegal, in security field or as a Police Officer. ...Drawn to excitement-oriented or thrill seeker hobbies, including books and movies (It's been reported by several close to them that the Ramsey's were often purveyors of pornography). ...Appears cooperative with the Ramsey family or authorities investigating the case ...Has experienced stress or crisis in job or relationship, and may have been seen expressing anger prior to murder. ...Has a well established history of drug abuse, used alcohol and/or drugs before and during the murder with increased use afterwards (fits Patsy perfectly concerning the drug use). ...Stays in touch with investigation. .. Rather than believing the scriptures to be the word and will of God being presented to all believers, they take a more mystical approach by viewing the scriptures as a prophetic tool used by God to speak to individual believers. This flexible attitude leads to extraordinarily diverse views theologically as well as individual interpretation and quite often to practices more closely aligned with Occultic (practices) than anything resembling Christianity.. Conclusion: Patsy Ramsey is a delusional sociopath. Based on our experience with religious sociopaths, we believe that she saw JonBenet's death as a sacrifice for 'sins' she had committed, 'sins' committed because of her. Obviously Psalm 118 does not ask for human sacrifice but in her delusional mindset she interpreted Verse 27 as a request by God for a para-redemptive act. You are investigating. We do not believe, as has been theorized that this murder was the result of sexual assault, those having occurred repeatedly, previously. The autopsy report concerning the vaginal trauma clearly supports that. There is no evidence in pedophile research of strangulation as a means of sexual gratification for a child molester. Strangulation and sexual assault are most commonly seen in sadomasochism between heterosexual and homosexual adults. Or by late adolescent and young adult males during masturbation. ?

Abstract Academically Georgia is ranked one of the lowest states for standardized test scores in the United States. In one urban high school in Georgia, the enrollment number for Advanced Placement Literature & Composition increased 4% from the previous school year, yet the number of struggling students in the course exceeds 36%. The research problem is to determine teacher preparation to meet instructional needs for struggling students in rigorous courses.In only 3 hours we’ll deliver a custom English Teachers’ Beliefs about Explicit Instruction in Honors and Advanced Courses essay written 100% from scratch Get help The purpose of this study will be to examine senior high school students’ preparation, practices, and perceptions regarding rigorous English courses and why some struggle to succeed and/or excel. This study will be grounded in the conceptual framework of Exploratory Research, where teachers engage in explicit instruction and differentiated instruction; focusing on tailoring instruction to meet the diverse needs of struggling students in rigorous English courses. A theoretical framework of Discursive Identity, where the social environment of one English teacher onsite and five English teachers from one additional county high school, will be employed for this study. The resulting themes will be siphoned from the interview data and triangulated with themes that will derive from best practices in British Literature. An analysis of the data will reveal an alternative solution for the disproportionate number of students who fail to exceed in rigorous courses. Through the research findings, this study will examine positive social changes as vital tools in ensuring more students advance their studies at the high school level. The initiatives will assist teachers in improving the success rate for students struggling in challenging courses. The Problem Introduction There exists a problem for English teachers with students struggling in advanced and honors courses in regard to their academic performance. There is a belief among teachers that using explicit instructional methods for instructing students could enable them to achieve excellence in their academic performance in their honors and advanced courses (Fosnot, 1996). Specifically, the problem is why is it that students under the explicit instructional methods have shown declining performance and yet the teachers’ beliefs are based on empirical evidence that explicit teaching has proven to be a successful model of delivering instructions to students? Could the use of explicit instructions as the preferred learning style with a specialized focus on constructivism improve the performance of struggling students in Honors and Advanced Courses? (Lord, 1994). Fosnot (1996) investigated how the use of explicit instructional methods combined with constructivism enabled the teacher to instruct students towards attaining better scores in English and the key elements which enhanced the learning rate and the student’s personal level of interaction with other learners. Here, Fosnot (1996) and Khalid and Azeem, (2012) focused on the process approach to impart the desired skills in the student as core elements that make explicit learning a success. Teachers hold on to the belief that teaching students through explicit instructional methods combined with the constructivism as opposed to the traditional classroom method, which emphasizes on basic skills improves the performance for those struggling to learn English in advanced and honors courses (Lord, 1994). Teachers argue that explicit instructions are vital for the learner to score better marks than when instructed through the traditional instructional methods (Khalid & Azeem, 2012). The challenge is to understand whether the belief held by the teachers that the constructivism method, with a specialised focus on explicit instructional method is the most preferable in improving the performance of students in advanced and honors classes in English. Here, teachers prefer using the explicit instructions method by combining the approach with the constructivism method of instructions in offering instructions through an active engagement of learners, which fosters in them the required critical thinking. The uniqueness with the approach is that it enables students to learn by getting actively involved in critical thinking to become creative and motivated learners. The underlying constructivism theory in this case is to build on what the student already knows, which is a method is referred to as a schema where learning is filtered through a pre-existing schema (Young, 1995). In this case, the student gets actively involved in the learning process as opposed to the traditional passive instructional methods of receiving instructions. A significant number of teacher’s belief that using explicit instructions in the acquisition of English language skills could maximise the academic growth of students in advanced and honors classes.Academic experts available We will write a custom Education essay specifically for you for only $16.00 $11/page Learn more The explicit method of instruction is usually considered to be effective because it allows students to interact with one another as they take role in the knowledge acquisition process compared with the traditional methods of passively acquiring English language skills. Young (1995) argues that the elements of constructivism when merged with explicit instructions without repeating instructions, enables students to learn using the new concepts to manipulate materials and ideas to their success. In a bid to improve the student’s learning capabilities in English scores, and to reduce the number of student dropping out of school for failing to perform well in English, the English, teachers view the use of explicit instructional method as the best way of delivering learning instructions and content in the classroom. When scaffolding is used along with the requisite activities that support the delivery of instructions, that approach provides a learning guide, which enables the student to fully comprehend the reason and purpose of learning, enabling the student to build upon that experience to internalise the learning process. Ameri-Golestan and Alhossaini (2012) argue that teachers find their interactions with the student, especially by offering the required support throughout the learning process, by offering explicit and clear explanation to the instructional target, makes significant contributions to their success in English language lessons. Preliminary investigations show that the teachers’ belief that the explicit instructional method combined with the constructivism instructional method of delivering instructions underpins the students’ improved performance enables them to score appropriate grades to be promoted to the next grade with proper qualifications, skills, and knowledge of English. According to Ameri-Golestan and Alhossaini (2012), teachers prefer this trend to the social promotion approach, which means that students are promoted after acquiring the right skills and knowledge in English, which is appropriate for struggling students in honors and advanced courses. Krashen (1982) views the rationale for conducting this study to investigate the teachers’ beliefs about explicit instruction for struggling students in honors and advanced courses and the success rate in the acquisition of English language as the basis of this study. Krashen (1982) regards explicit instructional methods when combined with constructivism as critical in equipping the teacher with the right skills to take the active role of promoting and facilitating a discussion while ensuring that students get actively involved in discussions during classroom sessions. Here, the instructional method teachers belief in enables them to create the desired impact on the student. Explicit instructions, when based on the constructivism paradigm are unambiguous because the method focuses on the use of instructional design and delivery procedures which actively engage the student’s mental level of interest in the acquisition of English (Archer & Hughes, 2011). Archer and Hughes (2011) and Mayer (2004) researched on the academic performance of students instructed using explicit method with a combination of some elements of constructivism shows that teachers appreciate and regard the use of the explicit instructional methods for students struggling to learn English in advanced and honors courses. The results of this study revealed that the gap between struggling and exemplary students in English Language has increased significantly within a four year period, between the years 2006 to 2009 among struggling students in honors and advanced courses. Several American professionals and facilitators in this southern high school are concerned about the poor performances registered by students enrolled in advanced and honors English courses. For one high school, 27% of the students enrollment for advanced 12th grade English courses struggle to excel in these rigorous courses. From the first day of school to the fifth day, the enrollment in Advanced Placement English Literature & Composition decreased by 7%.15% OFF Get your very first custom-written academic paper with 15% off Get discount Students’ engagement in class arises as a reaction to the instructional delivery method, which teachers blame on the traditional instructional methods and the learning student’s restlessness to the academic motivation leading to a decline in performance and high rates of school dropout. In short, it will be important to understand if English teachers’ beliefs about explicit instruction for struggling students in honors and advanced courses are the right method of instructing students in those classes to perform better and improve their skills and knowledge of English. That could have a positive effect on magnifying students’ engagement in English at the advanced and honors levels (Christenson, Reschly, & Wylie, 2012). Naturally, all students are expected to perform to academic standards set by the school’s district. However, low test scores by students struggling to excel in English at honors and advanced courses dictates that there must be a problem somewhere that is causing all these differences in academic success (College Board, 2010). A significant concern for this southern school district is that all these students are educated by the same teachers, but different instructional methods and the same education curriculums across nine different high schools (Cloud 2008). However, the greatest concern with regard to this issue is the fact that there seems to be a repeated pattern in the low number of students excelling in English courses using the traditional instructional methods, underscoring the need to focus more on the use of explicit methods of instructions delivery with a specialised focus on the constructivist paradigm as the common denominator to assist students struggling students in honors and advanced courses. Definition of the Problem Attenuation among struggling students in honors and advanced courses in English in a metro area high school in a southern state is the scholastic problem that is guiding this study. In the local setting for my study, the gap between excelling students and struggling students, along with low tests scores among struggling students in honors and advanced courses, continues to grow in class performance in the rigorous English courses. One high school in the southern region of the United States has encountered problems because the success of struggling students in advanced courses is minimal. Although enrollment for students has increased in advanced courses, there has been an 11% decrease in the number of students passing the English exam and 5% decrease in standardized test scores. In advanced courses only 13% of the students are struggling. In remedial English classes, 83% of the students struggle to exceed mastery of the content. The total number of students in honors and advanced courses 347, of which only 230 participated in the English portion and 95% passed. The math portion of the test is about the efficacy of explicit teaching and where this southern school failed to provide students with the right method of providing instructions to struggling students in honors and advanced courses. Only 74.9% of students met and/or exceeded passing rates. The subgroups which lacked success were students who received instructions in the traditional method (Georgia Department of Education, 2009). This problem impacts students who do not receive explicit instructions from teachers in mastering English content in an effort to increase the test scores and enrollment among students taking honors and advanced courses. Low test scores can lead to a lack of enthusiasm in all areas of education, not conducive to English. For example, students may feel inadequate in English content and thus carry apathy to other academic subjects, because when students get engaged and become successful, they are likely to be motivated in learning other subjects. Typically, increasing the time a student takes to be engaged in learning English creates some positive impact on the student and improves the learning outcomes.Get your customised and 100% plagiarism-free paper on any subject done for only $16.00 $11/page Let us help you The quantitative variables of the present project are the success rates in the use of explicit instructions to achieve high scores and improve the academic performance of struggling students in honors and advanced courses. These variables illustrate the importance of the problem addressed. The rates of enrollment and students’ results show the extent to which struggling students in honors and advanced courses need help. The problem impacts educators who may not be prolific in strategies to assist struggling students in advanced courses. At this southern regional high school, all teachers are required to teach explicit instruction in their classrooms. Teachers are required to follow txplicit instruction when teaching students stating: 1. Expected outcome, 2. Model the lesson, 3. Guided practice, 4. Independent practice, 5. Reflection/Assessment. Based on test scores and graded coursework, the primary groups affected by the problem are struggling students in honors and advanced courses. The low test scores and grades from struggling students in honors and advanced courses, then becomes an important factor to determine how struggling students in honors and advanced courses in an effort to increase tests scores and excel in rigorous courses as well as understanding why scores and grades are lower for these students. My study will factor in understanding the decision process struggling students undertake when determining their academic paths. The lack of academic ambition negatively, which is the result of lack of good performance in English affects students struggling in academic performance (National Education Association, 2013). Furthermore, students who do not have good communication skills in English have fewer opportunities in future (Adams & Engelmann, 1996). There are three possible factors contributing to this problem. One factor is teachers lack experience in explicit instruction and how to effectively implement this research based strategy for struggling students in advanced courses. The second factors is the degree in which differentiated instruction takes places in honors and advanced courses, and lack of a model that integrates constructivism with explicit teaching to improve the performance of struggling students. Many teachers depict honors and advance English courses as those full of students that have mastered some degree of content in English, yet students still need explicit and constructivist instruction styles to help guide the various learning styles within a class. Another factor is the degree of involvement of the teacher in the use of explicit and constructivism methods to adequately assist teachers in implementing instruction to address the deficiencies of students struggling in rigorous courses. The population affected by the problem exceeds the group of young people. “We must examine the systems in which our districts, schools and classrooms operate and ask what the systems themselves are doing to close the achievement gap for our struggling students and exemplary students” (Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction [AMA], 2008). The entire community and, more generally, the entire society lose. Low rates of enrollment in higher-grade courses presuppose the lack of qualified personnel who apply the explicit teaching methods. The lack of professionals is becoming a great problem of the American society. Therefore, assisting a relatively small group of struggling students can positively affect the overall situation in the society as aspiring young people can inspire other people to excel in their academic life. The teachers should know the reasons why the number of students excelling in honors and advanced English courses is decreasing. The reasons for this will be beneficial in developing instructional strategies that will ensure these figures increase as more students enroll in higher-level English courses of learning and excel. Parents feel happy when their children attend schools and further their education beyond the secondary level. Therefore, they may find this information useful when planning future of their children in terms of learning. Promoting higher-grade courses with the right teaching methods and qualified staff, educators will be able to inspire young people to succeed in their academic life and in their future life as well. Thomas (2013) writes, “Broadly, new ways of thinking about public education must occur before the U.S. can fulfill its obligation to the promise of universal public schools” (ASCD, 2013). Struggling students are less likely to graduate, proceed for higher education, and then proceed to earn a living from a good education. Minimizing the achievement gap between excelling students and struggling students will increase the chances of the latter group to become more productive (Chub & Loveless (2002). One of the strategies employed to lessen the gap on declining performance of struggling students in honors and advanced courses includes tracking student’s performance frequently, based on the use of explicit instructions method to improve their performance in English language. Studies show that the results after tracking the students struggling students in honors and advanced courses under the explicit instructional delivery with a specialised focus on the use of constructivism were almost immediate (Archer & Hughes, 2011; Neal, 2013). However, despite the efforts, and increased admission level, the decline in performance still persisted on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) and Scholastic Assessment Test or SAT (Chubb & Loveless, 2002). Evidence of the Problem from the Professional Literature The number of struggling students in honors and advanced courses failing to achieve the passing grades in English is increasing alarmingly. As far as the school in question is concerned, the number of struggling students in honors and advanced courses who fail exceeds the number of students passing has appreciated significantly (Gersten et al., 2009; NMAP, 2008). Despite the falling number of success rates among students, teachers and researchers belief that using the explicit instruction methods coupled with constructivist learning are the best methods for teachers handling struggling students at higher levels of education.. However, teachers have been identified to be part of the problem because most of them are not well equipped to use the explicit instructional method combined with constructivism to achieve a level of success. It has been shown that lack of a model that combines explicit instructions and constructivism and teachers skilled in the use of the new model to offer instructions is the most significant contributing factor in the declining number of students passing in in honors and advanced courses. A good number of struggling students in advanced English courses have experienced low enrolment rates, a fact contributed to by a significant number of reasons. Some researchers tend to think that it is because teachers are not well trained in the use of explicit methods of instruction (Hodge et al., 2008). Many researchers agree that lack of knowledge in the use of appropriate methods may make the learner to fail to make significant gains in the acquisition of skills in English. Here the teacher is the sole source of explicit instructions in a constructivist student centered classroom. Some teachers do lack the requisite knowledge to manage a class by focusing instruction on critical content of the language (Archer & Hughes, 2011). In this case the critical content that to be focused on include teaching skills that are required by the student to grasp the core elements of the subject, proving the student with the core strategies to comprehending the subject appropriately, and proving the student with the basis or understanding the core vocabularies of the language, an area where most students fail. Here, concepts and rules are not explained by the teacher, who belief that explicit instructions are the best strategies for improving the performance of students struggling in English. It is critical for the teacher to provide a basis for empowering the students’ future with the right skills, which are matched with the instructional needs of the student at their level of study (Khalid & Azeem, 2012). On the other hand, while teachers seem to fall deficient of the skills required to impart instructions in the student, research shows that the teachers do not focus on the other primary method of constructivism, which is a complimentary instructional approach and provides the foundation for explicit instructions. Explicit instructions has been shown to be an effective method to promote the achievement of students at different levels of learning, yet in this case, the performance of the students seems to be declining. On a similar note, the explicit instructions are systematic, engaging, direct, and success oriented, while constructivism is a process approach to learning, which relies on transactional curriculum, which actively involves students to learn and reach an understanding level recommended for passing their exams. While teachers belief in explicit instructional approach as the most successful instructional delivery method, it is clear from the literature that lack of expertise among teachers in handling struggling students in honors and advanced courses, and failure to integrate the constructivism concept of the transactional nature of the curriculum underpins the problem associated with the high failure rates of struggling students in honors and advanced courses. Notably, several American professionals and facilitators are concerned about the poor performances registered by most Struggling students (within schools in America). This is a critical consideration when probed in the educational context. Disparities in educational performances among struggling students in honors and advanced courses remains eminent in America (Smart & Paulsen, 2012). On the other hand, it can be noted that only 23% of the struggling students good better readers. Observably, this is a 5% reduction from the notable trend in the past sixteen years. The situation is complicated in the performance of struggling students, which is why it is important to understand special terms regarding strategies and implementations in our school systems. Purpose of the Study Academic performance of struggling students in honors and advanced courses has been the subject of intensive study by scholars, research organizations, government agencies, and other stakeholders for many decades. This study will attempt to contribute to an area that is not well researched on. In particular, it aims to examine the problems affecting struggling students, primarily in in honors and advanced courses, with a particular emphasis on understanding the reason for the deplorable performance of students in English, while the belief and research evidence shows that instructions using explicit method are success oriented and has been proven so. This study focuses on the problems affecting their academic performance, with an intention of formulating recommendations that will help resolve the problems at the end of the study. The purpose of this study will be to research on, analyze and evaluate, based on primary and secondary data, the reason for the declining performance among explicit instruction for struggling students in honors and advanced courses despite the belief and empirical evidence that explicit instructional method of delivery is success oriented among American students in Georgia schools. If struggling students are to be equipped for the future, and be prepared to tackle a global technology economy, being intelligent both academically and socially is critical. All students, regardless of their academic background must, not only be able to qualify and in their academic endeavors , but also score good grades and acquires the required skills to be able to communicate effectively in the job environment. Not many efforts have been employed by relevant teachers to combat the declining performance in academic achievement among struggling students in honors and advanced courses. Apparently, most academicians and researchers have potentially attributed this situation to several notable factors (Rivers, 2008). Among some of these, include the models and explanations relating knowledge of teachers in instructional delivery method (Nasir & Shah, 2011). In addition, deficiencies in integrating the element of explicit instructions such as several curricula variables and strategies such as teaching easier sections before embarking on teaching more difficult sections hinder efficient learning (Noble, 2011). That is in addition to the need to use constructivism paradigm that provides the foundational support for explicit teaching. The findings of this study may be very important in changing a pattern that has been in existence for over a decade among struggling students. Does improving the knowledge and skill and methodologies in explicit teaching improve the academic prowess for struggling students in honors and advanced courses? This study will not probe research questions poised to implement change but contribute to clarify the issue of lower enrollments of struggling students into advanced placement courses. Beyond giving recommendations that will help address this problem, it is expected that this study will also prompt more questions that need to be addressed in the Georgian, and in the bigger picture, the American education system to help struggling students in honors and advanced courses. At the end of the research paper, relevant recommendations will be made on how teachers will improve the performance of struggling students in honors and advanced courses. Good performance for these students translates to well-prepared people that will go to the workforce and affect the economy. Better performance will also mean that the students stay in school for a shorter period of time, which will save the government money. Special Terms The definitions and terms that will be used in this study will be used for better comprehension of district and state level educational requirements for students. The definitions also align with the definitions given by the U.S. Department of Education. These terms include: - Academic performance: Academic performance means how well a student does in school. Good grades mean a high academic performance and poor grades mean bad academic performance. - Adequate yearly progress, (AYP): Adequate yearly progress (AYP) is the measure by which schools, districts, and states are held accountable for student performance. “States are required by law to use a single accountability system for public schools to determine whether all students, as well as individual subgroups of students, are making progress toward meeting state academic content standards” (Education Week, 2011). - AYP: Adequate Yearly Progress is a measurement that evaluates how public schools are performing. The measurement is set by the No Child Left Behind Act, and is based on standardized tests. - Best Practices: This term is in reference to educators who remain up-to-date on current issues, strategies, and concepts effecting students; consistently evolving in professional development; and guiding schools to becoming more rigorous, collaborative, and student-centered. - Clayton County Georgia Professional Standards, (CCGPS)/Common Core State Standards Initiative (CCSSI): Newly adopted curriculum standards set in place as part of the presidents Race to the Top Grant. The standards adhere to preparing students for college and career. - Classroom Teacher Performance Assessment System, (CLASS Keys): The CLASS Keys is an evaluation system that was developed to support the standards-based classroom and replaces the Georgia Teacher Observation Instrument. - End of Course Test, (EOCT): This is an assessment done in several states to evaluate their academic performance, and it is conducted under the State Board of Education. The state of Georgia, for example, conducts the assessment on ninth to twelfth grades. - Georgia High School Graduation Test (GHSGT). An academic assessment conducted in Georgia that tests the comprehensive results of students from the ninth to eleventh grades. The core subjects are tested in the eleventh grade: English, Math, Science, and Social Studies. - High-Stakes Testing: A high-stakes test is a test whose results have importance consequences for the person sitting the test. An impressive performance can earn one a scholarship, a diploma or a license to practice in the profession they are studying in. - NCLB: The No Child Left Behind Act, which was passed under the president Bush’s regime in 2001. The act calls upon students to have standardized tests under the support and of public funds. To ensure that tests are effective, a uniform environment has to be created for that purpose, and upon assessing the results, steps have to be put in place to improve the students’ performance - Professional Learning Community, (PLC): “Professional Learning Communities (PLCs) shift the focus of school reform from restructuring to reculturing” (Louis, 2006). It is a continuous and ongoing process used to evaluate and understand a school wide culture, which in turn develops teacher leadership. This strategy is solely aimed at building and sustaining school improvement tasks. “Generally, PLCs are composed of teachers, although administrators and support staff routinely participate” (Bolam, McMahon, Stoll, Thomas, & Wallace, 2005; Hoff, 2013; Deal & Peterson, 2010). - Scaffolding: Scaffolding refers to the idea that specialized instructional supports need to be in place in order to best facilitate learning when students are first introduced to a new subject (National Comprehensive Center for Teacher Quality, 2007). Scaffolding allows teachers to continuously build on student’s prior knowledge of a subject. - School Improvement Plan, (SIP): This plan is intended at improving the quality of learning and teaching in a school. The expected results are that the students perform maximally in mathematics and other reading subjects. “The school improvement plan provides a framework for analyzing problems, identifying underlying causes, and addressing instructional issues in a school that has not made sufficient progress in student achievement” (Banks, et al, 2011). - SOL Testing: SOL, or Standards of Learning, is a standardized testing program that sets forth-learning expectations for a student’s core subjects for grade K-12. Significance The purpose of this project will be to increase academic achievement for struggling students in honors and advanced courses in Clayton County Public Schools as evidenced by state, national and international assessment results. What are the connections between academic performance and explicit instructional method of delivery combined with constructivism for struggling students in honors and advanced courses, when the belief among teachers is that explicit instructional method of delivery is success oriented? For the past three years, the case school failed to achieve AYP (annual yearly progress) due to the instructional delivery method for struggling students in honors and advanced courses. Through the use of a constructivist curriculum development approach with a specialised focus on explicit instructional methods, this study will guide educators on strategies to increase enrollment of struggling students in advanced English courses. Various articles researched seemingly focus on the shortcomings of struggling students in particular. Other potential factors have been reproduction, opposition, resistance factors, and trends notable within the Struggling students in honors and advanced courses American lifestyle and general affairs. The present project as well as similar research will provide the necessary data to reshape the present educational strategies to help struggling students fully succeed using the explicit instruction method. These effective strategies will help make struggling students in honors and advanced courses understand the importance of good scores and complete their studies. These strategies will inspire struggling students to take new challenges and achieve academic success. More so, development of effective educational strategies aimed at a particular group of students will become a good example for researchers working in other spheres (with other groups of students). Here, the explicit technique will have to be modified and successfully used with other students in similar problems. Besides, the effects of the successful explicit teaching and constructivism strategies will not confined to academic achievements of students only, but improve the rating of the schools. Effective educational strategies will have significant impact on the American society and specifically among struggling students in honors and advanced courses. Increasing rates of enrollment in higher-grade courses will result in an increasing number of qualified workers. Increasing number of professionals will, in its turn, positively affect the development of the American economy. Therefore, research aimed at developing academic ambitions in struggling students has a number of long-term benefits for the entire society. Guiding/Research Questions The research questions that will guide this study are as follows: How are high school English teachers implementing explicit instruction for struggling students in honors and advanced courses? How can constructivism and explicit instructional methods be combined to guide teachers in improving tests scores for struggling students enrolled in honors and advanced courses? What factors underlie the low number of students registered in in advanced and honors courses effectively pursuing their course? What are the shortcomings among teachers that has constituted to the decline in the performance of struggling students in honors and advanced courses to achieve better scores? This research will be aimed at finding out the reasons that account for a lower number of students passing their exams in honors and advanced courses. Even though, all other mandatory aspects like teachers and instructions are made available, and the belief and empirical evidence among teachers that explicit instructions are the best instructional delivery method, there still is a huge gap in the performance of English. Growing concerns are increasingly observed that educators who do not understand the approach of issuing instructions or teaching English to students taking honors and advanced courses, and the gap in integrating the constructivist approach are the cause of the problems. How are struggling students placed in advanced level English courses? There is minimal effort to include struggling students in higher-level academic courses (Khalid & Azeem, 2012). There is a southern high school where the struggling students enrolled represent 13% of the Advanced English courses. At this same institution in remedial English classes, struggling students make up 83%. The school has faced several obstacles, the number ones being that many of the students withdrew from the school after the initial loss of county accreditation. A substantial number of the 12th Grade students (primarily enrolled in Advanced Placement (AP courses)) chose dual enrollment and attend the college instead of secondary school. This is the third year in which the southern high school failed to meet Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP). This study will examine the connection between academic performance and the delivery of instruction of struggling students in high school English courses. This study will address a possible connection to struggling students’ success in education with specific focus on the principles of explicit instructions and constructivism. Notably, struggling students do not only need to pass in English, they need to excel in their courses. The graduation rate of struggling students in honors and advanced courses is declining drastically, and among those who do graduate, the percentage of them enrolled in honors and/or advanced score pathetically in English despite the belief and empirical evidence that explicit teaching is the best method for such students. The data in further chapters will explain the breakdown of struggling students enrolled in higher-level courses. The review of the literature is geared to promote better use of explicit instructional delivery method combined with constructivism to improve the performance among struggling students in honors and advanced courses. Review of the Literature Much research has been conducted in the area of student performance and the factors that affect it. McTighe and Seif (2011), developed Understanding by Design (UbD), a framework for improving student achievement through standards-driven curriculum development in which student and school performance gains are achieved through regular reviews of results. Research conducted from Carnegie Mellon University States (2013):. These studies have been conducted at different school levels, including at the college and university level. Student performance is usually affected by a multitude of factors ranging from those that stem from the student at a personal level to those that are generally explicit to the student. Some of these factors include the methods of delivering instructions to struggling students in honors and advanced courses and the ability of the teachers in providing the instructions appropriately. Different researchers have highlighted different factors as predominantly affecting student performance. When it comes to academic performance, a general norm is the assumption that past outcomes are predictive of future outcomes. What this means is that educators generally assume that students who perform better during their inception years in the academic field will reproduce these results (Ali, et al. 2013). Cilasun (2013) who cites research findings by Lincoln (1917) and Astin (1971) indicates a similar finding. Both of these researchers have found that high school performance is usually reproduced in university, as opposed to university entry exams. This underpins the need for the early detection and rectification of factors that affect education. Another issue regarding why it is important to investigate factors affecting student performance is to determine how student effort is affected. According to (Brookhart 1998), student effort is important for teachers. This is because of a profound belief in the traditional values of homework completion, attention in class and active participation, since these are perceived to contribute towards better performance. These two examples help to elucidate on the different perspectives or approaches through which they need to understand factors affecting students in order to overcome them. Theoretical Framework Constructivism Constructivism is regarded as a psychological theory of learning based on the teaching practices adopted by teachers in a learning environment (Lord, 1994). Lord (1994) argues that the theory presupposes intervention from the teacher as a critical element in the learning process, which is student centered. Archer and Hughes (2011) in this case show that the teacher is the one who issues instructions through the explicit instructional methods and provides the students with the flexibility to perform their activities under the teachers’ interventions. Here, students are able to generate their own questions which focus on their specific areas of study. The constructivism theory provides the framework and underlying principles of instructions for struggling students in honors and advanced courses to achieve academic excellence in English. Archer and Hughes (2011) argue that the theory is attributed to Jean Piaget, the force behind the technique consisting of processes of assimilation and accommodation. The background of the theory provides the basis for arguing that teachers can do better using the explicit instructions mode of delivery to guide students learning English based on the fundamental principles of constructivism. Here, explicit instructional methods when borrowed into the principles of constructivism provide a guide for teacher of English teaching struggling students in honors and advanced courses (Ellis, 2005). Constructivism is a theory of learning, which emphasizes on the creation of knowledge and meaning through interactions and ideas that are generated by the target audience. In this case, the student is bound to generate new ideas of learning to achieve academic excellence in English language (Ellis, 2005). In this case, students develop through a process and in their infancy or at the earlier stages of learning the interactions between their experiences and the behavioral patterns they develop, which results in a schema, and has a wide range of effects on the teaching methods and the underlying themes of educational reforms. In this case, constructivism is the underlying component in the explicit instructional approach of teaching struggling students in honors and advanced courses. Hyland and Hyland (2006) argue that constructivism is the underlying theme of explicit instructional mode of delivery. Study findings by Archer and Hughes (2011) assert that student can be subjected to explicit instructional approach as a mechanism to internalize their learning. In context of the theory, Archer and Hughes (2011) argue that when a person or an individual is assimilated, they are able to integrate their new experiences into the already existing framework of knowledge, without making any changes to the framework. The internal representation of the world is the one that enables the individual to internalize the new knowledge into the existing framework. In this case, English teachers form the source of explicit instructions for the students and if they fall short of the required techniques to impart the required skills, then the students are likely to internalize the errors and end up performing poorly in class. Students may not notice the errors, but are also likely to improve in their performance if the instructions given are error free. In this case, teachers paly the significant role of facilitators and encourage the students to actively participate in the learning process (Fosnot, 1996). Here, the sixteen elements of explicit instructions underlie the kind of facilitation activities that teachers provide to the students to encourage them in their English language acquisition process (Fosnot, 1996). According to Fosnot (1996), the first requirements is that the teacher should focus instruction on critical content with the aim of teaching English language skills to the students, vocabularies, concepts, strategies, and rules to empower the student to develop their future skills, which forms the basis for the constructivist theory. Here the theory requires an individual to build on previous knowledge, which is reinforced by the contents of explicit instructions (Fosnot, 1996). The theory requires that an individual or student to be accommodating and reframing their mental representation to the internal and external world to fit emerging experiences (Lord, 1994). In this case, the teacher provides instructions by logically sequencing the skills logically, by first teaching easier skills to the student before harder skills are taught. In that case, the teacher provides the students with high frequency skills before low frequency skills are used less frequently. Here, the mastery of skills is the key element of the English language acquisition process (Lord, 1994). It is important for the teacher to separate difficult skills from easier skills to enable the student find the learning process specific to their learning needs. In this case, Scheurman (1998) argues that when the student fails to understand or comprehend the certain aspects of the learning process, failure becomes the source of motivation for the student to learn more and become actively engaged to learn new experiences. Here accommodation provides a mechanism for the student to learn by reframing the model for learning to learn from previous experiences (Scheurman, 1998). It is critical to understand that constructivism provides the theoretical explanations of how learning occurs, and in this case, how teachers can use the explicit instructional method to impart instructions on the students. Based on the constructivist theory, learners will construct their own knowledge on previous experiences (Scheurman, 1998). In this case, constructivism is based on the principle of starting with the simplest skills by breaking down complex skills and strategies into instructional units that are smaller to handle. That is because the learner is a unique individual and breaking the teaching units into smaller pieces provides the teacher with the flexibility to handle the students according to their unique needs and learning backgrounds. It is possible for the teacher to create instructional units that address the instructional needs of the students according to their backgrounds such as cognitive processes, their mental processing capabilities and the demands placed on their minds, the working memory of the learner, and the practical approach to learning the whole process once a mastery of the language has been achieved (Scheurman, 1998). According to the theory, the learner is viewed as a multidimensional complex and unique individual. The theory requires that the teacher creates an efficient learning environment for the student based on their backgrounds. According to the theory, the learner will be able to come up with truth about an issue. For the case of struggling students in honors and advanced courses, the students are able, after they have been put on a learning program to come up with their knowledge and understanding of what is expected of them in their studies (Scheurman, 1998). Responsibility for training According to the theory, the learner has the responsibility of learning, which is a critical element of social constructivism, which emphasizes on the need for the student to be actively involved in the learning process. There is a radical departure from the traditional methods of instruction, which requires the teacher to be the sole source of instruction and the student to be the listener, making the student to play a passive role (Scheurman, 1998). According to the theory, the learner takes the responsibility of constructing their own understanding of the instructions without just taking instructions and simply effecting on what they have learnt. It is not about reflecting on what they have learnt, but it involves the creation of knowledge from what they have learnt. Learning is reinforced by emphasizing on the meaning of the instructions by the teacher in English and tries to establish the regularity on the order of events without the need for complete information (Khalid & Azeem, 2012). The locus of learning is based on the student and not the teacher. In this case readiness to learn underlies the motivation to acquire knowledge and skills in English. The role of the teacher According to Fosnot (1996), in the context of explicit instructional method, the teacher has a significant role to play in facilitating instructions delivery to the student learners. The teacher takes the role of a facilitator and not the role of the traditional teacher (Lord, 1994; Scheurman, 1998). The role of the facilitator is to help the student learn to create their own knowledge, which helps them understand the content being delivered. That is in a similar context to the use of explicit instructions where the teacher provides a series of instructional support or scaffolding, which is based on a logical sequence of instructions based on the cognitive abilities of the student. The teacher takes the responsibility of providing a clear demonstration of instructions, skills, and timely feedback before shifting the focus to the student. Before the shifting of focus occurs to the student, initial instructions are centered on the teacher, who forms the highest level of involvement with the student (Fosnot, 1996). Once the student has acquired the initial skills, the shift in content and instruction occurs toward the student who shifts toward independent performance. Here the principles of effective instruction are used to provide the student with the most effective guide in the development of individual performance. The principles revolve around the facilitator who in this case is the teacher, which should display a set of skills that are different from those of a teacher. It is critical for the teacher to distinguish the role of a teacher and a facilitator in the context of guiding struggling students trying to learn English in honors and advanced courses. In context of the theory, the facilitator asks learners questions, but the facilitator lectures from the front. In this case, the teacher takes the role of providing answers to questions according to a predefined curriculum, while the facilitator supports the students in their knowledge acquisition process by creating a learning environment for the student that enables them to conduct their own inquiry and arrive at with their own conclusions. The facilitator always interacts with the student while the teacher remains monologue in the context of instructions delivery. In this case, the teacher becomes the facilitator by using explicit mode of delivering instructions to struggling in honors and advanced courses (Johnson, Johnson, Sheppard & Smith, 2005). Here, explicit instructions fit well because the teacher is the one responsible for setting the required environment to the student in accordance with the constructivist theory. In practice, explicit instructions provide “a systematic method of teaching with emphasis on proceeding in small steps, checking for student understanding, and achieving active and successful participation by all students” (Fosnot, 1996). The role of the facilitator in this case, is detailed in the principles of explicit instructions which require that the facilitator reviews the work preciously done by the student to provide them with the required instructions after they have conducted their studies and inquiries and arrived at their own conclusions. That is in addition to conducting a review of the previous skills gained by the student in previous lessons, which is followed by a presentation of new skills. According to the theory, the learning environment is a critical component in shaping the skills and knowledge of the students and should be designed to accommodate and support the needs of the student. The critical component here is to support the student to become a critical thinker. The teacher then takes the ole of the coach and consultant to inculcate into the student the elements of cooperative learning. The learning process Johnson et al. (2005) argues that the learning process allows for the student to undergo a previous knowledge acquisition process through a social learning process before the skills are appropriated for the individual student. In this case, the collaborative elaboration method plays a significant role in the process of sharing individual perspectives. Learning in this case is viewed as an active process where students play the role of discovering concepts, ideas, and facts on their own, and the constructivist theory supports the idea of guesswork. It is based on the argument that facts do not pre-exist and the discovery of new ideas is based on previous ideas that have been discovered, prior to social intervention. In that context, learning is viewed as a social process that is influenced by external forces, which are shaped by the teacher and the learning environment. The strategy functions on the premise that learning is a social process that requires individuals to be actively engaged in social activities. The mind gets actively engaged and the learning process is shaped by the external environment. In this case speech and practical activities play a significant role in the acquisition of English language skills. Practical elements and speech enable the learner to develop the required skills and gains practical understanding of the meaning of what has been acquired. Interaction between learner and task The theoretical framework based on constructivism reinforces the role of the facilitator, who in this case is the teacher, who beliefs that explicit instructions are critical in the successful performance of the student. In this case, the teacher and the student get actively involved in the learning process (Khalid & Azeem, 2012). The teacher who is the facilitator takes the responsibility of creating the requisite environment for learning based on the six principles of explicit learning. The nature of learning in this case is both objective and subjective and allows learners to compare their experiences and ideas with those of the teacher (Hyland & Hyland, 2006). The result is a dynamic interaction between the teacher and the student, based on an awareness of the existence and point of view of the learner and the instructor. In this case, the importance of the relationship between the learner and the facilitator, who in this case is the teacher, provides the required environment for successful learning. Context The context in which learning occurs has been viewed as a critical component in the learning process Johnson (2005). That is because, there are no generalised ideas about learning and decontextualized knowledge does not provide the learner with the skills necessary to apply to tasks which are authentic. In this case, learning takes place in an environment that is similar to the learning environment (Johnson et al. 2005). The Advanced Placement Course Program This program was established in1950s through the help of College Examination Board for the US. Majorly, it comprises high school courses, which are dependent on the curriculum drawn on reliance of the introductory courses for the college (Rivers, 2008). However, it remains very distinct from other programs because it is characterized by technical and standardized post-course examination. The AP technical course remains remarkable throughout the US and has significantly gained recognition after the administration of almost 32 diverse subjects in the 2000 throughout the country. Some of the notable subjects that are eminent in this program include the American history, English literature as well as composition and calculus AB. Other subjects that have been offered under the placement program are English language as well as composition, the general US federal politics and other life sciences including biology subjects (Gasman, Baez, & Turner, 2008). Generally, most states within the US have had dramatic and notable transformations in some of their students enrolling and undertaking these high-level examinations for grade course. It is important that the advanced placement programs have a unique approach to education. This is because they offer several benefits to the personal students, their mentors or teachers and the general system of learning and education. It is crucial to understand these provisions in the educational context. It is from this context that the mentioned arguments lie. Several scholars, educationists as well as policy formulators within the education and learning sector based the design of this program on several substantial reasons following an adequate researches and investigations that were conducted. For instance, it was postulated that highly performing students who may generally find high school life boring would alternatively be challenged by an improved work (Sommers, 2012). Accordingly, this group of students could be exposed to a high level and platform of learning that is needed by the colleges. The system itself operates under stringent guidelines with high academic expectations from the interested students who qualify. Ideally, it is observable that students must work hard to increase their chances for admission. They also have the mandate to choose their own preferred colleges and courses to attend. However, this largely depends on their level of performance during the technical examinations (i.e. SAT, AP, GHSGT, or EOCT). It is apparent that these stringent requirements and regulations have also played a critical part in lowering the number of struggling students in honors and advanced courses. However, the program is noted to have obvious benefits for the entrants. This perhaps has also heightened the level of competition and chances available nationally or in every American state (Grant-Thomas & Orfield, 2009). For instance, the students under this program have the chance to obtain their college credits while still in the high school. This therefore reduces their period within the college and as well minimizes the tuition fees required while undergoing their college training. The AP exam outcomes offer an exterior and standardized corroboration of the facilitator’s competency to assist students in obtaining their high performance standards. On the side of teachers, they gain the opportunity to extend their potential as well as develop their inherent capacity and competency since they are able to instruct the college-level materials. It is also notable that all the school systems possess an advantage and room to scale up their pre-AP-level curriculum. This is in academic preparation of the students so that they are competent enough to face the challenges of the AP system and examinations (Smart & Paulsen, 2012). In the AP system, however, certain practices are more likely to hinder some segments of the students from joining the system or enrolling for the courses offered. For instance, this program is usually practiced within the private school setting. This implies that the students within the public school domain may at times be technically locked out from enjoying the program benefits (Thelin, 2011). This might be particularly applicable to those students from economically challenged family backgrounds. There are obvious issues and debates that have developed and cropped up due to the emergence of the AP program. For example, most critics have potentiated that this course emphasizes so much on facts together with memorization. These, as they have stated, might reinforce scores for the AP tests. This contrasts critical thinking knowledge and skills, which may hold great value in a person’s learning, professional, as well as personal life (Rivers, 2008). This is a critical provision in various contexts. Subsequently, there also exist complaints that the program is severely exclusive in conception and by all standards. Therefore, these high-grade courses are seen to be favoring some students who may have an easy access to adequate and proper academic preparation. This also contributes to the element of the students’ financial orientation either and level of economic status of the family. These enlisted factors are most likely to play significant roles in the minimization of the number of the struggling students in honors and advanced courses in America. Most significantly, there are concerns as to whether the AP courses are readily available for all the qualified students in the entire nation or within all American states (Pampaloni, 2010). There have been significant reiterations over these concerns. Most people have associated the concerned programs with some element of prejudice and biasness based on several factors. The locality and family backgrounds of the concerned students have also contributed to the alleged low enrollment rate among black Americans as indicated earlier (Thelin, 2011). This regards students who reside in rural areas and come from low-income zones. Concurrently, gender and ethnicity issues have been cited as major contributory factors to inequalities recorded in the enrolment patterns as well as performance factors. This is a critical provision based on its contribution to the low enrolment rates and other relevant educational concerns. Struggling students have been disadvantaged because most of them are residents of rural areas and come from low-income zones within their respective states. Apart from these areas being potentially disadvantaged (in terms of access to higher educational programs), there have been intensive issues of female advocacy in these native regions (Sommers, 2012). This has led to a largely feminist society that has majored exceedingly on the welfare of the females relative to the males. The females under the auspices of gender equality, can therefore access more elevated and beneficial programs, notwithstanding the waivers that they have to enjoy on enrolling to such programs, subject to their claims on “weaker sex” (Sykes, Schneider & Plank, 2012). Another condition that might hinder struggling students in honors and advanced courses students from enrolling for higher educational programs is inequality, prejudice, and lack of adequate opportunities to establish, exercise, and embrace their creativities (Smeldley & Jenkins, 2007). When students are enrolled in schools where the faculty or management opposes or does not embrace creativity, uniqueness, novelty, and other cultural inclinations, this might interfere with the mentioned enrolments. Alternatively, there are cases where the system has been largely viewed as propagating gross inequality within the general learning system (College Board, 2010). Technically, this might hinder the struggling students in honors and advanced courses from continuing with their studies within their schools. Basically, there are underlying factors acting synergistically to manipulate the performance and enrollment of the struggling students in honors and advanced courses. This interferes with the mentioned high-level courses such as the placement program. Challenges Facing Struggling Students Low Self-Esteem As human beings are social beings, they have esteem needs and thus desire to be appreciated in terms of their achievements, and to attain self-actualization. In the cases where individuals are subjected to less or no appreciation in the society, they tend to develop a low self-esteem, which leads to further deterioration in terms of behavior and response to such situations. Because of low self-esteem, individuals are prone to developing psychological and mental health problems, which may further affect their societal status and general lives. Individuals with a low self-esteem are also prone to engaging in deviant behavior such as drug abuse because of developing a feeling that they have been failed by the society. Less Prospects of Furthering Education Through developing a low self-esteem, students tend to weaken their egos, develop feelings of unworthiness, lose confidence in their selves and their capabilities, and they develop a negative perception of life. With these kinds of developments, it is evident that the struggling students may lose hope for future studies and focus their efforts on other activities that are not much beneficial. Dropping Out of School When struggling students lack the feeling of belonging to the school society due to their difference with other students, they are more likely to think of dropping out of school to save themselves what they consider as shame. This may worsen in cases where they are insulted and isolated from other students who find them inadequate. The lack of ability in conducting simple tasks may also cause frustration among struggling students, prompting them to consider dropping out of school. Challenges Faced by Teachers of Struggling Students Teachers face the toughest challenges in handling struggling students since they are the closest people who interact with these students in the school setting. The teachers play the central role in implementing intervention measures that are developed towards promoting student performance. One of the most common challenges faced by teachers is the programming for all the struggling students who have diverse needs (Busch, 2010). As much as struggling students may share some of the characteristics, these students have different needs that require different approaches. In addition, these students tend to respond differently to the intervention measures that these teachers may incorporate in the instruction to facilitate learning. As a result, teachers are forced to adjust effectively in order to incorporate effectively interact with all the students including those with bad behavior and those who offer less cooperation. These interactions subject the teachers to a great challenge as they may fail to interact effectively with some of the students. Teachers also face a problem with poor parental involvement in the entire process of promoting improvement among the students (Busch, 2010). Most parents of struggling students may not be easy to respond, and in cases where they are reachable, they tend to respond slowly to any requests that teachers ask them. In most cases, parents do not attend individualized education programs. This is an issue that becomes a problem for the teachers as they miss the perfect opportunity of informing the parents of the progress of their children and the roles they are supposed to play in the entire process of promoting the performance of the students. In addition, most parents do not help their children with the homework that they are given. As a result, the parents fail to recognize the difficulties that such students go through, and they also fail to play their role in supporting the teachers in helping the students. The parents have a role in helping the students to build on their self-esteem and thus feel encouraged to put more effort towards developing their skills. The parents also fail to return the various documents that they are offered with to sign. This prevents the teachers from accessing the feedback on the various experiences that the parents have with the students. It is important to note that the decision making of individuals in other areas other than education can be indications of improvements or deterioration. Teachers also face a difficulty in scheduling and organizing their time (Busch, 2010). This is due to the fact that they are faced with the task of offering extra time to the small groups of struggling students and in some cases, individualized attention to some of the students who fail to show improvement. On the other hand, the teachers still have to take care of the rest of the classes that they teach, and their personal lives. As a result of all these requirements and inadequacy of time, teachers face a hard time in scheduling all the activities and allocating them enough time that would ensure that each involved party benefits (Busch, 2010). Through proper management of these challenges, teachers can be able to indulge themselves in appropriate activities that would promote improvement among struggling students. The teachers should develop good rapport with the students they interact with so as to ensure that they promote good communication with such students. They should gently but firmly show the students that they are in command so as not to compromise their relationship by being harsh or their respect by allowing the students to do whatever they want. They should also develop strategies that engage the parents more, through involving them in more activities that would demand their attention. The teachers should also spread their activities across the schedules and ensuring that they allocate each activity enough time by starting with the highly prioritized activities and combining those activities that are closely related. Students with Disabilities in Education Act (2004) Students struggle with learning mathematics, reading, and writing skills, among other subjects of importance in the academic curriculum as a result of various factors. These factors may include emotional difficulties, low English proficiency, early childhood development in settings that are economically disadvantaged, and is some cases because of poor academic instruction. In some cases, students are identified with learning disabilities. Various strategies have been adopted by the society and the schools with the aim of improving the acquiring of academic beneficial skills among these students. After the government adopted the ‘No Child Left Behind Act’ in the year 2002, which was aimed at solving the needs of the children in the society who are economically disadvantaged through funding their education, the federal government was concerned with the improving performance in the academic system in the United States (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). The government emphasized more on high quality instruction, early intervention, and general accountability for academic outcomes within the school system. Two years later, the government passed the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act in the year 2004 (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). This act entails all the policies that govern special education in the United States. This Act maintained provided for early intervention requirements, and allowed districts to come up with various models of service delivery, which would focus on the student’s response to intervention. Such models screen all students and identify the various problems that they may have in their behavior and academics. They also monitor the children who are at risk of developing difficulties in academics and behavior and note their progress. Lastly, they provide various interventions in response to the outcomes of the various assessments that are conducted. Individual students who fail to respond to these interventions are referred to evaluation for it to be determined if they are eligible to be subjected to special education. After evaluation, the students who qualify are enrolled in the special education program while the rest, who do not show signs of learning disabilities and do not have any specific problems that require them to be subjected to special education, are referred to other services as per their needs (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). Response to Intervention (RTI) Models RTI models are systems of deliveries, which are used by schools to provide interventions in the education of students, which are prone to intensify with the students’ response to the instruction offered (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). In order to implement RTI models in a way that will give results, there are several options and approaches, which do not have to be dependent on a single model. Instead, they can be implemented through a set of steps and processes, and the way they are implemented can vary. The approaches available have been associated with two main historical origins, all designed and intended at implementing programs that would allow prevention strategies in any school setting. The first origin involves the efforts that are put in place by all involved parties in the quest of preventing changes in behavior. Through these models, a problem solving procedure is adopted, in which a team of decision-makers carry out an assessment and they point out to any academic or behavioral problem. They then proceed by developing various strategies that can be used to handle the identified problem and evaluate the outcome of any interventions put in place. The team would then reconvene to discuss the outcomes in order to determine if the earlier identified problem has been effectively solved, thus leading to improvement in the affected areas (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). The second origin involves research on the various strategies that can be put in place to prevent difficulties in reading among children. “There are various standardized protocols that are used by these approaches in delivering various interventions as per the instructional response of the students” (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). A standard protocol model involves the screening of all students and identifying those students who are at risk of developing academic problems (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). The students at risk are further assessed on a frequent basis. The teachers are provided with professional development in terms of skills that enhance the intensity and differentiation, and effective instruction. They receive these through various grouping strategies and measures of evaluation of their progress, which determines any changes and thus allow for the development of other measures that could be used to further enhance their development. Those struggling students who fail to progress as per the set limits both at the local and the national level are placed in small groups and offered additional instructions for 20-40 minutes in a day. In cases where a student fails to register positive improvement even in cases where they are placed in these groups, they are placed in smaller groups, with more time assigned to them, and specific teachers’ attention directed to them. The evaluation of progress is done every week or after two weeks. “Implementing problem-solving model and the standardized protocol model are aspects of a positive course” (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). This is due to the fact that development of effective instructions among students through screening, professional development, and monitoring of progress, need to be maintained through adequate professional training. Screening and Progress Monitoring The RTI model is mainly used to screen all students in the country for any academic difficulties. “The instrument used in screening can be criterion referenced or norm-referenced, in which case the former represents progress monitoring tool’s initial assessment” (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). Conducting administration of the key should be done with consideration to sensitivity and accuracy since the devices for grading cover the entire grade. Technological advancements have been greatly incorporated in the implementation of the various measures that have been designed to monitor progress. One of the commonly used technologies is the curriculum-based measurement (CMB). The device engages students in a short assessment that could only last up to three minutes, and the teachers who readily interpret the assessment results administer it in the classroom. The assessment process involves asking the students to handle a certain activity such as reading a text, spelling, or solving math problems (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). The amount of activity done by such students is then plotted on the graph, where it is later compared with the benchmarks set for the student’s grade-level. This is a very reliable tool as it produces immediate results that can be effectively applied by the teachers in adjusting instruction so as to stir positive change among the struggling students. Further application of the CMB is important in determining the progress of students once instruction has been adjusted for their benefit, with the long-term view of attaining positive results. However, despite the significance of the measures provided by the CMB, various concerns have been developed regarding the text passages’ equivalence. Moreover, it is still tough to determine the reliability of the various CMB measures in determining progress across the tiers (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). It is also difficult to determine the best benchmarks between those set at the national level and those provided at the district level. The application of CMB in determining the eligibility of students is an issue that has faced a lot of controversy due to lack of specified criteria for determining inadequate responses. As such, instructional response cannot be relied upon as the only determinant of the eligibility of students prior to subjecting them to special education. Evidence-Based Interventions Evidence-based interventions are highly dependable and important in the use of RTI models to prevent academic struggling. Different meta-analyses and syntheses have been put to test and proven the importance of interventions in helping students who have trouble in their academics to improve. One of the most comprehensive meta-analyses of all times on the need for interventions to promote performance among students with learning difficulties was conducted by Heskyn, Swanson, and Lee, who, in a period of 30 years, reviewed and evaluated 180 interventions (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). The three found out that there were moderate or high effect results across the studies. However, the effects were even higher in the cases where the interventions were carried on in resource room circumstances, as compared to those conducted in the general education settings. In another study conducted in the year 2007, Wanzek and Vaughn deduced various studies conducted on broad reading interventions that were carried out in more than 20 sessions per participant. As per the results, a diversity of effects was recorded, ranging from moderate to large (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). It was noted that the larger effects were obtained in cases where the participants were children from the kindergarten and first-grade as compared to members of grades 2-5. The effects were also observed to be larger in cases where there was the use of a comprehensive reading program and in cases where the interventions were delivered one-on-one to the participants, or in small groups that could easily allow for the reach out to every member. Scammacca et al. (2007) also conducted another meta-analysis in the year 2007, where he analyzed the interventions that had been put in place to assist older students who experienced difficulties in reading. The total number of studies analyzed was 31 with the total size of the effect being registered as 0.95. A lower effect size of 0.42 was registered in cases where there was use of standardized non-referenced measures (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). In other 23 interventions studies, which focused on the reading comprehension of the participant struggling students, and incorporate measures that were experimenter-designed, the effect size was recorded as 1.33. In the cases where the reading measures were standardized, the effect size was recorded as 0.35. As per these results, one can conclude that intervention can still be delivered to older students who have difficulties in reading even in the stage of adolescence. It is also important to note that students effectively benefit when they are subjected to not only word-level but also text-level interventions. In order to achieve large effects, one should adjust their instructions in strategies of reading comprehension. In addition, it is important to note that once a student is taught a given word, they tend to learn the meanings of these words (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). Because the older students, especially those with difficulties in reading may take a longer time to match up to the set benchmark, it would be more productive to focus on prevention efforts. In another meta-analysis carried out in 2007, Graham and Perin examined the importance of intervention in facilitating effective writing practices. In their study, the researchers recognized various practices that can be incorporated in the instruction design to facilitate improvement in the student outcomes. Such practices included writing strategies, which included expressively teaching struggling students to revise, plan, edit, and brainstorm; writing down summaries; engaging in group collaborations as this would provide them with feedback; assigning students with goals that are reasonable enough to help them to improve in writing; and sharpening their skills in other practices including sentence combining, word processing, and writing, as these would help in improving the proficiency of students in their areas of difficulties (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). Lastly, through an empirical synthesis conducted by Gersten, Baker, and Lee in the year 2002, it was identified that through the use of effective instructions in mathematics, both the students and the teachers are provided with recommendations that would facilitate good performance among students (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). Effective instruction also facilitates the use of peer pairing in promoting the learning experience of struggling students. Instruction in mathematics also provides approaches that have been explicitly developed by the teacher specifically for promoting success among struggling students. Through proper intervention in mathematics, various practices are developed to promote communication between teachers and parents, regarding the successes of the students. Coordinated Systems of Service Delivery As much as there is sufficient evidence supporting the efficiency of RTI models, the implementation of the models is very important as it involves scaling issues. The intervention services are mainly funded by different programs including ‘No Child Left Behind’ Fund and the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act Fund (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). These programs have however developed certain criteria for determining eligibility, which make it difficult to coalesce resources in order to promote school-based intervention models and thus student improvement. “The isolation of these programs from the classroom setting and the general education is so as to ensure that there is fragmentation of the instruction” (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). Schools should develop a slow but careful approach towards implementing these models as they may take several years to change fully the education system. The slow movement of embracing intervention may be mainly attributed to the traditional ways of viewing instruction. “Districts should make appraisals of the resources they have and redeploy them towards supporting service delivery through the RTI models, in order to avoid developing problems with inadequate resources in future” (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). A major problem according to Fletcher and Vaughn (2009), “is the fact that most educators look at RTI as an initiative applicable in special education cases, and because it is now under IDEA 2004, the implementation of RTI faces major challenges”. In order to counter this perception, the implementation process should involve close collaboration between the general education, the “No Child Left Behind” fund, special education, and any other program that may be entitled to this initiative (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). Problems with scaling have also been identified because of lack of completeness in the evidence onto which intervention is based. The implementation and success of RTI models in high schools has not come as easy as it should have, because the tools used to monitor progress among older struggling students and research carried out on the various interventions applied have weaknesses. Due to poor implementation of the prevention component, the conception of RTI models has faced many difficulties. As much as various researches have provided information on successful Tier 3 interventions, these types of interventions have been inadequately used as important parts of multitiered interventions, an aspect that brings out the cost of research with reference to the model of multitiered intervention (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). “There is poor establishment of the layered Tier 3 interventions efficacy as a result of inadequate studies conducted on the children who are identified as inefficient responders in the RTI model” (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). According to evidence established, most teachers have reported difficulties in teaching these students. Most of these students exhibit little improvements in their reading even after being subjected to intervention for a whole year, followed by other intensified forms of additional interventions. However, according to an analysis of multitier interventions, it is evident that the rates of individuals who are recognized as inadequate responders have greatly reduced to as low as 2-5% (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). As the number of such students who require intensive interventions reduces, various schools may consider channeling resources towards facilitating the redressing of struggling students as rated by the inadequacy of their responses. As much as these challenges may come up, the implementation of RTI models in various districts has proven to have positive results including the reduction in the number of individuals who are referred to special education and improvement in general academic achievement. Identification As much as an individual’s cognitive deficits have been greatly linked to learning difficulties, inter-individual discrepancies do not bring out a reliable identification of learning difficulties. If such a measure of identification is adopted, inappropriate interventions would be implemented leading to poor outcomes. This is an important t aspect to consider especially in the case where one is targeting at using IQ-achievement discrepancy identifications models. According to two meta-analyses that have been conducted in the view of identifying the cogency of IQ-discrepancy models, there is a small difference between the IQ-discrepant effect size and the poor non-discrepant readers’ effect size (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). The analyses were based on the outcomes of phonological and reading processes among the participants. The response to instruction among IQ-discrepant and non-discrepant readers was also identified as almost the same with no differences registered. These findings differed with the kind of framework that is used in the schools and clinics in identifying learning difficulties among individuals, in which case these institutions focus on the various discrepancies that are observed between achievement and ones IQ. RTI Models and Identification RTI models take a completely new dimension of identifying learning difficulties among struggling students, putting more focus on the discrepancies related to instruction and age-based expectations, instead of the cognitive discrepancies that are focused upon by the IQ-discrepancy model (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). This provides a better practice of identification than the traditional practice, where students are screened early enough and monitored throughout their education in order to subject them to appropriate measures about different levels of progress, which would facilitate success. The traditional models of determining eligibility among struggling students were inefficient given that they highly relied on referrals, and thus individuals were subjected to interventions at later stages of their education, when they had already failed. The data provided by an analysis of the instruction response allows the teachers to evaluate their students and thus to develop mechanisms on how to teach them in order to help them achieve the best results. “However, instructional response data may fail to address all the problems that influence the process of identifying students with learning disabilities” (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). The reference to rigid cut-points is a major problem associated with IQ-discrepancy models. Applications of such rigid cut-points in setting benchmarks that would help in identifying students as either adequate of inadequate responders in RTI models, could lead to the development of the same problems as in IQ-discrepancy models (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). “The problem with models of cognitive discrepancy is that the various factors under study remain normally and continuously distributed when those students who have injuries in the brain are excluded from study sample” (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). In such a case, the process of deciding reliability remains inherently arbitrary given that there is the presence of a disability. Such a process of identification depends on criteria instead of IQ scores (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). Nevertheless, in such cases where there inherent qualitative spaces do not exist, the expected responses are still likely to be instructional. “The inadequate response criteria may tend to be as arbitrary as a dimension of achievement, or cut point, thus develop different formulae without studying their validity, forming such unreliability as displayed by IQ-discrepancy models” (Fletcher & Vaughn, 2009). If such issues are to be resolved, Fletcher and Vaughn (2009) contend that “it would be paramount to integrate the use of consequence evaluation to come up with different decisions and confidence intervals in order to establish whether to go ahead with an intervention, or choose a different path”. The decisions made in other sectors that are not associated to academics are also important in determining how adequate an individual’s decision is. The decisions made by experts should also be adequately evaluated in terms of their validity and reliability. Summary Additional research is essential to offer information about the implications of policies and educational trends as reflected by various school systems. It is important to note that the present research has very critical implications as it focuses on the factors that affect performance of one of the most vulnerable groups of students –Struggling students. The results obtained from this study will play a significant role in addressing various issues affecting learning and intercultural interactions. The data provided may be used to evaluate education systems and allow educators to form policies that reflect modern trends and accommodate diverse populations (Gasman, Baez, & Turner,, Baez, & Turner,, Baez, & Turner, 2008). It is important to state that not all students enrolled in higher courses exceed beyond their counterparts. Even though, majority of them succeed in completing their courses, some of them change those along the way. Lastly, the community should know the reasons why Struggling students have a lower number of enrollments in honors and advanced English courses compared to other students. The reasons for this may be beneficial in developing strategies that will ensure these figures continue to increase as more students enroll in higher level English courses of learning. Promoting higher grade courses, educators will be able to inspire young people to succeed in their academic life and in their future life as well. The Methodology Introduction This chapter is aimed at describing and giving an explanation of the methodology used in the study. The research’s mixed method of research procedure will guide my studies in the course most conducive and relevant to the subject’s environment. Quantitative methods will largely assist in the accuracy of the data collected with reference to the dimension of the problem at stake. The quantitative analysis will provide us with the different types of methods teachers can employ in order to ensure even the struggling students receive their instructions at a satisfactory level. The qualitative approach will ensure that the results obtained from the data will be beneficial for the comprehensive analysis of the participants’ history and aspirations in terms of how they will improve the level of cognitive understanding of the instructions they are given and how the givers of the instructions (the teachers) can improve the process of instructions dispatch. This chapter also serves as an outline of my reading on the different research methods that gave me a bearing when it came to choosing the most appropriate methods. This section will also play a part in the production of ideas that are concerned with issues affecting the struggling students in honors and advanced courses in terms of educational achievement or failure as a result of the struggle or prowess during interpretation of the instructions they receive from their mentors or teachers in this context. The data obtained will be consequently used in the development of detailed procedures and programs in the field of education for curbing the problem at stake. The study outlined is a practical research project case study. In Section 1, I gave an introduction of the main subject of this dissertation which is about moving students forward by providing an efficacy of strategies for teaching struggling students. A struggling student is a student that has a lower cognitive ability to interpret and digest information when compared to others of the same level in education. I have put my focus mainly on the struggling learners primarily the Struggling students. I am particularly interested in how teachers differentiate their instruction when giving them to the struggling students. There is a vast library to choose from when it comes to models of research processes, most of which outline the process as a combination of steps and stages. Cohen and Manion (2013) outline eight stages of action in a research study. However, they are too technical and seem to suit better with scientific studies. Since I was seeking to find a rather more practical, social and psychological approach to understand the skills, techniques and strategies teachers use, I had to seek a more relevant approach. As Bell (2008) would put it, I was seeking to “understand an individual’s perceptions of the world and knowledge.” Blaxter et al, (2010) sees the research process to included five stages shown in diagrammatic form illustrating the design, sampling, collection of data, analysis of data and the presented report that comes at the end. This, to me, was a too simple way to represent a whole process of research that is long and very complex. According to Johnson (2008), in the research process, the following stages of activity must be worked through in carrying out and completing an investigation: Establishing the focus of the study, identification of the specific objectives of the study, selection of a research method, arrangement for the research access, development of the research instrument, data collection, the investigative phase, data arrangement and analysis and a final write-up. All these are representations of the overall research path one takes during the study. Research work is not in any way linear (Blaxter et al, 2010) but a number of cycles that are interconnected to each other in such a way that they affect each other. Though all models offer a good guidance of the approach to a research study, I preferred the model by Johnson since it has small well-defined steps that fit perfectly well into the subject matter of my research case study. I also went for this option because it sensitizes on a research as a process that has the rational and analytical dissemination of the findings as the final step; my main objective for the study. Guided by Johnson’s model, the remaining section of this chapter will dwell on the description and explanation of the methods I undertook in the six months of my case study. Establishing the focus of the study The research process is powerfully affected by the researchers own motivations and values which help the researcher sustain the interest on the same topic over a very long period of time. For this reason, establishing the focus of the study was a very easy thing since this is the area of my interest (teaching) and the case study was aimed at improving it. With interest being my main strength, I utilized it, alongside my prior knowledge on methods of teaching and how to improve the art, to embark on this mission that would eventually be very useful in my professional life. Identifying the specific objectives of the study According to Cohen and Manion (2013), the first stage of the research process is indentifying and formulating the problem and case study, or the hypothesis. It is not conventionally known that a research has to have a problem; there may not always be a problem that needs to be solved. In this instance however, there is a problem. Georgia has the greatest number of people with a bachelor’s degree as compared to her neighboring states. The problem here is, however, the fact that recently some students, in fact, majority of the students in Georgian schools have been struggling in their academic life due to their incapability to appropriately interpret the instruction they receive from their teachers. This therefore means that the exemplary performance in Georgia can still be improved if new techniques of teaching students how to disseminate instructions can be implemented and having teachers learn the methods of differentiating the instructions given to struggling students. This was seen recently when schools in Georgia moved to a common core academic standard of curriculum. The same was seen when integrated math, a mathematics course that combined three math concepts into one course, was introduced. Many students had many hardships with it especially in Georgia and therefore it was declared that students could drop it in the districts. At about the same time as I was embarking on my work, Georgia’s Department of Education came up with a new way of measuring the performance of schools and school districts referred to as the College Career Ready Performance Index that was meant to grade schools on a scale of 0-100. It was meant to replace the No Child Left behind (NCLB) and Adequately Yearly Progress (AYP). The advantage of using this system was; it would dwell on specific indicators of performance rather than just scores in tests. According to this framework most schools were seen to perform at an average of 56; a very poor result. This triggered my interest on the education system in Georgia and why the levels of perform were this flabbergasting. An underlining reason was the fact that most teachers do not pay attention to the struggling students; they assume all students are similar. For those who do, I wanted to critically analyze how they do and if their methods can be improved for the aid of others as I will suggest from my findings. Background reading and review of literature was an expansive and dynamic process. Initial reading influenced “formation of research objectives” Johnson (2008), but the research also put into consideration the fact that new reports are published, even as the study continues. These reports had a huge impact on my work especially on reinforcing my work from the findings perspective. Selection the Research Method Using guidance from Johnson (2008), I gave priority to the selection of the research method because it was a very important moment of the whole process of research. The methods I decided to use had to work with each other in terms of reinforcing each other. For this reason, I chose a variety of complementary research methods, which were largely complementary to each other. The methods were largely qualitative like interviews with the teachers and some of the students, observation of several lessons being undertaken as I watch as a guest and later on as the instructor and examination of secondary data like documentary evidence in order to create case studies. I also used some quantitative methods when I was trying to find out the background evidences of the teachers’ experience in practice, their attitudes towards their jobs and their students and the most common methods they use to teach. All these were used in the setting up of the scene. I also used case studies as a tool for doing a follow up and as a means of adding to my content; the case studies were a way of adding flesh to the bones of the study (Bell, 2008). It was an addition to a thorough examination of the participants, their perceptions and the level of judgment they have (Simons, 2008). Case studies have not been accepted by all scholars; some people are staunch critics of this method but it is “now widely accepted as a form of research” (Simons, 2008) and it fits perfectly well into my objectives of investigating how teachers seek to find methods of differentiating instructions given to struggling students and how teaching can be improved in terms of ensuring all students are attended to at a level that suits their level of cognitive comprehension (the art of scaffolding). The idea of using paradox case studies is introduced by an author whose explanation is that “by studying the uniqueness of the particular, we come to understand the universal” (Simons, 2008). The expectation of the study is that the results can be used to give insights to stakeholders who seek to transform the education sector. Even though qualitative methods are seen to be very slow due to the lengthy processes involved, it provides reliable first-hand information. My visit to four schools to interview eight teachers was a very long, tedious and time consuming process but it was what I felt was a better alternative for me to use in obtaining better illustration of the varied nature of the schools and reflect on the individual perceptions and experiences of the teachers during their teaching experiences and in their endeavor to make sure every student understands what they are taught at least even if it is not to the same level of comprehension. Participants The main purpose of this study is to develop means through which teachers can differentiate the instructions they give to their students to cover the cognitive disparity between the struggling students and the rest of the students. As this is being developed, the study sought to find out the means by which teachers currently differentiate the instructions, the criteria they follow in the identification of the students that are perceived to be struggling and how the lives of the students affect their cognitive development and their perceptions of the academic arena in general as guided by the framework of Lev Vygostky (zone of proximal). The rate at which struggling students in honors and advanced courses graduate is low and those who graduate still demonstrate a high level of lethargy towards their own education. The study keenly sought to find out if this behavior is modeled at home or by peers or if it is just a matter of self-doubt. The origin of the participants will be determined and the relation of this in relation to this behavior will be outlined. Questions like, do ethnicity and/or race play a role in the academic prowess as it relates to the performance of the struggling students in honors and advanced courses make students in the world of academics? Will guide the study and emphasize where the information ought to be looked for. Struggling students in honors and advanced courses were chosen mostly because of the proximity. The use of students in the schools that were experiencing changes in their educational system (introduction of the common-core curriculum) and the recent spotlight in terms of academic performance fluctuation was identified as the most relevant path during the initial periods of the study. After research through sampling and the results analytically discussed, the participants chosen fall under the method of sequential transformative strategy. This was based on the participants’ strong influence from culture within the classroom setting, the parallel and similar experiences with the researcher. The struggling students in honors and advanced courses were chosen since it was a general observation that teachers had a perception of students in terms of categories based on the cognitive abilities hence this allowed the opportunity to observe makes with similar social backgrounds yet a huge disparity in terms of academic backgrounds. This would enable me to have a control group to compare the results. The participants were chosen on the basis of their gender and race irrespective of their social background and age. Majority of the participants come from the neighborhood and belong to a middle-class family. The data analysis was based on the performance results of three major courses namely; small group discussions, the average English course, and Advanced Placement Literature & Composition. A major focus of the study was placed on the English classes as such courses are rarely chosen by Struggling students and for those who do, the performance is still substandard. It is very important to focus on these classes since they suggest a comprehensive picture of struggling students in honors and advanced courses’ academic aspirations and difficulties as English is regarded as more challenging for the group of students in question. Thus, the present study can enlighten us as to why struggling students in honors and advanced courses face some difficulties when it comes to such courses and what inspires the ones who performs nicely to take the extra challenge and apply more effort with regards to ensuring they understand the instructions they are given. The problems and achievements during the classes were generalized to help in the comprehension of the major challenges the struggling students in honors and advanced courses face and the most effective strategies that can be applied to successfully curb these challenges within the group in question. The fact the participants have different sources and levels of motivation should not be ignored. Some of the students are still hopeful and are very willing to improve their performance and even further their studies while others are very reluctant and are satisfied with what their performance level is even though it is poor. The motivations that the students have is very important as it will form the foundation for the development of the most relevant and technically proven educational techniques and strategies that will be used to curb the problems faced by the struggling students. Recording and understanding the progress of the less motivated students or the struggling students is also very important in the process of evaluating and applying the suggested methods. Arranging Research Access The qualitative phase of the study will be to provide a reconnaissance observation that is very crucial for any research effort to be successful. The necessity of carrying out a reconnaissance trip means to make prior observations of the areas of study, if possible address the relevant authorities, and inform them of your intensions and the relevance of your study to them and how it would benefit the institution and the education sector at large is very crucial. The pre-study trip will also play a big role in enabling the researcher to identify with the participants, familiarize themselves with the problems they are facing in relation to their social and cultural activities (Bush and Bush, 2010). It is also very important to have the intended participants notified that they will be a part of a very important study and outline what the study will be expecting from them in order to get the most relevant information in terms of data and results. This will play a very big part in ensuring that everyone is prepared for the participation in the study hence sets the foundation for a credible and successful research study. On top of the pre-study trip, it will also be very important to develop a time-oriented work plan or schedule that comprehensively outlines the activities expected to be carried out and integrate it into the casual schedule of the school being studied. Time is a very potent limiting factor in the research process hence it should be spent very shrewdly. The schedule is meant to give an overview of the whole study process in terms of describing what happens where, at what time and for how long. This will keep the participants aware of where they are supposed to be and at what time and what is expected of them at a particular point in time. It also ensures that the participants have enough time to take part in the research (Codrington & Fairchild, 2012). The researcher must have observed the place and planned for anticipated challenges that are bound to occur during the study on top of ensuring the relationship between him and the participants was formal. This will be to give the participants a sense of confidence and comfort while they were taking part in the study. An external third party meant to carry out an audit is also very important since they will ensure the researcher’s role is not biased in any way and that the data obtained is credible since the level of integrity is maintained as the main focus of the study. I took the role of instructing the participants involved in this study and having a background of growing up among the minority population in an arena of academics that was mainly dominated by white people, empathy towards the participants should be anticipated. The main agenda is to try and find out why male students of the struggling students in honors and advanced courses have problems in their cognitive comprehension of the instructions they receive in their casual classroom setting and how their teachers differentiate the instructions to attend to these needs with the aim of finding out other methods through which the teachers can enhance the level of understanding of the instructions they give to their students. During the study, I will give out questionnaires to teachers as they embarked on their classes and small research projects aimed at finding out the different ways through which they can differentiate the instructions they give to their students, especially the struggling ones. This was done in the period between August and December 2013. This work has a lot of value sentimentally to the researcher and therefore it was greatly affected by the “researcher’s own motivations and values” (Blaxter et al, 2010). The sample of the teachers will be small, all undertaking their additional courses on message deployment methods and the art of scaffolding as outlined by the framework given by Lee Vygostky’s in his “Zone of Proximal.” The teachers will come from four different schools making the data sample more effective since the conditions of the schools will all be very different even though all the schools are in the state of Georgia. Retrospectively, it would have been possible to include a school in this study which is young on or had not started yet appreciated the framework provided by the Zone of Proximal. This would have made it possible to make comparisons with schools that already apply it. Developing the Research Instrument This study will utilize three main research instruments. An initial survey questionnaire was issued to the teachers during their casual teaching activities. The questionnaire changed after being put to the test with a teacher who was not part of the sampled group of participants. Bell (2008) gives very reliable advice when it comes to questionnaires. The questionnaire was designed to be quick enough to be filled within five minutes and easy for the teachers to complete easily without feeling intimidated by the questions as a means used to test their competence. Most questions in the questionnaire will be answered by ticking the correct answer represented by a box, and only a few questions required detailed answers. This is all in the endeavor of making the questionnaire as comfortable as they could ever be. Thirty two questionnaires were returned indicating that our participants formed a small sample. The questionnaire issued for this study will be included in Appendix A. A researcher’s choice for the questionnaire can be a “non-probability sample if the participants are selected for convenience and they attend a face-to-face introduction of the framework of Lee Vygostky’s on the Zone of Proximal” (Cohen and Manion, 2010). This will be the case for this study. The data acquired from the questionnaire will be complied and analyzed and the results will be found in the next chapter of this dissertation. This study will use questionnaires to gather primary data, with the sole purpose of providing a description of the situation and conditions currently (Cohen and Manion, 2010). From this first questionnaire, I will be able to identify a group of participants that will be ready to complete another questionnaire even if it requires more of the time and a little more detail in the responses. These are the people I intend to use for a more detailed study. The preceding step will be carrying out the research to form the case study. I will pay a visit to four schools and conducted my interviews as designed on the questionnaire included in Appendix A. With interviews being very adaptable (Bell, 2008), I decided to ask some of the teachers some one-on-one questions covered in the questionnaire under Appendix B. Research Design and Approach The study will look at the relationship that exists between the types of instructions a teacher gives to their students and how the students, especially the struggling students in honors and advanced courses, interpret the instructions. It sought to focus on the difference in cognitive understanding of these instructions and tried to find out why the difference exists and what the teachers can do to reduce the disparity between the two groups of students outlined in the previous chapter; the struggling students and the capable students. As outlined above, the instruments that will be used are majorly the interviews, questionnaires and secondary sources of data combined with a case study survey instrument used for data collection. These tools will be extensively used in making inferences relating to the capability of struggling students in honors and advanced courses to interpret the instructions they are given by their teachers and how their teacher can improve the differentiation of the instruction when being given to the struggling students. A case study will be preferred since it greatly excels in bringing people to a detailed understanding of a complex problem in the society and it can greatly add strength to the pre-existing research work. Since a case study lays a lot of emphasis on the analysis of a limited amount or number of conditions and how they are interrelated in a particular context, it is the best tool to use to examine this real life problem and provide the foundation for the easily integrated application of ideas and methods into the school systems in Georgia. The case study well served as an indicator as to if the qualitative themes outlined majorly by the educational system outlined by the government generalize to the true reality on the ground when it comes to whether the systems give a satisfactory approach to all the needs of a students; whether struggling or not. It also worked to provide a basis for future approaches to this topic. With regards to the quantitative approach, it occurred that it is vital to outline the predictors of the instances of struggle in the class setting in order to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the statistics of the factors involved with the problem. The statistics will include the number of students categorized as struggling and the criteria used in this categorization, how the students under the category of struggling perform and how the teachers contribute towards the changing of the situation in terms of holding remedial classes to give more mentorship to such students. I will use regressors and adjustments as predictor variables in the outlining of the data as collected in the study. The regressors will allow the prediction of the reasons as to why the results of the students are as they are. The predictor variables are outlined as: The effects pre-school has on cognitive capacity, the level of parent education as the students were growing up, the levels and methods used in high school preparation, the amount of time a teacher spends in class and after class with the students. The dependent variable will mainly be the results of the students as indicated by the school’s progress reports and transcripts. All the data will be equated to the levels of cognitive comprehension of instructions and will be used to develop methods and strategies that can be applied to improve these levels especially in the struggling students. The lives of the students, whether in school or outside school, will also be considered alongside the predictor variables. This is because they have demonstrated a potential depiction of the common behavioral, cognitive and decision influences concerning the types and formats of information the students can relate to and easily interpret. The study will also use the quasi-experimental approach that majorly entailed the initial data from scores the students had in their first tests followed by the consequent tests that followed. The qualitative side of the data analysis entailed the focus group which was mainly the struggling students in honors and advanced courses that are perceived to be struggling alongside their teachers, observation of the process of teaching in the classes was done to outline how the teachers use their skill in the differentiation of the instructions given to the students and the interviews that will be carried out on both student and their teachers. For the students, the interviews will seek to find out what their attitude, perception and view is on the process of learning and how they think it can be improved for them to perform better in school while for the teachers, the interview will seek to find out what they do to ensure their students grasp all their instructions and what according to them is challenging in ensuring the students understand. This will also be used in the development of methods through which the teachers can improve the way they give out instructions to the students to ensure maximum comprehension. It has been an observation that I made that many scholars and researchers doubt the connection and contribution of science theory and non-cognitive factors towards the determination of the various factors that influence the behavior and intuition of students in the classroom setting. The scholars have also disagreed to the fact that both the cognitive and the non-cognitive factors may manipulate the factors that surround the academic decisions of the struggling students in honors and advanced courses (Smart & Paulson, 2012) in the Georgian high schools. Studies that have been recently carried out indicate that it is indeed very vivid that attrition rates that are very conspicuous and particular to the struggling students in honors and advanced courses have a possibility if being largely associated to their socio-economic orientation. This study will apply the Exploratory Sequential Design framework for the mixed method design. This study is to a great extent dominated by the comparison between grades and scores in tests and their relation to the social behavior of the struggling students in honors and advanced courses and their cognitive ability to interpret the information relayed to them by their teachers. The main function of the framework (Exploratory Sequential Design) is to serve the theoretical perspective of the researcher and giving room for philosophical assumptions. The use of two phases a sequential design researcher was able to give a voice to diverse perspectives, to better represent the participants and fight for their argument, or to understand the phenomenon or process that is changing as a result of research being done about it (Creswell, 2012). The design is preferred because it is in the natural coding of struggling students’ personalities to bring some aspects of their personal individual life into the academic world because they rely on social order and family influence to shape their destiny in the society especially socially. This is opposed to other cultures like Asian Americans who value their education more than anything hence when it comes to academic issues education is all that matters. Setting and Sample Four schools will take part in this study. However, one of them will be majorly sensitized on and this will be given the name School One for purposes of the discretion of the participants as promised during the study. The Exploratory Sequential and Ethnographic designs will be used to identify how the social and emotional backgrounds of the students affected their attention and full devotion in class especially when it comes to the subject of receiving instructions but also make the behavior and learning patterns through observation and interaction with the participants. This study that takes the quasi-experimental embodiment of mixed methods and an incorporation of a quantitative control group will strive to give a comparison of the performance of students identified as capable by their teachers and those termed as struggling. Of course, the groups will not know which category they fall in order for to avoid emotional grudges between the two groups. Each group will participate in the standard based classroom, which will lay its focus on scaffolding for enhanced student comprehension. Scores will be collected from the schools’ websites that publish tests results by school and the results of these participants will be compared to the overall results of the state testing and the national average. The results of the participants will also be evaluated according to the requirements of the state. The number of students that meet the state’s requirements and the number of participants who fall under the same category will also be very crucial in the understanding of the effectiveness of the art of scaffolding on the students. The individual academic records will then be analyzed as provided by the study schools’ administration. It was observed that the teachers in Georgian schools have been trained on the use of resources like workbooks, technology like the internet and simulation programs and benchmark tests that ensure the students have optimum comprehension of the subject matter of the lessons (Clayton County Public Schools, 2012). Researcher’s Role Having been born and raised in military bases for the first eight years of my life after which my father retire from the military, I had to embark on my journey into the academic world from a school with only two struggling students in honors and advanced courses between the age of seven and twelve; me being the only female of color. This led to me experiencing a lot of racism and in more acute situations isolation from the classroom. The background I had inevitably allowed me to have a lot of empathy towards the participants of the study and assisted me in the development of relevant strategies to curb these problems as I reflected on the strategies I applied at a personal level to overcome or endure the milestones, challenges and hardships I faced at that time. The role I took was that of the observer and interviewer of the participants in the study and the researcher simultaneously. I intended to have a relationship based on trust and respect with the students I had. The setting of a classroom provides a learning environment that is very conducive to positive interactions and exchanges of ideas. With the safety of the participants being the main priority during the study, participants will be removed from the class if the participant feels that his/her grades are in jeopardy, he/she does not feel like his/her privacy is being respected or if he/she no longer wants to be part of the study. The best possible education is stretched to such parties regardless of their choice. My experience might have biased the qualitative phase of the study since I have the ability to emphasize with the participants. I have gone through several psychologically torturing experiences like being referred by the name racial slurs, being placed in classes for the average students and my potential of being a candidate in the advanced classes being overlooked. This therefore made the study more vulnerable to bias. For this reason, I will have the involvement of a third party auditor who reviewed the qualitative data from the observations and the interviews carried out. Instrument Needed The major quantitative instrument used in the study will be the End of Course tests (EOCT) that is used to assess the whole state. It was administered to the participants during the final month of their junior year of high school. These tests were administered by the instructors of different departments in relation to the test being taken. For example, the mathematics instructor was the invigilator of the American Literature test. The exam was conducted for four days, on campus and was collected by administrators then submitted to the state where the scoring was to be done. The test was aligned with the 11th grade American Literature common-core curriculum. The main reason for the test is to assess the specified content knowledge and the skills the students possess. On top of this, “states that the assessment give the state the diagnostic information they need for them to help the students to identify their strengths and weakness in terms of the different areas of the course hence the overall improvement of performance in all the schools” (Georgian Department of Education [GDOE], 2012), and courses and other local assessments (Georgian Department of Education [GDOE], 2012). The scores obtained from the scores are released in summer hence they provided me with ample time for the analysis of the quantitative data of the study. The results or score will be critically analyzed. The journals of observations will be included on the address to the attitudes and participation of the students. The interviews will be used for the qualitative phase of the mixed study. The research journal can be referred to give an account of each stage of the study up to date including a section of my personal opinions. The journal will greatly assist in the process of distinguishing the facts, the assumptions and my personal opinions thus avoiding possible bias. A qualitative survey will be given to the participants in an envelope (to be filled in their places of residence then returned to the school) after the EOCT results are reviewed. The survey is meant to measure the attitude of the students and their participation in the courses in school. Data Collection The data collection process will begin with a written request sent to the principals of the different schools. The request was meant to give the researcher the permission to conduct and collect data disclosures of the tests and survey results of the individuals that took part in the study. The techniques and strategies used are mainly Google, Proust, Qualtrics and Thinkgate. The data was entered and the scores were received then an analysis chart was created to desegregate the data among the Struggling students in honors and advanced courses. I merged with an administrator and an Advanced Placement coordinator to form a committee. We will meet the first time to establish the rules, regulations, minimum quantities, policies and criteria that would govern the committee, its function and the data analysis. I will pull all participants from the class rosters into three AP Literature & Composition courses and two collaborative courses. Student identifiers are placed for random codes within the profiles for confidentiality of the participants. The information will then be saved in a dedicated USB memory stick that is dedicated specifically to the study and only the researcher has access to the information; even the participants have no access. Two teachers are responsible for teaching 12th grade English. These are a teacher in the English department and a collaborative special instructor. The sub groups are made based on the students’ English courses. The students involved in the study are given instructions for both classes in English using a District curriculum, Common Core State Standards Initiative (CCSSI), interventions that included differentiated instruction and small group tutorials. The participants had their strengths and weaknesses in English courses identified during the initial phase of the research study. The CCSSI offered a standard based classroom, differentiated instructions, and more collaboration with the classroom. The state assessment test, EOCT, is very valuable since it is aligned with the state’s curriculum. It is taken at the end of the student’s eleventh grade year. The data from these tests was used as a pretest to determine the student’s academic prowess in English courses. The participants’ growth was then measured by comparing the students’ data from the pretest (control) and the post test scores and the change in scores was used to address the research questions. The survey that will be used to measure the students’ participation and attitude on top of the knowledge of rudimentary English concepts is referred to as Qualtrics. The survey is a way of engaging the students’ comprehension to the pretests and the posttests performance results. This survey is considered a very reliable measuring tool, and it was used in studies like, Georgia Race to the Top Grant. Questionnaires will be distributed to the teachers in the school and they will be collected from them at the end of the casual day-to-day classes that I attended in my endeavor to find out the level of differentiation of instructions done by teachers during the classes between August 2013 and October 2013. It will be important to measure the levels of performance of the students before the implementation of the zone of proximal. In addition, the teachers adopted the art of scaffolding in order to gather additional information used as background information for the case studies. The initial questionnaire will be confidential, but the teachers who are willing to participate in the consequent questionnaire will be allowed to provide their names if they so wished. I have to keep my promise of full discretion hence the anonymity in the report is promised and respected. The questionnaire will provide a mixture of data; some of the data is subsequently analyzed using a quantitative method and a huge part of this will be concerned with the background and experiences of the teachers and the resources, methods and techniques they previously used in their teaching practice to ensure optimum interpretation of the instruction they gave to their students. The other parameters like how students perceive their teachers and their teaching methods and how the teachers perceive their students when it comes to categorizing them into able students and struggling students will be approached in a rather qualitative way. Field work for this study will be conducted between August and December 2013 and it will form a very significant and primary phase of the research (Johnson, 2008). During this time, I will make trips and visits to four high schools in Georgia and carry out an interview on eight teachers with the assistance and guidance of the follow-up questionnaire. I will also do a lot of observation and scrutiny of the students’ results and progress reports that will be provided for by the school administration. The main agenda of the interviews is to gather more information the teachers’ strengths and weakness and their skills and techniques during the dispatch of instructions and mentorship to their students. I am also keen on finding out what the teachers plan for the future in terms of the improvement of their methods of teaching especially when it came to the differentiation of the instructions they give to the students and how they are designed to cater for the needs of the struggling students during their teaching practice. Sources that provided more detail to the qualitative data used from the case studies will include interviews conducted on the teachers and some of the students, together with the classrooms observations made and the transcripts, performance reports and results slips analyzed alongside with the trends the teachers took in their teaching. This data will be outlined in the consequent chapters of this dissertation. The areas that will be identified as those needing reforms will be: raising student achievement, closing achievement gaps, better preparation of students for college and careers and ensuring teachers and leaders are highly effective (Krigman, 2009). Arrangement of the Data For the purpose of record keeping, all the questionnaires filled and returned will be stored both in print and electronic copies. This will be to allow subsequent analysis and for the purpose of ensuring the security of the information. It will also allow accountability accountable for the investigations and date collected. Field notes for this study will be written based on the interviews and classroom observations. Results A summary of the results obtained from state assessment test EOCT will be considered because this test is aligned with the state’s curriculum. The EOCT test is taken at the end of student’s eleventh grade year. The data from this test will be used as a pretest to determine students’ academic prowess in English courses. The participant’s growth will be measured by comparing the students’ data from pretest and posttest scores and the change in scores will be used to address research questions. Limitations of the Study The removal of a small group instruction from the district level limited the data collection process for Struggling students excelling in high school. The district level is too small as compared to the fact that the results were aimed at improving the education standards of the whole state. Moreover, the smaller district scope had to be zoomed in when just a small number of students and just eight teachers were involved in the study in terms of the case study, the questionnaire and other data collection methods used. Another limitation was the fact that most Struggling students in honors and advanced courses do not enroll for the higher level courses hence they create a limiting factor in terms of the level of participation in the study. On top of the number of enrollees being small, the study had to use a small sample out of the already small number available. This created a lot of risks since the participants were open to leave anytime they felt their privacy was infringed, their grades were in jeopardy or they just did not want be part of the study any more. The study was also very specific in terms of the race, origin, and sex of the participants. This also created similar risk as the ones mentioned above, risking having no participants if they quit. The researcher was also the instructor of the participants during the case study. This created the risk for bias since the researcher had history similar to those in the study group as dictated by her past. This also meant that extra resources’ had to be used in the involvement of a third party auditor meant to ensure the issue of bias is well avoided I the data collected. The study put its focus specifically on the English course. This therefore, meant that any more information will be needed in future study trips. The adoption of more subjects to the case would have greatly changed things since there would be a wider scope. The limitation of time also created a problem since the study would have been carried out with a specific study group from their freshman year to their senior year for the report to be comprehensive enough since the data would have been more detailed hence a detailed and well-informed policy should be laid down. Measures Taken for Protection of Participants Permission was requested from the Walden University review board before gathering any data for this research study. The guidelines from the Clayton County Public Schools and Georgia Department of Education were used to protect the rights of the participants (Clayton County Public Schools, 2012). Prior to selecting the study group, the administrator was informed of the rationale for the study. The high schools were selected based on failing to meet AYP in previous years, the change in demographics, and proximity for the researcher. The high school can benefit from this particular study because their greatest need among Struggling students is excelling in higher-level courses and closing the achievement gap. Data will be collected from a school generated list and codes she assigned to protect the rights of the participants. The data will be kept in a secure location in the home office of the researcher. Assumptions The literature review conducted before carrying out the research will provide an insight into the disparities that exist between struggling students in honors and advanced courses. Most reviews highlighted cultural aspects as major causes of the failure to transit from regular English courses to Advanced English courses among struggling students. 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We all need help with stress relief. Stress can be defined in many ways, but here we’ll discuss stress as emotional, mental, or physical strain or tension. When it comes to healthy mind, body, and spirit, stress relief is absolutely essential. Did you know that emotionally stressful situations cause an acidic chemical reaction in the body that breaks down organ function? The acidic response of chronic stress actually causes organ malfunction and creates an acidic bioterrain, in which candida and other pathogens, as well as cancer, can grow and flourish. Of course, this creates physical stress on the body itself. This loops back into emotional stress, as we then become stressed about our health. It becomes a never-ending cycle if we don’t manage our stress and receive effective stress relief. What causes stress? There are likely thousands of circumstances that we find stressful, all falling under one of several broad categories, including health-related stress, financial and job-related stress, and relationship-related stress. I’d like to share some natural, holistic, and alternative methods and programs with you, that I have had tremendous success with for stress relief. I can personally recommend each stress relief method and/or program written about here as those that have and are still working for me, personally, as I only make personal recommendations on what really works for stress relief, based on what I have used and tried myself. When it comes to health, we can become very stressed over what’s going on in our bodies and organs. We want to feel good, right? And when we don’t, that’s stressful. We worry about getting sick, becoming chronically ill, having to burden others to take care of us as we age, because we simply don’t feel well enough to take care of ourselves. We may find ourselves snapping at our loved ones when we don’t physically feel well – which causes relationship stress. We may find ourselves unable to perform optimally at our place of employment – which causes job-related stress – which, in turn, causes financial stress. The relationship, job-related, and financial stress, in turn, cause further chronic stress on our bodies and health, and the situation becomes worse if we don’t find stress relief, oftentimes resulting in further declining health, panic attacks, anxiety, and depression. What actually physically occurs in the body when we are stressed? Many experts now tell us that every health problem we have is caused by chronic stress. Considering that stress causes an acidic chemical response in the body, this could very well be the truth. Here’s a quick breakdown of what physically happens in the body as a result of chronic stress: 1. Alarm. Adrenaline is produced. Fight-or-flight response is activated. Cortisol production begins. Heart rate, breathing, and perspiration increase. Eyes dilate, and muscles become tense. With acute stress, these actions serve to save our lives. Once the perceived threat is over in cases of acute stress, the body goes back to normal, and no harm is done. On the other hand, with chronic stress, our bodies continue on a declining path. 2. Resistance or adaptation. Blood sugar levels increase. Blood pressure rises. Further hormones, including cortisol, are secreted by the body to keep up with the constant demands stress places on our bodies, as a survival mechanism. Blood sugar levels are constantly raised to keep up the energy needed to survive and get through each day. Resistance occurs – adrenal resistance, insulin resistance, leptin resistance – the constant elevation of hormones causes the receptors on cells and organs to essentially “shut off.” Arteries may become clogged. Heart attacks may occur. Strokes may occur from lack of oxygen to the brain. The adrenals keep pumping out excess cortisol, which eventually leads to adrenal exhaustion. Diseases begin to take hold. Symptoms develop if stress relief is not attained, including but not limited to: - Heart disease - Increased colds & flu - Cold hands - Insomnia - Depression - Panic attacks - Anxiety - Rapid weight gain/inability to lose weight - Liver disease - Kidney malfunction - Cancer - Candidiasis - Headaches, including migraines - Diabetes - Strokes - Ulcers - Asthma - Glaucoma - Thyroid dysfunction, including Hashimotos Disease and Graves Disease, hypothyroid, hyperthyroid - Hair loss/alopecia - Obsessive compulsive disorder - Gum disease/tooth decay 3. Exhaustion. We literally “burn out” if we have not received sufficient stress relief. Adrenal function decreases. We lack energy and become depressed. Immune system response begins to fail. We develop diseases. Our bioterrain becomes severely acidic. Our threshold for stress of any type is lowered, and we are able to handle less and less emotionally, mentally, and physically. Diseases such as Addison’s Disease may occur. Stress Relief To deal with stress, I can personally recommend a number of methods and programs for very effective stress relief, as discussed here. For health-related stress relief, I recommend performing a body detox. Our bodies are inundated with toxins every single day. From the air we breathe, to the water we drink, the food we eat, toxins are everywhere. This causes a tremendous amount of stress on our organs, especially our livers and kidneys. We take over-the-counter drugs for pain and symptom relief. These, as well as prescription drugs, are also toxic to our bodies. The toxin load our livers and kidneys must bear is immense. This prevents our organs from functioning properly. You become much more able to deal with stressors of every sort when your organs are functioning properly. Body detoxification is a huge source of stress relief. I also recommend eating. A lot. A thorough mind-detox is called for regarding our programming about eating, and what a body should look like, and instead realize that chronically going through life and other stresses without getting enough calories and nutrition into the body is the biggest stress the body can face, and will exacerbate every single other stress, magnifying it a hundred fold. EAT! There’s a reason why we have “emotional eating” and “comfort food,” and that is because it’s the body’s way of dealing with stress, re-fueling for recovery. When we only eat enough calories for basic survival, that’s what we get – basic survival, and all of our “luxury” functions – like reproduction, healing from injuries, dis-ease, recovering from exercise, feeling good mentally, emotionally & physically, etc. – get down-regulated, in favor of basic survival. If you want your “luxury” functions to come back, you need to give your body the fuel it needs – and that means not just micro nutrients, but macro nutrients and calories, and plenty of them. If you detox, diet, exercise, have a stressful job or relationship, experience chronic stress such as illness, or if you practice fasting, you need to recover, and that means eating. A lot. For more on this, I absolutely recommend that you read “Diet Recovery 2: Restoring Mind and Metabolism from Dieting, Weight Loss, Exercise, and Healthy Food” by Matt Stone. Other methods and programs I use for stress relief include: Meridian Tapping Thought Field Therapy – TFT is my personal favorite meridian tapping therapy. Dr. Roger Callahan discovered meridian tapping several decades ago, and found it to be a cure for many phobias, disorders and diseases – consistently showing a 98% cure rate. In fact, all other meridian tapping techniques, including EFT, were based on Dr. Callahan’s work. I’ve personally worked with Dr. Callahan and can tell you that his TFT tapping is extremely effective. Here’s a little bit about how it works. Negative feelings become trapped in our bodies’ meridians and begin to create patterns in our thinking. Our programming becomes corrupt. Additionally, all organs and systems affected by meridians with trapped negative energy begin to malfunction. By tapping on specific meridian points, in specific order, or algorithms, you literally set the trapped negative energy free, and your body can begin to heal. For more information on how TFT works, please give Dr. Callahan’s website a visit, and request his free guide. Emotional Freedom Technique , or EFT, is a program that allows us to literally tap our way to stress relief and health. EFT was created by Gary Craig, based on the work of Dr. Roger Callahan. It combines Mind/Body Medicine with Acupuncture (without needles) so that certain meridian points in the body are activated by literally tapping them with two fingertips. It treats the emotional aspect of physical ailments by releasing negative energy that is trapped in the body’s meridians. Energy must be free-flowing through our meridians, or we experience stress and disease. EFT is an extremely effective way to stimulate energy flow in the meridians, thus clearing out the trapped and stagnant negative energy from the body. I encourage you to learn more about EFT. Click here for an amazing introductory video about how EFT works for stress relief. Meditation Meditation, in my experience, is the single most important and effective way to lasting stress relief. I highly encourage you to get in the habit of meditating each and every day. Rearrange your schedule, if need be, to fit it in. It’s that important! Even if you can only manage 5 or 10 minutes, do it throughout the day as often as you can. Meditation helps in every single facet of your life. I’ve used many different methods and have found the following to be the easiest and most effective.. Dreams Alive – Clear-Mind by Paul Bauer – I cannot recommend this meditation program highly enough. I really like. Quantum Mind Power System – also known as “The Morry Method,” is another meditation program that I really enjoy. It’s similar to the Holosync program in that you relax and listen with a pair of headphones, but rather than using binaural beats, this program uses isochronic and monaural beats for brainwave entrainment. I personally love my meditation sessions using this system and find that their claims of providing super fast results are, in fact, well founded. I’m able to achieve complete stress relief within moments of beginning my meditation sessions with this program, and the results are very long-lasting. The Meditation Program by Hale Carlton is another highly effective binaural beat brainwave entrainment meditation program that I enjoy and find to be very effective for stress relief. I think you’ll be as pleased with this program as I am. If you are uncomfortable using headphones, binaural, isochronic, monaural, or any other kind of beats for meditation, then you may enjoy Matt Clarkson’s “Secrets of Meditation” program. This is a guided meditation system that teaches you how to meditate at any time, without plugging into a computer, ipod, or any other device. He offers a free e-course as well as a free sample meditation on his website, which I also highly recommend as being very effective for stress relief. The Secret of Deliberate Creation Program One of the most effective programs ever made available to us is called The Secret of Deliberate Creation, by Dr. Robert Anthony. This program has my highest recommendation for information and methods to help you to detox your mind and heal your spirit – and create the life you want to live, by your own intention. This program has played a huge part in changing my life, and I encourage you to use it as well, if you want the best possible results in creating a beautiful life in every way. Sedona Method The Sedona Method is an effective program I found for stress relief. It’s a releasing process. It teaches you how to dive into the feelings of something that really bothers you, or stresses you, and then let it go. I have felt better each time I’ve gone through the exercises encompassed in the Sedona Method. Once you learn the process, it’s easy to do whenever you feel like it. And once it becomes an automatic process for you, you find that the things that stressed you before simply don’t seem so bad anymore. Abraham-Hicks Publications I happened to stumble across Abraham-Hicks one day, in the midst of all my research on spirituality and stress relief, and for me, there has been no turning back. I have to warn you, their recordings can be addictive! I actually take them to the gym with me and have a very happy and effective workout. I don’t know if there has ever been anyone I have loved learning from more than Abraham. For extreme stress relief – and sheer joy – I encourage you to go to their website and check out their books and recordings. Signing up for their free Daily Law of Attraction Quote makes for a wonderful way to start your day! The Silva Method . I’ve personally used and enjoyed The Silva Method and have found it to be incredibly effective. This lives up to its expectations. Pets Imagine a hard day at work, for a moment. Just for a moment, because that’s not what you want to focus on. But just for a moment, imagine you’ve just come home from a nasty day at work. Perhaps you had an unbelievable workload, or an annoying co-worker or boss on your case about something. Perhaps you’re tired and irritable, and you go home fe eling down and like you just don’t want to see anybody. But when you get home from work, who runs up to greet you, loving you unconditionally, no matter how you’re feeling? Hint: He’s furry and cuddly and walks on four legs. If he’s a cat, he jumps up in your arms, purrs, and tries to eat your hair. If he’s a dog, he wags his tail and spins circles and is so excited to see you he can’t put his own tongue back into his mouth. And at that moment, you look down at your four-legged friend’s furry little face, and the stress of the whole day is just washed away. You run your fingers through your pet’s fur, tickle him under his chin, rub his ears, play with him, and you are instantly transported to The Land of Unconditional Love. This is the miracle that pets provide – instant stress relief. You feel so much love, not just from them, but for them. It’s really hard to focus on anything that’s stressing you while you’re feeling all the love you’re giving to and receiving from your pet. If it’s at all possible for you to have a pet, and you don’t already care for one, I highly encourage you to adopt one. Start Your Own Home-Based Business One major cause of stress is job-related. In America, the majority of workers are dissatisfied with their jobs and/or wages. We get into routines of doing the same thing every day, oftentimes with less support and, more frequently, wage cuts. It’s so easy to begin feeling trapped, in a rut. And that’s not counting the numbers of workers who are losing their jobs altogether, or having to take part-time jobs, or low-paying jobs that they are overqualified for, as a result of massive corporate cutbacks. One solution for job-related and financial stress is to start your own home-based business. Work for yourself. The money-making potential available when you work for yourself grows to an unlimited ceiling. You can do anything you are passionate about. What are your hobbies? What do you know a lot about? What do you love to do? Once you narrow down a field that you love, you can start your own business, to do what you love, and love what you do – and make money doing it. Whether you want to set up a website to generate income, or start a brick-and-mortar business, or join a network/affiliate marketing program, there are opportunities galore. Once you open yourself to the possibilities of starting your own business in whatever field you wish, the opportunities begin to present themselves. You just need to recognize the opportunities when they appear to you, and take action on them. While it takes time and work, if you love the field, it’s actually fun! When you love what you are doing, the time flies by, and you don’t even realize you were working. Working for yourself is a very effective form of stress relief. Nutritional Support You can actually help manage your stress levels and achieve stress relief by providing your body with nutritional support. With specific foods and nutritional supplements, you can help your body to deal with the physical problems that come with chronic stress. And, as always, I highly encourage you to consume organic foods and pure water, regardless of the diet you choose, for greater stress relief. Nutrients that assist with stress relief include: - Vitamin D3 - Vitamin C nourishes the adrenal glands; camu camu is a particularly great source of Vitamin C. - Vitamin B complex - Vitamin A - Vitamin E - Selenium - Magnesium – I prefer Dr. Norm Shealy’s magnesium lotion for superior absorption, with no abdominal/intestinal discomfort that can often come with oral magnesium supplementation. - Salt - Saturated fats (organic, grass-fed red meat, butter, cheese; coconut oil) - Carbohydrates, including fruits, vegetables, starches and sugar (sugar! I can hear you gasping now – yes, sugar!) - Protein, specifically glycine, proline, histidine, or bone broths and gelatin - Calcium-d-glucarate, which helps your body to detoxify by keeping the toxins from being reabsorbed into your system and passing them out of your body instead - DIM for estrogen metabolism, as too much estrogen is a very common and huge source of chronic physiological stress for both women and men - Taurine Foods to avoid while managing your stress levels include polyunsaturated fats, aka PUFAs (i.e. margarine, soy, corn and other “vegetable” oils, seed oils, nut oils), and food and drink that contain large amounts of caffeine, as well as sucralose, which wreaks havoc on your gut flora, glucose tolerance, and blood sugar levels, and aspartame which damages the hypothalamus. Also, it’s best not to smoke cigarettes if you are to achieve stress relief, unless, of course, it’s too stressful for you to go without your cigarettes, in which case I suggest you wait until your stress levels are much more manageable before attempting to quit smoking. Additionally, while I recommend that you drink pure water, it’s also stressful to drink too much water, so drink only when thirsty, and do not try to force yourself to meet some daily liquid goal. You don’t do yourself any good if you’re diluting all your nutrients and electrolytes, but rather, that actually stresses the body out further. Practitioner Therapies for Stress Relief - ThetaHealing® - NLP (NeuroLinguistic Programming) - Hypnotherapy - Acupuncture - Chiropractic - Thought Field Therapy – TFT - EFT- Emotional Freedom Technique - Reiki - Reconnective Healing® - Massage Therapy - Polarity Therapy - Reflexology Other Useful Tips for Stress Relief - Sleep – Get 8 hours of sleep every night for stress relief, ideally from 10 PM to 6 AM. - Short, intense exercise – check out “Body by Science” by Doug McGuff MD and John Little - Walking – take a stroll outside in the fresh air and sunshine. Stop to smell the flowers and appreciate the beauty of the planet. Walking is excellent stress relief! And while you’re walking outside, be sure to take off your shoes and walk barefoot through the grass. Believe it or not, this is a true detoxification method! Our feet have special pores on their soles for toxins to release themselves from our bodies. The negative ionic charge of the grass attracts the toxins from the bottoms of our feet. It’s a feel-good, stress relieving way to detoxify! - Y-Dan - Tai Chi - Chi Gong - Chi Machine - Rebounding - Deep breathing exercises - Hobbies - Engage in activities that you love - Read books/listen to audio programs - Create something with your hands - Sing - Dance - Play - Smile, laugh, and watch funny movies Things I’ve Learned I’ve dealt with my share of stress in my own life. When we are finally able to turn stressful circumstances around to find the benefit from them, life does get easier. We learn. We grow. We live more fully and love more completely when we overcome the hurdles and learn to automatically focus on our desired outcomes rather than the ruts we get stuck in. Take the bad with the good. In every case of stress, we are actually focusing, whether consciously or unconsciously, on what we don’t want, or on the lack of something that we do want. Because of something called the Law of Attraction – whether we believe in it or not, it exists – we end up attracting more of what we do not want by our constant focus on it. Instead of focusing on what we don’t want, or focusing on the lack of something that we do want, take the “bad” with the “good.” Step back and observe yourself, as a curious outsider, in every situation that frustrates you, angers you, scares you, makes you sad, and otherwise stresses you, and simply watch your thoughts with no particular interest in the outcome. Can you then step back in and remember what thoughts you saw yourself having? Were you judging the “bad” as being something you don’t want? What if, instead, you replay that experience in your mind, and instead of judging the “bad” as something you don’t want, find the lesson in it, and accept it with gratitude, as a stepping stone? A way for you to learn and grow from it? The more you can do this, the more you’ll find that the “bad” may just not be so “bad” after all. Instead of focusing on the negative, focus on the outcome you desire. Don’t worry about the “how” just yet – simply focus on the outcome you want. Treat each negative experience as a gift, and with the knowledge that because you have accepted this gift as a natural part of you, that you also have within you the ability and power to overcome it. It’s a way to get you to where it is you ultimately want to go. Accept the “bad” with the “good,” always with gratitude. The more thankful you are for all things in life – the “bad” right along with the “good”, the more you will attract things to be thankful for. Don’t expend all your energy on fighting with yourself to try to overcome negative emotions. We’re human – negative emotions are part of each of us – they happen. And we can’t control our circumstances – we can only control our response to them. The way to overcome negativity is to embrace it as a necessary part of each of us. Understand why we have attracted it. Learn the lesson from it. Understand how we are meant to grow from it. And be grateful for the perceived negative circumstance that has then allowed us to grow because of it. This does not mean that we simply sit back and put up with the things we don’t want; rather, it means we empower ourselves, and take responsibility for changing our own lives. Just as winter brings the new life of spring, so we grow from adversity. We are earthly beings and follow the same cycles as the earth. We enjoy and embrace the new life and growth and warmth that come with each spring. But how could there be spring without winter? So it goes with our own lives. How do we know joy if we don’t know sadness? How can we describe light if we don’t know dark? Describe daytime without understanding night time. Define “like” to someone who doesn’t know “dislike.” What is warm if we’ve never experienced cold? Describe eye sight, taste, touch, smell, or sounds to someone born with none. ”Bad” exists with “good.” Negative exists with positive. They are actually simply two sides of the same thing – energy. Neither can exist without the other. To try to live with only the positive and completely reject the negative, we actually end up stressing ourselves, because this goes against the laws of nature. So embrace the negative with the positive, and for each perceived negative situation, simply allow it to be okay, learn the lesson from it, understand why it’s been attracted, grow from it, and enjoy all the positive benefits that occur as the result. Never lose yourself by getting stuck on focusing consciously or unconsciously on what you don’t want, but instead understand the opportunity for growth that perceived negative situations bring us, and put your focus on the positive outcome you desire. Practice this each and every day, and soon we find that “bad” things just aren’t so scary anymore. We become stronger each and every time we do this. While I’ve personally experienced good results from all the methods discussed here, I’ve done so for my own health, as well as for my desire to provide you with the best information available. Through the links that I’ve provided, please feel free to review the methods and choose which ones you are most comfortable with and that you feel best fit your own personality and circumstance. Perhaps you’ll connect with one or two or more of the methods covered here, or maybe none at all. I hope this information serves you well, in any case. Please feel free to post below if you have additional stress relief methods that work for you, that you would also like to share with other readers of Energetic Mastery.

I planned the run around Estonia’s second biggest lake for a long time. The first attempt was some time ago, when plan A was to run with my wife and switch between bike and running. One person would run 10 kilometers and then ride a bike while the other runs 10k. This didn’t work out as my wife had a leg injury. We continued with plan B, that had nothing to do with running. We biked around the lake at a leisurely pace. 100k on a bicycle is not that big of a deal. Even if you do it for the first time. The ride around the lake was awesome. If you don’t want to run that much, I recommend taking a day and have a fun day riding around the beautiful Võrtsjärv. Ride, eat, enjoy nature, swim in Emajõgi. If you don’t push it then it should take you about 5 hours of riding time plus the stops you make. 104,8km 4.57.51 Tour de Võrtsjärv. The plan to run around the lake Võrtsjärv Back to running. I thought about organizing an event to run around the Võrtsjärv. I even made a plan. The plan was to do it in 2018. I told about my idea to my ultrarunning friend Kaido. A few months later, Kaido posted into ultrarunner’s Facebook group, that he’s going to run around the Võrtsjärv and asked if anyone would like to join. I couldn’t say no. I was my idea, after all. We checked our calendars and set the date on August 19, 2017. It was a Saturday. Preparing for the ultrarun I was in physical shape that allowed me to complete 100 kilometers if I run slowly. So, I didn’t need any special preparations for my first ultrarun longer than 100k. I asked Kaido to run slower. I thought that a pace between 6:30 and 7 minutes per kilometer would work for me (10:30 to 11:15 per mile). Before the run, I changed my diet a little. Up till then I was on a slow carb diet, consisting mostly of fat and protein. Bacon and eggs. On Thursday and Friday, I ate a bit of sugar and flour too. For example, I made myself sandwiches with jam. There is no point in carb loading for more than a marathon distance, as you will run out, anyway. I took my fuel with me and get whatever I needed from the shops and gas stations along the route we ran. On Friday night we drove to Vanasauna holiday home in Valma village. We talked for a while and then went to sleep. Consistency Most people don’t want to run 100 kilometers. Most people don’t want to run marathons. But most people can do it. Consistency is the key. You just go out for a run 5 times a week. As your strength, speed, and endurance improve, you can start increasing the distances. On your weekend run, run double of what you regularly cover. If you start with 5km run 10 on the weekends. If you have progressed to 10k regular runs have a half marathon on the weekend. If you do that for 6-8 months, then you will be ready for a marathon. Don’t skip! If you keep doing it, then you can cover any distance you set your mind to. Ultrarunning gear I see little value in investing in special gear. Running is a low-cost activity and ultrarunning isn’t much different. I used my regular training clothes. The only ultrarunning equipment I had was the hydration pack on my back. As I don’t have a hydration pack, then I borrowed one from Kaido. Here’s the full list of my ultrarunning gear on that run: Running cap - The shirt I wore for my first marathon in 2011 - Running shorts - Underware - Tennis socks with a hole in it - The cheapest Adidas running shoes (39.90) - Heart rate monitor armband Scosche Rhythm+ - Boompods headset Sportpods - Samsung Galaxy S7 for Endomond, audiobooks, and music - Ultrarunning vest borrowed from Kaido with 2x600ml bottles and a 1.5l hydration pack - Vaseline - 4 gels - Windbreaker for backup - Another pair of socks for backup I filled the containers in the vest as follows. I put plain drinking water into the bottles on the front. For the hydration pack, I bought 1.3 liters of special Estonian drink called kali (A Le Coq Tume Kali). It’s a little like sweet beer. It’s fermented but there’s almost no alcohol, less than 0.5%. I experimented with it in my first ultrarun in Laulasmaa Ultra, and it worked well for me. The dot in the video moves about 1.3 kilometers per second, and it still takes more than one minute to complete the lap around the lake. Start We woke up around 8am. As we had lined everything up in the evening before, then it only took us about half an hour to eat, wash, and start running. I ate 2 bacon and egg pies and drank some of the kali. And then we started running. Right from the start, we had a problem. Which way to go around the lake? As my previous experience with the bicycle was counterclockwise, then we decided to do it the same way. First 36 kilometers There first 36k went fast. Not fast running, mentally fast. Our average pace was about 5:45 minutes per kilometer (9:15 per mile). We stopped at the 23k mark at the Soe A&O grocery store. The temperature was rising, and I needed to add some water to my bottles. Their shop was air-conditioned, and that helped in the rising heat. We could already tell that contrary to the forecasts, it will be a warm day. How warm, we couldn’t even imagine. We continued, and 9 kilometers later we came to another grocery store. In Suislepa A&O, I got a 0.33l Coke. As I couldn’t drink it all, I poured the rest into my half-full water bottle. 36th kilometer. The temperature keeps climbing. The temperature didn’t affect me yet, and I pulled away from my companion. Kaido followed with a slower pace. This early in the run, it was a bit demotivating. “Oh, crap! I have to run the next 70k alone!” And finally, my running buddy told me he can’t bear the heat and I should go on. Sun and the 30C/86F heat It was noon and there was no question that the temperature will be in the range not helpful for beginner ultrarunner. The forecast promised cold and rain. No such luck. The sun tried to compensate for the absence earlier in the year. I ran from shadow to shadow, but the sun was directly overhead and there was not much relief. The 13 miles from leaving Kaido by the wayside to the village Rõngu were hard. On the 39th kilometer I stopped in the Pikasilla Premium-7 gas station. I bought a half liter bottle of Borjomi mineral water to replenish the salts in the body. I drank some of it and emptied the rest into the water bottles on the running vest. I still had enough kali in my hydration pack. Exactly on the Pikasilla bridge at the southernmost point of the lake, I completed my 1st marathon of the day. The time was 4 and a half hours. Not too bad considering the weather and the frequent stops. The heat was taking its toll. I continued to run in 2.5 kilometer stretches that were separated with walking of random lengths. I tried to run when there was more shadow and walk when completely in the sunny areas. My thermoregulation is pretty good, but the almost half a marathon (36 to 56 km) to Rõngu village was bad. The only motivation I had was the cold drink I wanted to buy from Rõngu bakery. Then I would drink it sitting on the park bench under the shadow of an old birch. I would sit there until I would feel like running again. At some point I reached 50 kilometers. It doesn’t seem like much if you know that you have to run for another 55k. The 52.5 kilometer mark that I considered being the halfway mark came hard. When you are running in a 82 to 86 degree weather, then the idea that you have only 50k to go is not really promising. The break in the Rõngu village Finally, I reached Rõngu. I thought, I will walk after I get past the village sign. My willpower had other ideas, I started walking only a few steps before the sign. Getting through the village meant kilometers from 56 to 57. At the moment I didn’t know it yet, but I had planned some demotivation into the route. From the Rõngu sign to the bakery store is about 500 meters, but the final 70 meters is a rough cobblestone pavement that’s not easy to navigate after 56 kilometers of running. The people who made that part of the road should have a mandatory “how to build cobblestone pavement” course. But then I was there. I entered the store. As my brain had a reduced clock speed because of the heat and exhaustion, then I couldn’t find the Borjomi fridge. I found a 1-liter bottle of warm kali and Vytautas mineral water, also warm. The temperature of the beverages was not to my liking. So, I used a pro tip from my friend. Put your warm beers into the deep freeze with the ice creams, make your round in the store, and then get your beers with a much more pleasant temperature. I decided against beer, but put my other drinks in the box with the ice creams. By that time I had recovered enough, to locate the fridge with Borjomi mineral water. As for solid food, I got some potato chips with dill and sour cream. There was a line… 12 minutes of line. Doesn’t seem like much? No, but after running 56 kilometers in the midday heat, the 12 minutes seemed like an eternity. Then the eternity ended and I starter do have my long awaited break on the park bench under the birch. I just sat there, drank Coke, and thought that 50k more seems completely unreal. As the motivation was inversely related to the rise of the temperature, then I seriously doubted that I will finish the full circle around the lake. The potato chips didn’t agree with me. I tried to eat some, but packed most of them into my backpack. I drank a lot. As I finished my Coke and the first bottle of mineral water, I returned to the store, dug out my kali and second mineral water from the freezer between the ice creams. I drank some cold kali and poured most of it into my Kamlbak. I topped it up with mineral water and the rest went into the bottles on the front of the vest. Next item on the list was to re-apply Vaseline to my feet. I was happy to note that there were no blisters, but I had some feeling on the outside edge of the left foot. Better safe than sorry. I took off my running shoes and socks and applied a thick layer of Vaseline. After I put the socks and shoes back on, I decided to just lay back and chill until I feel like running again. To kill time, I studied the map a bit. I remembered that the first kilometer I have to backtrack the route I had already run. This wasn’t helping my motivation too much. Running to Rõngu bakery meant that you have run back the same route for a bit. I had actually planned it to get the whole route length to 105.5 kilometers, which is 2.5 marathons. I thought that the whole thing on the park bench took about half an hour. Only later when I checked my GPS track did I notice that I had been there for almost an hour. The thought about another 50k to go was prominent in my head. And then there was a cloud. And coolness that the shade brought. It gave hope. The cloud came and went, taking the coolness with it. Oh, well, what you gonna do? I clambered on my feet and started to run again. Running was unexpectedly easy. The break and siting in the shade had replenished my will and power. I felt I’m flying compared to earlier. When I got closer to the crossroad where I had to turn towards next village called Sangla, I saw another runner approaching from the opposite direction. As we got closer I saw it was Kaido, who was on his way to Rõngu bakery. We chatted a bit and then went our separate ways. From Rõngu onward The beginning of the road to Sangla was great. I was rested, I could run in the shade of the thick forest, refreshing breeze on my face. The motivation that had shrunk to a tiny dot expanded to its normal size again. At some point the shade of the forest ended. As I sat in the park, I found out that forecast promised rain from 4pm. When will the rain come? When?! They promised the whole day would be cold and wet. I even packed a wind breaker and backup socks for wet conditions. Approximately on 60th kilometer I had fun with vegans. The reason this image is funny lays in the fact that “Valguta” is a totally legit village name, but it also means “without protein” in Estonian. Rain, finally As it came to be, on the 64th kilometer the sky was completely covered in clouds and on the 66th kilometer it started to rain. When it rains, it pours, was a good way to describe it. The rain was awesome! I started to think that it’s quite possible to get to the end of it, after all. At that point there was only 40 kilometers left to run. That’s not even a marathon. Shortly after the rain started, I found out that Tomtom has a project similar to Google Street view, their car passed me. However, where to you see those images? Nobody knows. After the first furious downpour, the remaining distance was mostly under the cloud cover. Every once in a while, there was some light rain. If the whole day would have been like this, I could have run could have cut 30 minutes from the final time or maybe even more. I ran to 80 kilometers without any incidents and the feeling was excellent. 72.3 was the longest I had ever run before. Now, every step meant a new personal best. But I still had to complete the whole lap around the lake. 74 kilometers after I started running the heart rate monitor ran out of juice. It took about 8 and a half hours. I need a heart rate monitor with a longer lasting battery for the future. Or I could charge it during the breaks from a battery bank. 70k limit, but for me it’s 75! From 80 kilometers, I started to feel tired. I continued to run in 3-kilometer stretches and added some walking in between. Then I came to a Sangla A&O grocery store. This time I put half a liter of Coke and the Värska mineral water in my shopping cart. I drank most of it immediately and poured the rest into the bottles on my vest. The bus stop on the lower picture is an excellent place for a brief break. 84.4 kilometers, 2x marathon I reached 2 consecutive marathons shortly before running over the Emajõgi bridge. This is cool stuff! Two marathons in a row! But the time sucked. Approximately 10 hours and a bit. Even so, TWO marathons in a row. That was a big deal for me. And I didn’t have that much running left either. Only 21.1k or a half marathon. When you have already run four of those, then it doesn’t seem like much. I remembered when I was running on a treadmill and thought “only 20 more minutes.” Now I had the same feeling about only 21 more kilometers. Shortly after completing 2 marathons, I reach the bridge over the river Emajõgi. 85 kilometers Around the 85-kilometer mark, I felt mentally tired. Another runner coming my way. It was Kaido again. He had taken the local bus to our starting point and then drove with his car to meet me. Kaido seemed pretty rested by that time, and he talked continuously. I don’t know what he was talking about. We reached his car. He drove a bit further and then ran back to meet me and then again together to his car. I had run about 50k alone by this time, and it is much better to run with a companion. But… His constant talking was overwhelming. I had to constantly think about what he was talking about. What did he say? How to respond? What’s my pace? Aren’t we going too fast? Then I asked, “Kaido, can we do this without talking?” We continued to run silently. After a bit, Kaido went to the local grocery store. Probably he just wanted to talk some more and talked to the salesperson in the store. Actually, the store was closing soon, before I would finish my run. Now I reached the dynamic balance between motivation and exhaustion. The 100k mark was coming closer! As it came nearer, the motivation went up, but so did exhaustion. Like the supply and demand curve in economics. 99 kilometers! Holy shit, I’m going to do it! 99.5… One hundred kilometers! 100!!! I run with a phone and headphones. I have set it up so that Endomondo tells me the important stats every 500 meters. It’s unbelievably cool when the robot lady of Endomondo said, like 199 time before in the past 11 or so hours: “One hundred kilometers in eleven hours, fifty-four minutes and eighteen seconds.” One-f-ing-hundred kilometers! Unbelievable! Estonian record is 5 hours faster, but still, running 100k is awesome! A Japanese guy has the world record time in 100 kilometers with 6:13:33. On the 100th kilometer I also had a walking rest and photo op. I took the picture and posted it to Facebook, or it doesn’t count. But I still had 5.5 kilometers to go. I thought about how much more than one lap would I have to run to get to the 2.5 marathon mark. I hoped it would be less than one kilometer. There last kilometers were quite uneventful. The distance left to run wasn’t too much, and I knew I can do it, no matter what. The pace was slow, heart had accepted the relentless pounding it had to do for the last 12 hours. Sometimes when you run a hard race on the limits of your ability you ask yourself, “When will it end?” I didn’t have that feeling this time. It will end, no problem. One lap And then it ended! Done! I reached the village Valma, where we started twelve and a half hours earlier (“valma” is a slang word for “done” in Estonian). The time to lap the lake Võrtsjärv was 12 hours 29 minutes and 23 seconds. The distance was 105.1 kilometers. I was at the front gate of the holiday village where we started in the morning, but I still had a little bit to run to get to my 2.5 marathon goal. However, I was relieved that the 105.5 kilometer mark was so close. At some point I was afraid I have to run a kilometer or two more than the full lap. I took out my phone and started measuring the final meters. When you are so close to the goal it’s not hard, you just do it. Two and a half marathons back to back. I ran 200 meters past the starting point, turned around and finally arrived at my finish line. The total distance was 105.53 kilometers, and the time was 12 hours 32 minutes and 24 seconds. I think it’s a record. I don’t know that anyone has run around lake Võrtsjärv before that. Running around this lake seems like a fun idea and maybe someone has done it, but I have never seen any results posted publicly. I’m sure no one has ever taken the exact route I ran as I planned it to reach three goals in one run. Run around the Võrtsjärv lake, run 100k, and run 2.5 marathons. Considering all the above, it was - World Record - National Record - Season Best - Personal Best After the run Right after I stopped running, I couldn’t move anymore. Just seconds ago I was running at a brisk pace of 6 minutes per kilometer (9:40 per mile) and now I couldn’t put one foot in front of the other. But it didn’t matter anymore. It was done and the hot sauna was waiting. Although my body was tired, I didn’t have any major problems or injuries. Even no blisters on the feet. Lower legs and feet were the parts I felt the most. These were also the reason for my extremely slow walking after the run. I also had some feeling in the thigh muscles, but it was nothing special. The sauna was comfortably hot. Between the sauna sessions, I used a technique recommended by physiotherapist Sander to get the blood moving in the legs. First 15 seconds of hot water followed by 15 seconds of freezing water. Three times for both legs. Then back to sauna followed by another cold/hot procedure. In total, I did four sets for both legs. In between all of that, I ate a lot of sausage and drank milk. When I was done with the sauna, I just laid back and relaxed on the couch. The next item on the list was to figure out if I should drive back home that night. The home was a bit more than two hours’ drive away. It surprised me that I didn’t have any mental fatigue. Years back, the first time I ran more than 20 kilometers, I slept for three hours afterwards. Now my legs were tired, but head was completely clear. As we hadn’t planned for the accommodation, then the holiday village found me a place to stay if I wanted to. Great service! After considering the idea for a bit, I decided to drive home. But before I started my drive home, I wrote down the most salient points of a day on my phone. When I got home, I finished the notes as part of my write 500 words every day challenge. The days following the run The first day was a Sunday. My walking was a bit stiff, but I had no major problems walking around. As the muscles warmed up and got used to movement, then I didn’t even notice that I had run 100k the day before. One interesting thing that happened to me after running for 100 thousand steps was a constant tok-tok-tok-tok in my head. Exactly the same as the rhythm of my feet pounding the road. It lasted from right after the run to about the middle of the next day. The second day was a Monday. My legs barely remembered the run two days ago. On the third day I thought about going for a run, but I had a lot of work that day and didn’t feel like going for a run after 10pm. What was different from the earlier longer runs? I had some mental fatigue. My thought processes seemed to move slower than usual. However, completing routine tasks was easier and I could focus longer on boring tasks. On Wednesday, everything was fine. I still had a light feeling in the arches of the feet, but it was almost unnoticeable. On that day, my work brought me to Rakvere. I decided to run 10k for sightseeing. As Kaido instructed, I held back and ran at a slow 6 minutes per kilometer pace (9:40 per mile). The heart rate stayed in the warmup zone around 130bpm. That completed my first real ultrarun around the lake Võrtsjärv, and all the side effects were gone. I now I can say that I am an ultrarunner: Running more than 12 or 24 hours, to my mind, that is the ultra-runner. – Yiannis Kouros Notes for the future The run around the lake Võrtsjärv could be an event in the Estonian ultrarunning calendar. The length is suitable for the ultrarunning beginner The difficulty is easy as there’s almost no elevation differential. The fact that it’s a run around the lake adds another level of emotion. 2017 was my big year of running This was my first and this far the only 100k+ run. I thought I would do it in June 2018. But as it came out, I was ready much sooner. I have to have more faith in myself. My longer runs of 2017: - April – Vienna Marathon 42.2k - June – Laulasmaa Ultra 72.3k - July – Võsu Marathon 42.2k - August – Ultrarun around lake Võrtsjärv 105.5k - September – Tallinn Marathon 42.2k - October – Haanja 100 53.3k But even with this many longer runs, the hardest thing was to write the first 500 words of this article right after completing the 100k+ ultra. PS If you decide to run around Võrtsjärv, let me know. If I’m in good enough shape, I might join you. If you run the same route I did, then be sure to stay at the Vanasauna holiday village. They are great!

Welcome to Review Of Unlock Your Hip Flexors Revamped Even the most athletic of us in today’s age is bound to spend a considerable amount of time sitting. If you’re someone with a desk job, chances are you’re sitting more than three-quarters of the day. When you are sitting long enough, it can put a lot of stress on your shoulders, spine, and even hips. Why? Well, the human body was not designed to spend so much time idle and, conversely, it was designed for heavy movement and strenuous physical activity. As a result of the sedentary pace of our lives, most hip flexors have degenerated and are not as strong as they should be. Have you ever felt a kind of pinch near the front of your hips during squats with your feet all hooked? Well, that’s a direct result of hip flexors having little or no involvement in your daily life. The hip flexors are made up of a muscle group that includes about twelve muscles. These muscles come together to help you lift your thighs and even your chest when you raise it to your thighs. When not given enough movement or when not worn, the hip flexors shorten and weaken. Compared to other muscle groups, the hip flexors are smaller and less well-known. However, from running and jumping, to dancing and even lighting weights, this muscle group is essential for movement and range of motion. There are many known exercises for sit-ups, abdominal fat, core muscles, and even glutes, but seldom should you have heard of an exercise regimen that focuses on opening the hip flexors. That is why the program “Unlock the hip flexors” by Rick Kaselj and Mike Westerdal has caught our attention. According to the creators, this program has been designed in such a way that it serves to strengthen this muscle group that would otherwise be ignored. They also state that the use of this product will help in the elimination of back and joint pain while contributing to an overall improvement in posture. In addition to these, the product is supposed to help with many other things, like your immunity and overall energy levels. [Disclaimer: This link is an affiliate marketing link, I will receive a commission when I make a purchase using this link] Sounds like too much stretching? Could it be a scam? We think so too! That is why we set out to review this product and verify if its claims sounded true. In this review of Unlocking Hip Flexors, we’ll take a look at this product in-depth to help you state if a copy is worth investing in for you. What do hip flexors do? The hip flexors are a group of several muscles that cause a flexing movement to join the trunk and legs. These muscles allow you to move your knee or legs toward your torso. They also help you bend your torso forward from your hips. While these muscles are an integral part of so many different activities, they are often ignored simply because enough people don’t know them. Most importantly, when these muscles are ignored, they are more likely to experience tears or a lot of tension when making sudden movements. Even falls are dangerous to these muscles and can cause lasting damage and strain. When it comes to the actual work of the hip flexors, they are for flexion. Flexing refers to “joining”. When the flexor muscles contract, they tend to bring two bones together that help bend the joints. When it comes to the hip flexors, these muscles link the leg bones and the hip bones. If your hip has already been flexed, these muscles are not being worked on. This usually happens when you are sitting. This is why a sedentary lifestyle is the fastest way to end tight or weak hip flexors. The main reason or this is that such a lifestyle keeps the flexors in a shortened position, without harnessing their true potential. With your hip flexors weakened or tight, you will experience issues like back pain, limited range of motion, hip pain, poor posture, and even make you prone to further injury. The best way to combat these risks is to give your hip flexor muscles a good workout with basic movements like climbing stairs, raising your legs, running, jogging, or even riding a stationary bike. What muscles make up the hip flexors? The following muscles in your body come together to form the hip flexors. Rectus femoris muscle: This muscle is an integral part of the four key quadriceps muscles that link the pelvis to the knees through the patellar tendon. The best way to engage this muscle is with lunges and squats. Iliac muscle: It is a flat, triangular muscle that is located at the deepest ends of the pelvis. It joins from the thigh bone to the pelvis, and its main function is to allow rotation and flexion in the thighs. Main Psoas Muscle – This is a deep muscle that acts as the connector between the leg and the spine, and is the only muscle that performs this integral function. The psoas major muscle passes through the pelvis from the lower back and passes to the front of the hips, where it will meet the femur known as the femur. Pectineus muscle: This is a quadrangular muscle that lies flat on the upper part of the inner thigh. It is generally known to the public as the groin muscle. The flat pectineus muscle is primarily responsible for hip flexion, as well as rotation of its adducts and thighs. Basically, it brings the legs together when the muscles contract, allowing movement. Sartorius muscle: The long, thin sartorius muscle descends from the pelvis to the knee, along the thigh. In addition, it also helps flex the leg and knee during movement. Many people do not know that it is also the longest muscle in our body. Although you use these muscles for a wide variety of activities, they are generally ignored, as they are not among the most talked-about muscles. Many people don’t know how important they are when it comes to bending over, walking, running, twisting, or even stepping. So it is important to keep your hip flexors well exercised at all times. [Disclaimer: This link is an affiliate marketing link, I will receive a commission when I make a purchase using this link] Why should I be concerned about tight hip flexors? By now, you must have understood that the hip flexor muscles are an important muscle group in more ways than one. It’s obvious that tight hip flexors will make every activity you do difficult, from just walking or jogging to more complex movements like lifting weights and dancing. In addition to this, weak or tight hip flexors will also cause a wide variety of health problems, such as: 1.Digestive problems and discomfort. 2.Problems balancing the body. 3.Joint and back pain. 4.Difficulty in movements such as running and jogging. 5.Insomnia and poor sleep patterns. 6.Painful discomfort in the hip area. 7.Weakened immune system. 8.A loss of sexual desire and sexual desire. 9.Cardiovascular problems and heart-related problems. 10.Locked hips and the resulting hip pain. 11.Increased chance of injury when exercising or playing sports. As you may have already noticed, these symptoms are in a wide range, and millions of people around the world suffer from these symptoms. However, many of them are unlikely to realize that this is due to hip flexion. In fact, many people don’t realize that tight hip flexors can affect overall health, and not just in the hip-pelvis area. How to look for tight hip flexors? By now, you must have realized that tight hip flexors are the devil and that they can severely affect the quality of your life. However, to combat the problem of tight hip flexors, all you need to do are a few stretches that will help open and unlock the potential of these muscles. It’s that easy! But how will you know if the hip flexors are blocked or weakened? Here are some telltale signs of tight hip flexors: - She has stiff or tight hips and feels the tension constantly. - You have trouble moving your hips freely during exercises like your lung, stretching, running, or even biking. - Your posture is tilted forward or is swaying backward due to a tilted pelvis. Poor posture, in general, is a telltale sign. - The muscles in the front of the hips tend to ache all the time or feel tender to the touch. If you’re having trouble with any of these, you may be suffering from tight hip flexors. However, there is no need to worry! In this review, we’ll look at how the “Unlock Hip Flexors” trick can help in more ways than one. [Disclaimer: This link is an affiliate marketing link, I will receive a commission when I make a purchase using this link] Why do I need to “unlock hip flexors” if I can just stretch on Google to help me? This is surely a question that may have crossed your mind. But we are strictly against doing exercises or stretching that you simply picked up from the Internet. The main reason for this is that the information available online can be written by almost anyone and may not take into account the various differences in their unique physiology. Plus, the stretch info you get online can give you the theory and logic behind the moves, but actually teaching you how to do it correctly is a bit out of reach. In the case of any exercise, the proper form is the most important thing to ensure that you get the best benefits. Simply making a move and doing it with expert guidance and guidance is completely different. By simply choosing to go blind, you risk injury and worsen your condition. Instead, for the best results, following the advice of a certified professional is your best option. Who are Rick Kaselj and Mike Westerdal? Rick Kaselj is a specialist and is certified in the treatment of sports injuries. This US-based trainer and kinesiologist is well versed in this field and has extensive knowledge in treating bodies that suffer from one or another medical condition that makes movement difficult. He is known among sports circles as someone who works hard to keep his clientele fit and healthy with well-researched, trustworthy advice. In addition, as someone who deals with athletes and athletes, he has seen all kinds of injuries and has also become an expert in the treatment of their rehabilitation. Kaselj has given over 300 live performances to over 8,000 healthcare professionals in the US and even in neighboring Canada. This demonstrates his experience in the field of physical fitness and athletic rehabilitation. The co-creator of this product, Mike Westerdal, is another health fanatic who has spent years researching how the body works and how it is possible to stay fit through the right balance of food and exercise. He is a certified health fanatic who regularly collaborates with top YouTube Fitness channels to provide helpful information to achieve his health goals. Kaselj had really helped Mike Westerdal’s wife with discomfort and chronic pain that riddled his hips. It didn’t take more than fifteen minutes for the kinesiologist to unlock his hips, and that left Mike completely impressed by the techniques used by Kaselj. They then came together to create the “Unlock Hip Flexors” program to help others in the same situation make the most of these techniques. What exactly is the Unlock Your Hip Flexors program? As its name suggests “Unlock Hip Flexors” is a program that focuses on teaching you exercises and stretches that will help open up weak or tight hip flexors. This program will teach you how you can open your hip flexor muscles to relieve pain, improve flexibility, improve mobility, and improve your overall health and well-being. Since the creators of this program have designed it in such a way, it is a simple enough regimen that you can follow successfully. This is what you will receive with the “Unlock Hip Flexors” program. - A DVD that includes around ten specialized exercises to help you activate your hip flexor muscles. They are packed with information in the right way and with the right training. - The program also includes a manual that is equipped with very specific stretches for the hip flexor muscle group. Along with this section, you will receive content that talks about the effects of muscle shortening on your overall well-being and health. - The 63-page manual also comes with detailed descriptions and relevant images to help you stretch without the risk of injury or worsening of your condition. - Bonus one: unlock the hamstrings: We’ve told you that tight psoas muscles are susceptible to tears and injury. The same goes for your hamstrings. The hamstrings, which are responsible for all leg movements, can be extremely painful in cases of tears and will definitely hamper your ability to move. With this bonus, you can prevent this pain by practicing the correct stretches and exercises. - Bonus two: Seven-day anti-inflammatory diet: This personalized nutrition program is a great addition to your regimen. It comes equipped with meal plans, dietary recommendations, sample shopping lists, and supplement tips to equip your body to heal itself from the inside out. The best part of the “Unlock Hip Flexors” program is that the information it contains is well researched and therefore reliable. The quality of the information in this product is undoubtedly excellent, and many users of all ages and activity levels will surely find it useful. In addition, the creators have made sure to emphasize the “how” of hip flexors and their impact on your health. They have devoted an entire section to describing how this muscle group can virtually make or break the overall quality of your life and help you have a healthy and fit body. With the basics of hip flexor biomechanics and a bit of anatomy experience, even a beginner will be able to accurately understand the “why” and “how” of stretching and exercising in this program. [Disclaimer: This link is an affiliate marketing link, I will receive a commission when I make a purchase using this link] Advantages of the program “Unlock the hip flexors” Let’s take a look at the best benefits of the program developed by Rick Kaselj and Mike Westerdal. Complete Manual When performing any aerobic exercise or activity, it is necessary to do it correctly to avoid injury. Therefore, the fact that this program comes equipped with a comprehensive manual detailing the correct form and posture is a great advantage. Not only are there detailed images, but the content in text and video format ensures that it does not accumulate as easily. If you are someone trying to do a stretch or movement, the two formats will help you perfect it and get the best benefit from the movement. In our opinion, video is the best way to prevent unwanted injury or strain. Some of the important information includes the “structural balance” section of the book that will guide you to improve posture and movement to prevent degeneration of your structure with age. Low time commitment We know there is no shortage of the right products on the market. However, in most cases, these programs require a longer commitment on your part to be as effective as your claims. With the “Unlock Hip Flexors” program, even the busiest of us can enjoy the benefits of exercise without having to spend ungodly hours perfecting a routine. Even if you find between 10 and fifteen minutes every day, it will be enough to get the desired results and enjoy better mobility. Profitable and economical Typically, a simple and effective home training video created by industry experts will cost you a few hundred dollars, if not more. However, what we like about this program is its low price. At a cost of less than $ 30, this product won’t require you to wait until the end of the month to buy. Also, given the number of theoretical information creators have included, it’s not much to just cough up the dozens and place your order. Versatile program content If you are a novice, or even if you have been a gym rat forever, this product will surely have something for you. Unlike other products that are specific to a particular fitness level, “Unlock Hip Flexors” is versatile and suits people of all fitness levels. If you search online, you will find that people across the spectrum have enjoyed the benefits of this program with regular practice. Deliver on promises As we specified earlier, this program promises to help you in more ways than one. While some claims like reduced back pain and less stiffness are credible, we were a little skeptical of others. However, by researching the experiences of other people, we discovered that this product has met its claims and has actually improved the overall quality of life for many people. People with severe neck pain, joint stiffness, low back pain, poor posture, and low core resistance have found this product to be quite effective in changing this. Reliable creators Since Kaselj and Westerdal are credible professionals and not a quack looking to make a quick buck, we found it to be a safe investment. The chances of causing harm to your body are much less, as the creators have put a lot of thought and experience into creating the routines. Basically rest easy and follow the show as the creators know what they are talking about. Money-back guarantee We always stand behind products that have a money-back guarantee, as this shows how trustworthy and reliable the manufacturers are. This product comes with a 60-day money-back guarantee. So if you feel like you are not getting your money’s worth from this product, you can easily request a refund. [Disclaimer: This link is an affiliate marketing link, I will receive a commission when I make a purchase using this link] Cons of the program “Unlock the hip flexors” Let’s take a look at the main disadvantages of the program developed by Rick Kaselj and Mike Westerdal. Digital product We did say that the videos on this show were a benefit, and they are. However, the fact is, since “Unlock Hip Flexors” is a digital program, you will need a computer or similar device to access the content. If you want to access the information in your online center while practicing, it can be a bit difficult. However, to make sure you don’t skip steps or make mistakes, just print it out! Most of the programs these days are online anyway. Unnecessary accessories We generally oppose products that buy too many add-ons. After all, we pay for the program, so why not include all the important things in it? In the case of this program, you will be besieged by too many additional promotions. This may be a sales tactic, but that doesn’t make it any less annoying. Generic information Even if you decide to go with the plugins, you may be disappointed to find that the information included is generic at best. Diet tips and feeding recommendations are not something you have not previously implemented and applied. We recommend giving a full pass to additional sales. My Views On Review Of Unlock Your Hip Flexors Revamped As we said before, this program surely has something for everyone. However, if you’re already in great shape and don’t have a lot of hip flexor issues, you don’t need this product. That said, the stretches and movements in this product are such that they will help improve the mobility and flexibility of whoever chooses to train with it. If you like to push yourself and work for results, this program may seem a little slow to you. However, if you want to unlock tight hip flexors and improve your posture, mobility, pain, and stiffness levels, this may be the right choice for you. With a small investment of time, you will notice changes in a few weeks and you will enjoy a more mobile and healthy body. [Disclaimer: This link is an affiliate marketing link, I will receive a commission when I make a purchase using this link] My Knees pain-related post: Feel Good Knees For Fast Pain Relief Review Those who spend the day sitting or lead a sedentary life will see that this product greatly improves the health of the back, neck, shoulders, and spine. We often forget how important stretching is to our overall health. However, with this product, it is easy to slip into the routine of confidence in your routine without sweating too much. As is the case with many other things, determination and regular practice are essential to get the best results from this program.

While many people see the stock exchange as their primary option for investing, the truth is that it is only of on several alternatives. Expanding a profile with various other investments is an ideal means to protect your finances as well as secure your future. Gold, silver, and other precious metals use simply this opportunity. Silver Gold Company There are a multitude of gold investment firm available. While some competitors is a good thing, it can also make it more of a challenge to figure out which company will certainly provide what you’re seeking. We have actually assembled reviews of 5 of the leading gold investment companies to help simplify your choice so you can choose the most effective firm to meet your needs and protect your monetary future. Gold Investment Company Reviews: GOLDCO – Our Top Recommendation They provide a big choice of gold and silver coins and bars for IRAs. Establishing a brand-new Precious Metals Individual Retirement Account or surrendering an existing Individual Retirement Account is very easy, and a member of Goldco’s group is always available to assist you with the process. Goldco is an A+ rated business with the Bbb. Cons:. Platinum and Palladium aren’t offered by Goldco for Valuable Metals IRAs. There are a great deal of great gold investment firm around but Goldco is the one we most highly suggest. They are an A+ ranked firm with the Better Business Bureau and likewise have a Three-way A rating from business Customer partnership. Because of this a relied on as well as well-established business, you actually can not fail when you pick to buy silver or gold with Goldco. Goldco specialized in Gold and Silver IRAs, also called Rare-earth elements of self-directed IRAs. Establishing a Valuable Metals IRA with Goldco are a suitable method to expand your profile and also shield you from the highly unpredictable stock exchange. As highly-sought after rare-earth elements gold and silver both make an exceptional financial investment. Their worth has stayed steady for many years and also has a tendency to rise when the economic climate or stock exchange are not doing as well. Silver Gold Company Gold and silver are also being used more and more for manufacturing and also brand-new modern technologies, meaning their need will only remain to grow as we change into an extra technologically-advanced future. When you choose to market your financial investment upon retired life or a later date, you’ll have no trouble obtaining money for your silver or gold, which is not the situation with some other financial investment types, like realty. Goldco specializes in helping its clients established Gold IRAs. A Gold IRA is one kind of self-directed IRA where individuals are enabled to hold gold, as opposed to stocks or bonds, in their IRA. Setting up a self-directed IRA with Goldco is simple. Visit their internet site, and also take a few minutes to fill in an application to open a new IRA. You’ll after that pick just how you prepare to money your IRA, and also transfer cash to the brand-new account. Once the cash has actually been obtained by Goldco, you can pick the gold items you would like to include in your Individual Retirement Account. Goldco provides both gold coins and bars for Gold IRAs. All of these coins and bars satisfy the Internal Revenue Service needs of being 99.5% pure and also can be held in IRA accounts. Given that silver is more economical than gold, you’ll be able to add even more to your Precious Metals Individual Retirement Account for the very same price you ‘d pay to purchase simply a couple of gold coins or bars. Due to IRS policies, silver should be 99.99% pure to be kept in a silver IRA. Goldco supplies various IRS-approved silver coins and also bars for people looking to include silver to their Precious Metals IRA. Numerous silver bars from PAMP Suisse, the Perth Mint, and various other extremely pertained to mints and also refiners. In addition to assisting you set up a new self-directed Precious Metals Individual Retirement Account with silver or gold, Goldco can likewise aid with rolling over an existing Individual Retirement Account into a Precious Metals IRA. Numerous retirement accounts are eligible for a rollover and also will permit you to obtain your new self-directed IRA set up with the funds presently in your account. A member of Goldco’s group can help you comprehend a lot more about the procedure as well as determine if your pension is qualified for a rollover. A Gold or Silver IRA with Goldco supplies the very same tax benefits as a traditional Individual Retirement Account. You can contribute as much as $6,000 each year (or $7,000 if you’re over half a century old) to aid your financial investments continue to grow even more up until you are ready to retire. As soon as you are at the very least 59 1/2, you will, be able to withdraw funds from your account without penalties. If you are interested in finding out more concerning Goldco and also setting up a self-directed Precious Metals Individual Retirement Account, visit their internet site to request the free Self-Directed Individual Retirement Account guide. The overview will certainly aid you recognize what Gold and Silver Individual Retirement Accounts are, exactly how to establish them up and also money them, and also the numerous coins and bars you can contribute to your account. # 2 Birch Gold Group Pros: You can buy rare-earth elements for a self-direct IRA and for individual financial investment. A member of the team will certainly be able to walk you through the process of setting up your account as well as offer investment recommendations. Birch Gold Team has an A+ ranking from the Bbb. Cons:. You’ll require to pay annual storage space, insurance coverage, as well as management fees. Because 2003, Birch Gold Group has actually been working hard to focus on the requirement of their clients. They aim to help each of their consumers find the ideal mix of gold, silver, platinum, as well as palladium to diversify their portfolios as well as secure their wealth. Birch Gold Team provides a well-informed as well as handy customer care group that can assist answer questions or stroll you via the needed actions for purchasing gold. Birch Gold Group can help you set up a Precious Metals IRA to expand your profile. If you want establishing a brand-new IRA or surrendering an existing retirement, the very first step is to open up a brand-new account as well as transfer funds to it. When your account is set up, you’ll have the ability to select the precious metals you wish to contribute to it. A participant of the Birch Gold Group team will certainly be available to aid you find out more regarding this process and deal tailored referrals to aid fulfill your investment needs. After you settle your choice, the expert working with you will certainly complete the purchase for you. Precious metals acquired for an IRA has to be stored in an IRS-approved depository. Birch Gold Group offers their customers a variety of storage space options. One of their highly suggested options is the Delaware Vault that offers $1 billion worth of insurance policy, so you can rest simple knowing your financial investments will certainly be secure. In order to be held in a self-directed IRA, precious metals have to fulfill specific degrees of pureness. These include 99.5% pure gold, 99.9% pure silver, 99.95% pure platinum, and also 99.95% pure palladium. Along with the IRA-approved gold, silver, platinum, as well as palladium choices, you can likewise acquire various other rare-earth elements for a personal financial investment with Birch Gold Team. Some of the available gold and alternatives consist of: # 3 Noble Gold Pros: Noble gold also enables people to purchase digital currencies. Protected storage space options in Noble Gold’s Texas storage facility are offered. Noble Gold provides gold, silver, platinum, as well as palladium for investors. Disadvantages:. Gold Individual Retirement Account rollovers require a minimum of a $5,000 financial investment. Noble Gold is one more gold investment firm you’ll intend to take a close take a look at. Approved with both the Bbb as well as Consumer Affairs, Noble Gold aims to aid each of their clients make the most effective economic decisions feasible without the tension or problem that several relate to spending precious metals. Noble Gold is likewise a member of the Business-Consumer Alliance, the Royal Canadian Mint, and TrustLink. They are highly pertained to and also well-reviewed by their many satisfied consumers. Noble Gold can help you set up a Priceless Metals Individual Retirement Account to aid you secure your investments and also diversify your profile. Gold IRAs obtain just the same tax obligation breaks that standard IRAs get, making them an exceptional alternative for establishing for future monetary success. If you intend to establish a brand-new Rare-earth elements Individual Retirement Account or rollover an existing pension into a Priceless Metals Ira, submit the IRA set up form on the web site. When you’ve finished the kind, a member of the Noble Gold team will certainly call you to help you finish setting up your account as well as start the process of relocating funds to the new account. After your account is funded, you can select the rare-earth elements you would like to have actually added to your new self-directed Individual Retirement Account. Noble Gold provides a big selection of IRS-approved gold, silver, platinum, and also palladium coins and bars. If you like to purchase rare-earth elements for a personal financial investment, as opposed to establishing a self-directed Individual Retirement Account, you can also do that with Noble Gold. Along with being able to purchase the gold, silver, platinum, and palladium coins detailed above, they also supply collections as well as uncommon coins for acquisition. All of the uncommon coins are independently rated and accredited by the NGC (Numismatic Warranty. Capitalists may likewise take into consideration one of the Royal Survival Packs offered by Noble Gold. There are eight various choices that include pre-selected precious metals that are designed to satisfy the requirements of a variety of people. individuals living outside of the United States. When you buy rare-earth elements from Noble Gold, your order will certainly be delivered securely, inconspicuously, and also rapidly to get them to your hands as rapidly as possible. Noble Gold works with countless distributors for gold, silver, platinum, as well as palladium, which enables them to provide their consumers extremely affordable prices for precious metals. If you determine you want to market your precious metals back, Noble Gold’s buy-back program makes it fast and simple so. Another huge benefit of picking Noble Gold is that their team members are simple to work with and will not provide a pushy or high-pressure salesmanship. They want to assist each consumer make the most effective choices for their personal economic needs, and do not push you to choose you aren’t ready to make. Augusta Precious Metals Silver Gold Company Pros: Setting up an IRA is a basic process, as well as a participant of the group will certainly be offered to stroll you with each step. You can buy silver and gold for individual financial investment. They supply numerous IRS-approved storage alternatives for Gold and Silver Individual Retirement Accounts. Disadvantages:. You will certainly need to speak to the firm to locate the complete checklist of IRA-eligible silver and gold coins. Augusta Precious Metals is another exceptional firm to consider if you want to purchase gold or silver. They have received an A+ rating from the Bbb along with exceptional scores from Google, Facebook, TrustLink, and business Consumer Alliance, making them a trusted company to provide your company to. Augusta Rare-earth element’s is dedicated to each customer as well as helping them obtain the very best feasible experience. The business is devoted to being transparent, streamlining the procedure of buying silver and gold for the consumer, and also offering tailored solution to fulfill the requirements of each individual. Among the main items that Augusta Previous Metals concentrates on is aiding consumers establish Gold and Silver IRAs to diversify their portfolios and also protect them versus future stock exchange declines. They strive to make the procedure of establishing an Individual Retirement Account as simple as possible as well as offer sustain each step of the means. They can likewise assist you determine whether an existing pension is eligible to be rolled over into a new Precious Metals self-directed IRA. Augusta Rare-earth elements supplies a big option of IRS-approved gold and silver coins that can be added to a Precious Metals IRA. One more alternative you’ll have with Augusta Priceless Metals is the possibility to buy silver or gold for an individual investment. Purchasing silver and gold as an individual financial investment comes with much of the exact same advantages related to purchasing them for a retirement savings account. You can safeguard your portfolio by diversifying your financial investments along with shield yourself against a reduction in the value of the buck. To make a personal financial investment in gold or silver, set up your account, transfer funds, then choose the coins or bars you would love to buy. Augusta Rare-earth elements supplies silver and gold bullion in addition to superior silver and gold for acquisition. Acquisitions with Augusta Valuable Metals ship for free with totally free insurance policy. Each product is firmly and also discreetly packaged to supply further security. Silver Gold Company Regal Assets Pros:. Rare-earth elements for Individual retirement accounts are saved in safe and secure, IRS-approved storage centers. You can choose from segregated and fully-insured storage alternatives for personal financial investments. You can likewise invest in cryptocurrencies with Regal Assets. Cons:. The choice of gold, silver, platinum, and also palladium is not as large as you’ll discover with some other firms. Whether you’re looking to expand your portfolio with precious metals or cryptocurrencies, you’ll wish to have a look at what Regal Properties has to use. Regal Properties was founded by Tyler Gallagher greater than a decade back and has actually come to be a highly-trusted name in the rare-earth elements’ investment company. They belong to the Forbes Financing Council and also use a dedicated team of seasoned and also educated financiers to help their customers make the very best economic choices for their specific circumstances. Regal Properties can assist you establish a brand-new Precious Metals IRA. They offer a huge choice of gold, silver, platinum, and also palladium coins and bars that are authorized by the IRS for holding in an IRA. If you intend to set up a brand-new Rare-earth elements IRA with Regal Possession, just complete the online type to get in the information necessary to establish an account as well as fund it. When the funds have shown up right into your account, you’ll be able to pick the coins as well as bars you would love to purchase. Regal Assets. Along with helping people established a new Precious Metals IRA, Regal Properties can additionally aid you rollover an existing pension into a Valuable Metals Individual Retirement Account. If you are uncertain whether your current retirement account is qualified for a rollover, connect to a member of the Regal Properties team, as well as they can help you figure out if it is qualified. Regal Assets provides different gold, silver, platinum, and also palladium coins as well as bars that satisfy the Internal Revenue Service’ laws. Gold should be 99.5% pure, silver, need to be 99.9% pure, and platinum as well as palladium must be 99.95% pure to be kept in an IRA. One thing that makes Regal Assets stand out when compared to many various other gold investment firm is that they likewise use the chance to buy cryptocurrencies. This is yet an additional method to expand your profile and deal better protection against the ups and downs of the securities market or a damaged United States dollar. Several of the cryptocurrencies you can buy with Regal Assets include Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tezos, Zcash, Litecoin, Stellar, as well as XRP. Regal Properties also offers special financial investment plans. These bundles are developed to streamline the investment procedure, which can be frustrating, as well as deal pre-selected coins and bars at various cost factors. There are six different bundles to pick from:. Merchant Plan: $5,000 investment. Knighthood Package: $10,000 financial investment. Heritage Profile: $25,000 investment. Royalty Profile: $50,000 investment. Empire Portfolio: $100,000 investment. Coronation Portfolio: $250,000 financial investment. Factor to consider in Picking. Before selecting a gold investment firm, gone through our list of factors to consider below. Taking a while to pick the appropriate company to meet your needs will help ensure that you’re satisfied with the procedure as well as receive the solutions you’re seeking. Credibility and also Experience. Just like any other investments or large acquisitions, you intend to do your research and also choose a trustworthy and credible firm. Pick a company that has multiple years of experiences and also high consumer evaluations. Seeking business with an A+ rating from the Better Business Bureau or ones that are accredited with Customer Matters might supply added assurance. Investment Options. Next, you’ll wish to think about the numerous financial investment options used by each business. Determine whether they only offer Valuable Steels Individual retirement accounts, or if they supply the choice to acquire gold, silver, or various other precious steels for personal investments. Then, take a look at the option of precious metals they provide. Can you invest in gold, silver, platinum, and palladium, or will you be limited to just gold and silver? The number of coins as well as bars are offered for IRAs, and the amount of are readily available for personal financial investments. Some gold investment companies also allow people to purchase cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin. If this is something you believe you would certainly want, be sure to search for a company that supplies this alternative. Charges. You might require to examine the small print, but you’ll also want to examine the fees you’ll require to pay. Will you require to pay for shipping or insurance coverage for your rare-earth elements? Exist yearly charges connected with Individual retirement accounts? Will you be billed for anything else? Answering these concerns might assist you better contrast two firms that you’re torn between. Customer Support as well as Support. Establishing a Gold IRA can be tough. You may additionally be charged different costs if you don’t transfer funds from an existing retirement to a new one. Discovering a company that supplies excellent customer support is a must. You desire someone practical that will stroll you though each step in the procedure of either establishing a brand-new IRA or surrendering an existing retirement account. In addition, finding an investment company that will give you with recommendations and advice if you aren’t certain exactly what you wish to buy can likewise be useful. Top Select. All of the gold business we assessed above are relied on as well as appreciated alternatives to aid you establish a Valuable Metals IRA or invest in gold, silver, platinum, or palladium. We had to select Goldco as our top pick. There is a whole lot we like regarding Goldco. They are an A+ rated business with the Better Organization Bureau and have a Three-way A rating from the Business Consumer Alliance. Goldco makes it easy to set up or rollover a Valuable Metals IRA; their staff member are really knowledgeable and also useful as well as will address any concerns or problems you might have. Goldco offers a great option of IRS-approved silver and gold coins and also bars that you can add to your IRA. Purchasing silver and gold with Goldco can assist expand your profile and also shield you against decrease in the stock exchange. We believe you’ll be happy with your choice to purchase silver or gold with Goldco. See their web site today to request your complimentary Self-Directed Individual Retirement Account guide or to join to get your new Precious Metals Individual Retirement Account started! Frequently Asked Questions 1. Why should I purchase gold or various other precious metals? Buying gold, silver, platinum, and palladium provide a wonderful way to diversify your investment portfolio. Unlike the unstable stock exchange, rare-earth elements usually hold their worth rather regularly. They are also in limited supply on Earth, which makes them more unusual and also extremely in-demand. Rare-earth elements are commonly connected with precious jewelry, however the reality is that they are used in a range of different means which keeps them in high demand. This consists of utilizes related to technological developments, which will just remain to boost over the coming years. Spending some of your money in gold, silver, platinum, or palladium will certainly allow you to diversify your profile. This is extremely a good idea to secure you against an abrupt slump in the stock exchange. If every one of your assets are held in the securities market and also the securities market crashes right around the moment you prepare to retire, you might face a great deal of financial stress and anxiety. Nonetheless, if some of your properties are held in precious metals, you will be much less adversely influenced. Rare-earth elements are also extremely easy to sell off when you are ready to offer them. Given that they remain in such high demand, you must have no trouble discovering a buyer. This is not the case with real estate or some other investment alternatives. 2. When is the most effective time to get gold? It goes without claiming that you intend to acquire gold when it goes to the most affordable rate feasible. While this isn’t constantly easy, there are a couple of indications that can aid you recognize if it is a great time to buy excellent. Normally, the price of gold climbs as the stock market decreases. If you can purchase gold before the stock market is expected to take a big drop, it is most likely a good suggestion. Discovering exactly how to check on the securities market futures can help you predict when you ought to purchase gold. Hearing that a reserve bank is going to start printing even more money is additionally often an indication that the price of gold is about to increase because the worth of gold increases as the value of the national currency drops. 3. What is a Gold IRA? A gold Individual Retirement Account is one type of Self-Directed Individual Retirement Account, or Individual Retirement Account. Gold IRAs enable individuals to purchase gold, silver, platinum, or palladium in their pension, rather than the supplies and also bonds with a traditional IRA. Gold IRAs supply the exact same tax obligation benefits of various other types of pension, yet may be subject to greater fees. The benefit of choosing to establish a Gold IRA is that you’ll be able to diversify your portfolio by holding some rare-earth elements as opposed to all supplies and bonds. Lot of times, you can also surrender an existing IRA right into a Gold IRA. 4. What portion of my portfolio should I hold in gold? The right percentage of a portfolio to devote to gold financial investments will certainly vary by individual. Consider your convenience level with various sorts of investments as well as your current age. If you are close to retiring, professionals advise against making riskier investments. If you are years away from retired life, you might really feel extra comfy taking a larger risk and investing more cash in gold. You can additionally change the portion of your profile kept in gold by very closely complying with the cost of gold and the stock exchange. This is riskier though, given that if you don’t move quickly sufficient you could lose a great deal of money. 5. Where can I buy gold? Gold is offered in coin stores or from bullion dealers. You might be able to find a neighborhood bullion dealer or coin shop in your location if you want purchasing personally. Before checking out a dealer, you will certainly intend to research their online reputation and service methods to ensure you pick someone reputable. It is likewise an excellent suggestion to establish the present cost of gold and also bring it with you to make certain you don’t get scammed. Along with buying gold face to face, there are a variety of on-line gold investment firm. They offer a huge choice of gold coins and also bars in addition to various other rare-earth elements that you can acquire for a personal investment or for beginning a self-directed Individual Retirement Account. You should additionally inspect the testimonials and also rankings for a gold investment company prior to giving them your business. 6. Should every one of my cash be purchased gold? No, all of your money must not be purchased gold. Gold should be utilized to expand your portfolio to secure against abrupt losses in the stock market. If all of your money was purchased gold, you could face comparable problems to having all of your money invested in the stock exchange. If the rate of gold takes place to lower, your entire portfolio would certainly reduce in worth. If just a section of your profile is bought gold as well as the rate of gold decreases, you will not take as huge of an economic hit. When you spend several of your money in precious metals, whether via a self-directed IRA or as a personal financial investment, you are expanding your financial investments to supply even more security must the stock market accident. In the event the securities market does collapse quickly prior to you prepare to retire or require to access your money for one more function, your losses will certainly be less considerable if you have cash bought other locations. Gold investment companies are made to make it simple for people to expand their portfolio by buying gold, silver, platinum, or palladium coins and also bars. Some also offer the chance to invest in cryptocurrencies now. A gold investment firm can be a superb resource whether you simply intend to grab a couple of gold coins or bars to hold in your house secure, would like to go after a huge investment to be secured in a vault, or want surrendering or establishing a brand-new self-directed Individual Retirement Account, commonly called a gold Individual Retirement Account.

GBE Industrial Revolution to 1999 Chronology 1700s 1712 Thomas Newcomen developed first commercial steam engine, - the beginning of the industrial revolution, - burning fossil fuel and releasing Carbon Dioxide GBE Industrial Revolution to 1999 Chronology 1800s 1832 Quakers Founded - Friends Provident - Financial provisions created by a community for the benefit of the community - More about them in 1984 1832 First Electric Car - Robert Anderson is believed to have developed the first version of an electric car. - The reliability and lower pollutant emission rates of electric cars made them a popular choice for well-to-do suburbanites. - The absence of smelly fuel was cited as a huge plus point for them. - (Autotrader ’21) 1850 Global Population: 1.2 billion, Atmospheric CO2: 285 ppm, Temperature Rise: -0.2 degrees C 1859 CO2 Linked to climate: - John Tyndall, Irish scientist, - concludes that because CO2 molecules can absorb heat, - changes in the CO2 in the atmosphere would change climate. 1886 First motor car patented: - Karl Benz patents first gasoline car engine design. 1896 Combustion linked to rising temperature: - Svante Arrhenius, Swedish scientist, - concludes that doubling of CO2 would raise global temperatures by 5-6 degrees C - (now thought to be 2-3 degrees C) GBE Industrial Revolution to 1999 Chronology 1900s 1900 Traces of CO2 absorb heat: - Knut Angstrom, Swedish scientist, - discovers that even small concentrations of CO2 can absorb heat. 1900s electric cars - At the start of the 1900s, electric cars accounted for a third of all vehicles on the road - better numbers than we witness even now in the 21st century. - (Autotrader ’21) 1900s decline in popularity of electric cars - The development of better road surfaces, as well as the discovery of cheap crude oil reserves in Texas, made owning and operating a petrol or diesel car considerably more appealing to the average motorist. - With gas stations becoming a common sight in most towns and villages across the world, electricity soon lost the battle of convenience. - (Autotrader ’21) 1914 First commercial passenger airline flight: - First fixed wing flights within Florida USA, - burning fossil fuel and adding CO2 to the atmosphere. 1935 There were practically no eco-friendly EV cars left on the road. - (Autotrader ’21) 1939 Hottest 5 years recoded: - Guy Stewart Callendar, British stem engineer, - finds weather stations all recording increasing temperatures. 1952 The Great Smog of London: 5 day smog event (Smoke and Fog) in London reduced visibility and killed an estimated 4,500 people. (See 1956) GBE Industrial Revolution to 1999 Chronology 1950s 1955 Building Regulations and Health - BRS Report BR 289 1955 Building Regulations and Safety - BRS Report BR 290 1956 NGS Founder Brian Murphy born 1956 The First Clean Air Act - To control Smog (Smoke and Fog) - Meant some fires and boilers could not be used in certain areas if they generated smoke - Fuel industry generated a range of smokeless fuels and Smokeless fuel burners, open fires are used less and less 1956 Sellafield, world’s first commercial nuclear reactor, - not burning of fossil fuel but generating radioactive waste with no solution to its safe ‘disposal’ 1957 Confirmed increase in Global Carbon: - Roger Revelle and Hans Suess, US scientists, - recorded increasing levels of global atmospheric carbon. 1957 The Treaty of Rome - The beginnings of the Common Market - Established rule that no member state could create or maintain technical barriers against goods or services from other member states 1958 Charles David Keeling proves CO2 Increase: - Charles David Keeling begins systematic measuring of CO2 to chart global increase - (Keeling Curve) 1958 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament - CND Aldermarston March publicly questioned both the sanity and the morality of nuclear weaponry 1959 M1 UK’s first Motorway - re-routed to save a forest, GBE Industrial Revolution to 1999 Chronology 1960s 1960 Global Population: 3 billion, Atmospheric CO2: 317 ppm, Temperature Rise: +0.03 degrees C 1961 Public Health Act - Sets the way for a new system of national Building Regulations - to replace Local By-laws 1961 Amnesty International Founded - Founded to oppose political imprisonment, torture and executions 1961 Construction (General Provisions) Regulations - SI 1961/1580 1962 Silent Spring - Book by Rachel Carson - galvanises US public outrage over use of pesticides. - USA 1965 Unsafe at any speed - Book by Ralph Nader - exposes Detroit’s disregard for auto-safety - kick starts the US Consumer Movement. - Detroit USA 1965 Building Regulations - A big change from what had gone before - Much more stringent than Local By-laws and now nation-wide except London - Introduced ‘Deemed to Satisfy Provisions’ - Set the standard for future legislation for the Construction Industry - 7 amendments follow, up to 1971 1965 Nuclear Installations Act - Imposes a duty of care on licensee’s to ensure that certain matters do not cause injury to any person or damage any property of any person. - set up by government - hot on the heels of the Building Regulations 1965 1966 Agrément Board - Offers manufacturers opportunity to have 3rd party independent assessment and test of products - which do not meet ‘Deemed to Satisfy provisions’ of the Building Regulations, current British Standards or Code of Practice - but achieve a useful purpose and need some form of verification. 1966 Agrément Certificates - They became a useful promotional aid and helps get Building Regulation approvals - Equivalent bodies exist throughout Europe - But there is reluctance to accept another country’s Certificates 1967 Torrey Canyon Oil Slick - Serious ecological damage done by oil slick off Cornish coast - from the wrecked oil tanker 1968 Construction (Working Places) Regulations - SI 1966/94 1968-1973 Soaring Car Fuel prices - With the OPEC-fuelled oil crisis in full swing - Shortages of fossil fuel, as well as a sharp increase in costs, suddenly turned attention back towards EV alternatives. - (Autotrader ’21) 1969 Performance parameters & performance specification in architectural design. - BRS CP 23/69: 1969 Performance specifications for building components. - BRS CP 37/69: 1969 Americans put man on the moon and get him back again GBE Industrial Revolution to 1999 Chronology 1970s 1970 Power to the people - USA: First concerted shareholder action campaign on an ethical issue - launched against General Motors. 1970’s First Oil Crisis - OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries) predominantly Middle East countries, producing most of the worlds crude oil, - create a cartel to fix the price of a barrel of oil significantly higher than previously - USA, UK and many other countries who were reliant on outside sources for fuel suffered greatly at rising costs 1970’s First Oil Crisis - Although USA is a major producer of Crude oil it still purchases much of its oil elsewhere since it is a prolific consumer of fuel - It became viable for the UK to extract North Sea Oil and Gas 1970’s First Oil Crisis - The Chinese centuries earlier invented the wok to reduce their demand for fuel since they had no natural resources of fuel and so little tree coverage to burn. - Unlike in the West we use vast amounts of energy to heat water to heat food to then throw away the hot water and eat the food. 1970’s First Oil Crisis - Initially the Chinese suffered like everybody else, after a while they decided to become less dependant on fuel rather than pay the extra cost. - They set about looking at every aspect of their lives and sought to improve their efficiency and to reduce their demands by asking the whole population and all the work forces to put suggestions forward. 1970’s First Oil Crisis - Unlike the West who would have taken the top ten ideas and implemented them - the Chinese set about implementing them all - pay back periods and unprofitable did not come into the question - Australia Power Utilities insulated buildings for free so they would not have to build any more power station 1970’s Second Oil Crisis - When the second oil crisis occurred, - this time generated by the OPEC counties being concerned about the way their resources were being squandered by the West - the USA, UK and many other countries dependant on outside fuel sources - stood back in horror, and paid even more for their crude oil. 1970’s Second Oil Crisis - The Chinese just stood back and said “Crisis, What crisis?”. - They were almost autonomous of the world oil market and probably will remain so despite a growing population - OPEC’s achieved their goal with the Chinese and Australia, not so the West - Now the USA goes to War to defend its oil sources. - Comparative figures - USA consumes 5 times the international average of energy per capita - UK consumes 2 times the international average of energy per capita - There is a lesson to be learned - On their own individuals feel incapable of making any difference - Together they can move mountains - only Goverments can orchestrate and galvanize all of the people at the same time - Governments must act and act swiftly - One bit at a time - We can all do our bit for the environment, no matter how small, - Everything we do now will have a long term effect because its likely to be there for a long time. - Lots of little interventions will lead to a great deal, - the more you do, the more you might influence others around you. - We did not learn then - For a decade or so Energy Consciousness was high on the agenda - The AJ published extensively on the subject - As a technician and student I read about it and saw it happening extensively in Europe but I never experienced it in the UK - We did not learn then - Some practices set out to do something - Some have specialised in it - For many it was a fashion-thing - Most never touched it - Were they still reeling from the 1965 Building Regulations? - If they were, their in for a shock in the future - Will we learn this time? - I think we will - because legislation will eventually force us to - or we can take the initiative and address the issues ourselves now - we are here today - which is a step in the right direction 1970s EV’s blip in popularity - Renewed interest led to the creation of a number of briefly popular cars. - (Autotrader ’21) 1971 EV Lunar Rover - Demonstrated the power of electric cars to the world as it became the first-ever manned vehicle used on the moon. - EV cars looking like a viable future alternative if you live on the moon. - (Autotrader ’21) 1971 5th amendment to 1965 Building Regulations - Following Ronan Point Towerblock collapses after a gas explosion - Part D revised to take account of accidental overloading by local explosion in buildings over 5 storey - 2 Canadians unhappy about US nuclear testing - rode rubber boats into the US Nuclear testing areas - to disrupt and prevent activity - and draw public attention to what was still happening 1971 Pax World Fund - The first ethical fund - is launched in the USA 1972 Agrément Board New Director - Tom Lant succeeds first Director, Tom Parker 1972 Building Regulations - Metric version of the Building Regulations - brings together all the past 7 amendments and 1965 Regulations 1972 Small is Beautiful - E F Schumacher publishes - ‘Small is beautiful’ - the classic text of green economic thought 1972 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) formed. - First UN Conference on the environment focuses on pollution, atomic testing and whaling. 1972 Limits of Growth: Published by the Club of Rome 1972 Blueprint for Survival by the Ecologist magazine 1973 Agrément Board Test unit set up - Technical Development Manager appointed - to promote Agrément idea 1973 Stewardship Unit Trust - Attempts begin to win - Department of Trade approval of the - Stewardship Unit Trust - Supporting positive activities - In seeking to identify activities which make a positive contribution to society - Stewardship pays particular attention to the following: - Supplying the basic necessities of life - Providing high quality products and services which are a long term benefit to the community - Supporting positive activities - Conservation of energy & natural resources - Environmental improvements and pollution control - Good relations with customers and suppliers - Good employment practices - Training and education - Strong community involvement - A good equal opportunities record - Openness about company activity - Seeking to avoid negative activities - In identifying activities which harm the world or its inhabitants - Stewardship are particularly concerned with the following: - Environmental Damage and Pollution - Unnecessary exploitation of animals - Trade with or operations in oppressive regimes - Seeking to avoid negative activities - Exploitation of Third World countries - Manufacture and sale of weapons - Nuclear Power - Tobacco and alcohol production - Gambling - Pornography - Offensive or misleading advertising 1973 Social Audit - Public Interest Research Centre - publishes first Social Audit 1973 CITES - Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species - Appendix I & II. - Restricts use of Hardwoods - relating to Building Performance 1974 Powdered Milk & 3rd World - Campaigners target the marketing of powdered baby milk - in the Third World by multinationals 1974 ChloroFlouroCarbons (CFCs) linked to the breakdown of ozone layer. - Mario Molina, Mexican Scientist and Frank Sherwood Rowland, US Scientist discover link 1974 Control of Pollution Act - to control pollution of surface water 1974 Health & Safety at Work Act - designed to protect the employee from environmental hazards in the workplace - This act continues to enable the enactment of European Directives. - Examples: VDT Operator Directive Manual Handling Directive - SI 1974/ 1974-1977 Sebring-Vanguard’s Citicar highlights the potential that EV cars have. - (Autotrader ’21) 1975 “Global Warming” first coined - Wallace Smith Broecker, US Scientist, uses term in a paper. 1975 Everyday details - AJ Series 1975 AJ Specification series - 100975> 1975 AB First Certificates - Roads and Bridges Certificates published 1977 Agrement Board - moves to Garston 1978 Seal Culls - Greenpeace’s Rainbow Warrior - stops seal cull - by fishermen competing for fish stocks 1978 What has become of Performance Specification - AJ Study 9: 150278 1979 Three Mile Island - USA’s worst ever nuclear accident 1979 DoT approves Stewardship - Department of Trade - gives approval in principle for - The Stewardship Unit Trust - to be launched 1979 – 1980s EV Interest fades - Without anyone really perfecting electric cars and conquering the market, and with traditional fuel levels replenished Post-OPEC oil crisis, EV cars lose popularity again. - Major limitations: performance and range. - Electric cars remained largely dormant and forgotten about during the 80s - (Autotrader ’21) GBE Industrial Revolution to 1999 Chronology 1980s 1980 BS 6019 Recommendations for performance standards in building: - Contents and Presentation 1981 Agrément Board - Annual total of Certificates issued passes 100 1981 Government White Paper - Maggie Thatcher gave UK industry 11 years advance notice of need for quality and competitiveness as we go into the European Market, - giving us a head start on the road to QA and product quality. 1981 Government White Paper - The Design side of the Construction industry hardly noticed it was going on - and did little to support the changes that took place. - 18 Years later the DETR has to remind us - to comply with Building Regulations Regulation 7. 1981 Quality control on building sites - BRE IP 28/81 - William Courtney appointed Chairman, - the Agrement Board becomes - the British Board of Agrement and - current logo is adopted 1982 Traditional Housing: - A BRE study of quality - BRE IP18/82 1982 Material control to avoid waste. - BRE Digest No. 259 March ‘82 - Way ahead of its time - No one is interested - Next updated in 2000 1983 World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) formed, - to be an independent body to look at environment and development problems 1983 CompuServ offer world’s first web-based ‘Cloud’ Computer server and storage space 1983 BBA Publications - Monthly information package published - Includes a newletter covering: - Work in the European arena - information on Agrement organisations - changes in certificate status - catalogue of current certificates - ‘in the courts’ - companies missusing BBA certificates in advertising 1983 Detailing and specification - AJ series 010683> 1983 EIRIS Founded - The Ethical Investment Research Services - founded to research companies’ ethical behavior 1984 BBA Hotline set up - 0800 ***** - It is now easy to check details of agrement certificates currency over the phone - It is now easy to inform BBA is you think somebody is missusing the BBA logo 1984 Ethical Finance - 1984 after 6 years of campaigning DoT approved in principle the Stewardship Unit Trust - After a further 5 years it is launched. - They set out only to invest in businesses and countries who have similar ethical goals 1984 ‘Acid-Rain’ - Friends of the Earth launch campaign on ‘Acid-rain’ - Substantial damage is done to Scandinavian forests caused by acid in rain - Combustion products from UK power stations - are carried by prevailing winds across the North Sea and dropped in rainwater 1984 ‘Greenhouse effect’ - Scientific Community warn of ‘Greenhouse effect’. - CO2 from burning of fossil fuels collects in the atmosphere and act like greenhouse or conservatory - Many people accept it - Governments resist believing it - Deforestation - Deforestation by lumber companies for the building industry and other uses - Forest clearing by fire by farmers - and acid-rain damage to forests - The planets vegetation can not convert Carbon Dioxide CO2 to Oxygen O2 fast enough to maintain a balance 1984 Building Act limits fuel use and emissions: - First reference to testing, measuring and reduction 1985 Building Regulations - Radical new approach - Minimal Regulations termed in Performance Requirements - Introduces ‘Approved Documents’ replacing ‘Deemed to Satisfy Provisions’ - Part D deals with Toxic Substances - Separate volumes will allow simplified amendment of parts 1985 Building Regulations accepts BBA - DoE announces BBA Certificates to have - enhanced status under new Building Regulations 1985 Live Aid - raises money for the Ethiopian Famine following Band Aid’s Christmas Single. - the people pay where Governments fail. - Red Nose day continues to the end of this Century and probably beyond 1985 Ionising Radiations Regulations - imposes duties on employers to minimise the risk of exposure to Radon, - a naturally occurring radio active gas, - which can seep from rocky ground into buildings, - protective measures are generally adopted in many developments where employees are not the only ones at risk. 1985 Ionising Radiations Regulations - The use of aluminium in damp proof membranes is a solution - BBA Agrément Certified products exist. - depending upon the level of gas release, passive or active ventilation below the membrane to the building exterior is also in use. - Wimlas Certified Products exist. 1985 Performance Specification - AJ series 170485> 1985 Using experience and publications in building design - BRE IP13/85 1985 Meeting building designer’s needs for trade information - BRE IP14/85 1985 Housing defect prevention unit - BRE Defect Action Sheet 63 Aug ’85 1986 BBA New format Certificates launched - BBA Board of Management set up 1986 European Community Regulations - EEC 3626/86. 1986 Chernobyl - Russian Nuclear reactor explosion and fire - sends nuclear reactive material fallout - all over Europe via prevailing winds - UK has grazing fields polluted - The consequences are long term 1986 Element Design Guide - AJ 020786> 1987 Achieving quality on building sites. - NEDO 1987 Montreal Protocol - an agreement on limiting use of Ozone Depleting Chemicals signed. - Ozone O3 helps to protect us from the UV in Sunlight - ODC’s are to be phased out - Too little to late? - too long to deadline 1987 Montreal Protocol - But USA seeks to swap credits with the underdeveloped countries - so it can continue to waste more than its fair share of fuel and resources - and destroy more ozone than anybody else. - Ozone Depleting Chemicals - Chlorine and Bromine are big problems - CFCs, HCFCs and HFAs used as a blowing agent in foamed plastics contain chlorine. - In insulation and joint filler boards and sealant backing rods - and in refrigerant systems - Ozone Depleting Chemicals - Chlorine and Bromine are a big problem - CFCs (Chloroflourocarbons) used as a blowing agent in foamed plastics contain chlorine. - Used in insulation and joint filler boards and sealant backing rods - and in refrigerant systems - Ozone Depleting Chemicals - Blowing agents percolate out of the plastics and into the atmosphere - diminishing the performance of the board - Refrigerants may be released from systems - They are then free to attack Ozone in the Earth’s protection layer. - Ozone Depleting Chemicals - HCFCs (HydroChloroFluoroCarbons or Hydrogenated CFC) have a lower ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential) - so are being dealt with less urgently, - but as less CFCs are around then the % of HCFCs increase and there effect over a long period is increased. - Ozone Depleting Chemicals - We can do our bit not to specify not permit the use of CFCs and HCFCs - HFAs (HydroFluoroAlkane) should also be avoided since they are a wider group containing HFCs and HCFCs - be persistent with manufacturers to determine what their boards contain - Ozone Depleting Chemicals - Halons (Halogenated Hydrocarbon) fire fighting agent - contain Bromine have a very high ODP - used in fire extinguishing systems - These need to be phased out. - Catalysts - Some act as catalysts (not part of the reaction but encourage others to react) - so have a greater potential to destroy even more Ozone. 1987 Co-ordinated Project Information (CPI) - Out line of principles - Drawing Manual - Specification Manual - Common Arrangement of Work sections (CAWS) - Quantity Surveying Manual/ SMM7 - CCPI Committee for Co-ordinated Project Information. 1987 CPI - result of 10 years work 1987 World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) - BRUNTLAND REPORT - Gro Harlem Bruntland, chair of WCED’s Report defined Sustainability: - “Sustainable development, that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” 1987 Montreal Protocol agreed: - Global Agreement to restrict the use of CFCs and chemical damaging to the ozone layer - (See 1974) 1987 Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations - designed to prevent occupational exposure to asbestos, - it was used in a variety of forms until 1980’s - but still persists in some applications where a suitable alternative is still sought. - Many more Acts and Regs. follow 1988 BBA New Director - Peter Hewlett succeeds Tom Lant as Director 1988 Substances for use at work: the provision of information - HS(G)27:1988: 2nd. edition 1988 LA invest in Stewardship - First UK Local Authority Pension Fund invests ethically with Stewardship 1988 Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change formed - to collate, analyse and share evidence on climate change 1988 James Hansen testified to the US Senate that - “The greenhouse effect has been detected and it is changing our climate” 1989 The End of Nature: published by Bill McGibben 1989 BBA new EU role on ETAs - BBA is designated to issue European Technical Approvals 1989 COSHH in construction – a BEC guide - BEC S/89 1989. 1989 Exxon Valdez - 11 million gallons of oil spilt - off the Alaskan Coast - in a sheltered natural harbour 1989 Electricity At Work Regulations - SI 1989/653 1989 The London Hazards Centre: - Toxic Treatments. 1989 CFCs and the Building Industry. - BRE Information Paper 23/89 1989 Building Design and Use: response to climate change - Neil Milbank - AJ 020889. 1989 The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health in the construction industry - HSE 1989 1989 Lausanne Conference - 103 countries votes for ban on Ivory trading, 1989 Construction Products Directive 89/106/EEC - To be implementation by ‘1992’ the beginning of the ‘Single Market’. - Essential Requirements - EC Mark - ETA European Technical Approvals - National Agrément Certificates, - BSI Kitemark 1989 General Criteria for suppliers’ declaration of conformity - BS 7541 = EN 45014 - Enable some control over what is actually delivered to site - helps control specification substitution - The Director of the manufacturer signs to say: - it is what it claims to be - and meets the specification 1989 Water Act - A code of practice for water conservation, access and recreation 1989 Amendments to Building Regulations - SI 1989/1119 - A concerted effort to tackle energy issues amendments to Approved Documents: - F Ventilation - J Heat Producing Appliances - L Conservation of fuel and power 1989 BS 5589 Code of Practice for Preservation of Timber 1989 BS 5268 Structural Use of Timber - Part 5: Code of Practice for the preservative treatment of structural timber - Durability of species 1989 AECB Association of Environment Conscious Builders - Association of like minded individuals and companies - promote ‘Green’ methods and materials in building - later renamed AEC…Building to include design disciplines and others GBE Industrial Revolution to 1999 Chronology 1990’s 1990 Building for a Future - Magazine published by AECB - First edition - still published 2003 1990 BBA Still growing - 2000th Certificate issued 1990 Environmental Protection Act - Section 33 controls the disposal of controlled waste (E.g.. Commercial waste from building sites) except in accordance with a waste management licence. - It also controls the keeping and disposing of controlled waste in a manner likely to cause pollution of the environment or harm to human health. 1990 Environmental Protection Act - Section 34 imposes a duty of care on those that produce, transport, handle or dispose of controlled waste, and includes prevention of contravention by others, prevention of escape of waste, the use of authorised waste disposers, and introduction of paperwork to enable audit trails. 1990 Environmental Protection Act - Part 1 introduces IPC “Integrated Pollution Control” for industrial processes which have a significant potential for pollution. - The Secretary of State has the power to make regulations prescribing processes for which an authorisation is required. - but it only controls ‘significant potential’ - are there hundreds of little people doing a lot of harm? 1990 The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (Amendment) Regulations - SI 1990/2026 1990 Man made mineral fibres - HSE EH46:1990 1990 Rosehaugh Guide (Buildings and Health). - C Curwell, C March and R Venables. Editors - RIBA Publications 1990 Review of Rosehaugh Guide - Pages 45-48 AJ 121290 1990 Environmental Protection Act 1990 A Real Wood Guide. - Forests Forever: - Statistical information on sources and UK uses. 1990s Electric Vehicle (EV) regulatory changes - Regulatory changes were introduced to tackle the worrying levels of CO2 which traditional fuels put into the atmosphere. - (Autotrader ’21) 1991 BBA Monthly Datafile scheme - replaces the Publications Monthly 1991 SA Apartheid ends - Last of South Africa’s apartheid laws abolished - thanks to the efforts of many including - Nelson Mandela and - F W de Klerk 1991 BRE Digest 358 - and many others, 02 91 1991 Green Architecture - Vale & Vale - Thames and Hudson 1991 Greening the Practice - AJ 271191 1991 BS 7373:Guide to the preparation of specifications 1991 Building Regulations - SI 1991/2768 - Acknowledges: - CPD Construction Products Directive - Construction Products Regulations - Regulation 7 Materials and Workmanship - ‘proper materials’ 1991 Building Regulations - Older parts still current - Approved Documents: - D Toxic Substances (1985) - F Ventilation (1990) - J Heat Producing Appliances (1990) - L Conservation of fuel and power (1990) 1991 Construction Products Regulations - In time for ‘1992’ the beginning of the Single Market. - Implements the Construction Products Directive (89/106/EEC) - Reinforced by Building Regulations Approved Documents 7 Materials & Workmanship - Scottish Technical Standards Regulation 11 - Jersey Bye-lay 7 1991 Construction Products Regulations - Essential Requirements - EC Mark - ETA European Technical Approvals - National Agrément Certificates, - BSI Kitemark 1991 EC Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive - stops member states dumping sludge at sea by 1998. - Plenty of time to dump all the things you won’t know how to deal with later. 1991 EC Directive on Hazardous Waste 91/689/EEC - requires monitoring of special waste from its creation to destruction - and the Environment Agency to be informed every time it is moved. 1991 The Water Resources Act Section 85. - controls the causing or knowingly permitting of any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter or any solid entering controlled water (lakes, ponds, rivers, estuaries, ground-water, and certain coastal waters) 1991 BRE Launches BREEAM - the 1st Method of assessing the environmental features of building and scoring them. - Initially for New offices, - subsequent issues over the following 4 years address similar issues on: - Existing Offices, new supermarkets and Superstores, new Industrial Units, new Housing 1991 BREEAM - Only a voluntary scheme - Approx. 30% of office developments are adopting the assessment - and use it as an aid to promote the buildings - and achieving high occupancy rates - Tel: 01923 664462 - [email protected] - 1991 How green is your office? - Environmental Quality. - Review of BREEAM - AJ 130391 1991 BREEAM 2/91 New Superstores and Supermarkets 1991 Environmental Protection Regulations 1992 Conference on Performance Specification - IofAAS York on 09 06 92 May 1992 Benoy Environmental - Teresa Martinez - Head of Environment Unit - Benoy Environmental - Set up to offer independent consultancy to Benoy Architectural and other practices 1992 Management of Health and Safety at work Regulations - SI 1992/ 1992 Management of Health and Safety at work (Amendment) Regulations - SI 1992/2865: 1992 Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations (PPE) - SI 1992/2966 1992 Workplace (Health, Safety And Welfare) Regulations - SI 1992/3004: 1992 Personal Protective Equipment (EC Directive) Regulations - SI 1992/3139 1992 Manual Handling Operations Regulations- guidance on Regulations 1992 - HSE L23 - Limit of 20kg (40lbs) for one man operation - thereafter more men or lifting equipment - influences methods of building blockwork walls - and density of blocks manufactured 1992 Management of health and safety at work: - Interpretation and Guide to the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992. - HSE L21 1992 HCFCs: Hidden CFCs. - Publication - Greenpeace International 1992 Woodmark - the Soil Association Certificate of Responsible Forestry. - Soil Association: 1992 Green specification - AJ 150492 1992 Rio Earth Summit - placed sustainable development at the top of the international agenda. - nations signed up to new environment agenda for the next century: Agenda 21 - Agenda 21 - Agenda 21 relies on local action, - each council is to prepare its own strategy its Local Agenda 21 to achieve sustainable development - Agenda 21 - It acknowledges environmental problems and solutions are linked to social and economic problems. - It emphasises the importance of involving people, especially disadvantaged groups in seeking solutions 1992 BS 7750 Environmental Management Systems - the first standard of its kind in Europe to assess and monitor companies environmental performance - helps to ensure companies comply with environmental legislation and regulations - helps to ensure products or services are produced, packaged delivered and disposed of in an environmentally friendly way. 1992 BS 7750 Environmental Management Systems - But just like BS 5750 which achieves consistency in manufacture through management and controls - but permits consistent production of inferior product - This does not seek to remove environmental impact - just to manage it, document it and keep it within legal limits. 31/12/1992 Europe Arrives ‘The Single Market’ - but status quo prevails - You can carry on specifying by BS until EN’s arrive to replace them - Many European Directives follow - which in turn will be implemented by Regulations or Acts in each member state. 1992 Technical Barriers - You should no longer expect to see technical barriers placed by the Regulatory Policemen. - You should not create your own Technical Barriers in excluding materials from Europe. 1992 the “new approach” to technical harmonisation and standards - DTI Standards: 1992 Construction Products. - DTI Standards: 1993 Housing Design Handbook: Energy and internal Layout - BR 235 - BRE Publisher 1993 Simply build green - A technical guide to the ecological houses at Findhorn Foundation - Findhorn Foundation - John L Talbot 1993 Clean Air Act - controls atmospheric pollution from fires and furnaces. - controlling the quality of the Services Installation we install. 1993 Stewardship accepts SA - In the light of positive changes in the politics of South Africa - the Stewardship Committee of References - reverses its opposition to company activity in the country 1993 CE Marking of Construction Products - Directive 93/68/EEC - Rationalises the EC Marking procedures previously described in numerous EC Directives 1993 Noise and Statutory Nuisance Act - LA powers increased enabling them to take action against noise in the street, from equipment, machinery, loud-speakers, faulty alarms. - Consideration needed in the building fabric and services installations in building. 1993 Ecolabelling of Building materials and Building Products - BRE Information Paper 11/93 1993 BREEAM 1/93 New Offices - Scheme updated 1993 BREEAM 4/93 Existing Offices 1993 BREEAM 5/93 New Industrial Units 1993 The Green Construction Handbook - J T Design & Build & Arup 1993 The Green Construction handbook - AJ Review 070793 and 210793. 1993 Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging) Regulations - (CHIP). - SI 1993/ : - Useful in CDM Risk assessments 1993 Personal Protective Equipment - (EC Directive) (Amendments) Regulations - SI 1993/3074: 1994 BBA Certificate 3000 issued - with colour photo on the front cover - in house DTP set up to speed up issue of certificates 1994 Personal Protective Equipment - (EC Directive) (Amendments) Regulations - SI 1994/2326: 1994 Southern Ocean Sanctuary - Sanctuary declared to protect wildlife around Antarctica. July 1994 Best Practice in the Specification of Offices - BCO British Council for Offices - Sets out to initiate a debate about office design and thus improve the design process - Addresses Design, floor plans, structure, indoor climate control, Services, Fire protection, security, materials and finishes, management manuals and training. 1994 Construction (Design & Management) Regulations - (CDM) SI 1994/3140: - Required consideration during the design stage and when choosing materials and methods of construction to avoid difficult or dangerous activities for building workforce and employees, - Designs should now be safe, - safety measures should be the last resort. - E.g. Parapets on roofs not safety lines, 1994 CDM - Requires risk assessments to be carried out throughout the whole procurement process including: - design, - manufacture, - construction, - maintenance, refurbishment, change of use - demolition - recycling 1994 CDM - Must take into account: - material excavator/miner, – manufacturer, - supplier, – stockist, - fabricator, – contractor, - installer, – applicator, 1994 CDM - Must take into account: - building occupants, maintenance staff, - refurbishers, demolition contractor and recycle contractors. 1994 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health - (COSHH) SI 1994/3246: - Requires employers to identify hazards, - carry our risk assessments, - and provide the appropriate measures to reduce the risks to human health 1994 COSHH - Designers now need to think harder about the materials we specify. - Architect’s responsibility to consider human friendly alternatives. - We have stopped using Asbestos because of legislation, - Ceramic Fibre products have all but disappeared from the market 1994 COSHH - Manufacturer’s required to release product data sheets - describing the materials the ingredients, - risks in their use, - precautions to be adopted, - safe methods of disposal etc. 1994 Environmental Handbook for Building and Civil Engineering Projects. - Vol. 1 – Design and Specification. - Overview in checklist format with references to good practice. - CIRIA 1994 Energy and Global Warming - Impacts of not-in-kind and next generation CFC and HCFC alternatives. - US Dept of Energy: 1994 Building Regulations (amendment) Regulations - SI 1994/1850 1994 Managing Construction for health and safety - Construction (Design and Management) Regulations - HSE L54 1994 1994 Embodied Energy and Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Building materials. - BRE PD 109/94 1994 Amendment to Building Regulations - SI 1994/1850 - Amendment to: - L1 Conservation of Fuel - Regulation 14 - Energy rating for new dwellings 1994 Latham Report ‘Constructing the Team’ - Called for: - 30% reduction in real costs over a 6 year period - move towards TQM Total Quality Management - right first-time, every-time (Zero Defects) - not much about ‘Green’ here but the above are steps in the right direction 1994 PPG 9 Planning Policy Guidance: Nature Conservation - Sets out Government Objectives for nature conservation - describes the role of Planning Authorities - advises on nature conservation issues - states development control criteria Jan 1994 Benoy Corporate Environmental Policy - Launched to promote the activity of its Environment Consultancy - Written in terms that suggest dependence on economical viability - Benoy can get away with doing nothing. - The person who ran the department is no longer with the practice - We are not aware of any efforts on this issue. 1995 World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) formed. - 200 companies working towards a sustainable world 1995 BBA Director becomes President of EOTA - Peter Hewlett elected President of the EOTA - European Organisation for Technical Approvals 1995 Control of substances hazardous to health - General Approved Code of Practice, - HSE 2nd. edition 1995. 1995 Brent Spar Oil Rig - After mounting international pressure - and loss of sales at the petrol pumps - Shell Oil decides not to dump the now redundant Brent Spar Oil Rig at sea - instead deciding to dismantle and recycle much of the materials 1995 Green Building Tool created: - Certification for buildings that meet green criteria 1995 BREEAM 3/95 New Housing - The Environmental Standard Award 1995 Environmental Standard: Homes for a Greener World - BR 278 1995 Environmental Impact Assessment: - a Comparative Review. - Spon. 1995 Ecological Footprint concept created: - Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees, sustainability advocates, invent way to measure human demand on nature 1995 Building Regulations (amendment) Regulations - SI 1995/1356 1995 Environmental Policy and Information - for RIBA members 1995 Environment Act - Chapter 25 1995 Ethical investment: - Stewardship breaks £500m barrier - only 6 years after its launch %%% 1995 The Environment come home - Herberger Centre for Design Excellence - David K Pijawka & Kim Shetter April 1996 Handbook of sustainable building - An environmental preference method for selection of materials in use in construction and refurbishment - David Anink et al - James & James 1996 Taking back our stolen Future - Hormone disruption & PVC plastic - Greenpeace April 1996 1996 Environmental Design: - An intorduction for Architects & Engineers - R Thomas Editor - E & F N Spon 1996 BBA New Chairman - Tony Jackson appointed Chairman 1996 BS EN ISO 14000 Series - Combined Quality Management system and Environmental Management System launched - Replaces BS 7750 - Still fails to significantly reduce Environmental Impact 1996 Road Protesters - Road protesters disrupt Britain’s road building programme and bring their concerns to the public attention 1996 Lung Cancer - First legal challenges by lung cancer victims - against tobacco companies in USA 1996 The Special Waste Regulations - implements EC Directive 91/689/EEC - 5 more years worth of sludge discharged whilst it was in the making - still plenty of time to dump some more before end of 1998. 1996 Construction Resources established - sets out to research a Green approach, the availability of product which are: - “high quality products that combine - the highest possible levels of comfort and performance - in the buildings that people live and work in - with the lowest possible impact on the environment”. 1996 Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations - SI 1996/1592: 1996 Personal Protective Equipment (EC Directive) (Amendments) Regulations - SI 1996/3039: 1996 1996 Specifying for Greener Building - Stephen Curwell. - AJ 110196 1996 Building for Sustainability - Barrie Evens - AJ 180196 1996 Making London Sustainable - Herbert Girardet - AJ 290296 1997 Toyota Prius - Toyota introduced a hybrid car, carbon-fuelled with energy recovery to battery when slowing and breaking combined with electric drive, extending mileage considerably. - Toyota Prius made EV commercially attainable on a worldwide scale. - This was the first time in recent history a leading manufacturer had cornered the market like this. - Toyota Prius proved very popular with celebrities, making it an alluring option for drivers. - (Autotrader ’21) 1997 Energy in Inverness - RIAS Convention - AJ 150597 1997 Water as a planning constraint - Brian Waters - AJ 290597 1997 Material Gains - reviews Good Practice in the selection of construction materials. - Addresses blacklisting - AJ 290597 1997 Ethical Finance Threshold - Over $1 trillion now invested in ethically screened or activist funds in the USA 1997 A material difference - Sustainable Engineering: - Materials and Methods: - Brian Sims - Building Services Journal: 000797 1997 Futures: Time to make a difference - Mike Evamy - Design Week 040797 1997 Missing the Green - Andy Cook - Building: Technical: Environment: 180797 1997 The Future is Green - Jonathon Porritt (FotE) - Design: Summer 97 Dec 1997 Kyoto Climate Summit - 13 years after the scientific community warns about the ‘Greenhouse effect’ - Summit agrees targets for reducing ‘Greenhouse gas’ (GHG) emissions by 5.2% - The goal is to reduce our CO2 requirements by the year 2010 by 20% off the 1990 levels - Legally binding on the developed world Dec 1997 Kyoto Climate Summit - two contentious elements of the protocol were not detailed - they will be developed at Conference of the Parties (COP) - Emissions trading and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) - See COP4 Nov 1998 1997 BBA Certificates and CDM - Certificates now include information for - Construction Design and Management Regulations purposes 1998 Brownfield Site Movement - The Government announces plans to relax restrictions on the London Greenbelt and other Greenfield sites to free up land to make room for the many thousands of houses needed for the growing population - In reaction a group of eminent members of the Construction Industry promote the use of all derelict land before wasting the Greenbelt and other sites 1998 Design guide for naturally ventilated daylit offices - BRE 1998 Sir John Egan Report ‘Rethinking Construction’ - Client-led task force critical of Construction Industry calls for - “a radical change in the way we build” - not much in this for the drive to ‘Green’ solutions - a little on reduction in waste in materials - but aims to cut costs will discourage the use of ‘Green’ materials. 1998 Sir John Egan Report ‘Rethinking Construction’ - Client-led task force critical of Construction Industry calls for: - “a radical change in the way we build” - Year-on-year target: - 10% cut in construction costs and time - 10% profit and increase in turnover - 10% improvement in productivity 1998 Sir John Egan Report ‘Rethinking Construction’ - Worker conditions to change - 20% reduction in injuries - improved working conditions 1998 Sir John Egan Report ‘Rethinking Construction’ - Construction should change: - integration of design and construction - increased standardisation - Use of lean construction techniques - end to competitive tendering - phase out formal contracts 1998 Sir John Egan Report ‘Rethinking Construction’ - Ideas for implementation - £500m of demonstration projects - Nick Raynsford to chair steering committee to take reforms forward - New Forum for best practice in housing 1998 Sir John Egan Report ‘Rethinking Construction’ - Roger Humber CEO of House Builder’s Federation says: - Planning system needs a shake up to allow sustainable development and integrated transport systems. - Egan failed to address sustainability - Egan fails to address small projects which are the bulk of the £58bn-a-year industry 1998 Construction Best Practice Programme - Following the Egan Report Rethinking Construction - Identifies, publicises and supports the use of improved business and management practices for the Construction Industry - Funded by DETR and is steered jointly by Government and the CIB Construction Industry Board 1998 Euro-Agrément agreed by UEAtc - This will allow any materials producer to seek an Agrément Certificate for their product in their own country - At the same time have the product assessed for any other pre-agreed European state where it wishes to promote the product. 1998 Euro-Agrément - The certificate will have: - a front cover indicating the initiating and co-operating institutions - an annex covering national provisions and regulated requirements 1998 Euro-Agrément - Each pre-agreed state will take a minimalist approach - and accept the overlapping areas already carried out by the initiating Institute - It will be then be acceptable in those pre-agreed UEAtc member country - as a pre-agreed confirmation. 1998 First ETA awarded in UK - 9 years after the Construction Products Directive issued - the European Technical Approval for Hilti GmbH for 2 of it’s anchor products - Rawlplug are hot on their heels and awarded first ETA to a UK company - Structural sealant glazing systems were also awarded ETA 1998 General Criteria for suppliers’ declaration of conformity - BS EN 45014 (Formerly BS 7514) 1998 Hockerton Housing Scheme - implements its Local Agenda 21 - 11 years after the initial idea suggested and - 6 years after the Rio Earth Summit - The first UK public demonstration of a Local Agenda 21 makes the press. - reviewed in Building Services Journal Feb. 98. 1998 Services for Housing - Implementation of Agenda 21. - Building Services Journal: 00 02 98 1998 The Muck Stops Here - Environmental Liability - By Tim Smithers and Nic Seal. - Estates Gazette 100198 1998 From design to dustbin - Life Cycle Assessment - Garath Gardner - Building 030498 1998 Life Cycle Assessment - Technical Notes - Nigel Howard and Suzy Edwards - AJ 110698 1998 Keener to be Greener - Ruth Slavid - AJ 230798 1998 Stewardship - reaches £1bn of ethical assets in 9 years - doubling in value in 3 years. - This policy has consistently outperformed FTSE All-share index - and the UK Equity General Pension Fund Sector. - (Source: Reuters Hindsight) 1998 UK Ethical investment market passes £2bn. 1998 Green Building Challenge Conference held: - First international Conference on Green buildings. 1998 Ecological Building Centre - In the third year since it’s establishment - Construction Resources launches the new EBC to: - Promote, - Exhibit, - Educate in appropriate application of, - Train in the use of, - and sell ‘Green’ materials and services. 1998 EBC Ecological Building Centre - Southwark London - Lucy Pedler Architect & Product Specialist - Exhibits include: tools, materials, methods of construction, finishes, furniture - 1:1 scale 3D cutaways of traditional, modern and alternative construction and acoustic methods Nov 1998 Environment & Energy Helpline launched - Freephone 0800 585794 - Jointly funded by DTI & DETR - Combines the best of BRE’s - Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme - Environmental Technology Best Practice Programme - - Nov 1998 COP4 - 4th Conference of the Parties (COP4) - implementation of the Kyoto Protocol (Dec 1997) - UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - GHG Emissions Trading or Carbon Trading - Was added to the Kyoto Protocol at the last minute - largely to ensure the continuing participation of USA - which required some “flexibility” in the way it was to achieve its GHG emissions reduction target - GHG Emissions Trading or Carbon Trading - Carbon trading allows industrialised countries trying to achieve their legally-binding emissions reductions targets to trade carbon [dioxide] on newly-created international commodities markets - Countries whose emissions are below their legal reduction limit would be entitled to sell the “unused” portions to countries who are experiencing difficulty or lack commitment to meeting targets. - GHG Emissions Trading or Carbon Trading - A well run trading system would keep overall emissions within agreed global level - whilst allowing countries to pursue more cost-effective means of achieving targets by trading emission reductions - preferably as a supplement to domestic actions and clean technology programmes - Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) - Involve partnership projects to reduce GHG emissions through the use of: - clean technology, - environmental best practice - afforestation and reforestation projects - developed countries sponsor projects in developing-world host countries - for a share of the certified GHG emission reductions generated in each project - Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) - Now that there is money to be made many countries previously opposed to the Kyoto Protocol - are beginning to take a positive interest and adopting a positive stance in this new economic imperative 1999 Principles of element design - 3rd edition - Peter Rich & Yvonne Dean - Invaluable guide for designers starting from first principles 1999 UK Green Foreign Policy - UK Government Programme - for the transfer of clean technology to the developing world - what about getting out act together first? - BRECSU Design Advice Service launched - Telephone: 01923 664258 Fax: 664787 - Backed by DETR - Part of Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme - For New build and Refurbishment of minimum 500m2 - - [email protected] 1999 Greening Commercial Property BCO Conference - The issues are being taken seriously by owners, developers, and users of commercial buildings - British Council for Offices hosted conference - Reported in AJ 25 Feb 99 - Includes 2 building studies 1999 British Board of Agrément - promote the ETAG and EC Mark - British Board of Agrément seek UK market input - work starts on European Technical Approval Guidelines - 17 ETAG are already in development - ETAG for partition kits is accepted by the EC 1999 ETAG - ETAG for 9 different building elements required including: - prefabricated wood-based load-bearing stressed skin panels - sandwich panels - connectors for timber trussed rafters, etc. - vetures (insulated cassette panels) - fire stopping materials - civil engineering movement joints 1999 DETR Reviews the Building Regulations - The need to improve energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, leads to a review of Part L - CO2 being a primary contributor from energy production. 1999 DETR Reviews the Building Regulations - Possible outcome will be: - substantial increasing fabric insulation standards - new efficiency requirements of AC, ventilation and lighting systems - requirement for airtightness testing & services commissioning 1999 DETR Reviews the Building Regulations - Use of whole building CO2 performance indices to show compliance - embracing maintenance, repair and refurbishment into areas for consideration - this might help to deal with existing housing stock 1999 Building Regulation 7 - 18 years after the 1981 government white paper on quality and competitiveness - Revised guidance from DETR is issued to ensure ‘proper materials’ are used - Even the building regulations policemen don’t seem to demand ‘quality products’ 1999 UK Tax incentive for donations to charity - Did the Labour Party wait until after Red Nose Day to launch the incentive? March 1999 HAPM Conference Forum - ‘A Recipe for Greenhousing’ - Housing Association Property Mutual - Publishers of the Component Life Manual - HAPM want to add a ‘Environmental Ingredient’ to the manual to allow designers to choose materials for their buildings for their ‘Greenness’ March 1999 HAPM Conference Forum - Invited 4 organisations to describe their methods of evaluating the ‘Greenness’ of materials and how they are used by practitioners - Evaluation included: embodied energy, recyclability, scarcity, socio/economic issues and many other factors - They included computer databases and evaluation tool-kits to score the buildings March 1999 HAPM Conference Forum - After the presentations there was time to question the speakers further - The Forum was completed by a non-binding vote - The audience was invited to vote on their preferred method - HAPM went away to evaluate them and develop the ‘Environmental Ingredient’ March 1999 Public & Media opposition to GM Food: - Public gets to grips with Genetically Modified Food - Clearer labelling demanded, - large numbers of Retailers ban most GMF from their shelves until further investigation. - after the recent Beef fiasco can government investigation and statements be trusted? April 1999 Rain Forest destruction - Nature Magazine reports - Daniel Nepstad an ecologist at the Woods Hole Research Centre Massachusetts - Carries out field tests in Brazil to find far greater destruction of forests is occuring - than can be detected by Landsat Environmental satellite image based deforestation mapping programme April 1999 Rain Forest destruction - Brazillian Government estimates 17,000 square kilometres of forrest was lost in 1998 (the size of East Anglia) - Napstad puts the figure closer to 60,000 sq km April 1999 RIBA CPD Green is the Colour Conference - A practical guide to sustainable development - DETR Government Policy - EBC on Green materials available in the UK - Regulations and Specification - 4 Case studies - BED ZED scheme - National Trust Policy & Case studies April 1999 BS EN ISO 14000 Certificates - Combined Quality Management system and Environmental Management System. - Published in 1996 - at end of 1996 1,491 certificates awarded in 45 countries - at end of 1997 5,017 certificates awarded in 55 countries - survey results are posted - BSI Business Standards April 1999 1998 BBA 1st European Technical Approvals April 1999 BBA do ETA - British Board of Agrement has now been designated by Government - to carry out product conformity certification - of Metal anchors for use in concrete - leading to European Technical Approvals - to meet the Construction Products Directive - enabling CE marked anchors to be sold - in signatory countries of the European Economic Area Agreement - April 1999 CEED launched - Council for Energy Efficiency Development - A one-stop-shop for marketing energy efficiency products and services for the building fabric - Organises CEED conferences & exhibitions - CEED Members include: - External Wall Insulation Association, - National Home Energy Rating - National Cavity Insulation Association - Draught Proofing Advisory Association - National Association of Loft Insulation Contractors - And what of the Future? May 1999 Greening our Heritage - May 1999 June 1999 Environmental Technology Show - ET ‘99 at NEC June 8-10 - CBI Conference: Profiting from the Environment - Addresses: Pollution Control, waste management, water treatment, efficient use of energy and comprehensive management of environmental responsibilities to BS EN ISO 14001 (EMS) June 1999 Environmental Technology Show - Exhibitor also address: - Environmental IT, Health & Safety, industrial effluent and contaminated land - European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) are especially featured Performance specification writing for building components. - DC9: - MPBW ‘Greener Building’: Products and Services Directory - Keith Hall & Peter Warm - 3rd edition 1995 - 4th edition 1998 - Good Wood Manual - Specifying Alternatives to Non-renewable Tropical Hardwoods - Friends of the Earth - 1985-90 UK discovers AWO - Conscious of the concern for unnecessary use of Tropical Hardwoods - UK market turns to USA temperate hardwoods - American White Oak stocks are pushed to the limits - 1985 UK Architects rediscover the brick - Shortage of quality bricklayers forces up costs - British Library brickwork package tender above cost plan ITTO - International Tropical Timber Organisation. Guidelines. - European Construction Documents - Knight - European Standards Report - BSRIA - EH40:199x:Occupational Exposure Limits. (updated annually) 1990s Pacific Basin Economic Boom - Demand for hardwoods rises to unprecedented levels 1990s Indonesia Forest Fires Rage - A area the size of the British Isles is destroyed Italy 1 Ireland 0 - Italian tenderer denied contract on Irish drain laying project - Irish claimed the Italian pipes did not meet Irish standards - Italy took Ireland to court on basis of infringement of the 1957 Treaty of Rome - Italy won case Iraq invades Kuwait - UN forces bannish Iraqi troops - Iraqi troop set the Kuwait Oil Fields alight - and discharge millions of gallons into the Gulf CI/SfB - Uniclass - UC/CI - EPIC - CAWS - UCD - CI/SfB - - CIIG Freelance Group - Kim Randall Ex ECD - Talk on Environmental Issues - Green Building Digest - ACTAC - Technical Aid Network HAPM Component Life Manual - Housing Association Property Mutual - Insurance providers attempting to reduce the risk in insuring Housing Association properties. - Components evaluated and categorised in bands of life expectancy - 30 years plus, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, uninsurable - with maintenance regimes - Kitemarked and BBA certified are generally in the highest bands - E & F Spon Publishers © GBE GBC GBL NGS ASWS Brian Murphy aka BrianSpecMan ** 1999 – 2nd September 2021 GBE Industrial Revolution to 1999 Chronology Images: ChronologyTo1999 9H (9 slides/page handout, PDF, 38 pages) Chronology (PDF to show 307 slides) Sustainable Development A Chronology (DOCX 44 Pages Outline) GBE Industrial Revolution to 1999 Chronology Brian Murphy BSc Dip Arch (Hons & Dist) (Part-time NLP) - Specification Consultant (37 years) - ASWS - Architectural Specification Writing Services. GBE Industrial Revolution to 1999 Chronology Part 1 - The increased requirements in Building, Health and Safety and other Regulations covering ‘Green’ materials and products in design. Part 1 Regulations and ‘Green’ materials - You could be forgiven for thinking the title of the paper suggest that there is legislation out there encouraging the use of ‘Green’ materials - I do not think this is quite the case - but what there is is legislation that: - controls, in some cases discourages and sometimes bans the use of - shall we say ‘Violet’ material, - As a consequence we are having to consider other materials - which are ‘less Violet’ - and in some cases ‘Green’ materials. ‘Violet’ Materials - ‘Violet’ chosen as it is at the opposite end of the spectrum from ‘Green’ - meaning: - ‘any material that is unfriendly to humans or the environment - or whose performance diminishes in use or over time’ Regulations V vested interest - What we now need is Legislation that drives us towards ‘Green’ options - rather than just more of the ‘Violet’ materials we use already - I wonder if the next round of Building Regulations will help? - will vested interest resist change or prevent it from happening. Obstacles - Regrettable there is also legislation out there - and policemen that patrol its zone of influence, - that will continue to maintain technical barriers (despite European Treaties) - making their use less easy than their familiar but ‘Violet’ counterparts GBE Industrial Revolution to 1999 Chronology Threads: - There are a number of different threads running through this chronology: - International Forum - Publications, Guidance and Methods - Ethical Financial Activity - Legislation - Green Movements - Product Quality - Legislation & ‘Green’ awareness - International Forum establish the targets for all of us to achieve - Guidance and methods shows us how - Ethical Finance shows us all by example - Legislation is implemented by governments when the populous fails to respond - Green movements start when governments fail to act in a responsible manner GBE Industrial Revolution to 1999 Chronology GBE Sources I acknowledge: the following for the idea and some of the content of this Chronology. - AJ Architects Journal - BBA British Board of Agrément - BBC British Broadcasting Corporation - EHP Hadley Centre - Estates Gazette 10 Jan 98 Environmental Liability The Muck Stops Here By Tim Smithers and Nic Seal. - European Project for the ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) - Friends Provident’s Literature “Stewardship Ethical Investment, Acting on your Principles” - Future Build 2020 Poster 31/10/2019 - Guardian Newspaper - Mauna Loa Laboratory - NASA - numerous other bibliography © GBE GBC GBL NGS ASWS Brian Murphy aka BrianSpecMan ** 1999 – 16th August 2021 GBE Industrial Revolution to 1999 Chronology See Also: GBE Chronology - Industrial Revolution to 1999 (Chronology) G#961 (This page) - GBE 2000 to date (Chronology) G#1019 N#1038 GBE Jargon Buster - Chronology - Green Chronology GBE CPD - Green Chronology - Green is the Colour © GBE GBC GBL NGS ASWS Brian Murphy aka BrianSpecMan ** 1999 – 16th August 2021

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Whether he is bashing, fixing or abusing them, you can follow . New Scratcher Joined 2 days, 15 hours ago United RC TRAXXAS XMAXX TRAXXAS SLEDGE IS AWESOME. Series: Garage Gym Athlete Episode: S3E10: Avoiding Shiny Objects, Keeping Training Fun, and Needing a Garage Nanny with Kevin Talbot…. Stay Tuned For Speed Runs At Rossa This Week!Here's What You All Ask For. com/squeeze-page31158442Get Cars Here - Maxx V2. Shared Projects (0) kevin_talbot hasn't shared any projects. So if people are copying him, he must be doing something right. 1,569 likes · 6 talking about this. There are two video tutorials explaining this. You will find our products categorized by "type of product" below as well as to the left. Nov 29, 2015 · The scene involving "Kevin From Providence" is based on Scanlan and the abuse inflicted by former Jesuit priest James F. NEW TRAXXAS SLEDGE WITH KEVIN TALBOT. kevin talbot ebay Archives. Kevin Talbot Welcome podcasts. 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This is a battle between science & MORE POWA. Let me give you a quick rundown of the course material. Four-Link Coil-Over-Shock Suspension Setup. Asbo rc drift shop · MST - Max Speed Technology · More videos · More videos on YouTube · Kevin Talbot · More videos · More videos on YouTube · Share . The exact blueprint of how I and 100's of my students make 6 figure incomes. By tamiyafanboy, September 25, 2018 in General RC. RC Servo Extension Lead Wire 22/26/32 AWG Futaba JR Hitec All Lengths 5-150cm UK. The Ebay course by Kevin Talbot isn’t particularly extensive. The two of his most popular videos are: The video Sparking DRIFT Tires on DIRT CHEAP RC …. So what ever your rc drifting needs are we are here to help. Ecom Elites teaches ecommerce and this business model is much better than selling on Ebay. In this video I attempt the Kevin Talbot RC Car Quarantine Challenge. Check out my local hobby shop, Kevin Talbot, profile picture. Etiketlerden en son videoları keşfedin: #kevintalbot, #talbot, #kelvintalbot, #kevin. 54 Clothing T-Shirt Kevin Talbot A range of t-shirts sold by independent artists featuring a huge variety of original designs in sizes XS-5XL; availability depending on style.. CỔNG THÔNG TIN - GIAO TIẾP ĐIỆN TỬ TỈNH VĨNH PHÚC. But when you talk about top speed RC cars, there is a lot of stuff going on that you don’t have to think about when you are only going 30 or 60 or even 80 mph with your rc …. Stick that in the video up here, kev was obviously there. KEVIN TALBOT RC Monster Truck FREESTYLE Challenge Accepted, Great idea Kevin this is an excellent and fun way to keep our mines off these crazy and trying times were going though most of us are in on. Entrepreneur First brings ambitious founders together to build globally important technology companies. NEW TRAXXAS SLEDGE WITH KEVIN TALBOTKevin provides his usual honest view on this latest release from Traxxas!SLEDGE - REDEFINING 1/8 SCALE. YouTube 채널 예상 수입 몇 초 만에 YouTube 채널 가치를 분석해낼 수 있습니다 YouTube 동영상 분석하기 YouTube 동영상 실적에 대한 깊은 분석, YouTube SEO 최적화 유튜버 비교하기 다차원적으로 YouTube 채널를 비교해서 우열을 바로 YouTube 구독자 수 최계 도구. Kevin Talbot's RC Car Quarantine Challenge. ARRMA RC Cars and RC Trucks. 1; 2; First Prev 2 of 2 Go to page. Companies or brands feel free to …. Kevin Meet Kevin Stock Investing Course Review. Although much information isn’t available about the YouTuber, yet fans are trying to find out more about the Kevin. Largest in-production tires designed for RC. It stop read 49 feet 49 feet 50 miles an hour boom. He has been with the company for over 20 years and is responsible for. RC Parts & Accessories for sale. 2 min monster truck – kevin talbot’s freestyle challenge entry! AXiAL SMT10 4 ×4 | RC AVENTURI There is a quarantine competition going on right now , where I am supposed to be running a solid axle monster truck for two minutes to impress the judges Laura. Many of us reach for a GoPro, but its not always the best solution, . She was born on July 18th, 1940 in Bangkok, Thailand. Takip edilen içerik üreticilerinin popüler içeriğini izleyin: Martinwltoys(@kevin.. Kevin Talbot doesn't teach you anything in this module. In the 80's, when the brand of choice was Futaba receivers alone were $45 without a transmitter. Pre-painted body features clear windows and detachable chrome side mirrors. 05 413RC RC Car Logo Essential T-Shirt By JLaZZ447 $24. Showing Editorial results for kevin talbot. At ARRMA we take bashing to a whole new level. Melting Pot #1 (1993 Kitchen Sink Comix) Kevin Eastman Talbot Bisley Unread! NM-. , Little Canada, MN 55117 (651) 490-1675 [email protected]. Kevin Talbot is an British YouTuber. Buy Remote Control Toys online with our wide range of remote control cars, remote control helicopters, remote control robot toys, at best prices in UK. Today we will be looking at a review on Kevin Talbot and his eBay course. Penta Hamilton age 81 passed away on June 8, 2022 in Alamogordo, New Mexico. Kevin Talbot is a successful seller on eBay, but I reckon it’s because he has a huge YouTube channel. RC Cars and RC Trucks, Best RC car parts and accessories. 2V Lipo Battery Pack #50 for RC Cars Racing Series. ARRMA is a brand that defines high-speed super-tough RC action. Foam inserts are installed inside the tires to maximize handling on a variety of surfaces. Who better to talk about this subject than he? Kevin Talbot is the CEO of UBS. Solid Axle Ready-To-Run Monster Truck. 14,019 likes · 49 talking about this. What salary does a Manager earn in Milford ?. Inventors: Abadeer; Wagdi (Jericho, VT), Kamal, legal representative; Lilian (Saratoga, CA), Chatty; Kiran V. The immense popularity of the YouTuber ranks him in the category of top YouTuber’s net worth. 8k Followers, 294 Following, 97 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Kevin Talbot (@talbotkev). Step 1 - Getting Started Step 1 is about the legal stuff about selling on eBay. Weighs A Backbreaking 80 Pounds. PERFECT PASS MONSTER SERVO. 3mm Threaded Aluminum Link, 61mm (4) $19. com Personalities, View all Monster Trucks, RC Cars and full size cars are what Kevin Talbot is all about. RTR 1⁄8-scale nitro power is the most popular option. TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES 17, NM, Talbot, Kevin Eastman, more TMNT in r store Opens in a new window or tab. 只需YouTube频道名称或链接，轻松为频道做出频道. Most minis are 1⁄18 scale, but some are 1⁄24 or 1⁄28 scale. I cannot believe how much value this radio brings at this price point. We Beat KEVIN TALBOT !!!!! RC Car High Jump Competition. 3 and 4L60E out of a 2001 S10 Blazer that I'm swaping a Chevy NP205 transfer case from a TH350 with the TH350 transfer case to …. 🎓eBay Secrets - 11 steps to being your own boss. 1/5 RC MadStone Crawler; 1/7th RC Electric Cars. The Horizon Hobby selection of RC Cars & RC Trucks are quality built and designed for maximum performance, speed, durability, and fun. I think it must be nice to have all that money to buy all those rcs. Posted: (5 days ago) Nov 06, 2021 · Meet Kevin …. ? I have tried a free software called abviewer 10 but the exported file is always empty. HOBBY HUB LTD :: United Kingdom. com/ebay42/🚗Kev's RC Basher School -. Plus this course is cheaper than Kevin…. Zombie War 1 IDW Publishing Series - Kevin Eastman & Eric Talbot 1st Print Cover. com/stores/kevs-merch My TikTok Kev's RC Basher School -. Gens ace 7500mAh 4S1P HardCase 130C 15. Answering EVERYTHING With Kevin TalbotのYouTube動画統計. They are cheaper, faster, and more reliable than ever and there are way more options and styles than ever. huyện Yên Lạc đến năm 2020 và tầm nhìn đến năm 2030. Kevin Talbot is the founder and CEO of a fund trading company, FinLab Capital. RADIO CONTROL RC ATV QUAD Realistic details 2. 2 min monster truck - kevin talbot's freestyle challenge entry! AXiAL SMT10 4×4 | RC ADVENTURES There is a quarantine competition going on right now, where I am supposed to be running a solid axle monster truck for two minutes to impress the judges Laura. I can think of at least three RC channels which are pretty much a carbon copy of Talbot…. Available in a range of colours and styles for men, women, and everyone. If you like my video Vote for it by liking it on Youtube & Facebook. Hobby Hub Ltd Fieldgate Nurseries Station Road Meldreth; Royston; SG8 6JP; England. According to a tweet from Allegheny County, police, fire and EMS crews were called to Ohio River Boulevard at River Road for the crash. If you want to learn an inexpensive and easy way to sell online, check out Ecom Elites. Buy RC (Remote Control) Cars & Parts - delivery to Talbot. Port Talbot , Neath Port Talbot , SA12 7DJ. Kevin Talbot, an RC enthusiast based in the United Kingdom, runs a successful YouTube channel where he builds, modifies, and destroys . 2 MiN MONSTER TRUCK - KEViN TALBOT'S FREESTYLE CHALLENGE ENTRY! AXiAL SMT10 4×4 | RC ADVENTURES. Shop RC Cars & Trucks, RC Batteries, RC Chargers, RC ….。. His experience in finance has given him immense insight into what cryptocurrencies are capable of achieving over time. Posted by Dale Clements on February 22, 2022. with the of rc get newbie the mistakes ease hobby so hobby shops of rc carsrc,wltoys,kevin talbot,wltoys 12427,rc car,best rc car,rc . Recommended by Kevin Talbot. We combine the use of the latest technology in digital printing, …. Mcdonalds dollar breakfast menu 2019. 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Explore the latest videos from hashtags: #kevintalbot, #kevin, #kelvintalbot, #kevindurantrc, #kevintabolt, #kevinboltro. 🎓Free eBay help from Kev -. Watch Kevin Talbot doing a double backflip with his RC project car!. Free Return Exchange or money back guarantee for all orders Learn more. Rc cars Watch the latest video from kevin talbot …. My judges, who are the judges, will be Joe public on on YouTube. 7k Followers, 294 Following, 97 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Kevin Talbot (@talbotkev). var (Warcup and Talbot 1962), mainly includes pathogens that cause diseases of monocotyledonous plants such as brown ring. His content is mainly composed of videos about RC cars, monster trucks, reviews and generally fun . This section of our web site includes our complete product catalog. masons ironstone blue mandalay for sale; flat rent in mohammadpur housing society; big …. Most of his videos are about vehicles, including monster trucks. Currently this course costs $397 and claims to show you how to start an online eBay business within a matter of days. How much does a Youtuber Make?. Search instead in Creative? Posed portrait of singer-songwriter Paul Weller and keyboard player Mick Talbot …. Alamogordo obituaries 2022. Mr James Arthur Stemp; Mr Kevin Talbot. Kevin Talbot is looking at u!. Jun 29, 2022 Corally Forum is an unofficial Corally RC fan site that was started to give Corally RC …. With nearly one million Stores on eBay, you're sure to find your version of perfect. Updated on December 14, 2020 by Rhys Dale. Local Support 24/7 Dedicated support Submit a request. (PDF) Occurrence of Brown Blight Caused by Waitea. Go from broke to Lambo in a few months. News — kevin talbot Asbo rc drift shop. 2-Stroke Reed-Valve 49cc Gas Mini Motorcycle Engine. 2 6s 3800kv Castle insanity in Traxxas TRX-4 Triple Backflip 60mph 1. But when you talk about top speed RC cars, there is a lot of stuff going on that you don’t have to think about when you are only going 30 or 60 or even 80 mph with your rc car. Secure Payments 100% Secure payment with 256-bit SSL Encryption Learn more. kevin talbot (@therealkevintalbot) on TikTok | 3. At RPM, we pride ourselves on offering the best selection of American-made performance parts, tools and accessories for many top name brand R/C vehicles. 1/10 Painted On-Road Body Set: 1972 Chevy C10. I do get criticised for being a 40 year old man child and had a cross eyed, red haired red neck step child try to cut me out of the family inheritance. 99 shipping Free returns Sponsored Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #17 CGC 7. They can roll over anything and are truly impressive in action, but they can be expensive. But when you talk about top speed RC cars, there is a lot of stuff going on that you don't have to think about when you are only going 30 or 60 or even 80 mph with your rc car. This in a previous video we’ve jumped as high as we’ve ever jumped before 52 feet and i’ll. He has an estimated net worth of $2 million. Browse 247 kevin talbot stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. T-shirts, stickers, wall art, home. Kevin Talbot is Managing Partner/Co-Founder at Relay Ventures. Kevin has been an entrepreneur, operator and investor in both Canada and the USA for over 25 years. Everything you need to know about RC Car Buying, bashing, maintenance and driving technique. Monster Trucks, RC Cars and full size cars are what Kevin Talbot is all about. I thought you got to catch it ian 46 feet so callum's winning the high jump today, battery's flat batteries are flat. Freestyle starts :56 seconds in. Welcome to my Radio Control channel, where I show newly released RC cars, upgrades (both home made and the ones available in stores), and most importantly where .. Transmitter-Activated Reverse Function. 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Unchained Labs Linkedin Unchained Labs LinkedinResearch: Study and detection of sweet potato viruses. You will be part of a multidisciplinary team that covers all the aspects that. Sehen Sie sich das Profil von Marc Richter im größten Business-Netzwerk der Welt an. United States: South Brunswick Township: 11 Deerpark Dr #201, Monmouth Junction: United States: Woburn: 12 Gill St: Belgium: Gent: …. On this episode, Andre Cronje, the recently retired (sort of) DeFi developer, also joined the conversation. On Art’s Divestment of the Self, …. LinkedIn View on LinkedIn ; Tim Harkness is the Founder & CEO at Unchained Labs. The combination of UV/Vis absorbance, SLS, and DLS gives results on viral genomic titer, capsid titer, and empty/full ratio—in only minutes. Lyrics of Love: "Meet me in the altar in. why Andre is back - and why he is working on "regulated" crypto products. Lab Equipment and Lab Supplies. Marc Richter – Sales Specialist Exosome and. Lisa Krapf – Strategic Account Manager – Unchained Labs. This is how Ren powers interoperability under the hood by …. Unchained – Podcast – Podtail. 2, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Unchained Labs, the …. On Monday, Carlyle Group, the global private equity and credit investor that manages $246 billion in client assets, announced that it is buying Unchained Labs…. 1️⃣ Andrew Ng's AI lab : 1 paper published as oral paper at KDD, 25 citations. Brent leads investments in an array of healthcare companies, with a focus on biopharma and medtech. Otherwise, as Brian Spector, Qredo co-founder and head of Qredo Labs, points out, we will see the potential. Unchained operates with an unusual and fun approach. Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are a special type of crypto asset that allows holders to prove their ownership of real or digital items - but most importantly, the latter. I founded Unchained Labs to solve problems for biologics and …. View Bren Ehnebuske's profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. Unchained LabsCalifornia Polytechnic State University-San Luis Obispo. • Grow and maintain the database of potential. Current Job Openings at Unchained Labs All Departments 110 - Product Dev 310 - Sales - US BGT 315 - Field Support - US 316 - Field Support - Europe 317 - Field Service - Europe 320 - Sales - China 350 - Sales - Inside Sales 400 - Marketing 511 - Direct Labor. If the file is opened, embedded code will either drop and install a harmful program onto the user's device, or will download additional harmful. Verschenen artikels over Unchained Labs. Sensor Wars: The Quantum Menace This episode of Tech Unmanned is all about quantum sensors. Co-Founder of Osmosis Labs Berkeley, CA. Unchained Labs Dec 2014 - Present7 years 7 months Pleasanton, CA THE gene therapy tools company. August 3, 2022 – Pleasanton, CA – Unchained Labs, the life sciences company that's all about getting biologics and gene therapy researchers . See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Christie's connections and jobs at similar companies. Together, We Create Healthier Lives | At Charles River, we are passionate about our role in improving the quality of people's lives. As part of this transaction, the company raised $25m in a Series B financing with help from the original. VP Operations at Unchained Labs San Jose, CA. Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. Human Genome Sequencing Using Unchained Base Reads o…. Temasek, Tencent back $200m round of Australian NFT startup. This job is all about skillfully supporting Big Kahuna, Junior and integrated 3rd party lab automation equipment while building famous relationships with customers. The Django edition of those toys may have been intended. June 29, 2017 - Pleasanton, CA - Unchained Labs, the life sciences company that's all about getting biologics researchers the right tool for the job, acquired Trinean today. Unchained Labs Junior Automated Liquid Handling System, 6-channel, 100-240V, 50/60Hz, w/ thermal shaker module & circulated plate cooler modules. It indicates, "Click to perform a search". Listen to healthcare leaders, executives, entrepreneurs, researchers, and medical professionals who share their insights and experience. Our technical support is delivered by experienced Unity engineers, while your Support Coordinator ensures that you stay on top of issues. Gods Unchained GODS a EOS EOS El mejor tipo de cambio de hoy para convertir GODS a EOS con la mejor …. ‘Django Unchained’ Actress Ordered to Apologize to Police in Lewd Conduct Case. The director has had such collectible tie-ins made for each of his films, according to the Associated Press. SpeedSorter™ System for Metals Recycling. Unchained Labs, based in Pleasanton, …. The Righteous Brothers’ 1965 hit “Unchained Melody” evokes thoughts of passion, love and … Demi Moore. Skip to main content Skip to main content LinkedIn. Our 200 lawyers across Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia-Pacific and North America advise …. 6870 Koll Center Parkway Pleasanton CA 94566 (925) 587-9800; Send Email; Visit Website; About Us. Quality Control Technician Job in Pleasanton, CA. Despite the edits, Django Unchained was set to run for its full 165 minutes. General information and enquiries: 0 ratings 0% found this document useful (0 votes) 6 views 2 pages. Sat, Nov 30, 11:00 AM GMT+5:30. Connect with the Guests Connect with Jorden on LinkedIn Connect with Radhika on LinkedIn Crystal River Engineering (acquired by Creative Labs…. With a few caveats, In Death: Unchained is basically the same experience you can have on SteamVR headsets and PSVR with its forebear In …. Oh, and we help start-ups develop a solid yet flexible path forward too. Unchained Labs is looking for Quality …. Save Save Unchained Melody For Later. Morgan Stanley reports a meaningful uptick in the number of companies mentioning Blockchain in their earnings calls and company filings since the beginning of 2016, with 63% of those mentions in filings belonging to companies associated with capital markets. Devoted to research about democracy and public opinion obtained through Deliberative Polling® | Deliberative Democracy Lab …. engineering ; Lightning Labs twitter: @lightning; Prior episode: SLP39 Olaoluwa Osuntokun (Roasbeef), CTO of Lightning Labs; Sponsors: Swan Bitcoin; Unchained Capital (code LIVERA. Throughout the year Charles River sites around the globe are celebrating our 75th Anniversary. Jason Novi has 3 current jobs including CFO Partner at Tri-Valley Ventures, Athletic Director Council Member at California Polytechnic State University-San Luis Obispo, and CFO & COO at. Dynamo Unchained 2: Learn how to develop explicit Custom Nodes in C#. Laura has more than three decades of experience in the biopharma industry, most recently as EVP. 👉 First author of "Ambulatory Atrial Fibrillation Monitoring using Wearable Photoplethysmography with Deep Learning". Unchained Capital is looking to hire a Product Manager to join their team. Sehen Sie sich das Profil von Moath Al-Mekhlafi, Ph. STIHL Owner Manuals Notes: STIHL is constantly working on the development of all products. Lyrics of Love: "You see I'm searching for a real love /And I don't know where to go". Bouncer from Unchained Labs. mar 2007-apr 20081 år 2 månader. Im Profil von Lisa Krapf sind 2 Jobs angegeben. DATE: October 22, 2022 TIME: 8:00am PDT, 11:00am EDT Detection and/or amplification of target DNA sequences by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Sponsored By: Unchained Labs…. Support selling Unchained Labs’ analytical instruments in the assigned geography; Work closely with sales specialists to develop the analytical product pipeline: Stunner, Lunatic; Achieve quarterly and annual sales targets; Maintain a high-level knowledge of the Unchained Labs…. Our technology presents a unique alternative to cost-intensive manual systems by providing never before seen fully automated quantitative and qualitative material determination systems for particles. Did AI research in 4 labs at Stanford University. Three Realms in one persistent, massive, open-world sandbox environment, with towns and cities built almost entirely by the players. A press release described a new product demonstrates this: "UNcle is a mash up of 2 key Unchained Labs tools, joining the UNit's multiplexed stability measurements with the pUNk's sensitive DLS detection. July 12, 2022 - Pleasanton, CA - Unchained Labs, the life sciences company that's all about getting biologics and gene therapy researchers the right tool for the job, launched new isothermal applications for biologics and gene therapies on its Uncle platform today. This approach is more advanced …. Unchained Labs, a Pleasanton, CA-based life sciences company, raised $13M in Series C financing. View Christie Lau's profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. OPSI champions wholescale change and helps governments find ways to turn the ‘new’ into the ‘normal’, so that innovation is not accidental but strategic and …. Novo also was a ProteinSimple investor. The multiplexed array, specifically binds exosomes to a microarray chip, once bound, the signal enhancing surface allows the exosomes to be imaged down to 40nm, sized, and. 8, 2018 /PRNewswire/ -- Unchained Labs, the life sciences company that's all about getting biologics researchers the right tool for the job, launched Stunner today — the. You will be one of our LabVIEW experts, ready to work closely with other software developers, engineers, and scientists. On April 26, 2021, private equity firm The Carlyle Group acquired test/measurement equipment company Unchained Labs, Inc. He enjoys the challenge of learning new technologies as well as working on a tight schedule. View Tim's full profile See who you know in common Get introduced Contact Tim directly Join to view full profile. Based in Pleasanton’s Bernal Corporate Park, Unchained Labs grew to $50 billion in sales in five short years by helping biologics researchers “break free from tools that don’t cut it”. Join to connect Unchained Labs. Welcome to The Chopping Block! Crypto insiders Haseeb Qureshi, Tom Schmidt, Robert Leshner, and Tarun Chitra chop it up about the latest news in the d Programa: Unchained: Big Ideas From The Worlds Of Blockchain. For top 6 reasons why Spirit Labs is the leading IT Outsourcing Partner in Vietnam, check out at:. The Company's most targeted sectors include information technology (34%) and life science (34%). Research: Identification and characterization of T-DNA like sequences in the sweet potato genome. Drag your Measure to Columns and your outermost …. Bouncer provides a 360° view and quantification of the coating in a syringe to help you find and verify the right coating for your device. Unchained Labs is building a multiplex protein stability platform for biologics. Founder & Digital Marketing Consultant | Marketing @ Cyber Frogs, Kreechures, Unchained & more | Mitch Bogen Co-Founder | Ex-Facebook United States. StarkWare is using STARK proofs to bringing scalability, security and privacy to a blockchain near you. March 7, 2017 - Pleasanton, CA - Unchained Labs, the life sciences company that's all about getting biologics researchers the right tool for the job, released its UNcle 2. Halo Labs | 2 537 отслеживающих в LinkedIn. Daniele Watts pleaded no contest Monday to disturbing the …. Athletes everywhere appreciate the taste, convenience and performance enhancing benefits of GU Energy Gel and Roctane Ultra Endurance Energy Gel. Requires a bachelor's degree in computer science, computer engineering, or related STEM field LinkedIn Profile Website. • Over 5 years of experience in multimillion projects. Unchained Labs launched in February with a $25m (€22m) financing and four months on the firm has increased its biologics characterisation product range by. "Unchained Labs shares Freeslate's commitment to customer success and I'm confident the business is in the right hands. Maintain a high-level knowledge of the Unchained Labs' product line. Gods Unchained made a splash on Twitter by paying Blitzchung, a Hearthstone Grandmaster, all of his winnings after he was banned by Blizzard. View Andre Mueller's profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. Our mobile app developer team has rich …. Unchained Labs adds a Chief that's all about the Tribe, by @newswire. August 3, 2022 - Pleasanton, CA - Unchained Labs, the life sciences company that's all about getting biologics and gene therapy researchers the right tool for the job will build a new, expanded campus right around the corner from its current headquarters in Pleasanton, CA. -- Demonstrate Unchained Labs products and services. A clog dance on the knife edge of racism, Unchained contains, according to Variety, "no fewer than 109 instances of the 'N' word"; and, because Tarantino is incapable of a stodgy image, it graphically displays black men whipped and tortured, or threatened with gelding while hanging naked upside down. Unchained Labs is a life science tools company focused on solving problems for biologics and gene therapy researchers. This is Unchained Labs’ 2nd transaction in the Life Science sector. Ancient8 develops the infrastructure layer for GameFi to democratize social and financial access in the Metaverse. Unchained Labs shows off its Nunchuck skills, launches new LNP maker! PLEASANTON, Calif. Unchained Labs likes it hot, launches new isothermal applications on Uncle! Jul 12, 2022. We are located in Pleasanton, CA and can be found online at www. (participant) (20-9-2021 - 3-10-2021). Visit us in Hall 3, Booth #138. Unchained Labs Gets Its Quant On, Launches Lunatic! 8/21/2017. Gods Unchained hasn’t even fully launched, but the collectible card game already has more hype around it than any blockchain game ever. Job Description: Field Service Engineer The Top LineHere’s the deal. Unchained Labs 11h Nunchuck is the first platform that combines all the moves for creating just right LNPs – total flow rate screening and LNP formulation. Founded in 2015 and headquartered in Pleasanton, CA, Unchained Labs is a life science tools company focused on solving problems for biologics and gene therapy researchers. 6870 Koll Center Parkway Pleasanton, CA 94566 (925) 587-9800 (800) 815-6384 (North America) Unchained Labs Boston. Nunchuck is the first and only platform that combines two key steps needed to make the perfectly-sized LNP - total flow rate screening and lipid nanoparticle formulation. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Shweta’s connections and jobs at similar companies. Yet the hallmark of the modern Tory party is fragility. Dec 2014 - May 20172 years 6 months. Health Unchained dives into healthcare projects enabled by blockchain technology. Unchained Labs is looking for Quality Control Technician in Pleasanton, CA to ensure our products leave our production floor in top condition. Conheça mais detalhes sobre os sistemas que revolucionam a gestão das empresas. Unchained Labs, maker of life science tools, acquired by Carly…. Lipum has identified a new target for treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases and are exploring a platform of indications to be treated with the lead candidate SOL-116. One stop shop for Buffer exchange in the West and Analytics on the Peninsula. Unchained Labs is looking for an experienced Manufacturing Engineer in Pleasanton, CA to enhance our Manufacturing quality and efficiency. The Carlyle Group has agreed to acquire a majority stake in Unchained Labs…. This job is all about skillfully supporting Big Kahuna, Junior and integrated 3rd party lab …. Stunner is the first platform that gives researchers a full read-out on how many AAV capsids they have, how many are packed with DNA and if there is. This job is all about working closely with our workflows production group to resolve technical problems to keep builds going smoothly and drive continuous improvement. Try to stand or walk in the pool. Karen has 4 jobs listed on their profile. Incubated by 3twelve Capital (Ex-FTX), Coin98 Labs, Kyros Ventures, and. - General management for Japanese organization. -- ( BUSINESS WIRE )--Infinity BiologiX LLC d/b/a Sampled SMART Labs, open new lab in Glasgow, UK. Advancing supply chain management for the challenges of Modern Slavery. Learn how Stunner produces this unique combination of. #GAPAND2015 proudly present… and 2. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Fathi's connections and jobs at similar companies. عرض الملف الشخصي الكامل على LinkedIn واستكشف زملاء Nicola والوظائف في …. Unchained Labs Bulks Up the Board, Adds Max Carnecchia. Unchained Giuliani Calls Maxine's Bluff: 'Say It! Say Impeachment, Sweetheart!'. Collect and trade CryptoKitties in one of the world’s first blockchain games. The Redwood City, California Together Labs, owner of. Glassdoor gives you an inside look at what it's like to work at Unchained Labs, including salaries, reviews, office photos, and more. 32,311: Western US Early Stage Companies With Less Than $1M in Revenue. Secure, seamless, scalable, and future-proof. cadillac starting disabled due to theft system. Screen 8 total flow rates (TFRs) in just 10 minutes to find your sweet spot fast, then jump straight into making 0. NanoView Biosciences has developed a unique technology for characterizing extracellular vesicles (or exosomes). Support selling Unchained Labs' analytical instruments in the assigned geography. Hound Labs detects COVID-19 in breath using ultra-sensitive technology. Another person who "knew" some time ago was Frank Capra. I remember seeing the ad being on mobile, which made this even more bizarre. Since its conceptualization for the development of Bitcoin in 2008, the interest in this technology has exponentially increased and expanded into many different industries, with its global market predicted to grow to USD 2. Skip to main content Skip to main content Director ,Service and Support at Unchained Labs …. Unchained Labs, a Pleasanton, CA–based life sciences company, raised $13M in Series C financing. Unchained Capital is looking to hire a Client Services Associate to join their team. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Davit’s connections and jobs at similar companies. Unchained Labs of Pleasanton assembles a $25 million Series A investment by three prominent venture groups and buys its first product to sell. Cosmos Radio Station Host | Advisor, Validator, Investor San Francisco, California, United States 500+ connections. And no Candie wasnt going to kill them all anyways. Staff Electrical Engineer Complete Genomics Inc. Unchained Labs has 2,053 competitors including Neptune Wellness Solutions (Canada), Bonesupport (Sweden) and Eurofins …. Lindsey Sheppard and Kaitlyn are joined by Dr. Has your doctor ordered tests for you through Quest Diagnostics? Learn all about Quest Diagnostics lab appointments and how to prepare. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Karen’s connections and jobs at similar companies. Unchained Labs is all about helping biologics researchers break free . Successfully complete this lab by achieving the following learning objectives: Install and Configure Git on a Workstation. I was scrolling through my Facebook newsfeed and came upon their ad. Formulation & Delivery UK: In-Person. In a sense it can be seen as a. Students are free to organize into multidisciplinary, interdepartmental, or interuniversity teams to cover all the tasks necessary to complete the project. and fully traceable experiments by automation of complete laboratory workflows – using …. Unchained Labs CEO and key executive team. Action figures promoting an action movie are a pretty basic merchandizing technique, particularly when you're Quentin Tarantino. Graduating from Caltech in 1918, he went on to become a famous filmmaker responsible for “It’s a Wonderful Life” and other movies. Unchained Labs is seeking a highly-motivated and proactive sales professional covering the West Coast of the US, to lead the company's commercial activities within this territory. عرض ملف Nicola Kay الشخصي على LinkedIn، أكبر شبكة للمحترفين في العالم. Pro-actively provide post-sales account development support. 11 post; Lightning labs: Lightning. Search: Andy Williams Funeral Video. For instance, for simple connected sensors and systems, Blufin …. Horizon Chromatography is a company based out in UK, involved in manufacturing of HPLC columns. Join an elbow-rubbing, technology-exploring, lesson-learning gathering for accounting professionals in a world-class city with …. Jobs People Learning Human Resources Manager at Unchained Labs …. Je gegevens worden verwerkt conform het privacy beleid van Mediahuis. Unchained Labs - General Manager, Europe. We're all about helping researchers break free from tools that just don't cut it. Neowiz holds unmatched prominence in the South Korean market as a renowned video game development platform. Our mission, our excellent science and our strong sense of purpose guides us in all that we do, and we approach each day with the knowledge that our work helps to improve the health and well-being of. Salaries, reviews, and more - all posted by employees working at Unchained Labs. Ol 'lessos Technical Training Institute Marketing Automation Specialist at Unchained Labs …. Unchained Lab's previous acquisitions include Avacta Analytical (the UNit), Avia Biosystems (the HUNK), and Avid Nano (the pUNk), in this order. Escucha y descarga los episodios de Unchained: Big Ideas From The Worlds Of Blockchain gratis. Spotlight: Unchained Labs. Veja o perfil completo no LinkedIn e descubra as conexões de GuyGuy e as vagas em empresas similares. Open facebook Open linkedin Open twitter Open youtube. Includes: mobile aluminum frame; mobile computer pedestal; LCD monitor. Gradescope helps you seamlessly administer and grade all of your assessments, whether online or in-class. , a company with a product to help. SLAS2021 Digital International Conference and Exhibition. We’re all about helping researchers break free from tools that just don’t cut it. Elliot has 1 job listed on their profile. 16th February 2023 | 10:00am EST / 7:00am PST / 3:00pm GMT / 4:00pm CET | Jim nucleic acids, viral vectors, and LNPs. Find over 83 employees information, adress, official website, private emails, phone numbers, revenue, social accounts and nore stuff related to Unchained labs. Unchained Labs opens new contract testing facility at its CA. Unchained Labs has 2,053 competitors including Neptune Wellness Solutions (Canada), Bonesupport (Sweden) and Eurofins (Luxembourg). -Elected Top 42 Champions over 400 candidates at worldwide innovative business contest (Dec 2019) -Collaborated with product managers, sales associates. Visit the Customer Information page for the full list of program areas in eSLA, and for instructions on first-time login With …. Laser interferometry to quantify silicone layers from 20 nm to 80 nm thick. Directed and written by Edson Oda. Im Profil von Moath Al-Mekhlafi, Ph. 2, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Unchained Labs, the life sciences company that's all about getting biologics and gene therapy researchers the right tool for the job, launched. Gods Unchained was and still is playable only on PC. The new software turns the dial on UNcle all the way up to 11, adding 2 new applications to the 9 that were already. An as yet unidentified suspect managed to get through a. A seasoned full-stack software engineer with 8+ years of experience. Show topics: Andre’s response to …. Jonathan has 5 jobs listed on their profile. com Board of Directors Biolog, Inc. Work closely with sales specialists to develop the analytical product pipeline: Stunner. , Product Manager, Unchained Labs; Identifying the unknown: Easily ID particles in drug formulations Robin Sweeney, Ph. Unchained Labs adds biopharma vet Laura Hamill to. 4 million customers and customer balances >US$65 billion. Korea-based global games publisher, 4:33 Creative Lab, recently announced a new mobile game, DC Unchained, at the Comic Con Seoul event. Step 4: Buy Gods Unchained – Search for “GODS” and click on the “Trade” button. Jeff is based out of Livermore, California, United States and works in the Biotechnology industry. Thursday, April 9, 2020 Unchained Labs; More Info. Halo Labs | 2 484 sledující uživatelé na LinkedIn. Catalog Number: (MSPP-V158473) Supplier: UNCHAINED LABS MS. Product Specialist for Nucleic Acid Isolation. Unchained Labs Pudong, Shanghai (China) isn't hiring right now. See the full leadership team at Craft. Guy tem 4 Machine learning and lab scientists driving as one to create a host of the Unchained …. Django Unchained pulled from Chinese cinemas during debut screening. A future history of first contact between human and alien blockchains. Essential Source Control with Git. Canaan is an early-stage venture capital firm that invests in visionaries with transformative ideas. Sirin Labs Token SRN to Gods Unchained GODS Best Exchange rate for today Convert SRN to GODS with the best cryptocurrency exchange rate on LetsExchange. This is achieved by utilizing zero knowledge …. Unchained Labs can now say it has financial stability after raising $25 million in Series A funding from venture capital investors Novo Ventures, …. Presented in conjunction with The Scientist as part of their Technique Talk series — this webinar focuses on optimizing IHC and IF staining workflows. View Tim Harkness' profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. Low Volume High-Throughput Cell, Gene, and Protein Therapeutic Quality | We help our customers reduce development time and improve patient safety by quantifying stability, purity, and quality in protein therapeutics and cell and gene therapy products. The Concentration Liberator, makes batch quantification of protein, DNA and RNA a reality. Hound Labs: Most accurate cannabis breathalyzer technology. Immutable, an Australia-based Web3 game studio, has laid off the lead designer and several other team members working on its NFT card game Gods Unchained…. United States: South Brunswick Township: 11 Deerpark Dr #201, Monmouth Junction: United States: Woburn: 12 Gill St: Belgium: Gent: Zwijnaardsesteenweg 312/bus 001. Sehen Sie sich dieses und weitere Jobangebote auf LinkedIn an. Unchained Labs Email Format. Crypto assets and blockchain technology are about to transform every trust-based interaction of our lives, from financial …. Water pressure helps compress tissue in your legs and can help relieve swelling in your feet and ankles. NFTs are crypto assets that grant gamers and collectors ownership over their digital items. Greater perspectives create greater outcomes. Ghent, Flemish Region, Belgium500+ connections. Leadership Unchained: Defy Conventional Wisdom for Break…. , June 3, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- Unchained Labs , the life science tools company that's all about getting biologics and gene therapy researchers the right tools for the job, today announced the additions of Tom O'Lenic as Chief Commercial Officer and Don. engineering ; Lightning Labs twitter: @lightning; Prior episode: SLP39 Olaoluwa Osuntokun (Roasbeef), CTO of Lightning Labs; Sponsors: Swan Bitcoin; Unchained …. According to LinkedIn Jeremy Webster started working on 1996, then the employee has changed 6 companies and 7 jobs. Marketing Manager - Advanced Microscopy. Draw up sales budget and cost budget for the Nordic region. Founded in 2015 and headquartered in Pleasanton, CA, Unchained Labs is a life science tools company focused on solving problems for . The most common Unchained Labs email format is first '. May 2022 - Present2 months Hayward,. This is a full-time position that is based in Austin TX. View Shweta Sawant’s profile on LinkedIn, Mid-Atlantic Analytical Sales Specialist at Unchained Labs …. Save time grading and get a clear …. Internal Recrutting Specialist at Talent Logic Inc. Unchained Carrot has been developed by combining. 68: Clinical Trials on Hyperledger. , is a global investment firm that deploys private capital. DropSense96 is the only system that can measure up to 96 high-concentration protein samples in 5 minutes, with. Our portfolio of entrepreneurial muscle includes 70 IPOs and 145 M&As. This is The Carlyle Group's 5th transaction in the Test/Measurement Equipment sector. Rama is an industry veteran with over – Listen to Ep. Install, QC instruments, and train new customers and new hires. Auf LinkedIn können Sie sich das vollständige Profil ansehen und mehr über die Kontakte von Lisa Krapf und Jobs bei ähnlichen Unternehmen erfahren. Non-vaccinated travelers: In accordance with Hawaii's Pre-Travel COVID-19 Testing Program, the state will accept results from PCR/NAAT tests only, which CVS offers at drive-thru lab …. But recent uproar over Tarantino's Django Unchained toys shows that the basics don't always work. The systems are handled from concept, to production and ongoing maintenance and support. We’re all about will enable customers to meet their research and development goals thereby making an oversized impact on customer and Unchained Labs …. Entertainment news, film reviews, awards, film festivals, box office, entertainment industry conferences. In 2012, Drew Estate hired Willy Herrera to be its Master Blender. The Mina protocol was created by O (1) Labs with the goal of optimizing both scalability and decentralization. -- Conduct pre-sales technical presentations. Congratulations to the teams at Unchained and Nanoview! Great. Guarda il profilo completo su LinkedIn e scopri i collegamenti di Mark e le offerte di lavoro presso aziende simili. Twitter Facebook LinkedIn Instagram. Collect rare cards, build your deck and sell cards to other players. What are synonyms for unchained?. Share with Email, opens mail client. View Jeff Mackinnon's email address (j*****@unchai***. The Definitive Voice of Entertainment News Subscribe for full access to The Hollywood Reporter. , July 12, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Unchained Labs, the life sciences company that's all about getting biologics and gene therapy researchers the right tool for the job, launched new isothermal applications for biologics and gene therapies on its Uncle platform today. Naar hoofdcontent gaan Naar hoofdcontent Sales Manager at Unchained Labs …. Current ventures are in the areas of digital identity, digital assets, and digital money. , Product Manager, Unchained Labs…. Experienced in multiple cloud platforms and technology stacks. Unchained Labs, a Pleasanton, CA-based startup life sciences tools company, raised $25m in Series A Financing. View Elliot Lau's profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. View Nelis Denys’ profile on LinkedIn, the world’s largest professional community. Unchained Labs | Consultant | Scientist | Relationship Builder | Science Communicator | Entrepreneur | Avid Hiker | Let's Connect Washington DC. Visualizza il profilo di Mark Noorlander su LinkedIn, la più grande comunità professionale al mondo. On May 4, 2022, Unchained Labs, Inc. Join Mergr and gain access to Unchained Labs' M&A summary, the M&A summaries of companies just like it, as well as recent M&A activity in. It's that specific because that's when I purchased my first card for that game, as verified by Etherscan. (Unchained capital, Satoshi labs, Shift crypto, Swan bitcoin, NYDIG, ) had their…. 6, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Unchained Labs, the life sciences company that's all about getting researchers the right tool for the job, launched its new gene therapy quantification application on Stunner today. 138 and let's catch up about how Junior and Big Kahuna can… Liked by Martin Fisher. View Himanshu Chawla's profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. Bekijk het volledige profiel op LinkedIn om de connecties van Jochum en vacatures bij vergelijkbare bedrijven te zien. My main responsibility is growing revenue in advanced microscopy markets and focused sub-markets based on the execution of a marketing strategy that I develop and own. Currently, working as a Senior …. Senior Director Operations at Unchained Labs Ghent Metropolitan Area 500+ connections. Participate on local and international congresses. The SLAS2021 Digital International Conference and Exhibition welcomes scientists, engineers, academics, graduate students, post-docs and …. -based life sciences company that matches biologics researchers and the right tool for the job, closed a $50m debt facility. Located in Pleasanton, the new lab, also benefits the contract testing team as its members are now located at the same site as its product development and science teams, according to Taegen Clary, VP of marketing at. com Industries Biotechnology Research Company size 201-500 employees Headquarters. Sole electrical and firmware engineer responsible for designing, testing, and maintaining electrical systems for the Apollo 100. Synonyms for unchained in Free Thesaurus. Trinean pronkt met stars & stripes. - Sales Target Achieved in 2014. BLOCKCHAIN SOLUTIONS AT ENTERPRISE SCALE. First, he says economic development requires investment, both foreign and domestic. After 13 long years of opposition, and barely two years into government, it appears to be sinking, devoid. Official request for Sanya Weathers. View Amrita Yadav's profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. About Unchained | Unchained Labs About Unchained Labs Here's the deal. Developing biologics requires identifying an ideal construct followed by assessing a wide . View credits, reviews, tracks and shop for the 1976 Vinyl release of "Andy" on Discogs See more of Andy Williams …. MBA im größten Business-Netzwerk der Welt an. The collaboration will bring several popular Neowiz titles like Brave Nine and Cats & Soup to Web3. Lewis Cohen, lead attorney at DLx Law LLC, joins to discuss the recently proposed Lummis-Gillibrand bill, the Responsible Financial Innovation Act, which he helped shape. View Jonathan Bradley's profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. Account Manager Buffer Exchange. Spirit Labs | 857 followers on LinkedIn. Building a decentralized agency of designers, creatives, artists, and …. Sep 2011 - Jul 20131 year 11 months. With a mission to rescue & unchain working elephants around in Phuket. Mission Critical DLT Lab developed in partnership with R3 The proof of concept (PoC) HPE Mission Critical DLT Lab …. Unchained Labs 11h Nunchuck is the first platform that combines all the moves for creating just right LNPs - total flow rate screening and LNP formulation. Unchained Labs STUNNER PLATES BOX OF 40. Blockchain is a tamper-proof, decentralised ledger that establishes a level of trust necessary for the exchange of value without the use of intermediaries. Congratulations NanoView and Unchained Labs - a powerful combination to advance gene therapy! Beliebt bei Matyas Vegh. Burgundy Lace Off-the-Shoulder Trumpet/Mermaid Sweep/Brush Train Dresses. Unleashing problem-tackling products that make …. Leadership Unchained: Defy Conventional Wisdom for Breakthrough Performance, ISBN 0984659153, ISBN-13 9780984659159, The Leader Lab: Core Skills to Become a Great Manager, Faster by Tania. March 7, 2017 – Pleasanton, CA – Unchained Labs, the life sciences company that’s all about getting biologics researchers the right tool for the job, …. Are you also looking for a good podcast? 100 popular podcasts in English in a long and exciting toplist. in/gXbuHWH7 #biologics #genetherapy 65. Aug 2021 - Present1 year 1 month. Unchained Labs hiring Software Engineer in Ghent Metropolitan Area. Xconomy: Unchained Labs Grabs $25M and New Device t…. Watch Video: Unchained Labs - Hound Demo; Watch Video: Unchained Labs - Hound Demo. Find verified emails and direct dial mobile numbers of contacts on. More information can be found at our Facebook page or official website. Currently working on the development of modern Enterprise Systems for Sysco, the world's largest food-service provider. He also has several surgical instrument patents. Print Email Facebook Twitter LinkedIn…. The most frustrating part was how time consuming this all was. Le Canard unchained – POLITICO. Show topics: Andre's response to Robert who calledl his departure from DeFi "an epic rug pull". Before coming to Drew Estate, Willy was the blender and master cigarmaker at El Titan de …. - Achieved 30% growth over 2014 in 2015. At Ambry, people are at the center of our advancements, which starts with our own team. 0 Technology Think-tank Full of Self-sustaining Creativity building on Immutable X can receive additional investment opportunities 🌟Grants We've taken insights from Gods Unchained & Guild of. 12, 2015 4:39 pm ET Pleasanton, Calif. Working at Unchained Labs | Glassdoor. 8, 2018 /PRNewswire/ -- Unchained Labs, the life sciences company that's all about getting biologics researchers the righ. In this podcast, host Laura Shin, an independent journalist covering all things crypto, talks with industry pioneers about how crypto assets and …. Report this profile 10+ domain experts sharing the vision to create a secure #Web3 ecosystem live at. The global destination for blockchain technologists, startups, entrepreneurs, and investors working toward the democratization of data. RNA Therapeutics & Delivery US: In-Person. The first time I used RocketReach. Naar hoofdcontent gaan Naar hoofdcontent Sales Manager at Unchained Labs Chicago en omgeving. In Part II, we described a Second Law which. Strong sales professional with a Master's degree focused in Biochemistry and Molecular biology from Shanghai Normal University（SHNU）. Hound Labs modified the HOUND ® CANNABIS BREATHALYZER to detect the SARS-CoV-2. -based life sciences company that matches biologics researchers and the right tool for the …. Founded in 2015 and headquartered in Pleasanton, CA, Unchained Labs is a life science tools company focused on …. Research Assistant / Graduated Fellowship Holder. At the heart is understanding "what the customer wants" and. 21, 2017 /PRNewswire/ -- Unchained Labs, the life sciences company that's all about getting biologics researchers the right tool for the job, launched Lunatic today at the Bioprocessing Summit conference in Boston. 46 Lehman Brothers 92 leverage 35 Li, David 478 Liberal Party (Canada) 1618, 35 The Limits to Growth 9 LinkedIn 95, 97, 98 London tube-drivers 63 Lopes, Antonio Francisco Bonfim Lab …. Do you need help achieving your laboratory or project goals? Join our live Fisher Scientific …. Creative Destruction Lab (CDL) Portfolio Companies. Otherwise, as Brian Spector, Qredo co-founder and head of Qredo Labs…. Charles River Laboratories | 131,608 followers on LinkedIn. Open facebook Open linkedin …. LinkedIn je největší světová profesní síť pomáhající profesionálům jako Lukas Jagos najít interní kontakty na doporučené uchazeče o práci, odborníky v oboru a obchodní partnery. • Occupational Health and Safety Training. Designed by athletes, for athletes, Strava's mobile app and website connect millions of runners and cyclists through the sports they love. In 2016, European Union regulators first pushed to create open financial data, laying the foundation for market development. Recently our organization kicked off a new program where we needed significant support with material compatibility testing. Ask any question you have (no answered guaranteed :P) Let's enjoy together! 4. Unchained Labs revs up its gene therapy engine, acquires NanoView Biosciences! Read the press release here:. Our scientists were able to manufacture these novel PAGs without once setting foot in a lab…. We’re all about helping biologics researchers break free from tools that just don’t cut it. Verschenen artikels over Unchained Labs…. Audio Experience Prototyping @ Dolby Laboratories Sydney, NSW. We have an Outstanding Reputation as One of the …. -Managed both online seminars and offline events while achieving key metrics for lead generation and awareness every time. Product Manager for the ExoView platform, a novel vesicle and virus characterisation technology offering size, titer and phenotyping in a single sample run. Unchained Labs Email Formats & Employee Phones. But recent uproar over Tarantino’s Django Unchained …. Maintain a high-level knowledge of the Unchained Labs’ product line. Provide front-line technical support and work with internal escalation teams as needed. Extensive previous experience in the extracellular vesicle field with several years postdoctoral research focusing on the development of novel EV isolation technologies. Tecnologias da Senior para adicionar agilidade ao seu negócio. Presented in conjunction with The Scientist as part of their Technique Talk series — this webinar focuses on …. Nelis has 6 jobs listed on their profile. Im Profil von Marc Richter sind 7 Jobs angegeben. Anthony Yoon host of the Unchained podcast, author of The Cryptopians Head of Artist & Community Partnerships at Arpeggi Labs …. Other executives include Jason Novi, CFO and COO; Krista Witte, VP Product Dev and 8 others. There's a community for whatever you're …. Our NEW Lab Start-Up program will help you save time and money. Work closely with sales specialists to develop the …. 20 - 21 April 2021 | BST (UTC+1) This event is part of our Formulation & Delivery Series. , July 12, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Unchained Labs, the life sciences company that's all about getting biologics and gene therapy researchers the right tool for the job, launched new. Just sit down, eat popcorns and do not interrupt. Our open source tools and financial services leverage the bitcoin protocol to deliver safe, easy-to-use, and transparent products that empower clients to hold private keys. Sony Pictures Television Announces Acquisition of Award-Winning Production Company Bad Wolf. Things have been busy at Unchained Labs. - Supply chain management for on-time. • Supported the management of the end-to-end accounts payable function. OVISO Robotics | 426 de urmăritori pe LinkedIn. Graduating from Caltech in 1918, he went on to become a famous filmmaker responsible for "It's a Wonderful Life" and other movies. •Gene identification by molecular biology techniques and bioinformatic tools. I know it's way off and I know she is already employed but I will be damned if I don't say anything. Robot is ending Orcs Must Die: Unchained and Hero Academy games. Deliberative Democracy Lab (formerly Center for Deliberative Democracy) | 235 followers on LinkedIn. Unchained Labs is seeking a highly-motivated and proactive sales professional covering the West Coast …. Since zone files contain complete information about domain names, subdomains and IP addresses configured on the target …. Say hello to Canaan's extended family. Unity Core Support minimizes downtime while helping you find answers to your questions and resolving problems quickly with guaranteed response times. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Carol’s connections and jobs at similar companies Carol Soi Professional Photographer at ASIS PHOTO LAB Kenya 10 connections. April 26, 2021 - Pleasanton, CA - Global investment firm The Carlyle Group (NASDAQ:CG) today announced that it has agreed to acquire the rapidly growing life sciences tools company Unchained Labs for $435 million, in partnership with its management team, from Novo Holdings A/S, Canaan Partners and TPG Biotech. Prior to Unchained Labs, he was Vice President of Finance and Operations at Intabio, a life science tools startup sold to …. Gods Unchained is an important NFT game, as it is built by a 40-person. Unchained Labs | LinkedInのフォロワー数6,929人Unleashing problem-tackling products that make a huge difference in the real science you do every day. Auf LinkedIn können Sie sich das vollständige Profil ansehen und mehr über die Kontakte von Matyas Vegh und Jobs bei ähnlichen Unternehmen erfahren. April 30, 2021 | A version of this story appeared in Volume 99, Issue 16. Unchained Labs, a Pleasanton, Calif. Research has shown that the Unchained Labs Hound can be employed to determine PSD in a topical acne treatment which contained two APIs in one formulation, also distinguishing each API from the other. The Legal and Regulatory Fallout From Terra's Collapse: Who Will Pay? - Ep. We are seeking a top-notch, UK based, Field Automation Scientist to commission state-of-the-art laboratory automation workflow solutions and optimize customer applications. Email formats & phone numbers of Unchained Labs 100-200 employees. White light reflectometry to quantify silicone layers from 80 nm to 4000 nm thick. We set science in motion to create a better world. Lets optimize your prospecting and sales …. In this podcast, host Laura Shin, an independent journalist covering all things crypto, talks with industry pioneers about how crypto assets and blockchains will change the way we earn, spend and invest our money. Find Daniel's email address, mobile number, work history, and more. JULY 26, 2018 • STAFF WRITER • BLOG POST. Learn more: Vaccines, Boosters & Additional Doses | Testing | Patient Care | Visitor Guidelines | Coronavirus | Email AlertsFind more COVID-19 testing locations on Maryland. Unleashing problem-tackling products that make a huge difference in the real science they do every day. 、Yuji。. 069 Konkurrenten, einschließlich Neptune Wellness Solutions (Kanada), Bonesupport (Schweden) und Eurofins (Luxemburg). Spring Meeting: Intercessors, ventriloquists, thieves, anon. Our Bernedoodle Pups are Raised in a Loving Family Environment, Well-Socialized, and Healthy. Eric leads the manufacturing and support organizations at Unchained Labs…. Plan, perform and follow-up local symposia and work-shops. In-development by Korean studio Thumb Age, DC Unchained …. Unchained Labs | 7,404 followers on LinkedIn. Chefe Adjunto do Departamento de Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão (Depog) at Banco Central do Brasil. Courtyard by Marriott Pigeon Forge. Unchained Labs has acquired Avia Biosystems and its characterization tool, the Isothermal Chemical Denaturation (ICD) system, to support the growing demand for biologics stability testing. Currently, working as a Senior Technical Lead overseeing 4 teams from an engineering angle that includes 20+ direct reporters. Immutable, an Australia-based Web3 game studio, has laid off the lead designer and several other team members working on its NFT card game Gods Unchained, Kotaku reported. 23, 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- Unchained Labs, the life sciences company that's all about getting biologics and gene …. Negotiate and establish agreements with customers. Product About Create Free Find verified emails and direct dial mobile numbers of contacts on LinkedIn, and sync them with your CRM instantly. Health Unchained dives into healthcare privacy, safety, and security for individuals participating in Web3. LinkedIn View on LinkedIn ; Jason Novi joined Unchained Labs as CFO & COO in 2015. In May, the Pleasanton-based biotech company, which builds tools to help researchers discover and develop biologic drugs, completed its sixth acquisition. (Unchained capital, Satoshi labs…. Unchained Labs hiring Field Application Scientist, UK in. Proactively generate new sales leads and opportunities. Unchained Labs 4 years 2 months Laboratory Technician Unchained Labs Sep 2021 - Present 1 year. Unchained Labs racks up another one, acquires Trinean!. “Let’s Get Married,” by Jagged Edge feat. -- Train customers on new products and. MBA und Jobs bei ähnlichen Unternehmen erfahren. Current job openings at Unchained Labs Sales Sales Specialist, BGT, Peninsula/Bay Area San Francisco, CA Sales Specialist, Buffer Exchange, Europe UK or Belgium Sales Specialist, West San Francisco, CA Sales Associate, Research Triangle, NC Raleigh, NC Sales Associate, West West Coast Region Inside Sales, Consumables Pleasanton, CA. The first airdrop for Gods Unchained players will contain 100,000 IMX tokens. In this podcast, host Laura Shin, an independent journalist covering all things crypto, talks with industry pioneers about how cry…. 3 synonyms for unchained: unfettered, unshackled, untied. Veja o perfil completo no LinkedIn …. Though Unchained Labs recently closed its other lab in New Jersey, therefore, requiring additional space in North America. ‘Django Unchained’ Actress Ordered to Apologize to Polic…. Georgi has 1 job listed on their profile. Crypto assets and blockchain technology are about to transform every trust-based interaction of our lives, from financial services to identity to the Internet of …. Product About Find verified emails and direct dial mobile numbers of contacts on LinkedIn…. Founded as a spin-off of nanoelectronics research center imec and Ghent University, Trinean developed DropSense96. Ve el perfil de Bernardo Martin Codesido en LinkedIn, la mayor red profesional del mundo. Unchained Labs Logo (PRNewsfoto/Unchained Labs) Shelly has been building effective people teams for over 20 years at organizations like webMethods, Juniper Networks, LinkedIn, Cadence Design. ID Particle Systems GmbH beraten. We have raised seed funding and received EU H2020 SME1 and SME2 Instrument grants and Lipum was listed on Nasdaq First. Health Unchained features insights from the top healthcare innovators, entrepreneurs, and executives who are applying blockchain technology solutions to disrupt the health industry. Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Formulation & Delivery Europe: Online. 研究人員可借助 Unchained Labs 平台使原本手動的工作流程轉變為完全自動化。 他們也預計其今年營收將達 7500 萬美元。 Unchained Labs 執行長 …. We are vaccinating all eligible patients. The round was led by Novo Ventures, Canaan Partners and TPG Biotech. Share on LinkedIn, opens a new window. Unchained Labs has acquired in 2 different US states, and 4 countries. Responsible for the achievement of the sales budget in Sweden. A strong CAAS practice includes three elements: people, processes, and technology. Most recently she was Chief People Officer for Balbix. Unchained Labs: Party Type: 10 - Original Applicant: Legal Entity Type: 03 - Corporation: Address: Pleasanton, CA 94566: Trademark Events. Observatory of Public Sector Innovation. Maintain a high-level knowledge of the Unchained Labs…. This post contains the handout of the lab I gave on explicit Custom Nodes in C# …. 👉 We use deep learning to detect heart arrhythmia using smart watches. The email messages used to deliver phishing-trojans are typically designed to look like normal business communications, often …. Owler Pro gives you access to premium features that keep your business in the loop about relevant company, competitor, and industry news - so you can find qualified leads, improve your outreach, and build better relationships with your customers. Our global footprint enables us to serve more than 225,000 customer locations and gives us extensive access to research laboratories and scientists in more than 180 countries. Prior to joining Canaan, Brent worked in both commercial and technical roles at General Surgical Innovations, Ethicon Endo-Surgery (J&J), and IAP Research. | Ancient8 is creating a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) that develops a platform to enable everyone to play and build the metaverse while earning rewards. Unchained Labs announced the appointment of Max Carnecchia to its Board today. Join to connect ASIS PHOTO LAB. Hariharan Iyer Co-Founder at between-ism | Marketing at Chorus One host of the Unchained podcast, author of The Cryptopians - **I do not respond to. Keep CRM system up to date with customer notes and issues. From developability assessment through quality control, Halo Labs …. But for Gods Unchained to launch and go on to sell 1 million of its digital cards, with 10% of all purchases going towards its eventual esports …. com Industries Biotechnology Research Company size 201-500 employees Headquarters Pleasanton, California Type Privately Held Founded 2015 Locations Primary 6870 Koll Center.

Resolving the Taiwan question and realizing China’s complete reunification is a shared aspiration of all the sons and daughters of the Chinese nation. It is indispensable for the realization of China’s rejuvenation. It is also a historic mission of the Communist Party of China (CPC). The CPC, the Chinese government, and the Chinese people have striven for decades to achieve this goal. The 18th National Congress of the CPC in 2012 heralded a new era in building socialism with Chinese characteristics. Under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at the core, the CPC and the Chinese government have adopted new and innovative measures concerning Taiwan. They have continued to chart the course of cross-Straits relations, safeguard peace and stability across the Taiwan Straits, and promote progress towards national reunification. However, in recent years the Taiwan authorities, led by the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), have redoubled their efforts to divide the country, and some external forces have tried to exploit Taiwan to contain China, and prevent the Chinese nation from achieving complete reunification, and halt the process of national rejuvenation. The CPC has united the Chinese people and led them in fulfilling the First Centenary Goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects as scheduled, and in embarking on a new journey toward the Second Centenary Goal of building China into a modern socialist country. The Chinese nation has achieved a historic transformation from standing upright to becoming prosperous and growing in strength, and national rejuvenation is driven by an unstoppable force. This marks a new starting point for reunification. The Chinese government has published two previous white papers on Taiwan. One was The Taiwan Question and Reunification of China in August 1993, and the other was The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue in February 2000. These two white papers provided a comprehensive and systematic elaboration of the basic principles and policies regarding the resolution of the Taiwan question. This new white paper is being. I. Taiwan Is Part of China – This Is an Indisputable Fact Taiwan has belonged to China since ancient times. This statement has a sound basis in history and jurisprudence. New archeological discoveries and research findings regularly attest to the profound historical and cultural ties between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits. A large number of historical records and annals document the development of Taiwan by the Chinese people in earlier periods. The earliest references to this effect are to be found, among others, in the Seaboard Geographic Gazetteer compiled in the year 230 by Shen Ying of the State of Wu during the Three Kingdoms Period. The royal court of the Sui Dynasty had on three occasions sent troops to Taiwan, called Liuqiu at that time. Starting from the Song and Yuan dynasties, the imperial central governments of China all set up administrative bodies to exercise jurisdiction over Penghu and Taiwan. In 1624, Dutch colonialists invaded and occupied the southern part of Taiwan. In 1662, General Zheng Chenggong was hailed as a national hero, led an expedition, and expelled them from the island. Subsequently, the Qing court gradually set up more administrative bodies in Taiwan. In 1684, a Taiwan prefecture administration was set up under the jurisdiction of Fujian Province. In 1885, Taiwan’s status was upgraded and it became the 20th province of China. In July 1894, Japan launched a war of aggression against China. In April 1895, the defeated Qing government was forced to cede Taiwan and the Penghu Islands to Japan. During the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (1931-1945), China’s Communists called for the recovery of Taiwan. Talking with American journalist Nym Wales on May 15, 1937, Mao Zedong said that China’s goal was to achieve a final victory in the war – a victory that would recover the occupied Chinese territories in Northeast China and to the south of the Shanhai Pass, and secure the liberation of Taiwan. On December 9, 1941, the Chinese government issued a declaration of war against Japan and proclaimed that all treaties, conventions, agreements, and contracts regarding relations between China and Japan had been abrogated and that China would recover Taiwan and the Penghu Islands. The Cairo Declaration issued by China, the United States, and the United Kingdom on December 1, 1943, stated that it was the purpose of the three allies that all the territories Japan had stolen from China, such as Northeast China, Taiwan, and the Penghu Islands, should be restored to China. The Potsdam Proclamation was signed by China, the United States, and the United Kingdom on July 26, 1945, and was subsequently recognized by the Soviet Union. It reiterated: “The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out.” In September of the same year, Japan signed the instrument of surrender, in which it promised that it would faithfully fulfill the obligations laid down in the Potsdam Proclamation. On October 25 the Chinese government announced that it was resuming the exercise of sovereignty over Taiwan, and the ceremony to accept Japan’s surrender in Taiwan Province of the China war theater of the Allied powers was held in Taibei (Taipei). From that point forward, China had recovered Taiwan de jure and de facto through a host of documents with international legal effect. On October 1, 1949, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was founded, becoming the successor to the Republic of China (1912-1949), and the Central People’s Government became the only legitimate government of the whole of China. The new government replaced the previous KMT regime in a situation where China, as a subject under international law, did not change and China’s sovereignty and inherent territory did not change. As a natural result, the government of the PRC should enjoy and exercise China’s full sovereignty, which includes its sovereignty over Taiwan. As a result of the civil war in China in the late 1940s and the interference of external forces, the two sides of the Taiwan Straits have fallen into a state of protracted political confrontation. But the sovereignty and territory of China have never been divided and will never be divided, and Taiwan’s status as part of China’s territory has never changed and will never be allowed to change. At its 26th session in October 1971, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 2758, which undertook ”. This resolution settled once and for all the political, legal, and procedural issues of China’s representation in the UN, and it covered the whole country, including Taiwan. It also spelled out that China has one single seat in the UN, so there is no such thing as “two Chinas” or “one China, one Taiwan”. The specialized agencies of the UN later adopted further resolutions restoring the PRC as its lawful seat and expelling the representatives of the Taiwan authorities. One of these is Resolution 25.1 adopted at the 25th World Health Assembly in May 1972. It was clearly stated in the official legal opinions of the Office of Legal Affairs of the UN Secretariat that “the United Nations considers ‘Taiwan’ as a province of China with no separate status”, and the “‘authorities’ in ‘Taipei’ are not considered to… enjoy any form of government status”. At the UN the island is referred to as “Taiwan, Province of China”. Resolution 2758 is a political document encapsulating the one-China principle whose legal authority leaves no room for doubt and has been acknowledged worldwide. Taiwan does not have any ground, reason, or right to join the UN, or any other international organization whose membership is confined to sovereign states. In recent years some elements in a small number of countries, the US foremost among them, have colluded with forces in Taiwan, to falsely claim that the resolution did not conclusively resolve the issue of Taiwan’s representation. Puffing up the illegal and invalid Treaty of San Francisco and disregarding the Cairo Declaration, the Potsdam Proclamation, and other international legal documents, they profess that the status of Taiwan has yet to be determined, and declare their support for “Taiwan’s meaningful participation in the UN system”. What they are actually attempting to do is to alter Taiwan’s status as part of China and create “two Chinas” or “one China, one Taiwan” as part of a political ploy – using Taiwan to contain China. These actions in violation of Resolution 2758 and international law are a serious breach of political commitments made by these countries. They damage China’s sovereignty and dignity and treat the basic principles of international law with contempt. The Chinese government has condemned and expressed its resolute opposition to them. The one-China principle represents the universal consensus of the international community; it is consistent with the basic norms of international relations. To date, 181 countries including the United States have established diplomatic relations with the PRC on the basis of the one-China principle. The China-US Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations, published in December 1978, states: “The Government of the United States of America acknowledges the Chinese position that there is but one China and Taiwan is part of China.” It also states: Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, adopted at the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People’s Congress (NPC) in December 1982,.” The Anti-Secession Law, adopted at the Third Session of the 10th NPC in March 2005, stipulates: ‘Taiwan independence’ secessionist forces to make Taiwan secede from China under any name or by any means.” The National Security Law, adopted at the 15th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 12th NPC in July 2015, stipulates: “The sovereignty and territorial integrity of China brook no violation or separation. Safeguarding national sovereignty, unity, and territorial integrity is the common duty of all Chinese citizens, including Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan compatriots.” We are one of China, and Taiwan is part of China. This is an indisputable fact supported by history and the law. Taiwan has never been a state; its status as part of China is unalterable. Any attempt to distort these facts and dispute or deny the one-China principle will end in failure. II. Resolute Efforts of the CPC to Realize China’s Complete Reunification The CPC has always been dedicated to working for the well-being of the Chinese people and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Soon after its founding in 1921, the CPC set itself the goal of freeing Taiwan from colonial rule, reuniting it with the rest of the country, and liberating the whole nation, including compatriots in Taiwan. It has made a tremendous effort to achieve this goal.. After the founding of the PRC in 1949, China’s Communists, under the leadership of Mao Zedong, proposed the essential guideline, underlying principle, and basic policy for peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question. The CPC prepared and worked for the liberation of Taiwan, thwarted the Taiwan authorities’ plans to attack the mainland, and foiled attempts to create “two Chinas” and “one China, one Taiwan”. Through their efforts, the lawful seat and rights of the PRC in the United Nations were restored and the one-China principle was subscribed to by the majority of countries, laying important groundwork for peaceful reunification. The CPC central leadership established high-level contact with the Taiwan authorities through proper channels in pursuit of a peaceful solution to the Taiwan question. Following the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978, with the establishment of diplomatic relations between the PRC and the United States, China’s Communists, led by Deng Xiaoping, defined the fundamental guideline for peaceful reunification in the vital interests of the country and the people and on the basis of the consensus for peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question. The CPC introduced the creative and well-conceived concept of One Country, Two Systems, and applied it first in resolving the questions of Hong Kong and Macao. It took action to ease military confrontation across the Taiwan Straits, restore contact, and open up people-to-people exchanges and cooperation, opening a new chapter in cross-Straits relations. After the Fourth Plenary Session of the 13th CPC Central Committee in 1989, China’s Communists, led by Jiang Zemin, made eight proposals for the development of cross-Straits relations and the peaceful reunification of China. The CPC facilitated agreement across the Straits on the 1992 Consensus, which embodies the one-China principle. It initiated cross-Straits consultations and negotiations, resulting in the first talks between heads of the non-governmental organizations authorized by the two sides of the Straits, and expanded cross-Straits exchanges and cooperation in various fields. The CPC took firm action against separatist activities led by Lee Teng-hui, and struck hard at the separatist forces seeking “Taiwan independence”. It ensured the smooth return of Hong Kong and Macao to China and applied the policy of One Country, Two Systems, which had a constructive impact on the settlement of the Taiwan question. After the 16th CPC National Congress in 2002, China’s Communists, led by Hu Jintao, highlighted the importance of peaceful development of cross-Straits relations. The CPC pushed for the enactment of the Anti-Secession Law to curb separatist activities in Taiwan, hosted the first talks between the leaders of the CPC and the Kuomintang in six decades since 1945, and defeated attempts by Chen Shui-bian to fabricate a legal basis for “independence”. The CPC effected profound changes in moving the peaceful development of cross-Straits relations forward by promoting institutionalized consultations and negotiations that produced fruitful results, establishing overall direct two-way links in mail, business, and transport, and facilitating the signing and implementation of the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement. After the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, China’s Communists, under the leadership of Xi Jinping, took a holistic approach to cross-Straits relations in keeping with changing circumstances, added substance to the theory on national reunification and the principles and policies concerning Taiwan, and worked to keep cross-Straits relations on the right track. The CPC developed its overall policy for resolving the Taiwan question in the new era and set out the overarching guideline and a program of action. At its 19th National Congress in October 2017, the CPC affirmed the basic policy of upholding One Country, Two Systems and promoting national reunification, and emphasized its resolve never to allow any person, any organization, or any political party, at any time or in any form, to separate any part of Chinese territory from China. In January 2019, Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee and president of China, addressed a meeting marking the 40th anniversary of the release of the Message to Compatriots in Taiwan. In his speech, Xi Jinping proposed major policies to advance the peaceful development of cross-Straits relations and the peaceful reunification of China in the new era. These are: first, working together to promote China’s rejuvenation and its peaceful reunification; second, seeking a Two Systems solution to the Taiwan question and making innovative efforts toward peaceful reunification; third, abiding by the one-China principle and safeguarding the prospects for peaceful reunification; fourth, further integrating development across the Straits and consolidating the foundations for peaceful reunification; fifth, forging closer bonds of heart and mind between people on both sides of the Straits and strengthening joint commitment to peaceful reunification. The CPC and the Chinese government have thereby adopted a series of major measures for charting the course of cross-Straits relations and realizing China’s peaceful reunification: – The CPC and the Chinese government have facilitated the first meeting and direct dialogue between leaders of the two sides since 1949, raising exchanges and interactions to new heights, opening up a new chapter, and creating new space for cross-Straits relations. This is a new milestone. The departments in charge of cross-Straits affairs on both sides have established regular contact and communication mechanisms on a common political foundation, and the heads of the two departments have exchanged visits and set up hotlines. – Upholding the one-China principle and the 1992 Consensus, the CPC and the Chinese government have facilitated exchanges between political parties across the Straits, and conducted dialogues, consultations, and in-depth exchanges of views on cross-Straits relations and the future of the Chinese nation with relevant political parties, organizations, and individuals in Taiwan. These efforts have resulted in consensus on multiple issues and promoted a number of joint initiatives exploring the Two Systems solution to the Taiwan question with all sectors of Taiwan society. – Guided by the conviction that people on both sides of the Taiwan Straits are of the same family, the CPC and the Chinese government has promoted peaceful development of cross-Straits relations and integrated development of the two sides for the benefit of both the mainland and Taiwan. We have also refined the institutional arrangements, policies, and measures to promote cross-Straits exchanges and cooperation, designed to advance the wellbeing of the people of Taiwan. These include the delivery of water from the coastal province of Fujian to Kinmen Island, electronic travel passes for Taiwan residents to enter or leave the mainland, residence permits for Taiwan residents, progressively ensuring that Taiwan compatriots have equal access to public services so as to facilitate their studying, starting businesses, working and living on the mainland, and an ongoing effort to pave the way for Taiwan to benefit first from the mainland’s development opportunities. – While countering interference and obstruction from separatist forces, the CPC and the Chinese government have called on the people of Taiwan to promote effective and in-depth cooperation and people-to-people exchanges in various fields across the Straits. Having overcome the impact of COVID-19, we have held a number of exchange events such as the Straits Forum and maintained the momentum of cross-Straits exchanges and cooperation. – Resolute in defending state sovereignty and territorial integrity and opposing separatist activities and external interference, the CPC and the Chinese government have safeguarded peace and stability in the Taiwan Straits and the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation. We have taken lawful action against and effectively deterred separatist forces. We have handled Taiwan’s external exchanges in a sound manner and consolidated the international community’s commitment to the one-China principle. in Taiwan. This fully demonstrates that cross-Straits amity and cooperation are mutually beneficial. The volume of cross-Straits trade was only US$46 million in 1978. It rose to US$328.34 billion in 2021, up by a factor of more than 7,000. The mainland has been Taiwan’s largest export market for the last 21 years, generating a large annual surplus for the island. The mainland is also the largest destination for Taiwan’s off-island investment. By the end of 2021, Taiwan businesses had invested in almost 124,000 projects on the mainland, to a total value of US$71.34 billion. In 1987 less than 50,000 visits were made between the two sides; by 2019 this number had soared to about 9 million. In the past three years, affected by COVID-19, online communication has become the main form of people-to-people interactions across the Straits, and the numbers of people participating in and covered by online communication are reaching new highs. The CPC has always been the spine of the Chinese nation, exercising strong leadership in realizing national rejuvenation and reunification. Its consistent efforts over the decades to resolve the Taiwan question and achieve complete national reunification are based on the following: First, the one-China principle must be upheld, and no individual or force should be allowed to separate Taiwan from China. Second, it is imperative to strive for the well-being of all Chinese people, including those in Taiwan, and to realize the aspirations of all Chinese people for a better life. Third, we must follow the principles of freeing the mind, seeking truth from facts, maintaining the right political orientation, breaking new ground, and defending the fundamental interests of the nation and the core interests of the state in formulating principles and policies on work related to Taiwan. Fourth, it is necessary to have the courage and skill to fight against any force that attempts to undermine China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity or stands in the way of its reunification. Fifth, extensive unity and solidarity must be upheld to mobilize all factors to fight against any force that would divide the country, and pool strengths to advance national reunification. III. China’s Complete Reunification Is a Process That Cannot Be Halted Against a backdrop of profound and complex changes in the domestic and international situation, our cause of complete national reunification is facing new challenges. The CPC and the Chinese government have the strength and the confidence to deal with complexities and overcome risks and threats, and the ability to take great strides forward on the path to national reunification. 1. Complete Reunification Is Critical to National Rejuvenation Throughout China’s 5,000-year history, national reunification and opposition to the division have remained a common ideal and a shared tradition of the whole nation. In the modern era from the mid-19th century, due to the aggression of Western powers and the decadence of feudal rule, China was gradually reduced to a semi-feudal, semi-colonial society, and went through a period of suffering worse than anything it had previously known. The country endured intense humiliation, the people were subjected to great pain, and the Chinese civilization was plunged into darkness. Japan’s 50-year occupation of Taiwan epitomized this humiliation and inflicted agony on both sides of the Taiwan Straits. Our two sides face each other just across a strip of water, yet we are still far apart. The fact that we have not yet been reunified is a scar left by history on the Chinese nation. We Chinese on both sides should work together to achieve reunification and heal this wound. National rejuvenation has been the greatest dream of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation since the modern era began. Only by realizing complete national reunification can the Chinese people on both sides of the Straits cast aside the shadow of civil war and create and enjoy lasting peace. National reunification is the only way to avoid the risk of Taiwan being invaded and occupied again by foreign countries, to foil the attempts of external forces to contain China, and safeguard the sovereignty, security, and development interests of our country. It is the most effective remedy to secessionist attempts to divide our country, and the best means to consolidate Taiwan’s status as part of China and advance national rejuvenation. It will enable us to pool the strengths of the people on both sides, build our common home, safeguard our interests and well-being, and create a brighter future for the Chinese people and the Chinese nation. As Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the great pioneer of China’s revolution, once said, “Unification is the hope of all Chinese nationals. If China can be unified, all Chinese will enjoy a happy life; if it cannot, all will suffer.” In exploring the path to rejuvenation and prosperity, China has endured vicissitudes and hardships. “Unification brings strength while division leads to chaos.” This is a law of history.. The Taiwan question arose as a result of weakness and chaos in our nation, and it will be resolved as national rejuvenation becomes a reality. When all the Chinese people stick together and work together, we will surely succeed in realizing national reunification on our way to national rejuvenation. 2. National Development and Progress Set the Direction of Cross-Straits Relations China’s development and progress are the key factor determining the course of cross-Straits relations and the realization of complete national reunification. In particular, the great achievements over four decades of reform, opening up and modernization have had a profound impact on the historical process of resolving the Taiwan question and realizing complete national reunification. No matter which political party or group is in power in Taiwan, it cannot alter the course of progress in cross-Straits relations or the trend towards national reunification. International Monetary Fund statistics show that in 1980 the GDP of the mainland was about US$303 billion, just over 7 times that of Taiwan, which was about US$42.3 billion; in 2021, the GDP of the mainland was about US$17.46 trillion, more than 22 times that of Taiwan, which was about US$790 billion. China’s development and progress, and in particular the steady increases in its economic power, technological strength, and national defense capabilities, are an effective curb against separatist activities and interference from external forces. They also provide broad space and great opportunities for cross-Straits exchanges and cooperation. As more and more compatriots from Taiwan, especially young people, pursue their studies, start businesses, seek jobs, or go to live on the mainland, cross-Straits exchanges, interaction and integration are intensified in all sectors, and the economic ties and personal bonds between the people on both sides run deeper, and our common cultural and national identities grow stronger, leading cross-Straits relations towards reunification. The CPC has united the Chinese people and led them in embarking on the new journey of building China into a modern socialist country in all respects. Following the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the mainland has improved its governance and maintained long-term economic growth; it enjoys a solid material foundation, a wealth of human resources, a huge market, strong resilience in development, and social stability. It, therefore, has many strengths and favorable conditions for further development, and these have become the driving force for reunification.ese society will keep growing. We will have a more solid foundation for resolving the Taiwan question and a greater ability to do so. This will give a significant boost to national reunification. 3. Any Attempt by Separatist Forces to Prevent Reunification Is Bound to Fail Taiwan has been an integral part of China’s territory since ancient times. Moves to separate Taiwan from China represent the serious crime of secession and undermine the common interests of compatriots on both sides of the Taiwan Straits and the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation. They will lead nowhere. The DPP authorities have adopted a separatist stance and colluded with external forces in successive provocative actions designed to divide the country. They refuse to recognize the one-China principle and distort and deny the 1992 Consensus. They assert that Taiwan and the mainland should not be subordinate to each other, and proclaim a new “two states” theory. On the island, they constantly press for “de-sinicization” and promote “incremental independence”. They incite radical separatists in and outside the DPP to lobby for amendments to their “constitution” and “laws”. They deceive the people of Taiwan, incite hostility against the mainland, and obstruct and undermine cross-Straits exchanges, cooperation, and integrated development. They have steadily built up their military forces with the intention of pursuing “independence” and preventing reunification by force. They join with external forces in trying to sow the seeds of “two Chinas” or “one China, one Taiwan”. The actions of the DPP authorities have resulted in tension in cross-Straits relations, endangering peace and stability in the Taiwan Straits, undermining the prospects, and restricting the space for peaceful reunification. These are obstacles that must be removed in advancing the process of peaceful reunification. Taiwan belongs to all the Chinese people, including the 23 million Taiwan compatriots. The Chinese people are firm in their resolve and have a deep commitment to safeguarding China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, and the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation and this resolve and commitment will frustrate any attempt to divide the country. When Taiwan was invaded by a foreign power more than 100 years ago, China was a poor and weak country. More than 70 years ago, China defeated the invaders and recovered Taiwan. Today, China has grown into the world’s second-largest economy. With significant growth in its political, economic, cultural, technological, and military strength, there is no likelihood that China will allow Taiwan to be separated again. Attempts to reject reunification and split the country are doomed because they will founder against the history and culture of the Chinese nation as well as the resolve and commitment of more than 1.4 billion Chinese people. 4. External Forces Obstructing China’s Complete Reunification Will Surely Be Defeated External interference is a prominent obstacle to China’s reunification. Still lost in delusions of hegemony and trapped in a Cold War mindset, some forces in the US insist on perceiving and portraying China as a major strategic adversary and a serious long-term threat. They do their utmost to undermine and pressurize China, exploiting Taiwan as a convenient tool. The US authorities have stated that they remain committed to the one-China policy and that they do not support “Taiwan independence”. But their actions contradict their words. They are clouding the one-China principle in uncertainty and compromising its integrity. They are contriving “official” exchanges with Taiwan, increasing arms sales, and colluding in the military provocation. To help Taiwan expand its “international space”, they are inducing other countries to interfere in Taiwan affairs, and concocting Taiwan-related bills that infringe upon the sovereignty of China. They are creating confusion around what is black and white, right and wrong. On the one hand, they incite separatist forces to create tension and turmoil in cross-Straits relations. On the other hand, they accuse the mainland of coercion, pressurizing Taiwan, and unilaterally changing the status quo, in order to embolden these forces and create obstacles to China’s peaceful reunification. The important principles of respecting state sovereignty and territorial integrity as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations are the cornerstones of modern international law and basic norms of international relations. It is the sacred right of every sovereign state to safeguard national unity and territorial integrity. It goes without saying that the Chinese government is entitled to take all measures necessary to settle the Taiwan question and achieve national reunification, free of external interference. Behind the smokescreens of “freedom, democracy, and human rights” and “upholding the rules-based international order”, some anti-China forces in the US deliberately distort the nature of the Taiwan question – which is purely an internal matter for China – and try to deny the legitimacy and justification of the Chinese government in safeguarding national sovereignty and territorial integrity. This clearly reveals their intention of using Taiwan to contain China and obstruct China’s reunification, which should be thoroughly exposed and condemned. These external forces are using Taiwan as a pawn to undermine China’s development and progress, and obstruct the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. They are doing so at the cost of the interests, well-being, and future of the people of Taiwan rather than for their benefit. They. Shortly after the PRC was founded, even though the country itself had to be rebuilt on the ruins of decades of war, China and its people won a resounding victory in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea (1950-1953). We defeated a powerful and well-armed enemy through gallantry and tenacity. In doing so, we safeguarded the security of the newly founded People’s Republic, reestablished the status of China as a major country in the world, and demonstrated our heroic spirit, our lack of fear, and our will to stand up against the abuse of the powerful. China is firmly committed to peaceful development. At the same time, it will not flinch under any external interference, nor will it tolerate any infringement upon its sovereignty, security and development interests. Relying on external forces will achieve nothing for Taiwan’s separatists, and using Taiwan to contain China is doomed to fail. Tranquility, development, and a decent life are the expectations of our Taiwan compatriots and the common aspiration of those on both sides of the Taiwan Straits. Under the strong leadership of the CPC, the Chinese people and the Chinese nation have stood upright, won prosperity, and grown in strength. A moderately prosperous society in all respects has been built on the mainland, where a large population once lived in dire poverty. We now have better conditions, more confidence, and greater capabilities. We can complete the historic mission of national reunification so that both sides of the Straits can enjoy a better life. The wheel of history rolls on towards national reunification, and it will not be stopped by any individual or any force. IV. National Reunification in the New Era Taking into consideration the overall goal of national rejuvenation in the context of global change on a scale unseen in a century, the CPC and the Chinese government have continued to follow the CPC’s fundamental guidelines on the Taiwan question and implement its principles and policies toward Taiwan, and have made concrete efforts to promote peaceful cross-Straits relations, integrate the development of the two sides, and work towards national reunification. 1. Upholding the Basic Principles of Peaceful Reunification and One Country, Two Systems National reunification by peaceful means is the first choice of the CPC and the Chinese government in resolving the Taiwan question, as it best serves the interests of the Chinese nation as a whole, including our compatriots in Taiwan, and it works best for the long-term stability and development of China. We have worked hard to overcome hardships and obstacles to peaceful reunification over the past decades, showing that we cherish and safeguard the greater good of the nation, the wellbeing of our compatriots in Taiwan, and peace on both sides. The One Country, Two Systems principle is an important institutional instrument created by the CPC and the Chinese government to enable peaceful reunification. It represents a great achievement of Chinese socialism.. We maintain that after peaceful reunification, Taiwan may continue its current social system and enjoy a high degree of autonomy in accordance with the law. The two social systems will develop side by side for a long time to come. One Country is the precondition and foundation of Two Systems; Two Systems are subordinate to and derive from One Country, and the two are integrated under the one-China principle. We will continue working with our compatriots in Taiwan to explore a Two Systems solution to the Taiwan question and increase our efforts toward peaceful. Ever since the One Country, Two Systems principle was proposed, certain political forces have been misrepresenting and distorting its objectives. The DPP and the authorities under its leadership have done everything possible to target the principle with baseless criticisms, and this has led to misunderstandings about its aims in some quarters of Taiwan. It is a fact that since Hong Kong and Macao returned to the motherland and were reincorporated into national governance, they have embarked on a broad path of shared development together with the mainland, and each complements the others’ strengths. The practice of One Country, Two Systems has been a resounding success. For a time, Hong Kong faced a period of damaging social unrest caused by anti-China agitators both inside and outside the region. Based on a clear understanding of the situation there, the CPC and the Chinese government upheld the One Country, Two Systems principle, made some appropriate improvements, and took a series of measures that addressed both the symptoms and root causes of the unrest. Order was restored and prosperity returned to Hong Kong. This has laid a solid foundation for the law-based governance of Hong Kong and Macao and the long-term continuation of One Country, Two Systems. To realize peaceful reunification, we must acknowledge that the mainland and Taiwan have their own distinct social systems and ideologies. The One Country, Two Systems principle is the most inclusive solution to this problem. It is an approach that is grounded in democratic principles, demonstrates goodwill, seeks peaceful resolution of the Taiwan question, and delivers mutual benefit. The differences in the social system are neither an obstacle to reunification nor a justification for secessionism. We firmly believe that our compatriots in Taiwan will develop a better understanding of the principle and that the Two Systems solution to the Taiwan question will play its full role while compatriots on both sides work together towards peaceful reunification. Peaceful reunification can only be achieved through consultation and discussion as equals. The long-standing political differences between the two sides are the fundamental obstacles to the steady improvement of cross-Straits relations, but we should not allow this problem to be passed down from one generation to the next. We can phase in flexible forms of consultation and discussion. We are ready to engage with all parties, groups, or individuals in Taiwan in a broad exchange of views aimed at resolving the political differences between the two sides based on the one-China principle and the 1992 Consensus. Representatives will be recommended by all political parties and all sectors of society on both sides, and they will engage in democratic consultations on the peaceful development of cross-Straits relations, integrated development of the two sides, and the peaceful reunification of our country. 2. Promoting Peaceful Cross-Straits Relations and Integrated Development Peaceful cross-Straits relations and integrated development pave the way for reunification and serve to benefit our people on both sides. Thus, both sides should work together towards this goal. We will extend integrated development, increase exchanges and cooperation, strengthen bonds, and expand common interests in the peaceful development of cross-Straits relations. In this way, we will all identify more closely with the Chinese culture and Chinese nation, and heighten the sense of our shared future. This lays solid foundations for peaceful reunification. We will explore an innovative approach to integrated development and take the lead in setting up a pilot zone for integrated cross-Straits development in Fujian Province, advancing integration through better connectivity and more preferential policies, and based on mutual trust and understanding. Both sides should continue to promote connectivity in any area where it is beneficial, including trade and economic cooperation, infrastructure, energy and resources, and industrial standards. We should promote cooperation in culture, education, and health care, and the sharing of social security and public resources. We should support neighboring areas or areas with similar conditions on the two sides in providing equal, universal, and accessible public services. We should take active steps to institutionalize cross-Straits economic cooperation and create a common market for the two sides to strengthen the Chinese economy. We will improve the systems and policies to guarantee the well-being of Taiwanese compatriots and ensure that they are treated as equals on the mainland, and we will protect their legitimate rights and interests here in accordance with the law. We will support our fellow Chinese and enterprises from Taiwan in participating in the Belt and Road Initiative, major regional development strategies, and the strategy for coordinated regional development. We will help them integrate into the new development dynamic, participate in high-quality development, share in more development opportunities, and benefit from national socio-economic development. We will expand cross-Straits exchanges and cooperation in various fields and overcome any obstacles and obstructions. We will encourage our people on both sides to pass on the best of traditional Chinese culture and ensure that it grows in new and creative ways. We will strengthen communication among the general public and the younger generations on both sides, and encourage more fellow Chinese in Taiwan – young people in particular – to pursue studies, start businesses, seek jobs, or live on the mainland. This will help people on both sides to expand mutual understanding, strengthen mutual trust, consolidate a shared sense of identity, and forge closer bonds of heart and mind. 3. Defeating Separatism and External Interference Separatism will plunge Taiwan into the abyss and bring nothing but disaster to the island. To protect the interests of the Chinese nation as a whole, including our compatriots in Taiwan, we must resolutely oppose it and work for peaceful reunification. We are ready to create vast space for peaceful reunification, but we will leave no room for separatist activities in any form. We Chinese will decide our own affairs. The Taiwan question is an internal affair that involves China’s core interests and the Chinese people’s national sentiments, and no external interference will be tolerated. Any attempt to use the Taiwan question as a pretext to interfere in China’s internal affairs or obstruct China’s reunification will meet with the resolute opposition of the Chinese people, including our compatriots in Taiwan. No one should underestimate our resolve, will, and ability to defend China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.. We will only be forced to take drastic measures to respond to the provocation of separatist elements or external forces should they ever cross our red lines. We will always be ready to respond with the use of force or other necessary means to interfere with external forces or radical action by separatist elements. Our ultimate goal is to ensure the prospects of China’s peaceful reunification and advance this process. Some forces in the US are making every effort to incite groups inside Taiwan to stir up trouble and use Taiwan as a pawn against China. This has jeopardized peace and stability across the Taiwan Straits, obstructed the Chinese government’s efforts towards peaceful reunification, and undermined the healthy and steady development of China-US relations. Left unchecked, it will continue to escalate tension across the Straits, further disrupt China-US relations, and severely damage the interests of the US itself. The US should abide by the one-China principle, deal with Taiwan-related issues in a prudent and proper manner, stand by its previous commitments, and stop supporting Taiwan separatists. 4. Working with Our Fellow Chinese in Taiwan Towards National Reunification and Rejuvenation National reunification is an essential step toward national rejuvenation. The future of Taiwan lies in China’s reunification, and the well-being of the people in Taiwan hinges on the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, an endeavor that bears on the future and destiny of the people on both sides. A united and prosperous China will be a blessing for all Chinese, while a weak and divided China will be a disaster. Only China’s rejuvenation and prosperity can bring lives of plenty and happiness to both sides. But it requires the joint efforts of both sides, as does the complete reunification of the country. Separatist propaganda and the unresolved political dispute between the two sides have created misconceptions over cross-Straits relations, problems with national identity, and misgivings over national reunification among some fellow Chinese in Taiwan. Blood is thicker than water, and people on both sides of the Straits share the bond of kinship. We have great patience and tolerance and we will create conditions for closer exchanges and communication between the two sides, increase our compatriots’ knowledge of the mainland and reduce these misconceptions and misgivings, in order to help them resist the manipulation of separatists. We will join hands with our fellow Chinese in Taiwan to strive for national reunification and rejuvenation. We hope they. V. Bright Prospects for Peaceful Reunification. 1. Taiwan Will Have a Vast Space for Development Taiwan boasts a high level of economic growth, industries with distinctive local features, and robust foreign trade. Its economy is highly complementary to that of the mainland. After reunification, the systems and mechanisms for cross-Straits economic cooperation will be further improved. Backed up by the vast mainland market, Taiwan’s economy will enjoy broader prospects, become more competitive, develop steadier and smoother industrial and supply chains, and display greater vitality in innovation-driven growth. Many problems that have long afflicted Taiwan’s economy and its people can be resolved through integrated cross-Straits development with all possible connections between the two sides. Taiwan’s fiscal revenues can be better employed to improve living standards, bringing real benefits to the people and resolving their difficulties. Taiwan’s cultural creativity will also enjoy a great boost. Both sides of the Taiwan Strait share the culture and ethos of the Chinese nation. Nourished by the Chinese civilization, Taiwan’s regional culture will flourish and prosper. 2. The Rights and Interests of the People in Taiwan Will Be Fully Protected Provided that China’s sovereignty, security, and development interests are guaranteed after reunification Taiwan will enjoy a high degree of autonomy as a special administrative region. Taiwan’s social system and its way of life will be fully respected, and the private property, religious beliefs, and lawful rights and interests of the people in Taiwan will be fully protected. All Taiwan compatriots who support the reunification of the country and rejuvenation of the nation will be the masters of the region, contributing to and benefitting from China’s development. With a powerful motherland in support, the people of Taiwan will enjoy greater security and dignity and stand upright and rock-solid in the international community. 3. Both Sides of the Taiwan Straits Will Share the Triumph of National Rejuvenation The people of Taiwan are brave, diligent, and patriotic, and have made unremitting efforts to improve themselves. They revere their ancestry and love their homeland. Working together and applying their talents, people on both sides of the Taiwan Straits will create a promising future. After reunification, we Chinese will bridge gaps and differences caused by long-term separation, share a stronger sense of national identity, and stand together as one. After reunification, we can leverage complementary strengths in pursuit of mutual benefit and common development. After reunification, we can join hands to make the Chinese nation stronger and more prosperous, and stand taller among all the nations of the world. The people separated by the Taiwan Straits share the same blood and a common destiny. After reunification, China will have greater international influence and appeal, and a stronger ability to shape international public opinion, and the Chinese people will enjoy greater self-esteem, self-confidence, and national pride. In Taiwan and on the mainland the people will share the dignity and triumph of a united China and be proud of being Chinese. We will work together to refine and implement the Two Systems solution to the Taiwan question, improve the institutional arrangements for implementing the One Country, Two Systems policy, and ensure lasting peace and stability in Taiwan. 4. Peaceful Reunification of China Is Conducive to Peace and Development in the Asia-Pacific and the Wider World Peaceful cross-Straits reunification is of benefit not only to the Chinese nation but to all peoples and the international community as a whole. The reunification of China will not harm the legitimate interests of any other country, including any economic interests they might have in Taiwan. On the contrary, it will bring more development opportunities to all countries; it will create more positive momentum for prosperity and stability in the Asia-Pacific and the rest of the world; it will contribute more to building a global community of shared future, promoting world peace and development, and propelling human progress. After reunification, foreign countries can continue to develop economic and cultural relations with Taiwan. With the approval of the central government of China, they may set up consulates or other official and quasi-official institutions in Taiwan, international organizations and agencies may establish offices, relevant international conventions can be applied, and relevant international conferences can be held there. Conclusion Over its 5,000-year history, China has created a splendid culture that has shone throughout the world from past times to the present and has made an enormous contribution to human society. After a century of suffering and hardship, the nation has overcome humiliation, emerged from backwardness, and embraced boundless development opportunities. Now, it is striding towards the goal of national rejuvenation. Embarking on a new journey in a new era, the CPC and the Chinese government will continue to rally compatriots on both sides of the Taiwan Straits, and lead the efforts to answer the call of the times, shoulder historic responsibilities, grasp our fate, and our future in our own hands, and work hard to achieve national reunification and rejuvenation. The journey ahead cannot be all smooth sailing. However, as long as we Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Straits devote our ingenuity and energy to the same goal, let there be no doubt – we will tolerate no foreign interference in Taiwan, we will thwart any attempt to divide our country, and we will combine as a mighty force for national reunification and rejuvenation. The historic goal of reuniting our motherland must be realized and will be realized. >

Research Library The research library contains a selection of research study articles that have been published in peer-reviewed journals for the purpose of advancing evidence-based regulation. The works listed here have been conducted by nurse educators, administrators, regulators and NCSBN staff. Find Research Briefs, NCLEX Practice Analyses and other published research in the Communications Library. A New Framework for Practice–Academic Partnerships During the Pandemic—and into the Future This chapter highlights the current status of transition-to-practice programs, both for RNs and APRNs. 2021 | Research Item NCSBN Regulatory Guidelines and Evidence-Based Quality Indicators for Nursing Education Programs From the Journal of Nursing Regulation July 2020 special supplement issue, NCSBN presents evidence-based regulatory guidelines and quality indicators for nursing programs. 2021 | Research Item Full Scope-of-Practice Regulation is Associated With Higher Supply of Nurse Practitioners in Rural and Primary Care Health Professional Shortage Counties Access to quality primary care is challenging for rural populations and individuals residing in primary care health professional shortage areas (HPSAs). The ability of nurse practitioners (NPs) to provide full care is governed by state scope-of-practice (SOP) regulation, which is classified into three types: full SOP, reduced SOP, and restricted SOP. Understanding how legislative and regulatory decisions can influence supply of NPs in underserved areas can help guide effective health policies to reduce disparities in access to care. 2018 | Research Item Board of Nursing Approval of Registered Nurse Education Programs Read about the current status of the regulatory approval of nursing education programs in the United States. What are the challenges and opportunities for the future of program approval? 2018 | Research Item A Multisite Study on a New Graduate Registered Nurse Transition to Practice Program: Return on Investment The findings of this study show a positive return on investment and provide additional evidence to support the business case for implementing a transition to practice (TTP) program in hospitals to decrease new graduate registered nurses (NGRN) turnover. Additionally, the results suggest the immediate investment in a NGRN TTP program has a financial benefit that accrues relatively quickly due to higher nurse retention rates. 2017 | Research Item Do RNs in British Columbia Work Excessive Hours? A Registry Data Study. 2017 | Research Item Does Systems Thinking Improve the Perception of Safety Culture and Patient Safety? Aims of this study were to identify nurse workarounds during medication administration, to assess changes in the rates of medication events and workarounds after STEP, to assess changes in systems thinking and safety culture after STEP, and to correlate safety culture and systems thinking. 2017 | Research Item Promoting Regulatory Reform: The African Health Profession Regulatory Collaborative (ARC) for Nursing and Midwifery Year 4 Evaluation. 2017 | Research Item Prescribing Practices by Nurse Practitioners and Primary Care Physicians: A Descriptive Analysis of Medicare Beneficiaries. 2017 | Research Item Determining the CNA Training-Hour Requirement for Quality Care in U.S. Nursing Homes This study provides empirically derived estimates of the numbers of CNA training hours that yield the best nursing homes resident care outcomes. 2017 | Research Item Newly Licensed RN retention: Hospital and Nurse Characteristics Newly licensed RN retention: hospital and nurse characteristics. 2017 | Research Item Using Response Time to Detect Item Preknowledge in Computer-Based Licensure Examinations. 2016 | Research Item Canadian Nursing Supervisor's Perceptions of Monitoring Discipline Orders: Opportunities for Regulator-Employer Collaboration Employers are uniquely situated to assist regulators by monitoring nurses practicing with conditions and restrictions resulting from a discipline order by a regulator. However, attitudes, perceptions, and contextual factors may impact employers’ participation, and their education and training needs must be considered. A quality-improvement study was conducted to target these areas and provide direction to regulators in developing education and outreach efforts for employers. 2016 | Research Item Transition to Practice in Nonhospital Settings A survey conducted in 2001, and replicated in 2003 with the same results, found that fewer than 50% of employers thought newly licensed nurses were safe and effective in practice. These findings caused concern for boards of nursing, so in 2002 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) began to examine transition to practice (TTP) in nursing, developing an evidence-based model program and studying its effectiveness in hospital and nonhospital settings. After completion of the TTP study in hospitals with registered nurses (RNs) published earlier in 2015, a study was conducted in nonhospital facilities with RNs and licensed practical nurses to determine if NCSBN’s TTP program could be used effectively across settings. Sites volunteering to participate, however, faced many challenges while the study was underway. This article presents the TTP program, study design, challenges faced by nonhospital sites trying to implement a TTP program, and limited findings 2015 | Research Item Developing a Multi-Regional Statewide Nursing Workforce Forecast Model Requires Innovation and Collaboration. 2015 | Research Item Transition to Practice Study in Hospital Settings This multisite study of transition to practice included 105 hospitals in three states. Hospitals volunteered to participate and were randomly assigned to either the study group or the control group, and all new graduate registered nurses hired between July 1 and September 30, 2011, were invited to participate. The study hospitals adopted the National Council of State Boards of Nursing’s Transition to Practice model program; control hospitals continued using their existing onboarding programs, which ranged from simple orientation procedures to structured transition programs with preceptorships. The new graduate nurses who volunteered for the transition to practice study (n = 1,088) filled out surveys at baseline, 6, 9, and 12 months after beginning their first nursing position. Competence was reported by both the new nurses and their preceptors. New nurse self-reported data included the number of errors, safety practices, work stress, and job satisfaction. The hospitals provided retention data on the all the new graduates hired during the study period. Though the results showed few statistically significant differences between the two groups, when the hospitals in the control group were categorized as having established or limited programs, differences were detected. Hospitals using established programs had higher retention rates, and the nurses in these programs reported fewer patient care errors, employed fewer negative safety practices, and had higher competency levels, lower stress levels, and better job satisfaction. Structured transition programs that included at least six of the following elements were found to provide better support for newly graduated RNs: patient-centered care, communication and teamwork, quality improvement, evidence-based practice, informatics, safety, clinical reasoning, feedback, reflection, and specialty knowledge in an area of practice. 2015 | Research Item A Model for Advancing Professional Nursing Regulation: The African Health Profession Regulatory Collaborative The African Health Profession Regulatory Collaborative (ARC) was launched in 2011 to help countries develop or strengthen nursing regulations to ensure safe and sustainable nurse-initiated and nurse-managed HIV treatment. ARC supports teams of national nursing leaders from 17 countries to engage in rapid regulatory strengthening through regional meetings, regulation improvement grants, and in-country technical assistance. The ARC initiative has awarded 33 regulation improvement grants on topics such as continuing professional development, scopes of practice, nurse practice acts, and entry-to-practice examinations. Progress is measured by a novel tool that captures meaningful advancements in national regulations. The ARC initiative facilitates rapid improvements in professional nursing regulation. The model and evaluation framework are highly transferable to other health care cadres and offer a platform for regulators, policy makers, professional bodies, and educators to collaborate on prioritized regulation issues. 2015 | Research Item Perceptions of Nursing Practice: Capacity for High-Quality Nursing Home Care Emerging evidence indicates that harmful nursing home resident outcomes occur because of ineffective collaboration between registered nurses (RNs) and licensed practical nurses (LPNs) during assessment, care planning, delegation, and supervision. This observational, factorial vignette survey related video vignettes of RN–LPN collaboration in nursing home care to RN perceptions of: 1) current practice in their home; and 2) preferred practice in their home (N = 444 rated vignettes of nursing practice). 2015 | Research Item Detecting Medication Order Discrepancies in Nursing Homes: How RNs and LPNs Differ Medication order discrepancies pose safety risks when nursing home residents transition between health care settings. In nursing homes, both registered nurses (RNs) and licensed practical nurses (LPNs) frequently are assigned to detect medication order discrepancies, using the process of medication reconciliation. This study was undertaken to examine the extent to which licensure (RN, LPN), years of experience performing medication reconciliation, and the perceived Need for Closure were related to differences in the detection of medication order discrepancies. The Multiple Segment Factorial Vignette design was used to explore and compare nursing home nurses’ detection of such discrepancies. 2015 | Research Item Differentiating Scopes of Practice in Nursing Homes: Collaborating for Care. 2015 | Research Item Faculty Development When Initiating Simulation Programs: Lessons Learned From the National Simulation Study. 2015 | Research Item Preceptor Support in Hospital Transition to Practice Programs The aim of this study was to describe newly licensed RN (NLRN) preceptorships and the effects on competency and retention. 2015 | Research Item Improving the Quality of Long-Term Care. 2015 | Research Item Transitioning the Virtual Nursing Care for School Children With Diabetes Study to a Sustainable Model of Nursing Care From December 1, 2010, through May 31, 2013, the South Dakota Board of Nursing conducted a pilot study, “Virtual Nursing Care for Children with Diabetes in the School Setting.” The findings from the study supported the use of the virtual nurse model of care as a safe and effective method of supervising and delegating diabetes nursing care tasks to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP), including insulin administration. This article provides an update describing the 2014 changes made to the nursing delegation rules, the protocol established for registered nurses using the virtual nurse model of care, and the training program for UAP providing diabetes nursing care. 2015 | Research Item Comparing Medication Error Incidents Among Foreign-Educated Nurses and U.S.-Educated Nurses. 2015 | Research Item NCSBN Simulation Guidelines for Prelicensure Nursing Programs The National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) published the results of the largest, most comprehensive study to date concerning the use of simulation as a substitute for traditional clinical experience. Results of the study, which were published in 2014, demonstrated that high-quality simulation experiences could be substituted for up to 50% of traditional clinical hours across the prelicensure nursing curriculum.. This article presents those guidelines, evidence to support the use of simulation, and information for faculty and program directors on preparation and planning for using simulation successfully in their nursing programs. 2015 | Research Item The National Council of State Boards of Nursing transition to practice study: Implications for educators NCSBN's Transition to Practice (TTP) study: implications for educators. 2015 | Research Item Quality Care Outcomes in Nursing Homes: The Effects of a Nurse’s Country of Origin and Education The purpose of this article is to describe differences in nursing home quality outcomes among nurses who are foreign born and foreign educated, nurses who are foreign born and U.S. educated, and nurses who are U.S. born and U.S. educated. 2015 | Research Item Simulation in Nursing Education: Current Regulations and Practices Regulators have been discussing the issue of allowing simulation to replace clinical time for years and are looking for evidence to guide their decision making. In anticipation of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing National Simulation Study results, a descriptive survey was conducted to document the current regulatory environment on simulation and serve as a benchmark for future regulatory comparisons. This article reports the results of the survey. 2014 | Research Item RN-to-Population Ratio and Population Health: A Multifactorial Study The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between registered nurse (RN)-to-population ratio and population health indices. A cross-sectional secondary analysis of existing national data was conducted, using counties as the unit of analysis. Data based on 1,929,414 RNs in 33 states in 2012 were obtained from the National Council of State Boards of Nursing's Nursys® database, and county health data were obtained from 2,016 counties from the 2012 County Health Rankings database. Regression analysis indicated that the RN-to-population ratio along with nurse education (percentage of RNs with a BSN or higher degree) and experience (number of years since graduation) was significantly associated with the self-rated health (percentage of adults reporting fair or poor health), mammography screening rates, and teenage birth rates. The associations were all positive: Greater numbers of nurses per capita were associated with better population health indices. These results are consistent with the Nurse Dose concept and support the need for enhanced recognition and policy changes regarding the contribution of nurses to the health of the population. Implications for nursing regulation include the need for sustained and coordinated efforts to support the health of the population through the recruitment and maintenance of a well educated and experienced nursing workforce. 2014 | Research Item Developing a Reporting and Tracking Tool for Nursing Student Errors and Near Misses Little is known about the extent and types of errors and near misses (ENMs) made by nursing students. In nursing schools, the norm has been a culture of blame in which a student, a faculty member, or both are held accountable for ENMs regardless of the source. However, evidence suggests that a failure to track and trend ENMs and learn from them actually increases the likelihood of more ENMs. To help student nurses become competent nurses, educators need systems and structures that allow trending and analysis of ENMs. Key first steps include creating a mechanism for schools to use in reporting nursingstudent ENMs and creating a transparent and blame-free culture. In addition, it will be critical to establish a national database to reflect the occurrence and types of ENMs. The database will provide a baseline of information that will guide faculty members in designing interventions to reduce ENMs. This article describes the issues and challenges encountered in creating an occurrence reporting tool, testing the tool, and establishing a national database for tracking and trending ENMs encountered by nursing students. In addition, this article presents an adaptation of the tested occurrence reporting tool that schools can use while a national database is established. 2014 | Research Item Introducing a New Competency Into Nursing Practice. 2014 | Research Item Learning Nursing Practice: A Multisite, Multimethod Investigation of Clinical Education Nurses agree that direct practice with actual patients is vital, but the teaching methodologies and faculty-student relationships that optimize students’ learning in clinical settings have not been documented. This study examined students’ thinking and their interactions with faculty during clinical experiences at three academic nursing programs. Findings suggest that missed opportunities for learning, inadequate measures for clinical progress and learning, and lack of interprofessional practice are failing to optimize student clinical learning experiences. 2014 | Research Item Virtual Nursing Care for School Children with Diabetes Access to safe health care when a nurse is not present is a public protection issue facing many boards of nursing. This is especially true in schools where a nurse is not present to provide care for children with diabetes. This study examined the safety and effectiveness of a model of care that linked trained unlicensed school personnel to registered nurses (RNs) via telehealth technology to delegate and supervise diabetes care tasks, including insulin administration. The study took place from December 2010 to May 2013, and 5,568 doses of insulin were administered safely by unlicensed personnel. Surveys taken before and after implementation measured the perceptions of parents and school personnel regarding the safety and efficacy of the model of care. Statistical results showed large degrees of effectiveness. This study provides preliminary evidence supporting regulatory changes for the delegation of insulin administration and other diabetes care tasks by RNs. 2014 | Research Item Preparation, Roles, and Perceived Effectiveness of Unlicensed Assistive Personnel The use of unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) in hospitals has increased over the last 20 years. In lieu of regulation of UAP by boards of nursing, many health care agencies and organizations have developed their own educational standards, role definitions, and scopes of practice for UAP in acute care. The purpose of this study was to explore how UAP are used in acute care settings and how their work is perceived by nurses who work with them and by themselves. The results of this mixed method design study showed many similarities among UAP titling; however, there were substantial variations in educational preparation and use of UAP, especially as they move into advanced or specialty areas. Nevertheless, both registered nurses and UAP perceive the work of UAP to be highly effective. Additional collaborative research by regulatory and health care agencies is recommended. This research should be used to inform the development of regulations for educational preparation and utilization of these providers. 2013 | Research Item Prelicensure RN Students With and Without Criminal Histories: A Comparative Analysis The purpose of this study was to determine whether certain key outcomes differ between preRN licensure students who have a criminal history and those who do not. Outcomes examined were program completion, NCLEX-RN ® passage, subsequent criminal acts, and subsequent professional misconduct. A retrospective descriptive-comparative research design was used. The sample consisted of 3,166 applicants from the 2006 cohort of preRN licensure students in Louisiana who met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Analysis of the data revealed 10% of participants with a criminal history had a subsequent criminal incident, whereas only 3.4% of the noncriminal history group had a subsequent criminal incident. Additionally, 4.5% of the criminal history group had subsequent professional misconduct compared with 1% of the noncriminal history group. 2013 | Research Item State Regulatory Oversight of Certified Nursing Assistants and Resident Outcomes This study aimed to describe state regulatory certified nursing assistant (CNA) oversight in two domains—use of registry or licensing for credentialing and initial CNA training and continuing education (CE) requirements—and to evaluate whether CNA oversight is associated with resident outcomes in nursing homes. This cross-sectional secondary analysis combined 2004 data on state-level regulatory requirements for CNA oversight, training, and CE with nursing home resident outcomes data collected in 2004 from 16,125 U.S. facilities in 49 states. Though 26 states required CNAs to have more initial training hours than the federal requirement of 75 hours, only four states required additional yearly CE hours to maintain CNA certification. The combination of increased initial training and annual CE hours was significantly associated with nursing homes reporting lower antidepressant and antipsychotic use and lower average medication use. Use of a registry or licensing board for credentialing was significantly related to lower catheter use, and CNA licensure was significantly associated with lower odds of falls. Findings suggest that regulatory modifications could be beneficial to improve resident care outcomes in nursing homes. 2013 | Research Item Foreign-Educated Nurses: Effects on Nurse, Quality of Care, and Patient-Safety-Indicator Outcomes Approximately 8% of nurses in the United States were educated abroad, and in Florida and California, foreign-educated nurses (FENs) represent large percentages of the nurse labor force. It is important to know whether these nurses are prepared to care for patients who have complex needs; communicate successfully with other nurses, physicians, patients, and families; adapt to high technology in today's acute-care settings; and successfully transition to practice in the United States. It has been noted there is no comparative outcomes research on FENs and U.S.-educated nurses. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hospitals' proportions of FENs on nurse outcomes, hospital quality of care, perceptions of work environment, and patient-safety incidences. 2013 | Research Item Highlights of the National Workforce Survey of Registered Nurses Over the past 3 decades the Health Resources and Services Administration has reported on the supply of registered nurses (RNs) through theNational Sample Survey of Registered Nurses (NSSRN). Data collection from the most recent, and final, NSSRN was completed in 2008; hence, there is no current data on the nationwide supply of RNs. This current project was conducted by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing and the Forum of State Nursing Workforce Centers to fill this ongoing need and is titled, The National Council of State Boards of Nursing and The Forum of State Nursing Workforce Centers 2013 National Workforce Survey of RNs. This article presents the highlights of the study and its results. 2013 | Research Item A Multi-State Assessment of Employer-Sponsored Quality Improvement Education for Early-Career Registered Nurses For RNs to participate effectively in hospital Quality Improvement, they must have adequate QI knowledge and skills. This descriptive study assessed employer-sponsored QI education and RNs' preparedness across a wide range of QI steps and processes. RNs from 15 US states who were employed in hospitals and were initially licensed to practice in 2007 to 2008 were surveyed. Findings revealed the QI education offered by employers to RNs could be substantially improved. Nurse educators play a critical role in making these improvements. 2013 | Research Item Avoiding Violations of Patient Privacy with Social Media This article provides a summary of social media and privacy laws, discusses the legal issues health care organizations and workers face when a breach of patient privacy occurs, and offers best practices for avoiding privacy violations. 2013 | Research Item A Collaborative Model for Approval of Prelicensure Nursing Programs Currently, boards of nursing (BONs) use seven different models for approving nursing programs, and nursing education rules and regulations in BONs are not consistent across jurisdictions. In 2010, the National Council of State Boards of Nursing’s (NCSBN) Board of Directors convened a committee to assess the state of prelicensure nursing program approval in BONs and to make recommendations to the NCSBN’s board based on current and future needs. This article describes the committee’s collaborative engagement with national accreditors and the recommendations that resulted. 2013 | Research Item Guidelines for Dual Certification in Acute-Care and Primary-Care Pediatric Nurse Practitioner Programs In increasing numbers, pediatric nurse practitioner (PNP) students seek educational programs that prepare them for dual certification in acute care and primary care. In 2008, an AFPNP research team of faculty experts was convened to examine areas of commonality and distinction between acute-care and primary-care PNP programs. Based on the results of surveys and interviews, an AFPNP task force created guidelines for combined educational programs that prepare students for dual certification as acute-care and primary-care PNPs. 2012 | Research Item Measuring Post-Licensure Competence with Simulation: The Nursing Performance Profile A valid, reliable practice assessment is needed to support intervention on the public's behalf when the pattern of a nurse's performance results in or is likely to result in patient harm. A collaborative multiagency research team developed and tested a criterion-referenced competency assessment process, using high-fidelity clinical simulation based on the Taxonomy of Error Root Cause Analysis and Practice Responsibility and the Clinical Competency Assessment of Newly Licensed Nurses. The 41-item instrument includes nine competency categories essential for safe practice. The instrument used with high-fidelity simulation testing shows promise as a reliable, valid method for identifying unsafe nursing practice. 2012 | Research Item Licensed Nurse Responsibilities in Nursing Homes: A Scope-of-Practice Issue A mailed survey of licensed practical nurses (LPNs) employed in nursing homes in Minnesota and North Carolina examined their role and responsibilities as well as barriers to and facilitators for working within their scope of practice. The study focused on the nursing practice domains of assessment, care planning, evaluation, delegation, and supervision. BONs are encouraged to provide guidance to nurses and their nursing home employers who interpret RN and LPN scopes of practice as a means of promoting accountable, safe, quality care for nursing home residents. 2012 | Research Item Program Approval: Minnesota's Case for an Accreditation Requirement Efforts to increase the number of accredited programs for practical nursing and associate-degree nursing and efforts to improve the BON rules for approving education programs led to a requirement that all programs in Minnesota must obtain national accreditation. This article describes the two distinct processes that produced this significant change. 2012 | Research Item Analyzing the Relationship Between Nursing Education and Patient Outcomes Hospital-based research links higher proportions of nurses with BSN degrees to lower patient mortality rates, but it does not explain the mechanism. This study explored mechanisms related to individuals and work groups that could explain the association between nurses' education and patient outcomes. Our findings suggest the need for a broadened regulatory focus that considers not only nurses' education but also the contribution of the work environment and interdisciplinary teams to the coproduction of high-quality safe care. 2012 | Research Item Results of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) National Simulation Survey: Part II The purpose of this article is to report additional data gathered during the NCSBN 2010 nationwide simulation survey of 1,729 nursing programs in the US. It serves as a companion article to the initial survey data reported by Hayden in 2010. 2012 | Research Item Association Between Job History and Practice Error: An Analysis of Disciplinary Cases This study aimed to determine possible risk factors associated with error events or practice breakdowns for nurses that were reported to boards of nursing (BONs). We evaluated 861 cases submitted by BONs to the NCSBN’s Taxonomy of Error, Root Cause Analysis, and Practice-Responsibility database. Standard statistical analysis was used. A high percentage of nurses involved in practice breakdowns that were reported to BONs have a negative job history (discipline or termination for practice issues by their employers). Among the 725 nurses with complete job histories available, 60% (n = 437) had been disciplined or terminated by their employers in the past. A nurse's job history may serve as a useful index to identify a small group of nurses with a risk of being involved in a practice breakdown. In addition to conventional disciplinary actions, a tailored remediation program should be considered to prevent additional practice breakdowns. 2012 | Research Item Medication Aide Education, Supervision, and Work Role by Long-Term Care Setting. Study implications are discussed. 2012 | Research Item New Graduate Transition into Practice: Improving Quality and Safety (Chapter) There is evidence linking improved patient care to standardized transition to practice programs in the areas of safety, competence, and retention. This chapter explores that evidence, presents a standardized model as a solution, and gives examples of transition program models, as well as an overview of NCSBN’s Transition to Practice model. 2012 | Research Item Analysis of Employed Medication Aides in All Health Care Settings This article provides the results of a nonexperimental, descriptive study conducted to explore the frequency and importance of activities performed by certified, entry level MAs. More than 1,800 MAs provided valid responses. 2012 | Research Item Guidelines for Using Electronic and Social Media: The Regulatory Perspective. 2012 | Research Item What Nurse Educators Should Consider When Developing Social Media Policies Social media offers many opportunities to promote student engagement and interactivity; however, student nurses must be instructed in the appropriate use of this tool. It is important for nursing programs to develop sound policies related to social media. This article suggests social media policy guidelines and presents several tools for nurse educators to utilize while implementing their own policies. 2012 | Research Item An Alternative Method of Transitioning Into Practice: A Non-Employee Based Program In this article a program that takes an innovative, alternative approach to transitioning RNs into practice developed and implemented by nurse leaders in the Memorial Hermann Healthcare System in Houston, Texas, is described and discussed. 2012 | Research Item Practice Support Initiatives That Contribute to the Regulation of RNs and NPs In British Columbia, the regulatory body recognizes that providing support so nurses can meet the Standards of Practice helps protect the public and promote the goal of competent, ethical care. This article describes the mechanisms through which practice support is provided and some tools that help RNs apply standards and meet expectations for professional practice. 2012 | Research Item Ethics and Professional Conduct: Striving for a Professional Ideal The authors introduce the Staircase Model for Professional Development as a framework for nurses’ growth as nurse professionals. 2012 | Research Item The Initiative to Advance Innovations in Nursing Education: Three Years Later Calls for innovation in nursing education have been prevalent in recent years. In 2009, the Innovations in Education Regulation Committee, convened by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN), worked collaboratively with other stakeholders to identify perceived and real barriers to innovation in nursing education and proposed model rules and statute language that boards of nursing could adapt to foster innovations in their state’s nursing programs. The model language was unanimously adopted by NCSBN’s Member Boards. Since then, NCSBN has conducted three surveys to determine the impact of NCSBN’s initiative as well as the state of innovations in nursing education. Following a review of the committee’s work, this article presents survey data on innovation in nursing education over the last 3 years. 2012 | Research Item Quality of Care and Patient Safety: The Evidence for Transition-to-Practice Programs (Chapter 3) This article discusses the importance of developing a national, standardized program, implemented through regulation, for transitioning all newly licensed nursing graduates to practice. The background for establishing this evidence-based model in the context of today’s health-care arena is presented. A model for transition and the supporting evidence are described. 2011 | Research Item Promoting and Regulating Safe Medication Administration in Nursing Homes. 2011 | Research Item A Survey of Nurse Employers on the Professional and Practice Issues Affecting Nursing. 2011 | Research Item Regulation of LPN Scope of Practice in Long-Term Care With changing staffing structures and persistent quality concerns in nursing homes, registered nurses are challenged to ensure that appropriate care is delivered. We describe differences in the nurse practice acts and related administrative code for all 50 states and DC for LPN delegation and supervision. Next, we explore relationships between these differences and quality measures from CMS for US nursing homes, using 2007 data. Findings indicate that how BONs regulate LPN scope of practice is directly related to care quality. 2011 | Research Item Linking Nursing Work Environment and Patient Outcomes A cross-sectional secondary data analysis was conducted linking nursing work environment data from a 2004 survey of 633 nurses in 71 hospitals in North Carolina and Illinois to hospital-level patient outcomes data based on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality inpatient quality indicators and patient safety indicators. Nurses' job demands and schedules are associated with selected patient outcomes and should be considered as modifiable working conditions, along with staffing, to improve patient care. 2011 | Research Item Alabama Consumers' Views of Advanced Practice Registered Nurses The primary purpose of boards of nursing is public protection, but few boards have conducted research with the public's input. This article provides results of a study conducted by the Alabama Board of Nursing regarding the views of 600 consumers on advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs). Less than 20% of participants knew the agency responsible for regulating APRNs, but the expectations for public safety were explicit regarding preparation for practice and competence. 2011 | Research Item Graduate Nursing Programs for Non-Nurses: A National Perspective This study represents an initial attempt at exploring the characteristics of graduate programs in nursing for non-nurses (GPNNNs), their students, and real and potential regulatory concerns. The variability in the required number of credits alone is a prompt for educators to examine the most efficient path to a graduate degree for non-nurses. Further, those involved in the design, implementation, and regulation of these programs and the students need to consider the actual and potential regulatory issues that can surface when students without a nursing degree are permitted or required to take the NCLEX after completing pregraduate nursing courses. 2011 | Research Item Nurse Practitioner Certification and Practice Settings: Implications for Education and Practice Nurse Practitioners (NPs) are certified within a population-focused specialty area, practice in a variety of settings, and treat a wide range of patients. Little is known about what agreement exists between certification obtained and actual site of practice. The purpose of this study was to examine NP practice sites as compared with their certification and examine additional education they received after employment. 2011 | Research Item National Council of State Boards of Nursing's Transition-To-Practice Regulatory Model (Chapter 10) This chapter gives an overview of NCSBN’s Transition to Practice model. 2011 | Research Item Nursing Scope of Practice Issues in Public Health Emergencies This article provides an overview of nursing regulation during public health emergencies. Many nurses are quick to volunteer during an emergency; being prepared in advance will help the overall response effort. 2011 | Research Item Nursing Internships: Practicing Without a License This article explores nursing internship programs not associated with nursing courses or curricula but are stand-alone programs used to recruit nurses. Issues discussed are the nurse interns’ liability and misunderstanding of the licensure requirement and the health-care systems' promotion of practice without a license. 2011 | Research Item Nurses and Social Media: Regulatory Concerns and Guidelines This article describes the professional, ethical, and legal implications of using social media inappropriately and provides guidelines from the National Council of State Boards of Nursing for using them appropriately. 2011 | Research Item Medication Administration in Nursing Homes: RN Delegation to UAP The purposes of this article are to provide an overview of medication errors in nursing homes, an understanding of the challenges nursing homes face in ensuring safe medication processes, and the role delegation can play in safe medication administration. 2011 | Research Item The First National Survey of Medication Aides A survey was developed with the goal of providing insight into the work settings, education, supervision, and work roles of medication aides. Results of the survey and study implications are discussed. 2011 | Research Item The Safety and Regulation of Medication Aides A review of the literature on medication error rates among medication aides is presented, followed by an exploration of medication-aide regulations regarding oversight, applicant requirements, training, testing, continuing education, work setting and supervision, and role limitations. The results show the wide variability in the roles and regulations of medication aides. The issue of more uniformity in the regulation of medication aides is discussed. 2011 | Research Item Electronic Health Records and the Implications for Nursing Practice Madison, M. & Staggers, N. (2011). Electronic Health Records and the Implications for Nursing Practice. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 1 (4), 54-60. 2011 | Research Item Are We Pushing Graduate Nurses Too Fast? Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Mortality and Morbidity Rounds How do newly licensed RNs transition from an educational environment to practice to assure safe patient care? This article examines a case study that highlights this issue, and discusses indicators that support a standardized transition to practice program for all newly licensed nurses. 2011 | Research Item Nurses' Competence Development During the First 5 Years of Practice More than 2,000 practice anecdotes emailed by new nurses during their first 5 years of practice were analyzed to describe nurses’ definitions of competence and how it developed over time. Nurses defined competence as efficient care amid complex priorities; rapid response to subtle changes in patients’ conditions; seeing the big picture and working the system on patients’ behalf; interpersonal warmth, respect, and authority; and a committed desire to learn and improve. Support for development of these qualities may promote nursing care quality in high-acuity practice environments. 2010 | Research Item Speak for Success: A Pilot Intervention Study on Communication Competence of Post-Hire International Nurses Speak for Success was a research study designed to test the effectiveness of an evidence-based, comprehensive communication training program for international nurses. This study indicated that a short-term linguistic intervention was effective in reducing phonologic errors of international nurses regardless of gender, age, country of origin, or length of residency in the US. Despite a tendency of improvement for some communication variables, differences in between-group and within-group comparisons were not significant. 2010 | Research Item A Statewide Approach to a Just Culture for Patient Safety: The Missouri Story The Missouri Just Culture Collaborative brought together health-care providers, regulators, and other key stakeholders to learn and implement the principles of Just Culture. Under the leadership of the Missouri Center for Patient Safety, 67 health-care providers and regulatory agencies worked together to implement aspects of Just Culture. The collaborative led to an improved understanding between providers and regulators about barriers to implementing true Just Culture and how regulators can support provider efforts to improve the safety culture. 2010 | Research Item Analyzing Nursing Regulation Worldwide Promoting clear communication and information sharing among nurse regulatory bodies is an essential step toward protecting patients worldwide. The research described in this article was intended to enhance global information sharing among nurse regulators, aid the development of a system that efficiently validates nurses' eligibility, and thus manage risk associated with increasing nurse migration, and allow recognition of best practices. 2010 | Research Item Using Multiple-Patient Simulation Experiences to Foster Clinical Judgment This multisite study examines the impact of multiple-patient simulation experiences on the development of students' abilities to make clinical judgments in evolving situations and the correlation between the design of the simulation and student outcome achievement in the final semester of their prelicensure nursing program. 2010 | Research Item Evidence-Based Nursing Regulation: A Challenge For Regulators These are complex times for regulators on nursing boards, particularly in three areas. First, they must stay abreast of emerging practice issues emanating from technological advances, systems thinking, a more diverse patient population living longer with multiple chronic illnesses, and a national focus on patient safety and error prevention. Second, there has been a national call for the transformation of nursing education, and nursing boards are seeing increasing numbers of substandard or fraudulent nursing education programs. This adds to the boards’ workload. Third, disciplinary activity involving nurses has increased during the last 10 years, forcing regulations to stay on their toes regarding disciplinary action and investigation. In this challenging climate, the time is ripe to focus on evidence-based regulation as a strategy for making quality decisions related to regulation. 2010 | Research Item A Regulatory Model for Transitioning Newly Licensed Nurses to Practice This article discusses the importance of developing a national, standardized program, implemented through regulation, for transitioning all newly licensed nursing graduates to practice. 2010 | Research Item Use of Simulation in Nursing Education: National Survey Results While simulation in nursing programs continues to increase, it is important to understand the prevalence of this new technology in nursing education, how this technology is utilized, and how educators are preparing to teach with this educational tool. This article reports on the results of a survey conducted by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing of 11,060 pre-licensure nursing programs in the United States as a means of describing use of simulation. 2010 | Research Item Transition to Practice: Improving Patient Outcomes This chapter examines the evidence that a standardized transition program for new graduate nurses has a positive impact on patient safety. 2009 | Research Item Regulatory Recommendations for nursing faculty qualifications The NCSBN Board of Directors charged an NCSBN committee with reviewing and presenting recommendations for future faculty qualifications and roles. 2009 | Research Item Approval: National Council of State Boards of Nursing This chapter takes the reader through the inception and process of professional regulation, highlighting distinctions and overlap between accreditation and approval. Rationale and preparation for site visits are detailed, along with the recently written Model Nursing Practice Act. 2009 | Research Item A Transition To Practice Regulatory Model: Changing the Nursing Paradigm This article discusses the factors that inspired a call for an evidence-based regulatory model for transitioning new nurses to practice, and gives an overview of the Transition to Practice model being developed by NCSBN. 2009 | Research Item Interprofessional collaboration: A nursing perspective. (Chapter 6) The book addresses the importance of interprofessional collaboration, while this chapter presents interprofessional collaboration from a nursing standpoint. While this may seem counterintuitive, it is understood that each discipline approaches collaboration from its own perspective, and understanding these perspectives is crucial to the success of interprofessional collaboration. 2009 | Research Item Regulation Fosters Innovations in Nursing Education. 2009 | Research Item Clinical Education and Regulation (Chapter) This chapter explores in detail the regulatory perspective on clinical education in nursing and why boards of nursing take the position that nursing programs need to provide supervised clinical experiences for their students. Some of the myths about regulatory barriers are dispelled, and some of the differences among boards are discussed. Current issues, such as the regulatory perspective on simulation in prelicensure programs and the use of exit exams are also explored. The importance of the collaboration between education, practice and regulation is integrated throughout. 2009 | Research Item Development of a standardized medication assistant curriculum The National Council State Boards of Nursing took the position in their 2004 Model Nursing Practice Act and Model Administrative Rules, Article XVIII, Chapter 18, that if jurisdictions use medication assistants, they should be regulated by Boards of Nursing. 2007 | Research Item. 2007 | Research Item Exit Exams: A regulatory perspective A significant role for most state boards of nursing, whose mission is to protect the public, is the approval of nursing education programs in their state. As part of this process, many of the state boards review their schools’ annual pass rates of first-time NCLEX-RN candidates and compare these percentages to state regulations. Schools whose pass rates fall below the state standard risk losing the approval of their state board of nursing. 2006 | Research Item Evidence-Based Health Care Seen from Four Points of View (Chapter 22) Evidence-based health care (EBHC) and its approach to the practice of medicine has gained considerable acceptance among health care professionals. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) advocates integration of the principles of evidence-based medicine (EBM) into undergraduate training. Promoted as a tool to further learning by inquiry, to steer clear of opinion-based medicine (Sackett et al., 2000), and to help students at all levels of training to assess conscientiously the current best evidence, an increasing number of medical schools in the United States have incorporated it into their curriculum. 2006 | Research Item Evidence-Based Nursing Education for Regulation Since Boards of Nursing are mandated to approve nursing programs, the boards are interested in knowing the evidence-based elements of nursing education that are essential for preparing new nurses for safe entry-level practice. 2006 | Research Item Worldviews in collision: Conflict and collaboration across professional lines The process of providing health services in hospitals is inherently interdisciplinary; many of the challenges to enhancing quality and safety involve the human aspects of this interdisciplinary system. Each of the major disciplines—physicians, nurses, allied health providers, and health administrators—represent qualitatively distinct sets of goals and professional values, influencing not only current behavior but also who chooses these roles in the first place. 2006 | Research Item NCSBN takes a stand on clinical prelicensure experiences Recent discussion at the boards of nursing has focused on whether nursing programs leading to initial licensure can successfully educate nurses with alternative methodologies that take the place of traditional clinical experiences. Programs are asking for education rules addressing faculty qualifications to be waived and are developing programs with only limited clinical experiences with actual patients. 2006 | Research Item Focus group on licensed practical nurse scope of practice at NCSBN The National Council of State Boards of Nursing convened a focus group to discuss the findings of the 2003 Licensed Practical Nurse/Vocational Nurse (LPN/VN) practice analysis and to make recommendations to the NCSBN board of directors. 2005 | Research Item Global initiatives in regulation at NCSBN Recognizing the importance of the global perspective in regulation the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) developed as one of its 6 strategic initiatives the following: “Advance NCSBN as a key partner in nursing and healthcare regulation in the U.S. and internationally.” There are several objectives in place to meet this initiative. 2005 | Research Item Report of Findings from the Practice and Professional Issues Survey (Vol. 15) Practice and Professional Issues Surveys are conducted twice a year by NCSBN to collect information from entry-level nurses on specific practice activities and current professional issues. 2004 | Research Item

RESUMO Small. AssuntosVírus da Artrite-Encefalite Caprina/genética , Cabras/virologia , Vírus Visna-Maedi/genética , Imunidade Adaptativa/genética , Animais , Expressão Gênica/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/genética , Doenças das Cabras/virologia , Cabras/genética , Interações entre Hospedeiro e Microrganismos/genética , Imunidade Inata/genética , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/genética , Provírus/genética , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Transcriptoma/genética , Carga Viral/métodos , Replicação Viral RESUMO Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV), which causes caprine arthritis encephalitis in goats and ovine progressive pneumonia (maedi-visna disease) in sheep, is classified in genus Lentiviruses belonging to Retroviridae family. It persists in infected goats and sheep, which mostly are sub- clinical. A serological survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of small ruminant lentivirus infection in Thai goat population. Serum samples were taken from 1,925 goats distributed throughout the country, then they were tested for the presence of SRLV antibodies using commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kits. Results revealed that a total of 68 goats were found seropositive, representing the apparent prevalence and true prevalence of 3.57% and 2.60%, respectively. The seroprevalence, revealed in this study, was lower than in the previous reports. The decreasing of seroprevalence might be caused by successful control strategies from Department of Livestock Development (DLD). AssuntosDoenças das Cabras/virologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Cabras , Infecções por Lentivirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/virologia , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Tailândia/epidemiologia RESUMO Small ruminant lentiviruses (SLRVs) have been recognized throughout the world for decades. SLRVs are a heterogenous group of viruses that can infect sheep, goats, and wild ruminants. Evidence supports cross-species infection. These viruses cause lifelong infections where they target specific organs, which can result in production losses due to diminished milk production, consequential increases in neonatal death and diminished growth, and premature culling of prime age animals. No vaccine or treatments have proved effective. Control programs rely on an understanding of viral transmission and application of highly sensitive, specific, and frequent testing regimens. AssuntosDoenças das Cabras/virologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/fisiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/virologia , Animais , Cabras , Infecções por Lentivirus/virologia , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/patogenicidade , Ruminantes , Ovinos RESUMO. BW was significantly negatively linked to LS (p = 0.006) - singletons weighed (mean ± SD) 4.20 ± 0.67 kg, twins - 3.75 ± 0.62 kg, and triplets and quadruplets - 3.38 ± 0.47 kg. Male kids were significantly heavier than female kids in twin litters (3.97 ± 0.53 kg vs. 3.52 ± 0.60 kg; p < 0.001) and triplet or quadruplet litters (3.62 ± 0.40 kg vs. 3.17 ± 0.43 kg; p < 0.001). However, BW of male and female kids from singleton litters did not differ (4.31 ± 0.71 kg vs. 4.07 ± 0.65 kg; p = 0.154). Then, two mixed models were developed to assess the relationship between LS (mixed Poisson log linear regression model) or BW (mixed linear model) and SRLV infection in the doe, controlling for potential confounders such as the effect of an individual doe, year in which the parturition took place, parity and kid's sex. Neither LS nor BW proved to be significantly associated with SRLV infection (p = 0.788 and p = 0.214, respectively). On this basis it was concluded that LS and BW were not affected by the subclinical SRLV infection of a doe. AssuntosDoenças das Cabras/virologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Tamanho da Ninhada de Vivíparos , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/veterinária , Animais , Infecções Assintomáticas , Peso ao Nascer , Feminino , Cabras/fisiologia , Cabras/virologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/complicações , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos , Masculino , Paridade , Gravidez RESUMO Infections by small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) affect goats and sheep causing chronic multisystemic diseases that generate great economic losses. The caprine lentivirus (CLV) and the ovine lentivirus (OLV) present tropism for cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, which are directly associated with the main route of transmission through the ingestion of milk and colostrum from infected animals. In this manner, controlling this route is of paramount importance. Currently, researches have investigated the use of chemical additives in milk that can preserve colostrum or milk and inactivate microbiological agents. Among the compounds, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been shown to be satisfactory in the chemical inactivation of HIV and CLV in milk, and also as a biocide in goat colostrum.(AU) As lentiviroses de pequenos ruminantes (LVPRs) são infecções que afetam caprinos e ovinos, causando doenças multissistêmicas crônicas, ocasionando grandes perdas econômicas. Os agentes causadores, lentivírus caprino (LVC) e o lentivírus ovino (LVO), apresentam tropismo por células da linhagem monocítico--fagocitária, as quais estão diretamente associadas à principal via de transmissão, por meio da ingestão de leite e colostro provindos de animais infectados. Desse modo, o controle por esta via é de suma importância. Atualmente, pesquisas vêm sendo desenvolvidas para o uso de aditivos químicos no leite, que possam conservar o colostro ou leite, e inativar agentes microbiológicos presentes. Dentre estes, o dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) vem apresentando resultados satisfatórios na inativação química do HIV e LVC em leite, e ainda como biocida em colostro caprino.(AU) AssuntosAnimais , Dodecilsulfato de Sódio/farmacologia , Ruminantes/virologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/tratamento farmacológico , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovinos/virologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/transmissão , Colostro/virologia , Leite/virologia RESUMO The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the caprine lentivirus (CLV) in colostrum and milk. This was performed to develop a practical and efficient method of blocking the lactogenic transmission of the virus. In the in vitro experiment, colostrum and milk were treated with 0.25%; 0.50% and 1% SDS. Then, somatic cells of colostrum and milk were submitted to co-culture with caprine synovial membrane cells (CSM). In the in vivo test, goats were fed with colostrum and milk provided from CLV-positive goats treated with SDS in the same concentrations used in the in vitro experiment. Animals were tested by nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and Western blot (WB) assays. In the in vitro experiment, inhibitory activity against CLV without inactivation occurred in colostrum with all SDS concentrations. However, concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5% SDS presented only inhibitory activity against CLV in milk cells, and 1% concentration provided inactivation of the virus. In the in vivo tests, none of the three concentrations of SDS was effective in inactivating LVC in colostrum or goat milk, which was confirmed by seroconversion and presence of proviral DNA in animals afterwards.(AU) O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar in vitro e in vivo o efeito do dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) sobre o lentivírus caprino (LVC) no colostro e no leite, a fim de desenvolver um método prático e eficiente no bloqueio da via de transmissão lactogênica do vírus. No experimento in vitro, o colostro e o leite de cabras positivas foram tratados com SDS a 0,25%, 0,50% e 1,0%. Em seguida, as células somáticas do colostro e do leite foram obtidas e direcionadas ao cocultivo com células de membrana sinovial caprina (MSC). No teste in vivo, os cabritos foram alimentados com colostro e leite providos de cabras positivas para LVC, tratados com SDS nas mesmas concentrações usadas no teste in vitro. Os animais foram acompanhados pelos testes de reação em cadeia da polimerase nested (nPCR) e western blot (WB). Nos resultados in vitro, no colostro, observou-se que, em todas as concentrações de SDS, ocorreu uma atividade inibitória contra o LVC, sem a inativação. Em relação às células do leite, o SDS apresentou, nas concentrações de 0,25 e 0,5%, atividade inibitória contra o LVC, e na concentração de 1%, houve inativação viral. Nos testes in vivo, as três concentrações de SDS testadas não foram efetivas na inativação do LVC no colostro e no leite caprino, o que se comprovou pela soroconversão e pela presença de DNA proviral nos animais.(AU) AssuntosAnimais , Feminino , Gravidez , Colostro/química , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos , Dodecilsulfato de Sódio/análise RESUMO In Poland, no systematic survey of ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) infection was performed, neither at the national nor at the regional level and only limited knowledge exists on the prevalence of SRLVs among sheep. The aim of the present study was to establish the true prevalence of SRLVs infection in sheep from Poland at the animal and herd-levels. The blood samples used for this study were the fraction of samples collected by Veterinary Inspection during an official sampling for the national monitoring program for brucellosis. Under this program the animals and herds were randomly selected using the data available from ARMA (Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture). The sampling unit was the herd and the target population included at least 5% of sheep, over 6 months old, from each of 16 voievodships (provinces) of Poland. Two-stage cluster sampling design was performed in this study offering the possibility to determine the prevalence of SRLVs infection, when only a fraction of herds and a fraction of animals in the herds are tested. In total, 8233 sheep serum samples coming from 832 herds were tested by indirect ELISA. 1474 (17.9%) samples were positive and 261 (31.4%) herds with at least one seropositive animals were identified. The overall true prevalence estimated by the Bayesian framework was 9.3% (95% CI 6.8, 11.3) and 33.3% (95% CI 26.5, 38.2) on the animal and herd level, respectively. Large variation in the animal and herd prevalence between the voivodships was observed. True prevalence on the herd level varied from 0.0% (95% CI 0.0, 0.0) to 71.6% (95% CI 67.6, 75.9) whereas true prevalence on the animal level ranged from 0.0% (95% CI 0.0, 0.0) to 55.3% (95% CI 50.0, 61.2). The true prevalence of SRLVs infection at animal and herd level increased according to herd size as was proved by posterior probabilities (POPR). AssuntosInfecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Animais , Teorema de Bayes , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Infecções por Lentivirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/virologia , Polônia/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/virologia RESUMO A Artrite Encefalite Caprina se caracteriza por ser multissistêmica e infecciosa, causada por um lentivírus. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a transmissibilidade do Lentivírus Caprino, para fêmeas e sua prole, por meio de sêmen infectado experimentalmente. Para tanto, onze fêmeas livres de CAEV foram inseminadas artificialmente com sêmen de bode livre de CAEV ao qual foi adicionado CAEV-Cork para obter título infectante com carga viral em 105 TCID50/ml. (grupo experimental 1). Destas, seis obtiverem prenhez confirmada, e a sua prole (n=6) constituiu o grupo experimental 2. Duas cabras livres de CAEV foram inseminadas artificialmente com sêmen do mesmo bode, sem o inócuo viral, constituindo-se o grupo controle. O diagnóstico da infecção pelo Lentivírus Caprino, foi realizado por IDGA, cELISA e nested-PCR. As fêmeas foram monitoradas durante 210 dias pós inseminação artificial. Já as proles foram imediatamente separadas das mães após o nascimento, e monitoradas nos momentos hora zero, aos quinze dias de idade e mensalmente, até doze meses de idade. Em relação às cabras, 56,96%(9/158) apresentaram positividade para cELISA, 24,05% (38/158) foram positivas a IDGA e nenhuma para nested-PCR. Em relação aos cabritos, 11,28% (15/133) amostras positivas para nested-PCR, 5,26% (7/133) amostras positivas para IDGA e nenhum para cELISA. As proles do grupo controle apresentaram resultados negativos para as três técnicas. A positividade encontrada em nested-PCR pode indicar grande importância para identificação de animais infectados, porém soronegativos, em situações de soroconversão tardia. De acordo com os resultados, concluiu-se que há a transmissão do Lentivírus caprino para a prole e para as mães pelo sêmen infectado.(AU) Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis is a multisystemic infectious disease, caused by a lentivirus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the transmissibility of caprine lentivirus to goats and their offspring, through experimentally infected semen. Therefore, eleven free-CAEV goats were artificially inseminated using semen from a free-CAEV buck experimentally infected with CAEV-Cork strain (experimental group one). Pregnancy was confirmed in only six goats and their offspring (n=6) constituted the experimental group two. Two free-CAEV females were artificially inseminated with semen from the same seronegative buck, without viral inoculum to constitute the control group. The diagnosis of caprine lentivirus infection was performed using AGID, cELISA and nested-PCR. All females were monitored for 210 days after artificial insemination. Kids were immediately separated from their mothers after birth, and monitored at zero time, 15 days old and monthly until 12 months old. Regarding goat samples, 56.96% (9/159) were positive in cELISA, 24.05% (38/158) were positive in IDGA and none was positive in nested-PCR. Regarding to the offspring samples, 11.28% (15/133) and 5.26% (7/133) were positive in nested-PCR and IDGA, respectively, while no sample was positive in cELISA. The control group showed no positives in the three techniques. The positivity observed to nested-PCR may show its importance to identify infected, but seronegative animals, in late seroconversion situations. According to results, the transmission of caprine lentivirus to offspring and their mothers through infected semen is possible.(AU) AssuntosAnimais , Sêmen/virologia , Cabras , Infecções por Lentivirus/transmissão , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos , Vírus da Artrite-Encefalite Caprina , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Imunodifusão/veterinária RESUMO Infection with small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) causes a variety of chronic inflammatory conditions that limit production. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is also a major production-limiting disease of sheep and goats, which causes severe inflammation of the small intestine. Previous studies have indicated that both SRLV and MAP are widespread in small ruminants in Ontario. This study estimated the prevalence of SRLV and MAP co-infection. Serum samples that were previously tested for MAP infection were re-tested for SRLV. The apparent prevalence of co-infection was low, with 3.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.9 to 5.9] and 14.3% (95% CI: 11.6 to 17.5) of sheep and goats respectively, positive for both infections. However, co-infection is widespread with 36.8% (95% CI: 19.1 to 59.1) and 71.4% (95% CI: 52.8 to 84.9) of sheep and goat farms with 1 or more co-infected animals. A significant association was found between SRLV seropositivity and MAP fecal culture (P = 0.021), suggesting that co-infected goats may be more likely to shed MAP in their feces. L'infection par lentivirus des petits ruminants (SRLV) provoque une variété d'états inflammatoires chroniques qui limitent la production. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculose (MAP) est aussi une maladie limitant la production majeure de moutons et de chèvres, ce qui provoque une inflammation grave de l'intestin grêle. Des études antérieures ont indiqué que les deux infections de SRLV et MAP sont très répandues dans l'Ontario petits ruminants. Cette étude a été réalisée pour estimer la prévalence de SRLV et MAP co-infection. Des échantillons de sérum qui avaient été préalablement testés pour l'infection de MAP ont été utilisés pour détecter des anticorps spécifiques SLRV. La prévalence de la co-infection était faible, avec 3,4 % intervalle de confiance (95% IC : 1,95,9) et 14,3 % (95% IC : 11,617,5) des ovins et caprins, respectivement, positive pour les deux infections. Cependant la co-infection est très répandue avec 36,8 % (95% IC : 19,159,1) et 71,4 % (95% IC : 52,884,9) des élevages ovins et caprins avec un ou plusieurs animaux co-infecté. Une association significative a été trouvée entre SRLV et séropositivité MAP culture fécale (P = 0,021), ce qui suggère que les chèvres co-infectés peuvent être plus susceptibles de jeter le MAP dans leurs excréments.(Traduit par les auteurs). AssuntosDoenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/isolamento & purificação , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Paratuberculose/complicações , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Animais , Estudos Transversais , Doenças das Cabras/microbiologia , Doenças das Cabras/virologia , Cabras , Infecções por Lentivirus/complicações , Infecções por Lentivirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/virologia , Ontário/epidemiologia , Paratuberculose/diagnóstico , Paratuberculose/epidemiologia , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/virologia RESUMO The objective of this work was to comparatively study the tissue tropism and the associated pathology of 2 autochthonous small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) field strains using an experimental infection in sheep through the bone marrow. Fifteen male, SRLV-free lambs of the Rasa Aragonesa breed were inoculated with strain 697 (nervous tissue origin, animals A1-A6), with strain 496 (articular origin, animals B1-B6), or with uninfected culture medium (C1-C3). Clinical, serologic, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) evaluations were performed periodically. Two lambs from each infected group and a control animal were euthanized at 134, 273, and 319 days postinfection. Tissues were analyzed by gross and histopathologic evaluation; immunohistochemistry for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD68, and FoxP3 cell markers; lung morphometric evaluation; and tissue proviral quantification by PCR. All infected animals became positive either by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and/or PCR, with group B lambs showing the highest serologic values and more consistently positive PCR reactions. Group A lambs showed representative lung lesions but only mild histopathologic changes in the central nervous system (CNS) or in carpal joints. Contrarily, group B lambs demonstrated intense carpal arthritis and interstitial pneumonia but an absence of lesions in the CNS. Proviral copies in tissues were detected only in group B lambs. Experimental infection with these SRLV strains indicates that strain 496 is more virulent than strain 697 and more prone to induce arthritis, whereas strain 697 is more likely to reproduce encephalitis in Rasa Aragonesa lambs. Host factors as well as viral factors are responsible for the final clinicopathologic picture during SRLV infections. AssuntosMedula Óssea/virologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/patogenicidade , Tropismo Viral , Animais , Medula Óssea/patologia , Sistema Nervoso Central/patologia , Sistema Nervoso Central/virologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Articulações/patologia , Articulações/virologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/patologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/virologia , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/virologia , Masculino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterinária , Ovinos/virologia , Tropismo Viral/fisiologia RESUMO Caprine arthritis encephalitis causes considerable losses in goat production. The main form of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus transmission is through the ingestion of colostrum or milk from infected females. However, some transmissions cannot be explained in this manner. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate transplacental transmission of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. Blood samples were collected from 283 newborn kids of Anglo-Nubian and Saanen breeds born from seropositive and seronegative goats. Samples were collected immediately after birth and analyzed with agarose gel immunodiffusion and western blot. All samples were negative in the agarose gel immunodiffusion. However, the western blot test demonstrated that four kids were born positive for caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. This result indicates that although in a low frequency (1.4%), there is a possibility of transplacental transmission of small ruminant lentivirus.(AU) A artrite encefalite caprina causa perdas consideráveis para a produção caprina. A principal forma de transmissão do vírus da artrite encefalite caprina é a ingestão de colostro ou leite de fêmeas infectadas. No entanto, algumas transmissões não podem ser explicadas por esta via. Dessa forma, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a transmissão do vírus da artrite encefalite caprina por via transplacentária (vertical). Foram realizadas coletas de sangue em 283 crias recém-nascidas das raças Anglo-Nubiana e Saanen, provenientes de progenitores soropositivos e soronegativos. As amostras foram coletadas logo após o nascimento e analisadas pelas técnicas de imunodifusão em gel de agarose e western blot. No teste de imunodifusão em gel de agarose, nenhum cabrito foi detectado reagente. Porém, no teste de western blot, quatro cabritos nasceram soropositivos. Esse resultado indica que, apesar de baixa frequência (1,4%), existe a possibilidade de transmissão via transplacentária do lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes.(AU) AssuntosAnimais , Recém-Nascido , Ruminantes , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos , Vírus da Artrite-Encefalite Caprina , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Indústria Agropecuária , Animais Recém-Nascidos/virologia RESUMO Lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (LV) é o termo genérico utilizado para designar os vírus da artrite encefalite caprina e Maedi-Visna, os quais pertencem à família Retroviridae, subfamília Orthoretrovirinae, gênero Lentivirus. Tais vírus infectam caprinos e ovinos, causando enfermidades de curso lento com lesões inflamatórias, crônicas e degenerativas que podem atingir vários órgãos, provocando caquexia e morte. Os animais infectados eliminam o vírus sobretudo por meio de secreções e excreções e transmitem-no especialmente em situações de estreito contato. Não há tratamento até o momento. O controle é baseado na criação segregada, no manejo e no sacrifício dos positivos. Esse agente infeccioso já foi relatado em várias partes do mundo, sendo responsável por perdas econômicas significativas. Por o agente ter sido verificado em vários estados do Brasil e por não existirem dados soroepidemiológicos nas mesorregiões sudeste e sudoeste piauiense, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo realizar inquérito sorológico para investigar a ocorrência de anticorpos para o LV em ovinos e caprinos nas microrregiões do Alto Médio Canindé, Picos e Floriano, no Piauí. Para tanto, foram coletadas 1.280 e 1.360 amostras de soro caprino e ovino, respectivamente, oriundos de 20 municípios, distribuídos nas três microrregiões, sendo o número de amostras proporcional ao rebanho efetivo de cada município. As amostras de soro foram analisadas utilizando o teste de imunodifusão em gel de agarose (IDGA). Nenhum dos soros pesquisados reagiu positivamente, constatando-se soroprevalência nula. Ressalta-se a importância da implantação de um rigoroso programa de controle para que se possa evitar a introdução e/ou a disseminação desse agente infeccioso nessas microrregiões.(AU) Small ruminant lentiviruses (LV) is the generic term for the caprine arthritis-encephalitis and Maedi-Visna viruses, which belong to the Retroviridae family, Orthoretrovirinae subfamily, Lentivirus genus. The virus infects goats and sheep, causing slow course of disease with inflammatory, chronic and degenerative lesions, which can reach several organs, provoking cachexia and death. Infected animals eliminate the virus mainly through secretions and excretions and transmit it especially in close contact situations. There is no treatment to date. The control is based on segregated creation, management and sacrifice of the positive. This infectious agent has been reported in various parts of the world and is responsible for significant economic losses. It was verified in several states of Brazil and there are seroepidemiological data in southeast and southwest mesoregions of Piauí, Brazil. This research aimed to perform serological survey to investigate the occurrence of antibodies to LV in sheep and goats, in the regions of Alto Médio Canindé, Picos and Floriano. So, 1,280 and 1,360 serum goats and sheep samples, respectively, were collected, coming from 20 municipalities, distributed in the 3 microregions. The number of samples was proportional to the actual herd of each municipality. The samples were analyzed using the agar gel immunodiffusion test. None of the surveyed sera reacted positively, though there is a null seroprevalence. It was emphasized the importance of implementing a rigorous control program in order to prevent the introduction and spread of this infectious agent in these microregions.(AU) AssuntosAnimais , Vírus Visna-Maedi , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos , Meningoencefalomielite Ovina , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos RESUMO This study aimed to isolate cells from the Wharton's jelly of umbilical cord (WJUC) of sheep collected during natural parturition using different culture media, in addition to reporting for the first time the permissiveness of these cells to in vitro infection by small ruminant lentiviruses. Ten umbilical cords were collected from healthy sheep. Each cord explants were grown in different media consisting of MEM, low glucose DMEM, M199, and RPMI-1640. The permissiveness of infection of sheep cells from WJUC was tested with CAEV-Cork and MVV-K1514 strains, inoculating 0.1 MOI of each viral strain. Four supernatants from each strain were obtained from WJUC sheep cell cultures infected in different media. The results demonstrated the presence of cytopathic effect after the in vitro infection by CAEV-Cork and MVV-K1514 with all of the tested culture media. Nested-PCR detected proviral DNA in all supernatants. Supernatants containing CAEV-Cork viruses had TCID 50/ml titres of 10 5.5 in MEM, 10 4.0 in low glucose DMEM, 105.0 in M199, and 10 5.7 in RPMI-1640. Supernatants containing the MVV-K1514 virus had TCID 50/ml titres of 10 4.3 in MEM, 10 3.5 in low-glucose DMEM, 10 4.7 in M199, and 10 3.5 in RPMI-1640. Sheep cells from WJUC are permissive to in vitro infection by small ruminant lentivirus.(AU) O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar células da geleia de Wharton do cordão umbilical (GWCU) ovino coletado por ocasião do parto natural, utilizando-se diferentes meios de cultivo, além de relatar, pela primeira vez, sua permissividade à infecção in vitro por lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (LVPRs). Dez cordões umbilicais foram coletados de ovelhas hígidas e soronegativas para LVPRs pelo teste de imunodifusão em gel de agarose (IDGA). De cada cordão, explantes foram cultivados em quatro meios distintos que consistiram em MEM, DMEM baixa glicose, meio 199 e RPMI-1640, todos acrescidos de 10% de soro fetal bovino em estufa com atmosfera úmida e 5% de CO2 a 37ºC. A permissividade de infecção das células GWCU ovino foi testada frente às cepas CAEV-Cork e MVV-K1514, inoculando-se 0,1 MOI de cada cepa viral e corando as monocamadas com May Grunwald Giemsa para visualização do efeito citopático. Foram obtidos quatro sobrenadantes CAEV-Cork e quatro MVV-K1514, provenientes do cultivo de células GWCU ovino infectadas por 21 dias em meios distintos, dos quais foram realizadas titulação em membrana sinovial caprina e extração do DNA pró-viral para realização de nested-PCR e eletroforese em gel de agarose a 2%. Os resultados demonstraram a presença de efeito citopático na infecção in vitro tanto por CAEV-Cork como por MVV-K1514 em todos os meios de cultivo, sendo visualizados sincícios e lise celular em microscópio invertido. A nested-PCR detectou o DNA pró-viral tanto do CAEV-Cork como do MVV-K1514 em todos os sobrenadantes. Os sobrenadantes contendo o vírus CAEV-Cork apresentaram títulos em TCID50/mL de 10 5,5 em MEM, 10 4,0 em DMEM baixa glicose, 10 5,0 em meio 199 e 10 5,7 em RPMI-1640. Os sobrenadantes contendo o vírus MVV-K1514 apresentaram título em TCID 50/mL de 10 4,3 em MEM, 10 3,5 em DMEM baixa glicose, 10 4,7 em meio 199 e 10 3,5 em RPMI-1640. Células GWCU ovino são permissivas à infecção in vitro pelos lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes CAEV-Cork e MVV-K1514.(AU) AssuntosAnimais , Vírus da Artrite-Encefalite Caprina , Técnicas In Vitro/veterinária , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Ruminantes , Infecções/veterinária , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária RESUMO. AssuntosInfecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Ovinos/virologia , Animais , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Feminino , Infecções por Lentivirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/virologia , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/classificação , México/epidemiologia , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia RESUMO The molecular epidemiology of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) is constantly changing due to animal movements, cross species transmission and because of their rapid evolutionary rate. This study reports a comprehensive genetic and phylogenetic analysis based on consensus gag and pol sequences covering 3kb of the SRLV genome from small ruminants in Québec, Canada. A group of strains obtained from goats originating from different flocks, segregated in a unique clade distinct from currently known SRLV groups. Genetic dissection of the gag gene from these strains revealed that it originated as a result of a recombination event between parental strains currently circulating in small ruminants of the country. Following HIV nomenclature, we propose to call this group of strains, circulating recombinant form 1 SRLV, or CRF01_AB SRLV. In addition, the study confirms the existence of genetically distinct and homogeneous populations of SRLVs infecting sheep and goats housed in single species flocks. AssuntosDoenças das Cabras/virologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/genética , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Ovinos/virologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , DNA Viral/genética , Proteínas de Fusão gag-pol/química , Proteínas de Fusão gag-pol/genética , Variação Genética , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Cabras , Infecções por Lentivirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/virologia , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/classificação , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Quebeque/epidemiologia , Alinhamento de Sequência , Testes Sorológicos , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia RESUMO Diagnostic performance of ID Screen MVV-CAEV Indirect Screening ELISA in identifying goats infected with small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) was evaluated. In total 299 serum samples from the collection of the Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics--109 truly positive and 190 truly negative--were used. To be enrolled in the study a serum sample had to come from at least 2 year-old goat which had reacted identically in two serological surveys preceding sample collection and was kept in a herd of stable serological status confirmed at least twice during preceding 5 years. Moreover, in seropositive herds at least 20% of goats had to be serologically positive at the moment when the serum sample was collected for the study. The test proved to have high accuracy. Area under curve was 98.8% (95% CI: 97.5%, 100%). Diagnostic performance of the test was almost identical (Youlden's index of 90%, sensitivity > 90% and specificity > 95%) within a fairly wide range of cut-off values--between 20% and 60%. At manufacturer's cut-off of 50% sensitivity and specificity were 91.7% (95% CI: 85.0%, 95.6%) and 98.9% (95% CI: 96.2%, 99.7%), respectively. For this cut-off positive likelihood ratio was 87 (95% CI: 22, 346) and negative likelihood ratio was 0.08 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.16). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that ID Screen MVV-CAEV Indirect Screening ELISA is a highly accurate diagnostic test for SRLV infection. AssuntosEnsaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Doenças das Cabras/virologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos , Animais , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Doenças das Cabras/diagnóstico , Cabras , Infecções por Lentivirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Lentivirus/virologia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade RESUMO/µ. AssuntosResistência à Doença/genética , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Deleção de Sequência , Doenças dos Ovinos/genética , Animais , Genótipo , Infecções por Lentivirus/genética , Infecções por Lentivirus/imunologia , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/imunologia , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/imunologia RESUMO BACKGROUND: Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are members of the Retroviridae family and infect goats and sheep worldwide. Detection of specific antibodies using AGID and ELISA is the most commonly used means of diagnosing SRLV infection. The most frequent molecular method for detecting the provirus genome is PCR, using peripheral blood leucocytes as target cells. Real time PCR has also recently been used. The aim of this study was to develop a real time PCR for detection of SRLV in order to improve molecular diagnostics of SRLV infections in sheep and goats. RESULTS: Two new real time PCR assays using TaqMan probes for the specific detection of genotype A (MVV assay) and genoptype B (CAEV assay) SRLV strains and differentiation between them were developed and validated at both analytical and diagnostic levels following MIQE guidelines. The validation results showed that the new real time PCR is 100% specific, with a reliable limit of detection of 26 (CAEV assay) and 72 (MVV assay) plasmid DNA copies, while compared to ELISA the diagnostic sensitivity of both assays was 79% when tested with Slovenian SRLV field samples. Intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation showed overall good repeatability and reproducibility of the new real time PCR assays, except for the highest dilutions. CONCLUSIONS: Two new TaqMan probe based real time PCR assays for the specific detection of genotype A and B SRLV strains and differentiation between them were developed and validated. They can serve as an additional tool for confirming infection with SRLV and may also be useful for early detection of infected animals prior to seroconversion. AssuntosGenótipo , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterinária , Ruminantes , Animais , Doenças das Cabras/diagnóstico , Doenças das Cabras/virologia , Cabras , Infecções por Lentivirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Infecções por Lentivirus/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Ovinos/virologia RESUMO versus avirulent infections, in addition to the emergence of new strains, challenge every aspect of SRLV control measures for providing efficient tools to prevent the transmission of diseases between wild ungulates and livestock. AssuntosEspecificidade de Hospedeiro , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/fisiologia , Adaptação Biológica , Animais , Vírus da Artrite-Encefalite Caprina/genética , Surtos de Doenças , Cabras , Islândia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Lentivirus/veterinária , Infecções por Lentivirus/virologia , Lentivirus Ovinos-Caprinos/genética , Recombinação Genética , Ovinos , Espanha/epidemiologia , Vírus Visna-Maedi/genética RESUMO Infectious diseases of sheep are of major economic importance causing direct and indirect losses. Among the major sheep infectious agents are Small Ruminant Lentivirus, Chlamydophila abortus and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections, mainly due to their worldwide distribution and economic impact that they cause. Based on the differential susceptibility to infectious diseases between and within breeds and on the recent findings regarding the putative involvement of TLR9 in disease susceptibility, the aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of nucleotide variation of TLR9 and its mediator MyD88 in three sheep flocks originated from different breeds and assess their possible association with seropositivity/seronegativity for different infectious agents. The analysis indicated that the change of G to R at codon 520 of TLR9 polypeptide shows a significant association with Small Ruminant Lentivirus seropositivity. This amino-acid substitution, which can result in polarity change, might influence structure and function of LRR17, interfering with ligand binding and thus could be used in studies investigating susceptibility/resistance to Small Ruminant Lentivirus infections in sheep.

Written by: Danny Hacker Follow him on Twitter: @theGREATdanny94 Follow Prospects Worldwide on Twitter: @ProspectsWorldW Dylan Cease has been an highly anticipated pitcher since he started rising through the Cubs organization after being drafted in the 6th Round of the 2014 MLB Draft. It was only heightened on July 13th, 2017 when he was traded to the White Sox in the Jose Quintana trade. From there, he became one of their top pitching prospects, and one of the top overall pitching prospects in the league, and eventually made his debut on July 3rd, 2019; almost two years to the day of the trade. Cease has shown flashes of his tremendous upside (like that September 2019 start against Cleveland in which he K’d 11) but many times he hasn’t touched that kind of performance again but overall coming into 2020 showed a lot of promise for improvement. That, however, hasn’t exactly happened the way most thought it would. His K/9 has plummeted, he still has walk issues, he still is giving up home runs and he still has first time through the order issues among other things. There are positives (a 3.33 ERA and is allowing lesser hits/9) but they are severely outweighed by all the negatives as Cease continues to pitch into the 2020 season. With the playoffs looming and a career beyond 2020, I took a dive into what exactly is going on with Dylan Cease, breaking him down based off his pitch selection and his home run problems to try and find out what is going on with him and how he can put it all together to reach that sky high upside he has. Dylan Cease’s overall career numbers to this point: 9-9 with a 4.84 ERA/5.47 FIP, 111 K (8.4 K/9), 55 BB (4.2 BB/9), 1.454 WHIP (8.9 H/9) in 119.0 IP (23 starts) First off, we will look at what kind of pitcher Cease is. Below is his pitch percentage by season and you will immediately notice a couple of things off the get-go. From 2019 to 2020, Cease has heavily increased his Slider usage from 21% to 35.2%, dropped off his Curveball usage from 18.5% to 9.7% and slightly increased his Changeup usage slightly from 8.9% to 10%. In 2019 there was also a Sinker that Cease threw 4.2% of the time that hasn’t been thrown in 2020 so far. So naturally the first question that pops in my mind is why did he ditch the Sinker this year? Last year it was a pitch that sat around 96.3 mph with a 2,403 RPM Spin Rate that didn’t allow a single home run and had a BA/SLG of .286/.357 and an average Exit Velocity of 89.0 mph. My first conclusion is that Savant’s programming simply classified 57 Four Seam Fastballs as Sinkers and grouped them separately because the Sinker and Fastball have very similar characteristics in velocity and spin rate; however the horizontal movement of the Sinker was very much unlike the horizontal movement on his Four Seam Fastball (7.1″ of horizontal movement vs 1.8″ of horizontal movement) despite similar vertical movement. My second conclusion becomes he ditched it because it really didn’t matter to his arsenal and didn’t impact one way or the other towards his success or failure last season and might have just not liked throwing it. My next question then lies with majorly increased Slider usage; has it been effective in 2020? In 2019, Cease’s Slider sat around 84.7 mph with a 2,622 RPM Spin Rate that allowed 4 home runs and had a BA/SLG of .181/.375, an average Exit Velocity of 86.4 mph with 43.9″ of Vertical Movement (good for 5.9″ better than the average or 16%) and 5.3″ of Horizontal Movement (good for 0.5″ better than the average or 0.5%). In 2020, Cease’s Slider currently sits around 84.9 mph with a 2,808 RPM Spin Rate that has allowed 2 home runs so far and has a BA/SLG of .208/.458 and an average Exit Velocity of 87.9 mph with 42.1″ of Vertical Movement (good for 5.8″ better than the average or 16%) and 6.9″ of Horizontal Movement (good for 2.3″ better than the average or 49%). As you see above, one of the biggest improvements on Cease’s Slider is its spin rate, jumping 186 RPM over the last year thus placing it among the Top-10 best Sliders in the league relative to spin rate of pitchers that have thrown 500+ pitches overall this season (the best is Walker Buehler with a 2,974 RPM one) and of the 10, only Cease has thrown it 250+ times this season. Whether or not the ability to spin the baseball is “something you’re born with” (something a lot of people will say), Cease definitely has the feel for it as his 4 Seam Fastball, Curveball and Slider Spin Rates are all among the best in the league and all have increased in Spin Rate from last year to this year. The increase in Spin Rate on the Slider also led to the increase of Horizontal Movement. Last year Cease’s Slider was just a tick above league average (0.5% better with 0.5″) and now with an increased spin rate also comes improved horizontal movement (49% better with 2.3″). The pitch’s newfound qualities have allowed it to gain an overall 3.6% increase in Swing and Miss % and have allowed Cease to throw it more and ultimately trust it more which is a really good thing for him (because it’s an elite pitch per Spin Rates and Movement) as he gains better control of it which leads us to the other side of the coin. The other side of the coin though is that with all the positive increases in Spin Rate, Horizontal Movement and Vertical Movement, the pitch has “gotten worse” in other departments that ultimately depend on Cease’s command/control. For example, Cease’s Slider is in the zone 9.3% less of the time in 2020 than it was in 2019 (49.7% in ’19, 40.4% in ’20) which obviously means inversely it is 9.3% more out of the zone. As a result, the pitch’s Swing % went down from 44.8% to 40.4% which ultimately ties into the fact that the pitch’s K% went down rather drastically from 39.2% to 22.6%. The less it is being swung at and the less it is in the zone means that the less chance it has to keep up a high K% and a high Put Away% (11.7% this year vs 27.1% last year) despite the pitch’s Swing and Miss % in the zone is basically the same (18.8% vs 18.5%) and that it’s in zone Swing % is basically the same (59.9% vs 60.2%). When it is actually swung at, it is hit harder than it was in 2019 with a 5.6% increase in it’s Hard Hit % (27.9 to 33.3). The pitch’s Barrel % also went up by 6.9% as hitters are sitting on it waiting for him in the zone. Hitters are sitting on the Slider knowing that more than half of the time, it will be out of the zone which has resulted in the pitch’s Chase % going down by 2.9% in 2020. However one more positive thing to note is that when hitters do chase the pitch, it’s Chase Miss % has gone up by 2.3% so the above mentioned positive qualities of the pitch are creating more misses when the pitch is being swung at, it’s just a matter of getting them to chase it more. So to answer the initial question; the uptick in Slider usage has been relatively successful but due to the lack of control/command of the pitch and its newfound increased qualities, it has not been nearly as effective as it could be which when all said and done, can be even more of a wipeout pitch. Next, we look at the pitch that has been basically reduced in half compared to last year’s usage; the Curveball. Cease has used his Curveball 8.8% less this year than he had last year and so my question becomes why did he cut his Curveball usage in half? My first potential solution isn’t a numbers one but rather a physical one because Cease fits the normal target of this kind of problem; the Blister. I want to disclaim off the bat that Cease has never missed any starts recently with blister issues so don’t run to my comments saying “But he never has had issues!”. My mentioning the blister and Cease lies in that every pitcher with blister issues over the last 4-5 years has also had either very good or elite Curveball spin rates in which Cease was in the 67th percentile of that category last year and in the 70th percentile this year. It’s also more so than not that the same group of pitchers with blisters also have an elite Fastball Spin Rate in which Cease definitely has as he sits in the 94th percentile this year and was in the 87th percentile last year. Cease might have been pitching through a small blister/finger discomfort last year and figured out the correlation between the two enough to reduce its’ usage. I’m not saying every pitcher who has very good to elite Curveball Spin Rates is going to be doomed with blisters but it’s a pretty good chance you will develop one if you do. Ultimately, we’ll never know this answer unless he is asked about it but to me, it’s a potential possibility even if it’s most likely unlikely because you would be surprised what players will play/pitch through in order to help their team. The more likely reason as to why he did it lies in the fact that of all Cease’s secondary pitches thrown 100+ times last year (eliminating the Sinker thrown only 57 times), the Curveball had the highest BA (.257), xBA (.247), xSLG (.384), wOBA (.327), xwOBA (.332), Barrel Percentage (7.7%), Hard Hit Percentage (38.5%), Exit Velocity (88.5 mph), Walk Percentage (14.6%) along with having the lowest Put Away Percentage (11.7%), In Zone Percentage (41.9%) among other things. Essentially it was the pitch Cease seemingly struggled the most last year despite a 29.7% Swing and Miss Percentage. That, along with the fact he developed a better feel for his Slider, seemed to have led to the pitch being reduced quite a bit in 2020. The pitch qualities are roughly the same as its Spin Rate (2,664), Horizontal Movement (62.8″ of Break) and Vertical Movement (7.3″ of Break) are all pretty much in line or slightly better than the 2019 version so with that being said, has the pure reduction of the pitch become the reason Cease is having strikeout issues this season because of the fact it was the 2nd highest Swing and Miss Percentage of any of his pitches last year? No, it is not the pitch’s reduction that has drastically reduced its Swing and Miss Percentage but rather it is because Cease can’t get it in the strike zone more than two-thirds of the time. In 2019, Cease threw the Curveball out of the zone 58.1% of the time vs 67.5% of the time in 2020 which is definitely not good. Yes you want to throw the pitch out of the zone to get chases and whiffs but you still have to establish it in the zone first. Hitters are laying off of Cease’s Curveball quite drastically as a result as its Chase Percentage dropped from 19% to 3.7% (!!!) making it basically non existent to be chased at due to the fact they expect it to be out of the strike zone and a non threat. I do wonder if Cease will eventually ditch it all together like Rich Harden, someone Cease reminds me of, did when he was having these strikeout struggles early on in his career. Either way, it again comes down to Cease’s control/command being the culprit as to why he isn’t getting the swings and misses that he once was due to familiarity and as the season goes on, it’s probably the reason he keeps reducing its usage vs last year due to no improved success in the limited times he is throwing it. Now that we’ve looked at the Slider and the Curveball, it’s time to look at Cease’s Changeup which, for all intents and purposes, is so much the tale of two Changeups that Charles Dickens would be writing about it. 2019: 8.9% Thrown, 83.1 mph, .125 BA/.281 SLG, .167 xBA/.362 xSLG, .180 wOBA/.230 xwOBA, 86.3 mph Average Exit Velocity, 21.2 K%, 3% BB%, 1 HR, 27% Swing and Miss Percentage, 20.6 Put Away Percentage 2020: 10.0% Thrown, 82.8 mph, .353 BA/.941 SLG, .387 xBA/.880 xSLG, .526 wOBA/.532 xwOBA, 90.9 mph Average Exit Velocity, 22.2 K%, 5.6 BB%, 3 HR, 28.1% Swing and Miss Percentage, 28.6% Put Away Percentage That’s pretty wild, isn’t it? I was absolutely stunned when I initially saw it doing the beginning research for this project. Cease’s Changeup got tremendously worse in just about every category you can think of EXCEPT the ones relating to strikeouts. He’s throwing it more in the zone (56.1% this year vs 52.5% last year) yet hitters are swinging at it quite less (75% last year vs 52.2% this year) and missing less (29.2% last year vs 25.2% this year) when it is in the zone and swung at, it is hit harder (46.2% this year vs 28% last year) meaning its Barrel Percentage has also gone up (23.1% this year vs 4% last year). Overall it is swung at 12.6% less than last year yet missed 1.1% more than last year. When it’s out of the zone, it’s chased less (25.9% last year vs 22.2% this year) yet when it is, it’s missed 17.5% more than it was last year (20% last year vs 37.5% this year). What is exactly the story on his Changeup? Well for starters, Cease is throwing it more in hitter’s counts (14.7% this year vs 10.5% last year) than in pitcher’s counts (6.0% this year vs 6.8% last year). That means it is a pitch that he uses to get back on track when he falls behind to hitters more so than actually when he’s got them down in the count. It’s also the pitch he has thrown the least this year with two strikes on a hitter (for example he has not thrown a single Changeup on an 0-2 count this entire season). So first then why does the pitch have the highest Put-away Percentage of them all? It’s the 3-2 Count. Cease has thrown the Changeup 11.1% of the time when the count is 3-2 (still a hitter’s count but a strikeout count) and is Cease’s most effective pitch when it comes to Swing and Miss Percentage in that count (33.3% of the time) because hitters are expecting either the Fastball (Thrown 64.1%) or Slider (Thrown 24.4%) which means they’ll sit on the pitch more likely. That has resulted in hitters taking Cease’s Changeup for a called strike three as 75% of Cease’s Ks on the Changeup have been taken for strike three called this season. Cease should continue to take advantage of hitters sitting on 3-2 counts due to his iffy command/control and throw even more 3-2 or two strike Changeups in general because hitters sit so much on the FB/SL predictability. That could definitely go a long way in helping him get the strikeouts back. That’s a great piece of knowledge in figuring out the future of his strikeouts but then if it’s so great at getting strikeouts then why is getting so trashed and hit all over the place? It’s because Cease is throwing less first pitch strikes than last year (59.2% vs 55.4%) and is often falling into hitters counts. When the count is 1-0 (45.6% of the time), Cease throws the Changeup 18.8% of the time and when the count is 2-1, he throws the Changeup 27.1% of the time. To put that in perspective vs last year, Cease threw his Changeup 13% of the time on 1-0 and 17.5% on 2-1. As Cease has fallen into more hitters counts, he is trying to get back ahead with the Changeup which hitters have grown accustomed to. Just as they sit on the Fastball and Slider above on 3-2, they are seemingly sitting on the Changeup because it has become very predictable on hitters counts early throwing either the Changeup or Slider 49.4% on 1-0 (vs the FB 38.8%) and 62.5% on 2-1 (vs the FB 35.4%). Yes they are whiffed at some and are effective on 1-0, they are again predictable on 2-1 and as a result are swung at more and are not nearly as effective as they are hit harder and are resulting in men on base. All in all, Cease’s Changeup has become too predictable in only certain counts and as a result, hitters have learned when to sit on it and as a result, it has gotten hit extremely hard. He needs to mix it up in more counts in order to keep hitters off-balanced and like I said above, it could be the key for him to getting his strikeouts back. The last of Cease’s pitches to discuss is his Fastball which has always had great characteristics (97th Percentile Velocity and 94th Percentile Spin Rate) but was hit all over the place last year when it wasn’t whiffed at 22.3% of the time. This year, it dropped off in Swing and Miss Percentage along with those whiffs (16.3%) which leads to some questions as to how the pitch is actually doing. This year, the pitch is still being thrown out of the zone more than it is in (50.6% out vs 49.4% in) but that is better than it was last year (57% out vs 43% in) which is definitely on the right track of improvement but he still walks way too many with it (13.8 BB%). In regards to it’s actual characteristics, the pitch has also gained almost 100 more RPM of Spin Rate along with almost 3″ more of Horizontal Movement which is a really good sign because while the Spin Rate has always been elite, the Horizontal Movement has been far from it. As the pitch improves, it has shown better results overall in which you can see below: 2020: 47.8% Thrown, 97.4 mph, .289 BA/.433 SLG, .289 xBA/.476 xSLG, .338 wOBA/.376 xwOBA, 90.9 mph Average Exit Velocity, 12.1 K%, 13.8 BB%, 4 HR, 16.3% Swing and Miss Percentage, 12.2% Put Away Percentage 2019: 47.9% Thrown, 96.5 mph, .356 BA/.637 SLG, .306 xBA/.524 xSLG, .448 wOBA/.398 xwOBA, 88.6 mph Average Exit Velocity, 21.3 K%, 13.8 BB%, 9 HR, 22.3% Swing and Miss Percentage, 17.9% Put Away Percentage In regards to the overall performance of the Fastball, it has improved in most non strikeout metrics across the board other than a slight tick up in Exit Velocity. That is a good sign considering last year it was really battered around though you still want it to get even better. Looking at the comparisons of the two, you will notice that he really didn’t have a high Put Away Percentage last year to drop off though there was almost a 10% drop in K% as you see above. The reasoning for that is, still, Cease’s lack of overall command/control illustrated by his 13.8 BB% and if it wants to get more strikeouts in general as well as it, he is going to have to command it a lot better to paint the corners of the zone and get hitters caught looking. Now, It’s definitely no secret Dylan Cease has a home run issue (1.8 HR/9 in 2019 and 1.8 HR/9 so far in 2020) and while it is true the balls have been played with to create an overall MLB home run increase (I know those comments are coming), that is not an excuse as to why Cease has said home run issue. It’s a first time through the order issue/first few couple of innings issue. Of the 24 home runs Cease has given up in his career so far, 17 (70%) of them have come within the first time through the order (6 in the 1st, 8 in the 2nd, 3 in the 3rd) while the remaining ten are spread out with four in the 4th, two in the 5th and one in the 6th. That trend has definitely continued into 2020 from a home run stand point as 7 of the 9 home runs Dylan Cease has given up in 2020 have come within the first two innings. Why does he have this issue with home runs? Rather, why does he have this issue in general because it applies to everything: Here is another update of those numbers to date: Innings 1-3: 5.88 ERA, 64 K, 32 BB, allowing a .273/.358/.873 slash and 17 HR (67.1 IP, 23 Starts) Innings 4-6: 3.26 ERA, 43 K, 19 BB, allowing a .241/.314/.763 slash and 7 HR (49.2 IP, 21 Starts) 7th Inning: 9.00 ERA, 4 K, 4 BB, allowing a .143/.455/.597 slash and 0 HR (2.0 IP, 4 Starts) During the first time through the order/first few innings, there will be times that his Fastball Velocity will sit around 94-95 mph vs the 96-97 mph later on in the game as he gets going which could be a reason why he gives up so many home runs early on; he is still getting warmed up to reach that upper velocity limit he can throw at consistently. I half joked last year in that thread about how maybe they should let him warm up longer than normal to see what kind of effect that would be but honestly I really think that might be the actual solution to this issue because right now, it seems like the first few innings of game time are still trying to get fully warmed up. Of course you don’t want to warm someone up too much before game time and waste bullets but it just doesn’t seem like he gets warmed up enough early on and as a result, his fastballs are a lot more hittable at 94 mph than at 96 mph and his control/command isn’t as sharp as it normally is albet shaky to begin with. All this said, what does this tell us about Dylan Cease moving forward and his future in the White Sox rotation? In summary, it tells us that there are three very significant things holding him back from getting his strikeouts back and reaching the upper eons of his upside which are his control/command, his predictability and his first time through the order/first few innings issue. As he improves his control/command, he will be able to keep hitters more honest with his stuff and they will have to swing at it because sitting on it will just send them back to the bench. As he gains with his control/command, he will also gain more confidence to throw any of his pitches (specifically his Changeup) in any count which the lack of has created major predictability of what he will throw allowing hitters to take advantage of it and batter him around. By improving the first two, and perhaps something as simply warming up more before game time, he should be able to get rid of his first time through the order/first few innings issue which should drastically reduce his home run rate and overall number of home runs surrendered. Tonight, as of this writing being finished, Cease will take on the Minnesota Twins in one of the biggest games he will have pitched in his young career so far with first place on the line. Will he be able to take down the Twins or will these traits continue to limit him from dominating tonight? That will be very interesting to watch unfold. Hopefully the strikeouts will stop ceasing.

January 31 l stayed up late and watched the black & white film 'The Elephant Man' starring Anthony Hopkins. Boy, that film sure makes me cry. lt is so hard for me to watch a movie, TV Show or any type of scene where somebody is mean to someone or something, it gets me sooooo mad! l love my AMC (American Movie Classics)TV Station! Last week l watched 'Bus Stop' & 'The River of No Return' starring Marilyn Monroe (thanx to Telstar for setting me straight...l was calling it 'The River Runs Through it'). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- My 1st impression/intuition is correct once again. l have been wanting to do more Live Fetish Stage Shows for Fetish Events & clubs. Someone told this girl who was interested & looking for a Stage partner as well. When we met, l had a few reservations on being her partner. l had no reason for my reservations other than just a feeling in my gut. As we talked, l noticed how she stirred the conversation only about her & if their was a moment when the conversation stirred away from being about her....she had a hard time listening & seemed a little sad. l thought 'uh oh...this might not be the best partner'. Well l ignored my gut feeling & decided to continue to commit to planning upcoming shows. lt was during the holiday season so we both agreed to wait until after the holidays to get together & plan out some shows. The 1st week of January, l was away in Vegas doing the AVN Expo. She said she was coming up for that but never saw her. When l got back home, there was a message from her saying we need to get together. l then got a nasty cold/flu for 2 weeks after that (blah), l was planning on calling her when l got well, l guess that was a bad decision . l guess she doesn`t like it when people don`t call her right back....because she sent me a nasty email yelling at me & telling me she is telling everyone that she knows & other promoters that l am unreliable, half assed & l gave her the run-around at the AVN Expo. l didn`t even see her at the Expo! Boy, she didn`t even wait to find out why l didn`t call her right back! l guess l should have called her, but l didn`t call anyone....l didn`t plan on being sick for 2 weeks. All l can say, weather l am right or wrong, if this is how she handles disappointment, then l am glad we didn`t become partners....so l guess this is a good thing, that l found this out now instead of later. Now, l am getting someone that is calling me at all hours of the night & hanging up. l don`t know if it is her or not....the caller ID says Private Number. *sigh* Next time l have got to trust my gut feeling....when will l learn? oxox, Stacy January 26 Sorry that my 'Words' are a little late. This week went by soooo quick for me! l have been busy this week. l have been playing catch-up. l have not worked all this month (because of the flu, Vegas and the holidays) & the bills are due. So l am busy shooting during the day & going out with Hef & his Girly-Girls at night. Yep, l now have a night life....and l am having a hard time keeping up with it....but l love it! l just try to sneak in a Kat-nap when ever l have a spare hour or 2. No matter how late l get home, l still seem to wake up at 7am....it is my automatic self alarm clock! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- l bonded (Pun intended ;-) with 1 of Hef`s Girls more than the rest....her name is Tiffany Holliday...isn`t that the best name ever?! She loves the fetish scene & wants to do Fetish modeling in the future. She has the perfect look for it! She reminds me of Marilyn Monroe in that movie 'A River Runs Through It' ....she also has a Maimi Van Doren look to her....so glamorous! We wanna try to set up a shoot between us soon......l have soooo many ideas! She is working on her site at the moment, but you can give it a sneak peak: - We even talked Hef into coming to an upcoming Fetish Event next month....whoooo-hoooo.... Tiff & I are turning Hef onto the Fetis h Scene.....LOL! oxox, Stacy January 17 l have yet to ride my new motorcycle :-( l was in Vegas all of last week & l seemed to bring back a very nasty cold with me.....so l have been resting all this week...or at least Trying to rest, but l am having trouble sleeping, so it is taking a bit longer to get over it. Next week, l can`t wait to get back to work... l have not worked this whole month!! Well...l guess if you count the Adult-Expo in Vegas, l guess l did work this month. l just love conventions so much that it is hard to call it work....but l am there over 8 hours, setting my booth up early before it opens, signing autographs, posing for pictures, talking to people, standing on my feet in heels the whole time, then taking my stuff down & loading it into the car. lt does take a lot out of me & my feet hurt soooo much afterward. My voice disappears after every convention. ------------------------------------- l might not get a chance t o practice riding my motorcycle for quite awhile....oh well, l just got to make sure l make time to register it & get all the paper work in order. Blah, l don`t like all that boring stuff, l just wanna ride my new bike....but l gotta do what l gotta do. ------------------------------------- l also need to catch up on a few bills...l think l over did it this Holiday Season! Every time l use my credit card, it comes back DECLINED! Oh boy, and l have many more that come back the same way..... l gotta get back to work....you think l would learn to stop spending so much...... oh well, l`ll try... maybe... hopefully. oxox, Stacy January 10 I am in Vegas right now, l have a booth at the Adult-Expo with Anton Video. The last day is Saturday, so you still have time to come out & say 'hi'! l will be signing autographs & posing for pictures. For more information go to: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- l bought a motorcycle, l`m a Motorcycle MaMa, a Biker Babe....LOL! Actually, l bought a red 1985 Honda Scooter. l tried riding it yesterday....OMG, I am soooooo bad at it!!! l was soooo scared!!! l couldn`t balance it, l jittered so much the handle bars were all over the place while l was trying to keep my balance, so l kept crashing into stuff. lt is pretty heavy for me to control. l was to scared to go to fast, it is hard to get used to hand brakes. l kept braking to hard, l almost fell over the handle bars! l have small hands, so for me to grip the handle bars & brakes is a bit rough for me. l need a LOT of practice. Thank god it has no gears for me to control, l couldn`t handle that. l need to get a helmet & a permit before l practice too much. l also need to get it registered & insured as well. Then once l practiced enough, l need to get a motorcycle license before l take it on the road. This will take quite awhile with my busy schedule! Hopefully l will master it before the warm season starts, l can`t wait to putt around e verywhere! Now all l need to do is get a Katgirl Costume to go with my Kat-Cycle.... DaDaDum..........LOL! oxox, Stacy January 03 Wow, l have not talked to you since last year!!!! LOL.... I know, I know, corny joke....sorry, l couldn`t resist. l hope you all had a grand New Years Eve & Day!! l know l did, it would have been better if l felt better. l was at the Playboy Mansion for Hugh Hefner`s annual New Years Bash. l even got to sit at his table! Good thing, because since l had a bit of a cold, l stayed in my seat almost the whole night and since l was at Hef`s table, all the people came to him to wish him a New Year, so in a way, the party came to me! l did get on the dance floor & danced with Hef & his girls at the stroke of midnight! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- l wore my Motorcycle Corset that you all have seen a dozen times, but this time l 'gussyed' it up a bit. l put a worki ng headlight in my hair on top of my head, l made the lights work, l put handle bar tassels in my hair, l had a license plate purse, chrome boots, silver gloves...l even had fuzzy dice, but they were too big to put anywhere . They took a few pix of me, so watch for it in Playboy Magazine in a future issue. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fetish Model, Dita Von Teese was there with her beau, Rock God- Marilyn Manson! They looked absolutely stunning!! She is sooo beautiful!! Tiffany Holliday (one of Hef`s girls) wore a beautiful White corset with silver trimming & rhinestones from Versatile-Fashions. All the other girls were in gorgeous long evening gowns. The Triplets were there in rhinestone thongs & bras....boy do they have awesome bodies!!!! Julie Strain was there with her husband....boy are they ever so cute together!! There were many stars out.... l probably would have seen more if l got up from my seat once in awhile...but oh well, l had a great time....this night will certainly go in my memory bank! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --- Hef invited me out with him & his girls again! They go out every Wednesday & Friday night, and have Spa Days & watch Movies every Sunday. l don`t know if l can keep up with that schedule, but l will sure try! l am hoping that l can convince him to add more Fetish into his magazine. Not to change it, but just to include it more in the Playboy Glamorous style....l think it would be nice. l also want to tell Hef that they need to stop cropping the girls toes & feet off in the full length picture of the girls in his magazine! Everytime l see a great pose where the feet would look lovely, they crop off the best part! l am sure he gets lots of advice, he may not appreciate my input, but l guess it never hurts to ask :-) oxox, Stacy December 27 Whewwww, did l have a groovy Holiday yesterday or what?? l had my Annual Meowy X-Mas-a-Go-Go lastnight & everybody showed up.... except my web-master (Tony, ya better come next year!)!! Danielle Emerick, Steve Diet Goedde, Empress of Erotica, Her husband, O ctavio, Gerry Koehler, Ken Yamada, Syn, Dorothy Laine, her husband, Faye Raye, Renee, Toney, Doneil, Webber, Hector, Paul, Karem and more. We opened gifts, drank my famous Tuaca & hot apple cider, ate & Go-Go-ed all nig ht long!!! Whooo-hooo....it was a fabulous time had by all!!!! Somehow l ended up with more food and gifts, l think some people forgot their stuff! ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Christmas Eve was fun as well. l spent the day with my Grandma, Aunt, Uncle & Cousin. l love to watch my grandma open her gifts on X-Mas Eve!!! l always make her a big X-mas stocking & wrap every little gift inside, she sure gets a kick out of it....... she saves all the stockings from all the past years.... she is soooo cute!! ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- l don`t know how l am going to get through this month. l am a 'morning' person. l like to go to bed early & wake up early & l rarely drink. This month is full of parties, it seems like every night there is one!!! l am going out with Hugh Hefner & his girls again tonight!! Hu gh Hefner called me on Christmas Day to wish me a Merry Christmas, to say he & his girls enjoyed my company the last 2 Fridays & wanted to invite me along with them again this Wednesday, Thursday & Friday of this week !!! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Last Friday l got to the Playboy Mansion at 10pm, l was the 1st one ready. So l wondered around the mansion alone for a while & looked at the beautiful X-Mas tree in the movie room! The staff was great, kept coming in & as king if l wanted anything, a drink, a sandwhich, water? No thank you, l am fine. About 20 minutes later the girls came down. l know a couple of them already, Zoe & Sandee. Hef then comes down & greets me. He has his people take a few pix of us & tells me he will give me copies of these pix. The limo picks us all up & takes us to the Barfly in Hollywood. E! television is having a party for Chyna the WWF wrestler. Brooke Burke & her husband was there as well. We party HARD. Hef danced all night long & we all drank a lot of Champaign. l didn`t take my digital camera with me because l wasn`t sure if it was ok to take pix & ; it wouldn`t fit in my purse. l took a disposable camera instead. l took a few pix & Hef took MANY pix with his disposable as well (so cute)....he loves taking pictures. l hit it off with the girls. l even got Tiffany`s #, l put it in my cell that night. She wants to become a fetish model! I tried to call her yesterday, but l couldn`t find it on my cell.... l guess l didn`t hit the 'save' button when l punched in her # :-( -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- My invite for Playboy`s New Years Eve Party states no cameras allowed, so l may have to rely on the crew to give me copies of the event. l am really looking forward to that party, it should be a memorable experience! l will try to post pictures of all of my 'Playboy' experiences if & when l get permission :-) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ I hope all of you had a 'Meowy' Christmas & a 'Groovy' Hannukah!!!!!!! *HAPPY NEW YEAR* - Whooo-hooooo, Hellooooooooooooooooooooooo 2002!!!!! :-D oxox, Stacy December 20 I had a very busy but very exciting week! 1st of all l was in Arizona shooting barefoot bondage scenes for Slamm Productions, so keep a look out for those, which should be coming out soon. l even got to wear the infamous straight jacket yet again! :-) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Friday The Tom Leykis Show called me & needed me to attend the LIVE radio broadcast at the Playboy Mansion, of course l said YESSSSS! I always have a great time at the Mansion! The 1st time l was there l was 'killed' in the grotto for Troma Film`s 'Toxic Avenger 4/Citizen Toxie'. The Troma team & l run a mock for the entire day dripping with fake blood everywhere. l feel sorry who ever had to clean up after that shoot! The 2nd time l was at the Mansion was for a wrap party for 'Night Calls' , a TV Show on Playboy TV, which l was a guest on. --------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Third time, just maybe the charm! l got there early to greet everyone from the Tom Leykis Show from KLSX 97.1fm in LA ( fmtalki.com & BlowMeUpTom.com ). It was cold & rainy, but they put the huge tent up with heaters and all, it was beautiful! Art from the band Everclear was there & sang a few songs. l met Art a few years ago at this Beach Concert Gig. He is the coolest guy, very down to earth for being a Rock Star! Then it was my turn. Tom interviewed me & asked me about my recent travels to Europe. He then advertised my site a few times (thank you Tom!), and then he did what he does best, he autographed my 'Rack' & 'Bum' with a black sharpie marker! -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hugh Hefner came out to be interviewed by Tom. Then Hugh looked over at me & waved. l am not sure if he remembers me or not, he may have just waved to me because l was one of the few girls there. A few minutes later a woman walks over to me with a camera in her hand. She said that Mr. He fner wanted her to take my picture & to get my name & phone number! Wow, cool, l thought! The rest of the night went great. Ba-Ba-Booey (Gary) of the Howard Stern Show was there & he gave me an autographed picture of him. The program director, Jack Silver told me that he wants me to be the leader of the KLSX Bod-Squad the 1st of the year! The Bod-Squad will be like Cheerleaders for the radio station who make appearances at ce rtain events. Wow, how exciting....a new gig... ya know l like to work, promote & go places, this is a new perfect Gig! ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ok, l have not gotten to the best part yet. l get home and check my messages & there was one from Hugh Hefners Assistant! She invited me to attend Hugh Hefner`s Annual New Years Party @ the Playboy Mansion!!!!!! OMG, how cool is that!!!! Not only that, but she also invited me to attend a 'Spa Day' that they have every Sunday starting the 1st of the year!!!! l get to have a 'Spa Day' with the rest of the Bunnies!!!! Ok, this is just a dream come true. Every girly-girl dreams of having a Spa Day & attending a grand party at a Mansion & get invited to do both!!!!! l am the luckiest woman ever.....what a great Christmas Present!!! ------------------------------- Well l better get to cleaning my house & wrapping up Christmas Presents. l am having a few people over for the holidays & l got to get my place in Ship-Shape! Wishing you all a Happy & Groovy Holiday!!! Pick up your Christmas Card here: -or Pick up your Chanukah Card here: Enjoy the Holiday updates of me & Dorothy Laine enjoying our Holiday Cocoa bound by the Fire Place! :-) oxox, Stacy December 13 Here is Part 2 of the story from last week, enjoy :-) oxox, Stacy He drives for what seems like hours. You are half asleep, exhausted by your noble but vain efforts to free yourself. But real sleep evades you. The bumps in the road and remembering back to what he said he would do keep you awake in f ear and realizing that that was only one of many things he may do. You keep making valiant but useless attempts to free yourself but find that he is an expert at binding, which is what he does for pleasure. The gag is beginning to dry your mouth. What you would do now for a glass of water. The binds on your wrists while not cutting off circulation are immobilizing, as are the ones around your ankles. The straps cause aching with each bump. Every once in a while he talks to you. With mocking concern he wants to know if you are comfortable. He tells you about his place. A nice cabin in the most remote part of the state. A fireplace to keep you warm while he has you spread out on the bed for him to enjoy your lovely body. There is a hoist by which he can hang you by your wrists while he fucks your cunt or ass as he wishes. He may even have some friends come over. He even has a lady friend who goes both ways and would be fond of joining in menage au trios. He does this all to terrify you since he cannot yet do so physically, he will do it mentally. He tells you about how much he likes to have his cock sucked and how angry he gets if it i s not done to his satisfaction. As tough as you were, you now begin to wonder if you will survive this coming ordeal. Not survive as in live or die, but will you be able to get on with your life again. "We're here my dear!" he yells back to you as he slows down and turns the van. He drives again for about 5 minutes making you realize that this place is far off the main road. The van stops and you hear the sound of a garage door opening. Inside it goes as darkness envelops the back of the van where you lay. Trepidation is your only company as he turns off the engine and you hear him come out and walk toward the side door. He opens it, a faint light outlining his dark silhouette, which still has a mask to conceal his fac e. He leans in to undo the straps securing you to the floor then unties your ankles. With your feet free again, your resistive nature takes over and you try to kick him but he is ready for such insolence. He takes you by the ankles and drags you to the door. He then pulls you out and makes you stand. You continue to try to struggle in the vain hope that if you can free yourself from his powerful grip you may b e able to run. But he quickly subdues you by taking hold of the rope that binds your wrists and pulls it up your back causing great pain. To try to relieve it you stand on the tips of your toes, the straps of your high-heeled sandals keeping the shoes on which makes keeping your balance hard. "Alright bitch, you are going to calm down and do as you are told, otherwise the pain you are feeling now is nothing compared to what I will do to you," he tells you while pulling up more increasing the pressure on your arms and shoulders. "If you don't behave, I'll subject you to torture so painful you will beg me to kill you to relieve it. DO YOU UNDERSTAND?" he yells knowing that intimidation always helps when torture alone is not enough. You nod hard and fast hoping he will see your willingness to comply. "Good girl," he says taunting you as he releases the pain but keeps enough pressure on your arms to maintain control. He pushes you toward a door leading into a dark room. When he turns the lights on, a full-blown torture chamber is revealed to you. You whine in despair as he shoves you toward a bed with ropes attached to var ious points on it including at the top of four-foot high posts at the foot end. He sits you down and binds your ankles. You submit because you know that resistance at this point would mean being subjected to one of the devices in the room. When finished binding your ankles, he rubs he calf of your leg looking into your eyes seeing the despair and anxiety that drives his warped libido. He stands and turns on a TV that shows a blue screen. Then he steps behind a video camera which when turned on puts you on the screen. " ;Now my sweet, I am going to make you into a movie star," he tells you causing you to increase your efforts to free yourself from his expert bonding. He turns on a CD player where the Stripper Song c ome blaring out. He comes back to you and forces you to stand on your bound feet. "This is going to be a great movie my sweet," he says as his hand begins to rub your ass. He looks at the TV and sees your weeping face and is turned on by it, but not as much as when he finds the button holding the waist band of your skirt and then pulls down the zipper causing it to fall on the floor. You react with hysteria as you see your shapely legs now revealed in all their beauty. The music is humiliating because of the tone it sets and you know that this is only the start. He reminds you to keep your balance and not to fall otherwise the stage will shift to one of the torture devices on the other side of the room. Standing behind you he tenderly holds your shoulders then moves his hands down your body to the bottom of your blouse. Slowly, one by one he opens the blouse from bottom to top relishing the pace of your breathing as it goes from slow and deliberate to fast and frenzied. Your face glows with blush from the embarrassment and humiliation of your body being stripped down to only a pair of skimpy panties and an equally skimpy bra as he opens the top button and pulls the silky blouse down your shoulders and arms. "You are doing well my sweet, just keep standing there like that," he tells you as his finger invades the cleavage between your breasts while still standing behind you. Your head falls back onto his shoulder as you weep openly in despair from suffering this ordeal. He laughs as he holds you steady reminding you again about what will happen if you fall over. You pull your head up and look up at the TV screen seeing what he is doing to you and your mind races with thoughts of what you will do to him when you are able to have revenge. Then you realize how much your feet ache from the sexy shoes you were wearing much to the delight of your captor. Your calves hurt so much that you want to just sit down. But is the pain you are suffering now worse than what he would do if he punished you? What did he say? You would beg him to kill you to relieve the pain! You see the implements of torture in the other side of the room. A hoist hanging from the ceiling with a hook at the end. A selection of whips in cludes a thick bullwhip and a cat-o-nine tails. And smaller implements that you don't recognize but still instill fear in you. It strengthens your resolve to do as he commands to keep him from torturing you more than he is now. He steps away from you and checks the ropes on the bed checking to see they are secure. He looks at you with a gleeful evil grin, which makes you try to project a brave front. It soon fades when you realize that it is the bed that will be the next place you will be at his mercy. The most terrifying thing you see are those ropes at the top of the foot posts, which are almost 4 feet apart. "I'll have those nice sweet ankles of your dangling from those very soon my sweet," he says to you as he approaches you with that same wicked grin. He looks over your fine form still standing with aching legs that are ready to collapse from under you. His hand lightly rubs your belly then slides into your panties lightly rubbing the sweet curly hairs that guard your womanhoo d. A whining plea comes through the gag, which has now dried your mouth so much, that you would do almost anything for a glass of water. You are unaware that such sounds generate the blood that ha rdens his cock and will keep it hard for hours. You feel his finger slightly penetrate the lips of your vaginal orifice frustrating you by generating revulsion and arousal at the same time. "Hmmm, smells so nice! It excites you doesn't it my lovely," he says to you, taunting you as he sniffs his finger then licks it with his tongue as though it were an ice cream pop. Soft muffled pleas come from your gag as you cry hanging your head in undeserved shame. Your legs are beginning to wobble further weakened by the emotional torment you have so valiantly endured. He looks at you with a glare that terrifies you more that anytime since you fell into his clutches. He touches your hair and rolls his tongue around his lips as though he was licking his chops before a fine meal. Terror grips you and your legs finally give out from under you. He grabs you cradling you in his arms before you fall. He begins to walk toward the torture devices but then turns around back toward the bed. "No, I can't wait anymore, I need to be inside you now," he tells you as he lays you down on the bed. The relief of pressure from your legs allows you to regain your strength and your resolve to fight back. But as soon as he lays you down he secures your feet to the foot board to immobilize you. You struggle in frustration because he has gotten the best of you again. Muffled screams of rage come from you as he laughs at how easy it seems to be able to overcome you. He slides his hand up the length of your leg into your crotch and rubs your cunt hard enraging you more. When he releases you, you start to sob and cry because your ability to defend yourself has been hampered. You lie still as he begins to untie your feet from each other and then secures them to the posts, leaving you spread-eagled. You try to kick him but he reacts by slapping your legs away. Once secured, you see a look of anger on his face. "Fucking bitch, you tried to hurt me. You are going to suffer for that," he says as he goes over to the torture devices. He removes a small leather strip from the wall and slowly walks back toward you stroking the small strap as he does. "This is going to hurt you my sweet and you must remember that you deserve it," he tells you as he stands over you. His arm rises ove r his head and comes down hard with the strap smacking the sweet tender flesh of your inner thigh. You react with screams that excite him more as he smacks you again. You think that you are now going to suffer 50 or a hundred lashes like these. Instead he stops at two and rubs them with mocking concern. "Now you won't be unruly again my dear will you?" he asks you shake your head to indicate compliance with his demands. "Because next time it will be 10 lashes, and I will aim quite precisely for your clit," he says as his face comes up to yours. You turn your head away but he grabs it and forcefully makes you look at him eye to eye. "Our time is at hand my lovely," he says dropping the strap and helps you sit up. He unties your wrists and prepared for your attempt to take advantage of the momentary freedom, he quickly forces your wrists together in front of you palm to palm. He slowly ties your wrists in this fashion enjoying the look of frustration you show. When he has you secured he ties your wrists to the headboard. The incredible feeling of helplessness that overcomes you causes you to become hysterical. He looks down at his handiwork and begins to undress himself while you watch still hysterically trying to free yourself from his expert bonds. He pulls his pants down and when he stands up your become more hysterical when you see his large red throbbing hardon with veins running through it, seeming to pound at the rate of his heartbeat. His naked body is one of a fit man. One that you would happily surrender yourself to if he said the right things to you when you were looking for a one-night stand. But not now! HE took you by force, and is holding you against your will. He terrifies you without regard to your feelings or comfort. And now he approaches you to take you in the most violating way possible, but not before one last terrifying indignation. He leans over to a drawer and pulls something out. He holds it in front of you and pushes a button, causing the switchblade to pop out. Your hysteria reaches a new high trying further in vain to free your self as he climbs on top of you. "Be still my sweet, I don't want to cut you," which calms you somewhat until you see him cut the left strap of your bra. He then cuts the right one. "Ok baby, this is delicate so be still," and you freeze and hold your breath as he slides the blade under the fabric that joins the cups together. The steel of the blade gliding along your breast sends a chill through your body. He draws the knife back and forth to enjoy hearing you whine. Then in a quick upward thrust, he cuts the fabric joining the cups. They lay still back on your breasts as if doing so in one last effort to protect your sweet womanhood. But he chooses to torment you more. He turns the knife so the blade is facing down and uses it to move the cups from your mounds. He deliberately but carefully scrapes your nipples as he does so drawing from you protests of fear that are tempered by the arousal of the touch of your nipples. You freeze in fear feeling how sharp the knife-edg e is. He repeats this vial act of torment on the other one leaving your breasts bared to his view. When they are free, he pulls the now useless garment from under you with a strong snap. HE laughs as you lay suffering from the humiliation he seems to enjoy doing to you. He begins to fondle them gently squeezing your nipples with h is finger and thumb. You weep as despair overcomes you by the humiliating feeling of becoming wet inside your pussy. It is arousal not of desire, but of force. He has you against your will and you have no thoughts other than revenge. "What a sweet pair of tits my dear, I know just how to use them," he says as he pours what seems to be baby oil in between them. It is cold and gives you a chill to which you respond with obvious displeasure. After he lays the bottle down you are horrified to see him lay his hard cock between your tits and squeeze them around it. He begins to stroke his hard-on back and forth while you watch in disgust but are relieved that he hasn't decided to rape you yet. But you see from the size of his cock and where it is aimed where it will spray when he cums. It will be right in your face. You look at his face and see nothing but an evil grin of delight. More to follow…. December 06 l received this arousing story in my inbox, l had to share it with you! While reading it, remember, this is a fantasy, l never condone anything that is not consensual. This is a great 'Role-Playing' scene, enjoy :-) oxox, Stacy Story by: Dr Mephisto Just as you leave your home, job, school, it happens. It's late and dark. You have always felt safe so there was no mind to pay. Suddenly around that corner as you turned it, a hand clamped over your mouth. Another strong arm pinned your arms to your side causing you to drop your purse. You try in vain to free yourself but the power of this one who has taken you is immense. He carries you as you kick and try to scream to a van in a nearby alley. He puts you down and opens the side door with the arm he had around your waist. You see that his next a ction will be to load you inside and you try valiantly to stop him, but to no avail. He is overpowering. He has you so tight around the mouth that he could easily break your neck, and you are in fear of what he will do. He forces you into the open door still clutching your mouth then lets go and leaps in beside you slamming the door shut behind him. "HEEEEEELLLP!" comes screaming from your mouth as he grabs your arms to bind your wrists. He slaps you hard across your fanny to silence you but it does not. However, you no longer scream. You just cry and whimper begging the masked man, who it seems, is intent on forcing you to join him, not to hurt you. You whimper more as you see him ignore your pleadings as he forces a large knotted cloth into your mouth and ties it behind your neck. You regain your composure and try to resist him again but it's too late. He has rendered you relatively silent. You shuffle your feet as you see him grab another length of rope and begin to grab your ankles forcing them together while he loops the rope around them. You eyes bulge at the sight of your skirt beginning to ride up your legs showing more of their fineness much to your dismay. He has you secure now and the sight of your legs has caught his eye. He looks at your face seeing the mixture of emotion on it. Combinations of rage, humiliation, fear, a nd hope. He removes his glove and begins to rub your calf as you try to evade his unwanted touch, but he is determined and feels that this is as good a time as any to show you that he is now the determining factor in your fate. He holds you down by your knees as his hand invades under your skirt. The frustration and terror expressed by your whining sends blood pounding in to his cock as his hand travels past your thighs and his fingertips tickle your clit which is still protected only by the sheer thinness of your panties. All vestiges of any emotion are gone from your face except one. Stark terror is all that shows as you realize that being sexually assaulted is no longer a matter of if, but when. He removes his hand from your skirt and opens the top button on your blouse. The upper portion of your breast is revealed and he touches it with his fingertips. You react by thrashing your head left to right trying as hard as you can to let out a scream but the gag holds firm and lets out only muffled high pitched whines. Tears that have been running from your eyes are now mixing with the beads of sweat on your face. The expression of mer ciful pleading in your eyes only drives him to wish to torment you more, but time is of the essence. He must move you to his place where he can make you the latest in a series of his victims. He rolls you onto your stomach and straps you to the floor across the waist and ankles. You have never in your wildest nightmare imagined this happening to you. When he is done securin g you, he takes one final opportunity at tormenting you by raising your skirt over your waist and pulling your panties off of your ass to rub your sweet cheeks. Hysteria grips you as he fondles the sweet firm flesh of your nice butt. He smacks it hard and gives you a warning to calm down which you respond to by relaxing, but are unable to keep from crying uncontrollably. He mockingly sooths your bare butt with a "there, there my dear" and tells you that this is not going to hurt half as much as when he gets you over his desk later and rams his cock into your nice tight ass hole. He replaces your panties and pulls down your skirt but has now left in your mind a picture of the future horror you will endure. He gets out closing the door behind him. Moments later you hear him start the van and feel it drive off to an unknown destination that for you will be filled with terror and pain. More to follow….If you wish