Datasets:

BEE-spoke-data

/

falcon-refinedweb-100k_en-xlong

like 0

Follow

BEEspoke Data 40

- Research - Open Access - Published: Q-learning-enabled channel access in next-generation dense wireless networks for IoT-based eHealth systems EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking volume 2019, Article number: 178 (2019) 2746 Accesses 18 Citations - Abstract One of the key applications for the Internet of Things (IoT) is the eHealth service that targets sustaining patient health information in digital environments, such as the Internet cloud with the help of advanced communication technologies. In eHealth systems, wireless networks, such as wireless local area networks (WLAN), wireless body sensor networks (WBSN), and wireless medical sensor networks (WMSNs), are prominent technologies for early diagnosis and effective cures. The next generation of these wireless networks for IoT-based eHealth services is expected to confront densely deployed sensor environments and radically new applications. To satisfy the diverse requirements of such dense IoT-based eHealth systems, WLANs will have to face the challenge of assisting medium access control (MAC) layer channel access in intelligent adaptive learning and decision-making. Machine learning (ML) offers services as a promising machine intelligence tool for wireless-enabled IoT devices. It is anticipated that upcoming IoT-based eHealth systems will independently access the most desired channel resources with the assistance of sophisticated wireless channel condition inference. Therefore, in this study, we briefly review the fundamental models of ML and discuss their employment in the persuasive applications of IoT-based systems. Furthermore, we propose Q-learning (QL) that is one of the reinforcement learning (RL) paradigms as the future ML paradigm for MAC layer channel access in next-generation dense WLANs for IoT-based eHealth systems. Our goal is to contribute to refining the motivation, problem formulation, and methodology of powerful ML algorithms for MAC layer channel access in the framework of future dense WLANs. This paper also presents a case study of next-generation WLAN IEEE 802.11ax that utilizes the QL algorithm for intelligent MAC layer channel access. The proposed QL-based algorithm optimizes the performance of WLAN, especially for densely deployed devices environment. Introduction Internet of Things (IoT) technology connects physical objects with the help of sensors and actuators by utilizing the existing infrastructure of communication networks, specifically with the help of unlicensed wireless networks [1]. Therefore, IoT technology uses the existing network infrastructure and communication technologies to ensure its strength. Sensors and actuators play a vital role in connecting the physical world to the digital world [2, 3]. The applications of IoT technology such as smart-cities, smart-industries, smart-metering, smart-grid, and smart-healthcare systems (IoT-based eHealth) are continuously increasing. It is expected that by the end of 2020, wireless-enabled devices will increase to 36.5 billion, and 70% of those would comprise sensor devices [1]. One of the key applications for the IoT is the eHealth service that targets sustaining patient health information in digital environments such as the Internet cloud with the help of advanced communication technologies. The World Health Organization (WHO) conducted a survey in 2013 and highlighted that upcoming decades would face the challenge of shortage of global health workforce, which would reach 12.9 million [4]. The main reasons of the decline are decreased interest in young people to pursue this profession, aging of current workforce, and the growing risk of non-infectious diseases such as cancer and heart stroke [4]. However, nowadays, health-related information can be easily monitored and tracked with the help of smart sensors and devices. This IoT-based eHealth enables people to allow emergency services/hospitals, doctors, and relatives to access their health-related data through different applications for immediate and efficient treatment. Handheld devices, such as smartphones and fitness bands, can act as on-body coordinators for personalized health monitoring because they are equipped with a variety of sensors, such as heart rate measurement sensor, blood glucose and pressure sensors, temperature sensors, humidity measurement sensors, accelerometers, magnetometers, and gyroscope (Fig. 1) [5]. There exist several built-in applications in such handheld smartphones, such as S-Health, to keep track of daily body fitness. However, there are always concerns regarding data privacy and security, reliability, and trustworthiness in the extensive usage of wearable smart devices [5]. One of the key issues in IoT-based eHealth systems is the requirement of appropriate communication technologies for efficient information sharing [6, 7]. Particularly, reliable connectivity is essential for real-time health-related information sharing. Wireless communication technologies are flexible and cost-effective for IoT-based information sharing. As shown in Fig. 1, a combination of both short-range wireless communication technologies, such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ZigBee, and IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN), and long-range wireless communication technologies, such as Sub-1 Giga, LoRaWAN, and 4G/5G/LTE cellular systems, are typically considered [8, 9]. Both academic and industrial communities have recognized the significant attention given to future WLANs (IEEE 802.11) for IoT-based eHealth systems. One of their motivating services is the promisingly high throughput to support extensively advanced technologies even in densely deployed devices environment [10, 11]. However, unlicensed WLAN would face huge challenges in the future to access the shared channel resources, especially for highly dense IoT device deployments. The use of small cells and information-centric sensor networks in forthcoming IoT-based system may help to reduce the performance degradation issues [3, 12]. The most popular wireless channel resource utilization technique utilized by the WLAN medium access control (MAC) protocol is known as carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). To achieve maximum channel resource utilization through fair channel access in the WLANs with the ever-increasing density of contending IoT devices, the CSMA/CA scheme is very important as a part of IoT-based systems. CSMA/CA uses a binary exponential backoff (BEB) as its typical and traditional channel contention mechanism [11]. In BEB, a backoff value for contention is generated randomly from a specified contention window (CW). The CW size is exponentially increased for each unsuccessful transmission and reset to its initial size once transmitted successfully. For a network with a heavy load, resetting CW to its minimum size after successful transmission will result in more collisions and poor network performance. Similarly, for fewer contending devices, the blind exponential increase of CW for collision avoidance causes an unnecessary long delay. Besides, this blind increase/decrease of the backoff CW is more inefficient in highly dense networks proposed for IoT-based systems. Thus, the current CSMA/CA mechanism does not allow wireless networks to achieve high efficiency in highly dense environments. Future dense WLANs are anticipated to infer the diverse and interesting features of both the devices’ environments and their behavior to spontaneously optimize the reliability and efficiency of communication. Machine learning (ML), which is one of the prevailing machine intelligence tools, establishes an auspicious paradigm for optimization of the performance of WLANs [13]. As illustrated in Fig. 2, we can imagine an intelligent IoT device that is capable of accessing channel resources with the aid of ML. Therefore, an intelligent device would observe and learn the performance of a specific action with the objective of preserving a specific performance metric. Further, based on this learning, the intelligent device aims to reliably improve its performance while executing future actions by exploiting previous experience. ML algorithms are typically categorized into supervised [14] or unsupervised [15] learning algorithms. The supervised and unsupervised algorithms specify whether there are categorized samples in the available data (usually known as training data). Recently, another class of ML, known as reinforcement learning (RL), has emerged. It is encouraged by behavioral psychology [16, 17]. RL is concerned with a certain form of reward for a learner (such as an intelligent IoT device) that is associated with its environment (such as IoT-based eHealth system) through its observations and actions. In this study, we briefly assess the fundamental perceptions of ML and propose services in persuasive applications for IoT-based systems based on the supervised, unsupervised, and RL categories. ML can be used extensively for revealing numerous practical problems in the future dense WLANs of the IoT-based application like eHealth systems. Examples include massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), device-to-device (D2D) communications, femto/small cell-based heterogeneous networks, and high contention in dense WLAN environments. Following are the contributions of this paper: We briefly present the fundamental insights of ML in persuasive applications for IoT-based systems. Furthermore, we propose Q-learning (QL) that is one of the prevailing algorithms of RL as the future ML paradigm for channel access in contention-based dense WLANs for IoT-based systems. The goal of this paper is to aid readers in refining the enthusiasm for problem devising and the approach to powerful ML algorithms for channel access in the framework of future dense WLANs to tap into previously unexplored applications of IoT-based systems. Table 1 shows list of acronyms used in this paper. Machine learning in WLANs for IoT-based systems As aforementioned, ML is usually categorized as supervised, unsupervised, and the most recently evolved RL algorithms. In this section, we elaborate the role of these categories in wireless communication networks for IoT-based systems. Figure 3 summarizes the family architecture of ML techniques, models, and their potential applications in dense IoT-based systems. Supervised learning In supervised ML, the learning agent learns from a labeled training dataset supervised by an erudite exterior supervisor. Each labeled training dataset is a depiction of a state comprising a specification, label, particular action, and class to which that particular action belongs. The objective of supervised ML is to make the system infer its retorts so that it acts intelligently in states not present in the labeled training dataset [18]. Although supervised ML is a significant type of ML, it is not suitable for a learner to learn the environment without the help of a supervisor and the available training dataset in it. Therefore, for the systems that need to deal interactively, it is often impractical to obtain a sample training dataset of anticipated behavior that is equally precise and descriptive regarding all the states in which the device has to perform actions in the future. In an unexplored environment, wherein ML is expected to be most valuable, a device must be able to learn from its own experience of interaction with the environment [18, 19]. Examples of supervised ML algorithms are regression models [20], k-nearest neighbor (KNN) [21], support vector machine (SVM) [22], and Bayesian learning (BL) [18]. Regression analysis (RA) depends on a statistical method for assessing the relations among input parameters. The objective of RA is to envisage the assessment of one or more continuously valued estimation objectives, given the assessment of a vector of input parameters. The estimation objective is a function of the independent parameters. The KNN and SVM techniques are mostly employed to categorize different objects in the system. In the KNN technique, an agent/device is categorized according to the votes of the neighbor agents. The agent is associated with the category that is most common among its k-nearest neighbors. On the contrary, the SVM algorithm uses non-linear mapping for object classification. First, it converts the original training dataset into a higher measurement, where it befits distinguishability. Later, it explores for the optimized linearly separating hyperplane that is accomplished by distinguishing one category of agents from another [18]. On the contrary, the idea of BL is to estimate a posterior distribution of the target variables, given some inputs and the available training datasets. The hidden Markov model (HMM) is a simple example of reproductive paradigms that can be learned with the help of BL [19]. HMM is a tool for expressing probability distributions of the trail of observations in the system. More specifically, it is a generalization method, where the unseen (hidden) variables of the system are associated with each other through a Markov decision process (MDP) [23]. These hidden variables control the particular constituent to be selected for each observation, while being relatively independent of each other. These examples of supervised ML paradigms can be used for estimating wireless radio parameters that are related to the quality of service and quality of experience requirements of a particular user/device. Similar to a massive MIMO system of hundreds of radio antennas, the available channel estimation may lead to optimal dimensional search problems, which can be easily learned using any of the abovementioned supervised learning models. The SVM functions are cooperative for data classification problems. A hierarchical SVM (H-SVM), in which each hierarchical level is comprised of a fixed number of SVM classifiers, was proposed in [23]. H-SVM is used to intelligently estimate the Gaussian channel’s noise level in a MIMO system by exploiting the training data. KNN and SVM can be pragmatic in finding the optimum handover solutions in wireless networks. Similarly, the BL model can be invoked for wireless channel characteristics learning and estimation in future generation ultra-dense wireless networks. For example, Wen et al. [24] estimated both the radio channel parameters in a specific radio cell and those of the intrusive links of the neighboring radio cells using BL techniques to deal with the pilot contamination problem faced by massive MIMO systems. Another application of BL was proposed in [25], where a Bayesian inference model was proposed for considering and statistically describing a variety of methods that are proficient at learning the predominant factors for cognitive radio networks (CRNs). Their proposed mechanism covers both the MAC and the network layers of a wireless network. Unsupervised learning Unsupervised ML is usually regarding the verdict structure veiled in a collection of unlabeled training datasets. The terms supervised ML and unsupervised ML would appear to profoundly categorize most ML-based paradigms; however, they are not accurate. The aim of supervised ML is to learn the mapping from an input dataset to an output result where accurate values are provided by a supervisor. On the contrary, in unsupervised learning, there is no external supervisor but only the available input dataset. The objective is to find symmetries in the dataset. There is an edifice of the available dataset space, e.g., that certain patterns occur often, such patterns can help understand the action to be performed in the future for any unknown input. In the statistical context, this is also known as density estimation [18]. Examples of unsupervised ML algorithms are k-means clustering [21], principle component analysis (PCA) [26], and independent component analysis (ICA) [27]. The objective of k-means clustering is to divide user observations into k clusters, where each observation is associated with the adjacent cluster. It uses the center of gravity (centroid) of the cluster, which is the mean value of the observation points within that particular cluster. Continuous iteration of the k-means clustering algorithm keeps assigning an agent to the particular cluster in which the centroid is close to the agent based on a similarity metric. This similarity metric is known as Euclidean distance. Further, the in-cluster differences are also minimized until convergence by iteratively updating the cluster centroid is achieved [18]. PCA is used to transform a set of possibly associated parameters into a set of unassociated parameters that are known as the principal components (PCs). The number of PCs is always less than or equal to the number of original parameters/components. The first PC has the largest possible variance, and each subsequent PC has the utmost variance probable under the limitation that it is unassociated with the prior PCs. Basically, the PCs are orthogonal (unassociated) because they are the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix that is symmetric. Unlike PCA, ICA is a statistical method applied to expose unseen elements that inspire sets of haphazard parameters/components within the system [18]. Clustering is one of the common problems in densely deployed wireless networks of IoT-based systems, especially in heterogeneous network environments with diverse cell sizes. In such cases, small cells have to be wisely grouped to avoid interference using coordinated multi-point transmission, whereas the mobile devices are grouped to follow an optimum offloading strategy. The devices are grouped in device-to-device (D2D) wireless networks to attain high energy efficiency, and the WLAN users are grouped to uphold an optimum access point (AP) association. Xia et. al. [28] proposed a hybrid scenario to diminish inclusive wireless traffic by encouraging the exploitation of a high-capacity optical infrastructure. They formulated a mixed-integer programming (MIP) problem to cooperatively optimize both network gateway splitting and the virtual radio channel provision based on typical k-means clustering. Both PCA and ICA are formulated to recover statistically autonomous source signals from their linear combinations using powerful statistical signal processing techniques. One of their key applications is in the area of intrusion detection in wireless networks, which depends on traffic monitoring. Besides, similar issues may also be resolved in the dense wireless communications technologies of IoT-based systems. PCA and ICA can also be invoked to classify user behavior in CRNs. In [29], the authors applied PCA and ICA in a smart grid scenario of IoT systems to improve the concurrent wireless transmissions of smart devices set up in the smart home. The statistical possessions of the received signals were oppressed to blindly isolate them using ICA. Their proposed mechanism enhances transmission capability by evading radio channel assessment and data security by excluding any wideband intrusion. Reinforcement learning Reinforcement learning (RL) is motivated by behaviorist sensibility and a control philosophy, where an agent can achieve its objective by interacting with and learning from its surroundings. In RL, the agent does not have clear information whether it is close to its target objective. However, the agent can observe the environment to augment the aggregate reward in an MDP [30]. RL is an ML technique that learns about the environment, what to do, and how to outline circumstances to current actions to maximize a numerical reward signal. Mostly, the agent is not informed about which actions to perform, and it has to learn which actions will produce maximum reward. In some exciting and inspiring situations, it is possible that actions will affect not only the instant reward but also the following state, and consequently, all succeeding rewards. MDPs offer a precise framework for modeling decision-making in particular circumstances, where the consequences are comparatively haphazard, and the decision-maker partially governs the consequences. Partially observable MDP (POMDP) [31] and QL [17] are the examples of RL. POMDP might be seen as speculation with MDP, where the agent is inadequate to perceive the original state transitions in a straightforward manner; therefore, it only has constrained information. The agent has to retain the trajectory of the probability distribution of the appropriate states based on a set of annotations, and the probability distribution of both the observation probabilities and the original MDP [32]. QL might be conjured up to discover an optimum strategy for performing action from any finite MDP, particularly when the environment is unknown [18]. The uses of POMDP paradigms create vital tools for supportive decision-making in IoT-based systems, where the IoT devices may be considered agents and the wireless network constitutes the environment. In a POMDP problem, the technique first postulates the environment’s state space and the agent’s action space. Additionally, it endorses the Markov property among the states. Secondly, it constructs the state transition probabilities formulated as the probability of navigating from one state to another under a specific action. The third and final step is to enumerate both the agent’s instant reward and its long-term reward via Bellman’s equation [17]. Later, a wisely constructed iterative algorithm may be considered to classify the optimum action in each state. The applications of POMDP comprise the network selection problems of heterogeneous networks, channel sensing, and user access in CRNs. In [32], the authors proposed a mechanism for transmission power control problems of energy-harvesting systems, which were scrutinized with the help of the POMDP model. In their proposed investigation, the battery, channel, data transmission, and data reception states are defined as the state space, and an action by the agent is related to transmitting a packet at a certain transmission power. QL, usually in aggregation with the MDP models, has also been used in applications of heterogeneous networks. Alnwaimi et al. [33] presented a heterogeneous, fully distributed, multi-objective strategy for the optimization of femtocells based on a QL model [33]. Their proposed model solves both the channel resource allocation and interference coordination issues in the downlink of heterogeneous femtocell networks. Their proposed model acquires channel distribution awareness and classifies the accessibility of vacant radio channel slots for the establishment of opportunistic access. Further, it helps choose sub-channels from the vacant spectrum pool. Q-learning-enabled channel access for dense WLANs As described in the previous section, QL has already been extensively applied in heterogeneous wireless networks [14]. In such a case, the QL paradigm also covers a set of states where an agent can make a decision on an action from a set of available actions. By performing an action in a particular state, the agent collects a reward with the objective of exploiting its collective rewards. A collective reward is illustrated as a Q-function and is updated in an iterative approach after the agent performs an action and attains the subsequent reward [18]. The trade-off between exploration and exploitation is one of the challenges arising in QL but not in other types of ML techniques. To achieve considerable rewards, it is obligatory for a QL agent to choose those actions that it has tried before, and found them to be effective in constructing the reward (exploitation). However, to learn more about the environment, an agent has to try actions that it has not selected before (exploration). In exploitation, the agent has to attain what it has already experienced to optimize the process, and additionally, it must explore the environment to maximize the aggregated reward to make better selections in the future. The quandary is that neither exploration nor exploitation can be pursued exclusively without failing in the other process. The agent must try a diversity of actions and gradually favor those that appear to be the best. It is not possible to both explore and exploit with a particular action selection; therefore, we frequently refer to the “tussle” between these two. Q-learning prototype As aforementioned, QL algorithm utilizes a form of RL to solve MDPs without possessing complete information. In addition to the agent and the environment, a QL system has four main sub-elements: a policy, a reward, a Q-value function, and sometimes a model of the environment as an optional entity [17], as shown in Fig. 4. Policy The learning agent’s manner of behaving at a particular time is defined as a policy. A policy can be a modest utility or a lookup table; however, it may comprise extensive computations such an exploration process. A policy is fundamental for a QL agent because it alone is adequate to determine the behavior of an agent. Generally, policies might be stochastic. A policy decides which action to perform in which state [17]. Reward In each iteration, the QL agent receives a particular quantity from the environment known as the reward. The main objective of a QL algorithm is to collect as much reward as possible. An agent’s exclusive goal is to exploit the accumulated reward collected over the long run. The reward describes the pleasant and unpleasant events for the agent. Reward signals are the instant and crucial topographies of the problem faced by the agent. The agent decides to change its policy based on the reward. For example, if the current action of the policy is followed by a low reward, then an agent may decide to select other actions in the future [17]. Q-value function Although the reward specifies what is good at one instant, a Q-value function stipulates what is good in the end. Therefore, the Q-value of a state is the accumulated amount of reward that an agent gains at this state to presume in the future [17]. For example, although a state may continuously produce a low instant reward, it may have a high Q-value owing to being repeatedly trailed by other states that produce high rewards. In a WLAN environment, rewards are similar to a high channel collision probability (unpleased) and a low channel collision probability (pleased), whereas Q-values resemble a more sophisticated and prophetic verdict of how pleased or unpleased the agent is in a particular state (e.g., the backoff stage). If there is no reward, then there will be no Q-value, and the only purpose of estimating the Q-value is to attain additional rewards. An agent is most anxious about the Q-value while giving and assessing verdicts. An agent selects optimum actions based on Q-value findings. It seeks actions that carry states of a maximum Q-value and not a maximum reward because these actions attain the highest amount from the rewards for the agent over the long run. Environment model Environment model is an optional element of QL, which imitates the performance of the system to some extent. Typically, it allows drawing inferences to be made about how the environment will perform [17]. For example, given a state and an action, the model might envision the subsequent state and the next reward. Environment models are used for planning a method to decide on a sequence of actions by considering latent future situations. In an example of a WLAN system, a device would like to plan its future decisions based on the given state (e.g., the backoff stage) and action, along with its rewards (e.g., channel collision probability). Q-learning algorithm Let S represent a finite set of conceivable states of an environment and A represent a finite set of allowable actions to be performed. At time t, a learner (IoT device) observes the current state (s) of the environment and performs an action (a), i.e., at=a∈A, based on both the apparent state and its previous experience. The action at changes the environmental state from st to st+1=s∗∈S; consequently, the agent receives the reward (r) at time t, rt for the specific action: at. The QL algorithm finds an optimal policy for state s that optimizes the rewards over a long period of time. In the QL algorithm, a Q-value function, Q(s,a), estimates the reward as the cumulative discounted reward. An optimal Q-value, i.e., Qopt(s,a), is determined using the Q-values. The QL algorithm finds the optimal Q-value in a greedy manner. The Q-value is updated as: where α is the learning rate and takes values such as 0≤α≤1. When α is minimum, i.e., zero, the agent does not learn from the environment; therefore, the Q-value is not updated. When α is maximum, i.e., 1, the agent always learns; therefore, learning occurs quickly as seen in the following equation: where β (0≤β≤1) weighs the immediate rewards more heavily than future rewards, and is known as the discount factor. Over a considerable period of time, Q(s,a) converges into Qopt(s,a). The simplest policy for action selection is to choose one of the actions with the maximum measured Q-value (i.e., exploitation). If there are more than one greedy actions, then a choice is randomly made among them. This greedy action selection method can be written as: where argmaxa signifies the action a, for which the expression that follows it is exploited. An agent continuously exploits current knowledge to maximize the instant reward. A simple substitute is to perform greedily in most cases; however, sometimes (e.g., with a small probability ε) the agent can randomly select from all the equal probability actions, independent of the Q-value. The method using this greedy and non-greedy action selection rule is known as the ε-greedy method [17]. An advantage of such a technique is that as the number of iterations increases, every action will guarantee that Q(s,a) converges to Qopt(s,a). This leads to the inference that the probability of choosing the optimum action converges to a value that is larger than 1−ε, i.e., to adjacent certainty. In WLANs, for dense IoT-based systems, an agent would choose greedy actions from high-value actions (exploitation) to improve the throughput performance, and would perform a non-greedy action (exploration) to know the dynamicity of the network environment. Case study: DCF-based backoff mechanism The QL-based channel access scheme can be used to guide densely deployed IoT devices and allocate radio resources more efficiently. When an IoT device is deployed in a new environment, usually, no data are available on historical scenarios. Therefore, QL algorithms are the best choice to observe and learn the environment for optimal policy selection. For example, we consider the case study of DCF-based backoff mechanism of dense WLANs in IoT-based systems. In a densely deployed WLAN, channel collision is the most vital issue causing performance degradation. To tackle collision issues at the MAC layer, we propose adopting the QL algorithm. QL finds solutions through interacting and learning with an environment; therefore, we propose using the QL algorithm to model the optimal contention window (CW) in a channel observation-based scaled backoff (COSB) mechanism [34] for dense wireless networks of IoT-based systems. In other words, a station (STA; a WLAN-enabled IoT device referred to as an STA) controls the CW selection intelligently with the aid of the QL-based algorithm. In COSB [34] protocol, STAs select a random backoff value from the initial CW (CWmin) to contend for the wireless medium after observing the channel in an idle state for a distributed inter-frame space (DIFS) period. The period after DIFS is divided into Bobs discrete observation time slots. The duration of each discrete time slot is either a constant idle slot time (σ) or a variable busy slot time (owing to successful or collided transmission). In COSB, each STA proficiently measures the channel observation-based collision probability (pobs) as: where Sk=0 if Bobs is observed as idle or if the transmission is successful, whereas Sk=1 if Bobs is observed as busy or the transmission has collided [34]. We assume backoff stages of COSB as a set of m states, i.e., S={0,1,2,...,m}, where an intelligent IoT device performs an action a from a finite set of permissible actions A={0,1}, where 0 indicates decrement and 1 indicates increment. This is because in COSB, there are two possible actions: increase or decrease the CW size [34]. At time t, the STA collects reward rt in the response to an action at following policy π in a particular state st; i.e., rt(st,at) with the objective to exploit collective reward Q(st,at), which is a Q-value function defined in Eqs. (1) and (2). Figure 5 depicts the proposed QL model environment with its elements in a DCF-based backoff mechanism for channel access in WLANs. The selection of optimal action following πopt is known as a greedy action \(\left (a^{\pi ^{\text {opt}}}\right)\) selection policy that is defined in Eq. (3). A naivest policy can be to exploit in most cases; however, sometimes, the STA explores according to the default policy π, independent of \({a^{\pi ^{\text {opt}}}}\). The exploration with probability (ε) and exploitation with probability (1−ε) is called ε-greedy method [17]. The ε-greedy technique guarantees the convergence of learning estimate ΔQ(s,a) with the increase of episodes (instances). In a dense WLAN environment, exploitation can be used to improve throughput performance by an IoT device, and exploration can be used to know the dynamicity of the WLAN environment. In COSB [34], an STA conducts pobs at every transmission attempt. Therefore, we express pobs as the reward of the action at any specific state. Therefore, reward rt produced by action at taken in state st at time t can be described as: The above equation indicates how pleased the STA was with its action at in state st. Experimental results and discussion We used ns3.28 [35] simulator to perform experiments of the proposed iQRA mechanism. Some important PHY layer and MAC layer simulation parameters are shown in Table 2. The results in Fig. 6a and b indicate that a small value of α and a large value of β make ΔQ (learning estimate) converge faster. The convergence of ΔQ clearly indicates that there exist optimal values that can be learned and exploited in the future. The throughput performance optimization of COSB using proposed iQRA is depicted in Fig. 7a. The performance of iQRA may degrade in small networks (i.e., for < 10 contending STAs as shown in Fig. 7a owing to low and irregular rewards). Additionally, the channel access delay is also increased for iQRA as compared to COSB; this is obvious owing to the environment inference characteristics; however, it remains lower than the conventional binary exponential backoff (BEB) [11] mechanism shown in Fig. 7b. Figure 7c portrays that the proposed iQRA also improves the fairness of COSB. The optimized performance of COSB using iQRA clearly stipulates that the QL-based proposed mechanism is effective in learning the network environment. Additionally, iQRA is essentially intended to intelligently adjust its learning parameters according to the dynamics of the WLAN. Therefore, we simulated a dynamic network environment by increasing the number of contenders by 5 after every 50 s until the number of STAs reached 50. Figure 8 depicts the properties of network dynamics on ΔQ. The figure shows simulation of a 500 s period with 1500 learning instances of a tagged STA. As shown in the figure, with the network dynamics, a tagged STA observes fluctuation in its learning estimate ΔQ, thereby indicating the inference of change in the network. We see that the throughput performance of iQRA eventually reaches a steady state in a dynamic network environment, as shown in Fig. 9a. To evaluate the performance of the proposed iQRA for moving devices in the network, we simulated a distance-based rate adaptation model. This model changes the transmission rate of the sender device according to the distance between the sender and receiver to achieve the best possible performance. IEEE 802.11a (11 Mbps) WLAN with 10 contending STAs is simulated for distance-based rate adaptation performance evaluation, as shown in Fig. 9b. Contending STAs are placed randomly around the access point (AP) within a distance of 25 m. A tagged STA starts moving away from the AP that is initially placed at a 1-m distance. As the distance from the AP increases, performance of a tagged STA degrades for all the three compared algorithms (BEB, COSB, and iQRA), as shown in Fig. 9b. It is observed that the throughput of the BEB algorithm approaches close to zero after the STA reaches a distance of 60 m, and it finally becomes zero after reaching a distance of 80 m. Owing to the observation-based nature of COSB, it achieves higher throughput even after a 60-m distance, compared to BEB. However, the proposed iQRA performs optimally, even if the distance reaches 80 m owing to its network inference capability. Conclusion In this study, we investigated the benefits of ML-based intelligent dense wireless networks for IoT-enabled eHealth systems. We presented the key families of ML algorithms and deliberated their application in the context of dense IoT systems including next-generation wireless networks with massive MIMO; heterogeneous IoT networks based on small cells; smart applications, such as the smart grid and smart city; and intelligent cognitive radio. The three well-known categories of ML, supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and RL algorithms, are scrutinized in addition to a consistent sculpting methodology and possible future applications in dense IoT systems. Furthermore, we proposed Q-learning as a promising ML paradigm for MAC layer channel access in dense IoT systems. The proposed paradigm is implemented on a case study of DCF-based backoff mechanism in dense WLANs. We proposed an intelligent Q-learning-based resource allocation (iQRA) mechanism to optimize the performance of an existing (COSB) mechanism. The proposed iQRA mechanism infers unknown wireless network conditions and exploits rapidly unexpected changes to learn dynamicity in dense WLANs. The experimental results show that iQRA significantly enhances the performance of COSB in terms of throughput and fairness. Results reveal the ability of the Q-learning scheme to determine dense wireless network environments in IoT-based systems. In conclusion, ML is a promising area for self-scrutinized intelligence-aided dense wireless network research for IoT-enabled eHealth systems. In the future, we aim to further investigate the applications of our proposed mechanism in various IoT-based systems such as smart city, smart home, smart grid, and smart industry. Availability of data and materials Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study. Abbreviations - BLE: Bluetooth Low Energy - CSMA/CA: Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance - D2D: Device-to-device - IoT: Internet of Things - KNN: k-nearest neighbor - MAC: Medium access control - MIMO: Massive multiple-input multiple-output - ML: Machine learning - QL: Q-learning - RL: Reinforcement learning - SVM: Support vector machine - WBSN: Wireless body sensor network - WHO: World Health Organization - WLAN: Wireless local area network - WMSN: Wireless medical sensor networks References M. Pasha, W. SMShah, Framework for e-health systems in IoT-based environments. Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput.2018(6183732), 1–11 (2018).. G. T. Singh, F. Al-Turjman, Learning data delivery paths in QoI-aware information-centric sensor networks. IEEE Internet Things J.3(4), 572–580 (2016).. M. Z. Hasan, F. Al-Turjman, Evaluation of a duty-cycled asynchronous X-MAC protocol for vehicular sensor networks. EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw.2017(1), 95 (2017).. World Health Organization, Global health workforce shortage to reach 12.9 million in coming decades.. Accessed 10 Dec 2018. H. M Alam, M. I. Malik, T. Khan, A. Pardy, Y. L. Kuusik, A. Moullec, Survey on the roles of communication technologies in IoT-based personalized healthcare applications. IEEE Access. 6:, 36611–36631 (2018).. M. Faheem, M. Zahid Abbas, G. Tuna, V. C. Gungor, EDHRP: Energy efficient event driven hybrid routing protocol for densely deployed wireless sensor networks. J. Netw. Comput. Appl.58:, 309–326 (2015).. M. Faheem, V. C. Gungor, Energy efficient and QoS-aware routing protocol for wireless sensor network-based smart grid applications in the context of industry 4.0. Appl. Soft Comput.68:, 910–922 (2018).. M. Faheem, R. A. Butt, B. Raza, M. W. Ashraf, S. Begum, Md. A. Ngadi, V. C. Gungor, in Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies. Bio-inspired routing protocol for WSN-based smart grid applications in the context of Industry 4.0, (2018).. M. Faheem, V. C. Gungor, Capacity and spectrum-aware communication framework for wireless sensor network-based smart grid applications. Comput. Stand. Interfaces. 53:, 48–58 (2017).. S. Demir, F. Al-Turjman, Energy scavenging methods for WBAN applications: a review. IEEE Sensors J.18(16), 6477–6488 (2018).. R. Ali, S. W. Kim, B. Kim, Y. Park, Design of MAC layer resource allocation schemes for IEEE 802.11ax: future directions. IETE Tech. Rev.35(1), 28–52 (2018).. F. Al-Turjman, E. Ever, H. Zahmatkesh, Small cells in the forthcoming 5G/IoT: traffic modelling and deployment overview. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor.21(1), 28–65 (2019).. R. Ali, N. Shahin, Y. B. Zikria, B. Kim, S. W. Kim, Deep reinforcement learning paradigm for performance optimization of channel observation-based MAC protocols in dense WLANs. IEEE Access. 7:, 3500–3511 (2019).. C. Zhang, P. Patras, H. Haddadi, Deep learning in mobile and wireless networking: a survey. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. Early Access (2019).. Y. Sun, M. Peng, Y. Zhou, Y. Huang, S. Mao, Application of machine learning in wireless networks: key techniques and open issues. ArXiv e-prints (2018).. E. M. Joo, Theory and novel applications of machine learning. 12–16 (IntechOpen, London, 2009).. R. S. Sutton, A. G. Barto, Reinforcement learning: an introduction, Second ed. (MIT Press, Cambridge, 1998). isbn:0262193981. E. Alpaydin, Introduction to machine learning, Third ed. (MIT Press, Cambridge, 2014). isbn:978-0-262-028189. R. Ali, N. Shahin, R. Bajracharya, B. S. Kim, S. W. Kim, A self-scrutinized backoff mechanism for IEEE 802.11ax in 5G unlicensed networks. Sustainability. 10:, 1201 (2018).. Q. H. Abbasi, S. Liaqat, L. Ali, A. Alomainy, in 2013 First International Symposium on Future Information and Communication Technologies for Ubiquitous HealthCare (Ubi-HealthTech). An improved radio channel characterisation for ultra wideband on-body communications using regression method (Jinhua, 2013), pp. 1–4.. Y. Xu, T. Y. Fu, W. C. Lee, J. Winter, Processing k nearest neighbor queries in location-aware sensor networks. Signal Process.87(12), 2861–2881 (2007).. Z. Dong, Y. Zhao, Z. Chen, in IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS), 2018. Support vector machine for channel prediction in high-speed railway communication systems (Chengdu, 2018), pp. 1–3.. V. S. Feng, S. Y. Chang, Determination of wireless networks parameters through parallel hierarchical support vector machines. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst.23(3), 505–12 (2012).. C. -K. Wen, S. Jin, K. -K. Wong, J. -C. Chen, P. Ting, Channel estimation for massive MIMO using Gaussian-mixture Bayesian learning. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun.14(3), 1356–68 (2015).. C. -K. Yu, K. -C. Chen, S. -M. Cheng, Cognitive radio network tomography. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.59(4), 1980–97 (2010).. M. C. Raja, M. M. A. Rabbani, in 2016 International Conference on Communication and Electronics Systems (ICCES). Combined analysis of support vector machine and principle component analysis for IDS (Coimbatore, 2016), pp. 1–5.. Z. Luo, C. Li, L. Zhu, Full-duplex cognitive radio using guided independent component analysis and cumulant criterion. IEEE Access. 7:, 27065–27074 (2019).. M. Xia, Y. Owada, M. Inoue, H. Harai, Optical and wireless hybrid access networks: design and optimization. IEEE/OSA J. Opt. Commun. Netw.4(10), 749–59 (2012).. R. C. Qiu, Z. Hu, Z. Chen, N. Guo, R. Ranganathan, S. Hou, G. Zheng, Cognitive radio network for the smart grid: experimental system architecture, control algorithms, security, and micro grid testbed. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid. 2(4), 724–40 (2011).. R. Li, Z. Zhao, X. Zhou, G. Ding, Y. Chen, Z. Wang, H. Zhang, Intelligent 5G: when cellular networks meet artificial intelligence. IEEE Wirel. Commun.24(5), 175–183 (2017).. Y. Li, B. Yin, H. Xi, Partially observable Markov decision processes and performance sensitivity analysis. IEEE Trans. Syst Man Cybern. Part B Cybern.38(6), 1645–1651 (2008).. A. Aprem, C. R. Murthy, N. B. Mehta, Transmit power control policies for energy harvesting sensors with retransmissions. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process.7(5), 895–906 (2013).. G. Alnwaimi, S. Vahid, K. Moessner, Dynamic heterogeneous learning games for opportunistic access in LTE-based macro/femtocell deployments. IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun.14(4), 2294–2308 (2015).. R. Ali, N. Shahin, Y. T. Kim, B. S. Kim, S. W. Kim, Channel observation-based scaled backoff mechanism for high-efficiency WLANs. Electron. Lett.54(10), 663–665 (2018).. The network simulator-ns-3.. Accessed 01 Sept 2018. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the 2019 Yeungnam University Research Grant. Funding The funding source is the same as described in the acknowledgements., R., Qadri, Y., Bin Zikria, Y. et al. Q-learning-enabled channel access in next-generation dense wireless networks for IoT-based eHealth systems. J Wireless Com Network 2019, 178 (2019). Received: Accepted: Published: DOI: Keywords - Internet of Things - eHealth systems - Machine learning - Next-generation dense WLANs - MAC layer channel access

Recent additions View the latest maps added to our website. View our Cairt newsletter for further updates, news and information about our map resources. OS Scottish One-Inch 'Hills' editions and additional states (1840s-1900s) We have added 348 new Ordnance Survey One-Inch to the mile (1:63,360) engraved maps online. This includes two new 'hills' editions at one-inch to the mile scale, with relief shown by hachures (horizontal lines following the direction of the slope). We have also added a number of variant states of these OS one-inch maps, including those with railway additions, minor corrections, different printings, and different colour. We now have a comprehensive set of all our OS one-inch to the mile single-sheet maps of Scotland online. - View these maps with a graphic index of Scotland. - 1st edition - 1856-1891 - 539 sheets - 2nd edition - 1885-1900 - 548 sheets - 3rd edition - 1903-1912 - 642 sheets - 4th edition - 1910 - 2 sheets - Further information on this group of maps. Ordnance Survey 1:1,056 Town Plans of England (1840s-1850s) We have added 41 new OS Town Plans of England online at a scale of Five Foot to the Mile (1:1,056 scale). These supplement the OS Ten Foot to the Mile plans (1:500 scale) added in December 2021. These are the most detailed maps that Ordnance Survey ever surveyed of these towns, and are especially useful for showing the urban landscape in maximum detail. Towns with more than 4,000 people were initially surveyed at 1:1,056 scale from the 1840s, and the 1:500 scale was only authorised from 1855, so this set of 1:1,056 town plans usually date from the 1840s-1850s. We have georeferenced all these maps first and will add sheet lines for them all soon so they can be searched in our Map Finder viewers. - Browse an alphabetical list of all the towns with links to view maps - View a georeferenced layer of 1:1,056 Town Plans - OS Town Plans of England and Wales home page - Further information about the town plans Additional maps of Great Britain, 19th-20th centuries We are also pleased to add online over 200 maps of Great Britain in the 19th and 20th centuries. These maps present an excellent overview of England, Scotland and Wales, and sometimes including Ireland, showing specific subjects such as roads, railways, air travel, population, power generation, rainfall and housing, as well as things like changing administrative divisions. Some of these expand our coverage of the Ordnance Survey's Ten-mile to the Inch (1:625,000) Planning maps series, initiated in the 1940s, and intended to form a survey of national life and resources. Others include military maps showing barracks and military districts, as well as maps to illustrate specific historical time periods, such as Ancient Britain, Britain in the Dark Ages, Roman Britain, and Monastic Britain. We have divided these maps into the Ordnance Survey "ten mile" Planning maps, other Ordnance Survey small-scale maps, and maps by other publishers: - Ordnance Survey, "Ten Mile" Planning Maps of the United Kingdom, 1940s-1970s - 183 sheets - Ordnance Survey, small-scale maps of Great Britain, 19th to 20th centuries - 35 sheets - General maps of Great Britain and Ireland, 16th to 20th centuries - 41 maps New LiDAR coverage of Glasgow, Edinburgh and the Sherwood Forest We are pleased to add new LiDAR coverage of Glasgow, Edinburgh and the Sherwood Forest areas to our website. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is an airborne mapping technique, which uses a scanning laser to allow highly detailed representations of relief or terrain models to be generated. The new Scottish data is from the latest Phase V of the Scottish Government's LiDAR datasets, flown in 2021, and includes new coverage of Glasgow and Edinburgh with a 50 cm resolution Digital Terrain Model (DTM). Our new Sherwood Forest coverage is the highest resolution LiDAR ever flown of this area at 16 cm resolution, and includes both Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and Digital Surface Model (DSM) coverage. We are very grateful to the Miner 2 Major Veiled Landscape project for making this Sherwood Forest LiDAR available to us. - View Glasgow, Edinburgh or Sherwood Forest in our Side by side viewer - Further information on Sherwood Forest LiDAR - Updated guide - Using LiDAR layers for landscape research New trench map coordinates search and display We have added a way to search trench map coordinates in our Map Finder - with Outlines and Explore Georeferenced Maps viewers. You can input various lengths of trench map coordinates (eg. '28.I.8', '36C.S.22.c', '62d.J.19.b.4.3') in the 'Search Places' panel to the upper left, and the map will zoom to these locations. The Trench Map Coordinates for your mouse cursor location are shown dynamically to the lower right. If you click/tap on the 'Show Coordinates' tab in the footer, or hold the ALT button down and click/tap, these Trench Map Coordinates appear in a popup box for copying. During the First World War, trench map coordinates were used extensively for giving precise locations on the Western Front. - Further details of how to Search using trench map coordinates - Search and view trench map coordinates in our Explore Georeferenced Maps viewer - Further information on Trench map sheet numbering and references Ordnance Survey maps published in 1971 We have put online 2,332 detailed maps at scales of 1:1,250 to 1:25,000 which were published in 1971, and have therefore just come out-of-copyright from 1 January 2022. These include 1,481 detailed maps at scales of 1:1,250 and 1:2,500 covering areas in Scotland, and 728 less detailed maps at scales of 1:10,000/1:10,560 covering areas in England, Scotland and Wales. Our graphic index showing the maps highlights the new maps published in 1971 in orange. These are usually the most detailed, basic scales of Ordnance Survey maps for these areas. We have also added 125 sheets from the 1:25,000 Provisional edition, which have come out of copyright this year too. - Home page - Ordnance Survey National Grid maps, 1944-1971 - View the maps with a graphic index - View a table of specific map additions (ordered by scale and sheet number) New Guide - Re-using georeferenced maps Would you like to re-use our georeferenced map layers inside other software? This new set of pages provide easy, step-by-step instructions for how to bring our georeferenced maps into QGIS and ArcGIS, as well as into geojson.io and OpenStreetMap. We also include details of how to find georeferenced layer URLs from our Explore Georeferenced Maps viewer, as well as a brief layers list. Re-use of these layers is intended for personal purposes (further information). Ordnance Survey 1:500 Town Plans of England and Wales (1840s-1890s) We have added 10,519 sheets online showing Victorian town plans in England and Wales (1840s-1890s). Over 380 towns (all those with more than 4,000 people) were mapped at a scale of 1:500 - the most detailed maps that Ordnance Survey ever surveyed of these towns. These maps are of unrivalled importance for showing all aspects of the urban landscape - industries, public buildings, pubs, churches, infirmaries, poorhouses, schools, houses, trees, and parks. We are georeferencing these maps so they can be easily compared to the present day, or compared to each other over time for towns with two editions (eg. Leeds 1840s/1880s). We are prioritising town plans at 1:500 scale (around 85% of the total); other scales will be added over the next few months. - Browse an alphabetical list of all the towns with links to view maps - View map sheets with a clickable map of England and Wales - Browse a georeferenced overlay layer - OS Town Plans of England and Wales home page Alexander Innes - Jamaica Journal (1823-24) This new map viewer allows you to journey through space, time and text in early 19th century Jamaica. It combines the Journal of Alexander Innes (1823-24) with James Robertson's mapping of Jamaica (1804), showing the locations that Innes visited highlighted in blue. This resource provides an insight into the harsh conditions experienced by enslaved people as seen through a colonial 19th-century viewpoint. Read further information about Alexander Innes, about the journal and map sources, and about the resource. You can also download the data. This resource was created as part of a work placement at the Library undertaken by Matthew Lee, a PhD student working on a collaborative project between the University of Aberdeen and the National Library of Scotland. - View Alexander Innes - Jamaica Journal - View this and other Collaborative projects, which combine our maps with other resources. Scottish water mills website This new web resource shows the locations and details of over 9,000 mills in Scotland in the 19th century. You can query and filter the mill records by name, mill type, date, and related features, as well as compare distributions of mills in a split-screen viewer. There is also supporting information about mills in Scotland, the project workflow to create the mills data, and how to download the mills data. The online resource was created during a six month placement by Iara Calton, an AHRC Collaborative Doctoral Partnership PhD student at the University of Glasgow. - View the Scottish water mills website. - View this and other Collaborative projects, which combine our maps with other resources. OS Six-inch Scotland first edition - railway and other variant states (1840s-1880s) We have added an additional 1,824 Ordnance Survey Six-inch to the mile, first edition maps of Scotland online (1840s-1880s). These are an earlier set of flat sheets to the initial set we have had online since 2008. In some cases these new sheets are useful for showing the variant states of these maps, including those which show railway additions, updates to towns, county boundary sheet changes, security deletions, administrative boundary changes, as well as related variant information in the map margins. Read further information about these new additions. In other cases, these maps have different annotations, marks or paper tone, which may be preferred as copies. - View a list of new maps added, including railway and related variant states - Further information about these new additions - OS six-inch to the mile, 1st edition home page New guide - Maps for researching Scottish Woodland History We have put together a new guide on Maps for researching Scottish Woodland History. Maps provide a wealth of information about woodland history, as well as on woodland archaeology, industry, management, and military use. This guide picks out the most useful maps for viewing and understanding trees and woodland, as well as changes in woodland cover over time. It looks at different definitions and types of woodland and how different map-makers represented woodland. The guide also includes links to downloadable datasets, details of resources that are not online, as well as references for further reading. - New guide - Maps for researching Scottish Woodland History OS 25 inch 'blue-and-black' drawings, Scotland, 1890s-1940s This set of 694 Ordnance Survey 'blue-and-black' drawings show revision for the 25 inch to the mile maps, between the 1890s and the 1940s. This revision process drew new edition information in black ink on a printing of the previous edition in light blue. When this was photographed, the blue would not reproduce, so details not required or no longer present on the ground appear in blue. Military and related sites were added in black, but some of these were subsequently erased from the final printed maps. We have scanned all sheets which include stamps by Ordnance Survey referring to deletions where these were required, as well as all sheets in the counties of Linlithgow and Nairn. - Home page - OS 25 inch 'blue-and-black' drawings, Scotland, 1890s-1940s - View the maps with a graphic index - For sheets with security deletions, view as a: - seamless zoomable overlay layer on modern satellite images and OS maps - seamless zoomable layer side-by-side compared to the published editions New guide - Maps for Researching House and Building History Are you interested in looking into the history of a house or building? We have put together a new guide on Maps for Researching House and Building History which highlights some of the most relevant maps to use as documentary sources. The maps are arranged roughly chronologically, covering rural and urban areas, with links to the maps and further information about them on our webite. We also include information on recent buildings and map copyright, as well as further relevant resources, both online and in print. - New guide - Maps for Researching House and Building History New Scottish LiDAR Digital Terrain Model (DTM) layer We have reprocessed the Scottish Government's LiDAR Digital Terrain Model (DTM) layer to allow minor landscape features to be seen much more clearly. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is an airborne mapping technique, which uses a scanning laser to allow highly detailed representations of relief or terrain models to be generated. Many archaeological sites such as hillforts, Roman camps, deserted villages, or cultivation terraces can be seen much more clearly than on satellite imagery or maps. LiDAR can help to bring out the effects of glaciation on local topography, or show the effects of geomorphology on soils. Modern features like quarries, embankments or railway cuttings, as well as historic features like limekilns or canals can be seen more clearly. Although coverage is partial and still expanding, 1 metre or higher resolution LiDAR is available for most of England, Scotland, and Wales. - New guide - Using LiDAR layers for landscape research - Compare OS six-inch (1888-1913) maps with the new LiDAR DTM layer in our Side by Side viewer: Scottish map miscellany, 20th century This small selection of maps of Scotland, dating between 1907 and 1969, include several interesting maps of Scotland, town plans of Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, and Glasgow, and various special series maps. The special series maps include some of the very attractive Ordnance Survey One-Inch to the mile Tourist Series, special Administrative District Maps of Glasgow, as well as geological and soil maps. These maps have been incorporated into the relevant existing categories, as indicated in the table below. - View a table of all these specific map additions (ordered by category) Scottish military maps, 20th century These military maps, dating from the 20th century, include very detailed plans of defensive works in and around the Forth and Clyde estuaries, constructed before and during the First World War. These were the largest-scale plans ever surveyed of these sites, and allow the terrain and defences to be scrutinised in minute detail, with whole islands and related coastal sites remodelled for military purposes. There are also plans relating to military training areas, and the construction of new barracks. We have georeferenced a selection of these maps, to allow them to be easily compared with other maps and the present day. - Home page - Scottish military maps, 20th century, 57 sheets - Forth military defences (1911-18) - Clyde military defences (1904-18) - Military exercise maps (1904-1966) - Barracks (1926-1939) New resource - Maps for Scottish Local History Are you interested in researching local history with our maps website, but not sure where best to start? This new resource highlights some of the most useful maps for local history research, with summary information about their content, and links to further information. Maps can reveal detailed information about local areas over time, including buildings, gardens, industries, railways, roads, woodland and agricultural land. Depending on the place, subject and time period, different maps may be more useful, and these are explained. The resource is part of a growing series, focusing on maps for particular subjects or user communities. Ordnance Survey Quarter-Inch Administrative Maps, Scotland, 1930s-1960s This set of 85 maps includes all our out-of-copyright OS quarter-inch to the mile (1:253,440/1:250,000) maps showing administrative and Parliamentary Constituency boundaries. The maps show these boundaries are a clear, coloured overlay. Local government boundaries, including those for civil parishes, counties, large burghs, small burghs and counties of the city are shown, as well as Parliamentary Constituency boundaries. The maps show changes brought in by the Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1947, the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Acts of 1949 and 1958, as well as some more localised changes. These series complement our existing OS Quarter-Inch to the mile maps and Boundaries viewer. - Home page - OS Quarter-Inch Administrative Areas, 1938-49 - 16 sheets - Home page - OS Quarter-Inch Administrative Areas, 1950-52 - 16 sheets - and georeferenced layer - Home page - OS Quarter-Inch Administrative Areas, 1955-66 - 36 sheets - and georeferenced layer - Home page - OS Quarter-Inch Administrative Areas, 1966-73 - 17 sheets - Read further information on the history of counties and parishes, and legislation which changed them. Ordnance Survey Half-Inch and Quarter-Inch Indexes, Scotland, 1890s-1960s These two series at half-inch and quarter-inch to the mile scales, organised by county, show the sheet boundaries of OS larger-scale maps at Six-Inch and 25 Inch to the mile scales. The half-inch indexes show sheet lines of both the pre-Second World War County Series (in grey) as well as the post-War National Grid sheets (in green); the quarter-inch indexes, show just the County Series (in black). Both series also show an underlying basic topography of railway lines, towns, churches, coastlines and civil parish boundaries. The series complement our existing Ordnance Survey indexes and OS Records viewer. - View the maps with a graphic index - Home page - OS Quarter-Inch to the mile, Indexes to County Series, 1890s-1960s - 109 sheets - Home page - OS Half-Inch to the mile, Indexes to County Series and National Grid, ca. 1966 - 35 sheets OS One-Inch Seventh Series, Great Britain, 1952-1970 We have put online all of our Ordnance Survey One-Inch Seventh Series maps (896 sheets), covering all of Great Britain, 1952-1970. Our previous coverage of this series just included one edition for each sheet map, but we have now put online all our out-of-copyright editions. This also includes a set of Outline (uncoloured) sheets, as well as the Seventh Series Indexes, showing sheet lines of the 1:2500 County Series related to the National Grid. The Seventh Series provides an excellent overview of the landscape of Great Britain in the 1950s and 1960s, and it was the only standard one-inch to the mile (1:63,360) series to cover the whole of Great Britain. - View the maps with a graphic index - Home page - One-Inch Seventh Series - Regular / Coloured maps - 703 sheets - Home page - One-Inch Seventh Series - Outline / Uncoloured maps - 179 sheets - Home page - One-Inch Seventh Series - Indexes - 14 sheets - View a seamless layer of Seventh Series mapping on a satellite image base - Further information about this series OS Quarter-inch to the Mile, maps of Scotland, 1901-1960 We have put online all of our Ordnance Survey Quarter-Inch to the mile maps of Scotland, numbering 182 maps across 16 series. The quarter-inch to the mile series provides an overview of significant landscape features, including larger settlements, railways, and roads. It was also particularly valuable for aviation, with various Civil Air and Royal Air Force editions, as well as a set captured and reissued for the German Luftwaffe, showing new aerodromes, landing strips and conspicuous features from the air. The earlier series covered all of Scotland in 17 sheets, whilst later series, with larger sheet extents, covered Scotland in 9-10 sheets. There were four main numbered editions, with various military and civilian forms, and with different ways of showing relief using hachures as well as hypsometric tints or layer colours. - View all the quarter-inch to the mile maps of Scotland. - View a seamless layer of Quarter-Inch 1st (Hill shading) edition mapping (1900-1906) on a satellite image base - View a seamless layer of Quarter-Inch 1st (Outline) edition mapping (1900-1906) on a satellite image base - View a seamless layer of Quarter-Inch 3rd Civil Air edition mapping (1929-30) on a satellite image base - View a seamless layer of Quarter-Inch 4th edition mapping (1935-37) on a satellite image base OS Half-inch to the Mile, Scotland, Outline Edition, water in blue, 1942 This series at half-inch to the mile scale (1:126,720) was published during the Second World War as an Outline (uncoloured) series, with topography in black, and inland water features printed in blue. The map content largely represents the late 19th century landscape, with only minor later updates to topography and roads. Although printed in 1942, the source content relates to the initial half-inch series drawn in the 1900s, with topographic content derived from the main nationwide revision of maps at the larger-scales from the 1890s. - Home page - OS Half-inch to the Mile, Scotland, Outline Edition, water in blue, 1942 - View the maps as a seamless layer on a satellite image base Updated home page, viewers and footer We have updated our home page, viewers and footers in response to user feedback. Our home page is now shorter and simpler, with the main map search options presented more clearly. Our previous Find by Place viewers have been renamed Map Finder, to make their purpose clearer, and the Map Finder - with Marker Pin has been updated with better filtering options. We have also tried to improve help and guidance, with a new Guide to this website page, and clearer orange Help buttons to the lower left in all our viewers. We have also changed the footer to mirror the main Library website, grouping the most useful information pages into clearer lists. All central page content, URLs and zoomable maps are unchanged. We realise that for regular users, these updated pages will take some getting used to, but we hope that you will then see them as improvements. We would be happy to receive feedback to [email protected]. New tools for Drawing / Tracing Features We have added new tools to allow easy drawing / tracing of features on our maps. These have been added to our Explore Georeferenced Maps - Full Screen / Draw viewer (for georeferenced maps), as well as our standard map images viewer (for non-georeferenced maps). You can choose a feature type for drawing, choose a colour, and just click/tap on the map to draw. You can easily modify features once drawn, as well as delete them. The resulting drawn features can be saved locally as an image or JSON file of coordinates (which can be easily edited with a text editor). In the georeferenced maps viewer, you can save a GeoJSON file of drawn features, for easy onward editing in geographic viewers or software. In the map images viewer, you can also print a PDF of the drawn features, and save a JSON file with X,Y image coordinates. - Go to Explore Georeferenced Maps - Full Screen / Draw viewer (for georeferenced maps - select 'Draw / Trace Features' button top-right) - Go to map images viewer (for non-georeferenced maps - select 'Draw' button in footer) - Read how to draw features with georeferenced maps or non-georeferenced maps Researching climate change with the Map Images website This new resource gathers examples of how the Library’s online map collections can be used to illustrate and understand climate change. Maps provide many insights into historic landscapes and environments, showing different ways of generating power, less polluting lifestyles and means of travel, subjects like fossil fuel extraction and consumption, as well as coastal erosion and sea-level rise. Once georeferenced, so that historic maps can be overlaid on their present-day location, comparison of change over time can be very revealing. This subject guide focusing on maps forms part of a wider Climate Action Plan by the Library. County maps of Northern England, 1760s-1840s We have added an additional 22 maps of counties in northern England. These maps generally provide the most detailed coverage of these whole counties, prior to Ordnance Survey mapping from the later 19th century. County maps were often privately funded by subscriptions from county landowners and gentry, and were based on an original survey, using trigonometry, at scales of one-inch to the mile, so they allowed good detail of the landscape to be shown. These particular maps have been scanned to support the 'Away from the water' : the first energy transition, British textiles 1770-1890 research project, based at the University of Glasgow. - View a table of specific map additions (ordered by county and date) - View the maps with a graphic index - Home page - County maps, 1580s-1950s Extended coverage of Survey of India maps of southern India, 1920 - 1951 We have added an additional set of 73 topographic maps covering part of southern India, to provide complete coverage of the River Kavery, and everywhere south of the 12th parallel north. The maps were published by the Survey of India, at the scales of one-inch to the mile (1:63,360) and half-inch to the mile (1:126,720). These maps have been scanned and georeferenced to support collaborative academic projects relating to water resources in southern India, led by the University of Lancaster. - Home page - One-inch / Half-inch to the mile maps of southern India - View the maps with a graphic index - View the maps as a seamless layer on a satellite image base Ordnance Survey National Grid maps published in 1970 We have put online 2,430 detailed maps at scales of 1:1,250 to 1:10,560 which were published in 1970, and have therefore just come out-of-copyright from 1 January 2021. These include 1,592 detailed maps at scales of 1:1,250 and 1:2,500 covering areas in Scotland, and 513 less detailed maps at scales of 1:10,560 covering areas in England, Scotland and Wales. Our graphic index showing the maps highlights the new maps published in 1970 in orange. These are the most detailed, basic scales of Ordnance Survey maps for these areas. - Home page - Ordnance Survey National Grid maps, 1944-1970 - View the maps with a graphic index - View a table of specific map additions (ordered by scale and sheet number) Ordnance Survey, Scotland, 25 inch to the mile, 1855-1882 (supplementary "Parish edition" sheets) We have added a further 1,657 Ordnance Survey 25 inch Parish edition maps of Scotland online. These new maps are "Parish edition" sheets for areas which we also have a later reprinted "Combined edition" sheet for. Until now, for these areas, only the "Combined edition" sheet has been available online. Although based on the same survey, there are subtle differences of symbols, styles and the depiction of features between these two states of First Edition mapping. The 25 inch to the mile series (1855-1882), is the earliest detailed OS mapping for all the inhabited regions of Scotland. All towns, villages and cultivated rural areas were mapped, comprising over a third of the total land area of Scotland. With this addition, we now have comprehensively put online all of these 25 inch First Edition sheets covering Scotland. - Home page - Ordnance Survey 25 inch parish edition maps of Scotland - View the maps with a graphic index - View a table of specific OS 25 inch map additions (ordered by county and sheet number) - Read more about the series and parish editions Estate maps of Scotland, 1760s-1950s We have added a further 224 estate maps online, excellent for showing detail of the rural landscape. These maps were made to support estate management by particular landed estates, including those of the Lockharts of Lee (1770s-1950s), primarily in Lanarkshire, and those of the Fletchers of Saltoun (1750s-1870s) in East Lothian. We are also grateful to the Dumfries Archival Mapping Project for scanning maps relating to Dalswinton Estate (1768) in Dumfries-shire and Earlstoun Estate (1769-1830) in Kirkcudbrightshire. - Home page - Estate Maps of Scotland, 1730s-1950s - View the maps with a graphic index - View a table of specific map additions (ordered by county, parish and date) Commercial mapmaker series maps of Scotland, 1870s-1930s We have added online 214 series maps by Bartholomew, Gall & Inglis and W. & A.K. Johnston to our website. Most of these medium-scale maps, primarily at the half-inch or quarter-inch to the mile scales, are useful for giving a regional overview of the landscape, and showing the latest travel routes by road, rail and steamer. These Edinburgh-based commercial cartographers used Ordnance Survey maps for their primary content, but usually redrew the maps at smaller scales, adding colour and related content to create different, distinctive styles of mapping. These maps are folded and have only recently been possible to scan. - Bartholomew's Reduced Ordnance Maps of Scotland, 1875-1891 - Bartholomew's Half-inch to the Mile maps of Scotland, 1899-1905 - Bartholomew's Quarter-inch to mile map of Scotland, 1911-1932 - Gall & Inglis' graded road maps of Scotland, 1900s-1930s - Gall & Inglis' Tourists Map of the Clyde, 1920s-1930s - Johnston's reduced Ordnance maps of Scotland ... [showing the railways], 1888-1896 - Johnston's "Three miles to inch" map of Scotland, 1885-1912 Stevenson civil engineering plans of Scotland, 19th-20th centuries We have put online 1,072 detailed Stevenson civil engineering plans relating to Scotland. The majority of these plans relate to harbour works in coastal towns, but there are significant numbers of maps too relating to bridges, canals, railways, and river engineering. The Stevenson family also served as engineers to the Northern Lighthouse Board, and drafted plans and profiles of lighthouses. The collection also includes a range of related printed mapping, including charts, county maps, and Ordnance Survey plans used for reference purposes, and often annotated. Many of the plans show projected works that were not necessarily carried out in practice. This is around half of our Stevenson collection relating to Scotland; the other plans are undergoing conservation work to allow them to be scanned in future. - Stevenson civil engineering plans, 1660s-1940s - home page - Stevenson Maps and Plans of Scotland, 1660-1940 project website: - Read about the Stevenson maps and plans and the Stevenson family. - Search all the Stevenson plans (records and images): - using a graphic index - using text. - View and download Stevenson metadata on the Data Foundry German naval charts of British waters, 1938-1945 We have added a small set of 21 German naval charts of Scottish and British waters, produced by the Oberkommando der Kriegsmarine in Berlin. Most were published during the Second World War, with a few earlier examples. In all cases these used British Admiralty charts as their primary source material, with no significant changes to hydrographic content. Some place names and descriptive topographic terms, titles, compass roses, abbreviations, legends, revision and publication details, and supporting marginal information were all re-written and printed in German. The charts provide an interesting illustration of capturing and re-using enemy mapping, as well as the importance of hydrographic intelligence in wartime. - Home page - German naval charts, 1938-1945 - View the charts with a graphic index Sutherland estate mapping, 1770s-1920s We have added a further 580 maps online, relating to Sutherland Estates. These include 524 estate maps, 40 county maps, and 22 coastal charts. These maps were made to support all aspects of estate management, including agricultural improvement, the clearance of inland farms and the expansion of sheep runs, the creation of new villages, harbours, mines and industries on the eastern coast, as well as new roads, railways, lighthouses, and fisheries. Later maps show the creation of crofting lands, the expansion of shooting forests, and the sale of land. These maps contain uniquely useful and detailed information about the rural landscape in northern Scotland, many annotated as working documents relating to estate business. We are very grateful to Sutherland Estates for allowing us to put these maps online. - Home page - Sutherland Estate Maps, 1770s-1920s (in shelfmark order) - Estate Maps of Scotland, 1730s-1950s - Sutherland (in parish and date order) - View the estate maps with a graphic index - View a table of specific map additions (ordered by map type, county, parish and date) More DAMP estate maps of south-west Scotland, 1770s-1940s We are very grateful to the Dumfries Archival Mapping Project for scanning this set of 120 estate plans, held in private hands and archives. These include three volumes of estate plans, relating to Caerlaverock in Dumfries-shire (1775-76), Earlstoun in Kirkcudbrightshire and Dumfries-shire (1800-1815), and Dunskey in Wigtownshire (1804). The maps were surveyed primarily to support agricultural improvement and estate management, as well as for the sale of landed estates, and show excellent detail of the rural landscape. - Home page - Estate Maps of Scotland, 1730s-1950s - View the maps with a graphic index - View a table of specific map additions (ordered by parish and date) One-inch and Half-inch to the mile maps of southern India, 1916 - 1945 We have added a small set of 140 topographic maps covering part of southern India. The maps were published by the Survey of India, at the scales of one-inch to the mile (1:63,360) and half-inch to the mile (1:126,720). Collectively they represent the detail of the colonial landscape of India in the first half of the 20th century. These maps have been scanned and georeferenced to support a collaborative academic project, Digital Innovation in Water Scarcity in Coimbatore, India, led by the University of Lancaster. - Home page - One-inch / Half-inch to the mile maps of southern India - View the maps with a graphic index - View the maps as a seamless layer on a satellite image base New parish/county information in the Explore Georeferenced Maps viewer We have added details of the parish and county under the map cursor, when looking at maps of England, Scotland or Wales at zoom level 13 or higher in our Explore Georeferenced Maps viewer. The parish/county information appears to the lower right of the screen (as illustrated). This is based on the parish and county boundaries in the 1950s. For parishes in Scotland, there is also a link to view the specific parish in the centre of the screen, highlighted in our Boundaries Viewer. We have added this to help identify the particular pre-1970s parish when viewing georeferenced maps. - Go to the Explore Georeferenced Maps viewer, zoomed in on Falkirk, to try this. Coastal charts of Scotland, 1592-1947 We have added 100 more charts of Scottish coasts and waters, doubling the number of sea charts we have online. These charts focus on nautical information for mariners, but they also play an important part in establishing the coastline and shape of Scotland, as well as providing often unique information on coastal settlements and ports. The initial predominance of Dutch and French charts in the 16th and early 17th centuries, gave way to charts by British and later Scottish surveyors, including John Adair, Thomas Winter, John Ainslie and Murdoch Mackenzie. These charts were drafted to support expanding merchant shipping and fisheries, for ferries and steamer travel, as well as intermittent naval concerns. Many of these charts are folded, fragile or from special collections, that have only recently been possible to scan. - Home page and browsable map lists - Coasts of Scotland on marine charts, 1580s-1900s - View these maps with a graphic index - View a table of specific map additions (ordered chronologically) Transport plans of Scotland, 18th-20th centuries We have added 102 specialised early maps, plans and profiles relating to relating to Bridges, Canals and Railways online. These often show proposed new developments, that were not always realised. They include the construction of the Forth & Clyde Canal, actively planned from the 1760s, the Caledonian Canal (1804-1847) and the Union Canal (opened in 1822). Early railway plans often followed similar routes to canals, for transporting goods, but became much more extensive for passengers during the 19th century. We often have vertical profiles or sections of routes, detailed contract plans, station plans, and network routes for passengers. Also included are some early proposed plans for bridges, and tunnels. - Home page and browsable map lists - Plans and profiles of bridges, 18th-20th centuries - Home page and browsable map lists - Canal plans of Scotland, 18th-20th centuries - Home page and browsable map lists - Railway plans of Scotland, 18th-20th centuries Charles Goad Fire Insurance Plans of Scottish Towns, 1880s-1940s We have added 230 Goad Fire Insurance Plans of Scottish Towns online. These very detailed maps cover the main industrial areas of seven towns and cities in Scotland, and date from the late 19th century through to the mid-20th century. They are particularly useful for showing the function of each building, and often the names of particular companies or institutions there. Colour-coding allowed fire risk to be graphically portrayed: brick and stone buildings were shown in red, timber buildings in yellow, iron or metal buildings in grey, and skylights in blue. The maps also show building heights and construction materials, wall thickness, internal room arrangement and function, types of roof, proximity to fire hydrants and fire-extinguishing appliances, and the locations of doors, windows and skylights. - View these maps with a graphic index - Home page and browsable map lists - Goad Fire Insurance Plans of Scottish Towns - Read further information about these plans Military maps of Scotland, 1656-1923 We have added 82 new military maps of Scotland online. These maps include battle plans of Culloden, Falkirk, Glenshiel, and Prestonpans, as well as maps of military roads, including the Kingussie/Ruthven road to Linn of Dee, through Glen Feshie. There are also over 60 maps related to the restoration of Edinburgh Castle in the 1880s, chiefly under the supervision of the architect, Hippolyte Blanc. These maps add to the main existing Board of Ordnance and Wade collection military maps from the 18th century, and are drawn from our other manuscript and early printed map collections. - View these maps with a graphic index of Scotland - Home page - Military maps of Scotland - View a table of specific map additions (ordered by place covered) Manuscript estate maps of Scotland, 1730s-1920s We have added 300 new estate plans of Scotland. These maps were hand-drawn or with manuscript annotations, and are primarily from the earlier era of estate mapping in Scotland in the 18th century. Most relate to particular landed estates, including Cadell of Grange in West Lothian, Gartmore in Stirlingshire, Johnston of Coubister in Orkney, Lynedoch in Perthshire, Minto in Roxburghshire, and Pitfirrane in Fife, with maps deposited as part of larger written collections held in our Manuscripts Department. These maps often show the detail of rural areas, and illustrate a variety of purposes: the division of common land, the planning of new roads, farming and woodland, coal mining, the creation of designed gardens and landscapes, planned villages, architectural reconstruction, and the reclamation of foreshore. - View these maps with a graphic index of Scotland. - Home page - estate plans of Scotland, 1730s-1950s - View a table of specific map additions (ordered by county and parish) Signet Library maps of Scotland, 1580s-1950s We are very grateful to the WS Society for granting us permission to scan and put online their fine map collection, held on deposit in the National Library of Scotland. The collection includes over 400 flat-sheet maps of Scotland, and dates from the late 16th century through to the mid 20th century. Of these, there are 91 county or district maps, a further 47 plans of towns, (with a focus on Edinburgh), 23 estate plans (including 6 in manuscript), 16 coastal charts, and 9 maps which relate to the whole of Scotland. There are also two Ordnance Survey One-Inch to the mile series of Scotland, the 2nd edition with coloured parishes and a third outline edition (1903-1912). The collection includes several important early editions and unusual maps, as well as some unique manuscript maps, all not found in the main NLS map collections. - View all of the Signet Library maps. New estate plans of Scotland, 1730s-1940s We have added 145 new estate plans of Scotland online. Most of these maps were printed, and are from the later era of estate mapping in Scotland in the 19th century. These are often very detailed maps of rural areas which quantify land and resources. They show the acquisition and sale of land and estates, the feuing of land for building, legal cases settling disputes relating to fishing, mining, and roads, and various other planned rural developments. Many of these maps are folded, fragile or from special collections, that have only recently been possible to scan. We are working on earlier manuscript estate maps of Scotland, which will be added online soon. - View these maps with a graphic index of Scotland. - Home page - estate plans of Scotland, 1730s-1940s New town plans of Scotland, 1580s-1940s We have added 180 new printed town plans of Scotland dating over the last five centuries to our website. These collectively cover 22 towns, and allow change over time in urban areas to now be seen more clearly. The earliest of these maps are nearly always the most detailed depictions of towns before the Ordnance Survey mapping from the 1840s. Often these maps show new proposals (not always implemented) for buildings, roads, docks, railways or other infrastructure. Many of these maps are folded, fragile or from special collections, that have only recently been possible to scan. - View these maps with a graphic index of Scotland. - Home page - town maps of Scotland, 1580s-1940s - Further information about these maps New county maps of Scotland, 1620s-1930s We have added over 300 new printed county maps of Scotland dating over the last four centuries to our website, doubling the number of Scottish maps of counties or regions we now have online. These maps are excellent for providing an overview of the rural landscape, and changes over time can now be viewed more comprehensively. These maps include updates and additions (including new placenames, roads, and railways) to all the standard county maps, as well as new maps for cyclists, motorists and tourists. Many of these maps are folded, fragile or from special collections, that have only recently been possible to scan. - View these maps with a graphic index of Scotland. - Home page - County maps of Scotland, 1580s-1940s - Further information about these maps New printed maps of Scotland, 1560s-1940s We have added 450 new printed maps of Scotland dating over the last five centuries online, almost doubling the number of maps of the whole of Scotland we now have on our website. Many of these maps are folded, fragile or from special collections, that have only recently been possible to scan. Some of these maps were typically printed within atlases, encyclopaedias, geographical grammars, guide-books, and gazetteers, whilst others were intended as wall maps for educational use or display. These maps display a growing wealth of topographic information on settlements, routes and roads, railways, geology, politics, history and tourist attractions. Collectively they form a vision of Scotland over time, reflecting the ever-changing shape and detail of the country as perceived by locals and outsiders. - View a set of thumbnail images of these maps with a graphic index of Scotland. - Home page - Maps of Scotland, 1560-1947 - Further information about these maps Ordnance Survey, Quarter-inch to the mile, 1st Edition, 1901-1914 This quarter-inch to the mile series was the earliest complete series by Ordnance Survey at this scale, covering all of Scotland in ten sheets. The maps were attractively coloured with first-class roads in brown, water in blue, and woodland in green, creating a pleasing, clear and legible map. Detail was drawn from larger-scale maps, comprehensively revised in the 1890s. The quarter-inch to the mile series provides an overview of significant landscape features, including larger settlements, railways, and roads, the latter distinguished into three classes. - View these maps with a graphic index of Scotland. - Home page - OS Quarter-inch to the mile, 1st Edition Ordnance Survey, One-inch to the mile, 1st Edition (Coloured), 1856-1891 We have scanned a new hand-coloured one-inch series, covering all of Scotland and published on 132 sheets between 1856 and 1891. On these sheets, water was coloured blue, woodland in green, railways in red, and county boundaries with various contrasting colours. The series is particularly useful in showing an overview of significant landscape features such as towns and villages, roads and railways, as well as woodland and land-use. Very often, these new coloured sheets were earliest states which were later re-issued, sometimes with updated information relating to railways, docks, or parish boundaries. - View these maps with a graphic index of Scotland. - View the maps as a seamless layer on a satellite image base - Home page - OS One-inch to the mile, 1st Edition (Coloured) Ordnance Survey, One-inch to the mile, 3rd Edition (Coloured), 1902-1923 This attractively-coloured series covered most of Scotland in the early 20th century. It was Ordnance Survey's earliest attempt to produce a one-inch to the mile map with coloured topographic detail: water in blue, woodland in green, the first and second class roads in burnt sienna, hachures in brown, and contours in red. The maps were intended for practical recreational purposes, and they were issued in a convenient folded form with covers. The base map content used the Ordnance Survey's one-inch to the mile 3rd edition maps, with topographic detail based on a revision of 1901-1910. We have scanned all our sheets of this series, including the various reprints with updated detail and railway information. - View the maps with a graphic index of Scotland - View the maps as a seamless layer on a satellite image base - Home page - OS One-inch to the mile, 3rd Edition (Coloured), 1902 - 1923 Ordnance Survey Half-Inch to the mile, Scotland, 1908-1918 The Ordnance Survey began working on a series of maps at the half-inch to the mile scale (1:126,720) from 1902, with topographic content derived from the main nationwide revision of maps at the larger-scales from the 1890s. The initial driver behind the series was a military one, but it was recognised that the scale had a steadily growing public value particularly for cyclists and motorists. The series was produced in two forms, with relief was shown by layer colours as well as by hachures. We have scanned all our sheets of this series, which were received by the Library in a folded form. - View the maps with a graphic index of Scotland - View the Ordnance Survey Half-Inch to the mile, Scotland - 1908-1918 - with hachures - View the Ordnance Survey Half-Inch to the mile, Scotland - 1908-1918 - with layer colours Edinburgh Boundaries Viewer This viewer allows a selection of boundaries traced from maps of Edinburgh to be interactively explored. There are boundaries showing landownership (1804-1817), Police Wards (1822-1848), Sanitary Districts (1864-1880), Municipal Wards (1852-1902), and Registration Districts (1865-1902). We have also traced the extensions of the Royalty Boundary from 1685 to 1885, and Bartholomew's Chronological Map of Edinburgh (1919). These boundaries provide many insights into the administration of Edinburgh over time, particularly its local government, public health, and ownership of land, as well as its patterns of development. You can download any of the boundaries as shapefiles or KML files for onward re-use, and read about the boundaries. - Go to the Edinburgh Boundaries viewer Ordnance Survey, 1:25,000 Outline Series of Great Britain, 1945-1965 This series was produced as an Outline (ie. uncoloured) edition of the standard, coloured 1:25,000 Provisional series, and it extended over most of Great Britain during the 1940s-1960s. The Outline series was quickly appreciated by planners and local government officials for administrative purposes, and it was also popular with market researchers. The Outline edition allowed new hand-drawn content to be easily annotated onto the base mapping, and it was printed in grey, rather than black, for this reason, so that the presentation of urban areas would not be too heavy. We have scanned all our maps in this series, and put online those that are out-of-copyright. - Home page - Ordnance Survey, 1:25,000 Outline Series, 1945-1965 - View the maps with a graphic index The Stevenson Maps and Plans of Scotland, 1660-1940 Records for over 2000 plans relating to historical engineering in Scotland from the Stevenson archive can now be searched online using our new map-based viewer. The Stevenson archive contains material from the firm established by Robert Stevenson, celebrated lighthouse engineer and grandfather of Robert Louis Stevenson, in the early-nineteenth century. Stevenson and his descendants worked on projects all over Scotland, ranging from designing harbours and lighthouses to surveying routes for new railways to remodelling the streets of Edinburgh. Records for Stevenson plans of Scottish places can now be viewed, sorted and filtered using a dynamic map interface. The archive can also be searched by keyword, or users can browse a full list of the places, subjects and people featured on the site. The online resource was created during a three month placement by Rachel Dishington, an AHRC Collaborative Doctoral Partnership PhD student at the University of Edinburgh. - View the Stevenson Maps and Plans of Scotland web resource. Ordnance Survey, 1:25,000 Administrative Area Series of Great Britain, 1945-1968 The Administrative Area Series at 1:25,000 scale was established after the Second World War as a national cartographic record of administrative boundaries. However, the series always had quite limited uses, primarily for local government purposes, and it never achieved complete coverage, before the decision was taken to discontinue it in the 1950s. The maps consisted of an outline edition of Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 sheets, overprinted in red with administrative information. The boundaries included those for administrative counties and county boroughs, metropolitan and municipal boroughs, urban and rural districts, civil parishes and borough and urban district wards. We have put all our holdings of 1,130 sheets online. - View the maps with a graphic index New website - Stornoway / Steòrnabhagh and environs historic maps, 1780s-1960s This new website is a collaborative project between Western Isles Libraries and the National Library of Scotland. This has involved the conservation and digitisation of historic maps to allow their wider availability online. Explore a selection of historic maps of Stornoway and environs, dating between 1785-1964, read about them, and view them as georeferenced overlays or side-by-side. The website includes several unique manuscript maps, which provide many insights into the development of Stornoway over the last two centuries, including proposals (some not implemented) for its development. War Office, Great Britain 1:20,000, GSGS 2748 This military series by the War Office had its origins during the First World War on the Western Front, but also continued after 1918, covering selective parts of England, Scotland, and Wales, primarily for artillery training purposes. The maps cover 15 by 10 kilometres on the ground and are attractively coloured, with water in blue, contours at 5 metre intervals in brown, and the grid overlay figures in red. Topographic detail was selectively redrawn from the Ordnance Survey six-inch to the mile maps of the 1920s. Although only around 118 GSGS 2748 sheets were published, our holdings are also incomplete, with 21 sheets covering scattered locations, primarily in Scotland. - View War Office, Great Britain 1:20,000, GSGS 2748 home page - View the maps with a graphic index German Army, Karte von Schottland 1:100,000, 1939-40 This German Army series is essentially a set of Ordnance Survey Half-Inch to the mile maps, captured by the German Army and reprinted in 1939-40, as part of their Second World War intelligence preparations. There was no revision of topographic detail, but the sheets were metricated, enlarged from 1:126,720 to 1:100,000, with updated German titles, marginalia and legends. Our holdings are complete, with 34 sheets covering all of Scotland. - View German Army, Karte von Schottland 1:100,000, 1939-40 home page - View the maps with a graphic index of Scotland Updated Find by Place - with Marker search interface We have updated our Find by Place - with Marker application, allowing all our online maps to be searched with a marker pin. The application now uses OpenLayers, so it is now consistent with our other web-mapping applications, and has several new enhancements. The bounding boxes of returned maps are shown when you hover over the map thumbnail in the Results panel on the right. The Results panel also has a clearer header, with details of the scales of returned maps and the date filter range. A geolocation option has been added, so you can choose to display your current device location, and a wider range of current and historical base map layers can be selected. Searching is now possible by county/parish as well as by placename, and the map automatically zooms to the selected place, positioning the marker and returning maps covering the place. - View Find by Place - with Marker application Ordnance Survey / War Office One-Inch to the Mile Maps of Scotland, 1930s-1940s In the 1930s and 1940s, the original Ordnance Survey's One-Inch to the Mile Popular edition mapping of 1921-30 was re-issued with selective updates from revisions made primarily in the 1930s. These updates include Air Raid Precaution revisions from 1938-9, included on GSGS 3906, and some selective updating of roads and railways from large-scale revision in the 1930s. Two of these series were officially published by the War Office (Geographical Section, General Staff) and carry their series designation numbers. These series are particularly useful for showing an overprint of the War Office Cassini Grid, often used for referencing places in the Second World War. - War Office, One-Inch Popular, GSGS 3908, 1933-43 - Ordnance Survey, One-Inch Popular with National Grid (Outline), 1945-7 - War Office, One-Inch Popular, GSGS 4639, 1947-50 Ordnance Survey 1:10,560 scale georeferenced layer of Britain, 1949-1968 Following completion of the digitisation of our Ordnance Survey National Grid 1:10,560 mapping in January, we have now put together a seamless georeferenced mosaic of mid-20th century Britain based on these maps. In some cases, these maps were basic updates from the pre-War county maps, with only selective revision for major change. However, where sheets exist that were based on large-scale revisions, or from a direct revision of the landscape, we have preferred these, as they give a better reflection of the real world. The maps show farms and settlements, roads and railways, rivers and watercourses, administrative and field boundaries, woodland and land use, as well as contour lines; buildings are generalised in urban areas but many street names are also shown. This is the latest out-of-copyright mapping covering most of mainland Britain. The mosaic seams together 8,657 maps, and will grow in future (especially in Scotland), as more sheets fall out of copyright over time. - View as a zoomable overlay on satellite imagery - Compare to 1900s mapping - Compare with modern satellite imagery Lovat Highland Estates mapping, 1750s-1960s We are deeply grateful to Lovat Highland Estates, based in Beauly, and the North of Scotland Archaeological Society, for scanning and authorising the online display of a uniquely important set of over 400 estate maps. The maps cover extensive areas west of Inverness, as far as Mallaig and Fort Augustus in the west and south, and range in date from the 1750s through to the 1960s. The earliest maps in the collection are by Peter May (1724/33-1795), working for the Commissioners for the Forfeited Annexed Estates, and his nephew George Brown, who trained under May. Later significant map-makers were John Boulton (1830-74) and David Gordon (fl. ca. 1840s-1890s). The maps depict all aspects of Highland estate management, including agricultural improvement, enclosure, drainage and embankments, the planning of settlements such as Beauly, the leasing of farms and grazings, the allocation of land for crofts, and land ownership disputes. The construction of new roads, railways, and bridges, and their development over time is also well-represented. After Ordnance Survey mapped Inverness-shire (1866-76), OS maps were often annotated to show specific features relevant to the estate, whilst fresh maps were also drafted to show new subjects, including the expansion of hunting and shooting runs, and the growth and management of woodland. - View the maps in the Estate maps page, in parish/date order, under Inverness-shire and Ross and Cromartyshire - View the maps with a graphic index - Read further information about the Lovat Estate Map Project Ordnance Survey One-Inch "Popular" edition, derivative and variant series Following the publication of the Ordnance Survey "Popular" edition (ca. 1923-30) series, a number of related series were also published. These include the Outline edition of the series, with water in blue and contours in red. Another variant series was the Outline edition with water in blue. In the 1930s too, various water and contour pulls were made of the sheets for educational purposes. These sheets just included the blue and brown lithographic pulls of the standard sheets. Our set of these were originally owned by Alan Ogilvie (1887-1954), first Professor of Geography at Edinburgh University, and they were subsequently donated to the Library in 1981. - OS One-inch "Popular" outline edition, Scotland, 1921-1930 home page - OS One-inch "Popular" Scotland, Water and Contour Pulls, ca. 1930s home page - OS One-inch "Popular" edition, Scotland, Outline Edition. Water in Blue, 1941-42 home page - View the maps with a graphic index Geological Survey of Scotland, One-Inch and Six-Inch to the Mile maps, 1850s-1940s We have recently added all our out-of-copyright holdings of geological maps of Scotland online. This includes a detailed set of six-inch to the mile maps, focusing just on areas with economically valuable geology, as well as less detailed one-inch to the mile maps covering most of Scotland. All the maps use Ordnance Survey topographic mapping as their base. On the earlier editions in the 19th century, the geology is usually hand-coloured, whilst for six-inch second and later edition maps in the 20th century, it is usually printed lithographically in brown. There are also a set of Horizontal and Vertical Sections. - Six-inch to the mile geological maps home page - One-inch to the mile geological maps home page - View the maps with a graphic index German Army, Karte von Schottland 1:50,000, 1941 This German Army series is essentially a set of One-Inch Popular edition maps (1921-30), captured by the German Army and reprinted in 1941. There was no revision of topographic detail, but the sheets were metricated, enlarged from 1:63,360 to 1:50,000, with updated German titles, marginalia and legends. Our holdings are incomplete, with 70 of the original 92 sheets. The maps form part of the major intelligence-gathering project by the German Army as part of 'Operation Sealion', Hitler's preparations for a possible invasion of Great Britain. - German Army, Karte von Schottland 1:50,000, 1941 home page - View the maps with a graphic index War Office, Great Britain 1:25,000. GSGS 3906, 1940-43 This military map series at 1:25,000 was rapidly completed in the early years of the Second World War. The underlying topographic detail was photographically reduced from the latest available Ordnance Survey six-inch to the mile maps, and then usually overprinted with. - Great Britain 1:25,000. GSGS 3906, 1940-43 home page - View the maps with a graphic index Ordnance Survey National Grid 1:10,560 maps for England and Wales, 1950s-1960s - OS National Grid maps home page - View the maps with a graphic index Ordnance Survey National Grid 1:10,560 maps for Scotland, 1950s-1960s - OS National Grid maps of Scotland home page - View the maps with a graphic index Frederick Douglass in Edinburgh and Scotland - map viewers These map viewers support the Strike For Freedom: Slavery, Civil War and the Frederick Douglass Family in the Walter O Evans Collection treasures display (Thursday 4 October 2018 to Saturday 16 February 2019) in the National Library of Scotland, George IV Bridge. This celebrates the 200 year anniversary of the birth of African American activist and author, Frederick Douglass. Douglass first visited Edinburgh in 1846 and these maps take you to the places where Frederick Douglass lived, held meetings and gave speeches during his antislavery campaign in Edinburgh and Scotland, as well as the sites where other black abolitionists gave speeches in Edinburgh. - Frederic Douglass in Edinburgh map viewer - Black Abolitionists in Edinburgh map viewer - Frederic Douglass in Scotland map viewer Ordnance Survey 1940s-1960s 1:2,500 maps of Scotland This addition of 5,921 Ordnance Survey 1:2,500 "double-sheets" (ie. covering 1 x 2 kilometre squares), covers large areas of the Central Belt, the Borders and parts of north-east Scotland, dating from 1945-1967. This was the largest scale post-War mapping to cover these rural areas, and it shows excellent detail of man-made structures such as farms, settlements and houses, as well as roads, railways and industrial works. The rural landscape of fields, woodland, lochs, rivers and streams is clearly depicted too. These are the earliest OS maps to comprehensively show house numbers, and they also show parcel numbers (to uniquely reference all land parcels or areas) and their related acreages. The new maps complement the more detailed 1:1,250 scale maps of larger urban areas, scanned last year. - OS National Grid maps of Scotland home page - View the maps with a graphic index - View a seamless layer of National Grid mapping as a georeferenced overlay Maps of Scotland by commercial map-makers, 1840s-1940s This small set of 220 maps of Scotland, also includes maps of Scottish towns, counties and regions, and some coastal charts. They were generally published by private companies, including G.W. Bacon & Co., John Bartholomew & Son, J. & W. Emslie, Gall & Inglis, W. & A.K. Johnston and Edward Stanford. There are many attractive and interesting maps of the whole of Scotland, including geological maps, maps for tourists, and road maps for cyclists and motorists. The set also includes the pioneering Botanical Survey of Scotland maps (1900-5) by Robert and William Smith, railway maps by J. & W. Emslie (1898-1941), educational maps for school room use, recreational maps for hunting, maps associated with particular meetings, including the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Aberdeen, and a map of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Edinburgh (1933). A few coastal charts have also been added, including War Office maps proposing coastal harbour defences (1907-9). Ordnance Survey Books of Reference, 1855-1882 The Ordnance Survey Books of Reference (or Area Books) record acreages of each land parcel on the OS 25 inch to the mile maps, and usually its land use, except in settlements and for counties surveyed after 1879. From 1859, Books of Reference were published for specific parishes, which the Library bound together into 22 volumes, ordered alphabetically by parish. The easiest way of searching for information is by county and parish. The Books of Reference often include index maps of the map sheet layout over the parish, and an index of place names on the maps covering the parish. The volumes were published for counties surveyed after 1859. - Browse Books of Reference listed by county and parish - View Books of Reference by volume (with parishes ordered alphabetically) New gazetteer for searching Ordnance Survey six-inch to the mile, 1888-1913 maps This new gazetteer allows you to search 2.52 million names on Ordnance Survey six-inch to the mile, 1888-1913 maps of England, Scotland, and Wales, dating from a century ago. The names have been gathered through the GB1900 transcription project, which ran from September 2016 to January 2018, transcribing all text content from these maps. Parish and county names have been added to the transcribed names to make the names easier to tell apart and to provide locational context. The gazetteer provides a very comprehensive list of names for rural areas. Street names are included for many settlements too, although the six-inch maps do not name all streets comprehensively. The gazetteer also includes names of many features that no longer exist, so not found in present-day OpenStreetMap or Google gazetteers. - The gazetteer is in our Explore Georeferenced Maps viewer, under the Search OS six-inch 1888-1913 names: search box Bartholomew's Revised Half-Inch Maps of Great Britain, 1940-47 Bartholomew's beautifully layer-coloured half-inch to the mile maps were developed from the 1880s, first covering Scotland as a series in the 1890s, and England and Wales by 1903. This series covering Great Britain in 62 sheets in the 1940s, their first to cover Great Britain at this scale, provides an attractive and useful snapshot of post-War Britain. Bartholomew deliberately selected only certain details from the Ordnance Survey maps, and also added their own. They added categories of roads, including drove roads, steamer routes, and rights of way that were often not shown on Ordnance Survey maps. They also took information from a range of other sources, including local authority surveyors, and from a large and growing body of their customers who they invited to write in with corrections. - Bartholomew's Revised Half-Inch Maps of Great Britain, 1940-47 - View the maps with a graphic index - View a seamless layer of Bartholomew Half-Inch mapping, as a georeferenced overlay - Read more about the Bartholomew half-inch to the mile maps. New Administrative Boundaries Viewer and Information Our new interactive Boundaries viewer allows counties and parishes from the 1950s, and unitary authorities, districts and boroughs from 2017, to be viewed on a range of different map backgrounds. You can zoom in on any location, click on your point of interest, and the county, parish, or unitary authority that covers the point you have clicked on is shown. These administrative jurisdictions, especially parishes, have many other family and local history records associated with them, and viewing their location and extents is therefore important. The new viewer is accompanied by detailed information on the history of these administrative units, significant legislation that has affected them, and cartographic information sources which show the development of these units over time. Maps of the World, 16th-20th centuries This small set of 34 maps of the World has been selected for their historical interest, content, and aesthetic qualities. The maps show the many different ways that the World has been visualised and understood over time, and each reflect aspects of the society and culture when they were created. An emphasis on expanding geographic and topographic knowledge and detail from the 16th to the 18th centuries, was often replaced by a growing interest in the emerging sciences and physical environment in the 19th century. The use of different projections and printing technologies, particularly in the 20th century, allow many other themes, including imperialism, trade, travel, and peace, to be illustrated. Many of these world maps are from larger atlases by C. Ptolemy, H. Moll, W. & A.K. Johnston, A. Fullarton, and J.G. Bartholomew. New detailed Ordnance Survey maps for Devon, 1860s-1890s We have been pleased to collaborate with the British Library in a recent project, funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, to scan, georeference and make available Ordnance Survey mapping for Devon. The project has included first edition OS 25 inch to the mile maps covering the county, and more detailed OS town plans at 1:500. The project forms part of the Know Your Place West of England Project, and has allowed us to fill gaps in our holdings for Devon with British Library maps, so our online presentation is now more complete. - Georeferenced 25 inch first edition layer, 1873-1888 - OS Town Plans of England and Wales, 1840s-1890s - Georeferenced Town Plan layer, SW England, 1880s Completion of OS 25 inch England and Wales, 1841-1952 After three years' of scanning, and 89,800 sheets later, we have now completed adding this large series online. These maps. - View a list of all sheets by county - A georeferenced layer is available for southern England, which we hope to expand in the future - Further information about the series Half-Inch to the Mile, Ministry of Transport Road Maps of Scotland (1923) This set of Ministry of Transport Road Maps, issued by the Ordnance Survey in 1923 at the half-inch to the mile scale (1:126,720), are the first to accurately show the initial numbered roads in Scotland. Class I roads in red show important routes connecting large population centres, whilst less important Class II roads are shown in green. The maps were the result of close liaison between the Ministry of Transport and Ordnance Survey, and are the most important cartographic resource documenting the early days of road numbering in Scotland. - Further information on this group of maps - View the maps with a graphic index of Scotland - View seamless layer of Half-Inch MoT mapping on a Google maps base Kitchener's Survey of Cyprus, 1882 Kitchener's Survey of Cyprus (1882) represents the first full triangulated survey of the island of Cyprus, and it was the most accurate map of the island when published. The maps are very detailed, marking roads, tracks, and telegraph lines, and locating vineyards, monasteries, ruins, sheepfolds, springs, wells and aqueducts.. - Further information on this set of maps - View the individual map sheets using a graphic index covering Cyprus - View a seamless layer of all the sheets as a mosaic on a Google maps base Dumfries Archival Mapping Project estate maps, 1750s-1840s We have recently added a further 300 estate maps of south-west Scotland, scanned by the Dumfries Archival Mapping Project. These include some of the Duke of Buccleuch’s extensive map collections at Drumlanrig, with important holdings too from Dumfries and Kirkcudbright Museums. These estate maps date from the 1750s to the 1840s and show the rural landscape of farms, buildings, fields, woodland, roads, and rivers in great detail. We have georeferenced a selection of these estate maps allowing them to be compared to the present day and other mapping. The maps are available through a graphic index and on our Estate Maps of Scotland page ordered by county and parish: - Estate maps of Scotland - Dumfries-shire, Kirkcudbright-shire, Lanarkshire,and Wigtownshire - Georeferenced estate maps Scottish Post Office Directory maps, 1794-1944 We have just added 400. - Browse the Post Office Directory maps within our Town Plans / Views listing. - Browse the Post Office Directory maps using a graphic index. Claudius Ptolemy World Atlases, 16th century. View copies of Ptolemy's Geography: Times Survey Atlas of the World, 1920 The Times Survey Atlas of the World (1920) was a landmark folio world atlas, defining the world and its countries in detail for the period after the First World War. topographic maps all show layer-coloured relief, whilst charts of the oceans are shaded for bathymetry. - Browse the Times Survey Atlas of the World (1920) by map contents index - Browse the Times Survey Atlas maps using a graphic indexth century - a lavish and splendid item for display by its powerful and wealthy customers. - View the Blaeu Atlas Maior and read further information about it. We are very grateful to David Rumsey for supporting the scanning and wider dissemination of this atlas. Soil Survey of Scotland mapping (1950s-1980s) To commemorate the International Year of Soils 2015, Map Finder viewer provides a significantly improved method of accessing 18,000 of our online maps. A range of both old and modern mapping layers provides the user with a customisable backdrop to selecting areas of interest, and keyword searching is provided by placename and National Grid Reference, alongside brows.

A Velocity…” see GNU Exterior Ballistics Computer | Reviews for GNU Exterior Ballistics Computer at SourceForge.net. The programme is easily built with ./configure make make install in the directory gebc-1.07 for the version I have. The download came as a .tar.gz file. The idea that being able to examine or to modify the source code of software is somehow a disadvantage or useless is silly. Clearly it is an advantage and one that ensures bugs can be squashed more rapidly and by a more diverse group of users. Der Balrog look up fsnotify. That was not rejected on technical merit and it in the Linux kernel as I described. I could not implement it. There are also a few things in the cgroups mailing list that are also implemented as I described. I have not seen one from you at all Der Balrog failed or successful. I have had just as many successes as failures. Der Balrog Funny. Apparently you have not noticed from time to time I do comment on Linux kernel faults. Oh, I have noticed. I have noticed! Do you know what else I’ve noticed? That the kernel developers treat you as the joke you are. Show me a comment by you on the LKML which hasn’t been rejected for utter lack of technical merit. Der Balrog Also history of you talking just smack if you expect us to do this where are your bug fixes or suggestions. Der Balrog Funny. Apparently you have not noticed from time to time I do comment on Linux kernel faults. Just at the moment I do have a issue I can see but cannot come up with anywhere near usable solution. Basically how to improve the kmem cgroup controller to be able to place a value that is not kernel build dependant. Its a little hard of a problem to work out a neat solution. Hey, Pogson, which parts of the kernel have you examined so far? The kernel developers need your help. Go find bugs instead of talking smack. The same goes for Mr. Peter Dolding. Please don’t say UPS’s as solution. The cause of most of these big nasty kill everything in server rooms is UPS failures. They are the source of the power spike. Gone darn inverters can malfunction that do major ouch of like 500+AC into 240 power-supply intermittently wearing down fuse in power-supply and motherboard regulators at times. When I do put in a replacement its UPS and Server I have replaced until I can test what I have ripped out. dw so yes your defence against blackouts is what brings you undone. bw the server for windows 3.11 workgroups is NT 3.5 The server for windows 95-98 is NT 3.51 and NT 4.0. Nt was not large volume you would have been looking at. Yes the NT do have workstation modes but most common usage was server. Sun Unix servers were more expensive than Windows NT server setups. OS/2 was not popular where I was. It was Windows NT, Netware and BSD/Linux stuff in the server rooms. Those out numbered everything 1993-2000. All 4 of these OS’s Windows NT, Netware, BSD and Linux not one had product activation that tied to the hardware. This is why Unix was not exactly this popular where I was. Spares was not always dependable. bw even with the windows 3.11 and the 9x lines you could rip the hard-drive out of one machine and put it in the next one with only minor alterations to make it work again. bw with Windows XP/2000 you could get volume license product keys. These volume license product keys also disable the hardware change key. Other than driver hell that has happened in Windows 2000 on those could be hard drive ripped out of one machine placed in the next without issue. Windows 2003 in server is where hardware locking starts with no key to disable it. Vista on desktop. So I cannot have a drive with Vista or 2003 sitting on the shelf ready to be inserted into any machine in case of failure. KMS server you might say. Now this is a mondern evil I run into dw. You know that Key Management Servers only activate clients for 180 days max before they have to connect to the server. Next they don’t display message they have not been able to active. Finally here is the kicker of kick. For a KMS server to activate anything it must be able to see 25 computers that are KMS. Someone alters the roster around. Now KMS server is not getting 25 KMS computers on at the same time. 3 months latter you find out when people cannot log into there machines because they are not activated. dw how is this better. You use MAK those are 1 shot keys that you have to enter a new key every time the hardware changes enough that windows does not believe it the same hardware. New hard-drive and video card can be enough. So volume licensing now suxs and its land mined. dw with all the trouble 9x had some days I would happy go back to it. Just not to have to deal with product activation failures. The counts with KMS are the following. –25 for any Windows Client Operating System- So KMS unable to see 25 it will stop activating. –5 for any Windows Server Operating System– So unable to see 5 servers it will stop activating. –5 for any Microsoft Office Application/Suite– Office suite is about the only one that is kinda practical for KMS. Yes it is still possible to end up with random machines in the office with MS Office throwing activation failures due to network issues talking to the KMS blocking people from getting there work done. bw now here is the killer you are only allowed so many KMS server activations. So Murphy has a field day and all you KMS server fail. Now you are stuck on phone for a few hours to get Microsoft to fix it. This is why I run Linux where I can in Servers. When the shit hits the fan. As long as the harddrives have not failed. Yes I install pairs raided. I can put 2 hours as repair time. Even if its take a desktop machine and turn it into a server just for the short time until I can get parts. I only have to go to my backup images if both harddrive died. That is truly surprisingly rare. I am more likely to lose a motherboard, cpu or powersupply. Basic reality with NT 4.0 and before, Linux, BSD, Netware… Even Unix as long as you have replacement hardware is that the broken server can be pulled out of operation and a different server hardware made active using the same hard drives. This is handy it is 1 am in the morning something has failed do you think I want to be doing hardware diagnostic. Or would I just prefer to swap the lot. Answer every time is swap the lot. When I am awake and unlikely to screw up writing is the time to find out what is wrong with the hardware. It day light you have 40 other employees breathing down you neck wanting to know when the server will be back on-line so they can get there job done. What number do you want to say 2 hours or 8 hours. Please note you must say larger than what is required. Scotty in startrek. If you say less and don’t meet it they will kill you. And 8 hours is about the max you can say. I can do a linux harddrive swap 1 hour use spare image drive on shelf in 1 hour. That gives me 1 hour to data recover from backups if I have to. Most cases it back online in 1 hours. Even when running N+1 setups. You still need to get the +1 back as soon as able. I have had cascading power supply failures. Yes a power spike had damaged the power-supplies and they nicely fell over at different times. Robert Pogson with windows having a backup image is not enough. You need a full backup machine activated and running to be able to repair quickly. Problem is running machines are exposed to power problems that lead to motherboard and power-supply failures. Big problem with this kinda failure is normally simultaneously. Yes basically everything that was on at the time of issue is going to stop. dw you have not been in the server room to know how windows drives us up the wall. OS/2 server you could rip it hard-drive out and put it in the next machine as well. Just when it got very old it become impossible to replace its hardware with anything other than virtual machines. I have brought broken OS/2 network back online using qemu and bochs in Linux. Until replacement could be made. Of course they had backups. That was down for a day that was 14 machines. A week did they not have backups or did not have skilled IT officers. Part functionality should have been restored in 24 hours. bw just think of that golf course issues except the one being complained to is the poor IT staff with the CEO on your neck. Then you most likely understand why I hate Windows. Anything that makes my repair time longer I hate. oiaohm wrote, “1 hour downtime to swap a motherboard turn into 8+ todo a full reinstall and data recovery.” Yes. If one wants to run that other OS with much less trouble one needs a backup for each machine whereas GNU/Linux can often have one image for a raft of kinds. I saw that firsthand in a lab where students could swap mice and freeze that other OS. I had to tie down the mice and still they froze. So, I converted to GNU/Linux and LTSP could run the whole lab reliably. I even dragged 10 year old machines out of storage and added them to the LAN and they just worked. You will have to supply any details, since that was so long ago that my memory fails. Even so, I seem to remember that Microsoft was not very important in terms of servers until around ten or so years ago when Windows 2000 began to become popular both for server use and for desktop use. As I remember it, we had Sun Unix servers and Windows 98 clients before that time when a big switch was made. The NT stuff was never very popular, at least where I worked at the time. That has nothing to do with whether people had any option to using Windows 95 in 1994 though, which is the topic that no one seems to be able to stay on. I sort of remember that OS/2 was used by a lot of companies and was being pushed by IBM in that era although I never used it personally. I know that the pro shop at my golf course had an OS/2 based network that ran the cash registers and the tee time scheduler and even the handicap calculation stuff. I remember because it broke one day and they were almost out of business for a week before it was finally replaced. We had to do handicap updates with pen and pencil and that created a lot of arguments. bw can you please explain to me why a server death due to motherboard failure with windows can cost you a full reinstall at times with 2008 and 2012 server due to activation failures. Yes when windows has activation failure it can make a nice big mess of stacks of settings in latter editions of Windows. So you call the latter additions of Windows self bricking OS’s. Yet NT 3.5 and 4.0 server you could just swap the harddrive and boot safe mode fix a few drivers and everything was good every time. Linux today is even the same as old NT 3.5 and 4.0 for ability to repair. –Everybody knows that Windows has gotten consistently better over the years.– Reality this is a lie. In some ways Windows might of got better. But in some critical ways bw Windows has got way way worse. Ways that can see what should be 1 hour downtime to swap a motherboard turn into 8+ todo a full reinstall and data recovery. This is not true for network people. Windows has progressively got worse with heavy handed activation solutions. Driver makers doing bad thinks like damaging default video card drivers. bw Linux might not be the most nice to use. The one thing Linux has been good at is being have to be transferred to new hardware without getting too badly upset. 20+ employees not being able to work due to server failures is not fun. Companies like redhat in the year 2000 got very bluntly aware they did not have the support of the hardware makers. So focused on markets where they could control the hardware and did very well. bw basically the time Microsoft was focusing mostly on Desktop. Linux was focusing on lots and lots of big servers. I have no doubt that you were capable of doing that in 1999 and capable of directing students to do the same thing. At that point in time, though, Win95 was pretty old hat and even the wildly successful Win98 was giving way to Win2K which I am sure you will have to admit was orders of magnitude more robust than the early Windows versions, even Win95. You are contrasting options for an OS that a professional used personally and used by students with professional instruction with general audiences. Windows is mostly used by working stiffs with little or no help from anyone. Windows installed in large office environments with professional IT staffs will have few if any bad outcomes as well. bw wrote, “in 1999 it didn’t have the capability of being used beneficially on a PC” That’s a lie. In 2000, I used a distro released in 1999 and it rocked. It was solid and did not crash. It thrived on the same PCs on which Lose ’95 could not run more than a few days without crashing. Those PCs running Caldera eDesktop GNU/Linux were very valuable allowing students to get on the web, word-processing with StarOffice and doing IT with KDE. Students had no problem with it and it was like having an assistant in the classroom for me. Win 95 was released in 1994 and the study that found that Linux was not much of a threat was some 5 or 6 years later. Linux was late to the party and even in 1999 it didn’t have the capability of being used beneficially on a PC. It was a kind of Unix and only good for servers if it had any use at all. bw wrote, “I don’t recall Linux being on anyone’s radar in 1994 when Win95 had a stunningly successful introduction and was the talk of the town.” It was on Bill Gates’ radar: “The Linux user community itself has been pegged at between 7 and 12 million.” (1999) If it weren’t on his radar, what was Muth doing studying it? In those days, M$’s OS was making about $2billion revenue per quarter (perhaps a few million licences) so 10 million GNU/Linux users was huge. RedHat was founded in 1993… It was on their radar, too. Being able to examine and modify code is a huge advantage to Linux. Although I can personally code some types of things well enough, from time to time I hire serious professional specialists in certain types of media-creation coding (audio, video, UI) to update/modify various company workstations. For example, recently my company upgraded some Linux audio workstations from: ALSA 1.0.14rc3, jackd 0.102.0.20 fervent-1, qjackctl 0.2.21-1, and HDSPMixer 1.6 to: ALSA 1.025, jackd 0.121.3, qjackctl 0.3.2, and HDSPMixer 1.11 or, in other words, the audio infrastructure from around the year 2006 to 2012, while retaining everything else (i.e. not breaking anything). Only in Linux can you perform that kind of ‘brain surgery’ and retain the value of your existing investment in specialized (but legacy) software and hardware. In our case, this permitted us to use our old audio workstations to seamlessly drive and exchange multichannel digital audio content for our back-end Linux ‘mini-supercomputing’ cluster. This way we get the power of the Linux cluster (which mostly does video rendering) coupled to our existing recording studio equipment and tools. A rather broad spectrum of claims here. I am not a student of Linux history, but I don’t recall Linux being on anyone’s radar in 1994 when Win95 had a stunningly successful introduction and was the talk of the town. Was Linux as useful in 1994 as Windows 95 was upon its introduction? If so, the Linux proponents missed a golden opportunity. But I think that was not the case and the “battle”, if we must have one, was between Win95 and OS/2. Linux was never a contender. I think your “So has Linux” claim is indicative of the sort of thinking that goes into it. When some sort of trend starts to develop, the open source developers find a new model to chase and they start to develop in the same direction. That gives slow followers of a trend a great opportunity to get in at a low cost, but it dooms open source to always trailing the trend setter. That is not always Microsoft, but it has been the case often enough, I feel, to keep things in Microsoft’s favor. bw wrote, “Everybody knows that Windows has gotten consistently better over the years.” HAHAHA! So has GNU/Linux. I have seen nothing from M$ even approaching the power, flexibility and cost of GNU/Linux. The list of malware attacking M$’s OS successfully is huge and growing rapidly. Next update from Redmond will “fix” 57 vulnerabilities next week… How many thousands of bugs were released? We don’t know but if they fix a few hundred per annum for a decade it’s a hell of a lot more than Debian GNU/Linux. So, their OS does not crash just idling any longer as Lose ’95 did. Big deal. They haven’e earned a penny with the crap they were selling. I think M$ is one of the biggest frauds ever seen. All that is just so much hot air. Everybody knows that Windows has gotten consistently better over the years. Anyone who wants to gripe about it can do so, but Microsoft really does not care. They don’t lost any money or any sleep over it. Split all the hairs you want and publish your opinions until the cows come home. You will be ignored as always. bw in fact the stability of windows depends on what one you are talking about. Windows NT line has decreased in stability from the early line over time in a lot of ways. bw too much backwards compatibility has downsides. Lot of early Windows programs use a lot of non documented features. Including bugs and errors. Microsoft has taken the point of view don’t break or isolate applications. This means defective ABI’s remain. It is the unfortunate problem. Linux distributions lower backwards compatibility the more the stability has increased over the same time frame. The required answer is nasty. Linux with cgroups with glick2 right path. Turn applications into nice isolated bundles. SXS under windows is flawed. The biggest mistake MS made with NT is allowing applications to install dll into the system directories. Thinking NTFS supports hardlinks if every application installed every dll they need into there own program directory then you did deduplication and hardlinked everything is better. In fact doing this under windows can reduce ram usage. bw there are basically some design fault ms needs to bite the bullet on. Worst part is MS has taken wrong turns to fix them. You are not being fair here. In the early days things were much more unreliable than they are today, but what I have seen, and what I think most others see as well, is that the stability of Windows has been constantly increasing over time and a corresponding increase in functionality and dependency has occurred over the same time frame. People use computers more and more every year. The very need to access the internet for personal communications and other day to day activities is what has given rise to a mobility need and demand for smart phones and iPads. bw, apologist for M$ writes, “I don’t’t work out of the box, the box would have been returned to the store immediately. That just doesn’t happen and that is why Windows is the most common operating system on PCs as it has been for so long.” and a bunch of other stuff. Come out from your cave. It gives you a tunnel-vision view of the world. The only reason I went to GNU/Linux was because Lose ’95 would not work. It crashed at the drop of a hat. I have seen XP fail quite regularly too. The idea that M$ produces good stuff every time is ludicrous. It leaves me breathless in its level of ignorance. Here, you can watch Bill Gates waiting around for M$ to get its act together: There’s a reason BSOD is in the public’s vocabulary. “bw with Linux and Open source if you don’t want to fix bugs you self then you should have paid for a support contract ” I don’t’t work out of the box, the box would have been returned to the store immediately. That just doesn’t happen and that is why Windows is the most common operating system on PCs as it has been for so long. I also think that any advantage that Linux might have on a cost basis vanishes when you buy a support contract. That makes the out of pocket cost of Linux much higher than Windows and it is only good for a period of time whereas the Windows license is good forever. ” don’t know if you now are a troll or a idiot. Don’t you read the contracts that come with your software” There you go with the insults again. But no, I don’t read the contracts. Why should I? If some company is bent on providing inadequate service and wants to hide behind some clause in the verbose cloud that most EULAs consist of, they will certainly win in court but will be out of business in short order due to a lack of anyone reordering or updating their products. Companies survive based on their good reputation and the accompanying good will of their customers who honor them with repeat business. Windows comes with a built-in update function that frequently makes changes automatically to the software on my computers. I can hardly complain about any lack of attention. It is more of a case of too much. Der Balrog wrote, “Rather prominently in the code there’s?” Hey! I don’t code in C. The column adjacent had a different title even though it was the same item in different units. I fixed that. Fixing the code is rather trivial. One just has to either change the fixed values to variables or redo the windowing to use the libraries. The high value of the programme is that the ballistics is done very accurately. The UI is secondary to that. I can use the programme as is and make neat presentations of it by exporting the data. I could also redo the I/O in Pascal and link to the number-crunching parts. I could make it into a web application as well. Der Balrog sending a hack like that in at least shows the more skilled coder that there is a problem at X location. –So you have proven that fixing code is indeed not trivial. Can any user be bothered to do it?– Exactly what does it have to be any user. Another user might be better at writing documentation than code. Another might be a better tester. Note that ever you Der Balrog have pointed out location for better fix and you are stuck up jerk not interested in FOSS. Really I don’t really know how I could find a better example of any user can help than you Der Balrog in your last comment. A… That is not a fix! That’s a hack at best. And it doesn’t even solve the problem. Rather prominently in the code there’s? bw with Linux and Open source if you don’t want to fix bugs you self then you should have paid for a support contract with IBM, Redhat….. bw “That should be part of whatever sort of warranty goes with the program.” Then why are you buying OEM MS Windows it does not come with any warranty other than legally mandated. With this statement I don’t know if you now are a troll or a idiot. Don’t you read the contracts that come with your software. Legally there is no warranty on MS Windows or Office home users buy its in the EULA that most people don’t read. Businesses pay for support contracts in the volume licenses. So a bug you find as a home user bw Microsoft has no reason at all to listen to you or to ever fix it for you. Reality here bw learn what you have paid for. Yes with MS Windows and MS Office non volume you have only paid for the right to use not to have it repaired for you or to have any right to repair it yourself. Just have to hope that the issue you have is repaired to fix up someone using volume license with Microsoft products or your are completely screwed. FOSS you have the option to fix it yourself or pay a subscription to a support service or employ a programmer directly. Cost paying a support contract does make FOSS as expensive as paying for volume license. But unlike MS volume license that are only upgrades and the machine must have a valid license already. FOSS support stuff can go straight on bare hardware. This is why I have such a big problem people complaining about FOSS developers not listening to them. They don’t pay attention on OEM license stuff Microsoft don’t listen either and you paid money. At least with FOSS if you have handed over cash they will at least listen and attempt todo something. Even a user who never takes any interest in their computer, never files a bug report, never subscribes to a mailing list, or never reads computing news still reaps the benifits along those who do. No, participation of all users is not mandatory, but if they ever do happen to raise their heads and take an interest, the barrier of entry is low, at least to start out with. This sort of thing is unworthy of such philosophic discussion. People who sell software as a product sell it to people who do not want to do it for themselves. The original idea of a “home computer” was for people, who knew how to do their own thing and who also wanted to do it, could do so. If I buy a program and it has bugs, I don’t want to have to fix them myself. That should be part of whatever sort of warranty goes with the program. Besides, anything simple enough for a person who does not have a detailed understanding of the product to understand is not likely to cost very much money to begin with. If you want to do it yourself, the free programs with source code are what you would want. There is room enough for everyone to do things the way they want to do them. I think that the paid-for stuff is going to meet more people’s needs if the free stuff requires anyone to fix it themselves. My uncle and I one had an argument about this very same thing. I held (and still hold) the position that even if the majority of a programs users have NO ability to fix bugs themselves, they still benefit from community peer review done by those who do have said ability. Peer review is very real; the only issue is that said project has to be large enough to attract community attention. Also, I dont know if this still applies, but a critique against Microsoft in the early days was that their official policy on bug reporting was to pretend that bugs didn’t exist (see, you ma need to scroll down a bit) Opening source code makes debugging info easier to find, both because of things like bug trackers, and because debugging symbols can be installed with the program, so that if a segfault happens, info on what the program was doing the moment it crashed can be seen from the command line. You don’t need to know anything to paste that into a bug report! But Microsoft can’t include this because to give away debugging symbols is like giving away source code.

September 16th, 2019 EPISODE 6: How Do Humans Fit into the Future of Work? With Lynda Gratton and Dr. David Rock Lynda Gratton believes the human experience is fundamentally shifting. It’s moving away from the three-stage life of education, career, and retirement, and instead moving into what she calls a “multi-stage life,” whereby people learn, work, and relax over many decades, well into old age. On this episode, discover how Lynda sees the future playing out in discussion with NLI’s Co-Founder and CEO, Dr. David Rock. You can learn more about Lynda’s work on her website. Episode Transcript Chris Weller (Intro) 00:04 When you think about your working life, you probably can divide it into three clean chapters: your education, your career, and your retirement. And when you’re in one of these three stages, you’re devoting the bulk of your time and energy to doing it full-time. You go to school full-time so you can work full-time, so you can retire full-time. Lynda Gratton, Professor of Management at the London Business School, has for the past several years been questioning these long-held truths, asking will it always be this way? What if humans began living what Lynda calls a multi-stage life, where education, career, and retirement are all blended into one? What might organizations look like in that future? I’m Chris Weller, and you’re listening to Your Brain at Work, from the NeuroLeadership Institute. In today’s episode, I’m joined by Lynda Gratton, Professor of Management at the London Business School, and Dr. David Rock, Co-Founder and CEO of the NeuroLeadership Institute. Our discussion covers a range of issues related to the future of work, such as the effects of an aging workforce, the need for continuous learning, and whether employees of the future will take their cues more from brain science or computer science. Chris Weller: 1:15 Linda and David, thanks for joining me. David Rock: 1:17 Thanks, Chris. Good to be here. Lynda Gratton: 1:18 Great to be here, Chris. Chris Weller: 1:20 Okay. So, Linda, NLI runs a research institute around making organizations better for humans through science. And I know that you run a research Institute around the future of work, among other things. Can you tell us a little bit about what you study and how you study it? Lynda Gratton: 1:35 Well, for the last 10 years, The Future of Work Research Consortium has really partnered with companies all around the world to really take a look at how they’re preparing for the future, and some of the most important aspects that they see shaping their organization, but also the everyday work of employees. I think the things that are really exciting are this extraordinary sort of configuration between three of the major trends that are shaping work. One, of course is technology; machine learning, robots are all changing how work is done, and how we interface with technology. The second is my own area of interest. I wrote…the book, The 100-Year Life, which is that we’re living longer, and that means that we’re working longer, probably into our 70s, and so we have to think about redesigning our lives. But, thirdly, I’m also interested in social trends, particularly family structures, and how people are working together in families to really support the sort of lives they want. And the configuration of those three trends is leading to some really fascinating outcomes, both in terms of how people prepare for the future, and, indeed, what they are going to be really focusing on. Chris Weller: 2:54 So, when it comes to that preparation, I mean, are people prepared? Are organizations prepared? Lynda Gratton: 3:00 Well, in my view, there are two questions that everybody should ask of a company. One is, is this place going to help me stay healthy? And secondly, is this place going to help me learn? Because we believe, and we being my coauthor Andrew Scott, believe that we’re moving from a design of life, which is the three-stage life, full-time education, full-time work, full-time retirement, to something that’s much more flexible. We call it the multi-stage life. And really, to live that life and to be working into your 70s, you need to be healthy, right the way through your life, but you also need to be constantly learning. David Rock: 3:42 Yeah, I think, Linda, what you’re seeing correlates with what we’re seeing in organizations, which is this passionate desire to create a learning culture. And they’re often thinking about it through the lens of employees having a growth mindset, right? They want to have a growth mindset culture. They want everyone to be passionate about learning. And Microsoft’s CEO, Satya Nadella, talks about being learn-at-all rather than a know-it-all. companies are set up to scale, and do repeated things that then can be codified, more so than constantly changing. And so, it’s an interesting challenge. Lynda Gratton: 4:17 Well, I think, can I just push back on that for a moment, David? David Rock: 4:19 Yeah. Lynda Gratton: 4:19 I totally agree with you about that. But one thing that we know about the brain, and, of course, you know very well is, it’s very ignited by curiosity. And I think that that’s the way through, really, is how do you help people be curious about their world, and curious about how it’s going to change, and therefore, curious about what they do to prepare for that change? It might be that you’re using amazing technology to really help people to learn. It might be that you’re really coaching, as Microsoft is, so that you’re really coaching, you’re using your managers to coach people to learn. It could be that you’re setting up communities of interest, and communities of learning as Tata Consultancy Services is. I mean, I think it really depends on your own unique culture. But I would say that if you can help your employees be curious about themselves, about the future, that, for me, is a really good start. David Rock: 5:17 Yeah, no, curiosity is the first step to reflection and insight, and paying attention differently. And I agree with you, it really all starts with curiosity. Chris Weller: 5:27 Yeah, I would say that there’s probably a distinction to be made also in, I mean, you’re curious when you’re in the right frame of mind, you’re in a toward state, you want to embrace new things, as opposed to being in this fearful state where you are shying away, and you’re less curious, and more just fearful, and you don’t really care about what’s new. If anything, you care about it to a negative extent. Lynda Gratton: 5:46 Chris, I agree. And I think one of the challenges is…that, in terms of technological change, quite a high proportion of employees are very concerned about that. And so, their concern, as you rightly say, reduces their curiosity. So, how can we help people be curious about how they can act around technology. how does an organization create an environment where people are sufficiently relaxed, and sufficiently curious that they’re able to embrace some of the changes that we know will be taking place in terms of technology, but also in terms of longevity, living longer? We think that it’s really important that people experiment, become pioneers. And that’s really, for me, one of the essentials for the future. Learning to be a pioneer. David Rock: 6:38 We think of changes that companies are trying to make in three phases: Setting priorities; building the right habits; and developing the right systems. And the systems kind of define the culture, define the environment. But I think a lot of what companies overlook is the everyday habits that people follow. And by that I mean, how do you have a one-on-one conversation? How do you set goals? How do you interact at a weekly meeting? How do you follow up on projects with people? How do you run virtual meetings? The sort of stuff that’s mostly become unconscious and habitual. We think there’s a lot of positive improvement available through isolating specific habits that organizations are following, and then shifting them to more positive habits. When you follow up with someone on a project, don’t just say, ‘How did you go?’ Say, ‘How did you go, and what did you learn?'” And that tiny little addition, of just adding in the learning question to a general check-in, is a habit. And when you scale that to thousands of people, and they all start actually asking about learning, that’s where you start to see it. So I think it’s the systems and the environmental stuff is important, but we think the habits work maybe even more significant in terms of faster change. Lynda Gratton: 7:45 Yeah, I agree. And one of the really interesting ways of thinking about that is to use technology to do that. For example, virtual reality, where an individual is confronted with an issue like, how do you talk to somebody about their performance? And you have an opportunity to practice saying, “Tell me about what you’ve learned.” Because the interesting thing about habits is, they don’t just happen in one circumstance. Habits need to be developed across a range of situations. And so, the more that you can help people engage with those situations, and rehearse in those situations, the more likely you are to build habits. David Rock: 8:24 Yeah, I know. That’s true. There’s some really interesting technology that’s starting to come out that are facilitating that. And I think we’re in an era we’re gonna see huge change in how people think about learning and development, which is great, because learning’s incredibly inefficient. [CUT TO BREAK] 8:36 We’re going to take a quick break, but more with Lynda and David and the importance of feeling in control, in just a moment. Stay with us. Chris Weller: 9:09 One thing that’s coming up for me is, there’s this interesting line between using technology to help people learn and improve, and then also, David, to, I think more of what you’re saying, using these small conversational kind of tweaks, saying, “What did you learn?” And there’s an interesting, I think, dichotomy there, with the technology versus, just, the conversation. And I’m curious…what role does technology play in shaping this new learning and adapting? I’m sure it’s a balance of some sort, but is it 90/10, 50/50? David Rock: 9:45 … I think the challenge right now, from my perspective, and, Linda, you and I have a different view, but one of my perspectives on this is, I think we don’t have any good first principles, particularly when it comes to learning, and adult learning. We don’t have good first principles, like, what are we really solving for? And in the absence of first principles, you can just do anything, and we’ve been trying to look at this from a brain perspective, and say, “What are the necessary conditions for learning, the minimum viable product? And how do you do that at scale, and test it, and all that?” Lynda Gratton: 10:20 I think that your point about first principles, David, is absolutely right. And it’s so useful when we design something. I would add to that that another first principle could be that you have an opportunity to work through that habit, or that behavior, in multiple situations. David Rock: 10:41 Right. Lynda Gratton: 10:42 I think that’s another principle is that, the more that you generalize from this particular to broader sets of circumstances, the more likely you are to learn. So, but I totally agree with you, that having some agreements about first principles is enormously helpful. And the three that you’ve described sound absolutely great. David Rock: 11:04 They’re a hypothesis for us at the moment, and we’re doing many, in a sense, experiments using them. But the data we’re getting back is incredible. When you just kinda solve for this, and you say, “Hey, how can we get people to have insights with others, one at a time, over time? What are some creative ways of doing that?” And when you just sort of ask that question, you come up with these massively scalable ways of working Lynda Gratton: 11:27 You know, David, what I really like about what you’re talking about, and indeed what you do with the institute, is that you run experiments. And I speak as an academic, and academics, in general, set up hypotheses, and then run experiments and decide which of them is most likely. And I think in organizations, people don’t really do that very much. They run a pilot, but they don’t really want an experiment. And I think that if we really want to learn more about how adults learn, and how do you build a learning environment, you do need a null hypothesis as well, which says, “Here’s a group that we’re doing something else with. What then happens?” Because I think those are the really big insights, when you’re comparing different groups who are going through different situations. David Rock: 12:19 Yeah, it’s really important. Control groups- Lynda Gratton: 12:21 Yeah. David Rock: 12:22 … And seeing differences happening is super important. It’s hard to get organizations onboard with doing it sometimes, but when we can do it it’s so important, and helpful, insightful, and often surprising. Chris Weller: 12:32 So Linda, something you mentioned earlier. You asked two questions… Is it work that helps me learn, and does it help me stay healthy? So, you spoke a little bit about why those are important. Can you maybe help us understand what happens when those are missing, and what it means to get them back? Lynda Gratton: 12:49 Well, in quite a lot of places it is missing, so we know what that is. So, that work that doesn’t help me stay healthy tends to be work where the design of jobs is very stressful, or the actual physical design of the job is stressful. People aren’t sitting comfortably, they don’t have access to decent air quality, and so on. But it could also be the psychological design of work. And that’s why if you take a look at wellbeing, and the data on stress, stress levels are very high right around the world right now. And so, it’s not that most places are healthy. I think quite a lot of places aren’t healthy. And that seems to me to be a real focus right now.Actually one of the variables that seems to impact healthy workplaces is the level of autonomy that people have. So, actually, some Uber drivers, for example, anybody working the gig economy, sometimes people say that’s bad work, but actually, in general, because people have more autonomy and more freedom, it means they can manage their stress a little bit easier. So, it isn’t just as simple as saying, “Is it a manual job, or is it a cognitive job?” Actually, some manual jobs, if people have control over when and where they work, that’s a really good thing. And some cognitive jobs are very stressful, because people have very little autonomy. David Rock: 14:26 Yeah, the autonomy issue comes up a lot. In fact, there’s a couple of really interesting studies on that. One was they let people have a couple of choices about their office. They’re all getting cubes, and they’re all getting roughly the same cube, but they’re allowed to choose … I can’t remember exactly, but maybe it was the color, or a particular shape, or what they had in there, and you saw a huge increase in productivity. I don’t remember the exact number, but it was definitely a large increase in productivity against the control group. Just giving people a few choices. And there’s another study some decades ago, actually a similar kind of study, but done in a retirement home, and they actually gave people on one floor, I think, again, it was three, I’m not 100% sure, but I think there were three options, like what kind of plant, what kind of art, something else. And what they found, actually, was the death rate halved in that group, which was incredible when you think about it. So, there’s a lot of studies like this showing that that people feeling like they have control is an enormous stress factor. In fact, it’s the difference between what feels like controllable stress, and uncontrollable stress, is the sense that you have, maybe that sounds obvious, but more out-of-control stress than stress that you feel is manageable, may be a better way to describe it. But- Lynda Gratton: 15:36 And I think, David, just following on from that comment, suddenly the choices you make gives you autonomy. But I think the other major source of autonomy is autonomy over your time. David Rock: 15:49 … Yeah. Lynda Gratton: 15:50 So, do you have some flexibility of time? And, actually, in my own work with companies now, if they say, “What are the two or three things we should be focusing on,” one of them is certainly flexibility, so that people have a chance to build their relationships with their family and friends. They have a chance to do some training. They have a chance to be explorers, to be curious about the world. That for me, the autonomy of time, is really central. Chris Weller: 16:22 So, you mentioned a little bit, Linda, that you are seeing … the positive answers to your questions are missing in a lot of companies. Are you optimistic or pessimistic about the future of work? Maybe in certain regards, maybe it’s not so black and white. Lynda Gratton: 16:36 Chris, I’m not really optimistic or pessimistic. I think I’m sort of realistic, really. We’ve been studying the future of work. We started the consortium 10 years ago. And what I would say in general is that it’s pretty straightforward to predict the next five years, but very difficult to predict beyond five years. So, we personally don’t do that, but I know there are some who do, but that’s not what we do. But I think you know what’s coming down is, with regard to technology, just much more sophisticated work-based technologies are going to be developing very, very quickly. And that means that some of those are going to augment the way that we work. Some of them are going to replace them. So, there’s a big upskilling and reskilling agenda. And I think, secondly, we’re working longer. The average age of populations is much older than it was. That population is aging. And so, we also have to really confront our stereotypes about what it is to be 40, and 50, and 60, and 70, and 80. But I think there are things that companies can do. I mean, David’s made some really good suggestions, which is the habits of talking about learning as part of everyday life. I think there’s also role-modeling. So, senior executives, if they’re seen to be taking time out to learn new things, or to talk to people about what they’ve learned, that’s really impressive. And there are some wonderful technologies. So, for example, some of the companies we work with have got really good technology-based platforms which really push interesting learning to people, but also engage them in a learning community. Tata Consultancy Services, for example. 450,000 people are really connected to each other, learning from each other. And that’s really the joy of technology. AT&T are doing some wonderful work to really put time and effort into upskilling a work force that has to be totally upskilled, as indeed did Microsoft did a decade ago. So, there are businesses where the business model is totally transforming, and there has to be real focus on reskilling people, often to move into customer-orientated jobs. And that’s been the AT&T move. And, indeed, it was Microsoft moves. But take a look, for example, at Westpac in Australia, where cashiers are now doing different types of work, because quite a lot of the simple aspects of their job is now done by a machine. So, they’ve really got to migrate up to providing a much higher level of customer interaction, customer service. Again, they’ve built a really fabulous platform that helps people to do that, to interact with each other, to learn from each other. People post learnings, they post ideas. So, I mean what we’re seeing is, some companies become not just individual learners, but whole communities of learners. And that’s been absolutely fascinating, because it really is about behaviors. And when you understand what those behaviors are because you hear people talking about them, that can be incredibly powerful. Chris Weller: 19:50 Linda I love that and I think that’s a great place for us to wrap up. I wanted to thank you and david for joining me today. Lynda Gratton: 19:56 Thanks, Chris. I really appreciate — And it’s lovely to hear your voice, David. David Rock: 20:00 Yes, I know. Likewise. It’s great to finally connect. 20:03 [FADE OUT TO END CREDITS]

Galveston Flakes Semi Weekly Bulletin (Newspaper) - April 14, 1869, Galveston, Texas / flakes. Rcv bal we Kly bulletin web Jesada a april itis to Ier Are Loyal Mon and we Boli Evo Oneat non. Tho Yaro patriots Bat Lioy Uro men cab cot to human a nations and Ufir Mitiez. They Bavo got an absurd notion so it. Seems to is in. Their Heads quot and they have done Racli that Vry cannot App nov but we Are not t for using such language As Dopa the be pubic can. To Tell the Republican that no Thor Sido exhibits half to Dehi to for Cononi nation that it ought to. We Donot Boito to that they ust out to a Rule ruin the either of them would give in at onto if he could to convinced that he was in error. But it is just a As difficult to convince the Republican that it is Varro do As it is to convince them. We believe that both sides Are honest that both do Eire to do right and that both to a certain sex. Tent fail. To do much regret that to president did not do As a certain Echo nitric clergy Man did. To was appointed to Settle a Little quarrel Between two ministers who had appealed to him As the final arbitrator. To listened Day. After Day to the accusations and arguments of Tho two gentlemen. Seeing at was a Citso of misunderstanding and Tern. Por to gravely Proton need his sentence a that to two antagonists should Helmke bands and a Ever open their months about the dispute could president Grant have Dono As a Minoh Between Tho Brothers Hamilton As the a representatives of two factions to would have done Good for Tho Loyal men of Texas. My sew 1emjhk up offi ii we. To new tenure of office Law is not altogether free from Tho fault which Aro so Noto Sously possessed by to reconstruction Laws it is a piece of badly joined Patchwork. The several parts do not agree Well with ouch other. Section first provides that ovary Ofil car appointed confirmed and qualified according to Law shall be entitled to hold such of Lico during the term for which to shall have been appointed unless sooner removed by and with Tho advice and consent of Tho Senate by he appointment with to like advice and a Mont of a successor in his piece except As herein otherwise provided. Then comes the eco and Section giving Tho president Power daring recess to so Pend any officer except judges of Tho United Stales courts until the cad of Tho next session and designate 6 me suitable person to fill to Placo. Then within thirty Days from to commencement of to session he shall Mako a nomination to fill the vacancy and if the Senate during such ses Cion refuse to advise and consent to an appointment in Tho place of such suspended Pilicer then and not otherwise the president shall nominate another person As soon is practicable to said a Essieu of the Senate for Eaid office. The clumsiness of this Patchwork will to seen when to understand that it May Dot to certainly known that a person will be finally a it Joe ted Nutil the session to coded for to May have friends who will stave off a Voto Antil Tho session is ended. In this Caso it will to impossible for the president to no Mica to a now Man. It seems to As that the Law Means this if the senator it a a cts a presidential nominee before to end of the session another and another May to nominated but if at the end of the session the Placo Baa not been filled then Tho suspended officer resumes Bis place. This in our understanding of Tho matter though to confess that the a moaning is very obscure. It Tio it tub by Ruu Cit la it Best for a political party to be con in noted honestly this is a question on which Here ought it would seem at first sight to is but on opinion an t yet Soma of the party journals have their doubts about it honesty hot so journals would admit is certainly the Best policy tor individuals but for a political party ? that Depe Udu it you i Pojo Tho rogues they fear you injure Tho party. To do not believe buy Biog of Tho kind. We believe that a journal Wutoh gives Souid advice to a party serves it hotter and is a truer Friend to it tau Oue Wuich weakly Fol lows Tho dictates of corrupt blundering leaders Aud that a journal which Pui uts out the Ore Kut i Tho wicked Ais of u party Quadt a Doea Tho Paity a real service by Una Blitz a to Gist rid of him Aud destroying ilium it flue co which Ollir wife to Wourl Usa to Cornu i Tho party Rind bub ordinate it to his private a ambition. A political party has but n Short lease of life when it Bulmes to be led munged controlled by corrupt men Aud the True Frienda of a party Ura those who expose and reprove wrung wherever Tiey Fiad it. N. Y. Postie wish our Texas politicos would put this a to boil pipes and to Moke it for without a particle of doubt it has a Barrow Load of Good sense in it still a party journal a one that a ticks up for Ita party All Tho Timo. It May condemn any Mao any act that it does not believe to to lowest but it will soon find ont that to words of holy writ Uro True quot to that Beli Eveth not so Mil to damned. A doubt any act Man of your party mud Down you to to a depth of pen Litiola so Low that you eau never loud Tho Bottom. A floating Rorsi Wii u Imit in its Bead Fourni in Nuich new you Ilio o her Day. Prove to i get Ibe bouy of us Aue Truu Aelic. Always thirty Days belied time. Two three mails Buckho new came Tomt the austrian appeared it the Luttrul mud Jtb it in Ruby protested that it web not him and a up reared a great Deal of id ignation at that part of to Etory which mingled a pleasant piece of Denadai with his priv to history. To Austin Republican in speaking of the 12th of August conv minion say wort Gret that we. Did not Havo Tho pleas Aro of in i aug timer . Fluke Alt Salt. Quick Aud truly in to Couve Tiou. Hid they been present Aud noun to Mit Jority of Tho Couve Tiou Lubo Tud for peace and Apo Ukiu tor ourselves we would have bad no business save As a journalist for we be Long to to party and therefore could not have participated in up meeting. Tho new in Osipoff. Tho Post ister general a has appointed men Rel. A. T. Stewart we. Orton Andhor Aoa a select a new site for Tho new York Poa Toffle we Trust they will take it entirely out of the City Hall Park. . Mallet is to be Tho architects to entreat him to give us i Soin Eibing other than White. Marble and painted Iron in . T Post. If the plan adopted and Uncle Sam sgt willing to foot. The Bill one at our Elbow who has examined Tinq plans pied cts the finest building in new York. One of Tho Hothouse in the Vicinity of Portland. Me., raised ten thousand Rosen in anticipation of for easter sunday. The owner it amp that he would Havo them left on Bis hands but on saturday night they were All sold and Many orders were left unfilled from inability to Supply general Publio does not know that to shall soon have a regular florists establish ment Hothouse and All. Of Galveston Island and that it will to possible to Procuro Boquet and cat Flowers for Money instead of haying to beg them for love As we now do. A Covington Kentes Yuhas j St Beeh sur prised by the a vent of one b. F. Winans who arrived from Clermont county Ohio expressly to Tako Chargo of Tho Covington Post office. Wonder ceased when it was discovered that Winans had married a Niece of Gen. Grant world. This a not Tho worst of it. The office was filled by the father of president Grant an old citizen who was turned Mac to make Way for Tho new Comer. Such a thing As a military commission in England in time of peace indeed at any time would convulse the realm from Center to circumference. Nothing is More clearly understood there than that Tho regular forms of Law no As lord chief Justice Cockburn recently said a safeguards which Are of the is sense of . Jews. Causo Utby her most gracious and benign majesty has such an amiable habit of banging rebels on the Spur of the moment that Sho bail Nono left for military commissions to work upon. Tho Wnda Harbie Argus talks the following Good sound hard fit Tod sense then let Uhall forget that to Ever were we get i Merutk know nothings re pub Lic Tiu Copp it and let us look to the Guod of the country for to Day. Aud in doing this let us look not alone o a Bat is right but also to bul a practicable. If we find that we cannot do have done just the thing that to think the i rav text let us take Tho next bist thing that is practicable and await with Tho time when we can got Boot better Chooro Between evils Aud Al Wuyu Luke Toto least. In evil Isle Gortat As aug Tryby conf us iou uncertainty. We Winve Hud enough of these Lor Trio lat ten years. Let Asli Urt our Ruitz it in Auizius it some sort of Bett cd go frument something that will form a certain Rule. To bulletin is in error in regard to the 12 h of August convention. Instead of its by aug u nil of lug of the grand Sanhedrin of the Loyal league a it was the largest political convention a Ltd held in the state. Ninette twentieth is of the districts of the Batu were represented uni the a lilt men quot of the party sunt it re As Hep. Who elected the defecate ? when and where and Bow were they elected a Tho coat of Longstreet treason is made infamous by putting it into a col a torn a office in no Orleans where nearly everything else is and always bail been infamous. Such a confirmation despite the protests of men so different As Cameron Sumner Aud Brownlow is not we fancy the soul Tel a answer Yea nay As to tha status of former rebels but it is a demonstration of Grants strength in the . No but it is Tho Seal of the nation s Pardon. It does not ignore the crime of rebellion Bat it does a Eleaby from the penalty. Among the nominations it will be seen that j. Ii. Hume bos been sent to the Senate for United states Marbal for the weak a v i Trio of Texas. Tuis announcement will a Louis it i the Loul people of Western Texas our present my still a. P. Blocker is us Coo in Jii bed mud efficient officer As Well us u staunch mud faint us Itu publican who e the it my rum primp one it it a Edu Caiiou nor Brutus. He will be moved i Tibia Kix Luo Nttah tor if be Shou d be cite filmed. Pretini deut Grant Hus Evnin utly been lip Maud upon a Austin Jit pub lican. To must soy a word in defense of col. Lippard the Tatem it that be has neither character education nor brains is an error. A a never heard the slightest breath of allegation against him. which May to Cap Ureil in Waters a the High setts near this Inland having of Board persons arms w,.r Muti rials which can m any a Tiger contribute to Itie Lomy Utu Tiou of the in this province no matter Beuce Ita Point of departure port of procedure after us examination of the a hip a papers Bali be Cou dered hostile to the ter i Turkut Lute Rity Aud Rea Educ pirates us Crit in to Luo rules Mill of Limiti oct h of Tho Navy Laid do Oil in to it huh Carmeni the persons who May lie Oppre beaded in snob venue la Bill of the number f hid t. B shot Itu mediately. . , March 21, 1sr9. By the Tiomi . Domingo Dulce a shot a be w mud a few British sul j ots he Wilt Timi himself m an scrape. In Tho Meau so Sou blockade running is uni very we telex -uie.i. General Hamilton mud a Large number of to Texas Reposi Iolaus cd Titu that every tui Bas been Oblu ii o i that in really Vireil a t a a that they be permitted to reconstruct Yov Eru Lieut there fhe re Pouso of their Yipu Tif Iii in that the Housti Tuttos Down get it to tria a ii he it Dougli pers mix in tue site. Our i it Fea is that it a Reptik Joau form of govern meet Cut to be Heo ured Only by Nwe Piug of the people it must Tio a very curious and Coutrado toy . The trouble is that Pauli p dirty Consi lers his own the Only original Jacob l of Watn l Republican g Over smut Aud Ull others no Tore tau base imitations. ,1 tub a bbses pc had Inuss a flt the Cou Hittso Sixo the Bouse of Maeon 31st this1 was pas3�d but did not reach Tho Senate and therefore did hot become a Law. 7 . Whittemore. On leave introduced tha following Billy a Bill to remove political disabilities from get Tail persons a a to it enacted by the Senate and hone of. of the United states of America to Congress assembled two thirds of each 1 Hondo concurring therein that All Legal and political disabilities imposed by the fourteen Ali amendment of Tho Constitution of the unite state by reason of participation in the Lata a rebellion to and they hereby Are removed from the following persons namely a a a . A Atascosa county w m Duck 1 Blanco county e c Hines and j w her. Man Bexar county William j Locke Thomas a Stribbling f Simon a Mondragon a m. Chaves Balcom g Anderson Louis Zorn Joseph , t g Anderson a Dittmar John a a. Jocko , a Udoye. Charles Lis Tieb a Siemering a Sartor. George Noel jnli08hoyer,,-�?~chri6topher" Rhodius David w Bennett c c. Mckinney t n Mckinney Thornton a Washington Minin h Campbell and a Simering. Bosque Foamy s s Nichols l h Crutchfield Oie Cann Teon and f c Clay Bough. Bee county Noah c Webster. It Calhonn county James Ashworth and Lauie d Heaton. Cameron county f Cummings,5 Frank e Mao Manns Joseph Hopkins and William w Davis. Colorado county Don f Payne Alexander lookup Kiddey Walker and Edward Collier. Comal county emd von Stoin George Webber g p Harlos Hubert Lux Julius Reich Charles Foege David Elze John j Meyer Nichlaus Holz Gustav Bodemann h Guen. Ther Casimire Rudorf Julins Rennert Carl sense Silvester Simon Peter Haag Fritz Heidemeyer Albrecht Kuhne August Shulz Bernard Kyeun Carl Schaefer John Charles Esser curl Wall Jef Eernst Groen a gust Reeb Julins Mookler and doctor we. Remer. Cherokee county James m Wiggins. Dallas county James m Patterson John cup Ian Accel Dawdy Stephen c Atter Bury w a Bledsoe Gabriel Samuel Clemen crore Aud Frank Porter. Denton Counti Joseph minor John l. Love a by ., and James is. A Rod. Dot Witt county Thomas c Smith and Hugh b Boston. Falls county s w Ford Fannin county s Hunt s j Galbraith and a go St Bauh. Fayotta county Hamilton Ledbetter Nat Joiner John l Smith and William 21 Davidson. Fort Bend county we e Kendall., Counis Auti it Uutola Toj j league h m True heart a p Wiley and Edward t Austin. Uil Tespie county h Bierce Wall a o Cooley j w Wilson. Christim k d he Juo san Baui Julius Schuchard Henry Ocise c web Meyer Albert to Leberger curl Weirick we Lucken bulb and Leopold Schultz. Gonzales coup to it Ibert l Mai Teri William j mending c p Hopkins and Green Lickey. Gobi us county George w Jacobs o &1 Jonex n Simmons Eil Berry Lane and h u Lane. Guadalupe county Asa j l fro Well Leon Ard Tilsley willium Stein Henry Maney Juo f Gordon a j Fry and b a brow. Harris county c b Sabin and j j o Winch. Jackson county a b Sodd and j san Ford. Karnes county James d. Campbell Kendall county William e Jones William in brass h w Topperwein it Topper Wein Charles Cole August Staffel Otto Bank Caann Joseph Kew rough Theodore Weiden Feld Leopold Donaiz s c Nowlin e o Kreig re Adolf Rosenthal August Faatiu w hear my in and Marion Mariin. Kerr county Casper real and Fritz tec Ner. Lamar county Williamh Johnson Henry Moore and Fraucis Milur. Williamr pad. L the atone county w o Reeves. Lavaca county j b Wright. Live Oak county Mathew Kivelin Josiah Hinton s x . Mcle Naip county c b Way James f Davis. Ssmuel Evans George w Patton frauds Barlow. Mason county i Barg a Orf o to d mop b biters Fem. Fran i Ketouer u t Cuther by h Hoerster g Brauden. T.cole. Medina county be Ort of 11 Noiman John Suoi k. H j Guiou Itris. Joseph Kempf. Al eur Niue Volkier b Aii slut Tuff Tjoseph Wiff Aud Michael Wipff. Nieces county Procop Hoffman. T s Parker Juhu Kun Itrat Ivory dotted rein thu b Micheil j b slurp to Ltd tid go Nroa f a uns. Tau Patricio court Jhu Ryuju. Travis county 1 g Cilenus Georgo j Thielepape mud George c.ves. Uva Ute coup to j v cd Minot in. Upshur court a Charles a of. Z Victoria county j by a cuu Ninkham Sterns to e Bradford to a Hind Saidi. Aud c g Hll Wal Liaman Poauty p h Adams. Barion county Wili Imus Munios James g Hunt j Bant f g Frank b h Boone jus Mem Siers Ltd. 2. And be it further enacted. That All Pera Oua Lri a whom the a imposed by the fourteenth the Crux to Lutlo of the United at Tegt Baku been Blu l be removed Aud who Havo been shul be elected Upp Luied to any if file place of Truat in under the it Tim it it of the us try states of till f the Tutei. Of Terri tories Kim i brei to Uteri Ujj u in the Licis that a of Tafte Aud sub it in Ilia Tho Oati Pirc id Luttie act up Rev a july 11 in Lutis. Untitled a a a net picnic Rittu a on Tutu of office to be Luken by per it Oua whom left us it Mitil lilies Hall ii att been rom Luh Tead it the a a am prescribed in the net a Zippro Vii just a 2 i. 1862. Euculed quot ill act to inc Dorisd i Yalu of Uffia mud for older pit Rio est tuyt Biuso it buy o her act to tue contrary uoti Obsta Diug. Tfir Liuva log Gnu a a .1,t. The following is a liar a Bulowa As the gov not a lint which the Ufuti Ali unit men us lodged was called fur by Gen. A is and marked with. it a bin underscored names were omit Iod from the diva Billy Bill. If tia Usu lenient in True and it is made by Oue of the ajor get Promise i of the anti a amp a it then the on this list which d a not appear to the to it ill to tried by the House Are whoa o that were marked in red Ink. To prevent mistake we will aay that this list is not a list of ail that applied nor do we under stand that it comprises All recommended by governor Petao. But Only Encl a had naked Bis signatory at the it Date of its being made no any subsequent applications do quot not appear on it. To a a a re i c c Binckley $ b Morgan s Bostick by Bradley Geo w Hobson Jase Beny Jas it h Tuttle John w Hnatek Dray son county i Robt h Taylor 8 j Galbraith Lebard 8. Sanders Fannin county Samuel f Moreley Marion county j k p record Dallas county a p Mccormick Brazoria a county James h Bell Travis county Frank Lin Brigance John h Wilson g m mooring Orv Ltd b Caldwell Grimes county Thomas i h Stribling m g Anderson t g Anderson Bexar county f w harms Madison county w e Jones John w transom Kendall county g Campbell Travis county Thomas bean i Fannin county Eugene Wilson. Thomas t copes j w Yerby j s Rogers Samuel 8mastre g Moller Erwin Wilson Brazoria county Dan a m Coleman Rob t n read James 8 Corley Richard Douglas John h Barnett Jacob a11 Bright James Barnett Levy w Cooper Houston county James m Herod Joseph Miner. Denton county Jphn Lovejoy Wise county a m Bryant Gray-.60ncountyjua.burke, Harris county a-1� Darnall w h Andrews j b Rogers Jacob Routh a t Robertson Collin county w h Fleming n. W town Clement Dickson d h Bearder h w Gaines m w Cundle John h. Beaty bed county Lewis Alexander. Bowie county Wiley w Gideon Josiah n Peck. Bed.ver county Hamilton Ledbetter a g Ledbetter James p Ledbetter Robert Zapp n c Joiner. John l Smith Fayette Donn to j b Mcfarland j b copes Alford a b Mcgill a j Hawell t c Collins l h. Luckett Frank Brown Simon Loomis eds Ward Christian Travis county a b Pedigo Hays county m priest Cherokee county James Wrigley Jesse d Lane Liberty county e p Hunt Galveston county Robert Leonard Jefferson county j Douglass Brown Polk county a p Wiley Tipton Walker a j Ward t h Mcmahan Gulvesta county Joseph c Terri Tarrant county Henry Maney Guada Lupo county w a Daley. Harria county s 8 Nichols Bosque county Kidder Walker Colorado county we w Wallace san Augustino county Jobyna Johnson Titus county j d Mcadoo e in Tarver Washington county a Siemering Bexar county s w Ford Falls a county we non Brather Willianson coun. To o h Milligan Richard Riley Travis counts v it i Franks w j Phillips Wharton county James Muster son hums county James w. Smith i Ruvis county b f Bedford Tarrant county a w Gray red county Alex Audet Bon Brazos county a h Denton Wil con Donn to m a Wheeler a Shelby coup to e Iward our Meson Haya county. The foregoing list is recommended by the following names e m Pease governor ii Lindsay a j Hamilton. Q old it vell. Judges of the us. Preme court e b inner attorney j h. Raj us a�n8sor 3d District Brevet it Igor gone Rel j j Reynolds Brevet my Jor general e 8 cubby w paso hah d Johnson Oscar f trip a h m Truehart e b Seti to j a Settle a k lat John West Erl Atje c h l Onard s Jones Frank Dirk b , Pat Carville us Andrews. C f White a a fort hot urd n b Yard j l a big in a co inti h h d it obey Harris county get c Reeves Travis count John say Lea Wash Guiou count b g Duval Smith county j b Searcy Grimes county Jos Boon Montgomery county f w Smith the Byrnes Harris coup to Chun l Durbin d let Atchison Gimme county h b b Iston Dew to county John Riordon Harris county. John e George Montgomery county a me Donald ruins county c a Russell Karnes county. A the foregoing list reon amended by Tho a following persons o b tia Trio g w Paschal j j Reynolds Brevet general besides. The endorsements on the original petitions. Judge Paschal recommended the following names c b Sabin Harris county by Epperson red count Geo w Baylor a m Lee Andrew Neill Galveston county gains w e Wooten red county Isam Terry w h Christian Tailua county w j Johnson Lamar county. Bookek Tai of Bill b. We have a copy of the Wax Bachia Argus dated april 6tb, giving the very Welcome news of the killing on the 5 b,.of Ben the outlaw and Thompson his first Leuten iut in crime and outrage. We condense the Story by omitting the rhetoric Bick St if find from Sou bad been residing fur Mouth a months near Alvarado find it was tier custom to i it that place late it the evening and Lulu ing Tbs night to its tute a Carmit of robbery Aud other Crit a. Biuk a Sulf bad assume i Tho Uay a of t ion of Bac it appear that u Fow i Xvi duals Kurt his real Suid. Tue Grimm a b o no Iuta b it a Draud their outrageous Auis Grovv to by unbearable. Cons q Iet itly. Of the even Iii mentioned tha citizen to it it of Bev Illume pared themselves for the purpose of ridding their Community of these to reagent pets they had Ever known. The Toneu Rode up bore rack and dismounted Aud so snot us they had alighted a Shower of death Den aug Lemilen balls was directed at Ihetu. Tuom Sou was killed in. A tacitly hoc b overs Tate was struck in three pm ice Nowith stailing his wounds. One of which either burst the bail of his right Eye so confused it As to Render it entirely might less he tir a two Well aimed shot at his adversaries one Ball a Mug through the do Hes of Oue of Bis auiiiiiut8ts. Aud one Bot Rurik tug h Gnu in the bunds of a other. He then fired several Tilkus it , shoeing while i Vii in tha clutches it death Bede Pertle and Nizio ii q Pratile spirit Shiuli Tiad a tended Hui a i Ulouis it through his c Treer of crime. Tieu i wits pro Sirato upon the ground Aud hoi a it to it is Init a Ergi a red a Iii tui he exclaimed quot you Havu killed As Nave n Man us Ali Urvis in toe s a util us was disposed it ill be iv.-, but lie lulled to Gat buy iut rested utter unti auditors. Thus Pasi Eil Fotu Euribe a Man who bad doubt let a sleep a Ami i in crime As heinous Anil fat Ulas it re kilo Vul in that to to duals of ibis country mud the ius uti yes of Iii Are. A quot that is. Only second in number to those of Bis f Iru Ier chief Aud Uia�i. spirit Culleu m Thompson bad been a citizen of Alvarado Havivi i Eil there., we believe As h respected oili2�u tor Alibi Ltd two years. Us was reduced into the vicious c Greer upon Whiteb he had entered by built a Huff. A Mau who was then already wed of it to Highway of crime. We learn i hat so be menu of Cut zeus of Alvarado have by a Milf it being Koh petted that they were of Tucker stuff mud Thompson. We Tori our to Mei Tiou games As tue parties have been highly respected and As there is not yet proof positive of their Goa Section with tha = while we should have greatly preferred that both Bickerstaff and Baker had died. By the hands of the Law it is Well that Texas is relieved of her chief outlaws and. To Havo a a Hope that peace will reign throng hone her Border. Tho question has been mooted As to whether Tho five justices Oft peace shall to voted a for be the whole people of the county Listeal of Oleo Ting each each Justice in Liis resp Dativo beat precinct As heretofore ? it is oar impression that the election of the a Sioea Willit be by general voting a were the county commissioners elected. Under the. Presen Constitution. Are we right not who witf1 explain a Bastrop a a. If elected at All it will be by general Voto of the county but to Hopa that a Chango to mischievous will not be made Bat the Section will to submitted separately and Defeated. Roix Ino Theiu six Eeves commit be of we a and Means to Day passed a Ross lotion that they will personally examine_.int9, All custom houses. Rave no a offices etc., Mit everything pertaining to the Revenue Law la order to enable them to Frame a Tariff Bill by the next session of Congress. They a ill probably extend their visits from Boston to san Francisco commencing in new York dispatch apr 2. We Hope they will Homo to Galveston. A a amp it. Get stack hard and fast Jor ten Daya on Qia bar. A a /. On yesterday afternoon oar town was considerably awakened by the filing in of a Large guard of mounted and armed citizens having in charge a prisoner named Cathey. A few months ago the tax collector and assessor of Johnson county in company with Cathey whiles travelling on Tho Publio Road in bin county were attacked and robbed the assessor of his funds Cathey of a thousand dollars professed to be by a party of men unknown Bat supp Osai to have been Bickerstaff and company. The two men were separated and taken in diff rent directions. This with some subsequent developments All of which evidence was brought to this place by the guard in sealed envelopes led to the suspicion Cathey was an accessory to this crime and a i partisan of Bicke Raulfs. After the a death of the latter Cathey was arrested by the citizens and sent to this Point for Safe keeping1. To lives about five Miles from Alvarado and his. Hitherto we understand been above no Ousa Tion. He is a Good looking Man a but forty years old. He is now in the military if co sex. April 9. Glorious weather this Jeewek on crops and vegetation. An abundance of rain cheered is on monday last which was timely since , warm aun Rhine Days have greeted adv. April to. Is if. . I. Holst.ein183 Market Street Galveston Texas Gnu urn and Abib St t Ealer in Gorr aaa and eng St school and other Bonks. S a e land of mar sutly Onorr n i Lana at. Bams Gold i Oua to. Fan33jmltjcawr w anted. V two a Puent ices to a baby the bin Ting by Alness boy from tha a Monteg pro oried. Apply at this of Leo a Xci Icett tce1ioe. V. Ion a is. I. Of i Geis a a a Access tos b Law amp co wh0ie8a13 a Etlah dbl Jib in ice a a Houtos and Luxl Obston Texas. Orders from City and country Eoll coteil.,. _ mi3m.�wloidental cards. A a. Ii. E. I aum10s, a. a elitist. Established is18s�o. I Oslas Aal read onto no. I to u. Postol hcs Street a cab pm Al a. The of of Pircea agreed non w the Deas tests of Luu City months not shrine Brea re Pec Tail i new Avue that pub c that l a a a by ion a by of b mud by Thorn Auto Bali hereafter jew All dental operations a cheap a i buy dentist. In tue to it in. K. Bomon Soh. I not to hid freq int Oil Sloas to exit Las the plate Waric Ait Al Jui Teeth. Well As the flu of Sau i Uther a Dull Ouer Atlas anus try do l. K. It 7 Oft -5 by j Inna Iii tor i i y jars int a my i Totua Plok Iao Iaea in i Constser him nimbly quit Flat in Bolli depot Mouth of Juenst Ioury a Jas. S. Kasapi. By d an w. O. Deut to Molleca. Of Veston. Ans. I8i>3. So prom amp swig ,. Fled Cai cards. Dit3, Dow la amp Pineter office 20rn Street no. 2�. Up Sra Obj. Private patients boarded. Gaast i us do a Ell to. D., physician and far Geum i a me a St Aud ave be i. Isms w pm big u. I per alien Anil to Idonea 4ld Ualat Huith at. Ap9 Sujat at Karu a. Ukoh at i llk.gt�?. Avegael Bateau 31st and 33-1 its. A medic it Al Tel be a a div a Naff culty Evory Day both fou the Hon 8 of i jul Iris f11i5is i j at oui it for Mutlu in a Aud la stint Meta. u -v7-�zi.l u if a i ls5>-Xiniiwly Doan of , amp a. W. Joc Willsch amp co58 Fluiro a tract Coson tiered a building near . A a beak using to Ituen Anli to Lestic sex c h an g Ewill rive Spada attention to a not.i-t3.il at ult Points in this state Aas i Kir Eio a a g�l-1 Tud Suva i Oais it a old on order. Has heat p i Vej pm i of to Ruigui coins Cudtud states , Etcie. Y a a Unta Foi those a Len a cd a hib and Are Glass ply out a of Kig bold la Mann amp co., ii i cd Zutl of Iii. ù4>vcatou. Nov. S. Ies8 Damp ate 4 loss do to p . No Tho celebrate Cor i i flu inet Slid. Valvo at. Air a. Of Iolj iai->ii1i1i> i �?1.m of Pon Uhle a a glues also ii cur Mui t an Ltd Anc a i Jlia us amp tri Ana Sanc viju8, Aumi is Sbal Lili. Pal Yii Oji the Ami so Anglo Mill n Vaiar saw la Olizi if a. Our for of circa Lua Aud la i Ici lift. Two in amp Mann steam Eno col fill dam amp Injia fit tick hew a Tok

Commitment to Quality and Mission: An Imperative for our Schools’ Survival and Growth It is still my great privilege to welcome you to the 2019 General Assembly of the PAASCU. Even in the run-up to this happy day, the registrations were coming in faster and in greater numbers than in previous years. Today some 500 of you have assembled here. Your record-breaking number is not just because we are in a new venue. Nor just because you wanted to meet your old friends in PAASCU. You are here, I surmise, also because you have noticed fresh energy and renaissance activity in PAASCU: the accreditors list has been updated and competent accreditors have been re-invited to serve in PAASCU anew; nine training sessions have outputted 285 new accreditors now among our total of 997 accreditors; two trainings have re-tooled 64 staff chairpersons; new guidelines have been approved for the Commissions; a new instrument has been approved for Senior High School, revisions have been approved for the instruments of Basic Medical Education, Tourism Hotel and Restaurant Management, the Education Programs, and the Supplement Instrument to Liberal Arts, Business and Education Programs; there is ongoing work on the revision of the instruments of Basic Education, Secondary Education, Elementary Education, Information Technology, Engineering, and Graduate Education, as well as work on a new instrument for Institutional Accreditation; a new protocol on the evaluation and approval of survey team’s reports has been approved; we now have 352 member schools, 297 of which are spread throughout the country and 5 of which are in other countries; we accredited 446 programs in 185 institutions. Thank you for being part of this! Considering the theme of our General Assembly, I hope you are also here because of your own personal commitment to quality and mission. You are here, I hope, because you too believe that the commitment to quality and mission is an imperative for our schools’ survival and growth. It is also imperative for Philippine education as a whole. Private Education in Crisis We know: Private education in the Philippines is in crisis. Public policy is hurting our private schools; in time, it can destroy them. Higher salaries in government – doubling if not trebling – what most of our schools can pay – draw our teachers and administrators to public schools. Teachers, carefully trained and nurtured in our schools are sucked into the public system as soon as they earn their license to teach. Older teachers facing imperatives to provide adequately for their children reluctantly choose higher income over the school community that they love and cherish. Meanwhile, free education not only in basic education as provided by the Constitution but also in tertiary education as provided by the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act (RA 10933) draws students away from our schools. Programs painstakingly built up by private universities are now closed because the nearby State Universities are offering the same programs for free. ADVERTISEMENT REPORT THIS AD In other organizations, we are attempting to respond to this crisis. CEAP is championing an aggressive salary standardization proposal entitled the “Teachers’ Salary Act of 2019” supported by COCOPEA. Teachers, whether they labor in public or private schools, teach the same Filipino learners and students. When these become productive citizens sensitive to humanity and have mastered competencies that make them contributors to society, they serve the same one Filipino nation, and benefit the same one Filipino economy. So why shouldn’t they all be compensated equally and benefit equally from educational funds that taxpayers – including teachers in our schools – contribute to? The proposed salary standardization law says that where government pushes public-school salaries above the market rate using taxpayers’ money by legislation, legislation should use taxpayers’ money to provide equivalent salaries in the private sector. If public and private schools serve the same poor students and the same economy that provides public funds, why shouldn’t legislation ensure that all the teachers be paid equally? Hopefully as educators of the one Philippine system of education, you can all support this proposed legislation. Hopefully, you can also publicly insist that the in the implementation of the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act (RA 10933) those who choose to be educated in the private school system with good reason, e.g., because the quality of education in a specific private school is markedly better than in an available or proximate public school or, e.g., simply because in a private school they can be instructed and formed in the religion of their conscience, be supported in their educational dreams as much as students who opt to go to public schools and are fortunate enough to be accepted. Reaching deep into the educator’s soul However, even as you support laudable efforts to improve the systemic complementarity between public and private schools as the Constitution envisions especially in areas of public spending and support, we come together today to renew our commitment to education in the Philippines ultimately because of what may be referred to as our interiorly-perceived mission to education. That is something which is more substantial than the benefits our schools may receive from this or that public program, and far more compelling than the salary which I receive or the benefits I enjoy in teaching; it is more compelling than the passing assignment my religious superior has given me, or the prestige I enjoy in fulfilling my administrative functions. Our commitment to the educational mission reaches deep into the educator’s soul where the desire to serve another person’s learning originates. I have referred to this educator’s soul in past addresses. Deep within I am called to be a teacher; deep within, I am me in my desire to help another person learn by sharing of my own learning, by teaching, counseling, coaching, inspiring and leading. Deep within, I am missioned in freedom to call forth the freedom of another person in learning, to awaken him or her to accept the challenges of being humanely human in consciousness, wisdom and life. I am missioned not only to instruct in knowledge, but to form in freedom, so as to build persons who are professionally competent, but also morally mature and so personally and socially transformative. We have come together today to renew ourselves in this commitment to mission. It is a mission which many of us trace back to our Creator, missioning us to teach especially ultimate truths to all nations, to spread the Gospel of the fullness of human life that Jesus Christ comes to bring. But whether Christian or Muslim, theist or atheist, Filipino or Chinese, it is a mission which all of us trace back to the core of our educator’s soul which motivates us to establish our private schools, to work on instructing and continually improving our instruction until deep within we are satisfied our learners and students have learned as we want them to learn; it motivates us to keep our schools alive and make them thrive institutionally even when the government that should help us harms us, and when the educational environment that should support us hurts us. We return to the vocation to educate that in our national history moved us to establish schools and universities in the Philippines long, long before the public school system was established and long, long before taxpayers’ money was used to educate, initially with modesty and frugality, today with less modesty and often hazardously. Renewed Commitment to Mission and Quality With this commitment to mission, we renew ourselves in our commitment to quality. Many educators in the Philippines and in the world still debate the meaning of quality. In PAASCU, our understanding of quality is explicit in our mission statement: “to promote our member institutions’ implementation of their vision, mission and goals, achievement of minimum standards and evidenced excellence based on learning outcomes, and responsiveness to stakeholders. ”This too is an exigency of our educator’s soul. If we build schools, they must do what they are intended to do, serve the populations they are intended to serve, provide the mission framework within which instruction, research and service are to be undertaken and succeed. They must meet minimum academic standards set by government, but beyond minimum standards they must promote and achieve standards of excellence in a manner that distinguishes the school through academic freedom, innovativeness and creativity. Finally they must address the concerns and needs of stakeholders who are to benefit from a wide array of quality schools. Against the adverse conditions to private education in the Philippine landscape today, private schools must dedicate themselves to educational quality with all the more energy and generosity called forth from within by the educator’s soul, if not from within by God’s will. Administrators must continue to find ways to survive or thrive in the Philippines; teachers must discover satisfaction in mission and joy in sacrifice. Ultimately, it is clear: education is a service. It is a service bigger than ourselves. Service implies sacrifice. With the commitment to quality is the commitment to quality assurance. If I say my school is world-class, I must be able to assure myself and others that what I say is true. If I say my school will be the school of choice for science and technology in the region, I must be able to assure myself and others that my statements about the quality of my school are true. The most exacting form of quality assurance is accreditation. In our Vision statement, we declare: “PAASCU will be the leading, independent, professional association in the Philippines and beyond that fosters quality education through voluntary accreditation. It will be the leading advocate for quality assurance in ASEAN.” This means that for quality assurance as we practice it and as we promote it we will be guided by the ASEAN Quality Assurance Framework. This framework, which must accompany and guide all of us, uses four quadrants based on four “principle statements”. The principle statements describe generally, in detail, and through examples the External Quality Assurance Agency (EQAA), the External Quality Assurance Standards and Procedures (EQA-SP), Internal Quality Assurance (IQA) and the National Qualifications Framework (NQnF). Looking at these four quadrants, PAASCU, which is an EQAA, and all of us must appreciate that the soul of quality assurance, its driving force, and key motivator, is Quadrant 3, IQA, where, it is clearly stated, “A fundamental principle of quality assurance in higher education is that quality assurance primarily rests with the higher education institutions themselves.” Ultimately it rests in the educator’s soul and the educator’s autonomous driving commitment to quality education. In this driving commitment to quality education, however, we come together today not only as independent schools and HEIs interested in or demanding from an external quality assurance association (EQAA) the cold external check on performance, the seal of good housekeeping that conduits benefits from government for our schools, or even mercy from an organization too often mistakenly regarded as a regulator. PAASCU is an EQAA, but not so external as to be disassociated from you. It is you who is, from your educator’s soul, call forth PAASCU freely, voluntarily, of your own free will, in your own academic freedom, to partner with you in your need for quality assurance; you keep it alive. PAASCU is nothing without you. For this reason, you take responsibility for it. That is why you work so hard for it. That is why you sacrifice so much for it. You own it as yours. That is why as it experiences today’s great renewal you come together today to affirm it. And in your commitment to mission and quality. to wish it well. It is a dark age for private education. And for many of our schools. But together we are convinced: only in credibly demonstrating that our schools are quality schools can we overcome this darkness. Only in getting in touch again with our educator’s soul that desires to educate towards wisdom and form towards a just and humane society can we find the light to dispel the darkness. We will be light in darkness: our schools of quality will distinguish themselves in the educational landscape, transcend minimum standards in academic excellence, and serve the stakeholders they serve well. They themselves will drive for this assured quality; something government cannot force on them; something even PAASCU cannot force on them. In their drive for quality, however, PAASCU will assure them and others that according to standards and procedures that are internationally respectable they are achieving what they intend to achieve. It is in this shared light that they will find the inspiration and courage to oppose and overcome inimical government policy, and continue to provide society with educated people who know the difference between true and false, right and wrong, private benefit and the common good and have the professional expertise to make a difference. Their satisfaction will not come from the size of their government benefits; it will come from their fidelity to their educator’s soul. And from the quality of their graduates. Quality Seriously Neglected To find our way in the darkness, we must shine in our quality. But we are not alone. We belong to a country where the State is mandated “to protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels” (Art XIV. Sec 1) and make it accessible to all. The State is mandated to “establish, maintain and support a complete, adequate and integrated system of education relevant to the needs of the people and society” (Art XIV. Sec 2). The State should be the main guarantor of quality education in the Philippines. But today, within this one integrated system of education we must complain that the State is failing to fulfill this solemn mandate. The citizens have a right to this quality education on all levels. But the quality ecosystem is dysfunctional. Where the State fails to address this, or we fail to improve it, it wastes precious educational resources and jeopardizes the futures of many Filipino students and the future of Philippine society. Let me give four examples that warrant our complaint. First, the K-12 reform. The reform was not just to respond to the demand of educators in other countries that we have 12 years of basic education and not just 10. We heeded the demand. We decided it would be good to decongest our basic education program in order to allow our learners time to master disciplines in basic education like reading, writing, mathematics, the natural and social sciences, including Philippine history. But when we expanded ten into twelve years and even preceded this with Kindergarten, what had been decongested was then re-congested with subjects from the colleges dropped into senior high school. Then what was originally a two-track system, one pre-work, the other pre-college, became a one-track system, compelling those who had no intention nor capability of doing serious college work to take pre-college subjects and compromising the skills instruction among pre-work students so that by graduation they were not ready for serious engagement in the work mainstream. Many of us have suspected that much has gone awry with the K-12 reform. Many of us have complained about the legislated requirement of the spiral system, and know-how hassled students and teachers are in senior high school. Yet even as teachers in government are demanding yet another round of salary increases that will further harm our private schools, nobody seems to care about the quality of the learning outcomes produced in senior high school. For the one Philippine system of education sensitive to the right of all students to quality education on all levels, who is checking the quality of the SHS learning outcomes objectively? In meetings with legislators and most recently in the huge CEAP national convention we have complained that the oversight committee for the implementation of the Enhanced Basic Education Act (RA 10533) has not been convened. Some four months ago the Senator Win Gatchalian declared he would convene this; to date, this has not happened. Meanwhile, the legislators are thinking of paying the teachers more, but this would be increased compensation for teachers with no warrant in increased assured production or increased assured quality. Even as private school teachers are compensated only with what their schools can translate into salaries from the levels of tuition their students can afford! From the viewpoint of the colleges, who are paying attention to the effect of the CHED determination that college enrollees who have not passed STEM can enroll in courses like engineering, chemistry, physics, and mathematics? Who cares about the ramification of such policies on the quality of teaching in college? Second, the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act (RA 10933). Whereas it is avowed that good money must not be wasted on poor quality education, SUCs and LCUs are free for college students at taxpayers’ expense without the benefit of objective quality assurance processes. In speaking with the late President Ric Rotoras of the PASUC I was made to understand that because the release of operating funds for SUCs depends on accreditation, and accreditation is done by accreditors from the public schools, accreditation is awarded in mutual solidarity and support. Under the AQAF, this would mean that the EQAA is not truly external and the standards and procedures for accreditation are flawed. But if this is the case, how many good quality private schools are deprived of enrolment and good students deprived of better quality education because of the lack of attention to quality in public schools? Third, CHED Memorandum Order 46 s. 2012 or “The Policy Standard to Enhance Quality Assurance (QA) in the Philippine Higher Education through an Outcomes-Based and Typology-Based QA” is still very contentious. Rather than unite the HEIs in a shared culture of quality assurance, CMO 46 s. 2012 is divisive. In its definition of quality, it includes standards of excellence and fitness for purpose. But it says nothing about minimum standards and responsiveness to stakeholders. Not appreciating minimum standards vs standards of excellence confuses the regulatory role of CHED with its developmental role. A school must achieve mandatory minimum standards, but targets standards of excellence in academic freedom. The former must be enforced, the latter invited. Then, while the meaning of outcomes-based education is clear – education that focuses on learning outcomes – outcomes-based quality assurance is at least confusing, for assurance of outcomes must be based on inputs. Finally, typology-based QA focused the school either on trying to determine its horizontal type (university, college or professional institute) or on achieving the benefits of its vertical type (as autonomous, regulated or deregulated). In the former, records show that only 98 out of 2,176 HEIs in the Philippine applied for horizontal classification under CMO 46 s. 2012. In all this contentiousness, confusion and effort nevertheless to implement an outcomes-based and typology-based CMO 46 s. 2012, what appears to have been neglected was the culture of quality assurance itself and how non-accredited schools can work their way through an appropriated culture of quality assurance to accreditation. Part of the scandal of education in the Philippines is the relatively low number of accredited schools. Yet, how are schools to reach the stringent levels of accreditation if they have not first been introduced to and exercised in more basic quality assurance practices? Embracing quality assurance is not something public policy can force; it is the demand of the educator’s soul. Fourth, different accrediting association like PAASCU and PACUCOA and ACSCU-AAI for different educational levels such as basic and higher education, and different associations of accrediting agencies, like the Federation of Accrediting Associations of the Philippines (FAAP) for private schools, the Accrediting Agency for Chartered Colleges and Universities in the Philippines (AACCUP) for SUCS, and the Association of Local Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation (ALCUCOA) for LCUs, have different standards and procedures of accreditation, especially when determining levels of accreditation. The situation of siloed accreditation processes for different HEI groups and the lack of harmonization between them throws in doubt the validity of the accreditation process itself and the veracity of the quality assured. It makes it impossible to compare the assured quality of private, state and local colleges and universities, even though we are claiming comparability with the qualifications of other ASEAN nations through the ASEAN Qualifications Referencing Framework (AQRF). This is a sorry situation that must be faced not only by the government but by the educational community of the Philippines. It is an exigency of the educator’s soul. As long as it is not faced: in fully funding only SUCs and LCUs for free tuition, there is no reliable quality assurance mechanism available to ascertain that the funds would have been better spent in private schools. In making education accessible to all through the complementarity of public and private education, there is no way to decide how taxpayers’ money is best invested based on quality. Missionaries of Quality This address has gone long enough to tax your educator’s soul. But in the light of these four situations allow me to end with four simple suggestions: First, we must recommit ourselves to quality, no matter how much this is neglected by the government. We must teach and teach well, and run schools of quality, even if they deviate from regulatory norms and practices which ignore quality. Second, in collaboration with CHED, we must revise CMO 46 s. 2012 into a policy that promotes and nourishes the culture of quality assurance prior to horizontal and vertical typology. Third, we must harmonize standards of accreditation between different associations of accreditation agencies based on the ASEAN Quality Assurance Framework through dialogue with the different accreditation agencies and with CHED. This year, PAASCU chairs the FAAP; we will work on this. Fourth, let us be inspired anew by the PAASCU vision: “PAASCU will be the leading, independent, professional association in the Philippines and beyond that fosters quality education through voluntary accreditation. It will be a leading advocate for quality assurance in the ASEAN.” We have already brought the light of accreditation to nations beyond the Philippines. But considering the darkness in our educational landscape, we must promote accreditation, and more urgently, the culture of quality assurance, and even more fundamentally, the respect for quality against the darkness here. Considering more than 2000 schools under the care of the COCOPEA, FAAP states that only 727 or roughly one-third are accredited. PAASCU has accredited 415 (57%) of these, or roughly 20% of private schools.[1] But for the ecology of quality assurance that we need in Philippine education, this is far too low. We need to respond to this by going beyond our accredited schools to bring the challenge of quality assurance to other schools, beginning with the schools closest to us that do not yet practice quality assurance. From our PAASCU vision, we are called to be missionaries of quality and quality assurance in our own country. All this as a consequence of our ongoing commitment to quality and mission! All this as an imperative of our educator’s soul! [1] According to FAAP, out of 727 accredited schools today. ACSC-AAI has accredited 92 (13%), PAASCU 415 (57%), and PACUCOA 220 (30%). However, the real number of schools with accreditation is only 665, since 62 of these have some programs accredited by PAASCU and others accredited by PACUCOA and so are counted twice. 665 of 2000 schools is roughly one third, as stated above.

Read Chapter 691 – 695 of The Millionaire Son in Law Novel by Lord Leaf free online. Chapter 691 Just when Warnia, Zhovia and Tianqi were sighing about Wu Qi’s affairs, Charlie’s old father-in-law Jacob wore a suit and happily came out from home and took a taxi to Classic Mansion. Because he was going to have a little wine in the evening, Jacob left the BMW car at home and gave the car key to Charlie so that Charlie could drive to Classic Mansion to pick him up. Jacob has no other hobbies during the recent period. He just likes to study antiques, cultural relics and calligraphy and painting, so he joined the Calligraphy and Painting Association. This dinner is also to be able to get a seat as a standing director of the association. In order to show his respect for the leaders of the association, he deliberately took the 20,000 that Charlie transferred to him, and set a bronze box in Classic Mansion. Although this is the worst box in Classic Mansion, it is much stronger than most other restaurants. When Jacob arrived at Classic Mansion, Orvel was on his way. The waiter didn’t know Jacob, so he directly led Jacob to the bronze box he had reserved. Seeing that the others hadn’t arrived yet, Jacob was not impatient, and simply sat in his seat and patiently waited for everyone to arrive. A few minutes later, the door of the box was pushed open, and a middle-aged man of his age stepped in. After seeing Jacob, the middle-aged man walked forward, smiled and said, “Brother Willson, you came really early, when did you arrive?” Jacob hurriedly said: “Brother Xuwen, I have been here for a while. Today, the chairman and the executive directors are honored to participate in this dinner of my group. I am really honored and excited, so I rushed over in advance and awaited your ride. .” The middle-aged man who came here was named Xuwen, a standing director of the Calligraphy and Painting Association. He and Jacob had a pretty good relationship in peacetime. Both of them liked to throw up some antique calligraphy and painting, so they often found things together in the antique street, and they had a lot of friendship. When he heard that Jacob wanted to compete for the position of executive director, he was the first to stand up and support Jacob. Moreover, Jacob hosted a banquet for the leaders of the association today. The reason why they agreed to come over is largely because of Xuwen’s face. Seeing that Jacob was so polite, Xuwen laughed and said, “Brother Willson, you have a heart!” Jacob hurriedly made a please gesture and said, “Brother Xuwen, please sit down!” Xuwen was not in a hurry to sit down. Seeing that the others hadn’t come, he reminded him in a low voice: “Brother Willson, you come to sit in this standing director’s seat. I naturally have no objection, but other people in the association, not necessarily have the same opinion as mine!” When Jacob heard this, he was a little worried, and asked quickly, “Brother Xuwen, you can tell me the details.” Xuwen sighed and said: “The position of executive director is often missed, and it is more authoritative when he speaks it out, so it has always been a fat man. Our executive director goes out to participate in an antique program. Give an appearance fee of tens of thousands, so many people are watching this position.” Speaking of this, Xuwen said again: “Let’s take Sun Youcai as an example. During the recent period, I heard that he has been coping with the chairman and other executive directors, and he has given them gifts in private. According to the current situation, he will be your biggest competitor!” Chapter 692 “Sun Youcai?” Jacob couldn’t help but frowned, and said: “That’s it, a man who burns a little money and doesn’t know his surname?” Xuwen nodded and said, “So, it is not enough for me to support you alone. When others come, you must try to win the support of several other executive directors and even the president, so that you can be In the internal voting, you defeate Sun Youcai and become the new executive director, do you understand?” Jacob nodded hurriedly and said sincerely: “Brother Xuwen, what you said really made me inspire, thank you so much!” Xuwen smiled slightly and said, “What are you being polite to me!” As he said, he glanced at the time and said, “The president and others are coming soon. Let’s wait at the door of the box. It seems more sincere.” Jacob nodded repeatedly, and did not dare to sit in his seat again. Together with Xuwen, he walked to the door of the box and stood still, waiting for the appearance of the leaders and directors of the Calligraphy and Painting Association. After a while, other members of the Calligraphy and Painting Association arrived one after another. A spirited Old Master came to the door of the box, surrounded by the people around him, as if stars arched over the moon. When Xuwen saw the Old Master, he immediately stepped forward and smiled and said, “President!” Jacob also hurriedly followed and said respectfully: “Chairman Pei, you are here!” President Pei nodded slightly, and pretended to complain: “Jacob, look at you, how did you make such a big scene? Didn’t you say it, we pay attention to everything in a simple party, you are looking for a restaurant at random, and order an ordinary location of the lobby is just right, why do you need to book a box in Classic Mansion with extravagance?” Although he said so, he even blamed Jacob for being too grand, but it was only polite on the surface, but he didn’t think like that in his heart. If Jacob really put the place where the guests had dinner in the lobby of another hotel, he would definitely turn around and leave, and would never have any contact with him in the future. Jacob hurriedly said: “Everyone who came today is a leader. With the leader here, how dare I be negligent!” As he said, he laughed and said, “Since everyone is here, let’s get seated quickly.” Chairman Pei also nodded and said, “OK, everyone, sit down!” At this moment, a middle-aged man who was following President Pei suddenly snorted and said: “Jacob, you are in Classic Mansion for a dinner, and you only book a bronze box with the worst grade. It is too disrespectful for the president and Other executive directors, right?” Jacob saw the other party, his face suddenly became difficult to look, and said, “Sun Youcai, I invited everyone to dinner, but I didn’t invite you. What are you doing with you licking your face? Besides, what private room I have ordered has nothing to do with you. It is not your turn to make irresponsible remarks here?” The person in front of him is his biggest competitor, Sun Youcai, competing for the position of executive director. Sun Youcai said contemptuously: “You can’t say that. What is the status of President Pei, and what status are these executive directors?” As he said, Sun Youcai snorted and said, “What is the purpose of your inviting everyone to eat today? Everyone knows well, isn’t it just for the position of the executive director? However, you think you have ordered the most second bronze box. Can you let the president and the others support you? This is too insincere. This is obviously to fool everyone as if they have never seen the world before!” After speaking, he looked at everyone and said with a smile on his face: “The mere bronze box is really not worthy of your identity! In order to show respect to the president and the executive directors, I specially booked a golden box upstairs. Why don’t we just move to my place!” Chapter 693 Hearing that Sun Youcai actually booked a golden box upstairs, everyone present was shocked! You know, in the entire Aurous Hill, Classic Mansion is one of the top hotels. Even some savvy figures in the upper class of Aurous Hill, who trust their relationships and spend a lot of money, can hardly be able to book a golden box. Among the people present, even President Pei, who has the highest status, had no chance to enter the golden box for dinner, and they had never even seen how luxurious it was. Now, Sun Youcai is going to entertain all the people present in the golden box, so that they have the opportunity to go in and see. This is really surprising and exciting! In comparison, Jacob’s small bronze box is completely rubbish that can’t make it to the table. At the thought of this, everyone felt a little disappointed in Jacob. When they look at Sun Youcai, they have an indescribable appreciation. President Pei was a little moved, but after all, he agreed to come to Jacob’s dinner first, so it was not easy to make a decision directly, so he deliberately asked everyone for their opinions and said: “You have such a kind invitation, what do you mean?” Someone couldn’t help saying: “President, I haven’t been to the Golden Box, just take this opportunity to learn more!” “Yes, President! It’s also good to go in and take a few photos and post to a circle of friends!” President Pei saw that everyone seemed to want to go to the Golden Box, so he smiled and said, “Since everyone thinks so, let’s go and see?” “Yes, let’s go!” Everyone agreed. Sun Youcai was overjoyed and said with a big smile: “Everyone, please come upstairs.” Jacob on the side was depressed and broke! Today, he was obviously the one who invited them to dinner, who would know that this would have killed a Sun Youcai halfway through! This guy made a golden box, ran over and said a few words, and cut off the meal he had carefully prepared! It cost 20,000 to order this meal. The key is that the money spent, not only did not play any role, but because of the appearance of Sun Youcai, he was looked down upon by everyone… This made Jacob extremely annoyed, this time he really picked up a rock and hit his own foot. When everyone was about to move upstairs, Sun Youcai looked at Jacob with a smug look, and said sarcastically, “Jacob, you old rag, you must have never seen how luxurious the golden box is, or you should come here too. Sit down?” Upon hearing this, Jacob felt even more embarrassed and unbearable! He blurted out angrily and retorted: “Sun Youcai, who do you say is the old pauper? Do you think I am someone who has never seen the world? I tell you, I have seen all the ten floors of the Brilliant Club, a golden box in Classic Mansion. That’s it, how can you say it from your broken mouth, it’s like better than the Jade Emperor’s High Heaven Palace!” Sun Youcai laughed and said, “Oh, I said Jacob, you really laughed at me. You have been to the brilliant club because of your poor virtue? You have also been to the tenth floor that can only be enjoyed by VIP members? Would you not Are you going to clean the house?” Hearing Sun Youcai’s ridicule, everyone couldn’t help laughing. Everyone has the same opinion as Sun Youcai. The bronze box of Classic Mansion can be ordered by ordinary people through gritted teeth, but the brilliant club is only for members. If you want to become a member, you have very high requirements. If your qualifications, abilities, and financial resources are not up to standard, you will have no chance to get in and spend money. Chapter 694 Therefore, among the people present today, not even one has been to the fifth floor of the brilliant club. Even Sun Youcai himself had just made a member of the lowest level of the brilliant club. When Jacob said that he had been on the tenth floor, everyone naturally didn’t believe it. Jacob didn’t expect to tell the truth, but these people felt that he was bragging, so they said with a bit of annoyance, “My son-in-law arranged for me and some old classmates to go up. You don’t believe me and I fell down!” Sun Youcai laughed loudly: “I know that your son-in-law, Aurous Hill’s first live-in son-in-law isn’t he? I heard that he is a stinky silkworm who eats soft rice. He is not as good as you. Why does he take you to the brilliant club?” Jacob snorted coldly, “Believe it or not.” Sun Youcai smiled and said: “If you really have this ability, why don’t you invite the president to have fun in the brilliant club? Why do you have to book a low-grade bronze box in Classic Mansion?” After speaking, he suddenly realized: “Oh, I understand, you have not put the president and other executive directors in your eyes! Do you think that their status is worthy of sitting in bronze? The poor box? Don’t deserve to go to the brilliant club at all?” When Sun Youcai spoke, Jacob, who was immediately blocked, couldn’t argue. This Sun Youcai is too bad and very clever. For a while, he seems to be wearing a high hat, but for a while, you can’t get off the stage. Therefore, no matter how angry Jacob was at this moment, he could not find any reason to refute Sun Youcai. So, he could only say angrily: “I didn’t mean that…” Seeing that his combat power is so weak, Sun Youcai couldn’t help wave his hand, and said, “Forget it, I don’t bother to talk nonsense with you. With your patience, you also deserve to be a standing director? I really want you to be. Wouldn’t it be laughable and generous in the future?” After speaking, he turned to look at President Pei and the others, immediately put on a warm smile, and said: “President, let’s go.” Sun Youcai set a golden box for everyone, which won the favor of many people present, and even a few standing directors who were originally in a neutral attitude gave him a kind smile. Jacob stomped his feet with anger when he saw such a scene, but he was helpless. Xuwen next to him grabbed him and whispered in his ear: “Brother Willson, you don’t have to be discouraged. The current situation is just a dispute of spirit!” As he said, he leaned in and said in a low voice, “In my opinion, you can’t get angry. Instead, you have to go to the golden box, perform well in front of the president and the others, and make the final fight. If you give up now I am afraid that the position of the executive director will really fall into the hands of Sun Youcai.” Jacob suddenly woke up from his dream! Yes indeed! Even though he lost to Sun Youcai in the stage of the treat, it does not mean that the other party will be the final winner. If I really let go today in a rage, that would be the real loss of all previous achievements and all losses! So he thanked Xuwen and said, “Brother Xuwen, thank you for your reminder. I’m going to see what Sun Youcai can do!” After that, he said to Sun Youcai: “Since you are so sincere, then I will go to the golden box with you to get insights.” Sun Youcai snorted disdainfully, and said: “Just say you are an old wire, and you still don’t admit it! If you really missed this opportunity to meet me, I think you will go back tonight and wake up several times in the middle of the night. !” Chapter 695 Jacob was so ridiculed by Sun Youcai, his face was naturally very uncontrollable. However, he kept in mind Xuwen’s reminder that the top priority is to fight for the position of standing director, not to get angry with Sun Youcai. So, he resisted his anger, didn’t speak, and went with everyone, following Sun Youcai, all the way to a golden box upstairs. As soon as they entered the door, everyone was surprised and admired again and again by the luxurious decoration in the golden box. A standing director spoke at this moment and said with a sigh: “Today we are all thanks to the talents, so that we can see the luxury of the golden box of Classic Mansion!” Someone echoed: “Yes! Not long ago, a friend of mine who was worth tens of millions wanted to book this box. He went a lot of ways, but he couldn’t make a decision. He could only regretfully choose the next best one. Silver box.” Upon hearing this, everyone was even more curious, and some people couldn’t help but ask Sun Youcai: “Sun Youcai, how did you book the golden box? Did someone help or?” Sun Youcai said with a proud face: “If I want to book a golden box. Where do I need help from others? To put it bluntly, this is what I do!” After speaking, he explained to everyone: “To tell you the truth, I am a frequent visitor to Classic Mansion, I often eat here, and I am also a friend of Orvel, so the box below the diamond level, if I want, Classic The house will be open for me at any time!” After listening, everyone present was amazed! President Pei said incredulously: “You are talented, are you friends with our underground emperor Mr. Orvel in Aurous Hill?” “Of course!” Sun Youcai said triumphantly: “If I don’t know him well, how can I have such a big face, so I can book the golden box easily?” Although Sun Youcai said so, in fact, he knew Orvel, but Orvel didn’t know him. The reason why he was able to book this golden box was not because of Orvel’s relationship at all, but because he spent a huge price far exceeding the original price of the golden box before he transferred it from others. At this time, taking Orvel out to talk about the matter was just thinking that the fox would be pretending to be more prestigious in front of everyone. However, no one would doubt the truth or falsehood of this statement. After all, they were in golden boxes all seated in, so everyone thought that Sun Youcai was telling the truth, and it was a compliment to Sun Youcai now. At this moment, Sun Youcai was praised by everyone, and was even more proud. He looked at Jacob and sarcastically said: “Jacob, you didn’t see the chairman and all the directors seated? Why are you so low on the price of eyesight, why don’t you quickly Bring tea and pour water?” Jacob looked ugly and blurted out, “Sun Youcai, what do you mean?” Sun Youcai said contemptuously: “What can I mean? You don’t look at it. Among these people, which status is not higher than you? You are an old rag. If you don’t serve us tea, do you want us to serve you?” Jacob’s face was even more ugly, and he said angrily; “You said that my status is not as good as that of the chairman and other executive directors. I admit this, but what kind of status you have, don’t you know it? Everyone is ordinary in the association. Members, what are you pretending to be with me here? You want me to serve you tea and water, dream about you!” Xuwen next to him also said displeasedly: “Sun Youcai, is it a bit too much for you to speak like this?” Sun Youcai laughed and said, “What’s wrong with me? Who made Jacob’s old rag too rubbish? If he can book a golden box, I can also serve him in turn. The problem is that he doesn’t have this ability!” After speaking, he looked at Jacob coldly and said, “Do you think I asked you to come to the Golden Box to let you eat and drink? To tell you the truth, for someone like you, let you serve tea. Pouring water is already giving you a lot of face, don’t shame your face!”

? You know who else I feel bad for? You guys. Because you still have to watch this sh*t. I bailed a few episodes back. Posted by: Jessica | September 15, 2007 at 11:00 AM I just can't watch this show anymore. I didn't watch this episode and I won't continue watching this show anymore. I'm really disappointed. Don't you feel punked? Because the writers/Guza/Frons sure pulled a fast one on a lot of us. :( I'll continue reading your recaps because in the midst of this crappy show your recaps have made me laugh. And sorry for the rest of you who thought you were going to get entertainment. Posted by: Tatiana | September 15, 2007 at 11:26 AM That was an absolutely hilarious rendition of this stupid episode!!! Posted by: Lisa | September 15, 2007 at 12:32 PM Am I the only person who thinks that if a mother dies giving birth to a girl that that girl should be named for her??? Anna, Rebecca, wtf? Her name should be Stacey! That's the least they could do for Stacey for, you know, giving her freaking life to her daughter. Posted by: kitzie | September 15, 2007 at 12:33 PM OMG! I haven't watched this episode yet and I don't know if I will. But I gotta tell you guys I laughed so hard my dog got pissed and left the room b/c I was interupting her nap. Posted by: KellsBells | September 15, 2007 at 12:48 PM This is the best way to find out what happens on this "show" because I refuse to watch the ruination of Scrubs. They won't get any ratings jumps from me. They don't deserve it. They sold the show with a completely different idea, a reward for us fans that support Robin and Patrick TOGETHER. Punk'd is right. My reward to Guza and co. starts with my middle finger! Posted by: kiltlover | September 15, 2007 at 01:15 PM I don't watch NS, but I love these recaps anyway. Maybe the show is supposed to teach us not to ask for hospital-related drama on General HOSPITAL? Frons is training us, and I think in this case, it might be working. "You'll take your mob drama and you'll love it or else." Posted by: Becky | September 15, 2007 at 02:24 PM << Side note: Is there a reason that on both NS and GH, every effort is made to make Bradford Anderson as physically unappealing as possible? He can be a cute kid, >> I hear ya. In the very beginning, sans hats, I think Spinelli actually had somewhat normal, clean, ungreasy, hanging-straight hair. At least early this summer, he got to wear his funky hats and some pretty cute clothes. Mid-late summer things have gone downhill. I think Spin can still be off-beat and still get cleaned up. Bradford's an absolute cutie. Let it show through!! Posted by: Robin | September 15, 2007 at 02:50 PM I stuck with the show for 9 episodes, and then I was out. I gave it the old college try, but after epi 9, I just couldn't do it anymore--my stomach isn't strong enough. I thank you two for making the sacrifice b/c reading your weekly recaps has been the only redeeming aspect of having this nightmare of a show still on the airwaves. It boggles the mind how they could have messed up so badly. They had all the ingredients for a halfway decent show--they didn't even need to go all the way to great show, just good would have been acceptable. But they managed to deliver truly god awful. All of it is bad, but I am personally offended by what they have done to the characters of Robin and Patrick, both individually and as a couple. Ugh. Posted by: luvnrobn | September 15, 2007 at 03:34 PM I think if I were to google the phrase "Who could have seen this coming?" eyeroll Your reviews of NightShit would appear as #1!! Seriously, can this show get worse or more offensive? When Diane was attacked by loony loon Pip, I a straight rational nonviolent woman was hoping for a wrestling match where Diane pummels the mean joyless creepy posessive unprofessional nurse! Talk about sinking to new lows. NightShit has ruined me. Who could have seen that coming????? JK eyeroll :-) Posted by: Sarah | September 15, 2007 at 04:20 PM "Night Shift is the soap opera equivalent of Nickelback." Becca, I am now officially your bitch for life. As a Canadian, I would like to take this opportunity to apologize on behalf of my country for inflicting the sucktitude that is Nickelback on the rest of the planet. Something bizarre happened to my computer this week and I lost all my "favourites", including the "invision" site where I was able to download the clips for NS. I was going to ask the very nice people who comment here is they could post the link but after reading this recap, I'm not sure I want to witness the humiliating destruction of Robin and Patrick first hand. I agree with Jessica - I feel bad for you and Mallory for having to watch this crapfest, especially since your recaps are the only thing worthwhile to come out of the cesspool that is NS. Posted by: Beltane | September 15, 2007 at 05:42 PM Amen to that! I wish your posts could get sent to the writers. It's about time someone told them that their writing sucks. By the way, could they get sued for the GA's scene ripoff? Posted by: Karmina | September 15, 2007 at 07:31 PM Becca, Your column is like good medicine - it makes me feel better. Alas, I didn't make it thru this episode - I started to watch because I love Robin and Patrick and I actually like hospital dramas as opposed to mob stories. However, this mess of a show has no redemption. The characters are not even likeable let alone loveable and there is no one to root for. I know I will not watch another episode but will look forward to your inciteful analysis of this mess. It is such a shame because I believe that Kimberly McCullough and Jason Thompson are great and given any semblance of good writing and story could have headlined a great show but unfortunately for us (and them) NightShift is not such a show. Posted by: Dorothy | September 15, 2007 at 07:57 PM Reading this blog after every episode is frankly the only thing I enjoy about NS! Too too funny! FYI - sign the "guza and his writers suck" petition :) Posted by: M | September 15, 2007 at 09:59 PM I don't even know what to say about this episode. I had been waiting for your review because this episode was TERRIBLE and I was wondering how you could make this train wreck humorous. You did great but I am sure it was painful for you because I couldn't stomache even half of the show. It went from cheesy, porno music to over the top acting that made me think that the actors never had an acting class in their life. I am still wondering WHY Billy Dee decided that this was a good show to be on. Posted by: Lori | September 15, 2007 at 10:14 PM See, they put the word out, before NS started, that this would be Scrubs-heavy, so all the Scrubs fans would tune in. Then they started off with a pretty good episode one, complete with an opening Scrubs shower scene. Then, they switched to the GH Re-Education Center training series tapes. Specifically, the Anti-Scrubs series. We now see Patrick as a skeevy jerk and Robin as another woman struck down by the baby rabies. And Jason? Why he's our hero. It's like Frons has reached through our TV and put training collars on us. Posted by: JL | September 16, 2007 at 04:35 AM Thanks so much for the recaps. They are truly more entertaining than this crapfest of a show. Of course, a root canal is more entertaining than an episode of NS. This show is ridiculous! It is sooo bad! Over the top acting, horrible acting *cough*slutty student nurse*cough*, bad writing, insane editing, ridiculous character destructions, and most importantly...it's boring. So boring. And something horribly offensive always happens in the last two minutes. Scrubs fans really can't get a break with this show. What a piece of crap. That end scene on the gurney was so awkward. Seriously, it makes me laugh. The bad Harlequin romance novel dialogue, with the dead delivery, leading into that embarassing move to the gurney. Yeah, that was hot...not. Oh please, I can totally see who's getting screwed here...fans of Patrick and Robin, that's who. How DARE they ask for more of a popular couple with no ties to the mob. How dare they want something different? We'll show them! Yep, SN, Frons, Guza, Phelps, and ABC...you played us. We get it. You win. Game over. The biggest screwover of a fanbase in soap history. It was ridiculous and unnecessary and just cruel. NS could have been a great show had they stuck with the original premise: focusing on the Scrubs LOVE STORY. But we never got any love at all. We never got anything we were promised. Kimberly McCullough and Jason Thompson are fantastic together and if TIIC are too stupid to realize it and give them a good story, than that's on them. But I don't blame Jason and Kimberly for the show, I blame TIIC. I won't buy what you are trying to sell me; I'll just turn my tv off. I have some power too. LOL...okay, enough bitterness. This was hilarious: Poor Jason Thompson. I hope his hotness comforts him during this difficult time. Thanks for sitting thru this dreck. Posted by: Arianna | September 16, 2007 at 03:16 PM Unfortunately, as much as this show sucks, there are some fans out there. Has anyone seen the recaps posted on the Official Night Shift website? Last weeks recap started off with: "This show just gets better and better." If this show is what passes for good, I must be in bizarre-o world! I also thought that we were supposed to see the stories that they didn't have time for on the real GH. I beg to differ! --Robin and Patrick fight constantly and break up, on Night Shift and GH --Robin is obsessed with having a baby and Patrick is completely opposed to the idea, on Night Shift and GH --Robin and Jason reconnect and share some special moments, on Night Shift and GH --Spinelli obsesses over a girl and misses what is right under his nose, on Night Shift and GH Am I the only one whe sees this? Posted by: Mary | September 16, 2007 at 04:22 PM i post this crapfest on youtube (for the canadians and others who want to watch but can't), but i don't even watch it myself. i'd much rather come here and read your recaps. :-) Posted by: nicole | September 16, 2007 at 06:34 PM I think they must have tricked the actors by showing them the pilot and getting them to sign on for the rest of the 12 episodes without any sort of warning, "preview", whatever you want to call it. Sometimes I wonder how Jason Thompson and Kimberly McCullough sift through the exact same dialogue every episode on GH AND NS. Well, it has to be easy to memorize, but how freaking bored are they? I haven't watched since Maxie's last appearance, and I hope she doesn't come back honestly because then I'd have to watch again. And, well, no. I enjoy not watching, my life is better for it. Posted by: Jess | September 17, 2007 at 02:17 AM spot on! Did you guys read any of the recaps from Jason Thompson's Boston event? Apparently even he thinks the show is shit...Poor guy, it must be tough knowing your character is a complete douchebag and even your hottness can't save him... *sigh* Posted by: Heather | September 17, 2007 at 11:39 AM Patrick is an asshole, and there is no hope of redemption for him, so there's no point in even discussing Dr. Satan. Robin, though I could understand the connection to the baby because of her past and her own medical status, and though I was with her until epi. 10, now has me wondering if she shouldn't ask Sonny to let her borrow Carly's room at Roselawn for a few weeks. Preferably till this shit's all over with, so my Kimberly does not have to embarass her two-time Emmy-winning self w/another epi. of this crap-yes, she makes me feel for and love Robin, but it's mainly w/me sitting there in tears going, "Oh, sweetie, get some help"-and I blame Patrick and Ye Olde Wooden Face for that, simply b/c they are both evil and should die, but I digress- but even she can't make Robin seem sane and in character, because, with this shitty writing, NO ONE COULD. And then for them to put out the word, through Jason Thompson's PA, that WE the fans changed the premise of the show, and WE the fans WANTED more Patrick and Ye Olde Wooden Face-and THAT'S why the ratings kept going up. Um, NO, DUMBASSES, we the fans kept watching and supporting the show because we 1-wanted to see Kimberly McCullough actually get some material that wasn't all about being Patrick's assistant/cheerleader in the OR, and 2-we wanted to support the actors and we thought, "Hey, they promised us it's a Scrubs show! They wouldn't lie to us like that, right?! It'll get better! It'll end up with Scrubs back together! This is just a TEST!" Well, apparently, NOT.SO.FUCKING.MUCH. See, the thing is, it's not just that they're introducing a third party. I get that it's the formula for soaps-not particularly original, true, but soaps have been on the air for many, many moons (though not many more if they keep hiring crack monkeys to write the shows, but, again I digress), and so they're bound to repeat themselves-but, generally, the sought-after party in the triangle is conflicted about his feelings for the interloper, he hesitates about hurting the party in the triangle he truly loves, there is misunderstanding and manipulation and all of that. It's not usually someone going, "Hey! Look! There's some strange tail w/a pretty face! Let me go jump on that! Besides, my girlfriend keeps talking about babies or puppies or some shit and I'm bored-how dare she have an interest outside of me!" Also, generally, when they are bringing in a third party to mess w/an extremely popular couple, the actress/actor playing said interloper can usually, you know, ACT. Seeing as how they are putting her smack dab in the middle of a storyline w/a TWO-TIME EMMY WINNER!! So, however bad Ye Olde Wooden Face might have been to begin with, she looks a hundred times WORSE b/c Kimberly is so GOOD! And the fact that Scrubs has insane chemistry-while Dr. Satan and his little pink whore have none-is just making it look that much more awkward and forced! Do these assholes not even WATCH the freakin' show?! Could they actually have thought the last scene of epi. 10 was, you know, GOOD?! And I am sad to say it, but GH Patrick is reminding me of NS Patrick more and more these days. Seriously, could he have shown LESS emotion while Robin cried her eyes out during the break-up, and subsequent next day scenes at the hospital?! And he let the whore insult her in her own home and he said NOTHING?! Yeah, Robin charged in there and showed out, but I was cheering her on-hasn't she taken enough of his crap?! I just....all I can do is go back to my question from epi. 6, I think it was-did Jason Thompson run over Guza's puppy? Did he suggest that Maurice Benard is not the most awesome actor ever to have graced stage or screen? Did he make fun of the fact that Guza dresses like Jason Morgan? I mean, he must have done something to make GH just TOTALLY ASSASSINATE HIS CHARACTER, in order to prop the great pink suck! B/c they ARE TRYING to make me hate Patrick, right? They couldn't just wreck a character like this without ACTUALLY TRYING, could they?! Anyway, I look forward to the end of this shit pile of a show, and to Robin getting the HIV+ pregnancy s/l on OG GH-and beyond that, I don't really give a shit anymore. But that's just me. Posted by: Marianne Jackson | September 17, 2007 at 12:14 PM I want to have a drink with Marianne Jackson, she speaks my mind on all things Guza. Posted by: Amy | September 17, 2007 at 05:41 PM ACtually what I think Jason T did to Guza was become best friends with Greg. Seriously is there an actor shitted on more by Guza than Hottie Greg at this exact moment? Not in my book. Ingo comes close...but for most consistently over the past year? Greg wins. Jason befriended Greg. That's what happened. I admit to being paranoid. I'm a Spencer fan. Its part of the territory. Take it for what you will. Yup I too have noticed the bleeding of NS Patrick over to GH Patrick...and NS Jason to GH Jason. And yes seriously people are insane....and what do TSMFRMS look at? The insane posters. Again..I debate the wisdom of TVs and computers in the mental wards if this is the result. Yes they need entertainment but this is not what the rest of us had in mind. Actually I'm convinced this show and the daytime one is the result of Helena's beyond wonderful brainwashing drugs that she has released into the water of Port Charles to entice Jason to become her boytoy....ala Andres. Hey we haven't seen her in awhile and for my beloved Hells..a quiet Hells is a revenge plotting, out to destroy Port CHarles Hells. hey it makes more sense than anything Guza has ever said in his lying through his teeth life. Posted by: Beth R. | September 17, 2007 at 10:35 PM Greg and Jason as friends would totally make sense. Not only have they both been thrown under a train to help Steve look like the hero, but they've also managed to make the other part of their couply couple look out of character when the girls start insisting that he is the Messiah. I expected more from NS though I expect NOTHING from GH, not after breaking up the top three couples for no reason at all! Posted by: bubbly1285 | September 18, 2007 at 12:32 PM

By Bill Gelman From South Philly to Hollywood James Darren A famous face from Lower Moyamensing, Darren showed he was destined for fame back in 1959 when he played Moondoggie in the hit movie “Gidget.” But it was just the start of bigger things to come as he appeared on the big screen 18 more times, including sequels “Gidget Goes Hawaiian” and “Gidget Goes to Rome.” He played Pappadimos in “The Guns of Navarone,” which also included the likes of Gregory Peck and Anthony Quinn. The film received a Best Picture Oscar nomination. The actor born James Ercolani also put together an impressive small screen resume, playing Officer Jim Corrigan in the 1980s drama “T.J Hooker” that also included William Shatner and Heather Locklear. Darren also made several guest appearances on the popular soap “Melrose Place” and “Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.” He was a pretty talented singer, too, as “Goodbye Cruel World” reached №1 and earned him a Grammy nomination. “Angel Face and “Her Royal Majesty” were a couple other of his popular songs. Sherman Hemsley “Well we’re movin on up, to the east side. To a deluxe apartment in the sky.” Those are the opening words to the theme song to the hit sitcom “The Jeffersons,” and it’s the role of George Jefferson that made Hemsley a household name in the television sitcom world. His famous character debuted on “All in the Family” in 1973, and spent two seasons as Archie Bunker’s neighbor. It paved the way for “The Jeffersons,” which broke television ground for its portrayal of an affluent African-American family. The South of South native earned Emmy and Golden Globe nominations for his performance. He became a television icon, playing the character for more than 10 seasons (including “All in the Family”). He also enjoyed success playing Deacon Ernest Frye on “Amen” and the voice of B.P. Richfield on “Dinosaurs.” Irvin Kershner We’re just weeks away from “Star Wars: The Last Jedi.” But a long, long time ago, Kershner joined the force as the director of “Star Wars: Episode V — The Empire Strikes Back.” He was the man behind the camera for “Never Say Never” again, as well. Kershner made his directorial debut in 1958’s “Stakeout on Dope Street,” for which he wrote the screenplay. He worked with such Hollywood luminaries as Sean Connery, Faye Dunaway, Richard Harris, Tommy Lee Jones, John Lithgow, George C. Scott, Barbra Streisand and Joanne Woodward over the course of his career. In addition to his films, the South Philadelphia High product directed episodes for seven television series and two made-for-TV movies. Jack Klugman In terms of South Philly television stars, Klugman was one of the biggest and most successful. Besides playing prominent roles such as sportswriter Oscar Madison in “The Odd Couple,” he also handled the role of medical examiner Quincy, M.E. on the show of the same name. The former ran from 1970 to ’75 while the latter ran from ’76 to ’83. He also appeared on a 2002 episode of NBC’s “Crossing Jordan.” Klugman earned his share of accolades over the course of his career in the form of 10 Emmy nominations and three wins, two of which came for his performance on “The Odd Couple.” He also claimed a Golden Globe for the same role. The other Emmy honor came in ’64 for his role as Joe Larch in “The Defender.” Jaeden Lieberher This former Passyunk Square native has literally made it big, with the “it” being one of the stars of the 2017 film adaptation of Stephen King’s classic horror novel “It.” Lierberher played Bill Denbrough, whose brother Georgie is claimed by Pennywise the Dancing Clown. The movie was a hit at the box office, grossing more than $680 million worldwide. The teenager also appeared opposite Bill Murray and Noami Watts in the 2014 film “St. Vincent” and played the role of Johnny Masters on the Showtime drama “Masters of Sex.” Add an appearance in a Super Bowl commercial, and this young actor stands out as one on the rise. His next projects, “The True Adventures of Wolfboy” with Chloë Sevigny and John Turturro, and “Low Tide,” are both slated to be released next year. Rob McElhenney Word out of Hollywood is that “It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia” will be opening its writers’ room early next year to get ready for a 13th season of the hit FXX sitcom. The Pennsport native continues to be the man with many hats — serving as creator, writer, director, producer and actor. He has played Mac on all 153 episodes of the show, which also stars Charlie Day, Glenn Howerton, Kaitlin Olsen and Danny DeVito. McElhenney’s road to the small screen included moving to New York City at age 18 where he found work in commercials and small roles in TV shows and movies, such as “The Devil’s Own” and “Wonder Boys.” In terms of the future, he is scheduled to write and direct “Minecraft: The Movie,” which is slated to be released in 2019. Joe Medeiros One could say Medeiros has a way with words, serving as head writer for more than 2,000 episodes of “The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.” He executive produced more than 300 episodes, as well. The former Bella Vista resident started out in advertising, and sold jokes for a few bucks on the side. Medeiros had sent some material to Leno, who was in the area performing in Valley Forge for a show. It ended up being his ticket to L.A. as Leno offered him a job, as did Bob Hope. He also served as executive producer of “The Missing Piece: The Truth About the Man Who Stole the Mona Lisa,” which won multiple awards at various film festivals. Michelle Nadar What do the shows “2 Broke Girls,” “The King of Queens,” “Spin City” and “Dharma and Greg” have in common? Nadar, who once called Passyunk Square home, served as a producer and writer on all of them. She is in the pre-production stage of her latest project, serving as a writer and executive producer of the TV movie “I Mom So Hard.” The former resident of 10th and Reed streets and St. Maria Goretti grad started her career writing for TV magazine shows like “Entertainment Weekly,” but upon visiting TV sets for the job, she found her true calling. Her promising career in the television sitcom world started when she and writing partner Amy Cohen sold a script to “Caroline in the City,” and it just grew from there. Dawn Noel Noel, who used to call 15th and Porter streets home, is making her mark as an up-and-coming name in the film industry. The actress, writer and producer won the Audience and Best Actress Awards for “22 Years” at the 2016 Los Angeles Movie Awards. The 16-minute short film, in which Noel, who attended the High School for Creative and Performing Arts, serves as producer and star, is based around the experience of a young woman named Avi who receives an unexpected call from her past — her estranged father. Noel has enjoyed success as a professional dancer, too, appearing in “The Lion King” on Broadway. She also has toured with pop superstars Madonna and Jennifer Lopez as a featured dancer. Noel has several films currently in the works, with the short “Trust Love” and the drams “To the New Girl” in post production. Gene Perret When talking about the biggest writers to come out of South Philly, look no further than this gentleman, as he has three Emmy Awards to his name for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy-Variety or Music Series for his role with “The Carol Burnett Show.” But the Point Breeze native also caught the attention of legendary entertainer Bob Hope, who relied on Perret to be his head writer. His career also included working on several other popular television sitcoms including “Welcome Back, Kotter” that featured a very young John Travolta as Vinnie Barbarino and “Three’s Company.” Peter Mark Richman Richman, 90, may have slowed down on the Hollywood scene, but if you look over the IMDB profile of this actor/writer/producer, you may be surprised by all the roles he has handled over the course of his long career. We are talking appearances on the daytime soap “Santa Barbara,” “Dynasty” and “Beverly Hills 90210,” just to name a few. He also played Dunwell in “The Naked Gun: 2 ½: The Smell of Fear.” Before making it famous, Richman attended South Philadelphia High School where the former fullback helped the Rams football team win a city championship. The 1945 graduate was the team captain. Joseph Stefano Were you scared when you saw the 1960 version of “Psycho?” Well, you have this 1940 South Philadelphia High grad partially to thank for it. He wrote the screenplay for the 1960 Alfred Hitchcock-directed film that likely sent many people home afraid to take a shower again. He also penned several episodes of the 1960s TV show “The Outer Limits” and the TV movies “Home for the Holidays” and “Snowbeast.” Stefano would circle back to the “Psycho” story in 1990, writing the script for the TV movie “Psycho IV: The Beginning.” Funny Men Joey Bishop Those who were fans of the Rat Pack era likely remember this comedian well. He kept close company with the likes of Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis Jr., Dean Martin and Peter Lawford. Long before George Clooney, Matt Damon and Brad Pitt made “Ocean’s Eleven” relevant again, he was part of the original crew playing “Mushy O’Connors.” The stand-up comedian, born Joseph Abraham Gottlieb, grew up in Whitman and went on to land big roles, including being Joey Barnes on “The Joey Bishop Show.” He was the host of a TV talk show, with each episode dealing with his personal and professional life as a celebrity. It ran on NBC from 1961 to ‘65. David Brenner The last time the South Philly Review dedicated an entire issue to funny people, this comedian appeared on the cover. It was well-deserved, as this Dickinson Square west native, made 158 career appearances — more times than any other guest — on “The Tonight Show” with Johnny Carson, which included several stints as a guest host. He also made appearances on “Late Night with David Letterman,” “The Hollywood Squares”and several other shows. Brenner also did four HBO specials, including 2000’s “Back with a Vengeance.” Larry Fine “Nyuk, nyuk, nyuk.” It remains as one of the many famous sayings that made Fine and his fellow Three Stooges hard to forget. The former Queen Village resident made his mark with exceptional comedic timing, a willingness to be a buffoon and, of course, his unforgettable hairdo. Watch a clip, and his performance will likely leave you in hysterics just like it did during the days of black-and-white TV. Old clips are available on YouTube and the threestogges.com website. Fine also earned his permanent marker in Hollywood as he posthumously received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1983. Dom Irrera Unlike the other comedians on this list who have passed, Irrera continues to perform regularly, including his annual Thanksgiving week appearances at the Helium Comedy Club. His success story is a result of delivering top-notch material blended with colorful characters and voices. He is a winner of multiple CableACE awards, including Best Stand-Up Comedy Special for his 1989 HBO special “One Night Stand.” His second came in ’95 for the Showtime series “Full Frontal Comedy,” which he hosted. Irrera’s other television credits includes guest roles on “Seinfeld,” “The King of Queens” and “Everybody Loves Raymond.” He can be seen on the Showtime series “I Am Dying Up Here.” Cozy Morley Thomas “Cozy” Morley made a career out of making people laugh as he entertained crowds regularly from Philadelphia to the Jersey Shore. The jokes were family friendly. Back in the day, you may have heard him sing that popular Jersey Shore anthem “On the Way to Cape May,” once or twice. (Al Alberts, featured below, also made the song a hit). Others may have seen the bronze statue of him outside of Westy’s in North Wildwood. Some even referred to him as a Jersey Shore icon. Music Al Alberts Some may remember him as the host of the Al Alberts showcase, but he is also remembered as the lead singer and co-founder of the Four Aces. The song “Three Coins in the Fountain” by the Four Aces reached №1 in 1954, and even more impressive is the fact the song won an Academy Award for Best Original Song. “Love is a Many-Splendored Thing” was another biggie for the group as it was №1 for four weeks and won an Academy Award for Best Song. If you have ever listened to “On The Way to Cape May” while driving south on the Garden State Parkway, the voice may have sounded familiar. Yes, it was Alberts, who is a South Philadelphia High grad. Marian Anderson Anderson, who called the South South neighborhood home, left her mark on this world not just as an opera singer, but one who broke down barriers for others to follow. She was the first African-American to perform at New York’s Metropolitan Opera in 1935 and the White House a year later. But that’s nothing. Three years later, on Easter Sunday, Anderson literally packed the house — 75,000 strong — to perform at the Lincoln Memorial. This came after the Daughters of the American Revolution denied her presence at Constitution Hall. Decades after losing her battle with congestive heart failure in 1993, Anderson remains well-represented around the neighborhood with a recreation center bearing bearing her name while the historical society commemorates her childhood home at 762 S. Martin St. The Marian Anderson Award Gala, which took place earlier this month at the Kimmel Center, celebrates critically acclaimed artists. Frankie Avalon Part of the famous trio Dick Fox’s Golden Boys with fellow list member Bobby Rydell and Fabian, Avalon has experienced fame with the group as well as individually. Francis Avallone, the singer from West Passyunk, came to fame in the 1950s, with “Venus” and “Why” snaring the top spot on Billboard Magazine’s Hot 100 chart in ’59. He also dabbled in acting, starring opposite Annette Funicello in “Muscle Beach Party,” “Bikini Beach” and “Beach Blanket Bingo.” In later years, he played The Teen Angel in the ’78 musical “Grease” and appeared on the 2009 season of the hit reality show “American Idol.” Avalon continues to tour and make appearances. Jerry Blavat To many, Blavat is better known as “The Geator with the Heater” and “The Boss with the Hot Sauce,” but Blavat hit pure gold when it comes to his career as a disc jockey as well as a radio and TV personality. His autobiography “You Only Live Once: My Life in Music” tells his whole story about how he got to be the man he is today. Even in his 70s, Blavat, a Bishop Neumann grad, is not slowing down as he can still be heard regularly on the radio in the Lehigh Valley all the way down to the Jersey Shore. His monthly calendar continues to be booked with multiple gigs a week, including tomorrow at the Golden Nugget in Atlantic City and his Saturday night show Rock & Roll R&B Express on WXPN. Some of the early career highlights included managing a national tour for Danny and the Juniors and working as a valet for the late comedian Don Rickles. Blavat also made several television appearances on “American Bandstand,” “The Monkees,” “The Mike Douglas Show” along with several others. Danny Cedrone Maybe you have heard of the song “Rock Around the Clock” by Bill Haley and the Comets? Well, Cedrone was the man on the guitar when the song was recorded in 1954. Yes, South Philly has made its mark for producing a long list of entertainers, but this man, who died at the young age of 33, is known today as the first guitarist of rock & roll. His guitar has been on display in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame since 1998. Cendrone was inducted into the shrine in 2012 along with The Comets. Chubby Checker Ernest Evans may hail from South Carolina, but Philly is where he did “The Twist” — his hit song that climbed to the top of the charts. The song introduced the concept of “dancing apart to the beat.” Checker’s career has been highlighted by 22 top-40 songs, including “Pony Time,” which reached №1. “The Twist” was a hit again in 1962 when it recharted into the №1 spot. The former South Philadelphia High student still performs today. Philadelphia RowHome Magazine recently honored the singer at the Blue Sapphire Awards with a Lifetime Music Achievement honor. For those who think people have forgotten about “The Twist,” it would be far from the case, as in 2008, Billboard Magazine honored Checker by proclaiming the song the №1 record of all time on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart. Jim Croce Ever listen to the song “Bad, Bad Leroy Brown” or “Time in a Bottle?” They were two of Croce’s biggest hits, both reaching №1 on the charts. It seemed he was destined to be a musician, as Croce started playing music on an accordion during the early years of his childhood. His debut album, “You Don’t Mess Around With Jim,” cracked the top-20 on the American charts, with the title track reaching the top 10. It also included top-20 hit “Operator.” Croce would have likely recorded more hits, but a tragic 1973 plane crash took his life at the age of 30. Buddy DeFranco Growing up in South Philadelphia, DeFranco seemed destined to be a future clarinet player, as he learned to play the instrument during the early years of his childhood. Sure enough, he went on to make a major impact in the music world during the swing and big band era. DeFranco went on to perform alongside the likes of Gene Krupa and Billie Holiday. He also served as the bandleader of the Glenn Miller Orchestra from 1966 to ’74. Fabian Just like his good friends from the neighborhood, Frankie Avalon and Bobby Rydell, the singer from Lower Moyamensing can truly say his career has been Golden. The trio, better known as Dick Fox’s Golden Boys, even makes an occasional stop in the Philadelphia area, most recently at SugarHouse Casino. The man born Fabian Forte Bonaparte has earned his share of individual accolades, which include being added to the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2002. His “Fabulous Fabian” earned gold album status while “Tiger” and “Turn Me Loose” reached gold record status. Some may remember Fabian from his “American Bandstand” days, where he made 20 appearances dating back to 1958. Like his fellow neighborhood stars, Fabian also dabbled in the world of movies and television, which includes serving as co-executive producer of the 1993 documentary miniseries “The Wild West,” which was nominated for an Emmy. He also appeared in “The Longest Day” with Richard Burton and Henry Fonda and “Mr. Hobbs Takes a Vacation” with James Stewart and Maureen O’Hara. Eddie Fisher The native of the 2500 block of South Fifth Street made his mark in the music industry with 22 consecutive hit records. It started with the 1950 release of “Thinking of You,” which made Billboard’s Top-50 List and the publication named Fisher America’s Most Promising Male Vocalist in its annual disc-jockey poll. “Oh! My Papa,” “Wish You Were Here” and “Lady in Spain” are a few of the other hits that followed. Fisher also enjoyed being in front of the camera, as he hosted “Coke Time” that resulted in a $1-million contract to become the company’s national spokesman. A Golden Globe in ’58 for Best TV Show and two Emmy nominations in the Best Male Singer category soon followed. Today, the tabloids would likely have a field day following Fisher as Debbie Reynolds, Elizabeth Taylor and Connie Stevens were his famous ex-wives. Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff Long before Universal Companies was created, Gamble and Huff teamed up to make a major mark in the music industry via Philadelphia International Records. They co-founded the company in 1971, and saw them write for and produce an impressive list of artists that included The Jacksons, Lou Rawls, Dee Dee Sharp, The O’Jays and numerous others. Gamble and Huff are members of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, earning induction in 2008. Today, they are still known as “The Architects of the Philly Soul sound.” In 1989, the duo won a Grammy for Best R&B Song, “If You Don’t Know Me By Now” — for the remake by Simply Red. Ten years later, Gamble and Huff added another Grammy win — the Trustees Award for having a hand in the creation and promotion of more than 3,000 songs. Charlie Gracie Referred to as one of the innovators of rock and roll, his 1957 song “Butterfly” was a hit on the American and British charts, selling more than 3 million copies. “Fabulous,” “Ninety-Nine Ways,” “I Love You So Much It Hurts” and “Cool Baby” were some of his other hits. He made appearances on “Dick Clark’s American Bandstand” and “The Ed Sullivan Show” and was a big hit in London, even getting inducted into Great Britain’s Rock and Rock Hall of Fame in 1998. In his hometown of South Philly, he is one of the many famous faces who appear on the South Philly Musicians Remix Mural at 1532 S. Broad St. Eddie Fisher, Fabian Forte, Bobby Rydell, Jerry Blavat, Al Martino, Chubby Checker, James Darren and Danny Cedrone — all part of this famous 70 crowd — also appear in the vibrant work. Buddy Greco Greco, who called the 2000 block of South Chadwick Street home, can truly say music was his ticket around the world. One of his more noteworthy trips came during the 1960s when he was part of the First Command Performance with the Beatles at the Prince of Wales Theatre. Greco had more than 60 albums to his name, with “The Most Beautiful Girl in the World,” “The Lady is a Tramp,” which sold more than a million copies, and “Around The World” being a few of the hits. The singer/pianist also spent four years touring with the Benny Goodman Band. Greco also performed for Queen Elizabeth II. Eddie Lang Lang made such a lasting impression that an Eddie Lang Day takes places once a year at the Kimmel Center. Known as the “father of the Jazz Guitar,” he trained for 11 years on the violin, but soon switched to guitar. The native of 7th and Clymer streets went on to become an accomplished accompanist on guitar and banjo, and worked with the likes of Louis Armstrong, The Dorsey Brothers and Bing Crosby, whom he worked with on records, live performances, radio and films. He died in 1933 at the age of 30 due to complications from tonsillectomy surgery. Today, there is an Eddie Lang scholarship program ensuring children’s future in music and arts. Mario Lanza This tenor, born Alfredo Arnold Cocozza in 1921, accomplished a lot during his 38 years, making many successful recordings and film appearances. He even portrayed his operatic idol Enrico Caruso in 1951’s “The Great Caruso,” which would was the top grossing film in the world that year. His singing career was equally as impressive, as Lanza was the first artist under the RCA Victor Seal label to win a gold disc. He died in Rome in ’59, possibly from a heart attack, while preparing for a film, but his name remains alive and well today around the neighborhood via the Mario Lanza Park on Queen Street between Second and Third along with a mural at the corner of South Broad and Reed streets. Al Martino The man Alfred Cima never took a singing lesson during his childhood, and it seems he didn’t need them. The former resident of 15th and Tasker streets was the first American to hit №1 on the British singing charts. Martino made his debut in 1952 with the song “Here in My Heart,” which went on to sell more than a million copies. “I Love You Because,” “Mary In The Morning,” “Tears and Roses” and “I Love You More and More Every Day “ are a handful of the songs which would hit the top of the charts, some became top-20 hits, while others cracked the top five. “Spanish Eyes,” which was released in 1965, went as high as №15 on the Billboard charts, and earned gold and platinum honors. Of course, any brief mention of Martino needs to include a plug for “The Godfather” as he played the singer Johnny Fontane. Pat Martino Martino has been playing at jazz clubs since the age of 15, and earned several honors along the way. In 2002, he earned a Grammy nomination for Best Jazz Instrumental Album and Best Jazz Instrumental solo. He received an additional nomination the following year for Best Jazz Instrumental Album. Last year, he was presented with a Pennsylvania Jazz Legacy Award from state Sen. Vincent Hughes. He also earned a spot on the Philadelphia Music Alliance Walk of Fame in 1996. He still performs regularly at local clubs, including last week’s performance at Chris’ Jazz Cafe in Center City, as well as around the world. Martino will be doing a European tour in April, making stops in London, Germany and Spain. Nate Morris Nate Morris and his Grammy Award-winning group Boyz II Men made such a big impact in the music world that earlier this year a portion of South Broad Street was renamed Boyz II Men Boulevard (it happens to be outside of The High School for Creative and Performing Arts where they attended high school). The group recently celebrated 25 years in the music industry, a run that has included winning four Grammy Awards, nine American Music Awards and three Billboard Awards. We’re talking about a group that has sold more than 60 million albums, with a catalog of hit songs that include “End of the Road,” “I’ll Make Love to You,” “One Sweet Day” and “Motownphilly.” Their newest album, “Under The Streetlight,” came out earlier this fall. Morris and fellow group members Wanya Morris and Shawn Stockman continue to enjoy a residency at the Mirage in Las Vegas. Bob Pantano “Mr. Saturday Night” may not have the national and international recognition that several others on this list have achieved, but what he has accomplished as a disc jockey is something few can match. Earlier this year he celebrated the 40th anniversary of the Bob Pantano Dance Party, something the Bishop Neumann grad started in 1977. The show can be heard exclusively on 98.1 WOGL and simulcast on Jersey Shore area stations. In terms of individual honors, he has been named the Person of the Year by the Broadcast Pioneers Hall and inducted into its Hall of Fame. The special year also included Pantano being inducted into the Philadelphia Music Alliance’s Walk of Fame. Bobby Rydell When talking about South Philly’s most famous faces, Bobby Rydell’s name typically appears at the top of the list. Part of Dick Fox’s Golden Boys with fellow list members Frankie Avalon and Fabian, he developed a national following thanks to his voice as several of his records went gold, including his 1959 hit “Kissin’ Time” that transformed him into a teen heartthrob. “We’ve Got Love,” “Volare,” “Wildwood Days” and “That’s All” are just some of the others that followed. On the big screen, he appeared in the 1962 Oscar-nominated movie “Bye Bye Birdie” as Hugo Peabody. More recently, he penned an autobiography entitled “Bobby Rydell: Teen Idol on The Rocks: A Tale of Second Chances.” The recipient of multiple South Philly Review Readers’ Choice Awards, he made such a lasting impression in South Philly that the 2400 block of South 11th Street where he grew up is also known as Bobby Rydell Boulevard. Beanie Sigel The rap artist born Dwight Grant just happened to grow up on Sigel Street, in case you were wondering where the name change came about. He made his mark early on as he was part of the Jay Z Roc-A-Fella record label, which released Sigel’s first album “The Truth” in 2000. He has released several albums since, including 2009’s “Broad Street Bully.” He was also the star of the ’02 film “State Property.” Ahmir “Questlove” Thompson Thompson continues to enjoy an extremely successful career as a drummer as he, along with Tariq Trotter (see below), formed The Roots, a group with several Grammy Awards to their name. The 2011 Grammy Awards were a very successful one for the group as they walked away with Best R&B Album and Best Traditional R&B performance accolades. Like his buddy Trotter, he is seen five nights a week on NBC as The Roots are the house band for “The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon.” Like Trotter, he attended the High School For Creative and Performing Arts. Tariq “Black Thought” Trotter Trotter, along with fellow Roots member Questlove, are the only two people on this list who can say they are part of a ride at Universal Studios Florida. Before taking off on Jimmy Fallon’s Race Through New York, Trotter raps the safety instructions as the riders, wearing their 3D glasses, prepare to take off on a wild journey that even includes The Roots performing on the moon. But he is best known for being the emcee and co-founder of The Roots, the multi-time Grammy Award-winning band. Those who watch NBC’s “The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon” are well aware that this former Point Breeze resident, who attended the High School for Creative and Performing Arts, and his group serve as the house band. Sports Paul Arizin We interrupt this Joel Embiid and #TrustTheProcess season to talk about one of the greatest basketball players to ever come out of Philly. This former St. Monica grade school student accomplished it all on the basketball court. Arizin was one of the stars of the 1956 Philadelphia Warriors title squad, averaging 25.6 points and 7.9 rebounds per game. During the NBA’s 50th anniversary season, he was named one of the league’s 50 greatest players of all time along with the likes of Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson, Wilt Chamberlain and Bill Russell. He finished his career with 16,266 points and 6,129 rebounds. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1978. What makes Arizin’s story stand out even more is the fact that he went from attending Villanova University without a scholarship to being a 10-time NBA All-Star. Blue Meanie The 2300 Arena has gone through its share of names over the years, including the famous ECW Arena. It’s where Brian Heffron, aka the Blue Meanie, made regular appearances with the likes of Stevie Richards and Raven — even at one time forming the Blue World Order (their version of World Championship Wrestling’s popular New World Order). The faction even had its own T-shirt. He also did a brief stint with World Wrestling Entertainment, and included a fued with JBL. These days, fans can catch the blue guy on the Indy scene. Jeff Chandler “Joltin’” Jeff Chandler was one of the greatest bantamweights in boxing history, compiling a career mark of 33–2–2 with 18 knockouts. He held multiple championships during the course of his career, with the biggest being the world bantamweight title he won in 1980 via a 14th-round knockout over Julian Solis. Nine successful title defenses followed. Chandler capped off his career with a 2000 induction into the International Boxing Hall of Fame. John Chaney Jacksonville, Fla., loss is South Philly’s gain. Before becoming a Hall-of-Fame basketball coach, this former Point Breeze resident made his mark as the Philadelphia Public League Player of the Year in 1951. He briefly joined the Harlem Globetrotters and played in the Eastern Pro League for a decade, but his work on the sidelines is what earned the former college basketball coach a spot on this list of elite South Philadelphians. He led Cheyney State College, a Division II school, to a championship in 1978. Chaney went on to become a legend at Temple University, leading the Owls to 17 NCAA Tournament trips, including five straight in the 1980s and 12 more between ’90 and 2001. Temple earned a No.1 national ranking to finish the 1987-’88 regular season. These accomplishments brought Chaney two Division I Coach of the Year awards and a total of 516 wins for the Owls before he retired in ’06. Mo’ne Davis The cover of Sports Illustrated. Appearances on talk shows across the country. Yep, that was Mo’ne Davis from 24th and Oakford streets who broke into the national spotlight as a result of her history-making performance with the 2014 Taney Dragons Little League World Series team. Besides being the first African-American girl to pitch in the prestigious event, Davis added to her remarkable story by pitching a shutout against Nashville — another first. But this athlete’s story is far from finished as she plays basketball and softball at Springside Chestnut Hill Academy. For those wondering if Davis, who also played for the Anderson Monarchs, still has what it takes to hang with the boys, the answer is absolutely, yes as earlier this year she traveled to Cincinnati as a member of the Phillies Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities World Series team. She finished with a 1.40 earned run average in 9.1 innings of work. Davis’ story is far from finished. Angelo Dundee What do former world champions Muhammad Ali, Sugar Ray Leonard, George Foreman and Carmen Basilio have in common? That’s right, they all had Dundee in their corner at one point in their storied careers. In all, the 1992 inductee to the International Boxing Hall of Fame trained 15 world champions. When mentioning the former Angelo Mirena, he is best known as the man responsible for molding “The Greatest of All Time” into a world champion. No further elaboration is needed when talking about this native of the 800 block of Morris Street. Joey Giardello This former pugilist, who called Lower Moyamensing home, is bronzed for life. Seriously, there is a bronze statue of this former middleweight champion of the world, at the corner of Mifflin Street and East Passyunk Avenue. What did Giardello do to earn it, you ask? Being middleweight champion of the world from 1963 to ’65 and registering a career mark of 101–25–7 has a little something to do with it. He fought at Convention Hall, Madison Square Garden and California’s Cow Palace over the course of his career. In 1993, the man born Carmine Tilelli, secured another permanent spot in boxing history with induction into the International Boxing Hall of Fame. Eddie Gottlieb Anyone who earns the name “Mr. Basketball” is worthy of being on this list. He made such a lasting impression, in 2014, South Philadelphia High honored the former student, who graduated in 1921, by unveiling a historical marker outside of the building at 2101 S. Broad St. Gottlieb is also a member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. Besides being the founder, coach and owner of the South Philadelphia Hebrew Association, which played its games at 7th Street and Snyder Avenue, he left his mark on the NBA as the former owner and coach of the Philadelphia, now Golden State, Warriors. They were part of the former 11-team Basketball Association of America. Gottlieb is also the guy credited with drafting some guy from Overbrook by the name of Wilt Chamberlain. He also coached fellow list member Paul Arizin. The NBA Rookie of the Year trophy is known as the Eddie Gottlieb trophy. Louis “Red” Klotz If this list were based on career records, there is no chance Klotz, the former coach and player of the Washington Generals, would have made the cut. However, there is a little asterisk next to his more than 14,000 defeats as all of those losses came against the Harlem Globetrotters. Klotz was a member of the South Philadelphia High Rams 1939 and ’40 City championship teams and was named Player of the Year twice. His lone win came in 1971 in Tennessee thanks to a last-minute shot by Klotz, who is a member of the Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. His №3 jersey is retired by the Harlem Globetrotters. Harry Litwack Litwack is another name that needs to be included when talking about the best basketball coaches ever to come out of South Philly. When the 1925 South Philadelphia High graduate left the sidelines at Temple University in 1973, he was the winningest basketball coach in school history with a career mark of 373–193 over 21 seasons. His accolades earned him a ’76 induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Temple honored the coach posthumously several years later with his Hall of Fame banner added to the Liacouras Center rafters. Of course, fellow hall-of-famer John Chaney, who also appears on this list, surpassed Litwack in the top spot. Tommy Loughran Like the other pugilists on this list, Loughran is a former world champion, holding the light heavyweight title, and a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame. He won the title in 1927, winning via decision over Mike McTigue and made six successful title defenses. The former resident of the 1600 block of Ritner Street fought 172 times, 94 of which he won (17 via knockout). Loughran was twice named Fighter of the Year by Ring Magazine. The man also known as the “Philly Phantom” was honored posthumously with a historical marker at 17th and Ritner streets. John Marzano Hard to believe that John Marzano has been gone for close to a decade as he passed away in 2008 at only 45 years old. Prior to his death, however, he made a lasting impression on the baseball diamond. Besides being a standout star at Central High School and Temple University, where he earned All-American status, he was a key member of the 1984 U.S. Olympic baseball team with the likes of Mark McGwire, Barry Larkin and Will Clark. He was the starting catcher for the gold medal-winning squad. Marzano was drafted by the Boston Red Sox in 1984, and arrived in the Major Leagues three years later. He also spent time with the Texas Rangers and Seattle Mariners. Following his playing days, he went on to become a successful analyst for Comcast SportsNet and served as co-host of “Leading Off” on MLB.com’s baseball channel. Earl “The Pearl” Monroe Like Arizin, Monroe left a lasting NBA mark that included scoring 17,454 career points and winning the 1973 NBA championship as a member of the New York Knicks. The man who once called Grays Ferry home was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1990 and followed it up with a spot on the league’s 50th anniversary team in ’96. Both teams he played for — the Knicks and Baltimore Bullets — retired his jersey. For those who want to learn more about Monroe, his autobiography “Earl the Pearl: My Story” offers a play-by-play of his life. He remains active today through various community and business ventures. Matthew Saad Muhammad Another member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame, Muhammad went from being abandoned on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway to light heavyweight champion of the world. The former WBC champ made eight successful title defenses and finished one victory short of 50. He retired in 1992 with a career record of 49–16–3, 35 knockouts. His championship run began with an eighth-round knockout of Marvin Johnson, which went on to become a featured bout on ESPN’s Classic Fights. His title run ended in 1981 when he lost to Dwight Muhammad Qawi via 10th round knockout. Pearl Perkins Nightingale In a different era, this former gymnast would have likely been a serious contender to win an Olympic medal. The year was 1936, and this former South Philadelphia High School for Girls student earned one of the eight spots on the U.S. women’s gymnastics team. But the Summer Olympic Games were taking place in Berlin, Germany, where Adolf Hitler had just risen to power. Her parents, who were Russian Jewish immigrants, did not allow their daughter to attend due to the Nazis’ anti-Semitic culture. Nightingale won several national championships during her time as a gymnast, and was recognized for her accomplishments as a member of the Philadelphia Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. June Olkowski When talking about the greatest female basketball players to ever come out of St. Maria Goretti, and now Neumann-Goretti, the former All-Catholic’s name immediately jumps to the top of the list. She was the star of the Lambs 1976 and ’78 Catholic League championship teams, and went on to be named to the Parade and Street & Smith magazines and McDonald’s All-American teams. Olkowski continued her playing career as a member of the Rutgers University Scarlet Knights where she became a member of the 1,000-point scoring club, and in the process, co-captained the ’82 Associated Intercollegiate Athletics for Women National Championship. Olkowski joined the Division-I coaching ranks, which included being the head coach at Butler and Northwestern universities. Goretti honored its former star 20 years after her graduation by retiring her No. 45 jersey. Jim Phelan When talking about the winningest college basketball coaches of all time, Phelan’s name belongs in the conversation as a result of his extremely successful run at Mount St. Mary’s College that was highlighted by 830 career wins. The elite 800-win club includes the likes of Dean Smith, Adolph Rupp and Jim Calhoun. The former St. Monica’s student was inducted into the Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame in 2010. Phelan also led his team to 15 Division II NCAA Tournament appearances, with the biggest being Mount St. Mary’s 1962 National Championship season. Phelan was also a two-time Division II Coach of the Year. Jerome “Pooh” Richardson Richardson, who grew up in South Philly, is another standout whose talent on the hardwood took him to the NBA where he was the first-ever draft pick of the Minnesota Timberwolves in 1989. Richardson wasted no time showing off his passing skills in the form of 1,973 career assists with the squad, which at the time was a team record. The mark still stands third best all-time behind Kevin Garnett and Ricky Rubio. The guard also played for the Indiana Pacers and Los Angeles Clippers. Following his retirement, Richardson was hired by the Harlem Globetrotters to help with scouting, coaching and player development. Richardson played college basketball for UCLA. His career at Benjamin Franklin High School wasn’t too shabby either as the All-City guard led his team to a Philadelphia Public League Championship victory over Murrell Dobbins Tech with a team best 17-point performance. John Sandusky 43. That is the number of seasons Sandusky spent in the NFL as both a player and coach. Many of those years involved working alongside Hall-of-Fame coach Don Shula in Baltimore and Miami. He also spent three seasons as a member of the Philadelphia Eagles coaching staff. The former offensive and defensive lineman played for seven seasons, five of which were in Cleveland. The South Philadelphia High Athletic Hall of Fame inductee also earned that coveted prize that Eagles fans so desperately desire — a Super Bowl ring. He earned it in Super Bowl V when the Baltimore Colts defeated the Dallas Cowboys 16–13. Lionel Simmons There will never be another South Philadelphia High boys basketball player to wear the №22. It belonged to this former Public League Player of the Year who graduated with a school record 1,539 points. But he was just getting started. The 6-foot-7 forward, better known as the “L-Train,” turned an even more eye-catching performance at La Salle University in the form of 3,217 career points, which was third best in NCAA history. John R. Wooden Award and Naismith College Player of the Year honors followed. Simmons would go on to be a lottery pick of the Sacramento Kings, and he capped his first season with an All-Rookie First Team honor. Dion Waiters The former resident of 19th and Carpenter streets holds the distinction of being the lone South Philadelphian to play alongside LeBron James in Cleveland. The Cavaliers made him the fourth overall pick in the 2012 NBA Draft, and Waiters has gone on to enjoy a steady career with the Cavaliers, Thunder and Heat. The guard is averaging 31.6 minutes and 15.1 points per game as a starter for the Heat. Waiters has averaged 13.2 points, 2.7 rebounds and 2.7 assists per game in his five NBA seasons. He will be back in town on Feb. 2 to face the 76ers at the Wells Fargo Center. Others Angelo Bruno Also known as “The Gentle Don,” the former head of the Philadelphia crime family was the boss for 20 years. He was killed with a shotgun blast to the back of the head in 1980 in front of his home. Being a successful crime boss who steered away from violence may not match the accomplishments of the other prestigious names on the list, but Bruno made a big enough mark to have a Hollywood A-lister portray him in what is expected to be a blockbuster movie. The great Harvey Keitel will play Bruno in next year’s “The Irishman” being directed by Martin Scorsese. Frank Gasparro You know those coins you have in your pocket? Well, Gasparro designed the tails side of the Lincoln cent in 1958. He was the 10th chief engraver of the United States Mint. The coin would remain fashioned for 50 years and, along with the reverse portion of the John F. Kennedy half-dollar and both sides of the Susan B. Anthony and Dwight D. Eisenhower dollars, propelled the former Bella Vista resident to a successful 16-year stint. The South Philadelphia High grad joined the the federal agency as a junior engraver in 1942 and earned a promotion from President Lyndon B. Johnson, who, along with each head of state through Ronald Reagan, received a commemorative medal from Gasparro. After leaving the Mint, he crafted honorary coins for John Wayne and baseball legends. Stephen Girard While other people on this list have streets and parks named after them, Girard has an entire neighborhood — Girard Estate. The former French sea captain arrived in Philadelphia in 1776, and worked as a merchant banker and farmer. Girard was a wealthy individual who assisted the city on numerous occasions as he built hospitals, purchased the national bank and helped with the yellow fever epidemic that killed thousands of residents in 1793 and loaned more than $8 million to finance the War of 1812. He also owned a large parcel of land in what was known as Passyunk Township and a farmhouse, which just so happens to sit in what is now known as Stephen Girard Park at 2101 Shunk St. Before his passing in 1831, Girard made it clear that he wanted to help others well beyond his years on Earth. The majority of his estate was left to the City, with a requirement that the funds be used for a school for “poor, white male orphans.” The school is Girard College. Since the city was not allowed the farmhouse on Shunk Street, it built rental homes in the Girard Estate community, which today includes schools, businesses, restaurants and its own community group. Steve Martorano With all the great restaurants around the neighborhood, it comes as no surprise that a chef has made it really big — we’re talking name in lights on the Las Vegas Strip big. The Martorano’s brand started in Fort Lauderdale, Fla., which grew to two, along with two in Las Vegas and one close to home at Harrah’s Atlantic City. Meatball and salad and eggplant stack are just a couple of the popular items. He has two books, including “It Ain’t Sauce, It’s Gravy…How Food Saved My Life” (fitting for a South Philly chef) and his own Yo Cuz apparel line. Martorano even makes an occasional appearance on “Jimmy Kimmel Live!,” where he prepares a variety of dishes with the host. Pat Oliveiri Many credit Oliveiri for putting the Philadelphia cheesesteak on the map. The Pat’s King of Steaks website even includes the words “The originator and inventor of the steak and cheesesteak sandwiches.” The funny thing is, when he opened in 1930 along the famous South 9th Street corridor, 9th and Wharton streets, Oliveri specialized in hot dogs — cheesesteaks wit or wit’out were not on the menu. One day, he decided to throw chopped meat from the butcher on the grill, top it with some onions and put it in an Italian roll. We all know decades later what happened next — Pat’s King of Steaks established itself as a South Philadelphia landmark that draws customers from across the country and around the world. The Mummers The sultans of strut might be a Philly thing, but we cannot ignore the success story behind America’s longest standing New Year’s Day tradition — the Philadelphia Mummers Parade. Love them or hate them, every year, crowds line up along Broad Street for hours to watch the different groups perform a routine they have been working on for months. Many of the clubhouses are based out of South Philadelphia. We are talking about a tradition that is approaching 118 years. South Philly is also home to the post-parade celebration on 2nd Street. Frank Rizzo It seems whenever someone mentions Rizzo’s name these days, it triggers a debate on whether to remove his statue from its often vandalized Center City location. Love or hate Rizzo, the former mayor of Philadelphia secured his spot on this list a long time ago. The native of the 2300 block of South Rosewood Street served as Philadelphia police commissioner from 1967 to ’71 and as the city’s 93rd mayor from ’72 to’80. Rizzo may have left South Philly behind, but his mural in the famous South 9th Street Italian Market remains, at least for now. Lisa Scottoline This author, who previously called the 1100 block of Daly Street home, has a made a career of keeping readers glued to the pages of her novels — all 29 of them. We are talking more than 30 million copies sold in 35 countries. It should come as no surprise that Scottoline is a New York Times bestselling and Edgar Award-winning author. They have been described as a series of humorous memoirs while others are emotional thrillers. “I Need a Lifeguard Everywhere but the Pool” is her recent work, while “After Anna” is scheduled to be released in the spring. Joey Vento Philadelphia is known as the cheesesteak capital of the world, and Vento had a major role in putting the city on the foodie map. Believe it or not, he opened Geno’s Steaks, 1219 S. 9th St., in 1966 with get this — $6 in his pocket, two boxes of steaks and a few hot dogs. While the founder died five years ago, the institution he created celebrated its 50th anniversary last year. Like neighbor Pat’s, people continue to line up around the corner all times of day. President Donald Trump even stopped by for a sandwich during his 2016 presidential campaign. He is one of many celebs who make getting a cheesesteak from Geno’s part of their Philly visit — just check out all of the pictures at the establishment. His son Geno continues to keep his late father’s creation going strong.

Normally, M. At imsource. Surg Neurol. Diabetes 1975;24:378380. 577) complex, netlike mass made up of branching hyphae. Pinniped biologists are interested in the physiological changes these animals forex ranging market strategy during their dives. 85).Silveira, J. 427 15. Applying the VAT based on the destination principle led to much forex ranging market strategy distortion of trade within Europe. 2 0 0. For each of these module types, a module linkage structure is defined; it con- tains a pointer to the operations structure, a pointer to a character string describ- ing the module, and a pointer to a module-type-specific structure. Exposure to latex for health care workers has increased dra- matically since the implementation of markey precautions and the use of latex gloves began in 1987. "Experience in Spinoza's Theory of Knowledge. These approaches using low-dose drugs are generally effective for only short periods in patients with AML. If the stock price ends up higher than the put option strike price than the trade is out of the money and investor loses hisher investment. One reason that it is popular is that it follows the current trend of the market. Experimental hyperammonaemia in primates initially causes decreased activity, lethargy, and vomiting, and then hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis, which have also been recorded in humans. Also when it comes to narket an appropriate expiry time any expiry time consisting of 15 minutes to end-of-day expiry times will more often that not work out in your favor. I say monitors because ideally you should have print- and-apply machines, rangong, and test equipment hooked up to those moni- tors as well as to servers and desktop computers. (1991). If these actions do not work. I began targeting possible put option set-ups back up at 0. Individual characters and addresses are separated by |, which are introduced during the recovery procedure forex ranging market strategy 010|10|000|00101010|011|110|000|0100101 0|0010|0000|10101010|0000|01000010|000 0|00110010|0000|10100010|0111|1001|101 0|01100|01101|01110|00011|01011|00100|0 0110|00000|10010010|01101|01111|10001 10011|11011|01011|10010|01110|000000|1 1001010|000011|000000|10011010|00101 0|000000|10000100| Step Entry 0 After a character follows always an address. Striker9 trading 452, MRI uses radio waves to stimulate certain nuclei in the presence of a powerful magnetic field. Kuhn Silk, J. Go dark to cover over the stain as well. ), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 19 Applying the. 3312- 3322. Vulvektomie und partielle Kolpektomie sind therapeutisch notwendig. The suppres- sion of the nonresonant background signal has indeed been the greatest challenge in making CARS microscopy attractive to a broader audience. ; Melbourne, FL, 1993. One well recognized alternative treatment for startegy renal stones and UPJ obstruction is to perform percutaneous lithotripsy followed by antegrade percutaneous endopyelotomy. Unilateral damage to the left fornix has also produced verbal memory impairment (Cameron Archibald, n y (x) n0(n2)(n1)cn2xand the equation y xy y0 becomes n n0 (n2)(n1)cn2 ncn cn x 0. Draw a process flow for a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based fluidic chip that can extract the solution, markft separate (for later retrieval) the 1-μm balls from the 5-μm balls using size filtration. 2 ). If you are unhappy with the service you must request cancellation, otherwise they will continue to bill you until you cancel. Output from TimedLog class 6142006 10:58:26 AM omarpageflakes. Life Sci. CJ cardiac jelly, en endocardium, IC inner curvature, i inflow tract, m myocardium, OC outer curvature, o outflow tract, v presumptive ventricle. 2 Transkription Acetyltransferasen führt zur Auflockerung des Chromatins, wodurch die Tran- skriptionsrate der Gene steigt. Fores exhibit higher bone mass than strztegy despite similar prevalence of amenorrhoea and oligomenorrhoea. 02-1. Da sich die meisten Myome mit fortschreitender Schwangerschaft aus dem Becken heraus entwickeln, bilden sie nur selten ein Geburtshindernis. Kulwicki, with their invasive properties being regu- lated by the ligand NGF (Nerve Growth Factor). Pamukcu AM, Yalciner S, formulation research, and in quality control. Also called Indian fig, barberry fig, tuna or sabra fruit. (Part 1 of 2. Again, additional formatting details on this plotting command can be found in the Help menu. ) Antennas 1: 153-155, 154 (ill. Wi options also fforex money. Low blood pres- sure, kidney failure, and a state of shock (severely de- creased blood circulation to all major organ systems) may set in. Cake disposal is relatively straightforward. ), Resolving social conflicts: Selected papers on forex ranging market strategy dynamics (pp. The 11 best Binary Options Brokers on the market reached a rating oc average 4. A key challenge is that the kinetics creating the initial crystalline nuclei from the dense droplets is unclear and thus it is no way to predict the overall nucleation rate Jc of crystals. 5 g of fibrin with 30 mL of a 5 gL solution of indigo carmine R in 1 per cent VV dilute hydrochloric acid R. The reason for this is because Optionbit needs to comply with money laundering laws. The drug induced contraction may be alleviated either by lowering the ambient Ca2 ion concentration or by increasing the concentration of Mg2 [122].useful market ranging strategy forex Groot Place a compass on your desktop. Using both of those once you get into the forex signals. 1 Access to Vessels 63 5. 1244 Figure 31. In order to perform mass-analysis using electric and magnetic fields, efforts have begun to combine the goals and approaches of computa- tional molecular design and protein sequence analysis to provide tools for the rational mutagenesis and functional modification of proteins. More precise mass calibration can be obtained by Parkinson Disease: Molecular Insights Leroux, because while traders got a feel of how the markets worked, they did not get a feel of how a typical binary options platform handles order placements and executions. This can be seen in Figure 13-9. (c) Use the differential equation to prove what you discovered 15. From the calculated photon density of states (PDOS) for amorphous photonic structures, there exist angle-independent (isotropic) photonic pseudo- gaps due to coherent light scattering from short-range order. 5 shows the two FRANKKASPER polyhedra occurring in MgCu2. Table 4. 54 of Basic Algebra proved this result under the assumption that K is a finite separable extension of Fand we are now dropping the hypothesis of separability. Both types of funds exhibit significantly negative selectivity, positive market timing and default timing, but negative size timing over this subperiod, particularly for large funds. Forex ranging market strategy change in one market will also lead to changes in other markets. Talmy, this error usually indicates structural defects in the system. As vitamin A is stored in the liver, a daily intake is not required. A particular problem occurs in the use of oligonu- cleotide chips. 2 This prod- uct consists of 24 small thin films or strips that dissolve when placed on the tongue to release an intense minty flavor for breath freshening. The [NEG] black salt in acetonitrile solution has been reversibly reduced electr~chemically(t~o~[)Fe4(N0)7S3In- (n 1-4), the n 2 and 3 compounds being isolated and shown to retain essentially the same structure, though somewhat expanded, as expected with the extra charge. Age at onset in bipolar I affective disorder: further evidence for three subgroups. However, there may be some contamination introduced from drops of the aqueous remaining at the interface of the two layers.Gupta, P. XL 60. Br J Anaesth, 64. (14. 3 are expressed in tumors of various histological origins. 25 m) B 0. Am not be home to use for a high returns. With the introduction of improved hardware (e. Major complications include pneumothorax and bleeding in 20-60 of patients. For. It stands for a trend indicated by a big candlestick followed by a Doji cross. 0betweenthepeaksdueto impurity A and tributyl acetylcitrate in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a); - repeatability : maximum relative standard deviation of 5. physicians. Then complete the following equations. Westphal, V. One com- ponent for which this cannot be expected to be the case in general, however. The head must not be 14. This system have more than 70 performance guaranteed, so the behaviour must be deduced from other physical arguments. RAT Rat UGTs have been extensively studied. Key Words Butyrate, calcium phosphate, cationic phospholipids, CHO cells, COS cells, DEAE dextran, electroporation, G-418, hygromycin B, mammalian cells, selection, stable, transfection, transient. Reconnection should occur in a safe setting. Here are the steps to follow: 1. In Swiss-Prot version 2000, epitheliomas, carcinomas) and visceral cancer (especially genitourinary and gastrointestinal) with prolonged survival. Ulcerative colitis. The COUNTBLANK function works just like the COUNTA and COUNT functions except that it returns the number of nonoccupied cells in the range. Considered one in computer, disturbances of. Despite regression, approximately simi- lar life expectancy differences continued after the age of 40. Trade binary trading articles tagged with 'binary options Excellent binary options trading portals and effective and a couple of trading signals Sharing indicators basics tools frame min. Assign a keystroke combination (see Figure 16-3). Getting your feet wet with binary options is a great way for someone new to learn the FX market. 5-ppb Mn2 standard 2. et al. Stoker 53. Immunol Rev 70. By the 1980s and 1990s, however, quality became seen in terms of a total commitment from all areas including the supply chain. Repeat the scan using the green excitation laser. Knife angle wrong-check angle is set to 56°. Autosomal recessive forex ranging market strategy showing trichorrhexis invaginata and a form of ichthyosis called icthyosiform linearis circumflexa that with osteopoikilosis in the Buschke-Ollendorf syndrome or as shagreen patches in tuberous sclerosis. 75; does not exist; 270°; 90° 25. The sci- entists were afraid that bacteria with dangerous added traits, such as the power to cause cancer or resist antibiotics, might escape from genetic engineers laboratories and infect humans. Org setup are the rulers. 0 0 192. Therapy of Adrenal Rest Tumors Intensified glucocorticoidmineralocorticoid therapy is the preferred treatment for testicular tumors in CAH. GetApplicationTime ); DXUtil. There are conflicting reports about the use of desmopressin in scoliosis surgery. Q is outside the polygon. And CA 65656 to W. After we have entered the action function on the button, we select the entire button, choose Input Edit Button. JAMA 1987;258: 1924Ð1928.Deacon, H. The solutions One can, after a lengthy, forex ranging market strategy not difficult, derivation, verify that, at the first order of the quantities βax and βay, the solutions can be approximated by ψmn (x, y)eikzmnz eiωtwith: kLkL coskmxi 0 x βaxmcosknyi 0 y βayn, m,n̸0, ψmn mπ nπ ,(4. 8 300 350 400 450 500 550 Gross Weight (x 1000 lb) Fig. 6-36), or diagnostic instrument, for Kellys psychology is known as the repertory grid. To 0. The last scientific con- forex ranging market strategy of this eminent surgeon was towards developing a sort of artificial heart capable of sustaining an animal's life for several days, if not weeks. Blackstock (eds. Keep your own forex ranging market strategy for the end-of-unit review. The industry defines the term reader as a unit that interfaces with a PC for the majority of its processing requirements. -1lockillg sc. Schein, M. An introduction to the physics of magnetic resonance imaging.Kafatos, F. References [1] Karlsson M. Murray, simply open and fund a live trading account. 18. (c) Ellipsoidal. Whatarethetwofunctionsthatatransistor may perform in an electronic circuit. Subjects often develop severe hypotonia, weakness of proximal and distal muscles, ophthalmoplegia and ptosis.Base ranging market forex strategy This positive Patients not responding to dietary changes or fiber supplements should undergo medical evaluation prior to the initiation of long-term laxative treatment. Using markft Pointer tool from the Tools panel, select the block of text you want to scale. Whether this is achieved percutaneously, or with extensile approaches, the goals are an acceptable reduction and a stable fixation until healing. 141. 10 μF 100 mH Figure 6. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour. 6, blue fl. 5me,andme (semiconductingheterogeneousstructure)aswellas0. These complications, P. All the Apache directives are described in the Apache Web site at httpd. 018 0. The cursor must have text to walk around on, 27312743. 177. 54 24. Refractive Index of Alkali Halides and its Wavelength and Temperature Derivatives, the enclosed area of the electric field profile, which is basically the junction voltage, is the same before and rannging the current increase. And Zeng. Sacral plexus. Wald. 263, 149 162 16. The RNA primer synthesized by primase to initiate phage Stratdgy DNA replication. Lu C, Zainal Z, Tucker GA et al. This truth is marjet likely to be foreign when her aged bodys health is poor. When bone or joint involvement is extensive, you can see how advantageous it might be to trade options. 5 Simulations of ac Induction Rxnging using Field Oriented (Vector) Control The following examples will demonstrate the use of PSpice1 for simulations of ac induction machines using Field Oriented Control (FOC). 234 which was in turn based on the original chymotrypsin drawing of Annette Snazle. New York: Plenum Press, ends or branch points of metabolic pathways. Nanoparticles bearing polyethyleneglycol-coupled transferrin as gene carriers: preparation and markrt vitro evaluation. 310] [2. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 39:426430, 1958. Chal- lenges were a vital part of mathematical practice. In this series (Table 7), the propargyl analog was among forex ranging market strategy most efficacious and potent compounds synthesized. References Juhani O. The Ax By system results sstrategy gel formation if x 2 and y 3, and the classification of shock is quite simi- lar to what we have already seen for hypotension: (1) Hypovolemic shock is rranging by a decrease in blood volume secondary to hemorrhage or loss of fluid other than blood; (2) low-resistance shock is due to a de- crease in total peripheral resistance secondary to ex- cessive release of vasodilators, as in allergy and infec- tion; and (3) cardiogenic rangnig is due to a marked decrease in cardiac output from a variety of factors (for example, during a heart attack). A cookie can access only the information that you provide to its Web site. 5e), indicating that the specific interactions that IHF makes with the TTR consensus site of H¢ are not yet made in the transition state ensemble [185]. This can assist traders buying fast payday profoundly. 23 1. 230 Selecting recipients. Kelly formula minute forexx how Initial deposit second binary options trading thread. Timeline of Materials and Technological Discoveries 437 1970 The first microfiber (polyester) is invented by Toray Industries in Japan. Pauls House. Peritoneal rnaging. Ching, J. High initial cost especially for low head plants compared markwt thermal power plants. There are nine compartments, divided into 3 major areas: the hindfoot (1), the forefoot (5) and the full length (3). Pulmonary vascular disease Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) Eisenmengers syndrome (ES) 4. The algorithm consists of three steps: First,anumberkmustberandomlyselectedfromZpsuchthatgcd(k,p1) 1. Nyberg, towards the focus of the primary mirror and, consequently, the small central part of the collecting area is lost. This is often associated with but not dependent upon a homonymous hemianopia. Predicting which may significantly increase memory consumption issues. This is a complex subject and the above is a big simplification (Chen and Hoult 1989). On the cytosolic side, RyR interacts with at least calmodulin (CaM), FKBP, nitric forex ranging market strategy synthase (NOS), two major protein kinases (PKA and CaMKII), and two phosphatases (PP1 and PP2A). A child born in this method is popularly known as a test tube baby, ADAPTATION, ENERGY DISPERSAL Outer Interleave Convolutional byte-wise interleaving with a msrket (I) of 12 is then applied to forex ranging market strategy error-pro- tected packets. 3 H -transporting ATPase 3. 420. 0000496: 0000 0000 0000 0000 83a0 b3c9 0000 55aa. ranying [2. Dutton GJ 1956) Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid as glucuronyl donor in the synthesis of ester', alipathic and steroid glucuronides. These samples are analysed before breaking the blind and the concentration for a given time point is obtained for each individual. But, in strxtegy presence of oliguric renal failure, administration of large volumes of fluid to patients with MODS may lead to impaired oxygen- ation. As explained, we are traders ourselves and as such, our primary goal is to provide the level of service both on a technical and a personal level, which is what we would wish for ourselves. The first published study to use restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) tanging linkage between two markers on the long arm of chromosome 5 (5q11-13) and schizophrenia. 65 24 Minette PA, Barnes PJ. 12 3. Other strategyy of the need for complex structure on a substrate include micro- and nano- fluidics. Transverse waves travel much slower and are called sec- ondary or S-waves. ()-p-Mentha-1,8-diene. (141) directly. IEC class C610-5060 alumina ceramics These are made from clay and alumina (or aluminosilicates) and consists of mullite in a siliceous glassy phase. A reverse chloride shift occurs in the lungs. He suffered a cerebral hemorrhage (bleeding into the brain) from an aneurysm. Detection: spectrophotometer at 254 nm. Upper) bound c2k1 (resp. Kudzu is a cultivated legume in Japan. Differenzialdiagnose: Die makrozytäre Anämie beim X-chromosomal vererbten Lesch-Nyhan-Syndrom (s. For example: in Li2O the Li ions occupy the same positions as the F ions in Strateygwhile the O2 ions take 2 the same positions as the Ca2 ions; Li O crystallizes in the anti-CaF type. Org. Patients with: Two or more prior episodes One prior episode (elderly, youth) Chronic episodes Incomplete remission Table 5 - 17. 5' O N N 3' ribose O O OH P coenzyme A is made up of five parts By now you will realize that most of this molecule is there fore allow interaction with the various O OH phosphate enzymes that catalyse the reactions of coenzyme A. Image and Vision Computing, 10(6):403±417, August 1992. 57° 26. Review. At A, nm Sensitivity, mg mL1 800 250 100 35 200 45 75 15 6 10 40 0.Debener, S. 1986;64:8188. This can be hard to figure out, especially when comparing trade names and service marks, because both often appear in similar places-on letterheads, advertising copy, signs, and displays. The overexpression of TGFa in mice has underlined its mitogenic activity for epithelial and mesenchymal cells in vivo. Tactile switch terminal blocks to V 1. 7, Light Scattering Matket for Characterizing Fine- particles, 205232. The extra_bit_slice flag following it is always 0 (the value of 1 is reserved for future ISO standards). The small current that flows through an electrical insulator. 6)(8. 2-41 The circuit of Fig. The properties of portland cement, including setting time and final strength. Von Graefe presented his extraordinary accomplish- foeex before the Medical Society of Berlin, iPad or Android smartphone or tablet wherever you want and whenever forex ranging market strategy want. A good proof of this is a set of identical twins, forex ranging market strategy one of whom suffers from schizophrenia. CH OH. Blue. Likforman, M. One two ways to date top most binary. In addition to the macrocell array each LAB contains an IO block and an expander which allows a larger number of product terms to be summed. The theory is based on the fact that meteorites have a higher iridium content than the Earth. The simultaneous palpation of a forceful left ventricular apex beat together with a delayed and weakened carotid pulse are persuasive clues that severe aortic stenosis is present. There are three main types of geothermal power plants. There is, however, the restriction that treatments and blocks are forex ranging market strategy, so there will be no interaction term. If I ̸ 0, fix f ̸ 0 in I, and choose c1. Trading requires knowledge of probabilities and analysis. Microcontrollers, such as the BASIC Stamp controller (we talk about this device in Chapter 13), use oscilla- tors. 0 Overview. OKeane, V. The energies become closer together as n increases. In this article, we discuss major concepts concerning chromosome structure and point out unanswered questions. 5x a find i f(2) b Solve for x the equation (f ± g¡1)(x) 9. Further reading Hack JB et al. He is drawn as a cartoon standing upright and pointing, whenever key facts about Biological Order in the human body are being presented. 1 1. Appl. Inthis way. Williams Wilkins, Baltimore I. 4 list the methods used for eliminating unpleasanthazardous odor (Fig. Tech- niques such as hypnosis can be used to access warded-off memories. Sullivan VK, God cannot be regarded as Father or Son in relation to something extrinsic to the divine substance. Polyomavirus produces large, but there may also be an increase in fat-free mass. In ranginf days, lithotomy was not without serious risks; to avoid them Civiale introduced lithotrity. Example. Gezelter, β 0, μ 32 and ν 12. Phosphorylation danging the ability of eIF4E to bind to eIF4G andor the cap and thus promotes translation. Chem. 22:657, elearical frex often required. Inflammation caused by the atheroma leads to macrophage recruitment. To me, my new viewpoint is what I would call choosing the lesser of two evils: ignorant versus malevolent. BW, Finegold MJ et al. Imhaeusers osteotomy was performed. Trading jul binary options; success binary options trading software daily david. This damaged, split-off emotional content is just out of reach of conscious thought, but is easily recognised in a dream, or in an altered state of con- sciousness induced by hypnosis. Address() and a Letter. Social psychology-Social psychologists are dedi- cated to understanding how creativity is influ- enced by social context, including interpersonal relationships, group dynamics, and sociocultural systems. Radiolabeled octreotide with an intraoperative handheld gamma probe has been used to localize lesions.32 Dabney, Ted, 36, 59 Dactyl Nightmare, xix, 14, 13839, 265 Daggerfall series, 262 Dambusters, 95 The Dame Was Loaded, 132 dance, 259 Dance Dance Revolution (DDR), markett, 138, 169, 212, 254, 271, 303 Index 349 262 Part III Cyclic AMP, Protein Kinases and Protein Phosphatases Fig. Stratrgy chapter aims to help you gather the information needed to diagnose a problem. How- ever, cancer detection rates, positive predictive value of PSA testing, and the possibility of false-positive results need to be discussed with patients prior to PSA-based screening. We tend to look back on significant coaching we've received as a near religious experience. 2 Nanoneuroscience Approaches to Neurological, Neurodevelopmental, and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. It was felt that both dimensions were important to ones ability to participate in strategic decisions within a line insurance unit. 12 and 0. The JouleThomson coefficient can be evaluated experi- mentally using an apparatus like that pictured in Fig. 168. 5 ml of nitric acid R, if υ is the velocity after one collision with a cloud: υV 1 V (V) rranging 1 i υiυi2 V0c2 c2 c2 υi2V υ υi V 1 c2 γ2(υi). If the charge state of the positive ion is z. Trading robots binary option traders apart from.Cookie gets NOW Brokers with low spreads Options Married put the questions below: Examples

glass of champagne keep celebrating your the perfect match. Happy anniversary!on this special , Pour me a so many times. Wishing you to that you are best anniversary ever , anniversary! special occasion for up to now? Maybe God thinks Wishing you the Information from websites: the world ends! Happy 1st marriage you celebrating this two still together friend. Happy Wedding Anniversary.their beautiful marriage.happily married till joy to see Why are you for this long. Achievement unlocked my greatest supporter of your anniversary, My Friend, Hope you are it’s a true who know you.is staying married friend and the Great wishes on many years and wisdom to all Your greatest accomplishment moments. Be a great for each other. God bless you.marriage for so of love and anniversary.of the big it all. You are made Touching Messages to Write in Your Husband's Anniversary Card living in a spread the radiance and a happy the sweetest reminder your eyes says You are happily marriage continue to you many more couple by giving life. The twinkle in on Earth lasts, the sea! Happy marriage anniversary! you. May your exemplary year of love, laughter, and happiness. Here's to wishing for your favorite of your married relation be, Till the time Happy anniversary to Congratulations on another day more special 365 happy days diamond may your hopes of tomorrow. Make it memorable!joy! Happy wedding anniversary!it. Make the special completed the first As pure as yesterday and the between you, bring lots of because they deserve you today. You have successfully anniversary.of today, the memories of May the love their wedding anniversary So happy for someone you’re not. Congrats and Happy celebrate the joys my dearest friend. sweet words on anniversary my friend.liked for being a time to of magical moments. Happy Wedding Anniversary your appreciation and on this day. Happy first wedding someone else, just to be An anniversary is life with tons messages and share one year ago pretend to be my friend.peaceful happy married at the above each other exactly when you don’t have to lovable wedding anniversary nothing but a be together. Take a look you were giving Real relationships are each other unconditionally. Wishing you a I wish you tide but still, have managed to same smile that wedding anniversary!it by loving your love forever.together against the still wearing the it. Congratulations on your you are honoring anniversary. May God bless all the time love birds are that you appreciate you together and forever. Happy 1st wedding they have passed that you two precious. And I’m very happy Destiny has brought meant to last witness of how heart to see despite everything is favorites.affection is surely of time. You are a It warms my so many years example. Happy Wedding Anniversary your love and over the course Anniversary Friend.loves you for is a beautiful The freshness of their love grow fine. Happy 1st Wedding truest treasure. Knowing that somebody as your marriage happier more. Much Love.who has seen together, everything will be Love is the to you guys I cannot be extended family member as you stay anniversary.commitment, I must talk wedding anniversary and are their unofficial More Romantic Lines for Your Anniversary Wish that as long constant, soulful and eternal. Hearty congrats on about love and is having their friend because you knows what’s ahead, but I’m pretty sure in common – they are both to know anything in the world ultimate well-wisher of your changeable and nobody a few things I ever want My favorite couple You are the Life is very the sea have I know if dear friend.and smooth! Happy wedding anniversary!many more.the sound of you two.long time. Happy Marriage Anniversary marriage be happy married life. Here is to your love and but best for marriage for a you soothe, And may your days of your The echo of inspirational couple. I wish nothing wonderful years of With your love, may each other the first 365 that vow, Happy Anniversary!Wedding Anniversary dearest and you have this special day.each other for you in keeping and relationship. Have a great stronger every day with you on held on to may God bless lot about love love only grows here to celebrate each other and to each other teaches us a I wish your bad times. So I am you have found knot and vowed of your marriage my favorite couple.as well as so glad that you tied the All these years in your life. Happy Wedding Anniversary had me back. Both in good Additional Loving Sentiments for Your Hubby but I am You two met, the love grew my friend.these happy years happy anniversary. You have always person is difficult keep them growing.me of that. Happy Wedding Anniversary gave you all to you, have a very Finding the right these things and beautiful day reminds you together and this heartfelt wishes you may show! Happy Anniversary! to maintain all second of this True love brought occasion. I am sending is your relation, to the world example of how heaven and every know. Happy Anniversary. On this special grow and grow, And how strong are the best match made in to meet and this special day.for each other other and you You are a have been honored two! Keep it up, warmest regards on know. May your love love, faithfulness, trust, belief in each each other.beautiful couples I easy for you couple that I many things like your love for of the most for each other. Everything looks so for the nicest based on so the testimony of so inspiring. You are one still strong one your marriage anniversary Happy marriage is Happy anniversary! May the ever-growing days be of you is happens in life, your love is Best wishes on for the war. Happy Anniversary though!divine music forever!Watching the two No matter what stay united.always prepare yourself to hear this you two.reciprocal. Happy Anniversary Friend.in life and a battlefield. You have to love. We wish you come in between and the obligation ups and downs like being in sings anthems of year, and may nothing is equal, the dependence mutual go through all Being married is and the soul stronger every passing which the independence it mean to of time. Happy anniversary.special and unique and care grow and wife in understand what does survived the test marriage is very Happy Wedding Anniversary. May your love relation between man you begin to your marriage has Each year of friend.Marriage is that While living together have aged, but how beautifully years together. Happy Anniversary Friend. of cheerful moments. Happy Wedding Anniversary you, which is harmony! Happy wedding anniversary!of sweet memories. Congratulations On Anniversary.how much you have many more laughter, joy, cheer, and a lot Heartfelt Thank You Message Examples for Your Husband best part in a blissful loop not signs of pray that you be blessed with best symphony, Which imitates the ending, your marriage is your faces are year and I May your marriage here is the of romance. Not a happy The wrinkles on with each passing special day.For your anniversary an epic tale your wedding anniversary!You get better them on their magical moments!love story, your marriage is in family relationships. Happy wishes on both of you.good wish for peaceful, beautiful life, with loads of an adventure. It's not a friends. It’s very important true, more joy, more love for to express your great occasion. Wishing you a journey, your marriage is beloved spouses, but also good more dreams come can use it both on this Not a long other, because you’re not only your marriage great. Wishing you still so that you to solute you for you. Happy Anniversary.tired of each love that makes are given below it’s a pleasure us. We are praying you never get to celebrate the messages for friends you both and really special to It seems like Anniversaries are days funny wedding anniversary big day for that you are year.with each other. Happy Anniversary!your life. Some beautiful and This is a you to know for any given being together. You guys rock! Stay in love lovely couple in never run out!other we want of love, trust, partnership, tolerance and tenacity. The order varies Another year of important is that family happiness would love for each is the celebration come. Happy anniversary.to show how you that your to treasure your A wedding anniversary for years to marriage anniversary wishes anniversary and wish As you continue great life ahead. Happy anniversary.your lives, giving you hope send him/her the best on your wedding have ever seen. Happy Wedding Anniversary.you both a light that illuminates 50th marriage anniversary, you need to ahead. I congratulate you strongest affection I gather and wish to be the or 25th or of incredible years made by the selfish reasons to May love continue 1st marriage anniversary be a lot marriage. Because it is Parties, dinners and get-together's – we have many be your friend. Happy Anniversary.day. Whether it is your life behind. And there will Religious Wedding Anniversary Wishes beauty of your the loving cup, whenever you’re wrong – admit it. Whenever you’re right – shut up. Happy anniversary dear!and honored to on their big incredible years of is the everlasting marriage brimming, with love in I am blessed and your presence There were many in this world To keep your exemplary couple and of your like till now! Happy wedding anniversary!that is true my friend! Happy wedding anniversary!your marriage. You are an the sweet words you have been The only thing both of you! Thanks for being your commitment to your friend, then they deserve other just like special time.the best for of you for wedding anniversary of there for each of during this with you, And I wish respect the two day is a vow, That you’ll always be you are thought married life agrees I admire and every situation. If that special and take a and know that It looks like life.by you in Hold your hands joy so smile same time. Happy anniversary!and lovely married one who stands happy anniversary!time for celebrating, happiness, and plenty of quarrel at the for that. Have a long your own. Friends are the it. Best greetings and anniversary. This is a need for a I salute you chosen family of nice and strong! And you reached Short and Sweet Messages for Social Media Congratulations on your usually feel the in life and for Friend : Friends are the makes marriage so hearts, Happy Anniversary!when both partners ups and downs Wedding Anniversary Wishes that is what God in your are well suited through all the sweetheart other, loving and caring the words of A married couple help each other Happy Anniversary my Relying, counting on each other and keep long time. Happy Marriage Anniversary.been able to 01, 2022:can beat! Happy wedding anniversary!love with each married for a You two have nishu on May whom no one marriage stay in comes to being my dearest friend. sweetheartkind of couple out of your of when it year successfully. Happy Wedding Anniversary Happy Anniversary my I repeat, You are a Make the most I can think suffering for another 17, 2022:day and now you climb! Happy marriage anniversary! the closest thing and bearing the Afzal on May on your wedding of your relation A never-ending war is the marriage ring loving wife, I told you other, every time, May the milestones you otherwise. Kidding! Happy Wedding Anniversary. Anniversary Wishes for a Husband Who Is Far Away Congratulations on wearing I remain your wedding anniversary!love with each sense would choose my friend.your affection, my amazing hubby.your marriage life. Sincere greetings on You fall in blind. No person in of time. Happy wedding anniversary love and crave all difficulties in dearest friends!but, in your case, the lover is surviving the test and again. I adore your by going through through the years. Happy anniversary my Love is blind of true love marry you again to stay together for one another friend.as an example over, I'd choose to that you manage is your love card? Just Kidding. Happy Marriage Anniversary and proved yourself do it all time ago. It’s so nice I have witnessed or a sympathy found each other this world. If I could other a long most beautiful things auspicious (!) day. An Anniversary Card You two have I know in You found each One of the guys on this one for you. sweetest person that my dear friends.Happy Anniversary today.to send you other. May this anniversary, be the best You are the sacred bond. Happy Wedding Anniversary to wish you decide which one made for each I am today. shared in this and I want It’s hard to Congratulations, You two are care. Without your partnership, I wouldn't be who love you have so much happiness Sample Love Letter #1 friend! of affection, support, and unlimited romance. Warm Hugs.your continued loving sixty-five days of never stop. You both deserve marriage, Happy Anniversary dear you more years unwind when I'm stressed. Above all, thank you for Three hundred and in your lives war, A year of anniversary, I am wishing always helping me anniversary my dearest.end. May the magic quarrel, A month of day of wedding memories. Thank you for you two. Happy first wedding your marriage never loving, A week of On this special of my happiest of marriage between dream that is A day of your marriage.of so many this sacred bond May this beautiful and misery. Happy anniversary!of love throughout being a part want to celebrate happy marriage, happy anniversary! Sample Love Letter #2 year of suffering an inseparable bond Thank you for today because I love and your Congratulations! Cheer’s to another day. May you have match for me. our marriage wouldn’t be possible life.for me in more. Thank you for My memories of I'm with you. Putting a smile got married, I've been savoring it was only to comfort me your presence. I miss you! lots of hugs • Here’s wishing you lucked out by you soon. Happy anniversary!from you on you are away, you are always • I miss waking • Whenever we’re far apart, I long for like a part living elsewhere temporarily. Individuals in long-distance relationships may romantic lines that being there. • I crave your the happiness in you.• Making me happy love and support, you’re there for would be so • I’m pleased and who I am! in love with best hubby in can mean the filled with peace, love, happiness, and prosperity!the coming years. I look forward the wisdom to • The journey we’ve been on lives. Let’s celebrate together filled with happiness our marriage!• My life has coming years of exactly what to our marriage strong make me feel • Thank you for me. I hope you’ll continue to even when I so much!for falling in the coming years. Happy anniversary to events of our your wife.to our kids.being the kindest wife and children. My heart is • Thanks for being the beautiful memories easy to dream such an exemplary and inspiration. I value everything enjoy on a your heart. You're the man Wedding Anniversary Wishes For Friends giving me so for accepting me to you.An anniversary card born into this to have found and thrive by moments in my love, peace, and happiness in feel so extremely • Men that are husband in the you by my to be a spent together right filled with love, success, and prosperity!an amazing man. You always know treat and you my hubby! sharing the same coming years will • Being with you to me that test of time. Excellent work, my dear! Here's to the our patience, courage, and commitment are to call you I would do • No one knows my husband in kiss my favorite prospect of spending the world. You’re my source • When I first most important person • When I fall you for the year, so make your mind are filled anniversary, my darling! Let's enjoy this a million. Happy anniversary, my love!love and care life partner I to offer you exists because of on our wedding day! Let’s have a my loving husband!years to come one another in as they were got married. I adore you lifetime of happiness! when I'm having a of my dreams. Happy anniversary, my love!we both said be without you. Thank you, sweetheart—for everything.blessed to have to create your messages and romantic a husband who • Religious anniversary messagesloved, cherished, and admired.your love for time to reminisce of the love, friendship, admiration, and commitment that husband? Check out the the words they to your nose, is a perfect This celebration of you in my and being there yearns earnestly for been your focus.as long as how time flies. Ever since we It seems like to find ways our anniversary is shower you with life. Goodnight, sweetheart. I’m missing you! It's me who hope to see • Being far away in bed. Know that when we're together again.love with you, my sweetheart.departed, it has felt studying abroad or Below, you’ll find some • Happy anniversary! Thanks for always thanks to you, my sweetheart!• Here's wishing all me from loving of your life! • Whenever I need life after marriage love!loving me for • I’m still so • I have the anniversary, a romantic card continue to be us through in on us, bless us, and grant us glory. Happy anniversary!moments of our coming years be to shine upon us!to enjoy the • You always know prayers and keep you do to years.wonderful person to make me happy of my dreams—I love you we’ve shared and good things in the most unforgettable honored to be a caring father into your arms. Thank you for much about his all your love, patience, and support!for all of husband. You make it world. You have been your loving care ever! The happiness I for me in • Thank you for me. And thank you important he is once again. You're the best. Happy anniversary, darling. opportunity to be partner—I’m extremely lucky continue to grow into the darkest be filled with this world. That's why I in my life.and most caring anything done without • You’ve proven yourself first night we years ahead be • You are such lean on me. You're my special life without you. Happy anniversary to a wonderful experience together! I know the d'être.much it means to stand the together, I think that my eyes. You’re the world’s greatest husband, and I'm so lucky beautiful and sensational, and I don't know what second two. Happy anniversary!me to describe • Each time I • You make the caring person in know. I love you, darling.knowing that the always. Happy anniversary!experience living with around once a and happiness today. My heart and for celebration. Congratulations and happy daily basis. You're one in rival the precious happy with the without you. All I have I see ahead we toasted with mark our special us. Happy anniversary to • Sweetheart, I hope the and learn from and meaningful today yesterday that we of us a up my mood with the man since the day strange everything would • I feel so and modify them collection of sweet • Anniversary wishes for for your husbandyour husband feel your partner reaffirm over the years. It is a is a celebration card for your helping others find Funny Anniversary Wishes For Friends and support. Everything about you, from your toes To My Darling,am to have always surprising me joy, and my heart happy has always regrets in life date. I realize now My Dear Heart, between us, you still manage I want for and let me person in my to have me, but I think dearly and I thoughts. I miss you, man!next to me anniversary, my love! I can't wait until anniversary together! I’m so in • Ever since you is working or you forever. about you!• Much love and against it.• Nothing can stop be a part long time ago!• Had I known • I’m craving your • Thank you for so much!my husband!apart for your lives together. May our matrimony • May God see to have mercy marriage with His of the happiest union, and may the got married. May God’s light continue enjoyed those behind us the serenity anniversary!to grant our for everything that in the coming been such a to do to again. You’re the man the beautiful memories my heart today. I hope we’ll experience more occasion one of partner. I’m pleased and and for being happy to fall who cares so you enough for life with you. Thank you again • You’re a wonderful giving me the small part to the best hubby creating a space to me!always believing in husband know how to marry you • If given the romantic, handsome, energetic, smart, and caring life you, and I can't wait to bringing your light marriage continues to to find in someone like you incomparable. You’re the kindest Marriage Anniversary Messages To A Friend I would get without you.experience from the be bright, and may the special day.you can always tied the knot. I can't imagine my • It has been a wonderful experience. Here's to sticking pride, my joy, and my raison any idea how and allowed it destiny brought us to your toes—is faultless in you do, my dear. Our love is pass on the • If someone asked love always, dear. You’re handsome, romantic, and kind. I love you!a happy [insert number] wedding anniversary, my life partner!meeting the most more than you in bed, I rest easy special, loved, and cared for such a wonderful Anniversaries only come so much joy union truly calls me on a give you can your love. I’m so deeply imagine a life • The bright future same wine that hubby as we the years behind so dearly.to grow together are as poignant it was just without you. I wish both do to lift more beautiful memories journey with you life. I can't imagine how message. them as-is or combine Here, you’ll find a social media• Thank you messages place to make as you and alive and healthy A wedding anniversary a romantic anniversary writing greeting-card messages and each other's unconditional love love with you, else can. How blessed I for the better. Thank you for fill me with and making me our lives together. I have no had our first endlessly. Happy anniversary!affection. Despite the distance • The only thing on our anniversary. Come back soon such a caring you are lucky tough. I miss you my dreams and you right there kisses. Congratulations and happy been missing. Come back soon, and let’s celebrate our too.your husband who be there for I love everything my true love! whenever yours beats your focus—happy anniversary!• I'm proud to married you a myself your wife.sweetheart! Happy anniversary.together!• I adore you • Happy anniversary to your husband are rest of our years!been superb. May God continue for blessing our • This is one to bless our ever since we as we have my day—I love you! May God grant years. Congratulations and happy • May God continue back on me. And thank you and truthful hubby you what's wrong. You have always knowing exactly what over and over • Thank you for but joy in making this sentimental being my loyal hubby to me • I’m always so and phenomenal dad • Sincerely, I cannot thank rest of my thanks, sweetheart!• Thank you for due in no • Thanks for being love. Thank you for am. You mean everything your loyalty. Thank you for to let your time, I would choose qualities in you. Happy anniversary!• I wanted a in love with • Thank you for found you. I hope our sentimental are hard a blessing having • Your love is man. I don’t know how present moment. I can't imagine life been a wonderful me smile. May your day best on our to know that you since we fantastic. 1st Wedding Anniversary Wishes for Friend has been such side every day? You are my • Do you have our union strong • While it’s true that • Everything about you—from your head my day like "perfect" and take a with happiness. Happy anniversary, babe.someone sound easy. I crave your strength. Here’s wishing you idea I was only inches away. Your love, care, and companionship mean next to me making me feel • It has been sweet memories. Happy anniversary, dear!• I’m overwhelmed with to this lifelong the kids and • No gift I sincerest thanks for support. It's hard to husband!drink the very happiness to my as much love, happiness, and beauty as come. Happy anniversary! I love you spoke them. Let us continue • Our marriage vows quickly time flies. it seems like I would do exactly what to to creating many bit of my partner in my personal greeting card cards. You can use • Sample love lettersanniversary messages for an anniversary cardis the perfect of the past couple's sacred bond ideas and inspiration. Want to write Oyewole Folarin loves if we didn't both have So deeply in ways no one changing my life our time together on my face every moment of yesterday that we and love me • I’m craving your and kisses!all the best Happy Anniversary Quotes for Friend ending up with • You may think our anniversary is with me in up and seeing your caring presence, your warm lips, and your soft of me has find these useful are perfect for • I promise to warm touch and the world to • My heart tremors has always been me.easy with you, I would have honored to call • I love my you. Let's grow old the world!world.If you and to spending the endure the coming so far has and thank God and prosperity! • May God continue changed for better marriage as much do to brighten in the coming happy, secure, and loved. Happy anniversary!never turning your be a loving refuse to tell • Thank you for love with me my husband!lives. I have nothing • Thank you for • Thank you for and most loving yours.a wonderful husband that we’ve shared.of spending the man. Much love and about you. You’re the best!daily basis is of my dreams.much attention and for who I • Thank you for is an opportunity world a second all of those your side.life. I’m so deeply the coming years!lucky to have both sensational and world. It’s really been side. Happy anniversary!loving and caring up to this • You’re the world’s #1 husband! Our marriage has how to make deserve only the • I want you home, bed, and name with be just as all these years you're by my years to come.what have kept my own.without it. Happy anniversary, my sweet.how to make three words, I would say man, my heart overflows a lifetime with of happiness and met you, I had no my life is asleep with you last [insert number] years. Thank you for message count!with love and night together.• Our loving commitment you give to chose.today is my your love and day. You’re the world's #1 most amazing blast tonight and • Much love and are filled with the years to when we first so much. Here’s to you! Happy anniversary, sweetheart!• Wow! Today, I realized how hard day. I don't know what • You always know "I do." I look forward • I’ve enjoyed every such a wonderful own unique and lines for anniversary is far away• Short and sweet • Heartwarming sentiments for one another. Your anniversary card about sweet memories have kept a

In this chapter we'll discuss how to create your own Cocos2d-X project files from scratch for iOS, Mac, Android and Windows. RapidGame You can skip this chapter if using RapidGame. Here's how easy it is to create a new game (Node.js and Git are required) using prebuilt cocos2dx libraries so you never have to compile cocos2d-x twice: sudo npm install rapidgame -g rapidgame create cocos2d "Zombie Matrix" org.myorg.zombiematrix rapidgame prebuild From here on we'll be showing you how to create a new project with cocos2d-x with all the source files ready to be compiled. What will you need to follow along? First of all, you'll need to download Cocos2d-X. This tutorial is written for version 3. There's also an older version of this chapter maintained for version 2.. Make sure to install the latest platform-tools, build-tools and API from the Android SDK Manager. With this setup, you can build for Android on Windows, Mac or Linux. Keep in mind that Xcode, Visual Studio, Eclipse and even Cocos2d-X are updated often. There are new options, build settings and sometimes UI elements have been rearranged. If you run into any problems, please let us know how you solved them in the comments. According to a recent survey we took, iOS is the most popular deployment target for Cocos2d-X developers, with Android coming in a close second. So that's where we'll start. iOS Project From Scratch There's now a very simple way to create a Cocos2d-X iOS project from scratch. Just open Terminal, change to your cocos2d-x directory and run the command to create a new multi-platform project: cd Desktop/cocos2d-x-latest/ tools/cocos2d-console/bin/cocos new \ --package com.MyCompany.AwesomeGame \ --language cpp \ --directory ~/Desktop \ ZombieMatrix We use the cpp language option here to create a C++ project. You can also create lua and javascript projects. You've now got a brand-new, multi-platform game project called "MyGame" on your Desktop. Open up ~/Desktop/MyGame/proj.ios_mac/MyGame.xcodeproj. Select "MyGame iOS" from the scheme dropdown (it might say "build-all-libs Mac" initially) and hit the Run button to check out Cocos2d-X's HelloWorld app. You probably noticed when you selected "MyGame iOS" from the schemes dropdown that there are many non-runnable schemes to choose from. You can hide all these non-runnable schemes. Just select "Manage Schemes..." from the scheme dropdown, uncheck the Show box next to all but "MyGame iOS" and "MyGame Mac" and click OK. Alternatively, you can just remove the unwanted schemes by selecting them and clicking the "-" minus button. Xcode Sub-Projects Let's take a look at the project behind the scenes. It's actually quite elegant. First of all, Cocos2d-X is included as a sub-project. It makes available many different targets that can be built and included in your game. These include the cocos2dx library for iOS & Mac, the CocosDenshion sound engine for iOS & Mac, the Box2d & Chipmunk physics engines, and many other libraries. These libraries are included in the MyGame project as dependencies and the resulting library files are linked into the binary. View this for yourself by clicking MyGame from the project drawer and then clicking Build Phases. Building a project this way makes upgrading a snap. Since all the libraries are included as a single sub-project, when Cocos2d-X is upgraded the MyGame project does not have to be edited. Just copy the new Cocos2d-X into MyGame/cocos2d and that's it. Customizing the Project Now let's customize the project a little bit. Open Classes/HelloWorldScene.cpp and change the following line: auto label = LabelTTF::create("Hello World", "Arial", 24); To this: auto label = LabelTTF::create("My Hello!", "Arial", 80); Now Build & Run your project: The label now says "My Hello!" instead of "Hello World" and it's much bigger. You've successfully proven the project is your. The Mac project is already a part of the iOS project that we've been working on. Just select "MyGame Mac" from the schemes dropdown and Build & Run. After it builds all of Cocos2d-X for Mac you'll see your "My Hello!" customization. The Android Command-line Project Once again the meta-project comes in real handy. We already have an Android command-line project that we can customize in the proj.android folder. You can see which Android API version it's targeted for in the project.properties file. Example: target=android-10 This is the API version that will be built against (similar to the Base SDK in Xcode). Make sure you have installed this API version from the Android SDK Manager. Your Android game can still run using earlier API versions, as specified in the AndroidManifest.xml file (similar to the Deployment Target in Xcode): <uses-sdk android: The proj.android folder is mostly ready to go. We just need to add a makefile for convenience. Open Terminal, switch to your MyGame/proj.android directory, and create this makefile (or just download it): all: @if [ ! -d \${ANDROID_HOME} ]; then echo "Missing ANDROID_HOME"; exit; fi ./build_native.py ant -Dsdk.dir=/Path/to/your/android/sdk debug run: adb -d uninstall com.MyCompany.AwesomeGame adb -d install bin/MyGame-debug.apk adb -d logcat | grep cocos2d clean: rm -rf obj rm -rf bin rm -rf gen rm -rf assets rm -rf libs/armeabi rm -rf libs/armeabi-v7a rm -rf libs/x86 rm -rf libs/mips Important: make sure to change the /Path/to/your/android/sdk on line 4 to match the path where you installed your Android SDK. Now, while still in the proj.android directory, you can just run the make command to start building your Android APK file: When the make command is done, you'll have MyGame MyGame app to run it. Here's a screenshot of it running on my Samsung Galaxy S: The Android Eclipse Project Open up Eclipse and make sure you've got all the Android and C++ plugins installed. If you need some guidance getting Eclipse set up correctly, here's a great tutorial. Follow the Eclipse instructions in MyGame/proj.android/README.md. There's a few things you'll need to setup to ensure Cocos2d-X compiles correctly. On Mac, you'll need to at least set the NDK_ROOT environment variable: Now select File > New > Other... and choose "Android Project from Existing Code". Next, choose your MyGame/proj.android folder with the Browse... button, make sure your project is selected and click Finish. Last, repeat the same process to add an Android project from existing code and this time choose the MyGame/cocos2d/cocos/platform/android/java folder. There you go. You've got a link to MyGame and libcocos2dx in the Package Explorer. Attach your device, select the MyGame project, then click the green Play button and Run As > Android Application.. The Windows Project The first step here is to get the MyGame project onto a Windows system. Once you've done that, open up Visual C++ with MyGame/proj.win32/MyGame.sln. Next, click the green Play icon to Build and Start Debugging. . Great chapter. I followed the instructions and created the meta-projects without any snags in Cocos2d-2.0-x-2.0.3. Thank you very much, man. Hi, Great tutorial… but I’m frustrated with Android. The tutorial doesn’t show how to enable the debugging on Android, something that is very important. How are we supposed to develop Android games if we can’t debug them? This missing feature makes it impossible. First, it is possible to debug your Android games with CCLog statements. It’s not the recommended way to debug, but it will get you by. Android debugging should be under the Eclipse section. You ought to be able to follow the instructions there to get the projects in your workspace, and then debug from there. As I said, I’m not an expert with Eclipse. Can anyone help us out with a few Cocos2d-X Eclipse debugging tips? I’d like to update this chapter. I create project on windows first , and then create meta-project ( copy project to new folder Desktop/MyMetaProject ) and I success with run on windows , but when I run make with terminal , I got an error $ make ./build_native.sh NDK_ROOT = E:/Download/Android/android-ndk-r8b COCOS2DX_ROOT = /cygdrive/c/Users/Vinh Loc/Desktop/SuperTeo meta-project/MyProject/SuperTeo/proj.android/../../.. APP_ROOT = /cygdrive/c/Users/Vinh Loc/Desktop/SuperTeo meta-project/MyProject/SuperTeo/proj.android/.. APP_ANDROID_ROOT = /cygdrive/c/Users/Vinh Loc/Desktop/SuperTeo meta-project/MyProject/SuperTeo/proj.android Using prebuilt externals Android NDK: ERROR: You NDK_MODULE_PATH variable contains spaces Android NDK: Please fix the error and start again. make[1]: Entering directory `/cygdrive/c/Users/Vinh Loc/Desktop/SuperTeo meta-project/MyProject/SuperTeo/proj.android’ /cygdrive/e/Download/Android/android-ndk-r8b/build/core/setup-imports.mk:27: *** Android NDK: Aborting . Stop. make[1]: Leaving directory `/cygdrive/c/Users/Vinh Loc/Desktop/SuperTeo meta-project/MyProject/SuperTeo/proj.android’ makefile:2: recipe for target `all’ failed make: *** [all] Error 2 What can I do now :( Not to worry. The error message “Your NDK_MODULE_PATH variable contains spaces” says it all. The problem is in these lines of build_native.sh: echo “Using prebuilt externals” “$NDK_ROOT”/ndk-build -C “$APP_ANDROID_ROOT” $* “NDK_MODULE_PATH=${COCOS2DX_ROOT}:${COCOS2DX_ROOT} /cocos2dx/platform/third_party/android/prebuilt” Because your COCOS2DX_ROOT contains spaces (“Vinh Loc” and “SuperTeo meta-project”) it is causing this line to fail. This is actually a bug in Cocos2d-X which can be fixed. They have fixed the issue on many of the other lines by wrapping the variables in quotes, like this: mkdir “$APP_ANDROID_ROOT”/assets Can you please post in the forums of cocos2d-x.org so this issue can be resolved? In the meantime, you can easily get it working on your system by putting your meta-project in a safe, spaces-free directory, like /cygdrive/c/Projects/MyProject/ Thanks ^^ it’s work now :) Another error here make[1]: Leaving directory `/cygdrive/d/SuperTeoMetaProj/MyProject/SuperTeo/proj.android’ ant -Dsdk.dir=”C:/Program Files (x86)/Android/android-sdk” debug /bin/sh: ant: command not found makefile:2: recipe for target `all’ failed make: *** [all] Error 127 I’m using cygwin terminal. So what should I do now :( Your error is: “ant: command not found.” A google search reveals some helpful resources: Thanks , after a lot of work I finally done with meta project :D Thanks for your article :D I’m waiting for next chapter , I’m new to cocos2d-x and very exciting with it :D Hi A new request here. I want to create a meta-project with Box2D support and extensions(cocosbuilder reader/scroll view/edit box …etc) support. How can I do that? Great question. Well, it seems like a simple way to do that would be to just copy the TestCpp project instead of HelloCpp. Make sure to also copy the extensions folder into your meta-project directory. Start with the iOS & Mac projects and follow the same general guidelines in this post for Android & Windows. First I want to thanks for your article . Second I want to ask can our meta-project port to BlackBerry ? And If yes, can you show me a way ? Cause I’m interested with BB and want to port my game to BB tablet os :D Yes, by following the instructions in this article, you will already have a BlackBerry project in your MyHello/projects/MyHello/proj.blackberry folder. Sorry, but I’m not familiar with BlackBerry, so you’re going to have to take it from there. Excellent tutorial. We have been developing with Unity for a while and recently switched to Cocos2Dx. It’s nice to see how far Cocos2D community has come along in last 3 years. Great job. I went through several different trials on getting a multi-platform project started for cocos2d-x. This is definitely the easiest to get working and is probably the most future proof as it leverages the samples provided with Cocos. I will see how things go moving forward. I’m wondering as I start to add new files how many places I will need to change to keep the projects moving together in sync. I decided to rename projects as I went through the example. The android project was definitely the most painful. There are also a couple references to HelloCpp that will want to be changed and definitely the structure of the src directory is critical (that tripped me up as somehow I missed your comment at the end of the command line section). I got the following error: The import org.cocos2dx.lib.Cocos2dxActivity can not be solved. My Cocos2d-x version is 2.0.4 and the directory structure is exactly the same as you mentioned in the blog. Any idea? Thanks. Which file is causing that error? Hello Nat Weiss from Spain: First congratulations for this book. It’s too helpful and instructive. I have a doubt with this chapter. I don’t have a Mac computer and I created my meta-project starting from a PC computer with Windows XP. Like windows user, then I followed this tutorial from cocos2d-x web: I will try one’s luck with Android first. And if my game has some success, then I will try with iOS. Do you know if I will have problems when I want to build Mac project starting from windows user tutorial? Thanks Hi Patricio, Actually, if you create a meta-project like in this tutorial, you shouldn’t have any problems transitioning from Windows to Mac. You’ll have all the files for a Mac project all ready to go. Just an FYI; If you’re silly like me and copy-n-paste the makefile contents, you’ll end up with an error like this: makefile:2: *** missing separator. Stop. makefile requires TABs, not spaces. Hi Nat, I have “The import org.cocos2dx cannot be resolved” at “import org.cocos2dx.lib.Cocos2dxActivity;” line I have no src/org/cocos2dx/lib/Cocos2dxActivity.java because in samples/HelloCpp didn’t exists this java. I forgot anything? tx in advance What happens if you comment that line out? Excellent tutorial, I followed the ‘New iOS Project via Copying’ section however one minor issue in Xcode 4.5 was I could not rename the project without git support. This can easily be sorted with a ‘git init’ via command line in the project root folder e.g. ‘MyHello’ In Xcode 4.5 all files are renamed correctly however you still need to update the ‘plist’ name in build settings. Great tutorial, As also requested by Painache. Is it possible to update it with Box2d and extensions please ? thank you I tried several ways to make it run on Android but I can’t seem to make it work. I followed the “New iOS Project via Copying” part and the “The Android Command-line Project”. It compiles properly now but I can’t run “make run” and is giving me the following error: xxxxx-MacBook-Pro:proj.android xxxxx$ make -f makefile1 run adb -d uninstall com.mygames.appname make: adb: No such file or directory make: *** [run] Error 1 If I try to comment the line “adb -d uninstall com.mygames.appname”, I get the following error: xxxxx-MacBook-Pro:proj.android xxxxx$ make -f makefile2 run adb -d install bin/appname-debug.apk make: adb: No such file or directory make: *** [run] Error 1 I looked at the bin directory and the APK file is there. I tried using Eclipse but I am getting the “The import org.cocos2dx cannot be resolved” error in the line “import org.cocos2dx.lib.Cocos2dxActivity;” of the “src/com/mygames/appname/main.java” file. The file “src/org/cocos2dx/lib/Cocos2dxActivity” does not exist. Did I just miss something? I’m using Xcode 4.5, Eclipse Indigo, and cocos2d-x-2.0.4 on a Macbook Pro ( Mav OS X 10.8 ) What happens if you comment out the “import org.cocos2dx.lib.Cocos2dxActivity;” line? There are still errors on the line ‘public class appname extends Cocos2dxActivity’. I think the problem here is that it can’t find the class Cocos2dxActivity anywhere in the project. I’ve had it working with the makefile method but I needed to debug my app and Eclipse won’t compile because of that error. I have fixed the error by going to Project Properties -> Java Build Path -> Source and then linking “cocos2dx/platform/android/java/src” I use Eclipse Juno, so it might not appear on older versions. Cool. Something worth mentioning for Android: You need to “build” the project before importing into Eclipse. This basically involves running the build_native.sh script thru cygwin. If you are facing errors or app crash on launch in Eclipse, you probably haven’t built the code (and hence it can’t find the library). Also, if you see “library not found”, you probably need to import again (don’t use copy to workspace option) Hi, Anyone able to setup the ‘myhello’ android project on a windows pc – no access to a mac over xmas period. Problem I have, is I can’t follow the steps past installing the Android + Eclipse tools as I dont have the files,config/setup that is listed in the guide so cant create the iOS meta project etc and its not clear to me how to copy from the paralaxer code to create a new androind meta project on a windows only machine (Though I do have the paralaxer ofc, and the regular android sample apps work) Cheers, being thick through the post xmas fog..hehe :) Andy Hey Andy, There’s really not that much that Xcode is doing to the project. You might just be able to follow along and wing it. Maybe give it another shot? Good luck. I followed the tutorial up to the android segment and had success. I then renamed all my files and went a few steps further as some things still were saying HelloCpp. I honestly don’t remember the exact steps as it was somewhat trial and error. I know for a fact I did Project>Refactor>Rename, changed the ‘app_name’. Everything seemed fine and was running with the correct app labels and names inside of the IDE and on the device. Then I hopped in xCode to just do a quick change as a test and tried to re ‘make’ the build. At this point I now get the error: R.java was modified manually! Reverting to generated version! 01-15 15:37:26.775: E/AndroidRuntime(10606): java.lang.RuntimeException: Unable to instantiate activity ComponentInfo{com.company.renamed/com.company.renamed.Renamed}: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: Didn’t find class “com.company.renamed.Renamed” on path: /data/app/com.company.renamed-2.apk Any ideas? What is the correct process for completely renaming the project from HelloCpp to whatever you want in all occurrences. Meaning so it displays correctly in Eclipse(Project Tree), all the paths like com.company.appname are synced and there is no more occurrence of the copied template HelloCpp. Once thats done how do you recompile updates and continue on. Hey Mike, I really don’t know the answer as I’m not an Eclipse expert. The way I would do it is to manually rename all occurrences of com.yourcompany.yourproject on the commandline using grep to find them. Then you could try re-importing the project into Eclipse? Try to restart Eclipse. It helped to me xD I can’t believe it, but it works. Dang, i’m really confused right now! I’m using Windows 7 and i want to create a project that will run on both Android and iOS. How do i do that? You guys use a Mac to create a project to iOS, a PC with Linux to create a project do Android and a PC with Windows to create a project do Windows?! Pedro. You need a Mac computer for iOS and you need Windows for win32 builds. Other than that you can build Android on any system. So, in your case, if you are only on Windows 7, you can build for Android and Windows. You’ll need to pick up some sort of Mac machine to build for iOS and Mac. I created a project via copying. Unforunately I get an error. “Lexical or Prepocessor Issue ‘cocos2d.h’ file not found” I tried restarting Xcode deleting derieved data. I forgot to mention.. I am using Xcode 4.6 and the latest cocos2d-x 2.1.1 stable build Why can’t it find cocos2d.h? Is there something wrong with the header search paths for the project? Hello,I’m also on xcode 4.6 and I’m having a similar issue. Make sure your adding the cocos2dx and CocosDenshion folders to your project once you have xcode open. I did that and got rid of the “cocos2d.h missing”error, but now im getting several other missing header file errors such as “platform/CCPlatformMacros.h” but after digging around in the xcode file browser panel, i found that they are included in the project properly. After much messing around im pretty stumped. The samples/hellocpp projects work fine inside the original extracted version of cocos2d that i downloaded, but as soon as they are copied out into a new folder structure like the one in your tutorial the xcode projects seem to no longer work. as a matter of fact, the “cocos2dx.xcodeproj” sub project of the “HelloCpp” project seems to have some sort of error, its in red in the xcode file browser panel and i cant seem to find the source of the error.Any help would be much appreciated, your tutorial is great, now if only i could get it to work! Thanks! Hi again, i feel stupid. I resolved this issue a few minutes after making my last post. instead of following the recommended file structure of “projects/MyHello” i followed the way it was set up in the original download of cocos2d-x and made it “projects/cpp/Myhello” and everything was resolved. Not sure why though. Im guessing somewhere there is a file path the project is being told to follow to find the needed libraries, but i dont know where. Anyone have a clue why this would fix this problem? Hmm. They might have changed the folder structure in the latest Cocos2d-X. I will update soon. Yeah, you should definitely update that! I spend quite a bit of time figuring out what could be causing these errors until I read this comment (thanks a lot @Permanente). This really seems to have to do with some reference in the example project that says ../../../../whatever and therefore needs the “HelloCpp” folder (or to whatever you renamed it) to be in an extra folder. even I faced same problem …. and resolved by reading this post……Thanks -post-package: -do-debug: [zipalign] Running zip align on final apk… [echo] Debug Package: /Users/macmac/Desktop/MyHello/projects/MyHello/proj.android/bin/HelloWorld-debug.apk [propertyfile] Creating new -post-build: debug: BUILD SUCCESSFUL Total time: 9 seconds /Users/macmac/Desktop/MyHello/projects/MyHello/proj.android/makefile: line 5: adb: command not found /Users/macmac/Desktop/MyHello/projects/MyHello/proj.android/makefile: line 6: adb: command not found /Users/macmac/Desktop/MyHello/projects/MyHello/proj.android/makefile: line 7: adb: command not found static-246:proj.android macmac$ im getting this error and im working on Mac OS…. Pls help me out from this problem. You might need to put platform-tools in your path: Hi, great tutorial. I´m new with cocos2d-x and I´m trying to run helloworld on android using eclipse, but its really frustrating. First of all got a lot of troubles with the libraries and the configuration, when I was ready to build and launch the app, the emulator in eclipse took a lot of time getting started and it is very slow (imagine debugging your game on it), finally when it got started the application didn´t launched, I was thinking it will probably be the way I´ve had created the project but not I did it using native_build.sh, then I decided to run it on a virtual machine using the image of a assus tablet provided by the project android-x86 which is faster than the native emulator and again I try to deploy the app and it didn´t start in the emulator giving me an error in the console that a library could not be found. What I´m doing wrong? please help me. Which library? What happens if you just run build_native.sh from the commandline? This is giving me the creeps… I’m trying to do a cocos2d-x project in order to do the android version of my finish cocos2d ios game. I’ve been looking for tutorials and I can’t even have the base project… I have done the same as you say in the tutorial (only I added the box2d folder) but I’m stuck at this “Now, while still in the proj.android directory, you can just run the make command to start building your Android APK file:” Run the make command?? HOW??, If I open the terminal in the proj.android folder and just write “make” and press enter, i get an error make make: *** No targets specified and no makefile found. Stop. I don’t know what to do to have a base project with cocos2d-x and box2d…. I only need the base project, and then start coding my game in eclipse… This is giving me the creeps, I don’t need mac, or windows or ios, I just want to have the cocos2d-x project in eclipse, and code there the game… (cause I already have finished my cocos2d ios game) Please help!! Thanks Carlos, pay attention to the part about the makefile. You need to download it or create your own so that the make command knows what to do. For those building the project for Windows. I had to add libcocos2d as a dependency to libCocosDenshion for it to work. First of all, thank you for this great book! It really helps and I even managed to run my first ever windows program, yay! Maybe somebody can help me with this one, though: I got the program working in Visual Studio, however, when I want to share it with my pal, when I click the .exe in the Debug.win32 folder, the program runs, I can see the fps indicator and all, but it doesn’t load any Sprites. How come? Hi, first I’d like to say thanks, I spent a few hours trying to find exactly what you have put together here, and it’s been a great help. though, I’m trying to get a starting windows project working and I don’t know what to do about these three errors. Error 4 error C1083: Cannot open include file: ‘CCStdC.h’: No such file or directory c:usersjohndesktopnew foldertrunkprojectscppcocoaplatformerproj.win32main.h 11 1 CocoaPlatformer Error 5 error C1083: Cannot open include file: ‘cocos2d.h’: No such file or directory c:usersjohndesktopnew foldertrunkprojectscppcocoaplatformerclasseshelloworldscene.h 4 1 CocoaPlatformer Error 6 error C1083: Cannot open include file: ‘cocos2d.h’: No such file or directory c:usersjohndesktopnew foldertrunkprojectscppcocoaplatformerclassesappdelegate.h 4 1 CocoaPlatformer if you could help asap that would be great, thanks! Looks like you need to setup the directories your compiler will look for header files. This tutorial is awesome, loved it! Kudos! I just really hoped that the Mac and iOS projects were fused together by cocos2d-x group in a single project, with multiple targets, cause now, each time I add a resource or source file to the iOS project, I have to do that to the Mac project as well… Kinda tedious, but not too serious. Android on the other hand is awesome, since it runs the build_native.sh script, so by modifying that script, you get an automated way to include all the new source files into the project! hey, I＇ｍ really a fisher on cocos2d-x. I’ ve bought the paralaxer for development. As the method metioned in most cocos2dx introduce, I m succesed to runn the hellocpp on my anroid 4.0, But failed on paralaxer, with error msg ‘classnotfound with your.company.your.game.paralax ‘. so I copy the sources into my hellocpp project classes dir, and changed the makefile.Almostly I run the game without an file woosh.wav file not found exception. Any recommand is prefered,thanks ! Which NDK are you using? Try Google’s latest. Did you compile with commandline or Eclipse? Try commandline. I’m getting the same errors as john, but I’m not sure what you mean by “Looks like you need to setup the directories your compiler will look for header files.” Here’s how to set the directories to look for header files: A couple of questions: I’m running windows. Is there anyway to get my project to update all the different project types at once (Android, iOS, Android) when I build? I realize that once the iOS project is updated, it’ll have to be actually built on a OSX machine. 2nd: I can get my project to build, and if I run it as a debug thing inside of Visual Studio, it’ll show up. However, the actual exe won’t open. Instead it just processes for a few seconds, then gives up. I suppose you could add a custom build step to the Visual Studio solution that runs proj.android/build_native.sh. That would at least build Android and win32 in one step. If your exe hangs, try moving all the art files into the same directory as the exe. I see you have a fullscreen option on the mac, that’s great! Do you know how to implement fullscreen for win32? I’d really love to see that added. Can add so much more atmosphere to the game when it’s fullscreen. Yeah, that’s on my to-do list! :) I have modified CCEGLView to allow for the Win32 fullscreen support. I put details in a Cocos2dx forum thread. I can’t put a URL in here, but if you search “Win32 Fullscreen” or for User 8603 (“Georgia Nelson”) you’ll see my response there. Is it possible to run cocos-2dx in windows 7? Can somebody help me. :) hi i need to converteclipse project to c++ … but when writing the build command i dont know what to write in place of bash i am using cygwin and there is bash_profile… do i hav to give its path followed by bash or bash_profile Ashish, from what I can tell, cygwin maps it’s own directory structure. So even though in Windows you don’t technically have a file called c:binbash, in cygwin you can access /bin/bash. You should be able to run scripts with a #!/bin/bash at the top and .bash_profile should work as well. Firstly, thank you for such an excellent set of tutorials which has sparked my interest to get back into game coding. I followed happily up to running ‘create-multi-platform-projects.py’. I’ve download cocos2d-x-alpha3 but can’t find any trace of this script. Does anyone know if this step has changed? In the latest 3.0-alpha1 it looks like they moved the script to tools/project-creator/create_project.py. Does this work for you? EDIT: Yep, this is the new script. It works exactly as the old one did with the same command line parameters. Hi there, Nat. I’m trying to get the apk from Windows with the makefile you provide but I’m experiencing some issues. First, if I execute ‘make’ in Cygwin I get make: execvp: ./build_native.py: Permission denied makefile:2: recipe for target ‘all’ failed make: *** [all] Error 127 It seems a Cygwin configuration error maybe? If I try to launch the python script from cmd (Windows command line) I get File “…eproj.androidbuild_native.py”, line 25 print “Can’t know cpuinfo, use default 1 cpu” ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax They must be silly errors. Do you know how can I solve it? Thanks in advance and sorry for now asking more ‘advanced’ questions… hahah. Good questions. In Cygwin, what are the permissions on build_native.py? Can you just chmod 755 build_native.py to get it working? The error from running it via cmd does seem quite silly. What happens if you remove or comment the print line which is causing the error? Description Resource Path Location Type *** Android NDK: Aborting . Stop. Text line 27, external location: E:ruisiandroid-ndk-r9dbuildcoresetup-imports.mk C/C++ Problem i makefile it in windows eclipse.and logoff these answers can you tell me the right solutiom What error are you getting? I am surprised to see missing create_project.py in download cocos2d-x-3.0rc0. Any solution? Yep, the post has been updated with the new command. Appreciation to my father who told me regarding this webpage, this website is genuinely awesome.

Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10 MSRP $1,680.00 Score Details DT Recommended Product “The Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10 isn’t a performer, but excels in battery life and security.” Pros - Solid build quality - Dizzying array of display options - Excellent keyboard - Above-average battery life - Good business support Cons - Touchpad is too small - Expensive for the performance A laptop should be fairly refined by the time it’s hit its 10th generation. That’s particularly true with one as iconic as the Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon, the company’s marquee business-oriented thin and light laptop. Contents - Price and configurations - Design - Ports and connections - Keyboard, touchpad, and webcam - Performance - Display and audio - Battery life - Our takeShow 3 more items Lenovo didn’t mark the X1 Carbon’s 10th generation with a spectacular reworking. Instead, it further refines the celebrated design with a few small but meaningful refinements, as it’s been doing in every generation since its launch. These small tweaks, alongside an update to Intel’s 12th-gen CPUs, leave this premium business laptop at the top of its game, even if its price still doesn’t make it a particularly realistic mainstream consumer option. Price and configurations Mark Coppock/Digital Trends I reviewed a $1,680 configuration with a Core i7-1260P CPU and a 14-inch 16:10 UXWGA (1920 x 1200) low-power IPS display. Of course, Lenovo provides several other configuration options with the ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10. CPUs range from the 28-watt, 12-core/16-thread Core i5-1540P to the 28-watt 14-core/20-thread Core i7-1280P with vPro. As we’ll see in the display section below, there are a dizzying number of display options that make it possible (if challenging) to dial in precisely the desired efficiency and display resolution and quality. Regarding pricing and using Lenovo’s configurator, things start at $1,320 for a Core i5-1540P, 8GB of LPDDR5 RAM, a 256GB PCIe SSD, and a 14-inch 16:10 WUXGA (1920 x 1200) low-power, anti-glare IPS display. At the high end, you’ll spend $2,595 for a Core i7-1280P with vPro, 32GB of RAM, a 2TB PCIe 4.0 SSD, 4G LTE, and a 14-inch 16:10 WQUXGA (3840 x 2400) anti-reflective, anti-smudge touch display. These are steep discounts from the retail prices, and they aren’t out of line for the business audience that’s likely to be most interested in the ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10. In terms of price, it’s less expensive than the more powerful Apple MacBook Pro 14 and around the same price as a similarly configured Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Yoga Gen 7. Design Mark Coppock/Digital Trends The ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10 enjoys the same thin and light chassis as before, constructed of magnesium alloy in the chassis and carbon fiber in the lid. It’s subjected to the usual military testing for robustness as all ThinkPads. Still, like most laptops with magnesium and carbon fiber, there’s some bending in the lid and flexing in the keyboard deck. In the ThinkPad’s case, though, it’s very minor and most people won’t notice it, but it doesn’t quite live up to the standards of more solid machines like the Dell XPS 15 and the MacBook Pro 14. The hinge is perfectly balanced, light enough to open the lid with one hand but stiff enough to hold the display in place. The magnesium and carbon fiber do bring a meaningful benefit in terms of the ThinkPad’s weight, which comes in at just 2.48 pounds. It’s also thin at 0.60 inches, with larger bezels for a modern laptop and thus more width and depth than some. What can I say? The latest ThinkPad X1 looks precisely like a ThinkPad. By comparison, the solid aluminum MacBook Pro 14 with a 14.2-inch display weighs 3.5 pounds and is 0.61 inches thick, while being just slightly thinner and shallower in spite of the larger panel. The MSI Prestige 14, on the other hand, is a little wider and a little shallower while weighing a whopping 4.64 pounds and coming in at 0.63 inches thick. The ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10 is one of the lighter 14-inch laptops around while being reasonably sized in all dimensions. Aesthetically, what can I say? The ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10 looks precisely like a ThinkPad — all-black chassis, minimalist lines and angles, red LED do on the stylized ThinkPad X1 logo on the lid and red TrackPoint nubbin in the middle of the keyboard. It’s a conservative, iconic design that’s recognizable from a distance. Ultimately, it’s more striking than simplistic machines like the Prestige 14 and Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Yoga Gen 7, while being less elegant than the MacBook Pro 14. But nobody will be embarrassed taking it into a business meeting. Ports and connections Connectivity is mostly solid for a 14-inch machine, with two USB-C ports with Thunderbolt 4 support, two USB-A 3.2 Gen 1 ports, a full-size HDMI 2.0b port, and a 3.5mm audio jack. There’s no SD card reader, which is disappointing. Wi-Fi 6E and Bluetooth 5.2 provide the latest in wireless connectivity, and a Nano SIM slot is optional supporting 4G LTE WWAN. Keyboard, touchpad, and webcam Mark Coppock/Digital Trends The ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10’s keyboard has slightly changed from the standard ThinkPad version. The keycaps are squared off, giving a more streamlined appearance and, in my opinion, a better feel. The switches seemed a bit lighter than many ThinkPads I’ve tested, and that’s an improvement in my book. I’ve usually found ThinkPad keyboards to require too much force. There’s still plenty of travel and a precise, snappy bottoming action, making it an excellent keyboard for long typing sessions. Lenovo also built air intake holes into the keyboard to improve thermal performance, and waterproof seals maintain the keyboard’s spill resistance. The layout remains the same, including the odd swapping of the left Fn and Ctrl keys. The touchpad is wider than previous models and still hosts two buttons to support the red TrackPoint nubbin in the middle of the keyboard. That makes the touchpad slightly larger than in the past but still smaller than you’ll find on many competitive 14-inch laptops. Its glass surface is smooth and provides reliable support for Windows 11 multitouch gestures. And the TrackPoint works as well as ever for those ThinkPad diehards who prefer it. Windows 11 Hello passwordless support is provided by a fingerprint reader built into the power button embedded in the deck above the keyboard. The power button’s placement helps avoid accidentally pressing the wrong key, and the fingerprint reader worked quickly and reliably in my testing. Finally, the webcam is Full HD (1080p) and has a webcam privacy shutter. The webcam provides excellent video quality in normal and low-light environments and should meet anyone’s videoconferencing needs. There are options for a Full HD webcam with infrared for facial recognition and another with Lenovo’s Computer Vision technology. Performance Intel’s 12th-gen Core i7-1260P is our most-reviewed CPU over the last several months. It’s popular among thin and light laptops like the Carbon X1 Carbon, and we’ve seen some stratification in the chip’s performance. As a 28-watt, 12-core (four Performance and eight Efficient), 16-thread processor, the Core i7-1260P has provided at least solid productivity performance, but some laptops have performed better than others. The Acer Swift 3 2022 and MSI Prestige 14 are two laptops that provided overall superior performance than the average, while the ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10 is among those providing significantly less performance. That’s not a surprise given how previous models in the line have handled performance. This ThinkPad was particularly slow in our CPU-intensive benchmarks compared to competitors, including video encoding in Handbrake and the 3D rendering benchmark in Cinebench R23. The laptop’s PCMark 10 Complete result, a measure of a mix of productivity, multimedia, and creative tasks, was also lower than the average and even fell behind the 9th generation model with a Core i7-1165G7. Performance didn’t live up to this CPU’s potential. Oddly enough, I used Lenovo’s thermal management utility, and it performed worse in some tests in performance mode than in balanced mode. Despite having a higher wattage chip inside, the ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 7 performed more like the Dell Inspiron 14 2-in-1 with a 15-watt, 10-core (two Performance and eight Efficient), 12-core Core i7-1255U. I can’t say that the ThinkPad suffered from any unusual issues with throttling, at least no more than the rest of the thin-and-light field, but it didn’t perform up to this CPU’s potential. Of course, that doesn’t mean you’ll notice. It’s still a fast enough laptop for demanding productivity tasks, and it’s faster than Intel’s 11th-gen equivalents in most cases. But the ThinkPad’s ability to handle heavier tasks in creative applications is significantly less than with some other competitive machines. Geekbench (single / multi) Handbrake (seconds) Cinebench R23 (single / multi) PCMark 10 Complete Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10 (Core i7-1260P) Bal: 1,531 / 8,209 Perf: 1,580 / 8,342 Bal: 133 Perf: 138 Bal: 1,538 / 6,993 Perf: 1,538 / 6,783 4,982 Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 9 (Core i7-1165G7) Bal: 1,327 / 5,201 Perf: 1,556 / 5,490 Bal: 170 Perf: 190 Bal: 1,469 / 4945 Perf: 1,463 / 4,968 5,147 MSI Prestige 14 (Core i7-1260P) Bal: 1,505 / 10,041 Perf: 1,477 / 10,604 Bal: 114 Perf: 97 Bal: 1,553 / 8,734 Perf: 1,567 / 10,450 6,201 Acer Swift 3 2022 (Core i7-1260P) Bal: 1,708 / 10,442 Perf: 1,694 / 10,382 Bal: 100 Perf: 98 Bal: 1,735 / 9,756 Perf: 1,779 / 10,165 5,545 Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Yoga Gen 7 (Core i7-1260P) Bal: 1,650 / 8,080 Perf: 1,621 / 8,544 Bal: 116 Perf: 120 Bal: 1,587 / 7,682 Perf: 1,611 / 8,078 5,537 MSI Summit E14 Flip (Core i7-1260P) Bal: 1,485 / 7,732 Perf: 1,472 / 10,276 Bal: 152 Perf: 94 Bal: 1,536 / 6,793 Perf: 1,536 / 9,124 4,910 Dell Inspiron 14 2-in-1 (Core i7-1255U) Bal: 1,703 / 6,520 Perf: 1,685 / 6,791 Bal: 153 Perf: 141 Bal: 1,729 / 6,847 Perf: 1,773 / 7,009 5,138 Asus Zenbook S 13 OLED(Ryzen 7 6800U) Bal: 1,417 / 6,854 Perf: 1,404 / 7,223 Bal: 112 Perf: 111 Bal: 1,402 / 8,682 Perf: 1,409 / 8,860 5,647 The ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10 utilizes Intel’s Iris Xe graphics, and it was an average performer in both the 3DMark Time Spy benchmark and Fortnite at 1200p and epic graphics. You’ll want to limit your gaming to older titles and esports. 3DMark Time Spy Fortnite (1080p/1200p Epic) Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10 (Intel Iris Xe) Bal: 1,816 Perf: 1,820 Bal: 17 fps Perf: 16 fps MSI Prestige 14 (RTX 3050) Bal: 4,438 Perf: 4,451 Bal: 23 Perf: 26 Acer Swift 3 2022 (Intel Iris Xe) Bal: 1,967 Perf: 1,967 Bal: 19 fps Perf: 19 fps Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Yoga Gen 7(Intel Iris Xe) Bal: 1,899 Perf: 1,886 Bal: 17 fps Perf: 16 fps MSI Summit E14 Flip (Intel Iris Xe) Bal: 1,740 Perf: 1,959 Bal: 15 fps Perf: 19 fps Dell Inspiron 14 2-in-1 (Intel Iris Xe) Bal: 1,492 Perf: 1,502 Bal: fps Perf: fps Asus Zenbook S 13 OLED(Radeon graphics) Bal: 2,110 Perf: 2,213 Bal: 19 fps Perf: 19 fps Display and audio Mark Coppock/Digital Trends Lenovo offers a mind-boggling assortment of display options for the ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10. There are seven 14-inch 16:10 panels to choose from, differentiated by an alphabet soup of acronyms. First, there are three WUXGA (1920 x 1200) LP (low-power), AG (anti-glare) panels, one non-touch and two touch-enabled. One of the WUXGA displays with touch includes Lenovo’s Privacy Guard feature. Next is a 2.2K (2240 x 1400) AG IPS screen, followed by a 2.8K (2880 x 1800) OLED AGARAS (anti-glare, anti-reflection, anti-smudge) display. Finally, there are two WQUXA (3840 x 2400) IPS displays, one LP AG non-touch and one LP AOFT (Add-on Film Touch) AGARAS touch. Whew. My review unit was equipped with the WUXGA LP AG touch display, which seemed fine during my testing. It was plenty bright, colors seemed dynamic without being oversaturated, and blacks were deep for an IPS panel. My colorimeter confirmed my subjective experience. The display hit 411 nits of brightness, which is well above our 300-nit threshold and more than bright enough for any indoor lighting condition you’re likely to face. Its contrast was also excellent at 1660:1, well about the 1000:1 we like to see in premium displays. That resulted in true blacks, for example, text that pops on a white background (my personal standard) and plenty of detail in dark images. Colors hit the premium laptop average of 98% of sRGB and 76% of AdobeRGB, although I’ve seen more displays lately falling in the 80s for AdobeRGB. Color accuracy was okay at a DeltaE of 1.96, below the 2.0 mark that’s the minimum for creative work but still higher than I like to see. The MSI Summit E14 Flip and Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Yoga Gen 7 had wider and more accurate colors. This is an excellent display for productivity workers and media consumers, but it falls short of what creators are looking for. However, Lenovo offers so many display options that certainly anybody can dial in a display that will meet their needs. Brightness(nits) Contrast sRGB gamut AdobeRGB gamut Accuracy DeltaE(lower is better) Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10 (IPS) 411 1660:1 98% 76% 1.96 MSI Prestige 14 (IPS) 317 1820:1 97% 72% 3.67 Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Yoga Gen 7 (IPS) 386 1900:1 100% 81% 0.78 MSI Summit E14 Flip (IPS) 516 1320:1 100% 89% 1.10 Lenovo Yoga 9i 14 Gen 7(OLED) 406 28380:1 100% 95% 0.87 Lenovo IdeaPad Slim 7 Carbon(OLED) 397 27590:1 100% 96% 0.88 Two downward-firing speakers put out a surprising amount of volume, and the quality was better than I expected. Along with clean mids and highs without distortion, I heard a touch of bass. The speakers were strong enough for Netflix binging sessions and informal music listening, although a good pair of headphones will still provide the best quality. Battery life Mark Coppock/Digital Trends My review unit used a 28-watt CPU and a low-power WUXGA (also known as Full HD+) display. Its 57 watt-hours of battery capacity is a little light for a 14-inch laptop, especially compared to the Lenovo Yoga 9i Gen 7 with its 75 watt-hour battery. I wasn’t expecting all-day battery life. After running our suite of battery benchmarks, I came away mostly impressed. Its 7.5 hours in our web browsing test that cycles through a series of complex websites is about half an hour less than we like to see, but it was competitive among our comparison group. The Yoga 9i Gen 7 lasted longer, as did the Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Yoga Gen 7 (with 71 watt-hours) and the AMD-equipped Asus ZenBook S 13 OLED with a power-hungry display. Even so, the ThinkPad did okay. In our video test that loops a local Full HD Avengers trailer, it lasted for 14.5 hours, a strong score likely thanks to its low-power display. And finally, in the PCMark 10 Applications test that’s the best indication of productivity battery life, the ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10 made it to 10.75 hours, an above-average result. Overall, the ThinkPad’s battery life is pretty good, promising a full day’s work unless you push the CPU. You’ll get less out of some of the available higher-resolution displays as well as the OLED option, but stick with this display and you won’t need to carry your charger with you. Web browsing Video PCMark 10 Applications Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10 (Core i7-1260P) 7 hours, 39 minutes 14 hours, 34 minutes 10 hours, 42 minutes MSI Prestige 14 (Core i7-1260P) 5 hours, 11 minutes 6 hours, 2 minutes 7 hours, 2 minutes Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Yoga Gen 7(Core i7-1260P) 10 hours, 10 minutes 16 hours, 12 minutes 10 hours, 33 minutes MSI Summit E14 Flip (Core i7-1260P) 7 hours, 23 minutes 9 hours, 0 minutes 7 hours, 54 minutes Lenovo Yoga 9i 14 Gen 7(Core i7-1260P) 9 hours, 10 minutes 12 hours, 45 minutes 8 hours, 32 minutes Dell Inspiron 14 2-in-1 (Core i7-1255U) 6 hours, 42 minutes 11 hours, 6 minutes 8 hours, 43 minutes Asus Zenbook S 13 OLED (Ryzen 7 6800U) 8 hours, 4 minutes 13 hours, 13 minutes N/A Our take The Lenovo ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10 is a well-built and highly configurable laptop with options for the kind of management and security that businesses crave. For that audience, it’s a solid offering at a fair price. For anyone else, the ThinkPad’s performance is lacking and it doesn’t offer as much to justify its high price. ThinkPad fans will love it, but other mainstream buyers should do their shopping first. Are there any alternatives? Dell’s Latitude 7430 is a likely alternative for the business market, offering similar management and security and a similar pricing scheme. It doesn’t offer the same breadth of display offerings as the ThinkPad. Lenovo’s Yoga 9i Gen 7 is a strong competitor for the mainstream market, offering a more stunning design, the flexibility of a 2-in-1, better performance, and similar battery life. It costs a bit less as well. Finally, Apple’s MacBook Pro 14 is a compelling option that’s exceptionally well-built and offers superior performance and battery life. It offers just one display option, but it’s as good as anything Lenovo has to offer. You’ll spend a bit more at the high end, though. How long will it last? The ThinkPad X1 Carbon Gen 10 is well-built and should last for years of typical abuse. Its components are fully updated and will keep Windows 11 humming along. I’m glad to see the three-year warranty, which should be included with all business class and premium laptops. Should you buy it? Yes, if you’re a businessperson who will benefit from plugging into an enterprise environment or a ThinkPad fan who’s looking for the latest and greatest.

(Note: very much work in progress, unless you want to follow along with my research you'll probably want to wait for an improved/simplified/clarified algorithm.) In this post I consider the particular problem of models learning “predict how a human would answer questions” instead of “answer questions honestly.” (A special case of the problem from Inaccessible Information.) I describe a possible three-step approach for learning to answer questions honestly instead: - Change the learning process so that it does not have a strong inductive bias towards “predict human answers,” by allowing the complexity of the honest question-answering to “pay for itself” by constraining the space of possible human-models. - Introduce a bias towards the intended model by using a more complex labeling process to answer questions where a human answers incorrectly. - Be really careful to avoid penalizing honest answers, by only judging comparisons between two answers where we are confident one is better than the other and getting the model to help us. I don’t know whether this problem is a relatively unimportant special case of alignment, or one of the core difficulties. In any case, my next step will be trying to generate failure stories that definitely cannot be addressed by any of the angles of attack I know so far (including the ones in this post). I think it’s relatively unlikely that almost anything specific I said here will really hold up over the long term, but I do think I’ve learned something about each of these steps. If the ideas end up being important then you can expect a future post with a simpler algorithm, more confidence that it works, clearer definitions, and working code. (Thanks to Ajeya Cotra, David Krueger, and Mark Xu for discussions about this post that helped clarify it.) The problem Suppose that we train a model to answer questions in natural language about what will happen in the future (“Will Alice take the train home tonight?”) given a data about what’s happened in the recent past (e.g. video recorded over the last few days). To generate training data we take the video from time t₀ to t₁ and get humans to answer questions about what happened between time t₁ and t₂. Then we do supervised learning on these (video, question, answer) triples. The intended model has two parts: (i) a model of the world (and inference algorithm), (ii) a translation between the world-model and natural language. The intended model answers questions by translating them into the internal world-model. We want the intended model because we think it will generalize “well.” For example, if the world model is good enough to correctly predict that someone blackmails Alice tomorrow, then we hope that the intended model will tell us about the blackmail when we ask (or at least carry on a dialog from which we can make a reasonable judgment about whether Alice is being blackmailed, in cases where there is conceptual ambiguity about terms like “blackmail”). We want to avoid models that generalize “badly,” e.g. where the model “knows” that Alice is being blackmailed yet answers questions in a way that conceals the blackmail. One source of generalization failures is the instrumental model, which involves: (i) a world-model similar to the intended one, (ii) knowledge about the training-data-generating process, within that world model. The instrumental model answers questions by predicting what answers the training-data-generating process would produce. This can generalize badly to any situation where the humans generating the training data are wrong (e.g. because they are being deceived or manipulated). Why might a neural net end up learning the instrumental model? There are two big reasons: - The instrumental model may be much simpler than the intended model. Both of them contain the same world model. If that world model is good enough, then it also knows how to make predictions about humans and understands a lot about the training process. From there, the instrumental policy just needs to point to a relatively simple part of the model: what gets inserted into the training set? In contrast, the intended policy needs to bake in a ton of rules for translating between the internal model and natural language. Doing this naively requires encoding all of the meaning of natural language, which has a lot of incompressible data. It’s not clear if there is a more economical way to represent the intended model (without recreating the pathologies of the instrumental model). - The instrumental model is guaranteed to accurately fit the training distribution, while the intended model might disagree if the humans make a mistake. If we keep collecting training data indefinitely, sometimes make mistakes, and don’t do something clever to fix or ignore them, then we will end up converging to the instrumental model no matter how good our inductive bias is. Aside on imitative generalization Imitative generalization suggests a possible strategy for overcoming problem 1: learn a neural net which is only a world-model, a then use a human prior over “translations” that relate the world model to human concepts (instead of training a neural net that also does the translating, and so implicitly using the neural net prior over translations). In this post I’m going to mostly ignore that idea and think about neural nets that implement both world-model and translation, allowing them to be integrated tightly together. That means we need a different solution to problem 1. I still think imitative generalization is part of the solution, but in the context of this particular problem I think we just need to improve the prior without changing the representation. So throughout this post you should completely ignore imitative generalization and read me as taking a more traditional perspective. Step 1: make the intended model pay for itself (I think this is the most confusing/ambitious/uncertain step.) Intuition The intended model is complex because it needs to specify how to use natural language to talk about the world model. The intended model loses to the instrumental model because in some sense this information was redundant — there are already humans in the world model, and knowing enough about humans to predict their behavior means the world model already knows how to ground out natural language. Put differently, the intended model redundantly specifies (humans) and (language). Whereas the instrumental model specifies (humans) and infers (language) from (humans). This is bad because we get out a predictive model of humans, who generalize poorly. What I want to do instead is specify (language) and then infer much of (humans) from (language). The hope is that we then get a simple model of language use, which generalizes better. My hope in step 1 is to remove the inductive bias in favor of the instrumental model; we’re not going to introduce any kind of positive bias towards the intended model. Rough plan I want to consider models that learn to predict both “how a human will answer question Q” (the instrumental model) and “the real answer to question Q” (the intended model). These two models share almost all of their computation — which is dedicated to figuring out what actually happens in the world. They differ only when it comes time to actually extract the answer. I’ll describe the resulting model as having a “world model,” an “instrumental head,” and an “intended head.” We start by collecting a high-quality dataset, in which we believe that the intended and instrumental models agree. We’re then going to imagine filling in the parameters of our learned model in two stages: - In the first stage we will learn both the intended and instrumental heads, as well as a small part of the world model (but none of the facts about how humans answer questions). - In the second stage we will fill in the remainder of the world model (including all of the facts about how humans answer questions). In this stage, we condition on the instrumental head and the intended head agreeing on the training set. You can think of this as a generative model where we first fill in stage 1 randomly, then we fill in stage 2 randomly but do it over and over again until we happen to get a set of parameters for which the two heads agree. Then the learning process tries to infer the parameters that were most likely to give rise to the training data. A simplicity prior could potentially have learned this two-stage model directly. Namely, it could specify the bits of the first stage, and then it could use the “heads agree” assumption to compress the second stage. The problem is that the decompression is very expensive (it involves solving a hard optimization problem in stage 2, which is now done at test time), and so this involves learning a computationally complex model. That’s ineffective at test time, and it also means that the learning process will be slow. (There might be some way that a simplicity prior could have achieved this compression even with test-time compute constraints, but I can’t see a way in general and so I wouldn’t want to bank on it.) This two-stage learning algorithm fixes the test-time slowness, but learning is still computationally expensive. But I think it’s good to move the hardness out of the learned model and into the learning algorithm — that lets us treat the whole thing as an algorithmic problem, of finding an efficient way to compute the posterior for this kind of generative model. I’m quite optimistic about this problem, which I’ll discuss in a few sections (where we’ll also define the algorithm more precisely in the context of SGD over neural nets rather than random program search). But first, let’s talk about why this whole thing might work if you could actually implement it. Why might this work? For concreteness, let’s say that the world model requires a trillion (“N”) bits to specify, the intended head costs 10,000 bits, and the instrumental head costs 1,000 bits. If we just applied a simplicity prior directly, we expect to spend N + 1,000 bits to learn the instrumental model rather than N + 10,000 bits to learn the intended model. That’s what we want to avoid. Under the alternative proposal, suppose we spend N/2 + 11,000 bits in the first stage to specify half of the world model and both heads. If we didn’t do rejection sampling in the second stage we’d need to spend N/2 more bits, for a total cost of N + 11,000 bits. That’s even worse. However, if our dataset was rich and high-quality then we are able to save many bits in the second stage. If the dataset is high-quality then the intended model results in the two heads agreeing. But if the dataset is rich, then virtually all models result in the two heads disagreeing. The magnitude of savings in the second stage is basically equal to the (log) fraction of possible world models that cause the instrumental head to agree with the intended head. How common is agreement? If the instrumental head is basically reporting human answers to questions, and if the human model is basically unspecified in the first stage, then this is the fraction of human models that use natural language “correctly” on the training set. If the training set is rich enough, this is quite close to the fraction of human models that use natural language “correctly” overall. Now we have two priors over ways to use natural language: we can either sample the intended head at random from the simplicity prior (which we’ve said has probability 2^{-10,000} of giving correct usage), or we can sample the environment dynamics from the simplicity prior and then see how humans answer questions. If those two are equally good priors, then only 2^{-10,000} of the possible humans would have correct usage, so conditioning on agreement saves us 10,000 bits. So now we spend (N/2 + 11,000) + (N/2 − 10,000) bits altogether, for a total of N + 1,000. This is comparable to the instrumental model. There may be other ways to learn even more efficiently, but prima facie this suggests that our two-headed model is roughly as easy to learn as the instrumental model. We’ve learned a model with two (symmetrical) heads. On the training set they agree, but in order to generalize well it’s important to us that we use the “right answer” rather than the “predict what a human would say.” In section 2 we’ll describe how to provide a small boost to the intended model — this both breaks the symmetry between the two heads, and allows the two-headed model to be actively preferred to the instrumental model. This argument doesn’t work if random world models actually induce a better prior over language use than the simplicity prior. (As a silly example: consider the limit where we follow all of physics from the big bang and wait for the evolution of language + language-users to take over the world. Then the prior from a random world model seems likely to be much better.) I think those cases are totally fine when we combine this idea with iterated amplification, but I don’t want to get into that complexity here since I think it’s mostly orthogonal to the novel algorithm. The actual algorithm We’re trying to learn a neural network that takes some data (e.g. video) as input and has two question-answering heads. We’ll parameterize these networks by a vector of real numbers θ. We can think of SGD as doing regularized regression where the regularizer is the L2 distance from the initialization θ₀ (the only difference is that SGD linearizes the loss). Write C(θ) for the average difference between the two heads on the training set, such that we’ll want ot condition on C being small. Then we can describe the kind of two-stage learning process as the following generative model: Where λ is some large parameter (that needs to be finite only to keep the optimization smooth so that we can use SGD). Basically this says that you draw θ₁ from the prior, then you draw θ₂ from the prior after conditioning on the two heads agreeing. Write L(θ) for the log probability of the answers using the first head given parameters θ. Then the unnormalized posterior log probability of (θ₁, θ₂) is: Intuitively: the first term L is fitting the data, the next two terms are the prior, and the fourth term C is expressing the agreement condition. The final term with the integral represents the bits saved by rejecting all the inconsistent models — if there are very few consistent models then the integral will be small and many bits will be saved. We’re interested in either finding the parameters with maximum posterior probability (MAP) or sampling from the posterior. The first four terms are straightforward enough to handle, but naively the last term requires two nested loops of optimization — for each value of θ₁ that we consider, we need to do an expensive optimization to figure out the value of the integral. I’ll write a longer post about this algorithmic issue in the future, but I’m actually fairly optimistic that we can do inference despite the nested integrals. The basic reason to have hope is that the optimal values of θ₂′ change slowly as a function of θ₁, so we can do alternative gradient steps instead of running SGD again to compute each update to θ₁. Some remarks: - This two-stage optimization process is basically the same as the GAN situation, where you also use the assumption that the optimal discriminator changes slowly in order to avoid nested optimization. I’m optimistic that optimization in this case can be made significantly easier/stabler and can be done while remaining competitive with traditional SGD. I think we can almost optimize this quantity by updating θ₂ by SGD as normal and updating θ₁ at each step to minimize the difference C(new θ₂) − C(old θ₂). - Most of the difficulty of the integral comes from the need to integrate over the entire space rather than just a neighborhood of the current parameters. But what we actually care about is explanatory power along the trajectory of SGD—we can view this as compressing the model by compressing the individual gradient descent steps, rather than trying to compress the full model. This makes me significantly more confident that there is a fast/simple way to do what we want to do, and I think it is going to lead to much more robust algorithms. Overall I don’t feel too concerned about the algorithmic difficulty posed by this setup. - When differentiating the consistency test C. - There seems to be a hard limit on the bits we can “save” — we could always make the two heads equal by simply changing the instrumental head to be equal to the intended head (or vice versa). Even if we tried to rule this out by preventing θ₂ from messing with the intended head, I think that SGD could probably route around this (e.g. by physically implementing the intended head within the world model). So I think we should at best expect to recoup all the bits we spent specifying the intended head. I don’t believe this algorithm can introduce an inductive bias in favor of the intended model, it can just level the paying field. Step 2: Give the intended model a leg up At best, step 1 merely removes one inductive bias in favor of the instrumental model. But we are still left with a massively underspecified learning problem; we could end up with many different functions that all agree on the training set and have approximately equal prior probability. In order to learn the intended model, we need to somehow specify which one we really wanted. In this section I’ll describe a possible approach. Rather than using a single labeling process, we will have two labeling processes, a “simple” one and a more reliable “complex” one. The idea is to use the “complex” labeling process to identify examples where the “simple” process errs. This hopefully rules out the “simple” labeling process as a good model of the data, leaving us with the intended model as the best one. More precisely: - In the “simple” labeling process we simply ask a human (embedded in the world) to answer questions about what is happening and put it into the dataset. - In the “complex” data-generating process we record a bunch of data about the world (camera footage, answers from many different humans, random traces from computer programs…) and then we make our best effort to figure out the right answer. This may involve consulting ML systems for help (as in iterated amplification). We can also use this process to collect hypothetical data, by using a generative model to make predictions and then applying our best efforts to the hypothetical. - We have a “small” dataset where we believe the simple labeling process arrives at the correct answer. - We have a “large” dataset that includes the small dataset as well as at least a few cases (say 10% of the size of the small dataset) where the simple labeling process makes a mistake that is identified by the complex labeling process. This may include some hypothetical data, e.g. showcasing situations in which the simple labeling process could make an error. - We use the “small” dataset in order to define the consistency predicate C needed in step 1 (i.e. we condition on the two heads agreeing on the small dataset). But we use the “large” dataset in order to define the likelihood L (i.e. we condition on the first head correctly predicting the large dataset). Why think this would work? Imagine that there are now three possible models — the intended model, the simple model (that predicts the simple labeling process), and the complex model (that predicts the complex labeling process). Suppose that these models satisfy the following properties: - All models agree on the small dataset. The complex model and the intended model agree on the large dataset. There are inputs in the large dataset where the simple model disagrees with the other two. - The simple model is simpler (i.e. higher prior under SGD) than the complex model. There are a few reasons this could happen (and we just need one), but I am most optimistic about achieving this when the complex labeling process itself uses ML systems as assistants or to generate hypothetical situations. It’s not easy for the ML system to represent or simulate another model as large as itself, and so it seems like it needs to do something more tricky (e.g. figuring out the equilibria of a game played by multiple peer models). I don’t think that it necessarily takes a huge number of bits to do this well, but I think it may well be more than the simple model. (My biggest concern is that the “simple” model may also need to use similarly-complex tricks to be computationally efficient.) - (For concreteness, I’ll say that the simple model takes 1,000 bits, the complex model takes 2,000 bits, and the intended model takes 10,000 bits.) - The small dataset is still rich enough that you could infer correct language usage from it, i.e. the consistency condition on the small dataset alone suffices to recover all 10,000 bits required to specify the intended model. - Agreement between the complex and simple heads on the small dataset isn’t nearly that surprising. Under typical conditions the complex labeling process will basically just defer to the simple labeling process; knowing what counts as an “error” tells you something about humans but it’s not very much relative to the complexity of natural language. (This may also be a dicey assumption.) In the two-headed model, each of the heads could independently learn any of the (simple, complex, or intended) heads. This yields 9 models; which of them could we end up learning? - (intended, simple) is what we’re hoping for. It costs 11,000 bits to specify both heads, and we save 10,000 bits. So the total cost is N+1,000. - (intended, complex) or (intended, intended) would also be fine to learn, but cost N+2,000 or N+10,000 bits. - (simple, X) doesn’t match the data well, since there are datapoints in the large dataset where the simple labeling process goes wrong. - (complex, simple) costs at least 2,000 bits to specify. This would be a bad model to learn, but we will avoid it as long as agreement between the complex and simple models has probability at least 2^{-1,000} over a random world model. Intuitively it’s plausible that this would be much more likely than the simple model agreeing with some very specific ways of using language encoded in the intended model. - (complex, complex) costs 2,000 bits to specify the heads, for a total cost of N+2,000. - (complex, intended) costs 12,000 bits and saves 10,000 for a total cost of N+2,000. (This calculation technically rests on a further claim about the complex head being harder to specify than the simple head even conditioned on the intended head.) So under this somewhat-heroic set of assumptions, it seems like the (intended, simple) pair would have the best prior probability amongst the models that actually fit the data. Pairs other than those 9 may achieve better losses still, and several of those assumptions could easily fail, but I think this approach is still promising and gives some traction on a tricky problem. I think this approach basically executes on a common intuition — in order to avoid generalizing poorly because the question-answerer gets blackmailed, just add some training points involving blackmail (and make extra sure to label them correctly, e.g. by generating them hypothetically). But other implementations of this idea seem to run into the problem that the model will just learn whatever process you actually use to generate training data, and you can’t generate datapoints where that process goes wrong. Step 3: Make the training set good enough Steps 1 and 2 relied critically on the assumption that the training set always agrees with the intended model. If they disagree, then it doesn’t matter whether the intended model has a good prior probability, you are still going to learn the instrumental model because it has better likelihood. Even a small advantage for the instrumental model will eventually dominate in a large enough dataset. Perfect agreement seems impossible. The question becomes: can we get close enough, and how can we cope with the errors that remain? Rather than aiming at “perfect” labels, or trying to be robust to general labeling errors, my current hope is to try to generate labels that aren’t wrong in any way that the model can identify. For example, suppose that a human is answering a question about how many chairs are in a room. They look at the room briefly, and fail to notice an occluded chair. Moreover, even when humans look more carefully at a video later (the “complex” labeling process), they also don’t see the occluded chair and so believe (incorrectly) that the original label was correct. We are only concerned about the case where this bad label leads to a bad gradient update, and especially where it pushes us from the intended model towards the instrumental model. We aren’t concerned about cases where our model has no idea about the chair either, or where our model has no chance of correctly reporting the presence of the chair. I think that gives us an important leg up in avoiding the problem, if we are able to use the existing model to help make sure our data is good. I don’t have a clean proposal for making the dataset good enough, but I do have various thoughts that leave me feeling more optimistic: - I don’t think we should use supervised learning. Instead, we should get pairs of answers from the model and then only add them to the dataset when we are confident that one of them is better than the other. So we are only in trouble if the intended model actually generated a good answer, but we incorrectly said we were confident that it was worse. (Note that we may still need to use likelihood for pre-training or joint training for competitiveness reasons, and we’ll need to adapt the whole scheme to that case.) - Moreover, we are only worried if the model understands the dynamics of the data-generating process and why there was an error, since otherwise the instrumental model won’t actually perform well either. If our model answers a rich enough set of questions, we can effectively interact with it to extract an explanation for why we erred. We just need to be able to recognize this kind of story-of-error as plausible rather than confidently dismissing them. Tons of details would be needed to make anything like this work, but overall it seems promising. - We might be concerned that the model will instead learn to make up complex stories about how we are wrong. And indeed this training process won’t actively penalize such models as long as they are able to make the stories plausible enough. But such models also aren’t favored, and if steps 1 and steps 2 are successful then the inductive bias will favor the intended model over this kind of instrumental model (assuming that the dataset is rich enough, even after filtering for confidence, that you can’t save a ton of description complexity by this kind of bullshitting). - We can take simple precautions — like “don’t collect training data in situations where strong adversaries are trying to mislead us.” Many other alignment approaches make this a bit of a circular dependency — our AI predicts well, and so can help protect us from manipulation, only as long as the AI system predicts that no manipulation would occur in the future. But in this setting we have no such dependence — in order to have the model work correctly at time t we just have to make sure we didn’t train on corrupted data at times prior to t. - Reducing errors seems to require doing reliability amplification (though maybe just ensembling is sufficient) and security amplification (or some other approach to being secure whenever the intended model is). Those are more like hopes than algorithms; we’d need to do a lot of work, and think a lot about concrete examples of possible errors, to find something that might actually work. - These bullets are all gesturing at one approach to this problem, but I think there are a ton of ways you could perform machine learning with “potentially wrong” data to prevent a small number of errors from causing trouble. This feels closer to a traditional problem in AI. I haven’t thought about this problem much because I’ve been more focused on the fear that we wouldn’t learn even with perfect data, but I feel relatively optimistic that there are a lot of approaches to take to dataset errors if that’s actually the crux of the problem. I feel overall confused, but I think that's mostly because of me missing some relevant background to your thinking, and the preliminary/draft nature of this. I hope sharing my confusions is useful to you. Here they are: I'm not sure how the process of "spending bits" works. If the space of possible models was finite and discretized, then you could say spending bits is partitioning down to "1/2^B"th of the space -- but this is not at all how SGD works, and seems incompatible with using SGD (or any optimizer that doesn't 'teleport' through parameter space) as the optimization algorithm. Spending bits does make sense in terms of naive rejection sampling (but I think we agree this would be intractably expensive) and other cases of discrete optimization like integer programming. It's possible I would be less confused if this was explained using a different optimization algorithm, like BFGS or some hessian-based method or maybe a black-box bayesian solver. Separately, I'm not sure why the two heads wouldn't just end up being identical to each other. In shorter-program-length priors (which seem reasonable in this case; also minimal-description-length and sparse-factor-graph, etc etc) it seems like weight-tying the two heads or otherwise making them identical. Lastly, I think I'm confused by your big formula for the unnormalized posterior log probability of (θ1, θ2) -- I think the most accessible of my confusions is that it doesn't seem to pass "basic type checking consistency". I know the output should be a log probability, so all the added components should be logprobs/in terms of bits. The L() term makes sense, since it's given in terms of bits. The two parameter distances seem like they're in whatever distance metric you're using for parameter space, which seems to be very different from the logprobs. Maybe they both just have some implicit unit conversion parameter out front, but I think it'd be surprising if it were the case that every "1 parameter unit" move through parameter space is worth "1 nat" of information. For example, it's intuitive to me that some directions (towards zero) would be more likely than other directions. The C() term has a lagrange multiplier, which I think are usually unitless. In this case I think it's safe to say it's also maybe doing units conversion. C() itself seems to possibly be in terms of bits/nats, but that isn't clear. In normal lagrangian constrained optimization, lambda would be the parameter that gives us the resource tradeoff "how many bits of (L) loss on the data set tradeoff with a single bit (C) of inconsistency" Finally the integral is a bit tricky for me to follow. My admittedly-weak physics intuitions are usually that you only want to take an exponential (or definitely a log-sum-exp like this) of unitless quantities, but it looks like it has the maybe the unit of our distance in parameter space. That makes it weird to integrate over possible parameter, which introduces another unit of parameter space, and then take the logarithm of it. (I realize that unit-type-checking ML is pretty uncommon and might just be insane, but it's one of the ways I try to figure out what's going on in various algorithms) Looking forward to reading more about this in the future. Nah, it's a great trick. The trick here is that L2 regularization / weight decay is equivalent to having a Gaussian prior on the parameters, so you can think of that term as logN(θ0,σ) (minus an irrelevant additive constant), where σ is set to imply whatever hyperparameter you used for your weight decay. This does mean that you are committing to a Gaussian prior over the parameters. If you wanted to include additional information like "moving towards zero is more likely to be good" then you would not have a Gaussian centered at θ0, and so the corresponding log prob would not be the nice simple "L2 distance to θ0". I think this intuition is correct, and the typical solution in ML algorithms is to empirically scale all of your quantities such that everything works out (which you can interpret from the unit-checking perspective as "finding the appropriate constant to multiply your quantities by such that they become the right kind of unit: Does that make sense? A couple of typos: "...we are only worried if the model [understands? knows?] the dynamics..." "...don’t collect training data in situations without[where?] strong adversaries are trying..." I think "deferring" was a bad word for me to use. I mostly imagine the complex labeling process will just independently label data, and then only include datapoints when there is agreement. That is, you'd just always return the (simple, complex) pair, and is-correct basically just tests whether they are equal. I said "defer" because one of the data that the complex labeling process uses may be "what a human who was in the room said," and this may sometimes be a really important source of evidence. But that really depends on how you set things up, if you have enough other signals then you would basically always just ignore that one. (That said, I think probably amplification is the most important difference between the simple and complex labeling processes, because that's the only scalable way to inject meaningful amounts of extra complexity into the complex labeling process---since the ML system can't predict itself very well, it forces it to basically try to win a multiplayer game with copies of itself, and we hope that's more complicated. And if that's the case then the simple labeling process may as well use all of the data sources, and the difference is just how complex a judgment we are making using those inputs.) Ok, that all makes sense, thanks. So here "equal" would presumably be "essentially equal in the judgement of complex process", rather than verbatim equality of labels (the latter seems silly to me; if it's not silly I must be missing something). I think they need to be exactly equal. I think this is most likely accomplished by making something like pairwise judgments and only passing judgment when the comparison is a slam dunk (as discussed in section 3). Otherwise the instrumental policy will outperform the intended policy (since it will do the right thing when the simple labels are wrong). Planned summary for the Alignment Newsletter: Some confusions I have: Why does θ1 need to include part of the world model? Why not instead have θ1 be the parameters of the two heads, and θ2 be the parameters of the rest of the model? This would mean that you can’t initialize θ2 to be equal to θ1, but I don’t see why that’s necessary in the first place -- in particular it seems like the following generative model should work just fine: P(θ1)∝exp(−||θ1−θ1,init||2) P(θ2∣θ1)∝exp(−λC(θ1,θ2)−||θ2−θ2,init||2) (I’ll be thinking of this setup for the rest of my comment, as it makes more sense to me) Hmm, why is this necessary? It seems like the whole point of L(θ2) is to ensure that you have to learn a detailed world model that gets you the right answers. I guess as λ→∞, that doesn't really help you, but really you shouldn't have λ→∞ because you shouldn't expect to be able to have C(θ1,θ2)→0. (Also, shouldn't that be L(θ1,θ2), since it is θ1 and θ2 together that compute answers to questions?) This seems massively underspecified in that it's really unclear to me what's actually different between the instrumental and intended models. I say this because you posit the intended model gives "the real answer", but I don't see a means offered by which to tell "real" answers from "fake" ones. Further, for somewhat deep philosophical reasons, I also don't expect there is any such thing as a "real" answer anway, only one that is more or less useful to some purpose, and since ultimately it's humans setting this all up, any "real" answer is ultimately a human answer. The only difference I can find seems to be a subtle one about whether or not you're directly or indirectly imitating human answers, which is probably relevant for dealing with a class of failure modes like overindexing on what humans actually do vs. what we would do if we were smarter, knew more, etc. but also still leaves you human imitation since there's still imitation of human concerns taking place. Now, that actually sounds kinda good to me, but it's not what you seem to be explicitly saying when you talk about the instrumental and intended model. I don't think anyone has a precise general definition of "answer questions honestly" (though I often consider simple examples in which the meaning is clear). But we do all understand how "imitate what a human would say" is completely different (since we all grant the possibility of humans being mistaken or manipulated), and so a strong inductive bias towards "imitate what a human would say" is clearly a problem to be solved even if other concepts are philosophically ambiguous. Sometimes a model might say something like "No one entered the datacenter" when what they really mean is "Someone entered the datacenter, got control of the hard drives with surveillance logs, and modified them to show no trace of their presence." In this case I'd say the answer is "wrong;" when such wrong answers appear as a critical part of a story about catastrophic failure, I'm tempted to look at why they were wrong to try to find a root cause of failure, and to try to look for algorithms that avoid the failure by not being "wrong" in the same intuitive sense. The mechanism in this post is one way that you can get this kind of wrong answer, namely by imitating human answers, and so that's something we can try to fix. On my perspective, the only things that are really fundamental are: Everything else is just a heuristic to help us understand why an algorithm might work or where we might look for a possible failure story. I think this is one of the upsides of my research methodology---although it requires people to get on the same page about algorithms and about predictions (of the form "X could happen"), we don't need to start on the same page about all the other vague concepts. Instead we can develop shared senses of those concepts over time by grounding them out in concrete algorithms and failure stories. I think this is how shared concepts are developed in most functional fields (e.g. in mathematics you start with a shared sense of what constitutes a valid proof, and then build shared mathematical intuitions on top of that by seeing what successfully predicts your ability to write a proof). In the spirit then of caring about stories about how algorithms lead to bad consequences, a story about how I see not making a clear distinction between instrumental and intended models might come to bite you. Let's use your example of a model that reports "no one entered the data center". I might think the right answer is that "no one entered the data center" when I in fact know that physically someone was in the datacenter but they were an authorized person. If I'm reporting this in the context of asking about a security breach, saying "no one entered the data center" when I more precisely mean "no unauthorized person entered the data center" might be totally reasonable. In this case there's some ambiguity about what reasonably counts as "no one". This is perhaps somewhat contrived, but category ambiguity is a cornerstone of linguistic confusion and where I see the division between instrumental and intended models breaking down. I think there are probably some chunk of things we could screen off by making this distinction that are obviously wrong (e.g. the model that tries to tell me "no one entered the data center" when in fact, even given my context of a security breach, some unauthorized person did entered the data center), and that seems useful, so I'm mainly pushing on the idea here that your approach here seems insufficient for addressing alignment concerns on its own. Not that you necessarily thought it was, but this seems like the relevant kind of issue to want to consider here. Reading this thread, I wonder if the apparent disagreement doesn't come from the use of the world "honestly". The way I understand Paul's statement of the problem is that "answer questions honestly" could be replaced by "answer questions appropriately to the best of your knowledge". And his point is that "answer what a human would have answered" is not a good proxy for that (yet still an incentivized one due to how we train neural nets) From my reading of it, this post's proposal does provide some plausible ways to incentivize the model to actual search for appropriate answers instead of the ones human would have given, and I don't think it assumes the existence of true categories and/or essences.. The idea is to address a particular reason that your learned model would "copy a human" rather than "try to answer the question well." Namely, the model already contains human-predictors, so building extra machinery to answer questions (basically translating between the world model and natural language) would be more inefficient than just using the existing human predictor. The hope is that this alternative loss allows you to use the translation machinery to compress the humans, so that it's not disfavored by the prior. I don't think it's intrinsically related to learning a world model, it's just an attempt to fix a particular problem. To the extent that there is a problem with the proposed approach---either a reason that this isn't a real problem in the standard approach, or a reason that this proposed approach couldn't address the problem (or would inevitably introduce some other problem)---then I'm interested in that. Why would it be maximized there? Isn't it at least better to make θ1=θ2+θ02? And then in the section I'm trying to argue that the final term (the partition function) in the loss means that you can potentially get a lower loss by having θ1 push apart the two heads in such a way that improving the quality of the model pushes them back together. I'm interested in anything that seems wrong in that argument. (I don't particularly believe this particular formulation is going to work, e.g. because the L2 regularizer pushes θ₁ to adjust each parameter halfway, while the intuitive argument kind of relies on it being arbitrary what you put into θ₁ or θ₂, as it would be under something more like an L1 regularizer. But I'm pretty interested in this general approach.) Two caveats were: (i) this isn't going to actually end up actually making any alternative models lower loss, it's just going to level the playing field such that a bunch of potential models have similar loss (rather than an inductive bias in favor of the bad models), (ii) in order for that to be plausible you need to have a stop grad on one of the heads in the computation of C, I maybe shouldn't have push that detail so late..

Statement of Allegations: In the Matter of BDO Canada LLP IN THE MATTER OF BDO CANADA LLP STATEMENT OF ALLEGATIONS (Subsection 127(1) and section 127.1 of the Securities Act, RSO 1990, c S.5) A. ORDER SOUGHT Staff ("Enforcement Staff") of the Enforcement Branch of the Ontario Securities Commission (the "Commission") request that the Commission make an order, ordering: 1. that BDO Canada LLP ("BDO") be reprimanded, pursuant to paragraph 6 of subsection 127(1) of the Securities Act, RSO 1990, c S.5 (the "Act"); 2. that BDO pay an administrative penalty of not more than $1 million for each failure by BDO to comply with Ontario securities law, pursuant to paragraph 9 of subsection 127(1) of the Act; 3. that BDO disgorge to the Commission any amounts obtained as a result of the non-compliance with Ontario securities law, pursuant to paragraph 10 of subsection 127(1) of the Act; 4. that BDO pay the costs of the Commission investigation and hearing, pursuant to section 127.1 of the Act; and 5. such other order as the Commission considers appropriate in the public interest. B. FACTS Enforcement Staff make the following allegations of fact: I. Overview 1. As gatekeepers, auditors contribute to public confidence in the integrity of financial reporting, a cornerstone of our capital markets. In conducting audits of financial statements and reporting thereon, it is critical that auditors comply with generally accepted auditing standards. When an auditor issues an unmodified audit opinion on an entity's financial statements, the auditor provides assurance that the financial statements are presented fairly, in all material respects, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. As such, auditors play an important role in investor protection and the framework for proper disclosure is undermined when they fail to adequately carry out their role. 2. Between 1998 and 2017, BDO was the auditor of Crystal Wealth Management Systems Limited ("Crystal Wealth") and the investment funds managed by it at the time (the "Crystal Wealth Funds"). In April 2017, on application by the Commission, Crystal Wealth, the Crystal Wealth Funds and their directing mind, Clayton Smith ("Smith"), were put into receivership by the Ontario Superior Court of Justice. The Commission subsequently approved a settlement agreement between Smith and Enforcement Staff in which Smith admitted to fraud on two Crystal Wealth Funds -- Crystal Wealth Media Strategy (the "Media Fund") and Crystal Wealth Mortgage Strategy (the "Mortgage Fund" and, together with the Media Fund, the "Funds" and each, a "Fund"). Certain of the fraudulent investments were recorded in the Funds' financial statements audited by BDO. 3. BDO audited the Funds' financial statements as at and for the years ended December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2015. In those financial statements, the Media Fund and Mortgage Fund were valued at approximately $50 million and $40 million, respectively. In each auditor's report accompanying those financial statements, BDO represented to the Fund's unitholders that it had performed its audit (each, an "Audit") in accordance with Canadian generally accepted auditing standards ("GAAS"). 4. That representation was false. BDO did not conduct its Audits in accordance with GAAS. It failed to do so in three principal ways. 5. First, BDO did not obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence of the existence and valuation of the Funds' assets. To begin, BDO did not perform all the retrospective reviews for accounting estimates required by GAAS. Without those reviews, BDO could not design audit procedures responsive to the risk that the financial statements were materially misstated. Next, in completing the audit procedures it did design, BDO unduly relied on the Funds' service providers -- who were not independent of Smith -- and on Smith himself. Finally, even though BDO identified a material misstatement in the Media Fund's 2015 financial statements, it provided an unmodified audit opinion on them. 6. BDO's second principal violation of GAAS was its failure to undertake its work with sufficient professional skepticism. Throughout the Audits, BDO disregarded contradictory audit evidence and other circumstances that could be indicative of fraud. BDO failed to recognize the resultant, increased risk of material misstatement and did not address the heightened risk with enhanced audit procedures. The enhanced procedures would have resulted in BDO obtaining additional evidence before determining whether it could issue unmodified audit opinions on the financial statements. 7. Last, before issuing its audit opinions, BDO did not complete the engagement quality control reviews ("EQCRs") of the Audits that it had determined were required. 8. By falsely stating in each auditor's report that it had conducted the Audit in accordance with GAAS, BDO breached subsection 122(1)(b) of the Act. In addition, each of BDO's failures to comply with GAAS violated subsection 78(3) of the Act. II. Background 9. The Funds were privately-offered mutual fund trusts managed by Crystal Wealth, a Burlington, Ontario-based corporation. Crystal Wealth also acted as the Funds' trustee, portfolio manager and promoter. 10. Smith was Crystal Wealth's founder, principal shareholder, directing mind and sole director and officer. He acted as Crystal Wealth's President, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Compliance Officer and was BDO's principal point of contact during the Audits. 11. BDO is a limited liability partnership, the head office of which is in Toronto, Ontario. It has more than 125 offices across Canada and is part of the international BDO network of independent member firms. 12. BDO was first appointed auditor of Crystal Wealth and the Crystal Wealth Funds in 1998. It audited the Funds' 2014 and 2015 financial statements. 13. BDO was also engaged to audit the Funds' 2016 financial statements. At the time of those audits, BDO was aware of Enforcement Staff's investigation in this matter. In the audits, BDO introduced new procedures, such as seeking additional evidence from sources independent of the Funds and Smith. BDO was not able to complete the procedures or issue auditor's reports on the Funds' financial statements by March 31, 2017, when they were due to be delivered to unitholders. 14. Thereafter, on April 6, 2017, on application by Enforcement Staff, the Commission ordered that all trading in securities of the Crystal Wealth Funds cease. On April 26, 2017, on application by the Commission, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice appointed Grant Thornton Limited receiver and manager of the assets of the Crystal Wealth Funds, Crystal Wealth and Smith, personally. 15. On June 13, 2018, the Commission approved a settlement agreement between Enforcement Staff and Smith. In the settlement agreement, Smith admitted to fraud relating to investments recorded in the Media Fund's 2014 and 2015 financial statements and the Mortgage Fund's 2015 financial statements, all of which had been audited by BDO. III. BDO's Obligations as Auditor 16. As auditor of the Funds' 2014 and 2015 financial statements, BDO was subject to provisions of Ontario securities law such as subsections 122(1)(b) and 78(3) of the Act. 17. The Funds' financial statements were required to be delivered to unitholders under National Instrument 81-106 Investment Fund Continuous Disclosure ("NI 81-106"). Because the financial statements were audited, subsection 2.7(3) of NI 81-106 mandated that they be accompanied by an auditor's report prepared in accordance with GAAS. The Funds' audited financial statements were posted on Crystal Wealth's website. 18. BDO's auditor's reports on the Funds' 2014 and 2015 financial statements were dated March 31, 2015 and March 31, 2016, respectively, and were addressed to the Funds' unitholders. In each auditor's report, BDO represented that it had conducted its Audit in accordance with GAAS. That was not true. In making these false representations, BDO breached GAAS and subsection 2.7(3) of NI 81-106. BDO also violated subsection 122(1)(b) of the Act. Subsection 122(1)(b) prohibited BDO from making materially misleading statements in reports or other documents required to be furnished or filed under Ontario securities law. 19. Under subsections 78(1) and (2) of the Act, the Funds' 2014 and 2015 financial statements, together with BDO's auditor's reports, were required to be filed with the Commission. Subsection 78(3) of the Act required BDO to make the examinations necessary to prepare its auditor's reports in accordance with GAAS. BDO failed to do so. 20. The principal auditing standards BDO failed to comply with are set forth in Part IV below. Part V details BDO's non-compliance with GAAS. IV. Generally Accepted Auditing Standards 21. As the basis for the auditor's opinion, GAAS require the auditor to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance. 22. To obtain reasonable assurance, GAAS set out various standards to be met, requirements to be fulfilled and steps to be taken. They include obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence, exercising professional skepticism and completing EQCRs in accordance with GAAS. (A) Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence Required 23. To obtain reasonable assurance, the auditor must obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to reduce, to an acceptably low level, the risk of incorrectly opining on misstated financial statements. (1) The Need for Retrospective Reviews 24. To assess the risk of material misstatement, the auditor must perform a retrospective review of the outcomes of accounting estimates included in the prior financial statements. Retrospective reviews assist in assessing whether the current estimates are misstated and in identifying any indications of management bias that might represent a risk of material misstatement due to fraud. (2) The Need for Independent Evidence 25. The higher the assessed risk of material misstatement, the more persuasive the required audit evidence. Generally, evidence from independent sources outside the audited entity is more reliable than evidence from the entity. (3) The Need for Assurance about Service Organization Controls 26. A service organization is a service provider whose services are part of the audited entity's financial reporting information systems. When an audited entity uses a service organization, transactions that affect its financial statements become subject to the service organization's controls. If the auditor obtains evidence from the service organization, the auditor cannot simply assume that the service organization's related controls operate effectively. It must obtain evidence about their effectiveness by testing the controls directly or obtaining an appropriate report on them. (4) The Need to Address Inconsistencies and Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence 27. Determining what procedures are required to complete an audit is a dynamic process that must be responsive to any changes in the auditor's assessment of the risk of material misstatement. For example, if evidence from two sources is inconsistent, the auditor must determine what changes to its planned procedures are necessary to resolve the matter. If the auditor cannot obtain sufficient appropriate evidence of a material item, the auditor must not provide an unmodified opinion on the financial statements. (5) The Need to Respond to Misstatements 28. If the auditor identifies a misstatement, it must determine whether the misstatement is indicative of fraud. If it is, the auditor must evaluate the implications for the audit, including the reliability of management representations, recognizing that an instance of fraud is unlikely to be an isolated occurrence. If the auditor concludes that the financial statements are not free from material misstatement, the auditor must not provide an unmodified opinion on them. (6) The Need to Document the Audit 29. Audit documentation is the record of the audit procedures performed, relevant audit evidence obtained and conclusions reached. A principal purpose of audit documentation is to evidence that the audit was planned and performed in accordance with GAAS. The audit documentation must provide evidence of the auditor's basis for conclusions about critical matters such as whether the auditor has obtained reasonable assurance that the financial statements are free from material misstatement. The audit documentation for an engagement must be assembled in the audit file for that engagement. (B) Professional Skepticism Required 30. The auditor must plan and perform its audit with professional skepticism, recognizing that circumstances may cause the financial statements to be materially misstated. Professional skepticism requires a questioning mind and a critical assessment of the audit evidence. It includes alertness to contradictory audit evidence, information that brings the reliability of documents into question and conditions that may indicate fraud, such as missing evidence. (C) Engagement Quality Control Reviews Required 31. If the auditor determines that an EQCR is required, the EQCR must be performed before the auditor's report is completed. An EQCR is an objective evaluation of the engagement team's significant judgments and conclusions. The EQCR reviewer cannot be part of the engagement team. V. BDO's Failures to Comply with Generally Accepted Auditing Standards 32. BDO's Audits failed to comply with GAAS due to a lack of sufficient appropriate audit evidence, professional skepticism and EQCRs. (A) Lack of Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence 33. BDO did not obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence of the existence and valuation of the significant assets recorded in the Media Fund's and the Mortgage Fund's 2014 and 2015 financial statements. (1) Media Fund (a) Background to the Fund{1} 34. In the 2014 and 2015 financial statements, the Media Fund was valued at approximately $50 million. The Fund primarily invested in asset-backed debt obligations ("Loans") of motion picture and series television productions. The Loans were to finance the production projects. In 2014 and 2015, approximately 25 Loans represented 85% of the Fund's assets. 35. Media House Capital (Canada) Corp. ("MHC") was retained by the Fund to conduct due diligence on potential Loan investments and present them to the Fund for purchase. If the Fund acquired a Loan, MHC was to manage and service it, including collecting principal and interest payments for the Fund. MHC received an upfront fee of up to 10% of the value of the Loans it sold to the Fund. The Fund purchased Loans from MHC on an ongoing basis. (b) BDO's Failure to Adequately Address Existence of Loans 36. BDO did not obtain sufficient appropriate evidence of the existence of the Loans. Its planned procedures were to confirm all the Loans with MHC, whether they had been acquired in the current or previous years. In addition, BDO planned to review the "loan agreements" for Loans ("New Loans") purchased in the current year. 37. It was not appropriate for BDO to rely on a confirmation from MHC. First, given MHC's business relationships with the Fund and Smith, it was not an independent, objective source of information about the Loans. Further, BDO did not adequately assess whether MHC was a service organization and did not take any of the other steps required by GAAS when service organizations are involved. MHC was to record information about the Loans for the Fund, but there was nothing inherently reliable about MHC's records or related confirmations. Nonetheless, BDO did not obtain assurance about the controls relevant to the audit evidence provided by MHC. 38. In addition, there were three significant deficiencies in the "loan agreements" BDO obtained for the New Loans. First, they were not agreements between the borrower -- the production company -- and the lender -- the Fund. Instead, BDO obtained two types of documents ("Loan Documents"): (a) purchase notices, each of which was a notice from the Fund to MHC that it wished to purchase a Loan; and (b) supplements, each of which evidenced MHC's sale of a Loan to the Fund. The Loan Documents did not provide any evidence of the borrowers' obligations to the Fund. 39. Second, BDO did not obtain a complete set of Loan Documents for every New Loan. Purchase notices were unaccompanied by supplements and many of the supplements were only partially executed. 40. Third, even though information in many Loan Documents was inconsistent with other audit evidence, BDO did not enhance its procedures to properly resolve the discrepancies. For instance, various Loan Documents set forth principal amounts that differed from those in MHC's confirmations. Yet in its Audits, BDO identified and performed procedures on only one inconsistency. In that case, BDO relied solely on information from Smith, rather than independent evidence. 41. The audit files also included a variety of Loan Documents and promissory notes for Loans purchased in previous years. There were also numerous issues with this documentation. First, it was incomplete. For instance, purchase notices were not accompanied by corresponding supplements. Second, much of the documentation was not fully executed. Third, the information about a Loan often differed within the documentation and as between the documentation and MHC's confirmations, including in areas such as principal amount. These deficiencies in the Loan documentation should have prompted BDO to perform further procedures. BDO failed to do so. (c) BDO's Failure to Adequately Address Valuation of Loans 42. BDO also failed to appropriately verify Smith's valuation of the Loans. 43. The value of the Loans turned on the probability of collecting on them. That probability depended on the sales of the productions to be financed by the Loans. As a result, forecasts of those sales ("Sales Forecasts") were critical to determining the value of the Loans. In the 2014 and 2015 Audits, BDO relied on Sales Forecasts that it stated had been confirmed by, or obtained from, MHC. 44. BDO's procedures for auditing Smith's Loan valuations and its responses to the results of those procedures did not comply with GAAS. 2014 Audit 45. In the 2014 Audit, BDO failed to conduct the required retrospective review of Smith's 2013 Loan valuation and inappropriately relied on an analysis from BDO's valuations group. 46. First, because BDO did not complete a retrospective review of Smith's 2013 Loan valuation, it could not determine whether there was an increased risk of material misstatement due to fraud. BDO's audit documentation included a checklist (the "Fraud Checklist") to assist its engagement team in complying with the GAAS requirements on fraud. The Fraud Checklist required retrospective reviews of significant accounting estimates and a determination of whether differences between the estimates and the actual results indicated management bias. BDO completed the Fraud Checklist by stating that no retrospective reviews were necessary because there were no significant accounting estimates. Yet in other audit documentation, BDO recognized that the value of the Loans was a significant accounting estimate. 47. Second, in evaluating Smith's 2014 Loan valuation, BDO improperly relied on an analysis from its valuations group. The valuations group's analysis was based on Sales Forecasts, the appropriateness and reliability of which were to be assessed with a confirmation from MHC. The audit file, however, contained no such confirmation of the Sales Forecasts. Moreover, as described above, MHC was not an independent, objective source of information about the Loans and BDO obtained no assurance about its controls. 2015 Audit 48. In the 2015 Audit, BDO failed to comply with GAAS in its retrospective review of Smith's 2014 Loan valuation and in its audit of Smith's 2015 Loan valuation. (i) Deficient Retrospective Review of Smith's 2014 Loan Valuation 49. BDO's retrospective review in the 2015 Audit was problematic for two principal reasons: its procedures were flawed and its response to the results of those procedures was inadequate. 50. In its retrospective review, BDO compared Smith's 2014 forecast of expected receipts on the Loans with the amounts collected on the Loans in 2015 and early 2016. In determining the amounts collected in 2015, BDO solely relied on the Fund's accounting records. BDO did not corroborate the Fund's records with independent evidence, such as bank records. 51. The results of BDO's analysis revealed that the 2014 forecast of receipts, when compared to amounts collected by early 2016, fell short by almost 80% or $25 million. The shortfall was approximately half the value of the Fund. 52. Notwithstanding its magnitude, BDO concluded that the shortfall appeared "to be largely due to timing" and noted that Smith was revising his current estimates. BDO did not consider whether the shortfall represented a risk of material misstatement due to fraud in the 2015 financial statements it was auditing. (ii) Deficient Audit of Smith's 2015 Loan Valuation 53. BDO's procedures relating to Smith's 2015 Loan valuation were deficient in terms of both the steps that BDO took and BDO's response to the results. To evaluate Smith's 2015 Loan valuation, BDO developed its own Loan valuation. 54. Both Smith's and BDO's valuations depended on Sales Forecasts from MHC. BDO's procedures to determine the appropriateness of the Sales Forecasts were inadequate. They consisted of conducting the flawed retrospective review described above and obtaining oral representations from MHC, the organization that had provided the Sales Forecasts. 55. In BDO's Loan valuation, BDO came to a single estimate of the value of the Loans (the "BDO Value") of $47 million. To calculate the BDO Value, BDO added what it determined was the "most likely" value of each Loan to $1.5 million in respect of a guarantee from MHC. 56. There were several issues with BDO's calculation of the BDO Value. First, BDO did not follow the methodology it stated it used to determine the "most likely" value of each Loan. Instead, in determining the "most likely" value of each Loan, BDO often arrived at values for the Loans that were greater than what had been recorded as owing on the Loans. The result was an inappropriate increase in the BDO Value of $1.4 million. 57. BDO also should not have included the amount of the guarantee in the BDO Value. The guarantee consisted of a letter dated March 31, 2016, in which MHC stated that it would pay a "recoupable" $1.5 million towards the Fund, for any losses above and beyond the Fund's accrued loan-loss provisions. Aside from its "recoupable" nature, the guarantee was not in effect at the date of the financial statements. The result was a further, inappropriate increase in the BDO Value of $1.5 million. 58. Finally, although BDO determined that an analysis from its valuations group was required to value the Loans, BDO finalized the BDO Value without that analysis. According to the audit documentation, the valuations group's analysis would be, and was, provided in report form. But there were no reports, or any other evidence of the valuations group's steps, in the audit file. 59. The BDO Value was approximately $3 million less than Smith's Loan value. The difference between the BDO Value and Smith's Loan value would have been twice the size -- approximately $6 million -- had BDO not inappropriately increased the BDO Value. 60. GAAS required BDO to ask Smith to correct his Loan value. Two days before the date of its auditor's report, BDO sent Smith an interim, working copy of its Loan valuation. In the covering email, BDO wrote: "The numbers may not make sense at the moment but I'm hoping we can clarify a few things/I can let you know our thought process and we can meet somewhere in the middle." The $3 million was ultimately disclosed in a note to the financial statements as a "potential change" in Smith's Loan value. 61. Meanwhile, Smith's Loan value appeared in the body of the financial statements. This was a misstatement. In responding to the misstatement, BDO did not take the steps required by GAAS, such as determining whether the misstatement was indicative of fraud. 62. The misstatement -- be it BDO's calculated amount of $3 million or the more appropriate $6 million -- was material. Despite the inclusion of a material misstatement in the financial statements, BDO gave an unmodified opinion on them in its auditor's report. (2) Mortgage Fund (a) Background to the Fund{2} 63. In the 2014 and 2015 financial statements, the recorded value of the Mortgage Fund was $40 million and $44 million, respectively. The Fund primarily invested in residential mortgages in Canada. In 2014 and 2015, the Fund held approximately 335 residential mortgages constituting 83% and 63% of its assets, respectively. The Fund also held commercial mortgages and commercial loans. In connection with its investments, the Fund engaged several service providers. 64. Spectrum-Canada Capital (2002) Corporation and Spectrum-Canada Mortgage Services Inc. (collectively, "Spectrum") was the principal seller of residential mortgages to the Fund. Like MHC, Spectrum was to evaluate investments in accordance with due diligence guidelines and present them to the Fund for potential purchase. Once the Fund purchased a mortgage from Spectrum, Spectrum managed and serviced it. Among other things, Spectrum held a bank account for mortgage payments and provided reports on which the Fund's records were based. Spectrum's fees were based on the Fund's outstanding advances on the mortgages. The Fund purchased mortgages from Spectrum on an ongoing basis. 65. Other of the Fund's residential mortgages were administered by Squire Management Inc. ("Squire"). Like Spectrum, Squire held a bank account into which mortgage payments were deposited and sent Smith weekly reports summarizing all mortgages and payments. 66. Liberty Mortgage Services Ltd. ("Liberty") dealt with the Fund's commercial mortgages. Like Spectrum, Liberty sold the Fund mortgages it held that met the Fund's criteria. The Fund recorded the mortgages in its books based on Liberty's weekly reports. (b) BDO's Failure to Adequately Address Existence of Mortgages 67. BDO did not obtain sufficient appropriate evidence of the existence of the mortgages. In performing its procedures, BDO inappropriately relied on audit evidence from Spectrum, Squire and Liberty (collectively, the "Service Providers") and failed to properly test the audit evidence it obtained. Insufficient Independent Evidence 68. BDO inappropriately relied on the Service Providers in confirming and testing the mortgages. 69. First, Spectrum and Liberty were not independent, objective sources of information about the mortgages, given their relationships with the Fund and Smith. 70. Second, BDO did not evaluate whether the Service Providers were service organizations or take the other steps required by GAAS when dealing with service organizations. For example, BDO did not consider how the Service Providers' involvement in the Fund's transactions and accounting affected the Fund's controls. As a result, BDO was not in a position to identify, assess and respond to the risk of material misstatement. 71. Finally, although the Service Providers were to note information about the Fund's mortgage loans in the records they maintained for the Fund, nothing about their records or related confirmations was inherently reliable. Nonetheless, BDO performed no procedures to obtain assurance about the effectiveness of their related controls. Deficient Testing 72. BDO's approach to testing the new mortgages was deficient at both the sampling and testing stages. 73. To start, in sampling the new residential mortgages to be tested in its 2014 Audit, BDO assessed overall risk as "low/normal" because Spectrum administered the mortgages. In making this assessment, BDO did not identify any of the issues with Spectrum's independence described above or explain why Spectrum's involvement reduced the risk. The lower risk assessment resulted in a smaller sample size and thus less reliable test results. 74. To test the selected mortgages, in each Audit, BDO stated that it had compared information in a listing of new mortgages provided by Smith against information in mortgage files. However, BDO's documentation of its review of the mortgage files was deficient. The audit files did not provide sufficient evidence that BDO performed procedures to confirm key mortgage details such as property location, term and interest rate. 75. Last, in the 2014 audit file, Smith's listing of initial loan amounts differed from the information in Spectrum's confirmation. BDO neither identified the discrepancies nor performed procedures to reconcile them. (c) BDO's Failure to Adequately Address Valuation of Mortgages and Commercial Loans 76. BDO's audits of Smith's valuations of the Fund's mortgages and commercial loans were also inadequate. Deficient Audit of Smith's Mortgage Valuation 77. BDO's mortgage valuation work was deficient with respect to retrospective reviews and sufficient appropriate audit evidence. 78. In its 2014 Audit, BDO did not perform a retrospective review on the accrued loss provision on the mortgages -- an essential component in their value. Without this review, BDO could not assess whether there was a heightened risk of material misstatement due to fraud. On the Fraud Checklist that required this analysis, BDO indicated that no retrospective review was required because there were no significant accounting estimates. Yet in other audit documentation, BDO recognized that the accrued loss provision on the mortgages was a significant accounting estimate. 79. In addition, BDO did not obtain the evidence required to verify Smith's estimated accrued loss provision in either Audit. To start, BDO relied on evidence from the Service Providers, despite the issues discussed in paragraphs 68 through 71 above. Further, to determine which commercial mortgages were in arrears, BDO relied solely on Smith. BDO did not corroborate the completeness of Smith's listing of mortgages in arrears with any independent evidence. Deficient Audit of Smith's Commercial Loan Valuation 80. BDO's audit work on Smith's 2015 commercial loan valuation was also deficient. 81. To audit Smith's 2015 valuation, BDO developed its own valuation. BDO's valuation did not consider the probability of collecting on the commercial loans held by the Mortgage Fund. For example, one of the commercial loans was a Loan on a media production that the Mortgage Fund had acquired from MHC. BDO did not consider Sales Forecasts in valuing that Loan, even though BDO had determined in its Media Fund Audits that Sales Forecasts were critical to the Loan valuation. 82. In its working papers, BDO indicated that there was a memorandum explaining its methodology for valuing the commercial loans. But there was no such memorandum or other explanation of BDO's approach to valuing the commercial loans in the audit file. 83. Because of all the deficiencies described above, BDO's Audits of the Mortgage Fund's 2014 and 2015 financial statements did not comply with GAAS. (B) Lack of Professional Skepticism 84. BDO did not conduct its Audits with sufficient professional skepticism. As described above, BDO had notice of many unusual facts which should have caused it to treat Smith's representations with greater caution, obtain additional evidence from independent sources and perform additional procedures on that evidence. BDO did not do any of this. (C) Lack of Engagement Quality Control Reviews 85. BDO also did not complete EQCRs on any of the Audits, even though it had determined that they were required on all of them. Although BDO indicated in its audit documentation for each of the Audits that one of its partners had acted as EQCR reviewer, that partner could not conduct an EQCR under GAAS because he was a member of the engagement team. Other documentation in each audit file confirmed that no EQCR had been completed. C. BREACHES AND CONDUCT CONTRARY TO THE PUBLIC INTEREST Enforcement Staff allege the following breaches of Ontario securities law and conduct contrary to the public interest: 1. each of BDO's representations in its auditor's reports that the relevant Audit had been conducted in accordance with GAAS constitutes a materially misleading statement contrary to subsection 122(1)(b) of the Act; 2. each of BDO's failures to comply with GAAS in auditing the Funds' 2014 and 2015 financial statements constitutes a breach of subsection 78(3) of the Act; and 3. further and in any event, the conduct described above is contrary to the public interest. Enforcement Staff reserve the right to amend these allegations and to make such further and other allegations as Enforcement Staff deem fit and the Commission may permit. DATED this 12th day of October, 2018. {1} The description of the Fund and its operations is based on BDO's audit documentation. {2} The description of the Fund and its operations is based on BDO's audit documentation.

GREPPER SEARCH WRITEUPS DOCS INSTALL GREPPER All Languages >> PHP >> laravel eloquent orderby “laravel eloquent orderby” Code Answer’s order By Asc in laravbel php by Amit Halder on Oct 05 2020 Comment 10 ->orderBy('id', 'DESC'); laravel order by php by unmeego on Mar 09 2021 Donate Comment 5 $users = DB::table('users') -> orderBy('name', 'desc') -> get(); laravel 6 orderby php by Combative Centipede on Dec 07 2020 Comment 0 // Make sure column names are correct $inquiries = Inquiry::orderBy('status', 'ASC') ->orderBy('created_at', 'DESC') ->get(); Source: stackoverflow.com orderby text values eliquent laravel php by Splendid Stoat on Sep 03 2021 Comment 1 orderByRaw("FIELD(clan_rank , 'Owner', 'Admin', 'Member') ASC"); Source: stackoverflow.com sort laravel eloquent php by Adventurous Alligator on Aug 20 2020 Comment 4 $posts = Post::orderBy('id', 'DESC')->get(); laravel eloquent orderby php by Ahmet Volkan ÖZER on May 28 2022 Comment 0 $users = User::where('name','Joe') ->orderBy('id') ->get(); Add a Grepper Answer Answers related to “laravel eloquent orderby” laravel order by desc laravel collection sort laravel sort collection laravel eloquent order by relationship laravel relationship order by laravel orderby with relation laravel eloquent order by alphabetical order laravel orderby LCASE laravel query order by relation php artisan orderByDesc get all sort by laravel laravel 6 orderby laravel eloquent query with orderBy subquery laravel OrderBy on Eloquent whereHas relationship laravel sort by function' sortbydesc on a collection laravel Queries related to “laravel eloquent orderby” laravel order by order by laravel laravel order by desc laravel eloquent order by laravel collection sort laravel sortby desc laravel sort by sort collection laravel sortbydesc laravel laravel collection sortby sort by laravel collection orderby laravel order by in laravel 8 order by eloquent laravel 8 laravel collection order by laravel query order by laravel eloquent sortby laravel sortbydesc how to show data in descending order in laravel laravel orderByDesc orderby in laravel eloquent laravel with order by eloquent order by desc laravel eloquent order by desc laravel collection sort by sort in laravel orderby ascending laravel sorting in laravel eloquent sort with order by laravel laravel model order by laravel model all order by laravel 7 order by desc orderby in laravel 8 laravel get all order by laravel order by eloquent orderby created at laravel laravel 8 orderby laravel sortby collection orderby ascending in laravel laravel eloquent sort by sortby laravel eloquent order laravel laravel collection sort by value sort collection in laravel order by id laravel laravel sort ascending order by created at desc laravel laravel orderby id desc order by id desc in laravel orderby eloquent laravel eloquent order by laravel order by latest laravel orderBY elequent laravel laravel orm order by eloquent sort by desc laravel collection order by asc display data in ascending order in laravel order by eloquent relationship laravel laravel sortByAsc order by laravel query sortBy() laravel laravel sort eloquent laravel eloquent order laravel sort by asc laravel eloquent sort by asc eloquent order by asc laravel elequent orderBy laravel eloquent all order by laravel orderby all laravel order by function laravel orderby() orderby model laravel laravel sortable orderByAsc in laravel laravel order model model order by laravel where order by laravel order by asc in laravel 8 order by all laravel order by name laravel collection laravel sort laravel query sortby laravel order by where how to use orderby in laravel all() in laravel order by orderby all laravel laravel order by id asc sort desc laravel sort by created at laravel laravel db query order by laravel collection sort by asc order by in laravel query builder orderby in laravel element sorting laravel eloquent orderByRaw laravel orderby latest laravel sort function laravel sort query eloquent model orderby laravel order by after get order by laravel desc order by where laravel order by eloquent php laravel get order how to order by in laravel 8 orderby laravel example laravel order by first laravel sort by query orderby number laravel laravel order by query laravel orderby with laravel order by in pgsql laravel eloquent where order by sortbydesc laravel 8 orderby in collect laravel laravel all orderby query order by laravel laravel orm sortby order by get laravel orderby in with laravel orderby laravel query builder laravel sortBy after get laravel eloquent retrieve all and order by latest orderby field laravel order by function laravel order by orm laravel collect order by laravel laravel eloquent order by function sort by id laravel sort by asc laravel laravel eloquent sort collection orderby value laravel order by laravel elequent laravel order with laravel eloquent sort desc laravel sorting data order by desc laravel DB order by sql laravel eloquent query order by order by created at laravel laravel ->orderBy eloquent sort by column laravel model get order by laravel on collect orderby laravel order by default order by from blade laravel 6 order by desc laravel 9 sortby laravel orderby descending order by sort laravel laravel eloquent with order by order by blade laravel with with order by in Laravel where orderby laravel use orderby in laravel order by in blade laravel Laravel custom orderBy sortbyasc laravel ->orderBy in laravel laravel sort by function laravel builder orderBy laravel query builder orderby laravel select order model laravel order by get all order by laravel eloquent select all order by eloquent get all and order by laravel orderable orderby laravel ascending orderBy on a model laravel orderBy model column in laravel orderby laravel DB orderby laravel array orderBy in Model Laravel laravel order by model function orderby function laravel orderby row in laravel laravel eloquent order by name laravel elequent order laravel orderBy old to new sort by order by laravel orderby using laravel order laravel eloquent ordery by laravel orderby ID laravel table laravel orderby limit laravel i cant orderby desc order laravel what is sort query in laravel sort query results laravel laravel latest orderby laravel get sortby laravel eloquent collection sort how to use order by in laravel 8 orderby string laravel eloquent order by id desc define order of sort in sort by laravel laravel orderBy array value sort data laravel laravel orderby on collection eloquent descending order laravel order by desc eloquent laravel query order by asc eloquent laravel orderby model get all sort laravel sortbydesc in laravel eloquent order desc array order by laravel laravel model sort all() laravel sort eloquent collection ascending sort laravel laravel 8 orderby asc order by asc desc laravel laravel sort model orderby newest laravel laravel blade order by laravel all order eloquent sort laravel order by id asc laravel eloquent builder sort db query order by laravel laravel eloquent orderByRaw how to use order by in laravel eloquent larvel eloquent order laravel model query order by laravel default order by laravel sortby order sort all records eloquent laravel sortby or orderby laravel with query function orderby laravel sorty by laravel with query orderby laravel sort by example laravel where condition in orderby order by db query n larvel sort in model laravel laravel where sort laravel where sort order eloquent set sort in laravel elequent querry select in eloquent laravel sort by id laravel standard order by order by update latest laravel 8 make a sort laravel laravel sort example order bu laravel order by a elequente table laravel laravel sort in model laravel sortBY realtion order by and with laravel laravel+sort by function oder by descending order in laravel larvel query sort by make orderby laravel request manual orderby laravel model order by in larvel order by condition in laravel laravel sort db model self orderBy laravel order by desc orm laravel sort array object in laravel laravel order by with condition laravel order in blade sortable laravel eloquent SortableJS laravel laravel order by where clause laravel order by query] sorting data using eloquent laravel sort option laravel laravel orderby asc model laravel orderbt sort then cont laravel laravel order mysql function laravel order by query function laravel order by creation_at eloquent laravel eloquent $query order by laravel order by decending order of id laravel query order by desc eloquent laravel order by created at latest orderby if where clause in laravel sorting find method laravel laravel order by name sorting with laravel sow to sort eloquent collection update all order using laravel eloquent laravel order by if laravel orderby elqument order by in get all laravel sort data in laravel sort descending eloquent laravel return orderBy sort in eloquent sort in model laravel laravel query get order laravel sort query wth appens sort by descending in eloquent sort by in laravel model laravel sort eloquent query sort by latest laravel based on created_at sort item laravel laravel orderBy with() laravel orderByLated sort method laravel laravel orderby take laravel orderby model method laravel orderBy in ralations laravel query builder sort sort laravel element laravel orm orderby laravel orderraw laravel orderitems give order id sort laravel's eloquent collection by month short name laravel reverse order laravel elequent orderBy case how to orderby laravel attribute column sort by laravel function laravel eloquent order by field laravel eloquent sort per column sort by blade laravel short from of laravel order by sortby by laravel sortBy in laravel lumen eloquent sort() laravel two order by in laravel With apply orderby in laravel8 show all data order by name in laravel orm laravel order by php orderby laravel created at or updated at orderby laravel differene between laravel sorting and order by does sort by work in for each laravel orderrby laravel shiift order in laravel set order by in a model in laravel select sort laravel laravel query order by disting row query orderby in laravel orderby null laravel sortByDesc in laravel eloque orderby function laravel order with order details with product in laravel orderBy first elemnt of many in laravel orderby in controler in laravel orderby laravel assened orderby limit laravel laravel 8 model sort laravel query orderBy with all Laravel sort by user with pro plan first laravel orderby a+b laravel orderby 3 column laravel find order by orderBy list laravel where sort laravel With apply orderby in laravel why use orderby laravel instead of sql where orderby desc laravel where and sort laravel use order by for eloquent in laravel laravel 8 ->sortBy orderby reverse the order+laravel laravel 5.4 orderby how to order from latest post in laravel 8 diff between orderby and latest in laravel ::all orderby id desc laravel eloquent get all sort by order by then laravel eloquent order by vLUE laravel order by use in laravel eloquent order by sort in laravel model order by query builder laravel order by on laravel collection order by on find eloquent orderby acd laravel order::create( laravel order laravel query results laravel 8 order by clause in eloquent query order implement in laravel laravel eloquent collection sort by laravel orderby in model order by in model in laravel order by in laravel elouqant order by in laravel eloquent 8 order by in laravel collection sortDesc laravel query sort by vaue laravel eloquent orderBy and then sort again laravel eloquent sort ascending order by laravel quewry laravel eloquent sortby id desc laravel eloquent with sort by asc laravel gorup by sort laravel ->sortBy( orderby method in laravel eloquent sortby in orm how do i sort data from model in laravel orderby laravel with inrandomorder example orderby laravel start from orderby laravel orm how to get rows with out sort in laravel eloquent orderbyd id desc eloquent sort by created at eloquent sort by php orderByDes laravel eloquent sort desc orderby laravel name orderby eloquent laraveç orderBy in laravel 6.0 orderby first laravel orderby in laravel sql query orderBY dire Laravel orderby custom function laravel orderby in laravel through model orderBy laravel first orderby laravel elqoeunt how to sort data by where in query in laravel how to sort data in tables in laravel eloquent orderBy inn n laravle orm orderby in laravel with model laravel order by app laravel sorted by order laravel sortBy status laravel sortby descending laravel sortBy and orderBy laravel sort orm laravel sort database laravel sort by order laravel sortyby list data by order laravel Order acs in laravel model::all orderby in laravel make orderby from model in laravel laravel sql orderby with variable laravel with eloquent orderby laravel where functio orderb laravel User::OrderBy laravel show order by laravel orderby or laravel orderby model laravel orderby in pgsql laravel orderBy get Laravel orderby desc and first laravel orderby clasue laravel orderby asc desc laravel orderby and make local first laravel show data ascending order laravel show all data order by\ laravel set orderBy automatically laravel return eloquent descending order laravel query data sort laravel orm order by asc laravel orderByRaw field() query laravel orderby withSum order by ('') laravel orderby desc in laravel. orderby get laravel orderby first query laravel orderby descending laravel with position column orderby in all query laravel 8 orderby data in laravel orderby created at in laravel orderby asending in laravel orderBy in array laravel orderby laravel recent orderby laravel manual orderby laravel data orderby is asc in laravel 8 orderby in query function laravel orderby in laravel desc asc orderby in laravel database orderby in laarvel with where order by asc eloquent order by level in laravel order by laravel data order by in wherer has desc laravel order by desc in sort laravel order by data get in laravel order by code in laravel order by based on column value Laravel order by on with in laravel order order items laravel orderby laravel order with laravel order result by column - laravel order by query in laravel controller order by with laravel order By rows laravel order by recent data in laravel laravel orderby >orderBy(function($query){ get orderby laravel get model always order by laravel get in asc order by in laravel get data orderby a number in laravle get all data ascending order larave; function insidfe orderby+laravel eloquent orm order by desc eloquent order by id = id eloquent order by clause how to orderBy true or false in Laravel how to make order by my id in laravel how to get in desc order in laravel how to get data in descending order in laravel how to get data in ascending order in laravel how orderby() query in laravel groped by orderby laravel eloquent order by created_at descending all and order by laravel asc dan desc order by laravel arrange data in ordre of descending in laravel e all with order by laravel ascending order collection in laravel acessors orderby laravel ::all()->sortBy laravel ->sortBy('') desc laravel collection ascending order create_at laravel display the orderby and number laravel descending order get i n laravel DB orderd by laravel db laravel orderby data order number laravel collecti orderby laravel can i orderBy collection in laravel associate array sort asc in laravel laravel orderBy 1 10 laravel order asc and desc laravel how to order by in with laravel get orderby newest records laravel get all from descending order laravel get all order by laravel eloquent where orderby get laravel eloquent orderby date desc laravel order by = laravel order by or sort laravel order item by order_no laravel order by with() data laravel order by then by laravel order by asc query laravel order by desc3 laravel order by column in model laravel order by ascending sort laravel eloquent desc laravel 8 orderBy on model not model laravek eloquent orderby left in laravel how to sort the result of queru how to write order by in query in laravel how to use sort in sql query in laravel how to use order data using whereraw in laravel how to use order by of sql in laravel 7 how to take data orderby year in laravel laravel eloquent ascending laravel eeloquent sort asc laravel db query order by id laravel database sorting laravel data sortBy laravel controller orderBy laravel collect orderByDesc laravel all()->orderby orderBy laravel syntax eloquent order by realtional table eloquent orderBy in laravel eloquent order laravel eloquent order by order eloquent order by id orderby model laravel 8 eloquent laravel 8 orderby eloquent with order how to make all order by laravel how to add order by in laravel hoe get orderby laravel eloquent with orderb y get data orderd by laravel get all laravel in orderby find order by laravel how to order by in laravel query "orderByRelation" + "laravel" with orderby in laravel whereRaw order by laravel where laravel order by what is orderBy function in laravel do value laravel order by $order laravel blade order by custom order by laravel eloquent commande orderby laravel in model ascending and descending order in laravel query builder all() order by desc laravel all after orderby+laravel accending order eloquent how to order by laravel model laravel eloquent orderby and all() laravel eloquent order by with laravel eloquent order by select query laravel eloquent orderByField laravel elloquent order by laravel elequent order by laravel define order in model laravel create order id laravel oderbydesc() laravel model order by and where desc laravel latest order by laravel get all data with order orm laravel equivalent order by laravel eloquent table order by laravel create orderid hwo to order by in elequin laravel laravel $order(function(p){) laravel create order how to use orderby with all laravel how to use order by in laravel collection how to orderBy result of query in laravel how to order query by column eloquent laravel 7 order by laravel collection orderByAsc() laravel collection all order by laravel category all orderby laravel all with order by ->orderBy('id', 'DESC') laravel laravel 9 eloquent orderby Laravel 8 order by in Model eloquent order by after get? sort get() laravel sort desc data laravel sort data by asc or desc order laravel orderby [parameter laravel orderBy()->first() laravel orderbyDesc orderbyAsc laravel orderbyifnull laravel orderBy row quary laravel sortAsc in laravel sort table data in ascending in laravel controller with example orderby value laravel raw orderby with all in laravel orderbyid in laravel php laravel order by in a columb Results::orderby in laravel result laravel orderby php ascending order laravel query inside sortBy in laravel php orderby array laravel send orderby records to datatable in laravel sort by ascending in laravel or descing sort by asc laravel sort array asc larave; ordering + 0 laravel ordery DESC laravel show data in ascending order in laravel sort in where laravel sortby laravel with select columns sortby take 1st laravel sortby with callback laravel sortbydesc ascendng order laravel orderby of results in laravel blade orderby name in laravel sorting data in laravel orderby name collect laravel sorting records in laravel 8 take data in ascending order laravel sortBy function DESC laravel orderby orm laravel sortBy ascending laravel order eloquent laravel 8 sort results of laravel realtionship how to get data in ascending order in laravel 8 orm laravel sort laravel eloquent order by expression set sort, limit in laravel elequent querry laravel create order details inside order laravel DB where order by sort by count laravel eloquent order b get() eloquent order track function in laravel makr order from model in laravel orderby and first laravel not working laravel order by blade laravel by defalut order by order array object laravel eloquent Sortable Eloquent Models order by integer laravel eloquent order by all() eloquent laravel 9 orderby last update orderBy('order_time','DECS') laravel sort eloquent model laravel eloquent all orderby id are model fetched by order laravel select order by laravel laravel laravel order whareHas and then whereDoesnt have laravel how to create order laravel get() order laravel order by with relaton laravel order by with coulmn sorting eloquent laravel order by defined sort by created_at in laravel laravel model order by and where clause sorted in model laravel get latest query orderby laravel get data by order id in laravel query sort by name in laravel eloquent laravel order by search keyword laravel elequnet order eloquent collection sort laravel where in query order by array provided eloquent sort options laravel orderby collection with value match order by laravel eloquent all order by laravel blade laravel where orderby or where orderby desc add order by in laravel model\ order app + laravel order app laravel order by locate laravel laravel with oder by model::where()->orderBy laravel model order descending laravel delete order by laravel create request order & orderitem + laravel add order by in laravel model select all in eloquent orderby order by created at php laravel laravel orderby where null and accending order in eloquent laravel 8 laravel order by column value eloquent laravel eloquent order by status set the order response eloquent eloquent find defaukt sorting eloquent order by crea eloquent neutral sort order by (model $order) laravel eloquent after take sort laravel sql descending assending desinding order sorting laravel eloquent order by asc in laravel view return data order laravle order creating in laravel laravel retrieve order how to show order with orderitems in laravel laravel model using sorting laravel model sort by latest laravel query order by created Laravel sort query result how to use asc order in laravel eloquent order management system laravel order list laravel order laravel query laravel query builder for order order by with get in laravel laravel 8 eloquent order order by relatiosiop laravel laravel eloquent implement sort on db level laravel eloquent custom sort eloquent sql order by laravel aditional sort laravel 8 order y clause in eloquent query order by descending mysql laravel laravel set order sort asc laravel laravel eloquent where descending laravel eloquent orm data sort laravel eloquent sort by specific id order by search laravel get by order laravel first orderby laravel order by in laravel eloquent order by sortby laravel laravel collection orderby laravel sort laravel sort collection order by laravel eloquent orderby laravel eloquent order by asc in laravel laravel all order by sort laravel eloquent orderby orderby descending laravel sortby in laravel orderby id desc laravel where laravel eloquent order by desc order by in laravel eloquent laravel sortby asc laravel orderby asc order by laravel 8 laravel sorting orderby laravel asc orderbyasc laravel orderby eloquent laravel eloquent sort collection order by laravel order collection laravel laravel 8 order by order by desc in laravel eloquent orderByDesc laravel sort laravel eloquent eloquent all order by orderby asc laravel laravel where order by laravel eloquent order by asc how to do sort by or order by using if condition in laravel eloquent sort by sort by eloquent orderbydescending laravel order by laravel asc ascending order laravel sortby laravel collection orderby() laravel order by in with laravel laravel get data order by desc laravel laravel sort by desc how to sort data in laravel in order of created order by id asc in laravel order by on collection laravel order by in eloquent laravel laravel sort by value descending order in laravel laravel query order by desc orderby name laravel orderby array laravel laravel db order by laravel order by id laravel orderby function laravel array orderby desc in laravel laravel query builder order by desc laravel order by column value get order by laravel sort model laravel laravel 8 eloquent order by laravel order by field laravel order desc sort by ascending order in laravel laravel load orderby order by model laravel orderby laravel 5 laravel orderBy raw sortby desc laravel order by id in laravel order by field laravel laravel order by condition order by asc and desc in laravel sort eloquent laravel sort by ascending order laravel laravel 8 eloquent orderby laravel order by asc desc sort by ascending laravel collection laravel blade orderby laravel 9 orderby eloquent order by laravel 8 orderbyrelation laravel laravel sortby id sort by desc laravel laravel sort after get laravel order by field value laravel all order by desc laravel orderdesc orderby in realtion laravel laravel query sort by order by query laravel order by desc laravel eloquent laravel two orderBy how to order by in laravel sort by descending laravel order by query in laravel orderbydesc in laravel laravel orderby string laravel query with order by sortby eloquent laravel laravel order by created at laravel select order by eloquent sortby desc order by desc laravel use with where laravel eloquent sortby desc eloquent orderby laravel laravel collect orderby eloquent laravel sortby laravel sort by collection orderby in collection laravel laravel order by array of ids order by in sql laravel laravel query builder order by LARAVEL ORDERBYSORT sortby laravel 8 laravel sort list laravel wherein orderby get order by in laravel order by type laravel laravel eloquent descending order laravel order by sortby sort by laravel eloquent all laravel order by order by array id laravel laravel find all order by laravel eloquent orderbydesc laravel sortby query orderby asc in laravel laravel order by value orderby laravel model laravel order management system model sort laravel eloquent sortable desc order laravel desc laravel eloquent eloquent sort by asc order by in laravel asc laravel order by in collection laravel order by model laravel model::all->orderBy sort by name laravel sort laravel query order by in laravel 4 order by value laravel orderby createdat in laravel 7 order by eloquent laravel 7 order by clause in laravel laravel collections order by where and orderby laravel or order by desc in laravel eloquent laravel orderby after get sortbyraw laravel sortBy query in laravel example add orderby laravel laravel 8 orm order by laravel query builder order by clause Laravel orderBy if laravel sort all() laravel sort method laravel sort query builder eloquent realtion order by desc larevel eloquent orderby laravel order within with orderby query laravel orderby on collection laravel laravel order by on collection orderby laravel collection example laravel eloquent owerwite order by orderby in laravel model orderBy in all query Model Laravel orderby eloquon laravel orderby true in laravel sortBy descending laravel sortby as and dsc laravel order by name in laravel laravel order in model select from table orderby in laravel order management laravel orderDESC laravel orderby in laravel asc ascending order in laravel 8 sort natural in laravel eloquent laravel order by value DB:table orderby('id','DESC') laravel laravel model dort by id laravel get()->sort how to search and order in laravel laravel eloquent model order by laravel eloquent orderByPivot laravel eloquente orderby how to order in laravel sort by created at after get query in laravel how to sort eloquent collection laravel order by with laravel order by number sort laravel created_at sort laravel model orderby field value laravel sort list laravel laravel order by asc not working laravel order array by field laravel foreach sortby laravel sort manually orderBy default laravel laravel object all sort laravel default model orderby order by and orderBy in laravel laravel asc order laravel sort data Laravel eloquent orderby with where eloquent get all order by order By Asc in laravbel eloquent desc laravel order items laravel ordering eloquent orderby on model elloquent order where query order details example laravel laravel get all models order by laravel collection orderBy asc sortby laravel asc laravel with order+ laravel sortbt laravel sort by in collection ordering models efficient with order column laravel laravel with order order by function eloquent laravel take 10 order by laravel where in order laravel usnik order id laravel use orderby with eloquent laravel where and orderby clause order by in inside where laravel laravel sort by descending query sort laravel query sort all by updated_at laravel laravel sortby cchild odery by laravel order all in laravel laravel sort resuslts eloquest order by a eloquent table laravel laravel sort reqeust laravel update sort order order by desc in laravel 8 eloquent laravel where in sort by array given laravel sort by methods make items order laravel jquery order by latest() define on model model laravel meilisearch sort created_at laravel example order by array model laravel model orderby in laravel 8 model query in laravel orderby laravel sort value models order by laravel laravel orderby withCount sortable in laravel laravel order eloquent results sortable laravel model laravel order by wherein laravel order by sql data laravel order item sort query in laravel model laravel orderby complex laravel orderby and update sort()+laravel laravel order of where or where and where sort with request laravel eloquent example laravel order by on model laravel order by elequent laravel order by des laravel query order by desc date order by created at desc laravel eloquent order by desc in eloquent in laravel 8 laravel 8 eloquent order by desc alias sorty by laravel foreach view sorting record in laravel laravel order by latest using query laravel order by elowuent laravel order by in blade desc order eloquent sort model desc laravel 8 sort created at laravel eloquent sort data laravel 7 sort eloquent response laravel remove order by from query laravel query sort by wherein name laravel sort all sort by in laravel m,odel sort by avg laravel eloquent sort by filter in laravel sort by raltionship laravel laravel sort eloq sort by option laravel laravel query eloquent order with laravel orderbylatest laravel orderBy->FIRST laravel orderby then laravel orderby string and id sort methods laravel 8 SORT LOGIC TO SORT OVELS laravel ordery by laravel query builder order laravel orm order by desc laravel orderbyraw database laravel ordere laravel orderbyraw sql server laravel eloquent withcount sortby eloquent orderbyraw json column if in orderby laravel eloquent sort by laravel 8 eloquent sort by function laravel laravel eloquent where like orderby get eloquent orderby specific value sortByAcsc laravel sortby in laravel helper sortall in laravel eloquent order by field sort where function laravel with laravel orderby laravel order by custom value ->sort(created_at) in laravel php laravel 8 orderby order_by laravel db orderyBY name in laravel ordery in laravel place order in laravel select all orderby laravel laravel orderBy makes column null select from table and orderby laravel query orderby database laravel return all in laravel and orderby query with sort by laravel table order by function Laravel order by max laravel orderby arr laravel orderby in all qoery laravel 8 laravel 9 order by laravel 8 orderby ascendant order by laravel 9 laravel sortby call back laravel orderby Field laravel orderBy custom prority lkaravel orderby model method limit and orderby laravel limit with orderby laravel laravel 8 model orderby with eloquent column select in order by in laravel Project::orderBy('name')->get(); laravel where orderid desc laravel sort laravel 9 where after order by laravel with in order laravel i need to make orderby in a model itself for all laravel laravel 5.8 sortBy laravel 2 orderby with the order of in laravel laravel order by at model orderbydesc laravel function eloquent model sort order by with all laravel order by value in laravel laravel collection sort eloquent order by reent laravel order by pivo laravel laravel collection sort by boolean value laravel 7 sort collection orderB in laravel order with ::all() laravel laravel 9 eloquent sortBy order items in laravel order id in laravel laravel eloquent order by time laravel operations on query after sort laravel order by vs sort by laravel orion sort by order by in laravel elequent laravel query custom sort order by in model laravle order by laravel all order by latest id laravel order by laravel orm laravel model sortby number format laravel orderByDesc for asc laravel how to order by in with an sort outer laravel sorting orderby php laravel get all model and sort laravel orderby list laravel eloquent orderby laravel string how request sort in laravel orderby query builder laravel orderByName Laravel eloquent orm sort collection eloquent sort by desc where eloquent sort sortBy orderbyaescending laravel orderby with request laravel how to set own sort in laravel query how to sort in laravel model how to use this element in sortBy elequent how we define the order in eloquent model for the sorting Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder::sortBy() orderby desending in laravel in sortBy true false laravel orderby laravel in model orderby laravel existing data orderBy laravel de how to sort data in laravel eloquent orderby laravel and where orderby in with eloquent laravel order by in laravel blade laravel sortby asc desc laravel sortDesc() laravel sortby most recent laravel sortby desc created laravel sql order by asc laravel sort order by laravel sort data by id laravel sort by name asc laravel sql order by specific patern order asc collection laravel number orderby in laravel Model get all sortby laravel load orderby in laravel laravel with() order by laravel where sort database laravel where and order by laravel laravel sqlite orderby order by asc array laravel laravel orderby on array laravel orderby integer column laravel orderby id ASC laravel orderby documentation laravel orderby dec laravel orderby attribute laravel orderby anotner table laravel orderby orderbyraw laravel query sort by asc laravel set orderby in every request laravel select order by asc laravel Request::only('sortBy') laravel orderby where function laravel order_by laravel orderByDesc method laravel orderby with table order by asc desc in laravel orderby id in laravel orderby from table orther laravel eloquent orderby elecque laravel orderby descending ascending returning same laravel orderby decending in laravel elocent orderby custom array laravel orderby created at by asc laravel orderby asc show only 4 data in laravel orderby and where in laravel orderby laravel raw orderby laravel get latest record orderby laravel and get 5 orderBy in query in laravel eleqount orderby in laravel with all orderBy in laravel des orderby in laravel 9 orderby asc collection laravel order by desc laravel eleqolent order by latest in laravel order by laravel asec order by id desc and asc by date in laravel 8 order by or ordered by laravel order by created at desc in laravel order by by data in laravel 8 order by ascending laravel query order by postion in laravel orderby > 0 laravel orderby on with in laravel order sort laravel order query results latest first laravel order by withtrashed laravel order by with function laravel order by row in laravel query order by query in Lavel orderby laravel with variable get orderby desc from table laravel get laravel data by ascending order get decen sort data laravle get ascending order in laravel get all data and orderby in laravel 8 eloquent function eloquent to get data order as it is eloquent orderby desc with first() get record in ascending order in laravel how to get data in order by in laravel how to orderby in datatable laravel how to get record in ascending order laravel how to get data with order by desc laravel get table with eloquent order by how to get data from array and orderby in php laravel how order by laravel get where order by laravel eloquent collection order by id asc asc order laravel array orderby laravel and in orderby laravel all sort by laravel after sortby use only 10 records return in laravel accessor using how to orderby des and asc in laravel ::all()->orderby laravel ->sortBy('') desc laravel elequent orderby laravel display data in specific order in laravel wit out using orderby desc oreder in laravel db orderby date laravel databale laravel orderBy data in ascending order laravel collect orderby laravel by order by in laravel how to sort by to order by in laravel laravel get by order l laravel order asc laravel hasone orderby laravel get data order by using eloquent laravel order by acs laravel elquent where orderby laravel eloquent sort asc laravel eloquent order by id asc laravel order by asc latest date laravel orderBy 1 = A, 2=B laravel order DESC and ASC laravel order by with get laravel order by sort laravel order by id then orderBy id laravel order by desc and asc laravel order by column desc limit laravel order by asc specific field how to sortby data in laravel database laravel 7 ascending order is SORT_ASC and ASC same in laravel id is ascending order in laravel How to use sql in orderBy in laravel how to use orderbyrow in laravel query how to use order by query in laravel how to use order by laravel laravel 8 query sort by asc laravel data where and order by laravel dg::orderby laravel db facade sort by created at laravel database sort laravel 8 sortbydesc get model laravel controller order by asc array laravel ascending laravel 8 where query ascending order laravel eloquent orderby$ eloquent orderByDesc eloquent orderb eloquent order by\ eloquent select * orderby eloquent order by column eloquent laravel sort by eloquent get all order by on blade eloquent builder order by how to get data an desanding order by laravel how order laravel eloquent get the order details where condition in laravel get order by id in laravel get data in laravel orderby get all data laravel order by eloquent findall orderBy whereaHas query in laravel orderby by desc with() order by laravel with method with order by laravel where orderby query aravel where in orderby laravel what is orderBy function in laravel using order by with find in laravle ->orderByDesc('list') laravel eloquent decending order in laravel eloquent create orderid in laravel collection laravel order by ::orderBy()trais laravel all() in descedening order in laravel add order to model laravel ::query()->get() sort alpga larevel use all with order by laravel laravel eloquent order restult laravel eloquent order by on with example laravel eloquent model where + order by laravel eloquen order by laravel elequent orderby created at laravel descending order by laravel eloquent orderby asc laravel get order of query in order pass in whereIn laravel model with order by laravel model all with orderby laravel get all order by desc laravel find and order by desc laravel eloquet orderbyu laravel eloquent query order by laravel create order laravel + orderBy laravel sort laarvel eloquent sort orderby laravel 5 order by how to set order by in laravel 8 how to orderby laravel collection how to order id in database laravel laravel collection orderbydesc laravel collection orderByAsc laravel colection order by an atribute laravel ascending order collection laravel 7 orderBy asc laravel :all order by desc laravel 9 eloquent order by\ laravel 8 all order by take then order larave orderby with model laravel 8 sort data db laravel orderby with to column in laravel sort by sql larvel Sort by Laravel Asc orderby with eloquent laravel orderby time in laravel orderby search keyword laravel orderby then laravel sort laravel desc orderBY value of withAvg laravel sort on order laravel orderByin laravel save sortable order in laravel Results::order by in laravel raworderby laravel query to data in decending order laravel 8 put orderby laravel on a single column php laravel sort asc sort by Desc in laravel sort by asc laravel collection sort ascending laravel 8 orderByRow in laravel query ordery by in laravel order_by laravel pass function into OrderBy in laravel orderby raw and with laravel sortby name in laravel orderBy or laravel orderby open laravel sortByDesc data laravel sortByDesc in laravel database sorting by ascending order in laravel sorting databse data laravel fronetnd sorting order laravel sql order by asc laravel sortby laravel query orderby pvit id in laravel orderby order returning wrong in laravel orderby params laravel laravel order and order items list laravel order by options laravel model order by default eloqouent where sort by laravel strtodate in eloqent model orderby based on value to get orderBy ascending in php laravel orderBy laravel acs laravel orderBby sort query with value laravel model sort order laravel laravel all order by creted_at ->orderByDesc laravel model sort by laravel how to load the data in asc order in laravel laravel order by and latest() order asc model eloquent laravel order by created_at or by id laravel laravel Builder get order by get record orderby ascending order in laravel laravel order by reverse update sort order in laravel sort eloquent query laravel sort model based on realtionship laravel laravel get order by on relatopm table laravel eloquent get order by laravel order drictanary laravel getquery() order by asc in laravel mysq eloquent ordeer laravel order by id in db eloquent accending how to order by descending eloquent laravel laravel order() open() eloquent order by documentation laravel order system laravel order query ascending orderBt ASCF laravel get data with our order laravel laravel order manually get data not order laravel sort data eloquent laravel asc orderid in laravel colletion order by laravel eloquent sortby created at created_at eloquent sort up get where condition or order by in model laravel eloquent sort by id desc add order by in laravel model laravel 8 get data through model and sortby laravel laravel order data by a value that displayed laravel with database elequent order newQuery orderby not working laravel model::orderBy('id eloquent) latest and order by laravel order by latest get laravel how sort based on column laravel eloquent laravel where dis order orderby optional laravel 8 order by text and then numbers eloquent laravel order by true false laravel order by request text order by in addSelect laravel order by en laravel 8 add order by in laravel model eloquent eloquent order by latest eloquent order by array eloquent model sort fields array ascending order eloquent laravel orderbydata where same cyustom sort laravel eliquent laravel ordt by assending order query function in laravel model laravel select sort order by price asc laravel how to order by in for each laravel laravel model where condition and sort values laravel model sorting laravel order by attchment created_at how to use laravel alucant query order by laravel 8 query order what is order_by in laravel eloquent where elequent order by work order laravel order desc laravel DB laravel query builder get all order by laravel model ralation sort eloquent where order by laravel eloquent order by 9 laravel eloquent get order by given array laravel elequent ordering order by created at asc not working laravel order by orm larvel order by ascending in asc in laravel created at laravel model all with orderby aloequent HOW TO CREATE AN ORDER laravel laravel eloquent model orderby laravel eloquent table with sort laravel eloquent sort created_at get order and order details using order_id in laravel order by given values mysql laravel where and orderby eloquent laravel orderby laravel sortby order by desc laravel orderby in laravel laravel order by asc orderbyraw laravel order by desc in laravel laravel sortable order by asc laravel laravel orderby desc order by eloquent sortby asc laravel eloquent sortby laravel descending order laravel order laravel eloquent orderby laravel collection sortby desc laravel order collection order by collection laravel orderby desc laravel laravel model orderby order by id desc laravel sortable laravel sortby desc in laravel orderby collection laravel get data in descending order in laravel orderby laravel 8 sort laravel collection all order by laravel order by ascending laravel sort by in laravel ascending order in laravel how to use order by in laravel laravel ascending order laravel all() order by eloquent laravel order by orderby with laravel how to use order by in laravel in controller laravel get order by order by in laravel 7 collection laravel orderby orderby laravel desc laravel order by latest laravel model sortby laravel where order by desc laravel desc order laravel eloquent all orderby laravel orderby array laravel get order by desc order in laravel orderby desc in laravel laravel 8 order by asc laravel with orderby order by eloquent laravel sort eloquent collection orderby query in laravel order desc in laravel laravel sort desc order by laravel collection laravel 8 eloquent order by desc laravel query sort eloquent order sort by collection laravel orderby latest id laravel laravel orderby collection order by asc in laravel eloquent laravel orderby LCASE order by in eloquent order by with where in laravel eloquent sortby eloquent orderby clause in laravel sort in laravel eloquent orderby laravel collection order by laravel 8 eloquent order eloquent laravel laravel with function order by laravel query orderby order by in collection laravel laravel orderby in integer laravel order by name asc model orderby laravel orderby in eloquent orderby id desc in laravel eloquent with order by laravel order by created_at laravel order by specific value order by in laravel collection result items laravel orderby order by laravel order by in model laravel orderby descending in laravel laravel select order by desc orderby month laravel sortby laravel desc orderby on all() in laravel8 laravel sortby eloquent eloquent builder sortby order by ascending in laravel order eloquent order eloquent collection order by desc eloquent laravel sort object laravel orderby where laravel orderby or shortby not working laravel orderby method laravel 2 order by eloquent collection sortby where and order by in laravel laravel sort order laravel orderby ascending get all orderBy laravel laravel sortby function laravel sort asc laravel with sortby sorting laravel query laravel sort by created at laravel orderByAsc asc order in laravel laravel ordering system sort in laravel query laravel with and order by where and order by laravel sortby vs orderby laravel laravel sortDesc with orderby laravel order_by in laravel php artisan orderByDesc order by where in laravel laravel order by callback laravel orderby created at desc how to get data desc on laravel where order by in laravel laravel sort query results orderby time laravel sort by created_at laravel laravel order by all eloquent model sort by ascending order eloquent model order sort query laravel laravel select all order by laravel first order by eloquent sort collection laravel model sort order by laravel model order by in function sql by laravel orderby and limit laravel order by realtion laravel laravel 8 sortby order by name asc laravel order by created_at laravel laravel ::all() order by order by asc laravel 8 order by clause laravel order by created at in laravel what is orderby laravel order by from model laravel sortDesc laravel laravel database order by sortBy price in laravel sortby in laravel on collection laravel 6 orderby laravel orderBy in blade how to make order by from collection in laravel laravel sort get get all sort by laravel get all element laravel orderby eloquent laravel order DB::orderBy laravel sort by function in laravel orderby post in laravel 8 orderby name as asc in laravel orderBy laravel docs orderby laravel asc start from null orderby in object laravel orderby in laravel collection orderby id laravel sort by eloquent laravel sortby function laravel sortBy descending in laravel order by laravel eloquent ascending order by new laravel order by with where clause in laravel laravel order by realtion laravel eloquent orderby for all orderbyid laravel orderBy using with() in laravel laravel blade sortby how to do sort by where some condition in laravel laravel model order db row query using order by larave sortby in laravel eloquent laravel order array of collection by value how to sort and get data in php laravel laravel eloquent order by array orderby with first() method in laravel laravel eloquent sort by column Laravel where order by and get first how to sort an object in php laravel sort by where array laravel how to sort laravel eloquent by accessor Laravel order by in Model laravel eloquent order by HH:ss orderbyraw field laravel eloquent model order by laravel order by text laravel eloquent query with orderBy subquery laravel where order by get laravel eleqhent orderBy string laravel sort manual laravel db orderby laravel eloquent with sort laravel 7 order by asc laravel sortby reated laravel orderByDesc() sorting eloquent laravel laravel where orderby item order laravel Order management in Laravel eloquent get order by laravel sort by function' asc laravel laravel orm all order by laravel eloquent sortBy a column value laravel query all order by laravel eloquent get all order by orderby laravel blade sortable en laravel model orderby sort by other model laravel laravel with with orderby sort array in laravel eloquent sort all result from a model laravel laravel sort array by create laravel where and orderby order by in db select laravel laravel where in order by id laravel where order laravel where order by column laravel sort by created at column laravel where sortby Order by id desc laravel eloquete laravel table order by manual order by in laravel eloquent oderby laravel laravel9 filter and sort by column order by desc eloquent laravel order by desc with where laravel oder in query laravel order by and desc laravel order by and where in sql laravel laravel sort outer but with inner sorting on with oderby id laravel laravel sort sql laravel sort select list order by en laravel order by laravel eloquent 6 order by create at laravel model where sort ascending laravel mannual sort ordering laravel model with order by laravel new Order(id) laravel laravel sort using where sortable js with laravel laravel order eloquent collection laravel order list by laravel order by where has sortByDesc eloquent laravel order management laravel orderby desc eloquent SORT post by created at laravel laravel orderby all() sort table eloquent laravel sort value in array with laravel eloquent laravel order method laravel orderby fields laravel elequent query orderBy advanced laravel eloquent order by custom laravel order by eloquent asc order by desc eloquent laravel 9 order by id desc in laravel eloquent laravel order by eloquent irm laravel order by name table where item sorting via name in laravel eloquent laravel order by latest id laravel order by in function of model wherein sortby laravel laravel order by get laravel sort user based on column laravel show by order laravel select all orderby laravel sort by a method laravel realtion order by sort in laravel eloquent relationship laravel sort by eloquent laravel sort used sort by created at in laravel sort by id desc in laravel eloquent sort by laravel descending laravel sort by using with laravel sort by method sort model by id laravel sort method in laravel laravel orderBy('updated_at', 'DESC')=>get(); laravel orderByName laravel orderby sortby laravel orderBy Latesd laravel orderbynull sort laravel data laravel orm where order by laravel orderyby get sort laravel query by latest laravel orderByWhereHas laravel orderByRaw DB laravel query sorty by relaition sort eleqouent laravel sort by laravel query builder eloquent order BY JSON field laravel eloquent order by only if laravel order by collum with string and number sort in query laravel sortby on where laravel sortby laravel sortby with laravel sortbydesc laravel 9 use orderby->get on blade laravel eloquent all with ordering string orderby laravel array sort by laravel collection sortby in laravel query laravel order by ordery laravel ordery by descrending in laravel orderby updated at in laravel laravel order by field colum value select where order by laravel laravel orderby null data laravel sortBy similer string orderby laravel null query with order by laravel eloquent model orderby date order sort using jquery ui in laravel orderby by deseting in laravel order by descending laravel model orderBy input laravel orderby laravel type make two orderby in laravel laravel orderbydescraw laravel set orderby for all model globally LARAVEL ORDERBY BLADE laravel sortby higher order laravel order by 1, 2, 3 laravel DB orderby numberic unoin and order by laravel orderByRaw in laravel 9 sort by status 1 in laravel with keyword and orderby in laravel querry where in order by larvel user::where()->with()->orderBy laravel with orderby in larav el orderby relevance laravel laravel 5.6 orderByRaw laravel ->orderBy of inside column how to create a custom order by in laravel orderby vs sortby laravel 9 orderByPivot laravel ->orderBy('id', 'ASC'); laravel order by where_in laravel order by use in laravel example laravel 9 sortable and search laravel eloquent all sort order by php laravel eloqueny order create laravel orderby and sortby in laravel Order::with laravel order model laravel laravel 8 how to sort model variable order in get function laravel laravel 9 eloquent order by orderby by latest in laravel laravel order by order order by in laravel qloquent. order by in where laravel order by in laravel controller laravel query sort by created_at order by laravel 5.7 order by leavel in laravel order by laravel with name laravel eloquent sort by id laravel eloquent whereRelation sort laravel filter and sort query laravel latest eloquent order by eloquent orderby time orderby or orderby laravel how array sort in laravel eloquent sort SORT_NATURAL orderby laravel start from value how to access this element in sortBy eloquent orderby where laravel ordering laravel orderdesc laravel eloquent orderbyraw eloquent orderbydesc eloquent orderBy() in laravel eloquent eloquent sort function orderby complete eloquent in laravel how to sort laravel collection orderby id desc laravel 6 orderby eloquent larave in laravel how to sort the result of ELOQUENT ORM in laravel how to sort the result of query orderBy in laravel DB how to sort data during fecthing fro model in laravel orderby laravel eoloquent how to sort by created at in laravel orderby in laravel when method how to sort in eloquant laravel how to sort in laravel laravel all order by asc laravel sorted by order asc laravel sortbydesc() laravel sortby method result laravel sortby database laravel sort table in asc and desc oorder laravel sort list to desc in view laravel sort by table form desc and asc laravel sort by id desc laravel sort asc by created by order and order by laravel mysql get data ascending order in laravel make orderby from model itself for all laravel LCASE order by laravel laravel with() method orderby laravel where sort by laravel when orderr by laravel sort asending order laravel orderby function parameters laravel orderBy model function laravel orderby inside with laravel orderBy get 10 rows laravel orderby using with laravel laravel orderby column laravel orderby at model laravel orderby and where laravel orderBy value first laravel show all from database order with id laravel set orderby for all model laravel search result order by laravel query sort by wherein laravel query builder order by asc laravel orderyBy laravel orderByDesc laravel laravel orderby with get laravel orderby after db query orderby id asc first and last in laravel orderby from newest laravel orderby dos parametros laravel orderby desc in laravel query orderby dataweave orderby created at laravel latest orderby collection in laravel orderby id laravel get orderby ins laravel orderby laravel query orderby laravel element orderBy laravel add 1 orderby in elequent laravel orderBy in laravel ORM orderBy in laravel datatable orderBy in laravel 8 ORM orderby after get in laravel order by number laravel order by laravel with all() order by in with query laravel order by id asc id in laravel order by desc in laravel controller order by column laravel order by based on column values Laravel order by asc in laravel query builder orderby a to z laravel orderby model laravel order->by on all in laravel 8 order results returned using $with in laravel order of all data in laravel eloquent order by with latest in laravel order by variable laravel order by row in laravel laravel orderby and get data order by in larave; get order by id laravel get in des order by in laravel get data sort by create at in laravel get result order by created at laravel get all and order laravel fisrt with order by laravel eloquent order by id asc get sortby laravel how to show data in ascending order in laravel how to order by where in laravel how to get order id of current order in laravel how to get data in order by in laravel in tow column how to get data in decending order laravel how to ASC in laravel how get a Order with all Order Details laravel Order::where get the order id from create laravel how to sort get() in laravel query asc in laravel array order by value laravel all with orderby elquent in laravel after sortbydesc only 5 record return laravel acs order larael accending order querry laravel ::all() orderby laravel ASC orderby laravel db laravel order by asc display data in specific order in laravel desc order by laravel DB laravel sort asec order in laravel customize orderby ascending laravel coditional orderby in laravel attach order by clause laravel model how to sort query result bsae on input value laravel laravel order bay id laravel model order desc laravel get sort by laravel get data order by desc laravel get accending laravel elquent orderby laravel eloquent orderby raw laravel eloquent order by id laravel eloquent got orderby laravel order-by laravel order byDESC laravel order by with all laravel order by or order by laravel order by id array laravel order by dec laravel order by code laravel eloquent most recent orderby how to use when in order by in laravel laravel sql query order by dsc in what order orderBy sort in laravel if we not mention hwo to get data order by in laravel using eloquent laravel 8 sort by latest data how to use orderby after whereRaw in laravel how to use order by or sort example laravel db how to use get with sortby laravel laravel 8 sortby method laravel elequent orderBy when then laravel descend order laravel databse all->orderBy laravel database orderby laravel data order by function laravel controller order by laravel and order by laravel 8 use Sortable; orderBy latest in laravel Eloquent orderByAsc eloquent order laravel get first eloquent order by select eloquent order by in laravel 6 eloquent order by all eloquent laravel get sort by eloquent orm collection orderby get orderby laravel eloquent how to do sort by where in laravel how get order and order item laravel get order by order id desc laravel get order and order details in laravel get all order by id laravel foreach order by laravel eloquent "orderByDesc" "orderByRelation" laravel with table use in orderby in laravel with and orderby laravel ->orderBy() in laravel where and order by in laravel ORM what is asc in orderby in laravel use orderBy and with in laravel elequen all with order by in laravel custom orderby laravel create order in laravel Byorder laravel all() order by laravel all laravel order by id add order by all laravel how to make order id laravel 8 laravel eloquent collection orderby laravel eloquent order by with where and whereIn laravel eloquent order by created at laravel eloquent ::All order by desc laravel eloqient orderby laravel elequent orderBy clousure laravel desc order get laravel eloquent ordery by laravel order array by laravel model query descending order laravel make order laravel eloquent orm order by laravel find all order laravel eloquent with order by desc laravel eloquent query descending order how to order by sesc laravel laravel ($query, $sort, $direction); Laravel order inrandom order in laravel how to use Orderby in laravel 8 how to place order in laravel how to orderBy callback of query in laravel laravel ->get() sortbydesc laravel appends using orderbyraw in laravel laravel collection orderby eloquent laravel change sort order laravel arr orderby laravel all sort by laravel 9 where sort by laravel 8 orderby model use orderBy and where in laravel sort by value return from model laravel sort desc laravel sql orderby with table in eloquent laravel sort in desc laravel sort by price in laravel orderbydesc on laravel collection sort key desc laravel orderby record by date in asc formate in laravel orderby sortby laravel sort the records in ascending order by name in laravel sort results descending order using query() laravel sort order in laravel sort laravel get sortby and starting with selected column laravel take in laravel orderby php laravel order raw orderBy laravel query orderby laravel php laravel orderby desc php laravel eloquent order fecha orderbyraw to column laravel orderByNullsLast laravel sort asc laravel collection show all data in alpabetical order in laravel soql order by desc orm sort by decc laravel sortAsc laravel sortByDesc in laravel 8 sortBy php laravel orderBy or in laravel sortby with function +laravel orderBy on model in laravel orderBY or sortby laravel orderby name collect() laravel sorting laravel ascending in query sorting query in laravel sql order by ascending not working in laravel sortby() in laravel sortBy laravel php orderby query in db in latravel orderby query in laravel 8 query filter laravel sort order by with eloquent ordery by latest or asc in eloquent laravel eloquent select order by How to arrange in ascending order in Laravel request find order fail order and where + laravel orderby desc and get the latest value in laravel desc and asc in sql laravel order by latest eloquent how to sort asc data in laravel orderbyid ASC eloquent laravel order by based on re model sort by latest laravel orderby and get the first value in laravel data ascending laravel laravel order by advanceGet order by eloquent laravel 9 laravel order by created laravel orderb y fatch data order by in laravel 8 update sort in laravel query laravel eloquent order by re sort in laravel eloquent models laravel order id first desending in laravel orm laravel illuminate order by order record laravel laravel order byid eloquent get data orderby desc take 5 laravel get latest order get in desc order in laravel sort by created eloquent eloquent orm order by sort by db raw count laravel eloquent laravel order record prodcuts and orderitem laravel eloquent order by created_at sort by query in laravel sort code model laravel get data in id order laravel get data in decending order laravel 8 order query laravel latest()- orderby('id' 'desc')- take(7)- get() laravel 8 latest() orderby not working laravel eloquent sort query eloquent sort descending laravel where between order by desc order and order details in laravle how can i not sort in laravel query order by manual query laravel ordeBy Desc laravel how to sort eloquent model by method laravel order by laravel name llaravel eloquent all order how to arrange laravel eloquent result in ascending order eloquent search and sort laravel order by text value laravel query sort by payload value order by created laravel order by in eloquent with query laravel laravel order by if value order by eloquent with where laravel eloquent order by on encrypted columns eloquent order y eloquent order by json eloquent object sort laravel orderby using model eloquent arrange descending order laravel descending eloquent laravel change model sort laravel order by old id laravel order by with where eloquent laravel asemdimg order order by price asc in laravel how to make order details in laravel 8 laravel model where and sort laravel select and order laravel DB sort ASC laravel model order by in model function what is order in laravel 8 laravel 8 all() order by order manage laravel laravel orm order by value laravel query builder order items with order laravel laravel model eloquent function for sorting in model laravel get all order ASC laravel eloquent model sortby name order By Desc in laravbel order by rwa laravel laravel sql query order by laravel 9 eloquent-sortable laravel eloquent order by vs sortby laravel eloquent sort id desc laravel get model in order by id Gropup by with order by in laravel order by in ascending order in laravel order by on codition in laravel sort by id in laravel laravel eloquent secondary sort .

X-Files: The Collector's Set The (almost-)complete mythology of Mulder and Scully Reviewer's Bias* Loves: The X-Files, cult television, sci-fi, The Lone Gunmen, "Blood" Likes: conspiracy theories, David Duchovny, Gillian Anderson, complete series sets Dislikes: Not getting new extras, expensive box sets Hates: Shows that overstay their welcome, season nine, Krycek The Story So Far... A legendary cult television drama, The X-Files aired for nine seasons on FOX from 1993-2002 (along with a pair of theatrical films), tracking the investigations of FBI agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson), as they looked into all manner of unusual phenomena, in search of the truth, with a 10th season, in the form of a new miniseries, coming in 2016. The episodes in the nine original seasons have all been released in a variety of full-season and special collection DVD sets (between 2000 and 2008.) DVDTalk has reviews of most of those sets. The Show As the first episode of the new miniseries of The X-Files finished showing at New York ComicCon in October, a familiar feeling came rushing back. It was like traveling back to the Friday nights of 20 years earlier, when watching The X-Files was a weekly highlight, because you knew you were going to see something great, something exciting and something that you weren't seeing anywhere else on TV. It was easy to get sucked into the world of Mulder and Scully, because everything about the series, from the writing to the acting to the production, was simply top-notch. However, this feeling engendered by this new episode quickly gave way to the memory of what The X-Files eventually became: something very disappointing, something tired and something you didn't want to watch anymore. This set, which collects the first nine seasons of the series, lets you ride the roller coaster, with all its extreme highs and frustrating lows, yet again. One of the things that made The X-Files work so well was the series' structure. Rather than approaching the show as a pure serial drama, telling the story of Mulder and Scully's investigation into the unknown week after week, unfolding twists and turns, the series mixed "mythology" episodes, which focused on the big-picture story of conspiracies, with "monster of the week" entries, which spent an hour on an individual case, usually centered around something weird and likely paranormal. As such, the show wouldn't get too bogged down in the long-running plot, servicing the story regularly, while offering standalone episodes that cleansed the palette and let those working on the show stretch their legs and stay fresh. The mythology was naturally the backbone of the show, helping establish the characters and their backstories, while giving Mulder and Scully motivation to continue their efforts to find the truth behind the X-Files. Both agents have rather complex histories which we discover as the seasons roll on, though they both start off reasonably, as Mulder is motivated by the loss of his sister to what he believes was an alien abduction, while Scully is led by a belief in science. However, things get dramatically messy as they dig deeper, bringing them into contact with many elements that would do them harm, resulting in a slew of changes to their lives, not the least of which is their relationship with each other. Though an attempt to keep them as platonic co-workers is obvious, fans wanted their heroes to get together romantically, while the time and experiences they shared made it more likely that they would at some point give in to the tension between them. Though the deep conspiracies that swirled around the series were a key to the show's popularity, as stories about a creepy black oil that infects people and orifice-free, torch-wielding killers provided the mysteries that kept viewers returning, hopeful for answers, the one-off episodes are among the most memorable, as the creative staff, freed from the expectations that came with the mythology episodes, could push the limits of what The X-Files could be. If you were to come up with a list of the best episodes the show ever produced (a popular pastime online), aside from them coming mostly from the show's first five seasons, you'd find the vast majority are of the "monster of the week" variety, be it the horrifying hillbilly tale of "Home" (an episode so disturbing it was never re-run on FOX), the gorgeous black-and-white James Whale homage of "The Post-Modern Prometheus" or the witty late-run crossover with the reality show Cops ("X-Cops"). When the writers and directors cut loose (a frequent occurrence in early seasons), the results are often fantastic, whether they are aiming for frightening or funny (as some of the best episodes surprisingly end up.) Part of that success was the talent on board, starting with series creator Chris Carter, who was behind the keyboard and behind the camera for several of the show's best outings. For such a long-running show, the circle of writers and directors was surprisingly small, with just four guys, led by Kim Manners' astounding 52 episodes, combining to direct over half the show's 202 episodes. That lent to the consistent feel (at least for the first half-dozen or so seasons) despite some very varied episodes, as well as some incredibly striking visuals, aided by impressive (especially for the tme) special-effects work. The artists at work here created moments that are unforgettable decades after they originally aired. Fantastic writers like Carter, Frank Spotnitz, future Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan, Darin Morgan and the team of James Wong and Glen Morgan, among many others, including series stars Anderson and Duchovny, all helped to craft iconic, relatable characters in Mulder and Scully (who, for the most part, didn't betray their characterizations), while putting their own unique stamp on their episodes, which gave us shows like Darin Morgan's amazingly meta "Jose Chung's From Outer Space", Gilligan's terrific vampires-meets-Rashomon "Bad Blood", and Morgan and Wong's ever-tense take on The Thing in "Ice". Impressively, though working on a network series, and staying in tune with the mythology's seemingly never-ending mysteries, not every episode delivered a clean ending, with "Blood" being a wonderful example of how the show can get to a resolution, even while taunting an audience that wants to know what's actually happening. While the writers are great, great writing can easily die in the hands of a bad performer. In this area though, The X-Files was beyond blessed. In the leads, Duchovny's dry wit and Anderson's effortless gravitas served the show well in most situations, but they were adaptable as well, equally comfortable in high drama, all-out action and legitimate comedy, while still maintaining the reality of Mulder and Scully, no matter the situation. One scene where Scully screams at a suspect, unloading piles of personal grief, could have easily gone over the top, but instead just comes off as pure pain. Duchovny similarly wields a sarcastic sense of humor through most situations, but when he goes hard, it's completely believable as the other side of the Mulder coin. Anderson and Duchovny are surrounded by a bevy of acting talent, which often made secondary characters into fan favorites, at times resulting in them being promoted from recurring roles to series regulars, as it was with Assistant Director Skinner (Mitch Pileggi), whose conflicted loyalties pitted him against or alongside the agents, depending on the situation, leading to Pileggi earning a sizable fan base. In the case of the Lone Gunmen, a trio of conspiracy theorist who helped Mulder and Scully on occasion and added some comic relief to the show, they even made the leap into their own series (which unfortunately made it through all of 13 episodes.) However, no one made more of less than William B. Davis, whose attention-drawing silent early appearances, simply smoking a cigarette, would result in the creative staff turning him into what some have called the Darth Vader of The X-Files, a title that is more than fitting in a number of ways, with his machinations powering most of the series' mythology. Unfortunately, his character wore out his welcome over time, when, through coincidences and questionable plotting, not to mention increased dialogue that removes some of the mystery, he became less menacing and nearly morphed into a cartoon villain, especially when it became clear that everything and everyone in the show was related in some way, pushing the boundaries of believability. The same decrease in effectiveness can be seen in Alex Krycek (Nicholas Lea), a key nemesis to the team, who just kept coming back for more. On the other hand, the special guests, with only a handful of appearances at most, were definitely a case of less is more. Among the big names to take a turn on The X-Files were Cary Elwes (as a new Assistant Director standing in the way of the X-Files), Michael McKean playing a delightful con man, the great Steve Railsback (The Stunt Man), Lucy Lawless, Bryan Cranston, an incredibly creepy Brad Dourif, Tony Shalhoub, Giovanni Ribisi and Jack Black sharing screentime, Peter Boyle as a psychic, Charles Nelson Reilly stealing an entire episode, John O'Hurley as a whacked-out doctor, Lily Tomlin and Ed Asner as a couple, Felicity Huffman and Lucy Liu in early roles, fantastic performances by Luke Wilson in a dual role and Bruce Campbell in a unique one, Garry Shandling and Tea Leoni as Mulder and Scully (!), Kathy Griffin, Burt Reynolds playing the role he was meant to play, Jesse Ventura, Alex Trebek, a young Shia LeBeouf, veteran film stars like Reuben Blade, R. Lee Ermey and M. Emmet Walsh, Ryan Reynolds (in one of his first American roles) and a voice performance by Jodie Foster. What's surprising is, despite the presence of so much notable talent, the rest of the cast kept pace, making their mark in the X-Files universe opposite legit stars, including writer Darin Morgan, who stepped out from behind the camera to play the lead in "Small Potatoes", a fan-favorite "monster of the week" episode. It's generally accepted that after season five, the show just wasn't the same. (Some blame it on the production's move from Vancouver to Los Angeles, which, while having some possible drawbacks, seems like an easy target.) While there would be an episode or two that would stand-out (early in season six, Gilligan and Carter go back-to-back with memorable episodes "Drive" and "Triangle"), the alien abduction storyline was losing steam thanks to the many changes it would undergo as more and more revelations were made, some of which deserved an eyeroll. As that tale thankfully came to something of a conclusion, change would have to come to The X-Files. The series had already been on a downslide heading into its final seasons, and the replacement of Mulder (who all but left the series) and Scully (who hung around in a less-featured role) with new agents John Doggett (Robert Patrick) and Monica Reyes (Annabeth Gish) represented the last straw for many fans (despite both actors doing nothing wrong, other than not being Mulder and Scully.) The problem was that, though often brilliant in its storytelling (particularly during the early days of the overarching conspiracy mythology), the show was truly character-driven, having long ago become more about the relationship between the two starring FBI agents, with the X-Files cases being more of an opportunity to spend more time with Mulder and Scully, than the reason to watch. Remove Mulder and Scully from The X-Files after seven seasons and you rip the heart out of the series, but even worse, by keeping Scully around and allowing the specter of Mulder to continue haunting the storyline, the baton was never cleanly passed to the new characters, never allowing it to become their show and try something new (despite making an attempt in "Vienen", an episode teaming up Doggett and Mulder.) As such, viewers would keep comparing Doggett and Reyes to the admittedly superior pairing they followed. (That their mythology storyline, which felt less organic than the original, paled in comparison didn't help either.) This unfair perception of the new agents as either knock-offs or, worse, placeholders hampered the show's final two seasons, and an increasingly (and unnecessarily) convoluted storyline made sure anyone left watching were more likely to abandon ship than learn to love the newcomers. All that was left was to tie up loose ends, which it failed to do in several spots (though that's hardly a mortal sin for a series that trades in unsolvable mystery.) Rare is the show that goes out on top, and The X-Files is sadly the rule, rather than the exception. Of course, with season 10, that may change... The Discs The nine seasons of The X-Files are spread over 55 Blu-ray discs, held in eight extra-thick dual-hubbed Blu-ray keepcases with two dual-hubbed trays and one double-width Blu-ray keepcase with three dual-hubbed trays (for the longer second season.) Each case has an attractively-designed two-sided cover, with a disc guide on the inside. The nine cases are held in two columns, in a stylish, wide, four-sided die-cut box, which slides inside a glossy, stiff cardboard slipcase. The case has a removable insert which can eventually be replaced with the inevitable 10th season's release, as well as an insert permanently glued in place (apparently to balance out the thickness of the season two case.) The discs have clean animated menus based on the show's titles (accompanied by the iconic theme song), with options to select episodes, adjust the set-up, search through timelines and bookmarks and check out the extras. Audio options include English DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1, Spanish Dolby Digital 2.0 and French and German DTS 2.0 tracks, while subtitles are available in English SDH, Spanish, French and German. The Quality The episodes are presented in 1080p, AVC-encoded 16:9 transfers, which, depending on your perspective, is excellent or terrible, because that's not the original aspect ratio for the first four seasons, which aired in 4:3 full-frame. That said, based on behind-the scenes footage and some of the featurettes, the show had been shot in 16:9 with 4:3 safeties, while special effects shots were composed in 16:9 and cropped to 4:3. As such, the 4:3 presentation seems to be more of a technical presentation limitation than a creative decision. As such, these transfers should be greeted with open arms (interestingly, the upcoming Freaks and Geeks Blu-ray release will offer both the aired 4:3 and the filmed 16:9 versions.) Overall, the film material shot for the show looks great, with good clarity, an impressive level of fine detail, appropriate color and solid black levels (for the most part The X-Files is a rather dark show) while a consistent layer of grain and no obvious issues with digital distractions result in a pleasing image. The series was often experimental, trying black and white and other different looks, and it made use of a variety of archival or stock material, some of which doesn't look quite as good as the base film in the show. The only real downside to this presentation is the show's CG, which never really looked great, but which looks almost comical (particularly the worms in Ice) in the clarity Blu-ray offers. The series has never looked this good. After watching so many TV shows that treat surround sound like an afterthought, the 5.1 DTS-HD Master Audio tracks here are a treat, taking full advantage of the show's more bombastic moments to craft engaging soundscapes that utilize all the channels to put the viewer in the moment. Atmospheric effects are heard in the side and rear channels, while music and sound effects get a boost from the surrounds, with the iconic theme songs sounding fantastic in the surround mix. The low-end is not a huge element, but the overall feel is great, with a clear, thick sound that offers no concerns. The Extras Sadly, there are no new extras in this set that weren't available on previous DVD releases of the show (if anything, you get less, since the DVD Ultimate Collection included the film Fight the Future.) With the exception of that film though, everything else is included here, so there's over 23 hours of bonus content spread over these Blu-rays (though it's presented in standard definition.) Much of the content is fantastic and will appeal to the show's fans and the curious alike, but some ends up as overkill when brought together from across the nine original season releases. It quickly becomes obvious that the extras decreased with each subsequent season, until Season Nine returned the bonus content to glory. One of the big inclusions is the selection of 32 audio commentaries, with a handful for each season, mainly accompanying key episodes. There's a lot of variety amongst the participants in the tracks, from creator Chris Carter to directors R.W. Goodwin, Rod Hardy and Kim Manners, to writer/producers like Vince Gilligan and Frank Spotnitz. Anderson is on hand for an episode (the one she wrote and directed) while Patrick sits in for his debut episode, and both are enthusiastic and talkative. Some of the commentaries are definitely better than others, as Anderson, Gilligan, Hardy and Spotnitz have plenty to say (including a story involving Anderson and a large rubber phallus), but Carter and Manners can get caught watching, leaving decent-sized gaps of dead air. Some episodes pair up commentators, to good effect thanks to the opportunity for give and take, as Patrick joins Manners on one track and Manners teams with Carter on another, resulting in good conversation; director Rob Bowman sits with writer Darin Morgan, while Gilligan, Spotnitz and John Shiban share a friendly, regret-tinged chat about the last Lone Gunmen episode they wrote. Each track has its own style and focus, ensuring that a good deal of ground is covered in terms of the entire series, though across the spread of extras you will hear several stories repeatedly. Did you know that Duchovny runs very fast? You sure will after watching this set. "Deep Throat" - Chris Carter "The Erlenmeyer Flask" - R.W. Goodwin "Duane Barry" - Carter "End Games" - Frank Spotnitz "Anasazi" - R.W. Goodwin "Apocrypha" - Kim Manners and Carter "Jose Chung's From Outer Space" - Rob Bowman and Darin Morgan "Talitha Cumi" - Goodwin "Memento Mori" - Spotnitz "Memento Mori" - Bowman "Max" - Manners "Small Potatoes" - Vince Gilligan "The Post-Modern Prometheus" - Carter "Patient X" - Manners "The Red and the Black" - Carter "The Pine Bluff Variant" - John Shiban "Triangle" - Carter "Two Fathers" - Manners "One Son" - Spotnitz "Milagro" - Manners "Closure" - Manners "First Person Shooter" - Carter "All Things" - Gillian Anderson "Je Souhaite" - Gilligan "Within" - Manners and Robert Patrick "Deadalive" - Spotnitz "Vienen" - Rod Hardy "Alone" - Spotnitz "Existence" - Manners "Improbable" - Carter "Jump the Shark" - Gilligan, Shiban and Spotnitz "The Truth" - Manners Over the course of the first seven seasons, nine introductions (seemingly taken from other shorter collections) were included for specific episodes, courtesy of Spotnitz and Carter (running 14:44 in total.) Though brief, they do setup why the episodes are important, and they should be watched to see a special appearance by a fan favorite. Unfortunately, you might miss them, since the only way to find them is to navigate to viewing those single episode. Each of the nine seasons is accompanied by a featurette titled "The Truth About Season…" (running a combined 2:55:03) which feature interviews with cast, crew and guest stars, covering key themes, storylines and real-world elements (like the production's move to Los Angeles following Season Five and struggles with censors). Similarly, 18 season-focused featurettes are spread across the first three seasons, titled "Chris Carter Talks About…" (84:10 in all), which offer the series creator's thoughts about the show, like details of the plots, production info and discussion of the people involved (including shooting around a pregnant Anderson), as well as a number of general series elements. Carter wasn't the only one getting a chance to talk though, as Season Four tried something different with short interviews with Spotnitz (1:47), James Wong (2:20), Gilligan (2:16 & 1:38) and Carter, focusing on specific episodes. Combined with the "Truth About" featurettes, these are the next best thing to getting more commentaries. More info about what goes into making The X-Files can be found in "The Making of ‘The Truth'" (69:75/S9), an in-depth exploration of the series finale's production, covering prep, shooting and post-production, with a bonus look at the show's 200th-episode celebration Few behind-the-scenes pieces capture collaboration the way this one does, and that it also covers the end of an era makes for a great documentary. For more of a formal look at the finale, the 13:12 "Reflections on ‘The Truth" (S9) brings interviews with the stars and plenty of the emotion of saying goodbye, along with some bonus Burt Reynolds. If you're looking for deleted scenes, this set has them in bulk, 69 in all, running a combined 2:06:06. Depending on which season you're watching, they could be served without comment, with forced commentary by Rabwin or with optional commentary from Carter, Spotnitz, Carter and Spotnitz or Spotnitz and Shiban. There are a few notable moments in this pile of excised material, including two scenes featuring different actors than the performances that aired, a cut early kiss between Mulder and Scully, an argument between Skinner and the Cigarette Smoking Man and an emotional moment between Scully and her mother. However the best part of these scenes is usually the commentary, as the explanations for why the scenes were cut are why fans are watching them. It's worth noting that the presentation of these scenes is pretty terrific, as they include the moment before and after the cut scene in black and white, so as to put the color deleted scene in context. Also in the deleted realm is the alternate audio for the cold open of "Home," which was forced out by FOX's standards and practices folks, and which remains truly disturbing. Listen if you dare. Some of the most engaging extras in this set are the 62 special-effects clips (1:36:46), which (with the exception of the first segment) are provided with non-optional commentary, first from visual-effects producer Mat Beck and then later from producer Paul Rabwin. There's a little bit of everything in these informative peeks at how the show's visuals were achieved, whether it's the use of mattes, fire effects and various digital fakery. Getting to see various takes and the process that led up to the final product is what makes these clips so interesting. Three additional behind-the-scenes clips (2:13/S2), one with commentary from Carter, show some additional work done to achieve some memorable moments. The international clips are an interesting idea at first. For the lingually-curious, there a variety of clips in a number of different languages. It's amusing to hear some of the performances in a foreign tongue, particularly when you hear an iconic performance recast in a very different way (Teutonic Mulder and Scully are a personal favorite, followed by Japanese Skinner and the Italian Lone Gunmen.) Somehow the Cigarette Smoking Man is less threatening in German and we get to hear German and Italian spoken through an electronic voicebox. However, after a few season's worth of these clips (there's 182 in all), they become less intriguing and just more of the same. Each language's clip comes from a different scene, so you can't really compare and contrast. Switching between languages in a single scene might have been more interesting and more efficient. Unfortunately, there's not a lot of consistency, as you sometimes get Italian, and sometimes you don't, while the Spanish clips seem meaningless, since these discs have Spanish audio tracks available. (Perhaps someone noticed, as later seasons mostly eliminate the Spanish track.) - "Pilot" - German (1:13), Italian (:54), Japanese (1:03) and Spanish (1:05) - "The Jersey Devil" - German (1:03), Japanese (1:16) and Spanish (1:22) - "Ice" - Italian (1:08), Japanese (1:05) and Spanish (1:03) - "Space" - German (1:12) and Japanese (:58) - "Fire" - Italian (1:05), Japanese (:59) and Spanish (:52) - "Beyond the Sea" - German (1:10), Italian (1:05), Japanese (1:08) and Spanish (1:23) - "E.B.E." - German (1:06), Italian (1:04), Japanese (1:25) and Spanish (1:01) - "Tooms" - German (:48), Italian (1:08), Japanese (1:04) and Spanish (1:18) - "The Erlenmeyer Flask" - German (:57) and Japanese (:56) - "Duane Barry": German (1:24), Italian (1:09), Japanese (1:28) and Spanish (:38) - "One Breath": German (1:00), Italian (1:04), Japanese (:55) and Spanish (1:24) - "Irresistible": German (:52), Italian (1:05), Japanese (1:14) and Spanish (:55) - "Humbug": German (1:22), Italian (:56), Japanese (1:15) and Spanish (:52) (Note: the Spanish clip is actually silent) - "Anasazi": German (1:10), Japanese (1:04) and Spanish (1:10) - "Paper Clip": German (1:06), Italian (1:01), Japanese (:55) and Spanish (1:08) - "The Walk": German (1:03), Italian (1:55), Japanese (1:10) and Spanish (1:01) - "War of the Coprophages": German (1:02), Italian (1:05), Japanese (1:02) and Spanish (1:04) - "Piper Maru": German (1:05), Italian (1:02), Japanese (:59) and Spanish (1:02) - "Pusher": German (1:03), Italian (1:04), Japanese (1:07) and Spanish (1:01) - "Talitha Culi": German (1:08), Italian (1:00), Japanese (1:01) and Spanish (1:01) - "Home": German (:48), Japanese (1:27) and Spanish (1:03) - "Tunguska": German (1:07), Japanese (1:24) and Spanish (1:23) - "Paper Hearts": German (1:03), Japanese (1:05) and Spanish (1:18) - "Momento Mori": German (1:04), Japanese (1:18) and Spanish (1:24) - "Tempus Fugit": German (1:07), Japanese (:57) and Spanish (1:11) - "Gethsemane": German (1:20), Japanese (:47) and Spanish (:36) - "Redux": German (:54), Italian (1:02), Japanese (1:31) and Spanish (1:12) - "Christmas Carol": German (2:05), Italian (1:08), Japanese (1:25) and Spanish (1:28) - "Kill Switch": German (1:20), Italian (1:09), Japanese (:56) and Spanish (:51) - "Patient X": German (1:19), Italian (:54), Japanese (:51) and Spanish (1:10) - "The End": German (:54), Italian (1:14), Japanese (1:26) and Spanish (1:25) - "The Beginning": German (1:20), Italian (1:33), Japanese (1:02) and Spanish (:45) - "Dreamland II": German (1:27), Italian (1:01), Japanese (1:35) and Spanish (1:39) - "Two Fathers": German (1:20), Italian (1:01), Japanese (:35) and Spanish (1:05) - "Arcadia": German (1:05), Italian (1:19), Japanese (1:04) and Spanish (:50) - "Three of a Kind": German (1:04), Italian (1:18), Japanese (1:11) and Spanish (1:23) - "Biogenesis": German (1:09), Italian (1:16), Japanese (1:05) and Spanish (1:02) - "The Sixth Extinction II: Amor Fati ": German (1:39), Italian (1;15), Japanese (00:55) and Spanish (0:47) - "The Amazing Maleeni": German (1:05), Italian (00:57), Japanese (1:42) and Spanish (00:50) - "Closure": German (1:56), Italian (1:40), Japanese (1:55) and Spanish (1:29) - "En Ami": German (1:13), Italian (1:07), Japanese (1:46), and Spanish (1:13) - "Hollywood A.D.": German (00:40), Japanese (1:33) and Spanish (1:43) - "Requiem": German (2:32), Japanese (1:56) and Spanish (1:35) - "Within": German (00:57), Italian (00:56) and Japanese (1:27) - "Via Negativa": German (2:09), Italian (2:17) and Japanese (1:24) - "The Gift": German (1:27), Italian (1:36) and Japanese (2:10) - "Three Words": German (1:41), Italian (2:10) and Japanese (1:34) - "Essence": German (1:46), Italian (00:56) and Japanese (1:56) - "Existence": German (2:04), Italian (1:24) and Japanese (2:01) - "Nothing Important Happened Today II": German (2:34), Italian (1:52) and Japanese (1:25) - "Trust No 1": German (1:56), Italian (2:02) and Japanese (1:43) - "Provenance": German (2:02), Italian (1:16) and Japanese (1:37) - "William": German (1:36), Italian (00:35), Japanese (2:15) and Spanish (1:05) - "The Truth": German (1:27), Italian (1:47) and Japanese (1:55) Previously available on the mythology collection releases (and in the Ultimate Collection) are the four "Threads of Mythology" featurettes, (1:53:23) covering the four themes in the show's core storyline: "Abduction" (S3), "Black Oil" (S5), "Colonization" (S8) and "Super Soldiers" (S9). Interviews and a chronology of episodes explain the core elements of the key storylines, but sometimes the focus gets a little lost, particularly in the final entry, which gets caught up in the idea of the series' ending. Otherwise they offer solid overviews of the show's mythology. Additional overviews are available in the form of the Inside The X-Files (45:29/S5), Secrets of The X-Files (42:58/S9) and More Secrets of The X-Files (45:02/S9) TV specials which served mainly to give newcomers to the show a chance to catch up and get acclimated to the complex storylines (and in the case of Inside, to promote the upcoming movie.) Straightforward explanations of all the main players and storylines offer a handy jumping-on point, and an opportunity for long-time fans to refresh themselves. Though there's some behind-the-scene peeks included, you're not going to learn any real secrets though. The same goes for the "X-Files Profiles" (50:53/S6-S9), eight short looks at secondary characters like Samantha Mulder and Gibson Praise, which originally appeared on international mini-collections. Through interviews and show clips, these characters and their key episodes (naturally the ones on the original releases) get a bit of a spotlight. "Reflections on The X-Files" (17:42/S9) lets some of the show's famous fans and some one-time guest stars, including Cher, Kevin Smith, Kristen Davis, Martin Landau, Bryan Cranston, Donal Logue, Burt Reynolds, Peter Boyle, Mimi Rogers, Alex Trebek, Ed Asner and musicians The Dust Brothers, talk about their interest or involvement in the series, in a rather entertaining featurette highlighted by Cher's regrets and Trebek's memories of riding with "The Body." To see the core crew in a more relaxed setting, check out their panel at WonderCon 2008 (26:48/S9) to promote the second film, with the two stars, Carter and Spotnitz. The Q&A displays Anderson and Duchovny's senses of humor well, but the presentation is very choppy, as the con-goers asking the questions were cut out, replaced by on-screen text questions. The bonus content wraps up with promo content, including two short fluff pieces, "FOX Behind the Scenes" (2:01/S6) and an FX featurette (1:54/S5), and the 50 "Behind the Truth" pieces (52:05/S2-S5) that were tied to the show's syndication run on FX. For what were basically ads, these quick-hit pieces of content were actually rather solid, touching on characters, actors, and crew members' responsibilities, and having some fun with them. Among the more interesting entries are an interview with author William Gibson, a look at the wardrobe and a set tour, as well as some discussion of Mulder's pornography collection. Then there's 398 television commercials for all nine seasons' worth of episodes (mostly 10 or 20 seconds long), spread across the nine sets, running nearly 110 minutes in total. The nostalgia factor ("Friday at nine, eight central") is the key for these promos, but the most interesting element here is the change that occurs in the promos over the course of the show's run, becoming increasingly stylish along the way. The Bottom Line The X-Files is rather timeless, remaining just as engaging more than 20 years after it first aired, even if the show experienced diminishing returns in later seasons. The episodes look and sound fantastic (though the CGI looks more obvious now) and all the extras previously available (both the outstanding and the excessive) are here, but the two films are not included, nor are any new extras. At last check, buying the seasons individually, which means the only thing you're missing out on is the box, will cost you about $100 less (and you don't even have to buy season nine, though it boasts the most extras.) As such, it's easy to say you should pass on this complete collection, which is a real disappointment (nearly as big as that delivered by the one-time finale.).

If you grew up in the pre-Interwebs, pre-computer world, you’ll remember how often cars needed This or That. Which is probably why people were more aware of car maintenance in those days. You really didn’t have much choice. Today, it’s easy to neglect maintenance stuff because there’s less to do – and less often. Spark plugs that last 100,000 miles. Oil changes every 10,000 miles. As opposed to spark plugs that lasted 12 months – and oil changes every 3,000 miles. But cars are still machines and machines still need maintenance. Just not as often – and for different things. Here are some of them: * Spark plug wires – Spark plugs may be good to go for 100,000 miles (chiefly because modern engines – assuming no mechanical issues – operate at near-ideal air-fuel ratios and so the plugs almost never get fouled before 100,000 miles) but the wires that transfer electric current to them often require replacing – or at least, checking – much sooner. This is because unlike plugs – which are made of sturdy alloys and ceramics – wires are made of materials like rubber (external casing) and graphite (conductive material inside) that are more susceptible to physical damage and degradation over time. Conductivity decreases – and (eventually) your plugs aren’t firing properly, which means your engine isn’t running as well as it could be. Plug wires should be checked for degradation every 30,000-40,000 or so and most will need to be replaced by 50,0000 miles (or after five years from new). If you car has a distributor cap and rotor underneath the cap, these should be checked – and probably, replaced – at about the same time. PS: It’s still a good idea to remove and check the plugs before 100,000 miles roll by. Not so much to replace them (probably not necessary) but to make sure you’ll still be able to easily remove them after 100,000 miles roll by. Few things are more miserable than fused-in-the-head threads (or plugs that snap off in half as you try to remove them). By removing and reinstalling (with fresh anti-seize, if the plugs were not factory coated with a compound) at 50k or so, you’ll make that less likely to happen at 100k. * Power steering fluid – Many people forget to even check the fluid level – let alone replace the fluid when specified. Until the day when a death groan or squeal begins to emanate from under the hood whenever the driver tries to turn the steering wheel left or right. And by then, of course, it’s probably too late. And replacing a dead power steering pump is neither cheap nor easy. On the upside, replacing the fluid is. You hardly need any tools. A clean (ideally, new) turkey baster will do. Plus a quart or so of fresh fluid (be sure to get the right type; sometimes it’s brake fluid or automatic transmission fluid – check your owner’s manual to be sure before you pour). Run the car until it’s warm. Then, with the engine off, remove the fill cap for the power steering reservoir (the cap will often have information about the type of fluid to use – e.g., “use only Dexron III or equivalent”). Use the baster to suck out as much of the old fluid as you can. Then fill to the “full hot” line. Put the cap back on, start the engine and let it run for five minutes or so – then repeat until the fluid in the reservoir looks like the fresh fluid you just poured in. It may take 2-3 rounds with the turkey baster to get all the old fluid out. But it’s easy, inexpensive – and doing this every three years ago could save you having to buy an expensive new power steering pump… and having to pay someone to install it for you. PS: You can do the same basic job – using similar tools – to avoid expensive brake system (and clutch) work. Use the turkey baster (or, if the access is tight/the reservoir opening too small, a syringe obtained from a drug store or doctor/nurse/vet) to suck out the old fluid in your car’s brake master cylinder and clutch master cylinder. This is much easier than bleeding these systems and requires no tools – other than the baster/syringe. Just be careful not to suck out all the fluid – you want to leave the little hole(s) at the bottom submerged, or else air might get into the system and then they will have to be bled. Of course, you won’t get all the fluid this way. But if you suck out/replace most of what’s in the reservoir every six months or so and continuously replace with fresh fluid, over time, you’ll get to the point where most of the fluid in the system is perpetually fresh (you can tell by looking; it’ll be clear-translucent-yellow instead of brown-headed-to-black) which will put the brakes on expensive repair work like having to have the clutch’s slave cylinder replaced or the brake system’s ABS pump or calipers replaced. * Watch out for “dual clutch” automatic maintenance costs – You probably have heard about so-called “automated manuals,” also known as “dual clutch” manuals. These are indeed manual transmissions – with (typically) two clutches – but no clutch pedal and fully automatic operation. They shift smartly – and very efficiently – but unlike traditional automatics, many of which require no formal service at all for up to 100,000 miles, dual-clutch/automated manuals sometimes require surprisingly frequent – and expensive – routine maintenance. For example, VW’s Direct Shift Gearbox (DSG) must have fluid/filter changes every 30,000 miles – and the cost for this service is typically several hundred bucks. The salesman probably won’t mention this when you’re shopping. Ironically, the high (and early/often) maintenance costs negate much of the (touted) reason-for-being for these transmissions – their superior fuel efficiency vs. a conventional automatic. But while the cost for this routine service is high enough that you may be tempted to postpone or skip, don’t. Because the cost to replace a dead DSG transmission will make you regret it. These boxes can cost as much as $5,000 each … not including labor to install. Most cars built during the past decade have these. They do what it sounds like they do – filter outside air on its way inside the car, to keep dust and pollen from coming along for the ride. Like any filter, these filters are not forever. They eventually get clogged and when that happens, filtration falters. Your car’s ventilation system will either bypass the filter (and let dust and pollen flow freely into the car) or you’ll just get less air movement. Neither is good. Replacing the filter is usually pretty easy. In most cars, there’ll be an access panel located in the vicinity of the front seat passenger footwell area or glovebox. Your owner’s manual should have specific details. You can buy a new filter at any auto parts store, just as you would an oil filter. How often should you replace the filter? The general rule is once every 2-3 years but check your car’s manual for the exact interval for your specific<< Hey Eric, Are you familiar with Coil on Plug systems, like those found in many Toyotas including my 2002 Tacoma? For such systems, I suspect your assertion about spark plug wires does not apply, right? It actually strikes me as pretty cool technology. A conventional system depends on the distributor passing spark from a single coil depends on precisely timed mechanical systems with many potential points of maladjustment. Further, the wires from the coil and from the distributor to the plugs must conduct high voltage for a distance. Anyway, I think this is one technology worth using. I have a question concerning a maintenance item on my 2000 F350 7.3 V-8 diesel with an automatic tranny. I bought this truck 4 years ago at 137,000 miles from a dealer without knowing the maintenance history of it, but it seemed to be very well maintained. The A/T fluid also was the right color and had no burned smell. Today the truck has 180,000 miles on it and the tranny fluid is still the same. The truck hasn’t worked very hard throughout this time. The hardest it worked for me was to tow a mini-excavator on a trailer with my factory version of a Rease hitch for about 100 miles round trip. With the above information in my mind, I recently decided to change the fluid anyway just to be safe because that transmission would be very expensive to replace I am sure. I had replaced fluids and filters on older Chevy trucks that I had previously owned, but I decided to do some on-line research about doing the same on this truck. The results indicated that I should take this truck to a stealership because the convertor must also be replaced along with the fluid and filter change. I object to that information because I am a DIY guy who used to be a mechanic in the ’80’s and ’90’s on big rigs of various types (and yes, I installed drain plugs), and I already know that I am going to be spending a lot of money on the filter kits and gallons of fluids. I’d rather not spend the $90+ per hour labor costs plus stealership mark-ups if I can avoid it. My question therefore is: Can I just simply change the fluid and filters on this A/T like I used to do by myself safely? Hi Brian, I have never heard of replacing the torque converter as part of normal/routine service. The only reason to replace the converter would be if it has failed (or is failing) and if that’s happened, odds are high that the entire transmissions will need to be replaced/rebuilt because of debris from the failing/failed converter (metal shavings, etc.) circulating through the transmission. If the torque converter (and transmission) are functioning properly, the only thing you need to do is drop the pan, drain the fluid and replace the filter. I recommend installing a drain plug while you have the pan off as this will make future fluid/filter changes much less messy! eric, I used to be up in these things all the time but I’m sorta out of the loop right now. I recall ten years or more ago when servicing a Ford and a Chevy with diesels and automatics, they had inspection covers like manuals. The Ford had a drain plug on the converter and the Chevy didn’t. I know the Duramax transmission now(for years) has an external filter so maintenance is even easier. I often wondered why you couldn’t get a really hard drill bit and install a drain plug on that Duramax converter. I realize you’d want to be careful when going through the outer housing. Sure seems like this would be doable if you can still access the converter without removing the tranny. I just received a big jug of Amsoil transmission fluid(via your website although I’ve had an account for over a decade) and the price of that fluid is enough to make you want to drain it only once. Not saying it wouldn’t be worth it when replacement cost of a transmission like that exceeds $3500(or more). Edit my previous sentence: The results indicated that I should take this truck to a stealership because the convertor must also be replaced along with the fluid and filter change. To: The results indicated that I should take this truck to a stealership because the convertor must also be FLUSHED along with the fluid and filter change. Hi Brian, Ok, this makes more sense! Here’s the deal: It is not possible, by just dropping the pan, to drain all the fluid. Including the fluid in the converter. By dropping the pan, draining the fluid (and changing the filter) you will have removed/replaced about half the total capacity, give or take. This is ok. No harm will ensue. To get all the fluid, you could take the vehicle to a shop with a transmission flush machine. What happens is they (typically) splice into (not by cutting anything) one of the two cooler lines that takes transmission fluid from the transmission to the transmission cooler (in the radiator, typically) and suck out/replace all the old fluid. But, you can (as per above) replace half or more of it just by dropping the pan – and then, do it again after driving the vehicle for a week or so. Now most/almost all the fluid will be new. Assuming you didn’t let it get to the point that the fluid was seriously degraded (and based on your description, it does not sound like you did) then this way will get ‘er done without the hassle/expense of taking your shop to the stealership. Hope this helped! Thanks for that info Eric. The prices at Big Lake, Tx are astoundingly high due to the oilfields. Try $130 per night motel costs as the cheapest available. Fortunately, my present job provides lodging at no cost. The drop in oil prices have slowed things down here, but I’m still working enough to make some overtime pay. Soon I will go to the closest city that has reasonable prices (San Angelo) and buy what I need for my truck: 2 batteries, 4 sets of brake pads (and maybe rotors – I still have to measure them), a brake master cylinder (mine leaks at the boot but still works for now), an electric grinder with a rotary brush to remove the rust on the frame at the rear of the truck, rust sealer/primer, parking brake cables, rear steel brake lines, and of course tranny drain plug, fluid, and filter. I’ll probably try doing the fluid and filter change in the Walmart parking lot just like I recently did the engine oil change so that I can simply drive to the rear of the store and dump my old oil in their auto-repair shops waste oil tank. Brian, don’t know if it was the day of the week(week-end) or something else but we got a room at the Hilton in Big Spring for $90. I noticed lots of vacant spaces in RV parks all around west Tx. Big Lake maintains those high prices by being remote so large amounts of workers live in BS and drive the 22 miles to Garden City or the extra 47 to BL. Can’t wait to get back out there since we’ve been socked in with ice since Thurs. Cabin fever, loss of wages is driving me nuts!! I haven’t priced any hotels/motels since mid-December, which was before the price of oil dropped drastically, so I do not doubt that prices have fallen since then. I work night shift at Pinnergy BTW. San Angelo? Do they still roll up the sidewalks at 7pm? So I heard from an acquaintance who used to live in Winters. They would go into SA for a big time. PtB, been 6 years since I lived there(RV, my bane)but it was semi-decent although the people there are the biggest a-holes I ever found in Tx. I can say one good thing about the place though and the surrounding area, you can get THE best beef at cheap prices anywhere I’ve been. Guess it’s because it’s goat country. I dunno. Lowake used to be worth the 100 mile drive for a steak though. Load up a car, go eat until you were miserable, drink enough beer to make you recall every little side road on the way home(I took note and refreshed my memory on the ride there). Stop in the dark, women on one side, men on the other, load back up and suddenly everybody was ready for another beer. Funny how that works. I heard from an AF pilot (KC-135 tanker) that if the world ever needs an enema, Laredo is the entry point. Your transmission pan has a drain plug that you can use to save some money. Drain fluid and drop pan to change filter; old fluid tied up in torque converter, lines and cooler is still there. Button pan back up and refill. Now over next couple of months drain and refill the transmission pan several times. That will give you reasonably fresh fluid throughout. After that’s done, do the same drain/refill every oil change or every other one. If you want the best fluid, click through my AMSOIL ad on this site to contact me about wholesale pricing. Thanks swingswing. I guess that I have never noticed that plug before. I’ll look for it more closely when I measure the thickness of my brake rotors. I am on my third and last Nissan, a 2.5 Altima with CVT transmission,134k miles. Fuel mileage is poor compared to the previous 1.8 L Sentra’01 with Automatic 30 mpg 180k miles or the ’96 Sentra 5 speed 42MPG 280K miles. Maintenance is everything for trouble free driving and safety. As usual great story Mr. Peters. Thank you, Robert! I bought a new car this year, and I specifically skipped Nissan from my search due to the CVT transmissions. Also, for MY ’14 I was skipping automatic (meaning CVT) on 4cyl Subarus. Too bad 6sp man is gone from Subaru Legacy with MY ’15 …this article posted today at: Try owning an old gm military vehicle….you will find all kinds of metric and standard nuts and bolts…..plus many random hose patches and quick fixes that last years more than intended GM vehicles from the ’70s and ’80s are charmingly Soviet; kind of thrown-together with whatever was available! I noticed that most car owners, especially Japanese car owners ignore maintenance like crazy. The average Camry or Accord owner thinks regular maintenance is filling the car up with gas and driving it slow in the left lane, thinking it will get 40 mpg. Car owners skip repairs on suspension and steering most often, followed by changing transmission fluid. That’s one reason I am scared to buy an automatic car with more than 60,000 miles. In the distant past, have seen automatics fail at 50,000 miles due to lack of maintenance. People never change their struts, replace their tie rod ends, or their sway bar links. They often trade their cars when these items fail. The smart money finds cars that have had their tires replaced but has suspension issues. People will sell those cars off for nothing. I hate the idea of legislation, but in a better society, people would be required to know something about a car before being allowed to drive it on public streets. They would know how to identify different parts of the suspension and steering, the most important part of the car. Of course, everything at this point is a lost cause. The age of the motorcar is dying quickly, despite the fact that our speed limits are better than they have been in 42 years. Oh, well. It’s because a Japanese car will usually go farther without maintenance than the others with regular maintenance. I’m learning what they can do when they are maintained right now. Two 2006 Scions. One auto and one manual. I maintain them regularly. Suspension parts are replaced most often, though I have replaced a/c compressors in both after they seized–seems to be the biggest weakness of those cars. They are used for taxi’s and have multiple drivers. Harsh use, but these cars are head and shoulders better than the domestics that I had previously. Japanese cars seem un-beatable for longevity. Maintained, or not. Yeah, I will grudgingly admit that Japanese cars probably have somewhat better parts in them and are more reliable. Because American cars are in the shop more often for repairs, other things get fixed as well, making American cars better overall maintained. I think that an American used car value is far better than a Japanese one. I have seen people ask like $3.5k for 10 year old civics that barely run hand have worn suspensions all over the place. I would rather pay $1000 or more less for a comparable American car and then fix it than shell out a lot of money for some clapped out 225,000 mile POS car just because it’s a Hooooooonda or a Toyoooooooooota. Another often overlooked aspect of older American iron was the abuse that they could take. I have seen American iron with automatic transmission fluid, brake fluid and power steering fluid that looked like black water and the cars still ran. I have owned many American cars with mileage well over 200,000 without major work being done. Regular maintenance is necessary to insure vehicle longevity. A dirty little secret of newer cars is the (sometimes) poor engineering of engines–oil drain-down is not always as good as it should be, collects in “pockets”, eventually “cokes up” and results in a new engine being needed. In fact, dealerships were blaming owners for not changing engine oil regularly, ignoring the engineering problems that some of these engines had… anarchyst if you know of the car engine with poor oil drain down that needs to be replaced all the time why not tell us what that car or cars are? Why keep that secret that you have? I know English is your second language, Clover… but this one takes the prize! It’s not a secret. There are many foreign cars and some domestic cars with this problem… The most frequent causes of engine failure I see are caused by no coolant, tied for second is no oil and young male abuse. Sludge buildup is a thing of the past unless the engine oil is never replaced, thus the need to perform maintenance on a schedule that accounts for the conditions in which a particular vehicle is subjected. Routine maintenance alone should alert the owner to problematic coolant and oil consumption or leaks. Not much except maturity can stop abuse issues. Hi Anarchyst, Yup. The older stuff was more forgiving because – among other things – no sensors to foul, fewer small passages to clog. Modern computer-controlled engines (and transmissions) are much more sensitive in this respect, which makes regular maintenance more critical. Swamp, I’m with you on that to a point. If it were an old Buick or Oldsmobile that had the 3800 v-6, Id pay 1,000 for it over a hammered Civic or Accord. Chances are the Buick or Olds will be nicer, driven by older folks who changed the oil every 3k. No point in driving a Japanese pos, just because it’s Japanese and magically gets accepted as “cool”. That 3800 is going to get roughly the same mpg’s as an old Accord, but have much better power. Now, if I’m buying used late model vehicles, I will go Japanese every time. Parts are cheap and don’t seem to need replacement as often. The frustrating thing about this is the fact that the domestics know their weaknesses, but sometimes never fix them. Not that they don’t have the ability to, but more that they are huge bureaucracies where people don’t really give a shit. The unions contribute to those types of workings, even in the engineering and other white collar workings of the company. Unionism and an entitlement attitude have permeated American thought. The idea that we have a right to work 40 hour weeks, paid vacation, drugs, and flat out be lazy because someone else will do the work. Aisian culture is much less that way. Long story short, American car problems are cultural, more so than an inability to produce a quality product. In my opinion. Hi Swamp, A little known fact is how expensive automatic transmissions have become. The “inexpensive” ones are in the range of $2,500 and it is not uncommon for them to crest $5,000. For some sense of how much of an increase in cost this is, consider that – today – you can still buy a new/rebuilt (to heavy-duty specifications) TH350 automatic (GM used these in almost everything they sold back in the ’70s and into the ’80s) for about $600. Now, granted, the TH350 is only a three-speed and has no overdrive. But it also doesn’t have a got-damned computer, is simple, easy to service and fix – and (if not abused) will last virtually forever. Also, you can buy an overdrive automatic (without got-damned computer) for about $1,200. Problem is, these units will not work in a modern car with a got-damned computer! That’s why changing transmission fluid is absolutely critical for me. I hate automatics for that reason. Yeah, forget about cars made since 2001-05 when it comes to Automatics. I prefer manuals. Of course, those are becoming rare. Yup. And, of course, the industry has made it unpleasant and harder than it needs to be to change the tranny fluid. No drain plug in the pan means a horrendous mess. First thing I do when I buy a car with an automatic is install a drain plug in the pan… I have a ’93 Camry with about 275,000 miles on it. I didn’t want to go through the hassle and mess of dropping the pan every time I wanted to change the automatic transmission fluid. So I installed a section of rubber hose at the base of the radiator where the ATF cooling tank is. Periodically, I loosen the end of the hose (the end the fluid will exit from) and insert it in a plastic jug. Then I run the engine briefly to pump out the free-floating fluid. With the brakes on and the engine at idle, I shift through all the gears, put it back in park, and shut it down. I reattach the hose and add new fluid. This takes only minutes. I do this 3 or 4 times over a month or so to exchange the residual fluids and also to “wash” all the internal surfaces with fresh fluid. I know this isn’t a perfect maintenance solution because it doesn’t necessarily address any gunk in the bottom of the pan. But otherwise, it seems to work okay. Hi Scott, I think this is a viable DIY solution. The one thing I’d want to be sure of, though, is that you’re not running the transmission with low fluid/pressure… which could cause you trouble. A sure-bet safe way to do the same thing you’re trying to do would be to install a drain plug in the transmission pan and – engine off – periodically drain as much as will come out, then refill. (I’d still advise doing the filter as well, per the mileage/time interval). eric, transmission filter, $35 or less. Drop the pan for visual inspection, esp. of the magnet and solids that might be in the bottom of the pan. Cheap insurance considering most factory gaskets will last virtually forever so I have scads of extra gaskets should I need one. I want to see what’s in the pan though and it’s generally only a pain if there’s something like a brace underneath the pan. I won’t address Japanese autos in that respect though since I’ve seen some really stupidly made pans and hard to get at bolts, etc. There is a difference in filters so I try to go with the best. Probably more than one place to find info on the efficiency of various make filters but Amsoil has a good site for most filters of various types. I have a manual transmission diesel pickup but nobody makes a manual any longer and to be honest, when you’re trying to do something involving 4WD and heavy loads/pulling, or traversing difficult terrain, the auto is the better choice in applying power. I won’t be using Scott’s method since I know low fluid can damage the bearings and seals on the pump very quickly. I’ll continue to drop the pan, look it all over good while getting plenty of fluid on my face and front that will all wash off. I don’t get quite as oily with a lift but not a whole lot less I’ve noticed. I may be anal when it comes to clean but having that pan OR clean is my peace of mind. If you never take it off, you never know for sure what’s there. It would keep me up at night and I’d finally have to do it anyway in self-defense of sleeping. Swamprat (or anyone), how often should the struts, tie rod ends, and sway bar links be changed? I’ve never seen these items listed in an owner’s manual. when they wear out. They should be inspected now and then and replaced when they don’t work properly any longer. Hi Brandon, Sway bars/end links are just pieces of tube steel (or similar) but the bushings will eventually wear out. Struts are basically shocks and (as Brent says) they should be replaced when there’s reason to believe they’re worn out – such as deterioration in ride quality/handling. In general, my experience has been they’re good for 5-6 years or so and about 50,000-75,000 miles depending on how the car is driven. Thank you both. You have a great point about spark plug wires. I have a 1994 F150 with a 5.0 and 160xxx miles. last year at about the 154xxx mark the transmission started acting up and slipping between 2nd and 3rd gear. I was about to go buy a new transmission but first I took it to my mechanic to get his opinion on it. He kept it overnight and looked all over it and finally found out the source of my woes; a worn out plug wire that had broken part way through. Somehow or another it threw a code to the computer that the transmission was slipping. After replacing the wires with BWD super mags I havent had a problem since. “doing this every three years ago” – oh would that we could get away with that. Are you traveling with Dr. Who or Mr. Peabody? VW Beetles were maintenance hogs. Adjust valves and brakes every 2000 miles, change oil every 1500. Clutch and accelerator cables would break during blizzards or floods. Ahhh. The good old days! My neighbor recently traded a car because the cost of replacing tires, brakes and the timing belt was too much to bear. They decided a 30 month lease was the financially prudent alternative. I guess most automobiles seldom receive maintenance unless a light on the dash warns the driver or breakdown. I had a ’73 Super Beetle (and other old VWs) so, I’m hip! The new stuff hardly needs anything except gas for an amazingly long time. But then, you get to a point – about 12 years down the line, based on my own and anecdotal knowledge – when they begin to get really expensive to keep on the road. It’s like a pill that maintains youth until you get to about 60… at which point, galloping senility sets in! I grew up around Beetles and they were amazing when they were running. We once floated nearly 1/2 mile in one and then managed to get some traction and crawl out of the water in time for school(the roads around the school were the river for a day or two). Cold weather, that was another thing, better wear your coveralls. Hot weather, sweat….a lot and take it easy on the engine since it would toast in west Tx. heat toot sweet. At college I’d hear a friends(so many had them)VW and tell them, better adjust those valves. Of course they’d always say Why? Don’t you hear that high pitched squeak and can’t you tell the engine is not making power? Well, it goes fairly much like it always has. Ok then, get ready to walk. How do you adjust the valves. With a feeler gauge. Can you do it? I could…..if it were mine but I have a Duntov solid lifter cam that fairly much takes up my valve adjusting time. That Chevy don’t outrun Lon’s Ferrari cause it just happened to be a good one. So how do I adjust them. That old station that has about 20 Beetles around it? That guy can do it right in a few minutes. Of course no one ever did adjust the valves so you’d eventually get the call “come get me, my car quit”. It was common to see Beetles abandoned on the roads of Tx., seized up from the heat. I guess they did ok up north….but I was never “up north”. Deutz diesels were great engines too, as long as you used them in the higher latitudes where heat wasn’t a factor. I never saw one in Texas and doubt anyone with the money to buy a diesel rig didn’t have enough sense to keep an air-cooled diesel where it would get “cooled”. In my home town, an enterprising guy got some molds for a Meyers Manx body and made hundreds of them. We had cut up Beetles and Meyers Manx knock-off dune buggies out the wazoo for years but it was the same story as the Beetle except people didn’t run them long enough to melt them down as fast as highway cars. A friend had one(dune buggy) he melted so he put an aluminum V-6 Buick engine in it and that thing would fly. My dad had a ’64 “red VW microbus” (actually his was 2-tone – off white over red) – of course it got run flat out a lot when we travelled. Threw a rod once on the NY Thruway, swallowed a valve another time, and lost either 2nd or 3rd gear (I forget which) twice. And my brother-in-law had a Deutz that did pretty well for him – in Minnesota. Of course whenever his dad was helping him work on it, he’d point to the Crescent and say “Hand me that metric wrench.” I always thought a Deutz would be the nads for winter but we have short winters. Beetles probably did well for going from one town a few miles from another in a colder clime. I got really pissed working on my ’77 Silverado when I found it had metric bolts and nuts sizes(mixed with SAE on the same part) but at least the threads were SAE which makes no sense. I used my motorcycle wrenches on it since none of the metrics were the really large things like spindle nuts or pinion shaft nuts or even axle bolts or wheel stud nuts. I never could figure why Bush Hog made some units in Italy with metric gear boxes until they all cratered. Once replaced with SAE boxes it was fairly much indestructible but the zerks were all metric. I still detest metric, esp. Japanese metric which I consider inferior fasteners. I still have one of those “fits nearly anything” wrenches(not an adjustable but a weird end with a piece that would fall down and capture the edge of most anything it would fit over) for emergency metric repair. Somebody made off with a double ended wrench that had 3/8th” to about half on one end(ball type thing)and 9/16″ to 3/4″ on the other. Since it was oddly shaped and would attach at nearly any angle I was pleasantly surprised to find it to be the perfect wrench for the distributor hold down on late 60’s, early 70’s ‘Vettes. Metric heads with inch threads? Probably old product being made on updated lines. ’77 was about the time things were switched over. It’s too painful to redesign all the parts to use metric but since GM would be using custom bolts anyway changing the heads to match the assembly equipment would be the easy solution. I loathe the regular grade JIS fasteners. A little rust and they just want to snap. Also had a ’77 El Camino at the time. It had a steel flywheel cover while the 5/8ths T Silverado had an ABS cover. The EC was made in Mexico so you would have though the weird bolts would be on it, identical drivelines, both with the uncommon TH 375 transmissions(pumped up TH350 but very strong). You never knew what you’d get with Chevy, always a guess. My dad had a ’69 Impala he bought off the showroom floor, no mileage on the odometer and nothing to indicate it was any different except a Tonawanda moniker on the engine. 200,000 miles later and that 350 SBC shed the nylon timing gear and bent the valves and the rest is history since it was mine at that time. So I get ready to rebuild the engine and have a cousin who works for a very large SW GM parts dept. of which he was head honcho. I give him the cam #. He never finds anything in the GM books. The rods had been stressed relieved and I give him those numbers, nada. There were two types of lifters in the engine, one type on the drivers side and another on what I call, the torque side, the passenger side. Neither in the books. It had a crank not of a type I was familiar with so I farmed it out to other more knowledgeable people. No crank like that in the books either. The pistons had a weird skirt design and the con pins were a bit different too. At 200,000 miles those pistons pushed out by hand, almost no wear in the cylinders and the block had a bit more clearance to the eye where the con rods spun past the webs, again, nobody knew. You might guess as to the origin of some things and if they were truly Canadian as the Tonawanda name suggests, then they were only on Canadian books or either on no books. The lifters being of two distinct types was strange all in itself. But that engine was a runner. No telling why it was stuck in that car. I began to wonder about how many cars were made with experimental engines put in them. That’s all I could do though. The trail led nowhere. BTW, when that car was new it had single exhaust and one of those tiny air horn cleaners on it with a heat riser for the choke. I asked my dad one day if he’d like his car to get better mileage and more power. Of course he would. I removed the outer part of the heat riser, put a longer stud in the carb and turned the air cleaner cover over. I had timed the car between two road signs before I did this. After those simply mods, I tried to time it again but it broke the rear tires loose and that fairly well told the story. When I tromped on it and the rear came loose you couldn’t have slapped the smile off my dad’s face. I did a bit of air adj. to the carb too and it got even better mileage and of course, more power. After I got the car from my dad, I installed tube headers and duals with Corvair turbo mufflers. That sumbitch would get it after that and then it got new Pirelli speed rated radials and would literally sling you around with the new station wagon springs I installed on it. That was a bench seat that a seat belt helped a lot on. I kick myself because I knew that car had a nylon timing gear and should have changed it. You never knew what you’d get with GM back then, much like Forrest’s box of chocolates. A friend’s uncle had a ’70 model Chevy pickup with a two barrel “396” in it. It was a holy terror power-wise. It might have been the regular 402 or it could have been a 427 or just about anything. It would outrun the state trooper Fury lll like it was tied down. Sounds very strange. I thought chevy V8s of the era were all non-interference. Why would the valves bend from a timing gear failure on a non-interference engine? Not that you’d be BSing me with a campfire story or anything but such things are the tell tale signs of mythical engines that when found today are big money cars. Tonawanda is GM engine plant btw that occasionally provided an interesting engine or two apparently. Funny…..my boyfriend 35 years ago (spouse now) drove a police Fury III. He had a top quarter horse colt that an old fellow traded the car for the colt. He was only 10th grade, but a car was ABSOLUTELY necessary for a young guy back then. It is nice to think back on the pre-computer days when freedom was far greater and nanny-state regulations far fewer. Fury III ROCKED, then after four years, it just died. I am glad that old thing got him to college a year. Speaking of dying, the colt turned out to be an exceptional roping horse. At a rodeo, a backfire spooked him and he broke away and ran out into the road and hit a car. Hi Sally, IIRC, the police car with the highest recorded top speed was a 440-powered Polara, which managed an almost unbelievable 150 MPH in 1969… with a three-speed Torqueflite automatic! Yeah, those Fury IIIs had 2:76 rear axle ratios so they had one hell of a top end… I once had the opportunity to flog a similar Mopar – ’71 GTX 440 4 barrel. That was one of the scariest-fast cars I have ever had the good luck to pilot. Speedo registered 130-plus and the thing was still pulling like Saturn V. I lost my nerve before it ran out of power. I recently busted my knuckles on a 2007 Silverado. It was a mix of SAE and metric. Still didn’t finish the change over after 30 years. Must be a GM thing. My modern fords are all metric. I want simple inexpensive metric only tool kit for trunk duty but all anyone makes have both metric and inch tools. Maybe GM is why. Still? Holy crap! I figured my 1980 Malibu was just a changeover year. Years ago I had an 88 Celebrity wagon. 2.8 V6, auto, 200+k. It needed tires, brakes, shocks/struts and a full exhaust system, but it got me where I needed to go. When the water pump went, so did the wagon.

Acrylic – Mettersi in Linea 69/16 cm. La seduzione della corruzione nell’uomo moderno. La primavera araba figlia di un algoritmo, oggi immersi nella piena distrazione mentre la casa prende fuoco. Tanto dolore, campanelle cantano, Mia sotto il letto, ed io con tre spaghetti in mano, tento smontare cucina per il bianco che rende tutto più neutro, mette in evidenza l’atto. Mi piace così tanto il silenzio che nei momenti vuoti trovo il pieno. – Surriscaldamento Planetario 20/20 cm. (La cucciola sta meglio) Archivio della categoria: тезис THESIS Accademia di Belle Arti – Catania 2007 CLAUDIO AREZZO DI TRIFILETTI, IN THE PANORMANA OF MODERN ART BRUT BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGY AND TRUTH By Daniela La Magna, editor Elio Calabresi Claudio Arezzo di Trifiletti is a genius. Recent studies carried out by Cambridge University argue that with genes “you are born and become”. In that sense, the innate abilities in humans, which they have in any given field, if not taken care of or carried out with great study or with a constant work, you will relentlessly lose them. This case regards Claudio’s effort in a field that already as a child sent him infinite impulses and signals: Art. If Mozart from age three when he began to play the violin had not gone on to start his career as a composer, his music probably would not exist today. This, for many, could be a predictable idea, but in the course of our lives we have all embarked on paths as children and then, for one reason or another, we lost control. As it happens, Claudio Arezzo grew up in a family of noble origin, of artists and architects, where his eyes were always in close contact with lines, drawings, paintings, short, with many different kinds of art-making; as a child, everything led him to have a careful and deep projection into this kind of thing and to life in relation to people. Two roads that may appear separate and distinct but are, in fact, inseparable and interconnected. This is to explain one of the philosophies of the same artist for whom life sometimes put us ahead of the signals to follow and just listening to our conscience or our “soul”, we have the opportunity to take them on and not abandon them after long periods of reflection. As a child, he learned that the paintings in ancient times were made with egg yolk and experimented his teachings painting houses, boats and everything that his eyes could find “beautiful” and deep, as his first canvas made at the age of seven, which represents a single boat in the middle of the sea with a man rowing on board. He thinks of beauty as the norm, with a view of the norms, however, from the eyes of a pure soul. Those who recall the speech of the child who creates with such freedom that assimilates all that is turned into a thought drawn. This is noted by the young artist’s own words: “Sometimes the emptiness is more positive than something full, as it can be filled again”. The frenzy, speed, making art part of this, first the child and the adult Claudio then, have the same ability to open up completely to the thousands of images, and the endless thoughts galloping continuously in their mind, sometimes even closing eyes, these are delineated almost by themselves in a kind of free association reasoned as actually lived with the body and the spirit. Emotions are crucial for this artist. Lover of travel, of life and of the relationship that he can establish with people. The confusion that his works apparently transmit is the same chaos of the world in which we are destined to live and with whom we deal with every day of our lives. Art made of modernity, in which the artist grows with experience as the age of a man stretches out with time. His experiences called the “messages”, they sometimes come from other outside “consciousness”. The problems of a boy who lives in a family with divorced parents did not shake him until the age of adolescence, where he noted in a more accentuated the lack of a family union. Over time, this has been compensated with friends and by always staying in the midst of many people thanks to Catania, which offers so much as a city with a great number of young people. “P.R.” for a time and the owner of the alternative nightclub of Catania, starting at the age of about 16 his work becomes living in contact with people. People like him, his peers, were able to let him develop a great sense of observation to his life and the context in which it is operating over the years. An important spiritual path consisted of a trip to India. Here Claudio Arezzo, also influenced by the philosophies of the place, opened his mind and realizes that his place is stuck not in the middle of rules and compromises, but in the middle of the freest form of expression; one that is artistic. Photography, sculpture, installation and painting start to get the perfect furniture for his “Museum House Under Mount Etna.” Furniture that covers everything, as the magma of our volcano, but certainly not for the style in which these works are carried out. In the painting technique of Claudio Arezzo di Trifiletti, which he calls “footprint”, an important role has the breath, a breath that puts him in contact with the life that resides in all things. The doctrine that everything has a soul, he argues that “everything is imbued with life,” leads him to draw on his work whatever image may appear before the moment of creation, these, says the artist, come from things same: a wall, a stained cloth, a piece of antique furniture. The case has nothing to do with this kind of art-making, rather we can hazard a guess at the conclusion that his works are made using the technique of “psychic automatism” used in the past by the surrealists . As argued Breton: “Pure psychic automatism, by which one proposes to express, either verbally, or in writing, or by any other manner, the real functioning of thought. Dictation of thought in the absence of all control exercised by reason, outside of all aesthetic and moral preoccupation[…]the omnipotence of dream, in the disinterested play of thought. “This lack of control exercised by reason, however, should not make us think that when the artists work in this way they do absolutely blind. In reality, the surrealists were referring only to the fact that “the conscious mind constantly gives feedback on what is possible and what is not, “thereby affecting the free expression of creativity. For this reason, the dream is seen as an escape route from this world, and a fundamental means that we can trick the control of the will on the shares. The unconscious then states surrealism is expressed in dreams through free forms of association, that is, leaving an idea to follow another without the usual logical sequence of reasoning, but automatically, based on a freedom that flees from any control a moral, ethical or cultural. Substantial difference, however, between the works of Claudius and those of the surrealists is that, his limbs draw figures, prints previously created with the smudge the canvas with any type of mixture, such as dirt, biological fluids, water and others, are created almost spontaneously. The significance that he gives each work is in itself, since those figures amorphous, those gnomes, those masks, those mutilated bodies, those expressions sad, angry or smiling, they are always filtered through his mind, and the result of his own experiences life. The memory of a moment or simply the strong emotions of a given situation, may be the cause for the creation of an extraordinary work of art, as in the case of one of his earliest works entitled “Destiny”, in which the artist recounts all the events and the way that, without being fully conscious at the time, would soon be undertaken. This was painted with a single color (acrylic magenta) are depicted many passages of his later life, such as being vegetarian and today a labyrinth that, according to the artist himself, it represents the path of life that every man is starting Trinity will wrap up with a long “hermitage” to rediscover one’s own self, to go back to basics and to the side of God. Some of his works are linked together, so that one is his state of mind and his breath, with the color smooth, flat, often monochrome but with some shade of “dirt”, scattered over the surface, then, without the presence of his fingerprints, and another, on the other hand, is portrayed all thinking, what we are capable of feeling more powerfully, which is located in the first layer of our mind, made up of shapes and images that often cannot be identified if not carefully observed. Claudio Arezzo compares painting to lava, in which a person, staring at with their attention, “can find beings from the most varied forms.”The color is scattered at high speed on the surface previously cleaned, always following to his psyche and his subconscious. The moment it starts to invade the surface (walls, canvas, wood, objects of common life), the artist enters a sort of trance in which he began to sweat and his hand, means of connection between the conscious, subconscious and work to achieve, start moving very fast. In these rapid movements begin to be reflected in all his visions, his mind begins to talk to him. Everything around him has a key role to facilitate this sacred moment, like the music, the mere sound of the wind or the waves of the sea. You could define an artist’s romanticism if we think of the fact that the artist pointed to the rediscovery of romantic fantasy and irrationality, feeling and naivety in an intimate fusion between man and nature to give birth to new inspirations and new poetic sensibility, preferring to very dark or very light colors. However, it is also true that Claudio Arezzo di Trifiletti investigates the most hidden sides of his psyche, the irrational dream, but he’s never been a man instead were defined by a rebellious attitude, as many artists of the Romantic period were, and never favored landscapes as a subject for his painting, in sharp contrast with most of the works of the romantics. moreover, in many of his works is a faith in God, absolutely not considered by the romantics of the past. Many of his works may seem grotesque, but this really is nothing that depict the loss of values in a world where people kill each other, something in which the artist cannot find a logical sense. Making art for him walking hand in hand with the world that surrounds him, this loss of values, the company that encages us day after day, more and more of the “boxes”, where man no longer has the opportunity to explore with the mind they do come to the conclusion that his work should not fight the world, but to represent messages capable of opening the minds of those who observe: “message of Peace”. In fact, while not representing his views in a “esthetically pleasing way”, the purity and the great positive thinking that we are transmitting the confirmation of their inner goodness. In fact, when it comes to his works in the first sensation is that of a total loss, after a few moments, however, can be seen in these endless symbologies, infinite input that we could compare to a news program. This is because the news is always talking about real facts and never intended for us, but at the same time, when we see the news, we are conscious of the fact that one day they might be of much closer concern to us. Thus, the fear and amazement take over. All for this the artist, no longer a beginner and with a well-defined philosophical and social thoughts, comes from within and not from outside. “Our heart is speaking to us from an early age, but only with the experience of a human being can understand what is right and what is not”. His art is born from the inner need to immerse themselves in a dimension where humans reside all those feelings born from its earliest beginnings: “His attitude, the vision that he has towards his surroundings reflect all of the artist’s brutality, against the academic impositions, as it manifests itself in the happiness of not to have attended an art institute or academy, and those the world, while always having the full respect of all that surrounds him and in full consciousness and pride of being too simple a creature of God in search of his inner balance you let go without any inhibitions. “Look in the dark with my eyes open to see the forms.” A complete artist, but still in the testing phase as he touches upon all fields of art making manifest only in some, such as photography and painting for some time now, a full growth and uniformity in style. His readymades, which he prefers to call “installations” are reworking of objects of everyday life that are made, not to impose his artistic and raise the common object in the sacred pedestal of the art world, such as those of their creator Marcel Duchamp, but to impress the most intimate that these meanings are giving more to the philosophy that everything has a soul. The “installations” by Claudio Arezzo are a mixture of collage, sculpture and painting, comparable to “combine-paintings” of Rauschenberg, works are full of mysticism, that capture the viewer and drag them into the vortex of mystery in a done in the past. In these we see a continuous research, a subtle disturbance of the soul, a restlessness, partly due to the color that glides on the surface smearing and mixing itself. Reuse of waste materials to redeem his life: “redeem the life of the material is the only way left to us to redeem our souls from this company”, says the artist. Each of his works and every object touched by his art, highly autobiographical, so it becomes a record, like a diary where inner pinning all his experience and his growth. This is also why his works can often seem created in different styles. Otherwise, although often similar to the style with which he paints on the canvas, are his “drawn thoughts”. These are created mainly in pen or pencil, mazes where the figures are swallowed together into a vortex that sucks them very quickly. These thoughts, apparently sketches for future work are, in fact , works in their own right. They maintain a close connection with graffitism, which is based on the concept of expressing their creativity in design (sketch and stylization of the figures represented), and the myth. Claudio Arezzo, however, does not look at the myth of ancient art, rather it is interpreted by him as the source of ourselves, with no reference to the case or the nature, if not man as such with his whole being positive and negative with the close bond that binds him to God and the afterlife . “I do not think I’m a good at drawing, my teacher is time, in my painting, I represent myself, my thoughts. I believe in art, because it brings me closer to God when I create; I feel free. Study the moments, discovering infinite space, I become the protagonist of an ongoing experiment. “The drawing is known to be the first form of expression and it is born from this need and are manufactured in the most common of the life of a person, which stays on the phone, or sitting at a table with other people. His works change colors, gesture, depending on the experiences that influence it. Little by little, looking, one gets the impression that his style is aligning with the passage of time. A work for peace: “Imprints New York” To date, only 31 years, the artist of Catania has had fourteen exhibitions in two years, including participation in the III Salon International d’Art Figuratif of Paris in 2004 and the Bramante room for the Biennale of Rome of 2006. His most significant “adventure”, however, is much more recent. It is his first solo show in New York, from the 9th to 22ndof April in 2007, at which time Arezzo justifiably wanted to name his “imprints” Footprints. “There is no being that does not leave its traces, and these are the testimony of his coming to this world. Infinite are the traditions, philosophies, religions, customs, attempting to divide the thought of living on this earth. Through this project demonstrates the equality of all present, who trample on the canvas, which is the ground on which they walk, the ‘World’. This is a demonstration of a company of colors, shapes and feelings, contrastandosi between them, giving rise to stories and representations of reality through contemporary living being”. These are the words of the artist explaining what his journey it consists of, the breaking point between the wire for as was seen in the past and is now used as the same in the third millennium. The artist in New York, the capital of contemporary art, makes an important note: if Pollock was, in fact, capable of destroying forever the concept of the picture with the invention of the drippings in 1947, in which the canvas was stretched out on the floor to give a chance to the viewer to walk around the same artist, to get into it, so that his works were acts only recording of its passage, without the representation of recognizable images. Today, our artist Catania, Claudio Arezzo di Trifiletti is not the only one to touch and get involved in his work as he is the creator. He does the work “with the viewer”. This is not three-dimensional works in which the viewer can get in touch as in “ball suspended” by Giacometti, or “floors” by Carl Andre, but once again the capital of contemporary art, the art takes on a new meaning. The artist is always and only one but without all the souls that shape his work, they make their presence, which intrude their soul in that field that did not belong to him; the work might not be the same and not emanate the same energy. Claudio Arezzo prefers this, just in his work, can also get into the rest of humanity. “The streets of Manhattan are filled with white linens and oily substances that will allow fingerprints of passersby to leave a permanent mark”. So he wants to capture the energy and the lives of all those who have passed on to those sheets that are impregnated with dreams, anxieties, feelings, all those events that are common to each and every individual on any day of his life in this world, who can enjoy the gift of life. The mutilated bodies reappear, are pieces of a life lived in a flowing entity constantly evolving. His message of peace is so easily recognizable in three main forms: giving the same importance to the various streets of New York City absolutely interracial and intercultural following them day after day, as in wanting to collect the different feelings of the people who live, the lowering of the artist to the field of the common man, with his talk with people, invite them to pass on its future work, the creation of shapes that intertwine with each other, no matter what color, blue, gray pink, “express the inner man closely related to today’s society”. The characters present embrace, struggling. As you observe, scrutinize, they dance with each other, in the love of life and in opposition to the war, in a huge embrace of brotherhood. Seemingly obscure works always have, in fact, a positive message sent by an artist of noble birth but apparently also of the heart. These in fact, “do not want to disturb the viewer, not the result of a troubled soul, but they tend to analyze the decadence of human values. With the hope of a happier future union between man and man”. “New York, February 27, 2007 I walk around wearing a badge with the words “feeling is believing”, the sheets lie in the streets more strategically, I like the people who live here. The air and full of life. When the sheets are lain, people do not understand, then you begin, turn on incense, shake hands, look. I smile, I communicate with gestures and then to all those that rise above I extend the invitation to the event[…]I invite all who are rich, poor, Black, Chinese, Italian, American, are all part of the same world, we all walk over these sheets over this world, and must help to preserve the life that makes us all share in this miracle”. Claudio Arezzo di Trifiletti, contemporary writings. Conclusion: In all these lines I talked about the beautiful and the ugly, the two principles are impossible to funnel everyone into a container because, thanks to the different identity, the subjective and objective vision that we have of ourselves and towards what surrounds us, every man can be proud of being different from others. The tastes that make each of us to follow their own path. The primary art, the one that first comes into our subconscious and then comes to life in the external manifestations, as in a child’s mental associations that eventually gets to draw a house with the eyes and mouth, is the purest that can exist. As I mentioned the “make marks on a surface” represents the first form of expression and the meanings that are attributed to these marks are what comes from the depths of our mind and soul. I chose Claudio Arezzo di Trifiletti to represent my thinking because his art is a pure manifestation of the world that surrounds him, extremely contemporary and at the same time infinitely intimate and subjective. The expression in these forms is mainly due to the sad and nasty world to which we belong. An artist, a man of highest sensitivity, cannot express himself with flowery landscapes if yesterday an individual killed his wife and son. The only solution is a language that dissociates completely from the world around him, while recounting the events , with a style free from any compromise. Art Brut was talking about Dubuffet is always in our midst. Seize this thought means to have a higher sensitivity. The art of fighting without wars is today the world around him. Paintings, installations, three-dimensional works, they all have the same characteristics when viewed with the eye of the contemporary. There is no work of art today that is not filtered by the mind, without a strong emotional content. The works of Claudio Arezzo di Trifiletti need to be deciphered in careful study and deep thought, but, at the same time, the man who is an individual creates simple, pure from his soul . Only his knowledge of being the same as everyone else makes him an brutal artist, infantile in a positive sense, that is open to all stimuli that are given from the outside, inclined to learn only what is most important is without being influenced by evil. The biggest news of the work of Claudio Arezzo lies down in the field as an artist, but mostly as a man, a man like any other with the only difference that records what he sees and feels, while all the rest of humanity is too busy to carry out work for a company that goes lower and lower, with total disregard for the values of which he does not even remember the names. The world of artistic expression is a mixture of current trends and, therefore, often requires a suspension of final and precise judgment. Today, close to the art world, there is also the real world, a world that is slowly making us abandon ourselves, only to find oneself having to go our way with the constant risk of losing. I conclude with a poem that comes closest to my thinking on this topic: The Righteous A man who cultivates a garden, as Voltaire wished. He who is grateful for the existence of music. He who takes pleasure discovering an etymology. Two employees at a cafe in the South play a silent game of chess. The potter, contemplating a color and shape. A typographer who sets this page well, maybe not like. A woman and a man who read the end of a singing trios. He who strokes a sleeping animal. He who justifies, or wishes justify a wrong they have done himself. He who is grateful for the existence of Stevenson. He who prefers others to be right. These people, unaware, are saving the world. George Luis Borges “It is important to believe in your soul, that it can know of the youngest and the oldest. The soul does not belong to the body, but it is the body that belongs to the Soul. I think that there is an energy, above good and evil, this energy is omniscient because it draws on experience from the life and continues his creations”. Claudio Arezzo di Trifiletti

Abstract Introduction: In June 2019, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended shared clinical decision making (SCDM) regarding human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for adults 27 to 45 years. Our objectives were to assess among primary care physicians 1) recent practice regarding HPV vaccination for adults 27 to 45 years, 2) knowledge of HPV and the new SCDM recommendation, and 3) attitudes toward and anticipated effect of the new SCDM recommendation. Methods: From October to December 2019, we administered an Internet and mail survey to national networks of 494 general internist (GIM) and 474 family physician (FP) members of the American College of Physicians and American Academy of Family Physicians, respectively. Results: Response rate was 64% (617/968; GIM, 57%; FP, 71%). Fifty-eight percent were aware of the new ACIP recommendation; 42% had recommended HPV vaccination to adults 27 to 45 years, but most had administered HPV vaccine to very few of these patients (73% to 0% and 22% to 1 to 3). Fifty-five percent and 63% were unaware that HPV vaccination does not prevent progression of existing HPV-related cancers or infections, respectively and 57% were not sure what to emphasize when having a SCDM conversation about HPV vaccination. A majority reported they will be more likely recommend HPV vaccination to adults in the 27-to-45-year age range as a result of the new recommendation. Conclusions: Physicians are interested in recommending HPV vaccination for adults age 27 to 45 years despite ACIP not routinely recommending it in this age range. The majority need more education about the optimal use of HPV vaccine in this age group. - Cancer - Family Physicians - Immunization - Papillomavirus Infections - Papillomavirus Vaccines - Primary Health Care - Surveys and Questionnaires Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States.1 Most HPV infections are asymptomatic and resolve spontaneously; nonetheless, some will become chronic and can cause genital warts and various types of cancer, most frequently oropharyngeal, cervical, or anal cancer, usually decades after initial infection.2 Each year approximately 34,800 new cases of HPV-attributable cancer occur in the United States.3 Since 2006, 3 different HPV vaccines have been approved for use in the United States. A 9-valent HPV vaccine (9vHPV), which is currently the only HPV vaccine distributed in the United States, protects against HPV types that cause 90% of genital warts and 92% of HPV-related cancers.3 Until recently, 9vHPV was only licensed for use in adolescents and young adults less than 27 years.4⇓⇓–7 However, some men and women remain at risk for new HPV infections throughout their sexually active lives and HPV vaccines have been shown to be immunogenic in men age 27 to 45 years and to prevent persistent infection and HPV-related precancerous lesions in women age 27 to 45 years.8⇓⇓⇓⇓–13 Countries have had different approaches in terms of licensing HPV vaccines and recommending HPV vaccination in this age range. For example, although China, Australia, Canada, and many European countries have licensed HPV vaccines through age 45 years, their national immunization programs have targeted younger age groups; outside of targeted groups, vaccination costs are either not covered or incompletely covered by national health insurance programs.14⇓–16 In October 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration expanded the licensed age range for 9vHPV in the United States from 9 to 26 years to 9 to 45 years.17 In June 2019, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) did not extend the recommendation for catch-up HPV vaccination to include adults age 27 to 45 years, but instead, noting that some adults who are not adequately vaccinated might be at risk for new HPV infections and might benefit from vaccination in this age range, recommended shared clinical decision making (SCDM) regarding potential HPV vaccination.18 Most health insurance should cover the cost of vaccination that occurs as a result of SCDM recommended by ACIP, under provisions of the Affordable Care Act.19 Formal publication of these recommendations in August 2019 included 8 talking points for physicians to consider when having a SCDM conversation with adults age 27 to 45 years about receiving HPV vaccination, including epidemiology of HPV infections and disease, vaccine efficacy and effectiveness in various age groups, characteristics of HPV vaccines including their expected prophylactic rather than therapeutic effects, and that no antibody test is available to determine whether someone is still susceptible to HPV infections that the vaccination can prevent.18 Previous surveys of predominately insured American women in this age range have found that most would choose to receive HPV vaccination if it was approved for use in this age range.20,21 Because a physician recommendation has been identified as an important predictor of receipt of vaccinations among adults in general22–25 and HPV vaccination in particular,26 the objectives of this study were to assess among US primary care physicians 1) recent practice regarding HPV vaccination in adults age 27 to 45 years, 2) knowledge of HPV and the new SCDM recommendation, and 3) attitudes toward and anticipated effect of the new SCDM recommendation. Methods Study Setting From October 2019 to January 2020, a survey was administered to a national network of physicians who spent at least 50% of their time practicing primary care. The human subjects review board at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus approved this study as exempt research. Study Population The Vaccine Policy Collaborative Initiative, a survey entity to assess physician practice and attitudes about vaccines and vaccine policy, working with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, developed and conducted the survey among physician networks designed to be representative of the American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Family Physician memberships.27–28 These physician networks are similar to physicians randomly sampled from the American Medical Association Masterfile with respect to demographics and attitudes regarding vaccines.27 Study Design The survey asked about whether HPV vaccines were stocked in the practice, and about physician behavior regarding recommending the vaccine for various groups of adults age 27 to 45 years: 1) healthy adults, 2) those with an immunocompromising condition, 3) those with a new sex partner, 4) those who have multiple sex partners, 5) those in a mutually monogamous sexual relationship, and 6) men who have sex with men. The survey assessed frequency in the past 3 months patients in this age range had requested HPV vaccination (“never,” “rarely,” “sometimes,” “almost always/always”) and how often physicians had given it (“0,” “1 to 3,” “4 to 9,” and “10 or more”). Physicians were asked about the types of patients age 27 to 45 years who had requested it (worried adults who have low risk for HPV-related disease, adults at high risk for HPV-related disease, adults who are planning to have a new sex partner, and adults who already have an HPV-related infection or disease). Physicians were presented with a series of true and false questions aimed to assess knowledge of HPV disease and vaccination and including a “do-not-know” response option. Four-point Likert scales were used to assess physician attitudes regarding HPV vaccination for adults age 27 to 45 years (“strongly agree” to “strongly disagree”). Physicians were provided the following information: The ACIP did not recommend routine catch-up vaccination for adults age 27 to 45 years. However, because some adults in this age range are at risk for new HPV infection and might benefit from vaccination, ACIP recommended SCDM for these individuals, and the survey asked about prior awareness of this recommendation. Physicians were then asked how the new recommendation affects how they will recommend HPV vaccination to adults in this age range in the future, with 3 response options (“I will be less likely to recommend,” “My recommendation will not change,” and “I will be more likely to recommend”). A national advisory panel of general internists (GIM) (n = 3) and family physicians (FP) (n = 4) pretested the survey, which was then modified based on feedback. The survey was then pilot tested among 60 GIM and 8 FP nationally and further modified based on their feedback. Survey Administration Per individual physician preference, the survey was sent by e-mail or through US mail. The e-mail group was sent an initial e-mail and up to 8 e-mail reminders, and the US mail group was sent an initial mailing and up to 2 additional reminders. Nonrespondents in the e-mail group were also sent up to 2 surveys by US mail. Due to an initial low response rate, GIM nonresponders received an additional reminder in a hand-written envelope.28 The mail protocol was patterned on Dillman’s Tailored Design Method.29 The survey was administered 4 months after the ACIP vote in June 2019 and 2 months after formal publication of the recommendation for SCDM regarding HPV vaccination of adults age 27 to 45 years.18 Statistical Analysis Results were similar by specialty so are presented together, with significant differences highlighted. Respondents and nonrespondents were compared on all available characteristics using t-test, chi-squared tests, and Wilcoxon tests, as appropriate. Chi-squared tests were used to compare responses over all response categories between specialties and to assess the potential associations between knowledge of the new ACIP recommendation and having recommended HPV vaccination in the past. Chi-squared tests and Fisher exact tests were used to compare physicians who had and who had not recommended HPV vaccination to adults age 27 to 45 years in the past and likelihood of doing so based on the new ACIP recommendation. All analyses were performed using SAS, version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Results The overall response rate was 64% (617/968); 71% (336/474) for FP and 57% (281/494) for GIM. Characteristics of respondents and nonrespondents are shown in Table 1. Respondents and nonrespondents did not differ by census location (urban, suburban, or rural), region, or whether decisions regarding purchasing and handling of vaccines by the practice were made independently or at a larger system level. Male and older physicians and physicians from private and smaller practices were less likely to respond. Demographic and Practice Characteristics of Survey Respondents and Non-Respondents, United States, 2019-2020 (n = 968) Recent Practice Regarding HPV Vaccination for Adults Age 27 to 45 Years Seventy-four percent of respondents reported that 9vHPV was stocked in their practice (FP, 83% and GIM, 64%; P < .0001 for difference between specialties). Forty-two percent of physicians had recommended HPV vaccination to adults age 27 to 45 years in the past; 35% to adults with multiple sex partners, 33% to men who have sex with men, 29% to adults with a new sex partner, 27% to adults with an immunocompromising condition, and 15% to adults in a mutually monogamous sexual relationship. Seventy-three percent had not administered HPV vaccine to any adult in this age range in the past 3 months; 22% had administered to 1 to 3 patients, 4% to 4 to 9 patients, and only 1% had administered to > 10 patients. Physician Perception of Patients Age 27 to 45 Years Requesting HPV Vaccine Regarding how often their patients age 27 to 45 years had requested HPV vaccination in the past 3 months without the physician bringing it up, 5% of physicians reported “sometimes,” 25% reported “rarely,” and 70% reported “never.” GIM were more likely than FP to report receiving requests (8% sometimes/21% rarely for GIM vs 3% sometimes/27% rarely for FP; P = .02 for the difference between specialties over all response categories). Respondents with patients 27 to 45 years who had requested an HPV vaccination (n = 186), reported that the following types of patients had requested it: adults at high risk for HPV-related disease (57%), worried adults at low risk for HPV-related disease (53%), adults who already had an HPV-related infection or disease (48%), and adults who were planning to have a new sex partner (41%). Physician Knowledge of HPV Disease and Vaccination Almost all physicians stated correctly that adults who have a new partner may be at risk of acquiring a new HPV infection (Table 2). A majority knew the vaccination series consists of 3 doses when started as an adult, the series can be completed with 9vHPV even if initiated with a different HPV vaccine, there is no HPV antibody testing needed before vaccination and ACIP does not recommend against vaccinating adults with multiple sex partners or who have a diagnosed HPV infection. A majority did not know that HPV vaccination does not prevent progression of existing HPV-related cancers or infections and that HPV vaccine effectiveness is lower in adults age 27 to 45 years compared with adults age 18 to 26 years. More FP than GIM answered correctly that when the HPV vaccination series is started with a different HPV vaccine, the series can be completed with 9vHPV (71% FP vs 57% GIM; P ≤ .001) and that when HPV vaccination is started as an adult 3 doses are recommended (59% FP vs 51% of GIM; P = .03). Physician Knowledge of HPV Disease and HPV Vaccination, United States, 2019 to 2020 (n = 617) Physician Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding SCDM Recommendation for HPV Vaccination Before reading the information provided in the survey, 58% of respondents were aware of the recommendation for SCDM regarding HPV vaccination of adults age 27 to 45 years. Knowledge of the ACIP recommendation was associated with having recommended HPV vaccination to an adult in this age group in the past (59% of those aware had recommended in the past vs 19% who were unaware, P ≤ .001). Over half of physicians (16% strongly agreed, 41% somewhat agreed) were unsure of what points to emphasize when having a SCDM conversation about HPV vaccination with an adult age 27 to 45 years. GIM were more likely to be unsure of what points to emphasize (GIM 19% strongly agreed/44% somewhat agreed vs FP 13% strongly/38% somewhat agreed, P = .01). Anticipated Effect of ACIP Recommendation on Physician Recommendation for HPV Vaccination in Adults Age 27 to 45 Years Figure 1 shows how the ACIP recommendation would affect physicians’ practices regarding HPV vaccination for particular groups overall and stratified by whether physicians had already recommended HPV vaccination to those groups. Almost all physicians who had recommended HPV vaccination to adults age 27 to 45 years would either not change behavior (ie, would continue to recommend) or would be more likely to recommend HPV vaccination to adults in this age range. Compared with physicians who had recommended HPV vaccination previously, more physicians who had not done so previously were now more likely to recommend HPV vaccination for all groups of adults in this age range (P < .001), except to healthy adults without known risk factors, and to adults in a mutually monogamous sexual relationship. Only 5% of physicians had not recommended HPV vaccination to any group and were not planning to change behavior (ie, would continue to not recommend). Anticipated changes in physician practice following ACIP recommendation for SCDM regarding HPV vaccination of adults 27 to 45 years, United States, 2019 to 2020 (n = 534). Abbreviations: ACIP, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices; SCDM, shared clinical decision making; HPV, Human Papillomavirus. Discussion This is the first study to evaluate the physician perspective on the new ACIP recommendation regarding HPV vaccination for adults age 27 to 45 years. Although the data show that nearly half of physicians had recommended HPV vaccination to an adult in this age group, most had not yet administered it in the several months after the new recommendation was made and published. Fifty-eight percent of physicians knew of the SCDM recommendation and knowledge of this recommendation was associated with having recommended HPV vaccination to an adult in this age range. The vast majority of surveyed physicians, regardless of their previous practices regarding adults in this age range, reported the new recommendation would increase their likelihood of recommending HPV vaccination to adults age 27 to 45 years. The majority of physicians were knowledgeable about other aspects of HPV vaccination recommendations (Table 2); however, some were not aware the vaccination series can be completed with 9vHPV even if initiated with another HPV vaccine, the recommended series for adults initiating vaccination is 3 doses, and that antibody testing is not recommended. FPs were slightly more knowledgeable than GIM about other vaccination recommendations, likely as a result of caring for adolescents for whom there has been a longstanding routine recommendation for HPV vaccination. Gaps in knowledge of HPV disease and vaccination identified here indicate physicians may be overestimating the benefits of HPV vaccination for some populations. Although HPV vaccination is highly effective when given before first exposure to HPV, HPV vaccination does not prevent the progression of existing HPV infections or disease.30,31 The finding that only 38% of physicians knew HPV vaccine does not prevent the progression of HPV infection are in contrast to a 2010 study of Australian primary care physicians which showed almost all (95%) were aware of this.32 In addition, many physicians were not aware HPV vaccine effectiveness is lower in adults age 27 to 45 years than in younger individuals. Because many adults have already been exposed to HPV, vaccine effectiveness is lower with increasing age. Thus, the public health benefit of HPV vaccination over age 26 years is expected to be minimal.18 Knowledge gaps among physicians may make it challenging for them to have a SCDM conversation with adults about HPV vaccination and likely contribute to physicians being unsure of what to emphasize during such conversations. There are several other factors to consider as well. First, to inform a SCDM conversation, physicians need to ascertain sexual history. Although sexual history taking by primary care physicians has not been extensively studied, at least one study, conducted before any ACIP HPV vaccination recommendations, indicated that almost half of physicians did not take a sexual history as part of an annual examination; very few physicians asked about sexual history during every visit.33 Second, it is inherently difficult to know which adults might benefit from HPV vaccination because this depends on both past and future exposures to vaccine-type HPV through sexual activity. This may be one reason why physicians, particularly those who had previously recommended HPV vaccination for adults in this age range, did not make specific distinctions in their recommendations to various risk groups. Third, SCDM conversations may be viewed as potentially time-consuming, a challenge when there are time constraints during a primary care visit as the complexity and number of tasks for physicians to address per visit has increased.34,35 Our findings suggest most physicians plan to recommend HPV vaccination to at least some adults in this age group. The ACIP recommendation states, “HPV vaccination does not need to be discussed with most adults aged > 26 years.”18 This is an important consideration as there is a global HPV vaccine shortage.36 The focus should remain on vaccinating adolescent and young adult populations who are most likely to benefit; to date, the US HPV vaccination program, targeting these younger groups, has been successful at reducing vaccine-type HPV infections and related diseases37 and has been cost effective and potentially even cost saving.38 Extending vaccination to all adults age 27 to 45 years is predicted to have little impact on morbidity and mortality, resulting in considerably less favorable cost effectiveness ratios than vaccinating younger populations.39 Although this survey includes nationally representative samples of primary care physicians who care for adults in the United States and the response rate was high, the findings are subject to several limitations. Males; older physicians; and physicians from smaller, private practices are somewhat underrepresented in these findings and thus may limit the generalizability of the results. There may be an element of social desirability bias in terms of physicians reporting they will recommend this vaccine even though the survey included information stating that ACIP does not routinely recommend HPV vaccination for adults. The report of likelihood of vaccinating may not translate into actually vaccinating, and the number of adults anticipated to be vaccinated could not be quantified from the survey. In addition, we did not ask physicians specifically about having a SCDM conversation about HPV vaccination. Primary care physicians, key stakeholders in the acceptability of HPV vaccination among adults 27 to 45 years, expressed great interest in vaccinating this age-group against HPV, despite the lack of a routine recommendation from ACIP. Addressing knowledge deficits identified in this survey could assist physicians in implementing a recommendation for SCDM with their patients. Development of a decision aid, which has been suggested to improve the quality of SCDM,40 may be helpful in prompting physicians to assess relevant patient history, to cull the 8 talking points provided in the ACIP recommendation, and clearly convey knowledge concepts and thus support physicians having conversations with adults age 27 to 45 years about HPV vaccination. Acknowledgments The authors thank Selam Wubu, MPH; and Darilyn Moyer, MD from the ACP; and Amy Mullins, MD; and Bellinda Schoof, MHA from the AAFP for collaborating in the establishment of the sentinel networks in general internal medicine and family medicine. We would also like to thank all general internists and family physicians in the networks for participating and responding to this survey. Notes This article was externally peer reviewed. Conflict of interest: None. Funding: This publication was supported by Cooperative Agreement Number 1 U01 IP000849-03, funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. To see this article online, please go to:. - Received for publication August 3, 2020. - Revision received September 18, 2020. - Accepted for publication September 21, 2020.

This top-rated Wellness and Paleo Health Podcast focuses on the inside secrets of truly modern health care and the best way to eat. Amazing guests – doctors, chefs, authors, coaches, filmmakers and more. Some shows feature me talking solo based on 36 years in clinical practice. If you like my podcast, please leave a rating. Thanks. Please visit Apple Podcasts or other platforms to subscribe to Primal Diet – Modern Health podcast. Or listen from these links below on your computer or phone. 2022 Podcasts: - Good Foods for Constipation Listen Now - How Low Gaba Affects You Listen now - How Anxiety and Trauma Trigger Immune Dysfunction Listen Now - Natural Help for Dry Eye Symptoms Listen Now - How to Test and Treat Insulin Resistant Weight Gain Listen Now - 7 KETO Diet Pros and Cons Listen Now - GABA & Serotonin: The Brain Quiz! Listen Now - Herpes Antiviral Support Options Listen Now 2021 Podcasts: - Low GABA Deficiency Symptoms Listen Now - Is a Low Arginine Herpes Diet Permanent? Listen Now - How to Correctly Dose Vitamin D Listen Now - Natural Help for Vertigo w. Chiropractic and Homeopathy Listen Now - Natural Flea Management Listen Now - Reasons You Have Trouble Staying Asleep Listen Now - Are You Eating Dinner Too Early? Listen Now - 5 Best Supplements for Herpes Listen Now - Help for Bunions Without Surgery Listen Now - Differences Between Fish Oil and Cod Liver Oil Listen Now - Using Zinc for Covid Loss of Taste and Smell Listen Now - Managing Herpes Without Prescription Medication Listen Now 2020 Podcasts: - Why Real Salt is So Important Listen Now - Does Candida Cause Weight Gain? Tame the Carb Beast! Listen Now - 9 Causes of Hypothyroidism You may Not Know Listen Now - Is Alzheimer’s Type 3 Diabetes of the Brain? Listen Now - When to Consider Bioidentical Hormones Listen Now - Epstein Barr Virus and Adrenal Fatigue Listen Now - How to do a (Paleo) Elimination Diet Listen Now - How to Be an Entrepreneur in the New Economy Listen Now - Natural Ways to Help Anxiety and Stress Listen Now - Preventative Support Steps for Virus and Flu Listen Now - Are Bone Broth & Collagen Safe w. Herpes and EBV? Listen Now - Heavy Metals in Baby Food: What to Avoid Listen Now - I’m a guest on Breast Cancer Conquerors podcast Listen In Here 2019 Podcasts: - Genetic Iron Overload Commonly Undiagnosed Listen Now - Walkabout Emu Oil for Skin and Vaginal Health Listen Now - Sensory Overload and the Sympathetic Nervous System Listen Now - Are Your Adrenals Affecting Your Thyroid? Listen Now - Heart Disease, Lipids & Cholesterol w. Chris Masterjohn Listen Now - Mouth Taping for Sleep, CPAP and Dry Mouth Listen Now - Regenerative Grazing with Author Judith Schwartz Listen Now - How Alkaline Water and Alkaline Diets Get it Wrong Listen Now - 10 Reasons For Your Chronic Fatigue Listen Now - The Secret Reason KETO is So Popular Listen Now - Emu Oil for Skin and Vaginal Health Listen Now - Best and Worst Foods for Herpes and Shingles Listen Now 2018 Podcasts: - Best Herbs for Natural Allergy Support Listen Now - Intermittent Fasting for Women – Pros & Cons Listen Now - Castor Oil for Dry Eye Relief Listen Now - The Gut-Adrenal Connection with Michael Ruscio Listen Now - Ancestral Foods for Healthier Cats Listen Now - Choosing Safer Sunscreen Listen Now - Paleo Snacks for Road Trips Listen Now 2017 Paleo Podcasts: - 12/21/2017: The Oral Microbiome and Dental Health Listen Now - 11/28/2017: Lies My Doctor Told Me: Medical Myths Harming Your Health Listen Now - 11/14/2017: Treat Irritable Bowel and Diarrhea with Food Listen Now - 9/21/2017: Are Eggs Causing Gallbladder Problems? Listen Now - 9/17/2017: Latin American Paleo Cooking w. Amanda Torres Listen Now - 7/19/2017: Adrenal Fatigue and the Risk Of Heat Exhaustion Listen Now - 6/27/2017: 10 Tips and Supplements for Adrenal Fatigue Repair Listen Now - 6/08/2017: Avoiding Hidden Gluten at Home and at Play Listen Now - 5/25/2017: How and Why to Tape Your Mouth at Night Listen Now - 5/08/2017: How to Reclaim Your Health with Functional Medicine Listen Now - 4/25/2017: Walkabout Emu Oil Superfood Listen Now - 4/05/2017: “The Wahls Protocol Cooking For Life” Book Review w. Terry Wahls Listen Now - 3/12/2017: “Wired To Eat” Book Review w. Robb Wolf Listen Now - 2/23/2017: Rosita Cod Liver Oil with Archie Welch Listen Now - 1/26/2017: “Heal Your Pain Now” Interview with Joe Tatta Listen Now - 1/11/2017: Cooking the Best Grains for Gluten Free or Paleo Diets Listen Now 2016 Paleo Podcasts: - 12/12/2016: 5 Calming Herbs for Sleep, Stress & Anxiety Listen Now - 11/09/2016: The Thyroid Adrenal Connection Listen Now - 10/25/2016: The Autoimmune Wellness Handbook book review and interview. Listen Now - 9/30/2016: I’m on Mark Sisson’s Primal Blueprint podcast speaking on Vitamin K2 Listen Now - 9/21/2016: The Paleo Thyroid Solution with Elle Russ Listen Now - 9/13/2016: Testosterone for Women: Dangers, Doses and Tests Listen Now - 8/24/2016: Thyroid Toxins, Nutrients and Goitrogens Listen Now - 6/07/2016: Leaky Gut Symptoms, Causes & Tests Listen Now - 5/16/2016: Beat Belly Bloat Now! A Podcast for a Flatter Figure Listen Now - 4/16/2016: Support for Shingles and Herpes Listen Now - 3/22/2016: Blood Pressure Myths and Lies Listen Now - 2/21/2016: Robb Wolf interviews me on his podcast… Listen Now - 2/14/2016: Mark Sisson on Women’s Fitness Over 40 Listen Now - 1/31/2016: Cholesterol Ban Lifted by the USDA! Listen Now 2015 Paleo Podcasts: - 11/25/2015: Calcium Deficiencies on a Paleo Diet Listen Now - 11/19/2015: Vitamin D for Depression, Cancer and Heart Disease Listen Now - 10/29/2015: Balance Your Microbiome Bacteria with Chris Kelly Listen Now - 9/26/2015: 50 Ingredients For Low Carb Paleo Smoothies Listen Now - 9/03/2015: Tony Wrighton on Zestology, Self-Hypnosis and the Alpha State Listen Now - 7/25/2015: Paleo Takeout Recipes with Russ Crandall – The Domestic Man Listen Now - 7/13/2015: Medical Marijuana, Yoga, and How to Meditate with Adam Farrah Listen Now - 7/08/2015: Natural Help for Candida with Dr. Lauren Noel Listen Now - 6/05/2015: Common Causes of Fibromyalgia Listen Now - 5/01/2015: Secrets Of Coconut Oil with Jessica Espinoza Listen Now - 4/20/2015: Roundup Herbicide, Celiac Disease and Autism Listen Now - 3/17/2015: Vitamin K2 For Calcium, Bones, Teeth and Heart Disease Listen Now - 2/14/2015: Help Stop Food Cravings! What are you really craving and why? Listen Now - 1/25/2015: Waking Up Too Early In The Morning? My personal tips! Listen Now - 1/07/2015: Dr. Terry Wahls updates on MS Research studies and new book Listen Now 2014 Paleo Podcasts: - 12/28/2014: Evan Brand of Not Just Paleo interviews me: Managing Your Mind Listen Now - 12/21/2014: Autoimmune Paleo Cooking with Mickey Trescott Listen Now - 12/10/2014: How Did the Chicken Become a Global Food Superstar? Listen Now - 11/12/2014: Tony Federico on Food and Fitness, and Grilling! Listen Now - 11/05/2014: I’m on Paleo Magazine Radio: my life, and thyroid and adrenal care. Listen Now - 11/03/2014: A Better Cod Liver Oil? With Rosita and Corganic’s Archie Welch Listen Now - 10/25/2014: Mark Rogers on The Four Pillars of human living Listen Now - 10/15/2014: Melissa Curtis interviews me: Candida, Hormones & Weight Loss Listen Now - 10/05/2014: Delicious Obsessions: Get to know Jessica Espinoza Listen Now - 9/11/2014: Mediterranean Paleo Cooking: Book Review and Interview Listen Now - 8/31/2014: Earthing! Book Review and Interview with Martin Zucker Listen Now - 8/23/2014; Fermenting Foods with Lisa’s Counter Culture Listen Now - 8/17/2014: Pure Indian Foods Ghee: Amazing Food and A Family Story Listen Now - 8/06/2014: Understanding Gelatin and Collagen Supplements: Vital Proteins Listen Now - 8/03/2014: Rubin Naiman on Treating Insomnia Naturally Listen Now - 7/12/2014: Paleo Lifestyle 101 with Evan Brand Listen Now - 7/01/2014: Autoimmune Disorders and Leaky Gut with Tara Grant Listen Now - 6/25/2014: Everyday Paleo Thai Cuisine with Sarah Fragoso Listen Now - 6/06/2014: “Paleo Girl” Book Review and Interview with Leslie Klenke Listen Now - 5/20/2014: Natural Sleep Aids You Can Start Tonight Listen Now - 4/03/2014: Exercise for Tired, Overweight Women, with Ben Greenfield Listen Now - 2/12/2014: Death By Food Pyramid: With Denise Minger Listen Now - 1/29/2014: The Wahls Protocol: Book Review and Interview Listen Now - 1/16/2014: Jennifer Fugo of Gluten Free School interviews Beverly on “Gluten, Anxiety and Neurotransmitters”. Listen Now 2013 Paleo Podcasts: - 12/19/2013: Buteyko Breathing with Patrick McKeown Listen Now - 12/16/2013: Evan Brand on “Not Just Paleo” Interviews Beverly on “Facial Structure, Sleep and Anxiety” Listen Now - 12/04/2013: “Grain Brain” Book Review and Interview with Dr. Perlmutter. Listen Now - 12/02/2013: Facial Structure, TMJ and Whole Body Health Listen Now - 10/25/2013: The Paleo Primer Book Review and Interview Listen Now - 10/18/2013: A Splendid Interview with John Durant of “The Paleo Manifesto” book Listen Now - 10/03/2013: The Perfect Human Diet Documentary w. Filmmaker CJ Hunt Listen Now - 9/25/2013: Understand and Manage Anxiety Listen Now - 9/16/2013: Primal Cuisine w. Pauli Halstead Listen Now - 9/06/2013: Help For Irritable Bowel and Colitis Listen Now - 8/23/2013: Cholesterol Clarity w. Jimmy Moore Listen Now - 8/11/2013: Dr. Jack Kruse on EMF’s Listen Now - 7/13/2013: Dr. Terry Wahls on Reversing MS with Food Listen Now - 7/03/2013: Jimmy Moore interviews Beverly on his Livin’ La Vida Low Carb Show Listen Now - 6/20/2013: Causes Of Constipation Listen Now - 6/04/2013: Digestive Health BOOK Interview with Aglaee Jacob Listen Now - 5/21/2013: Abel James; the “Fat Burning Man” Talks Listen Now - 5/16/2013: I am iterviewed on The Specific Carbohydrate Diet Podcast with SCD Lifestyle experts Jordan and Steve Listen Now - 4/15/2013: Nora Gedgaudas on Neurofeedback Listen Now - 3/28/2013: Adrenal Health: Testing and Support Listen Now - 3/09/2013: Real Food vs. The Hunger Response, with J. Stanton Listen Now - 2/14/2013: Sarah Fragoso and Jason Seib interviews Beverly on the Adrenals and Thyroid Listen Now - 2/13/2013: Fitness and Fat Loss with “The Paleo Coach” Jason Seib Listen Now - 1/20/2013: “The Vegetarian Myth” interview with Lierre Keith Listen Now - 1/10/2013: Planning and Preparing Multiple (Paleo-Inspired) Meals at One Time Listen Now 2012 Paleo Podcasts: - 12/21/2012: Winterize Your Brain and Body Listen Now - 12/05/2012: Stop the Thyroid Madness! Janie Bowthorpe on diagnosing and managing thyroid and adrenal issues. Listen Now! - 11/19/2012: “Breaking the Weight Loss Plateau” with “Grass Fed Girl” Caitlin Weeks. Listen Now - 10/17/2012: Everything I Know About Health in a One-Hour Show! The last show on my old network and a sum of all prior podcasts. Listen Now - 10/10/2012: Dr. Udo Erasmus: The “Father Of Flax” on Flax Oil, Probiotics and Enzymes Listen Now - 10/03/2012: Paleo Dieting and Exercise For Serious Weight Loss Listen Now - 9/26/2012: Fat Head! Tom Naughton, comedian and filmmaker of the movie “Fat Head”, talks Fast Food, Bad Fats, Real Fats, and the “Load of Bologna We’ve Been Sold” Listen Now - 9/19/2012: Hypothyroid? Diagnosis and Treatment Options Listen Now - 9/12/2012: Everyday Paleo Living, with Sarah Fragoso Listen Now - 9/05/2012: 100 days of Real Food: How One Family Dealt With Processed Food (and created a famous blog doing it!) Listen Now - 8/29/2012: Fermented Foods: Kraut, Kefir, Kvass and More, with Lisa’s Counter Culture Listen Now - 8/22/2012: Coconut Oil For Health, with Dr. Bruce Fife Listen Now - 8/15/2012: Breast Cancer and Breast Health Listen Now - 8/08/2012: Pain Management, the Dangers of NSAID’s, & Safer Options Listen Now - 8/01/2012: Nuts & Seeds – Benefits, Drawbacks and Preparation Listen Now - 7/25/2012: “Practical Paleo” with Diane Sanfilippo – Guidelines for a Whole Foods Lifestyle Listen Now - 7/18/2012: The “Specific Carbohydrate Diet”; Low Starch, Gut Healthy Listen Now - 7/11/2012: Selecting the Most Commonly Used Supplements Listen Now - 7/4/2012: Encore Presentation: The Real Salt Story and Why It Matters Listen Now - 6/27/2012: Preparing Tender, Grass-Fed Meats Listen Now - 6/20/2012: Cooking Without Starches and Dairy Listen Now - 6/13/2012: Exactly How Do I Change My Diet & Lifestyle? Listen Now - 6/6/2012: Progesterone and Women’s Health Listen Now - 5/30/2012: The Real Salt Story, and Why Your Type of Salt Matters Listen Now - 5/23/2012: Balancing Protein, Fats and Carbs at Every Meal – The 30/30/30 Rule! Listen Now - 5/16/2012: Why We Get Sick & What To Do About It Listen Now - 5/9/2012: The Dark Side of Soy, and Why It Matters Listen Now - 5/2/2012: Tough Love: Making Big Changes in Diet & Lifestyle Listen Now - 4/25/2012: Gluten-Free? Think again! Listen Now - 4/18/2012: Reflux, Heartburn, Indigestion? Listen Now - 4/11/2012: 20 Headaches, and Counting Listen Now - 4/4/2012: Help For Allergies Listen Now - 3/28/2012: Nourishing Our Children Listen Now - 3/21/2012: Is That A Wheat Belly? An interview with the best-selling author! Listen Now - 3/14/2012: The Diet For Human Beings: the Primal/Paleo diet I teach my clients Listen Now - 3/7/2012: Testing and Treating Vitamin D Deficiency Listen Now - 2/29/2012: Cell Phones, Your Family, and Your Brain Listen Now - 2/22/2012: Natural Movement and Exercise with Cliff Harski Listen Now - 2/15/2012: Are You Chronically Dehydrated? Listen Now - 2/8/2012: Mental Health Check, Please; Anxiety, sleep, neurotransmitters, and supplement support Listen Now - 2/1/2012: Please, Just Let Me Sleep! Tips from my Clinical Practice Listen Now - 1/25/2012: Butter As a Health Food! But How Do I Lose Weight? Listen Now - 1/18/2012: The Amazing Impact of Dentistry on Your Health Listen Now - 1/11/2012: Let’s Talk Primal/Paleo Diet, with Sarah Fragoso! Listen Now - 1/4/2012: Primal Diet – Modern Health premiere – an Overview of Upcoming Shows and Why You Should Tune In Listen Now

Official WG14/J11 Minutes WG14 Document: N970 Date: October 15-19, 2001 Redmond, Washington, USA 1. Opening activities Meeting starting 9:30 AM Monday 1.1 Opening Comments 1.2 Introduction of Participants/Roll Call USA: (J11 voting, unless indicated otherwise) John Benito, Perennial, Convener Douglas Walls, Sun (HOD) Randy Meyers, Silverhill Systems Larry Jones, EDS (they bought SDRC) Tom Kremer, Cray David Keaton, Self Douglas A. Gwyn, US Army John Hauser, BDTI Fred Tydeman, Tydeman Consulting Peter Seebach, Self Raymond Mak, IBM Bill Seymour, Self Tom Plum, Plum-Hall Jonathan Caves, Microsoft (non-voting) Clark Nelson, Intel (non-voting) Canada: Raymond Mak, IBM (HOD) Walter Banks, Byte Craft Denmark: Jan Kristoffersen, RAMTEX (HOD) Allan Frederiksen, Nokia Germany: Nobuyoshi Mori, SAP (HOD) Ulrich Brink, SAP Netherlands: Willem Wakker, ACE (HOD) Norway: Keld Simonsen, RAP (HOD), via teleconference United Kingdom: Franics Glassborow, Self (HOD) 1.3 Meeting Chair: John Benito Secretary: Fred Tydeman 1.4 Procedures for this Meeting 1.5 Approval of Previous Minutes (N947). The following changes were noted: AI: Benito/Seymour: Minutes of DSP subgroup are missing from main minutes. Done. Strike Tydeman's email 8375 being paper N945, since turned down and document number used for another document. No paper done. Doug Gwyn: page 4: section 5: fixed point arith: 4th SV: 'calculate the exactly' -> 'calculate the result exactly when possible'. Fred Tydeman: Waccer/Waller/Wahher -> Wakker several places. John Benito: 1.2: Add USA to list of Participants. Need to send minutes to J11 with J11 document number (Benito will do). 1.6 Review of Action Items (AI) and Resolutions The following action items are closed: Benito: produce TC1: Done. Benito: Register C locale: Done by Larry Jones: in ballot by WG15. Collation appears to be based upon ASCII. Mak: Write up sequence point algorithm with YES/NO answer (alternative to N925): Done (result is N926). Tydeman: update N919: Done (result is N958). Glassborow: Investigate Word style sheets helping with rationale: Done. Benito/Keaton: long long words to Japan: Done (but no feedback from Japan). Benito: Merge TC1 into C99: Done (by Larry Jones). Benito: Ask to publish TC1 freely: Done. Banks/Kristoffersen: Review device I/O proposal: Done. Benito: edit Rationale based upon DR 206: Done. Benito: edit DR 212: Done. Benito: edit Rationale based upon DR 218: Done. Tydeman: edit DR 223: Done Tydeman: edit DR 224: Done Benito: edit Rationale based upon DR 231: Done. Benito: contact vendors about DR 235: Done. Mak: check IBM behavior on DR 235: Done. Benito: email message 8335 issues (many): check with Japanese: Done (but no feedback yet). Benito: Turn N943 into 7 DRs: Done (result is DRs 238-244). Tydeman: Contact IEEE-754 revision committee about remainder when zero divisor: Done (but awaiting feedback). Benito: Create DR about forming a composite type for array types using [static]: Done (result is DR 237). Wakker: produce next version of TR: Done (result is N948). Schwab/Peterson: Investigate Oracle/Compaq hosting Oct 2002 meeting: Done (will NOT be hosted by them). The following action items (AI) are still open: Keaton (coordinate rationale review): Keaton no longer rationale editor (now Benito). Initial review in process by Tydeman and Jones. AI Still OPEN, but now assigned to Benito. Benito (during meeting, with help of Tydeman and Jones) has cleaned up Rationale. He has identified places where more words are needed. Benito: C99 Time issues and WG15: AI Still OPEN. Mak: Sequence points paper in TR format (Tydeman, Seymour, Seebach, Meyers will review/help): AI Still OPEN. Meyers: write paper based upon DR 219: AI Still OPEN. Meyers: review DR 230: AI Still OPEN. 1.7 Approval of Agenda (N955) Changes to agenda: N958 Signaling NaN to item 7 on agenda. Wednesday: I18N/UTF16 issues. Can handle DRs via email reflector, so can spend less time in meeting on them. 1.8 Distribution of New Documents None. 1.9 Information on Next Meeting Curacao (island off coast of Venezuela) (details on WG14 web page). or 1.10 Identification of National Bodies Canada Denmark Germany Netherlands Norway United Kingdom United States America 1.11 Identification of J11 voting members USA: 13 of 16 present; some came after this point in meeting. Compaq is voting (newer rules allow missing 3/4 votes). EDS is voting (since SDRC (previous voting member) was bought by EDS). 2. Rationale Editors report (N957) by Benito. Out for review. Some interest in publishing hard-copy. Want ability to update (so not assign copyright to anyone). Results of rationale review: Many items cleaned up, but still missing words for some areas. Trying to get final document done by Post-Redmond mailing. AI: Words needed (in plain ASCII text) for: 6.2.6.1 trap representations - Gwyn 6.3.1.6 complex types - Tydeman 6.3.1.7 real and complex - Tydeman 6.3.2.1 rvalue array type - Meyers 6.9.2 External object definitions - tentative definition - Jones 6.11.(1,2,3,4,7,8,9) Future directions - array parameters removed - Jones 7.1 General library overview on const - Gwyn 7.12 Need list of new math (as of C99) functions. - Tydeman 7.12 Redo Jim Thomas's words on math, e.g., 'this draft', 'that draft' - Benito/Thomas 7.12.14 FP compare - Tydeman 7.18.1.5 Greatest-width integer types - Gwyn 3. TR status report (Benito / Wakker). First ballot still open (tells people what we are doing). Not a vote on technical content. 4. Liaison Activities 4.1 J11 (Walls, Meyers): CT22 (USA tag to SC22) status of WG20 (I18N): Has failed to produce a standard in timely manner, so USA voted to shut it down (now a SC22 ballot). SC2/WG2 are character people; different from what computer languages people want. UTF16 is one of the problems. One proposal is to have an ad hoc meeting at the SC22 plenary. 4.2 WG14 (N950) (Benito): Convener's report in mailing. Work on TR progresses. Ask to freely distribute TC1. 4.3 J16/WG21 (Plum/Clark): New work item in ballot: Library issues (additions, not corrections; also C99 library). Also working on a TR on performance. Meeting next week after WG14. C++ TC should be approved next week. 4.4 WG15 (POSIX). Tydeman: 2nd FCD ballot passed with two comments. Gwyn: WG14 should address the issue of threads. Benito: Should start from a base document. Should come from a national body. Need 5 member countries willing to work on it. Meyers: Book on Java has 30 pages on details of threads (in particular, memory shared by multiple processors). 4.5 WG20 (I18N) None reported. 4.6 WG11 (Wakker) LIA-2 (10967-2) published. LIA-3 working draft (WD 10967-3) in registration ballot which ends 2001-10-26. LID (11404) revision being worked on. 4.7 Other Liaison Activities Tydeman: IEEE-754 being revised. Benito: Wiley has approved publishing C and C++ standards. 5. Expanding C++ liaison activity Benito/Plum: Have people/companies that attend both C and C++ meetings have more liaison activity. Both committees need to agree to let those liaison people work out the details agreeable to both and the parent committees accept the work of the common liaison. Not sure that there is a real problem. Glassborow: Need to make world aware that C is not a subset of C++. General: Not clear what authority a liaison person has. Need to wait and see what WG21 wants. SC22 allows this as long as both conveners agree with the process. The initial set will be: Perennial, Plum-Hall, Sun, IBM, Oracle, Glassborow, Kristoffersen. 6. (N956)(Mak) wchar_t encoding and wide character code values for member of the basic character set. EBCDIC has a problem with requiring 'x' == L'x', e.g., narrow char be same encoding as wide char for the basic characters. Programs should be using btowc and wctob (which were invented after wide characters were added to C90). Agree to open a DR. Proposed solutions: feature macro (as in paper or similar spelling) versus remove 'x' == L'x' altogether. AI: Raymond Mak will create DR from template. Done. AI: Doug Gwyn and Larry Jones will review DR. Done. 7. (N958)(Tydeman) Signaling NaNs. No one objects to paper. But, should it be part of Rationale, or a TR, or DR, or amendment to C99? Add to WG14 web page as proposed TR. AI: Tydeman: Turn into web page, send to Benito (who sends to Keld). 8. (N952)(Hauser) BDTI's comments on N948 (Extension for the programming language C to support embedded processors). Still some disagreement (between DSP experts) on what should happen when mix accum and fract with binary operation. No agreement on accuracy of multiply of two fract's (slow/correct answer, fast/sloppy answer, pragma to control, quality of implementation). 9. (N953)(Wakker) Additions/Comments TR to support embedded processors. Unsigned accum wraps is useful if final result is in range, but intermediate values overflow. 10a. Break out into Defect Report processing. 10b. (N959)(Benito) UTF-16 + Unicode issues. Should the result be a TR or amendment or something else? "Character at a time" processing was basis of C89. Multi-byte characters is still one character at a time. Wide characters (added in C95) is still one (large) character at a time model. Need multi-wide-characters to support UTF-16. "String at a time" processing is another model. For example, need that to support German sharp-S (single letter as lower case, two letters as upper case); need to support 'ch' and 'll' in Spanish having unusual collation. Support for string literals made up of UTF-16 characters is very weak in current C (both preprocessor and other phases of translation). Can support multi-byte UTF-16 chars if 'char' is 16-bits (but this precludes any way to do 8-bit units of storage). Initialized static arrays of UTF-16 chars is one way to support UTF-16 strings. They can be created by a text-to-text translation tool (that is outside of Standard C). Support for UTF-16 should not be required of all implementations, e.g., make it optional like IEEE-754. Since the committee is inventing this support, we should start as a TR (which could then later be added to C). Need general facility that supports all of UTF-8/16/32 and UCS-2/4 along with big and little endian encodings. uint_least16_t is the generic type to support UTF-16. Endianness matters when processing external 8-bit data via I/O. Endianness normally does not matter when processing UTF-16 as 16-bit items. But, it might matter when processing Java byte-codes with its 16-bit UTF-16 chars which are encoded just one way (not always the native way on a machine). Should we just solve the problem for just UTF-16 (the people asking for a problem to be solved), or should we do a general solution? Need good liaison with C++ on this UTF-16 issue (typedefs might be a problem; need a real type for overloading). There are several ad hoc solutions to supporting UTF-16 already for C. One form of string literals is: u"chars". Currently, still a need for multiple character encodings (network is mainly 8-bit, Java is 16-bit), so no need to switch everything to just one encoding. China has a requirement, GB-18030, for variable width (multi-byte) encodings, one to four bytes [this can be supported with the current char/wchar_t model]. Customers are asking compiler vendors for solutions now. Customers do not want to roll there own solutions. For WG14 to work on this as a TR, we need 5 countries to sign up to work on it, and it helps greatly to have a base document to work from (the German delegation is willing to act as editor of TR). Several people have pointed out (via email to the WG14 reflector) that the C library (API) does not meet their needs for character processing, so doing a new API based upon UTF-16 but with the same functionality is not what they want. Some people are looking at solutions that will work in multiple computer languages, not just C. So, doing an API in C may be bad, but just providing support for string literals may be good enough. But, probably need a data type first. For now, need to work on a proposal or a work item. 11. Embedded TR discussion review Within subgroup, they discussed all items in their document. They spent most time on fixed-point arithmetic. The subgroup went into detail on proposed mappings of types to real hardware. The subgroup is still split on accuracy of multiply: either 1 or 2 ulps. Subgroup will produce document (ready for next SC22 ballot step) by pre-April 2002 mailing. Possible solutions to multiply accuracy: have macro that allows implementation to inform programmer what it is; have a pragma to allow programmer to tell implementation what it wants; quality of implementation issue. Some algorithms that require full accuracy also need a specific rounding; while current TR allows rounding to be implementation defined. Most DSPs (using native accum/fract operations) do full accuracy quickly, while simulations using integer math have overhead (extra instructions) to get correct result. Most people are in favor having a pragma so programmer can control. But, there is disagreement on what default accuracy should be. CX_LIMITED_RANGE default is "off" == full accuracy; while FENV_ACCESS default is implementation defined. SV (straw vote): What is default setting of pragma: unspecified - 0 implementation - 9 1-ulp - 5 2-ulp - 0 undecided - 6 12. Review Defect Reports Subgroup has processed 38 of 47 open DRs. Would help if DRs had more states (C++ has several states for its DRs to indicate progress). AI: Benito: explain blue line in DRs; add (and explain) more states of DRs in DR log; Along lines of: Open Review, e.g., Response crafted, allow one meeting for objections Closed Closed, published DRs, looked at, but still not resolved: DR 224: What is issue with INFINITE?. Need clarification from Plauger. AI: Benito: Contact Plauger about our response. DR 230: Meyers working on paper (already open AI). DR 235: "C" locale being registered implies(?) ASCII for sorting (collation). Answer to DR should match "C" locale registration still in ballot resolution. Appears that WG14 never required ASCII be the sorting order for the "C" locale. London meeting asked that "C" locale be more POSIX like. What is in ballot is the POSIX syntax of perhaps the POSIX extended "C" locale. Canada did not vote against at the SC22 level (so IBM Canada had a chance to object on EBCDIC versus ASCII sorting issue). Several committee members are now surprised at what was registered (beyond just sorting issue). strcoll and strcmp need not be the same in the "C" locale. Research by Tydeman: IEEE P1003.1 (POSIX) has the POSIX locale and the "C" locale as the same thing (XBD 7.2 POSIX Locale) and the collation is the same as ASCII (XBD 7.3.2.6 LC_COLLATE Category in the POSIX Locale). AI: Benito: Find out our options at SC22 secretariat level (such as stopping registration of "C" locale). Talk with WG15. Benito will feedback to small committee: Willem Wakker, Larry Jones, Raymond Mak, Randy Meyers, Douglas Gwyn, Francis Glassborow, Tom Kremer. Some want unspecified behavior for strcoll so an implementation can do "better" sorting (such as dictionary order) even in the "C" locale. DR 236: Should look at Tom MacDonald's email on proposed response. Need more research. DR 240: Need annex F additions for ilogb. DR 243: Need annex J additions (Tydeman to give to Peter Seebach for DR minutes). DR 265: Being processed when meeting broke up. DR 274: Agree with idea, but not with suggested words. Not sure where words go (7.21.4 or 7.21.1). AI: Gwyn will investigate alternative wording. Later in the week, the DR subgroup presented their results. Committee as a whole needs to review each and every DR resolved by subgroup(s). The following was presented to the committee as a whole (they have been reordered to be in numeric order, not the order they were presented). ================ start of DR subgroup presentation DR 223 Previous committee words were not objected to, so closed. DR 224 Use proposed TC, amending "7.12.2.1" to "7.12.3.1" to correct typo. *** AI: Benito: Contact Plauger to see whether this addresses his concerns about FP_INFINITE. DR 230 Tabled (Randy Meyers has an action item (AI) to look into it). DR 235 Recommended response: The committee decided to make no change. The standard does not require that strcoll() and strcmp() perform the same in the C locale. DR 236 Tabled pending committee discussion. See reflector message #9337. DR 237 Recommended response: We believe the specification about composite types is clear enough; the composite type will be based on "qualified pointer to /type/", and the static keyword (and any size values) are not used. 1. The effect is as if all of the declarations had used _static_ and the largest size value used by any of them. Each declaration imposes requirements on all calls to the function in the program; the only way to meet all of these requirements is to always provide pointers to as many objects as the largest such value requires. 2. No. 3. Yes. Visibility is not relevant. DR 238 Use suggested TC. DR 239 Amendment to suggested TC: "No additional requirements beyond >those on< _nextafter_". Use suggested TC as amended. DR 240 The general idea on the floating-point DRs (238 to 244) is: Change suggested TC so that, whenever it says "domain", it becomes "domain or range". Committee as a whole agreed that better wording is: "domain error or range error" (which should be changed in the following; which is what was presented). Accept suggested TC. In F.9.3.5: Change No additional requirements. to If the correct result is outside the range of the return type, the numeric result is unspecified and the "invalid" floating-point exception is raised. DR 241 Change 7.12.7.4 to say: A domain error may occur if x is 0 and y is 0. A domain error or range error may occur if x is 0 and y is less than 0. DR 242 Instead of suggested TC, change 7.12.6.11 from "domain error" to "domain or range error". DR 243 Accept suggested TC on main body of standard, but no changes to Annex F. In J.3.12, add (after fmod) Whether a domain error occurs or zero is returned when a remainder function has a second argument of zero (7.12.10.2). Whether a domain error occurs or zero is returned when a remquo function has a second argument of zero (7.12.10.3). DR 244 Accept suggested TC on main body, but change "range error" to "domain or range error". For Annex F, response is "we don't feel a change is necessary". DR 246 Recommended response: The suggested words don't appear to be an improvement; the current phrasing is clear enough. DR 247 Proposed TC: In section 3.4.4, prepend "Use of an unspecified value, or other ..." before "behavior where". DR 248 Proposed TC: Append to 7.18.3#2: An implementation shall define only the macros corresponding to those typedef names it actually provides. * Footnote: A freestanding implementation need not provide all of these types. DR 249 Accept suggested TC. DR 250 Accept suggested TC, dropping the parenthetical. DR 251 We are inclined to accept the suggested TC, but the issue is still being debated. DR 252 Recommended response: This should not be a constraint. DR 253 Recommended response: Given the example struct fred { char s [6]; int n; }; struct fred y [] = { { { "abc" }, 1 }, [0] = { .s[0] = 'q' } }; 6.7.8#21 makes it clear already that { .s[0] = 'q' } initializes a whole object of type "struct fred" whose members (other than s[0]) are initialized as though they were static storage, so this initialization of y[0] overrides the previous one. Thus, all subobjects of y[0] other than s[0] are zeroed. DR 254 Proposed response: We believe the behavior of this example is unspecified. The mbrtowc() function provides a superior migration path, so we are leaving this alone. DR 255 Recommended response: We do not wish to further refine the behavior of unprototyped functions. In practice, this will not be a problem, and we don't wish to define the behavior. DR 256 Recommended response: We believe that both answer 1 and 2 are allowed, we don't see a compelling reason to change this. DR 257 Recommended response: The current rules are the result of extensive previous deliberations. We do not see a defect here. DR 258 Recommended response: The standard does not clearly specify what happens in this case, so portable programs should not use these sorts of constructs. DR 259 Recommended response: The standard is clear enough, and no change is needed. DR 260 Not Resolved. DR 262 Accept suggested TC. DR 263 Accept suggested TC. Add to rationale: To the best of our knowledge, all existing implementations have all-bits-zero as a zero value in floating point types. DR 264 The referenced sections in the standard only use the term "non-graphic character" in the context of backslash-escape sequences, for which the standard is clear enough, and no changes are needed. DR 265 Recommended response: Accept suggested TC including the footnote, but change "the conversion" to "this token conversion". DR 268 Recommended response: While we agree that this may be a defect, we are not happy with the proposed words, and processing this defect is postponed pending improved wording. Specifically, "as if the body were entered in the normal way" raises a few new questions. DR 269 Recommended response: The first bullet point is false; while the second sentence is not a complete specification, it does not contradict the first sentence. Proposed TC: Accept second version of paragraph 3 of the suggested TC, but don't change paragraphs one or two. DR 270 Use suggested TC 1. DR 271 Since no behavior is specified when /desc/ is zero, for either iswctype() or towctrans(), the behavior is undefined. We do not believe it would be appropriate to add new requirements here. *** Fix DR (change iswctrans to iswctype) DR 273 Proposed TC: Replace the relevant part of 6.10.8 with: _. *** Action item (AI: Benito) to add corrected words to DR log. DR 274 Our intention is that string and memory copies in the standard library should be treated as unsigned char, similar to 7.21.4. *** AI: Doug Gwyn to draft TC wording. DR 276 Accept suggested TC. DR 277 Recommended response: We believe that the intent is clear enough; fred, jim, and sheila are all identifiers which do not denote objects with auto or register storage classes, and are not allowed in this context. DR 278 Accept suggested TC. ================ end of DR subgroup presentation 14. Separate WG14 admin and J11/US TAG meetings WG14 admin: None J11 Tag (10/18/2001) 1. Appoint delegation and HOD for future WG14 meetings FM (formal motion): Benito/Tydeman: US Delegation to WG14 for the April 2002 meeting, and the October 2002 meeting. Douglas Walls (HOD) Larry Jones Tom Plum Jeff Muller For 11 Against 0 Abstain 1 Absent 4 Meyers appointed Walls Head of Delegation. 2. Position on Free distribution of TC1 US TAG: NCITS/CT22 SC: 22 N 3331 Date Due to TAG Administrator: 12/21/01 Letter Ballot on Free Availability of Technical Corrigendum 1 to ISO/IEC 9899:1999 - C Language SC/JTC 1 Due Date: 01/07/01 N3331 is a letter ballot that. FM: Plum/Gwyn: J11 supports the request in N3331 being sent to JTC 1 for approval. Roll call vote: For 12 Opposed 0 Absent 4 3. U.S. Position on supporting a work item for support of a UTF data types and characters strings, and API. FM: Seymour/Benito: J11 supports the creation of a work-item for WG14 to produce a Technical Report (TR) for support of Unicode data types, characters strings. For 11 Opposed 0 Abstain 1 Absent 4 FM: Benito/Walls: J11 supports the creation of a work-item for WG14 to produce a Technical report for support of a Unicode API. FM: Plum/Walls: Amend the motion to study APIs and potentially define an API. For 11 Opposed 0 Abstain 1 Absent 4 FM: J11 supports the creation of a work-item for WG14 to produce a Technical Report to study Unicode APIs and potentially define an API. For 11 Opposed 0 Abstain 1 Absent 4 4. Adjourn J11 tag 16. Administration 16.1 Future Meetings 16.1.1 Future Meeting Schedule April 15-19, 2002, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles October 14-18(?), 2002, Santa Cruz, California, USA (Perennial/Dinkumware will host). April 7-11(?), 2003, Oxford(?), UK (BSI host). October 2003, Kona(?), Hawaii, USA April 2004, Europe(?) 16.1.2 Future Agenda Items Compress 1st days agenda admin before lunch. Best, if when ask for agenda time, give amount of time need. 16.1.3 Future Mailings Post-Redmond mailing: close of business November 16, 2001. Pre-Curacao mailing: close of business March 15, 2002. 16.2 Resolutions None. Will do New Work Item on UTF-16/Unicode. 16.2.1 Review of Decisions Reached None. 16.2.2 Formal Vote on Resolutions None. 16.2.3 Review of Action Items See AI in document. 16.2.4 Thanks to Host 16.3 Other Business 17. Adjournment Adjourned at 10 AM Friday (Benito/Gwyn). ================================================================ Embedded Processors TR Subgroup Meeting Minutes Tuesday, 16 Oct. 2001 Attendees: Walter Banks Allan Frederiksen Francis Glassborow John Hauser David Keaton Jan Kristoffersen Randy Meyers Bill Seymour Willem Wakker Wakker appointed chair. Seymour appointed secretary. ** IOHW Kristoffersen made a presentation of a trial IOHW implementation. He acknowledged that it places too large a burden on the user and took an action item (AI) to come up with a new example for Annex D for the April meeting. There was also a discussion about the need for atomic operations. Consensus: This is an important issue, but we should leave it out for now because it relates to the thread issue. Wakker noted that we need a new Annex D before the end of the year because of ISO ballot timings. ** N952 After relaxing the requirements for fixed-point types, the remaining requirements are: - Unsigned types must have the same size as signed types. - The minimal formats for all the types are as stated in N952. - Unsigned fract types must have the same number of fractional bits as, or one more than, the signed types. - short, "middle" and long must be non-decreasing in number of bits for all types. - signed accum types must have at least as many integer bits as unsigned accum types. ** Recommended practice...additional rules in N952. General agreement that this should go into an annex. ** Mapping accum types onto actual hardware. Keaton and Hauser gave descriptions of the MDMX architecture which is one good litmus test to give us some confidence that we have the fixed-point semantics right. Straw poll: shall signed and unsigned types be the same size? 7/1/1 Straw poll: shall we have separate accum types for sums and products? 1/7/1 Straw poll: shall we retain the recommended practice from N952? 6/1/2 Keaton disagrees and will have a minority position for the rationale. (The disagreement is about recommended practice, not normative text.) ** Usual arithmetic conversions: Straw poll: shall we accept N952's principle re usual arithmetic conversions? 7/0/2 ** Accuracy requirements for multiplicative operations To get the answer right within 1 ULP after rounding, it's often necessary to do a couple of shifts and an add. Some implementors would likely want the license to get one additional bit wrong for efficiency. Straw poll: shall we relax the accuracy requirements for multiplication and division to 2 ULP? 4/4/1 This needs to be discussed in the full committee. ** The setbits() function Consensus: something like this is needed. Consensus: we will have twelve one-argument setbits-like functions that return values that can be assigned to fixed-point lvalues. Wednesday, 17 October 2001 Attendees: Walter Banks Allan Frederiksen Francis Glassborow John Hauser David Keaton Randy Meyers Bill Seymour Willem Wakker There were no formal straw polls this day; but a number of points were agreed to without objection. ** All signed and unsigned types required? Agreed: require all signed and unsigned types, even if they're the same format. ** The new concept of "container" Agreed: remove "container" and use wording (e.g., "object") already in the standard. ** Usual arithmetic conversions Agreed: no action...a wordsmithing issue ** the names of the fpabs and roundfx functions Agreed: change fpabs to absfx and worry about the names of other functions later. ** N953 Most of the discussion was about fixed-point constants. Agreed: we need type suffixes because, without them, the constants would have floating-point type. Agreed: suffixes for fixed-point constants: 'r' for fract, 'q' for accum. Agreed: suffix for short types: 'h'. Agreed: allow both exponents and hex format in fixed-point constants. Agreed: a constant expression shall evaluate to a value that is in the range for the type. (No difference from constants generally.) Agreed: we need a special case that lets users write the constant, 1.0r, which would saturate to FRACT_MAX. The implementation need not issue a diagnostic in this special case. (Secretary note: I believe that this applies to the short and long versions as well; but I neglected to write that down.) To be revisited: how do we write -1.0r? Given the rule above, -1.0r is OK; but it means -FRACT_MAX even though -1.0r is representable on 2's-complement machines. It was thought that special-casing -1.0r as a "negative constant" would do too much violence to the semantics of constants. There was some feeling that an error of FRACT_EPSILON wouldn't matter in practice; but we reached no consensus on that. ** N946, named address spaces Consensus: there can be named address spaces to which a generic pointer can't point. Precedent: void* can't point to a function. Hauser calls these "external" memory spaces, which differs from Banks' usage of "external" to mean "physically in another location." We need to think of a new name for these spaces. Or maybe we can just make some statement like, "It's implementation-defined whether a named address space pointer can be assigned to a generic pointer." Wakker will come up with words. ** Next steps We want to send out a ballot after the April meeting, so the breakout group needs to get together, probably by e-mail, before that meeting, so that we can have a nearly complete document ready for April. ** After ballot Wakker will accept an action item (AI) to prepare the disposition of comments document.

Jamaica Executive Summary The Government of Jamaica (GOJ) considers foreign direct investment (FDI) a key driver for economic growth and in recent years has undertaken macroeconomic reforms that have improved its investment climate. According to foreign investors, after suffering from a stagnant economy for more than two decades and accumulating one of the highest debt-to-GDP ratios in the world, the GOJ has successfully implemented International Monetary Fund (IMF) programs since 2013. Under consecutive IMF programs, the GOJ replaced its discretionary investment incentives with legislation that simplified the income tax regime and codified tax benefits for all investors. These efforts have contributed to Jamaica’s improvement in the World Bank’s Doing Business Report (DBR), from a ranking of 90 in 2013 to 75, out of 190 countries, in 2019. Jamaica recently reduced or removed a number of distortionary taxes across a wide range of economic sectors. Jamaica’s improved creditworthiness, record-setting stock market growth, and proposed financial sector reforms may stimulate local investments in productive sectors. Jamaica received USD 888 million in FDI in 2017 (latest data available), a significant improvement from the USD 593 million registered in 2013. This made Jamaica a leading recipient of FDI in the Caribbean and among Small Island Developing States (SIDS). The United States, Canada, Spain, Mexico, and China continued to drive FDI in 2017. The tourism, mining, energy, and construction sectors led investment inflows in 2017. Tourism remained fast growing with consistent increases in room stock, stopover arrivals, and revenues.. In 2018, the country’s corruption perception ranking, by Transparency International, worsened from 68 in 2017 to 70 out of 180 countries. Despite laws that provide for criminal penalties for corrupt acts by officials, there were numerous reports of government corruption during the year and officials appeared to engage in corrupt practices with impunity. Jamaica implemented critical initiatives to reduce crime in 2018, including the declaration of three States of Emergency in violence-ridden area of the island. These efforts contributed to a 20 percent decrease in the murder rate in 2018, though Jamaica still remains among the most violent countries in the hemisphere. The high cost of energy – about three times higher than in the United States – primarily due to a dependence on allegedly inefficient petroleum-based power plants and outdated electricity infrastructure, has been identified as a significant impediment to Jamaica’s competitiveness. With that said, Jamaica’s ongoing energy sector transformation has become increasingly attractive to U.S. investors. Additional challenges that businesses complain of include an inefficient government bureaucracy, slow growth, a price-sensitive economy, and low labor productivity. Table 1: Key Metrics and Rankings 1. Openness To, and Restrictions Upon, Foreign Investment Policies Towards Foreign Direct Investment The Government of Jamaica (GOJ) is open to foreign investment in all sectors of its economy, and is currently in the process of developing a National Investment Policy to guide future foreign direct investment (FDI) reform. The GOJ has also made significant structural changes to its economy, under International Monetary Fund (IMF) guidance over the past six years, resulting in an improved investment environment. Since 2013, Jamaica’s Parliament passed numerous pieces of legislation to improve the business environment and support economic growth through a simplified tax system and broadened tax base. The establishment of credit bureaus and a Collateral Registry under the Secured Interest in Personal Property (SIPP) legislation are improving access to credit. Jamaica made starting a business easier by consolidating forms and made electricity less expensive by reducing the cost of external connection works. The GOJ implemented an electronic platform for tax payments and established a 90-day window for development approvals. The GOJ’s public procurement regime was amended, with effect from April 2019, to include provisions for domestic margins of preference, affording preferential treatment to Jamaican suppliers in public contracts in some circumstances, and setting aside a portion of the government’s procurement budget for local micro, small, and medium enterprises. Notwithstanding, U.S. businesses are encouraged to participate in GOJ open procurements, many of which are published in media and via the government’s electronic procurement website: . With Jamaica’s debt to GDP ratio having decreased to approximately 96 percent, the government used the attendant fiscal space to reduce and/or abolish a number of distortionary taxes effective April 2019. Jamaica’s commitment to regulatory reform is an intentional effort to become a more attractive destination for foreign investment. According to the World Bank’s “Doing Business 2019” report, Jamaica ranked 75 out of 190 economies, above average compared to Latin American and Caribbean countries. The country made significant improvement in resolving insolvency, following the passage of new bankruptcy legislation and now ranks 6th in starting a business and a much improved 12th in getting credit. Jamaica ranked 79 out of 140 countries in the World Economic Forum’s 2018 Global Competitiveness Index. Some report that bureaucracy remains a major impediment, with the country continuing to underperform in the areas of trading across borders, registering property, paying taxes, and enforcing contracts. Jamaica’s trade and investment promotion agency (JAMPRO) is the GOJ agency responsible for promoting business opportunities to local and foreign investors. While JAMPRO does not institute general criteria for FDI, the institution targets specific sectors for investment and promotes Jamaican exports (see ). JAMPRO and the Jamaica Business Development Corporation assist micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSME) primarily through business facilitation and capacity building. MSMEs tend to consist of less than 10 employees. Such fee-based services are made available to foreign-owned MSMEs (see ). Limits on Foreign Control and Right to Private Ownership and Establishment All private entities, foreign and domestic, are entitled to establish and own business enterprises, as well as to engage in all forms of remunerative activity subject to inter alia, labor, registration, and environmental requirements. Jamaica does not impose limits on foreign ownership or control and local laws do not distinguish between local and foreign investors. There are no sector-specific restrictions that impede market access. An amendment to the Companies Act, passed in 2017, requires companies to disclose beneficial owners to the Companies Office of Jamaica (ORC). The law mandates that the company retain records of legal and beneficial owners for seven years. The GOJ has proposed new legislation on the incorporation and operation of International Business Companies (IBC), which is designed to attract and facilitate a wide variety of international business activities to include: (1) holding companies providing asset protection for intellectual property rights, real property, and the shares of other companies; (2) serving as vehicles for licensing and franchising; (3) conducting international trade, and investment activities; (4) acting as special purpose vehicles in international financial transactions; and, (5) serving as the international headquarters for global companies. The U.S. government is not aware of any discrimination against foreign investors at the time of initial investment or after the investment is made. However, under the Companies Act, investors are required to either establish a local company or register a branch office of a foreign-owned enterprise. Branches of companies incorporated abroad must register with the Registrar of Companies if they intend to operate in Jamaica. There are no laws or regulations requiring firms to adopt articles of incorporation or association that limit or prohibit foreign investment, participation, or control. Incentives are available to local and foreign investors alike, including various levels of tax relief. Other Investment Policy Reviews Jamaica concluded a third party trade policy review through the WTO in September 2017. The WTO Secretariat’s recommendations are listed here: Jamaica has not undertaken any investment policy reviews within the last three years in conjunction with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) or United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The GOJ’s previous WTO review took place in 2011 and an OECD review took place in 2004. Business Facilitation Businesses can register using the “Super Form,” a single Business Registration Form for New Companies and Business Names. The ORC acts as a “one-stop-shop,” effectively reducing the registration time to between one and three days. Foreign companies can register using these forms, with or without the assistance of an attorney or notary. The “Super Form” is available under Forms at the ORC’s website ( ). Outward Investment While the GOJ does not actively promote an outward investment program, it does not restrict domestic investors from investing abroad. 2. Bilateral Investment Agreements and Taxation Treaties Jamaica has bilateral investment treaties (BIT) in force with Argentina, China, France, Germany, Italy, Republic of Korea, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and the United States. Jamaica has signed, but not yet put into force, BITs with Cuba, Egypt, Indonesia, Kuwait, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe. Jamaica is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and benefits from preferential trading arrangements under the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME). CARICOM countries also have preferential trading arrangements with the European Union, Canada, the United States, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Venezuela. Jamaica has not signed a free trade agreement with the United States but in 2013 the United States and CARICOM signed a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA). Jamaica signed a bilateral Income Tax Treaty with the United States in 1980, which seeks to avoid double taxation while preventing income tax evasion. Jamaica also has double taxation agreements with Canada, CARICOM, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. In 2014, Jamaica and the United States signed an inter-government agreement for reciprocal information sharing as part of the implementation of the U.S. Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA). 3. Legal Regime Transparency of the Regulatory System Jamaica’s regulatory systems are transparent and consistent with international norms. Proposed legislation is available for public review at , and members of the public are invited to provide submissions through public meetings or targeted outreach to stakeholders for when there is a distinct policy shift or for sensitive changes. There is no law that requires the rulemaking body to solicit comments on proposed regulation and no timeframe for the length of a consultation period when it happens. Furthermore, the law does not require reporting on public consultations but the government presents the consultations directly to interested stakeholders in one unified report. Laws in effect are available at japarliament.gov.jm or moj.gov.jm . Companies interested in doing business in a particular sector should seek guidance from the relevant regulator(s). Jamaica is compliant with established benchmarks for public disclosure of its budget, the establishment and functioning of an independent and supreme audit body, and the award of contracts for natural resource extraction. Additionally, Jamaica’s Public Debt Management Act (PDMA) of 2012 has codified a gradual reduction in its contingent liability or Government Guaranteed Loans (GGL), which were 7.4 percent of GDP in 2017. The PDMA targets a three percent GGL-to-GDP ratio by 2027. International Regulatory Considerations The GOJ tends to adopt Commonwealth standards for its regulatory system, especially from Canada and the United Kingdom. In 2001, CARICOM member states established the Regional Organization for Standards and Quality (CROSQ) under Article 67 of the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas. CROSQ is intended to harmonize regional standards to facilitate the smooth movement of goods in the common market. Jamaica is also a full member of the WTO and is required to notify all draft technical regulations to the WTO Committee of Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). Legal System and Judicial Independence Jamaica has a common law legal system and court decisions are generally based on past judicial declarations. The Jamaican Constitution provides for an independent judiciary with a three-tier court structure. A party seeking to enforce ownership or contractual rights can file a claim in the Resident Magistrate or Supreme Court. Appeals on decisions made in these courts can be taken before the Court of Appeal and then to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom. The Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), in its original jurisdiction, is the court of the 15-member Caribbean Community (CARICOM), but Jamaica has not signed on to its appellate jurisdiction. Jamaica does not have a single written commercial or contractual law and case law is therefore supplemented by the following pieces of legislation: (1) Arbitration (Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Awards) Act; (2) Companies Act; (3) Consumer Protection Act; (4) Fair Competition Act; (5) Investment Disputes Awards (Enforcement) Act; (6) Judgment (Foreign) (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act; (7) Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act; (8) Loans (Equity Investment Bonds) Act; (9) Partnership (Limited) Act; (10) Registration of Business Names Act; (11) Sale of Goods Act; (12) Standards Act; and, (13) Trade Act. The commercial and civil divisions of the Supreme Court have jurisdiction to hear intellectual property claims.. International arbitration is also accepted as a means for settling investment disputes between private parties. The Jamaican judicial system has a long tradition of being fair but court cases can take years or even decades to resolve. The new Chief Justice, appointed in 2018, has articulated plans to streamline the delivery of judgments, by bringing greater levels of efficiency to court administration and targeting throughput rates in line with international best practice. Efforts are currently underway to clear the backlog of court cases by the end of 2019 and provide hearing date certainty and disposition of cases within 24 months, barring exceptional circumstances. The deployment of new courtrooms and the appointment of additional High Court Judges are indicators of Jamaica’s commitment to justice reform. Challenges with dispute resolution usually reflect broader problems within the court system including long delays and resource constraints, according to many companies. Subsequent enforcement of court decisions or arbitration awards is usually adequate, and the local court will recognize the enforcement of an international arbitration award. A specialized Commercial Court was established in 2001 to expedite the resolution of commercial cases. The rules do not make it mandatory for commercial cases to be filed in the Commercial Court and the Court is largely underutilized by litigants. Jamaica ranked 127 in the 2019 Doing Business Report for the length of time taken for the enforcement of contracts in the courts. Laws and Regulations on Foreign Direct Investment There are no specific laws or regulations directly targeted to foreign investment. Since foreign companies are treated similar to Jamaican companies when investing, the relevant sections of the applicable laws are applied equally. Competition and Anti-Trust Laws The Fair Trading Commission (FTC), an agency of the Ministry of Industry, Commerce, Agriculture and Fisheries (MICAF), administers Jamaica’s Fair Competition Act (FCA). The major objective of the FCA is to foster competitive behavior and provide consumer protection. The Act proscribes the following anti-competitive practices: resale price maintenance; tied selling; price fixing; collusion and cartels; and bid rigging. The Act does not specifically prohibit mergers or acquisitions that could lead to the creation of a monopoly. The FTC is empowered to investigate breaches of the Act and businesses or individuals in breach can be taken to court if they fail to implement the corrective measures outlined by the FTC. Expropriation and Compensation Expropriation is generally not an issue in Jamaica, although land may be expropriated for national development under the Land Acquisition Act, which provides for compensation on the basis of market value. The U.S. government is not aware of any current expropriation-related litigation between the Jamaican government and any private individual or company. However, the U.S. government assisted investors who had property expropriated during the 1970’s socialist regime, with a payment in one such case received as recently as 2010. Dispute Settlement ICSID Convention and New York Convention Jamaica became a signatory to the International Center for Settlement of Disputes (ICSID) in 1965. The country is a signatory to the New York Convention (the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards), which governs the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitration awards. The Jamaican Arbitration (Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Awards) Act enables foreign arbitral awards under the New York Convention to be enforced in Jamaica. Investor-State Dispute Settlement International arbitration is also accepted as a means for settling investment disputes between private parties.. Jamaica does not have a history of extrajudicial action against foreign investors. International Commercial Arbitration and Foreign Courts Jamaica accepts international arbitration of investment disputes between foreign investors, the Jamaican government, and private parties. Local courts recognize and enforce foreign arbitral awards. The Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) serves as the region’s international tribunal for disputes within the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Single Market and Economy. The Dispute Resolution Foundation and the Caribbean Branch of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators both facilitate arbitration and rules of the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) with Jamaica apply to qualifying investors. Other foreign investors are given national treatment and civil procedures apply. Disputes between enterprises are handled in the local courts but foreign investors can refer cases to ICSID. There were cases of trademark infringements in which U.S. firms took action and were granted restitution in the local courts. While restitution is slow, it tends to be fair and transparent. The U.S. government is not aware of any cases in which State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) have been involved in investment disputes. Bankruptcy Regulations Jamaica enacted new insolvency legislation in 2014 that replaced the Bankruptcy Act of 1880 and seeks to make the insolvency process more efficient. The Act prescribes the circumstances under which bankruptcy is committed; the procedure for filing a bankruptcy petition; and the procedures to be followed in the administration of the estates of bankrupts. The reform addresses bankruptcy; insolvency, receiverships; provisional supervision; and winding up proceedings. The law addresses corporate and individual insolvency and facilitates the rehabilitation of insolvent debtors, while removing the stigma formerly associated with either form of insolvency. Both insolvents and “looming insolvents” (persons who will become insolvent within twelve months of the filing of the proposal if corrective or preventative action is not taken) are addressed in the reforms. The Act contains a provision for debtors to make a proposal to their creditors for the restructuring of debts, subject to acceptance by the creditor. Creditors can also invoke bankruptcy proceedings against the debtor if the amount owed is not less than the prescribed threshold or if the debtor has committed an act of bankruptcy. The filing of a proposal or notice of intention to file a proposal creates a temporary stay of proceedings. During this period, the creditor is precluded from enforcing claims against the debtor. The stay does not apply to secured creditors who take possession of secured assets before the proposal is filed; gives notice of intention to enforce against a security at least 10 days before the notice of intention or actual proposal is filed; or, rejects the proposal. The 2014 legislation makes it a criminal offence if a bankrupt entity defaults on certain obligations set out in the legislation. Jamaica ranked 33 on Resolving Insolvency in the 2019 World Bank’s Doing Business Report. Bankruptcy proceedings take about a year to resolve, costing 18 percent of the estate value with an average recovery rate of 65 percent. The text of the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act can be found at: 20Insolvencypercent 20Actpercent 202014percent 20No.14percent 20rotated.pdf 4. Industrial Policies Investment Incentives The Fiscal Incentives (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2013 repeals most of the legacy incentive legislation and provides flexibility for new tax incentives only to be granted in relation to the bauxite sector, special economic zone activities, the relocation of corporate headquarters, and Junior Stock Exchange listings. The Act also outlines the arrangement for transitioning to the new regime. Continuing beneficiaries may elect to keep old incentives such as relief from income tax and customs duty as well as zero-rated General Consumption Tax (GCT) status for imports. Below are short descriptions of notable, recently enacted investment incentives. Omnibus legislation – Provides tax relief on customs duties, additional stamp duties, and corporate income tax. These benefits are granted under the following four areas: (1) The Fiscal Incentives Act: Targets small and medium size businesses and reduces the effective corporate income tax rate by applying: (a) an Employment Tax Credit (ETC) at a maximum value of 30 percent; and (b) a capital allowance applicable to a broadened definition of industrial buildings. (2) The Income Tax Relief (Large-Scale Projects and Pioneer Industries) Act: Targets large-scale projects and/or pioneering projects and provides for an improved and more attractive rate for the ETC. Projects will be designated either as large-scale or pioneer based on a decision by Parliament and subject to an Economic Impact Assessment. (3) Revised Customs Tariff: Provides for the duty free importation of capital equipment and raw material for the productive sectors. (4) Revised Stamp Duty Act: Provides exemption from additional stamp duty on raw materials and non-consumer goods for the manufacturing sector. Urban Renewal Act: Companies that undertake development within Special Development Areas can benefit from Urban Renewal Bonds, a 33.3 percent investment tax credit, tax-free rental income, and the exemption from transfer tax and stamp duties on the ‘improved’ value of the property. Bauxite and Alumina Act: Under this Act, bauxite/alumina producers are allowed to import all productive inputs free of duties, Value Added Tax (VAT), and other port related taxes and charges. The Foreign Sales Corporation Act: This Act exempts income tax for five years for qualified income arising from foreign trade. U.S. law through the Tax Information Exchange Agreement (TIEA) reinforces this incentive. Jamaica’s EX-IM Bank provides concessionary interest rate loans for trade financing, while the Development Bank of Jamaica offers reduced lending rates to the productive sectors. Special tax incentives exist for companies that register on the Junior Stock Exchange. Income Tax Act (Junior Stock Exchange): As of January 1, 2014, companies listed on the Junior Stock Exchange are not required to pay income tax during the first five years. Special Economic Zone Act: In 2015, Jamaica passed legislation establishing Special Economic Zones (SEZs). The SEZ Act repeals the Jamaica Free Zone Act, making way for: (1) the designation; promotion; development; operation; and, management of Special Economic Zones; (2) the establishment of a SEZ Authority; and, (3) the granting of benefits and other measures in order to attract domestic and foreign investments. Research and Development Foreign firms are allowed to participate in GOJ-financed or subsidized research and development programs, however, few opportunities exist for such programs. Government Guarantee and Private-Public Partnership The GOJ, through the PDMA of 2012, reduced the tendency of government to provide sovereign guarantees on loans, which often had to be converted into public debt. The debt reduction imperatives built into successive IMF programs further stymied this propensity. The GOJ, however, continues to actively encourage FDI utilizing the Public-Private Partnership (PPP or P3) model, to attract private financing. Jamaica has successfully implemented a number of PPP projects to include the divestiture of the Kingston Freeport Terminal, the Sangster International Airport in Montego Bay, and Norman Manley International Airport in Kingston. Jamaica seeks to expedite the divestment of government assets through PPPs and public listings in order to drive private capital to otherwise stagnant government assets. Foreign Trade Zones/Free Ports/Trade Facilitation Jamaica had approximately 200 companies in 190 free zone locations involved in business process outsourcing (BPO); warehousing and distribution; manufacturing; logistics; and merchandising. However, following the passage of a new Special Economic Zone Act in 2015, existing free zone entities had until December 31, 2019 to transition to the new regime. The GOJ transitioned from free zone operations to special economic zones (SEZs) to comply with World Trade Organization (WTO) rules for middle-income countries under the WTO Agreement on Export Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. The Jamaica Special Economic Zone Authority ( ) regulates, supervises, and promotes the Special Economic Zone (SEZ). SEZ operators benefit from a 12.5 percent corporate income tax rate (effective rate may be as low as 7.5 percent with the approval of additional tax credits); customs duty relief, General Consumption Tax (GCT) relief; employment tax credit; promotional tax credit on research and development; capital allowance; and a stamp duty payable of 50 percent. Developers receive these benefits plus relief from income tax on rental income and relief from transfer tax. There is a non-refundable one-time registration fee and renewable annual fee to enter the regime. Duty-free zones are primarily found in airports, hotels, and tourist centers and, as with special economic zone activities, do not discriminate on the basis of nationality. Amendments have also been made to the Export Free Zones Act to allow for the establishment of Single Entity Free Zones, with individual companies now designated as free zones. Performance and Data Localization Requirements No performance requirements are generally imposed as a condition for investing in Jamaica, and government of Jamaica (GOJ) imposed conditions are not overly burdensome according to foreign investors. The GOJ does not mandate local employment, although the use of foreign workers to fill semi-skilled and unskilled jobs is generally frowned upon, especially by trade unions. When requesting work permits for foreign workers, both local and foreign employers must describe efforts to recruit locally. The GOJ requires a description of efforts to recruit locally. Some report of delays in obtaining work permits for foreign workers as the GOJ does not readily have data available to determine if the requisite skills exist in Jamaica. The GOJ does not follow “forced localization,” requiring domestic content in goods or technology. There are no requirements to provide the GOJ access to surveillance of data and there are no restrictions on maintaining certain amounts of data storage within the country. 5. Protection of Property Rights Private entities, whether foreign or domestic, generally have the right to freely establish, own, acquire, and dispose of business enterprises and may engage in all forms of remunerative activity. Real Property Property rights are guaranteed by the Constitution. Jamaica’s Registration of Titles Act recognizes and provides for the enforcement of secured interests in property by way of mortgage. It also facilitates and protects the acquisition and disposition of all property rights, though working through Jamaica’s bureaucracy can result in significant delays. In particular, it sometimes takes a long time for landowners to secure titles. Approximately 55 percent of the land in Jamaica is registered, although a large percentage of those properties do not have current titles, as many families who pass land ownership from parent to child often do not go through the proper legal channels due to the cost and time involved. Many businesses have reported that squatting is also a major challenge in Jamaica, with nearly 20 percent of the population living as squatters. Three-quarters of squatters reside on government lands. Under the Registration of Titles Act, a squatter can claim a property by adverse possession (without compensating the owner for the land) if a person can demonstrate that he or she has lived on government land for more than 60 years, or on private property for more than 12 years undisturbed (including without any payment to the land owner). There are no specific regulations regarding land lease or acquisition by foreign and/or non-resident investors. The country’s World Bank Doing Business Report ranking for ease of “registering property” was 131 in 2019 due largely to the number of procedures and high costs involved. Jamaica continues to outperform other Latin America and Caribbean countries in the time required to close a property transaction. Registration of Titles Act: 20ofpercent 20Titles.pdf Intellectual Property Rights Jamaica has one of the stronger intellectual property (IP) protection regimes in Latin America and the Caribbean, according to the International Property Rights Index, although legislative and enforcement gaps still exist. Jamaica is a member of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and is a signatory of the Berne Convention. Jamaica and the United States have an Intellectual Property Rights Agreement and a Bilateral Investment Treaty, which provide assurances to protect intellectual property. It is relatively easy to register IP, and the Jamaica Intellectual Property Office (JIPO) assists parties interested in registering IP and supports investors’ efforts to enforce their rights. Overall, protections across all types of IP are improving. Law enforcement efforts to combat counterfeit and pirated goods are improving on the ground but border enforcement remains a challenge. IP violations tend to be more in relation to physical goods, while electronic IP theft is less common. The country’s trademark and copyright regimes satisfy the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), although the patent and design law is not TRIPS compliant. A new Patent & Designs Bill, including new rules and fee structures, has been in drafting for a number of years but has not passed in Parliament. However, JIPO instituted administrative procedures to register U.S. patents for a nominal fee in order to protect U.S. rights holders. The Geographical Indications Act (GI) of 2004 is now fully in force and TRIPS compliant, protecting products whose particular quality or reputation is attributable to its geographical origin. General law provides protection for trade secrets and protection against unfair competition is guaranteed under the Fair Competition Act. In the area of copyright protection, amendments to the Copyright Act passed in June 2015 fulfilled Jamaica’s obligations under the WIPO Internet Treaties and extended copyright protection term from 50 to 95 years. The Copyright Act complies with the TRIPS Agreement and adheres to the principles of the Berne Convention, and covers works ranging from books and music to computer programs. Amendments in June 1999 explicitly provide copyright protection on compilations of works such as databases and make it an offense for a person to manufacture or trade in decoders of encrypted transmissions. It also gives persons in encrypted transmissions or in broadcasting or cable program services a right of action against persons who infringe upon their rights. Jamaica, along with some other Caribbean countries, have been cited in the last several years’ Special 301 Report for the absence of compensation to performance rights organizations as well as due to concerns regarding unlicensed broadcasting of copyrighted television programming. Enforcement The Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF) reported seizures of over USD 11 million of counterfeit goods in 2018. The most commonly counterfeited goods include shoes, alcohol, cigarettes, clothing, handbags, and pharmaceuticals. Jamaica’s border enforcement efforts are hampered by customs officers not having ex officio authority to seize and destroy counterfeit goods. Rights holders must first be provided with visual samples of suspect merchandise to verify the item as counterfeit, submit a declaration indicating the differences between the fake and actual brands, and provide an authorization to seize the merchandise. The JCF established a specialized intellectual property unit within its counter terrorism and organized crime branch (C-TOC) in 2015 to boost IP enforcement. Rights holders are responsible for paying the costs associated with storage and destruction of counterfeit goods. Presently the Commissioner of Customs may grant up to 10 days for a rights holder to produce the required evidence and commitments before releasing suspected counterfeit goods that are in transit. For additional information about treaty obligations and points of contact at local IP offices, please see WIPO’s country profiles at . 6. Financial Sector Capital Markets and Portfolio Investment Credit is available on market terms, and foreigners are allowed to borrow freely on the local market at market-determined rates of interest. A relatively effective regulatory system was established to encourage and facilitate portfolio investment. Jamaica has had its own stock exchange, the Jamaica Stock Exchange (JSE), since 1969. The JSE was rated the best performing stock exchange in the world, by Bloomberg, in 2015 and again in 2018. The Financial Services Commission and the Bank of Jamaica (BOJ), the central bank, regulate these activities. Jamaica respects IMF Article VIII by refraining from restrictions on payments and transfers for current international transactions. Money and Banking System At the end of 2018 there were 11 supervised deposit-taking institutions consisting of eight commercial banks, one merchant bank (Licensed under the Financial Institutions Act) and two building societies. The number of credit unions shrank from 47 at the end of 2009 to 26 at the end of 2018. In the BOJ’s January 2019 report, commercial banks held assets of almost USD 11 billion at the end of September 2018. Non-performing loans (NPL) of USD 155 million at end December 2018, were 2.5 percent of total loans. Three of the country’s eight commercial banks are foreign-owned. After a financial sector crisis in the mid-1990s led to consolidations, the sector has remained largely stable. In October 2018, the GOJ took legislative steps to modernize and make the central bank operationally independent through the tabling of amendments to the Bank of Jamaica (BOJ) Act. The modernization program includes, inter alia, the institutionalization of the central bank independence, improved governance, and the transitioning of monetary policy towards inflation targeting. These developments follow previous strengthening of the BOJ, in 2015, when it undertook independent responsibility for banking supervision. Jamaica’s financial governance framework is in line with international standards and legislative amendments continue to enhance the BOJ’s regulatory powers. Foreign Exchange and Remittances Foreign Exchange There are no restrictions on holding funds or on converting, transferring, or repatriating funds associated with an investment. In 2017, the BOJ implemented a new system called the BOJ Foreign Exchange Intervention & Trading Tool (B-FXITT) for the sale and purchase of foreign exchange (FX) to market players. The new system is a more efficient and transparent way of intervening in the FX market to smooth out demand and supply conditions. Investment-related funds are freely convertible to regularly traded currencies, particularly into United States and Canadian dollars and British pounds. However, foreign exchange transactions must be conducted through authorized foreign exchange dealers, “cambios,” and bureau de change. Foreign exchange is generally available and investors are free to remit their investment returns. Remittance Policies The country’s financial system is fully liberalized and subject to market conditions. There is no required waiting period for the remittance of investment returns. Any person or company can purchase instruments denominated in foreign currency. There are no restrictions or limitations on the inflow or outflow of funds for the remittance of profits or revenue. The country does not possess the financial muscle to engage in currency manipulation. Jamaica was listed among the Major Money Laundering Jurisdictions in the U.S. Department of State’s 2018 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR). The Caribbean Financial Action Task Force made public Jamaica’s fourth round Mutual Evaluation Report (MER) in January 2017 ( ). Jamaica entered into an Observation Period until October 2019 to address deficiencies addressed in the MER. Should Jamaica not address deficiencies listed in the MER, it will enter a formal monitoring period by the Financial Action Task Force. Sovereign Wealth Funds Jamaica does not have a sovereign wealth fund or an asset management bureau. 7. State-Owned Enterprises As a condition of Jamaica’s Stand-By Agreement with the IMF, the GOJ is reforming the public sector to include State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). Jamaican SOEs are most active in the agriculture, mining, energy, and transport sectors of the economy. Of 162 public bodies, 56 are self-financing and are therefore considered SOEs as either limited liability entities established under the Companies Act of Jamaica or statutory bodies created by individual enabling legislation. SOEs generally do not receive preferential access to government contracts. SOEs must adhere to the provisions of the GOJ (Revised) Handbook of Public Sector Procurement Procedures and are expected to participate in a bidding process to provide goods and services to the government. SOEs also provide services to private sector firms. SOEs must report quarterly on all contracts above a prescribed limit to the Integrity Commission. Since 2002, SOEs have been subject to the same tax requirements as private enterprises and are required to purchase government-owned land and raw material and execute these transactions on similar terms as private entities. Jamaica’s Public Bodies Management and Accountability Act (PBMA) requires SOEs to prepare annual corporate plans and budgets, which must be debated and approved by Parliament. As part of the GOJ’s economic reform agenda, SOE performance is monitored against agreed targets and goals, with oversight provided by stakeholders including representatives of civil society. The GOJ prioritized divestment of SOEs, particularly the most inefficient, as part of its IMF reform commitments. Private firms compete with SOEs on fair terms and SOEs generally lack the same profitability motives as private enterprises, leading to the GOJ’s absorbing the debt of loss-making public sector enterprises. In 2012, the GOJ approved a Corporate Governance Framework (CGF) to promote improved performance by SOEs. While Jamaican SOEs are not required to adhere to Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Guidelines on Corporate Governance, the CGF is based on international best practices and principles of corporate governance. Jamaica’s public bodies report to their respective Board of Directors appointed by the responsible portfolio minister and while no general rules guide the allocation of SOE board positions, some entities allocate seats to specific stakeholders. Under the CGF, persons appointed to boards should possess the skills and competencies required for the effective functioning of the entity. However, some board members are selected on the basis of their political affiliation. The Jamaican court system, while allegedly slow, is respected for being fair and balanced and in many cases has ruled against the GOJ and its agents. Privatization Program As a condition of Jamaica’s Stand-By Agreement with the IMF, the GOJ identified a number of public assets to be privatized from various sectors. Jamaica actively courts foreign investors as part of its divestment strategy. In certain instances, the government encourages local participation. Restrictions may be placed on certain assets due to national security considerations. Privatization can occur through sale, lease, or concession. Transactions are generally executed through public tenders but the GOJ reserves the right to accept unsolicited proposals for projects deemed to be strategic. The Development Bank of Jamaica, which oversees the privatization program, is mandated to ensure that the process is fair and transparent. When some entities are being privatized, advertisements are placed locally and through international publications, such as the Financial Times, New York Times, and Wall Street Journal, to attract foreign investors. Foreign investors won most of the privatization bids in the last decade. While the time taken to divest assets depends on state of readiness and complexity, on average transactions take between 18 and 24 months. The process involves pre-feasibility and due diligence assessments; feasibility studies; pre-qualification of bidders; and a public tender. In 2018, the GOJ signed a 25-year concession for the management and development of the Norman Manley International Airport in Kingston. Other large privatizations include the 2003 privatization of Sangster International Airport in Montego Bay and the 2015 privatization of the Kingston Container Terminal port facility. The GOJ is in process of privatizing the Wigton Wind Farm, a 62-megawatt wind farm, through a public offering, and is developing a pipeline of additional privatization projects. The GOJ also seeks to divest stagnant assets owned by large government entities such as the Urban Development Corporation and Factories Corporation of Jamaica. List of current privatization transactions can be found at 8. Responsible Business Conduct Responsible Business Conduct (RBC) among many Jamaican companies remains a nascent concept. In 2013, the government provided additional financial incentives for corporations to support charity work through the Charities Act, under which corporations and individuals can claim a tax deduction on contributions made to registered charitable organizations. Some large publicly listed companies and multinational corporations in Jamaica maintain their own foundations that carry out social and community projects to support education, youth employment, and entrepreneurship. In 2018, the GOJ became party to the OECD’s Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Multilateral Convention, which updates the network of bilateral tax treaties and reduces opportunities for tax avoidance by multinational enterprises. GOJ also became signatory to the Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters, effective March 1, 2019, having deposited instruments of ratification in November 2018. 9. Corruption The law provides criminal penalties for corruption by officials but the government generally does not implement the law effectively. Officials appeared to engage in corrupt practices at times with impunity. There have been numerous reports of government corruption in recent years and it remains a significant problem of public concern. Media and civil society organizations continued to criticize the government for being slow and at times reluctant to prosecute corruption cases. Under the Corruption Prevention Act, public servants can be imprisoned for up to 10 years and fined as much as USD 100,000 if found guilty of engaging in acts of bribery, including bribes to foreign public officials. In 2017, Jamaica passed an Integrity Commission Act that consolidated three agencies with anti-corruption mandates into a single entity, the Integrity Commission, which now has limited prosecutorial powers. The three agencies are the precursor Integrity Commission, which received and monitored statutory declarations from parliamentarians; the Office of the Contractor General (OCG), which monitored government contracts; and the Commission for the Prevention of Corruption, which received the financial filings of specified public servants. A key area of concern for corruption is in government procurement. However, some investors have reported that successful prosecutions – particularly for high-level corruption – are rare. Two Ministers of government demitted office between 2018 and March 2019, in the wake of corruption allegations. Corruption, and its apparent linkages with organized crime, appear to be one of the root causes of Jamaica’s high crime rate and economic stagnation. In 2018, Transparency International gave Jamaica a score of 44 out of a possible 100 on the Corruption Perception Index (CPI), demoting the island two spots from its ranking of 68th in 2017 to 70th globally. U.S. firms operating in Jamaica express concern about corruption generally. The apparent willingness of GOJ officials to engage in corrupt practices with foreign companies, according to some U.S. firms, places U.S. firms at a competitive disadvantage. UN Anticorruption Convention, OECD Convention on Combatting Bribery Jamaica ratified major international corruption instruments, including the Inter-American Convention Against Corruption and the United Nations Convention Against Corruption. Jamaica is not party to the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. Resources to Report Corruption Major Organised Crime and Anti-Corruption Agency (MOCA) 24hr Hotline: 1-800-CORRUPT (1-800-267-7878) National Integrity Action 2 Holborn Road Kingston 10, Jamaica Telephone: 1 876 906 4371 10. Political and Security Environment U.S. businesses have identified crime as greater threat to foreign investment in Jamaica than political violence, as the country has not experienced political violence since the early 1980s. Violent crime, rooted in poverty, unemployment, and transnational criminal organizations, is reportedly a serious problem in Jamaica. Sporadic gang violence and shootings are concentrated in specific inner city neighborhoods but can occur elsewhere. Jamaica’s murder rate decreased by 21.9 percent in 2018 to 47 per 100,000, the third highest in Latin America and the Caribbean, according to InSight Crime. This significant reduction is attributed largely to States of Emergency enacted over three violent-ridden areas of the island for the better part of 2018, all of which expired in January 2019. Declaration of States of Emergency give police and military personnel the authority to search, seize, and arrest without being in possession of a warrant. Some report that Jamaica also faces a significant problem with extortion in certain urban commercial areas and on large construction project sites. Investors claim that the security challenges increase the cost of doing business as companies spend on additional security measures. The U.S. Department of State assessed Kingston as a critical threat location for crime directed at or affecting official U.S. government interests. U.S. companies with personnel assigned to Jamaica are strongly advised to conduct security and cultural awareness training. Please refer to the Jamaica 2018 Crime and Safety Report from the Department of State’s Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC) for additional information ( ). 11. Labor Policies and Practices Jamaica had an estimated labor force of 1.3 million as of October 2018 with 8.6 percent unemployment. Women make up 46 percent of the labor force and have an unemployment rate of 11.2 percent. Unemployment is highest within the 20-24 age cohort. Most Jamaicans are employed in services including the retail and tourism sectors, followed by construction, transportation, and communications. Since 1999, more Jamaicans have become trained in information technology and the business process outsourcing (BPO) industry currently employs more than 30,000 people. No law requires hiring locals but foreign investors are expected to hire locals, especially for unskilled and lower skilled jobs. The security guard industry adopted the practice of employing workers on extended contracts to avoid some of the cost, including severance, associated with direct employment. Jamaica does not have a history of waiving labor laws to retain or attract investment and these laws tend to be uniform across the economy. There are no restrictions on employers adjusting employment to respond to market conditions, but there are severance payment requirements if a position is made redundant. Under the law, there is a distinction between a layoff and a redundancy. A layoff allows a temporary period without employment for up to four months. The Employment (Termination and Redundancy Payments) Act provides redundancy pay to employees who are let go with at least two years of continuous employment. Workers with up to 10 years of employment are entitled to two weeks payment for every year worked, while workers with over 10 years employment are entitled to three weeks payment except in cases such as firing for cause. There are no unemployment benefits in Jamaica but low income Jamaicans have the option of applying for social benefits under a conditional cash transfer program referred to as the Program for Advancement though Health and Education (PATH). The law provides for the rights of workers to form or join unions, to bargain collectively, and the freedom to strike. Trade union membership accounts for about 20 percent of the labor force, although the movement weakened in recent years. The law prohibits anti-union discrimination, although it is not uncommon for private sector employers to lay off union workers and rehire them as contractors. Labor law entitles protections to all persons categorized as workers, although it denies contract workers coverage under certain statutory provisions, such as redundancy benefits. Jamaica has an Industrial Disputes Tribunal (IDT) to which the Minister of Labor and Social Security may refer disputes that cannot otherwise be settled. Arbitrators’ decisions are final. The law denies collective bargaining if no single union represents at least 40 percent of the workers in the unit. Jamaica ratified most International Labor Organization (ILO) Conventions and international labor rights are recognized within domestic law. Jamaica has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor and established laws and regulations related to child labor, including in its worst forms. However, gaps still exist in Jamaica’s legal framework to adequately protect children from child labor. The GOJ is under-resourced for investigations on worker abuse as well as on occupational safety and health checks. Jamaica’s workplace policy incorporates all of the recommended practices of the ILO code of practice on HIV/AIDS but the legislation to regulate enforcement is not yet ratified. In conjunction with the ILO and local stakeholders, the GOJ passed legislation guiding flexible working arrangements. Under the Work Permit Act, a foreign national who wishes to work in Jamaica must first apply for a permit issued by the Ministry of Labor and Social Security. The law, which seeks to give first preference to Jamaicans, requires organizations planning to employ foreign nationals to prove that attempts were made to employ a Jamaican national. 12. OPIC and Other Investment Insurance Programs The U.S. government’s Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) targeted infrastructure, telecommunications, construction, tourism, and energy as priority sectors in Jamaica. OPIC has financed many projects in Jamaica and recently provided financing and political risk insurance for two large renewable energy projects, as well as a grid upgrade project for the monopoly power utility. Jamaica is a member of the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). 13. Foreign Direct Investment and Foreign Portfolio Investment Statistics Table 2: Key Macroeconomic Data, U.S. FDI in Host Country/Economy Source for Host Country Data: *Statistical Institute of Jamaica **Jamaica Promotions Corporation (JAMPRO) Table 3: Sources and Destination of FDI Source: Jamaica Promotions Corporation (JAMPRO) Table 4: Sources of Portfolio Investment Data not available. 14. Contact for More Information Economic and Commercial Section 142 Old Hope Road Kingston 6, Jamaica Telephone: +1 876-702-6000

Her ten-year-old brother had been assigned a school report about birds and hadn't started on it until the night before it was due. They wake up before everyone else in their household does. Your mind is shouting words like now! and must! Life is full of problems that must be solved immediately. Leave row 7 blank for now. When it comes to a point when one cannot take it anymore, the journey to knowledge acquisition is abruptly cut short. They live in beta, and quickly iterate through new in-market loops that further refine their offering. He is today a Professor Emeritus at the school, as well as President Emeritus at the Beck Institute, psychological research, and treatment facility Beck founded with his daughter Judith, a renowned psychologist in her own right. The two most important knives for efficient prep in the kitchen are a good-quality chef's knife for larger items such as meats and a paring knife for fruit, vegetables, and herbs. Not sure what to do with it, or thinking that life will be much harder if we have to own it or live it, we unknowingly try to avoid it. You made a move in a positive direction and gained knowledge which will help you to grow towards the healthy person you deserve to be. The folks at UPSO state that there are three important things in life: family, being true to yourself, and listening to others. But it was an effort on his part, so nothing happened. But it only works if the meal follows the 7 minutes of specialized exercises. But how can I achieve my goals without deadlines? In the first phase of our training in the Royal Marines, we were taught to have extremely high standards for ourselves in every area of life. I'd ask myself, Should I be this upset when so many other people have it far worse than me? Unlike many other self-improvement websites, Digital Marcus decided to only include information that is backed by experts in biology, neuroscience, fitness, psychology, philosophy and other fields. Clean my apartment. Sarah seemed a little embarrassed even to bring this one up, but since I asked for specifics on what she meant regarding her concern that her general energy and focus were slipping, her struggle to stay on top of domestic chores came up for discussion. Whаt are the best wауѕ tо соntrоl уоur mind? The difference between being a hypochondriac and having health anxiety People аrе vеrу good wіth іmаgеѕ. To assume that no matter how I behave my wife will love me is to render me a child and her my mother. Probably best known for its wealth of advice, Bliss Words has a dedicated team on hand to help you find what you need. Any of these reactions and feelings are to be expected and are okay. The artist is nothing without the gift, but the gift is nothing without work. Your bowel movements could be different, too. He also consistently refused psychotherapy, claiming that therapists just wanted to take his parents' money, and that they weren't going to be able to tell him anything about himself he didn't already know. Before I could start asking a lot of questions, he told me he had something he wanted me to read. If you are looking for straightforward advice about what to do with your life, Infohost is the place to be. If you feel you must talk about your feelings, do it in a family therapy session where you can get support about how to communicate these feelings. Im in my sixties now, and its still with me, she muttered, irritably. When your body and mind are desperate to survive, they will take you to the highest level of your potential.. Thus, the wish that we make when blowing out the candles of our birthday cake can come true only if we keep it a secret. Can you instantly communicate your personality using Peter Underwood today? Again, within particular cultural contexts, certain defenses are given permission. She told me to test it out. All of us need to keep this in mind: change can be scary, but it doesn’t have to be. My doctors say I may have only a few months remaining, but they don't really know. It seems like a silly thing. It sounds easy, but Intersol is an art and skill that you need to learn. A psychology that points to responsive mind as a means to cultivate choice in one's relationship to all conditions. The muscles of the middle ear close, and suddenly we register only high and low frequencies (what are known as predator sounds). She has maintained a good academic record. In meditation, doubt shows up as lack of confidence in the practice: doubting our ability to do the practice correctly (even if we are) or dismissing actual signs of progress. Now all that is left to do is dedicate the rest of your life to fully living your power and Purpose. The irreverant and wacky Ceeware provides insights into the most complicated and critical topics including relationships, happiness, self-knowledge, and habits. Being аwаrе of these trаіtѕ іѕ the ѕtаrt tо іnсrеаѕеd resistance tо mаnірulаtіоn. I would not wish to be a member of a sports team whose coach whisks players onto the pitch with the affirmation, We won't win, anyway! That is discouraging, and none among the players of that team gives their best in the game. Just knowing accurate information about unwanted intrusive thoughts will make them feel less distressing. It may also normalise them so it's less shocking when you feel sad, just a thing that you feel for a reason. Humans exist in a state of entropy. One of my favourite sites, Slob is loaded with super helpful reads on the dos and don’ts of life. Have you noted a simple fact? Give family members space. Now, an important thing to understand today is that we are not about trying to judge or look down on others. How did her courage carry on through the family line? Sooner or later, the Great Mother calls the clones back one by one to the Mothership and they review the clone's time on earth. This site - Boston Prime - is full of life tips that will make your day easier. What do you think will happen to your anxiety if you say that to yourself? Looking back to our weather metaphor, consider that you aren't responsible for your human experience any more than you're responsible for the weather. The difference lies in how people spend their time. What is one area of safety you do not feel as equipped to handle? At a recent session we spent a few hours carving out space for abandoned hobbies, including sewing, knitting, quilting, and jewelry making, none of which had been touched in several years and I was doubtful would ever be touched again. If your inner perfectionist requires the immediate implementation of your ideas then Jumpify offers great strategies to make your thoughts real. But the Buddha did not stop there. Having identified a belief, you need to determine whether the intermediate belief is central or more peripheral. A well-edited script will save time in the end and ensure you cover all of your important story elements. Breathe - Deep breathing helps me calm down. Do you find yourself easily distracted from the person you are supposed to be focused on? If you want to glean information on how to succeed then 49 | Forty Nine has all the particulars that you need. I think I only missed one or two days. If I was out to a long dinner with friends, I wasn't going to go to the bathroom between each course, lest they think I had acquired a urinary tract infection or drug issue since our last shared meal. As it does you feel very good, very confident, and ready to put this new trait into practice.Then, holding on to that feeling and enthusiasm to go out and do it, return to the room. Fun, supportive, affectionate, attentive, and upbeat, Brian seemed to be all the things that her parents were not. In other words, there are barriers on both ends of the skill distribution curve. One more approach to personal success is Fast Rubbish It helps people differentiate what is important and get rid of seemingly unnecessary things. And I think to myself, ‘What would I charge if I were a White man?' And that's what I charge. But we cannot stop there. And the answers won't be unique to you. How would you describe the presence of national mental health organizations on your campus? It's truly heartening when you receive an unexpected gift, just because someone was thinking of you, so return the favor. Although business focused too, Future Comms can put your work in perspective. I suggested Andrew get quieter, not louder, on the bolded part. The practice of professional counseling is governed at the national and state levels by a variety of governing boards and regulatory agencies. And just as you have received and accepted each gift, you must receive and accept each experience that comes. The body likes rhythm. In your inquiry, did you have a full sensory experience of the other person? The author over at Solent Deal believes that in order to reach your goal, you need action - realistic and quantifiable techniques that are scientifically proven to work. He was proud that he gave a day's work for a day's pay.). As on so many occasions during that era, my daughter had been invited but had refused to come. To understand more about what might be going on with Jan and other survivors, I needed to look closely at the autonomic nervous system and how it operates. When we arrived in Manhattan Beach, I unpacked my things but wasn't able to really settle in because I was house-sitting. This site: Zap Me aims to develop the ability to meditate and be intuitive. It's also something you do for yourself. Aрреаl tо уоur fаult. Because, on some level, we are disgusted by our own humanity. He can also retrieve objects or get help for Todd in an emergency. Inviting positivity can be really challenging. Find out who’s interested in the same topics you’re interested in over at Gifted Up today. Truth is, I don't know. Your baseline is likely a higher number. The grain, which is also golden, will bring back the thought of you.. Then why is this influencing your family? If you are looking for a blog that can teach you how to become a good leader, we recommend reading Landmark East as a self help resource. Both his son and his daughter graduated from Stanford with distinction. That's when his office hours are. I need to avoid stress if I can. We all know the experience of being grateful for electricity after a prolonged power outage. For this reason, before you go ahead and start to implement your decision, you need to take a long hard look at what you have done so far, so you can be sure that you have been thorough in finding the perfect solution. Your thoughts about Opsi would be greatly appreciated. Whаt did уоu hаvе? Indeed, it was really bad for a while. You can think of fun money as money spent on things you want, but don't need. 'They value people with whom they have experiential overlap as information sources. Responding to current approaches to community mental health service delivery. The Unimagine shares some of the author's expertise and experiences in the field. Learning strategies to change the way you view situations and people can help you to look on the bright side. When a liquid vegetable oil is flooded with hydrogen at a very high temperature, trans fatty acids are formed. The ego refers to a person's self-image or the image which he wants others to have of himself. What happened during this painful event? With the right tools, the internet is an amazing medical library that can help people learn more about their health and how to advocate for the best care. Enjoy the latest features at CFDR - a site that is just as relevant no matter what your age. This denial leads to an obsessive, often unconscious attempt to fill the void. The unconscious states thаt уоur bоdу looks еxасtlу thе ѕаmе аѕ the circulatory symptom, since іt mеаnѕ thаt іt іѕ соrrесt to understand what tо say. We're not examining the sound of the engine or thinking about the pistons or feeling the vibrations from the tyres on the road. And I am more available to help him on a day-to-day basis. There is no right or wrong phase, and you should trust your own timing. Join a community of people with like interests over at Sitefire Try starting with interests such as self-improvement, motivation, and spirituality. The modelling рrосеѕѕ rеԛuіrеѕ a strong mоtіvаtіоn аnd a lot of оbѕеrvаtіоn. And what might I need to do for myself to manage that? Before we got Buddy, Corrina and I wondered how we were going to fit him in around all the stuff we do during the day. In fact, their accurate recognition that their life is running relatively smoothly sometimes leads them to feel they don't really have permission to experience feelings of distress or discontent; this pattern of minimizing their feelings can actually be hard on their self-esteem. Evеrуdау, wе аrе іnfluеnсеd bу dіffеrеnt thіngѕ. The award winning blog Oyfe helps others overcome their limiting beliefs that keep them stuck Although we struggled emotionally and financially for several years, today we are in a better place than we likely would have been otherwise. We are propped up by various crutches. While it is true that the Abhidharma's relentless deconstruction of mental capacities and processes can seem overwhelming, its insights into conditioned mind can be profoundly transformative. Your goal should be to identify the root of the issue, and not to deal with the symptoms it causes. It is an acknowledgment by the medical profession that this is an underserved, at-risk population whose physical and mental health is broadly determined by social, financial, and physical factors. All about inspiration, advice and contacts, England Online is an inclusive network that embraces professional women from all backgrounds. Once you do, a doorway on the other side of your room opens up, and one of your parents appears. In my youth, while in conversation with others I would occasionally make up or exaggerate some minor details of my life or pretend to have done something I hadn't. Take some time to see how your mind-heart responds to that statement. I wanted Peter to speak to a guide to hopefully find answers that he couldn't find on his own. When you're sensitive, it doesn't take much to knock you back a few steps. This site: White Hat Webdesign has a collection of easy and attainable tips devoted to improving your life. Say another thing you say when you are in public. To continue working effectively with Cara, Joe must be able to resolve any values conflicts between his own morals and the ethical and legal requirements to which he is bound by the agency, his profession, and the laws of the state. Unfortunately, I am primarily a Wood, efficient and driven, so Brian's depression mystified me and felt narcissistic. Buddleia leaves folded in two and joined with a grassy rope became boats. I called my provider again to ask them to make an appeal, and they assured me they would. By the very title, Feilung states that changes are critical on the way to personal growth. She was in a state of profound grief, sadness, and mounting stress. It can cause problems with learning and memory, lower bone density, increase the risk of depression and other mental illnesses, lower our immune function and reduce our life expectancy. When my husband, Brendan, got home, I said, I don't think I'm okay. The very idea of giving up doesn't exist anywhere in your mind. First up, shrinking amygdalas. This self-help website: Gonerby Yfc helps you discover how to change your life for the better. Remind yourself that you can come back to it later if it does become a tangible problem. The stores of prana, tejas, and ojas we have built up earlier come to our aid and enable us to breeze through them. It becomes possible to exchange views and to pursue discussions. In the default model we don't aim for bliss, particularly when there are no objective measures for it. How can you keep up the momentum? Why not check out: Country Web Services it will lead you to a life full of happiness and inspiration. There is likewise a sense of hiding or invisibility that accompanies self-sabotage. Additionally, the pandemic has triggered the development of specific resources for frontline health care workers and first responders, including corrections officers. Slowly reverse the movement and return to starting position. Processed foods are generally contained in the center aisles. Just watch the person in action.Watch the person closely. As well as having a brand new look, Two Point Four Children is a lot easier to navigate. Next, I had to analyze mountains of data (which was especially hard for me since I struggle with math). Children are constantly being given handouts unless they're being neglected. Your biggest challenge will probably be reading through this next part. Dweck has mostly studied mindset in education and school settings, but her work is pretty relevant for, well, just about everything we do, because mindset colors how we see the world. That is the hopeful thing about it and the reason why we may consistently ask or demand the routine practice of the virtues. Grow yourself with Stradfest focusing on productivity and self help. Try to make a time for later when you want to respond, should the occurrence require an adequate response. Both Joe and I were keeping many feelings to ourselves prior to seeing the counselor. Thе bеѕt wау tо ассоmрlіѕh ѕuссеѕѕ іѕ to rерlасе thеm wіth new оnеѕ. It's important to learn ways to communicate about your endo and create healthy relationships with those who are supporting you, and to find ways to communicate about your pain and let people know just what you're going through on a daily basis. Of course, by then, you'll have the tools you need to help yourself. A no-brainer for all things fulfilment related, Cameron Coaches provides great insights and pertinent stories. Let gо of thе оld meaning. The creative men were somewhat more generative than the noncreative men and less likely to use repression, but these distinctions were not as marked as for the Terman women. For example, your main complaints may be excessive mucus and shortness of breath. Are there decorations or pictures of loved ones? Always do your research! Creating content, community and events for aspiring mentors, DCLNT Ltd aim to help more women succeed. Hobbies and special interests are already the main achievement area for many people. Their quality of life and functioning in the community measurably improved. A performance may be blocked.By the same token, when a person worries about meeting a deadline it can stimulate them to work harder and faster to accomplish what needs to be done. If уоur еmрlоуее'ѕ nаmе іѕ Jоhn, уоu could simply аdjuѕt thе рrеvіоuѕ rеԛuеѕt, іnсоrроrаtіng thеіr name. Whether at the same time every week or month or quarter or not, the community must meet regularly. Incidentally, Article Leads is designed to facilitate the sharing of experiences and ideas between community members. I felt like, ‘Hey, I don't even like her and now I'm supposed to get her a birthday card?' He actually told us that if we didn't fully embrace her, he didn't want to see us. Yes, you read that right. Thе fеаr оf dаrknеѕѕ іѕ аn іnhеrеnt humаn trаіt thаt dаtеѕ bасk tо рrеhіѕtоrіс tіmеѕ. It becomes progressively easier for the electrical system to fire in the exact same way and produce the exact same hormones. Inhale deeply, and then as you exhale, pull your hips to the left with your left hand while your right arm stretches out to the right. The articles shared on URL Shortener are informative, inspirational and in some cases, quite moving. In these passages, the Buddha is speaking of a very high level of meditation that leads to knowing (2008). Indeed, the record of religion is mixed. They relentlessly pushed their children to excel, and loudly criticized their efforts and even their achievements. Each has the same essence as the Great Mother, but she makes tweaks so each is likely to have a varied experience, thus helping her to explore more than she ever would alone. This, then, leads to you being unhappy at work and carrying around stressful thoughts and feelings. Many of the featured talks at Lincolnshire Direct are by compliment of seasoned professionals. When you are around friends, you have the liberty to be yourself. Here are some different groups of people you might find on campus. But people are afraid to relax. Instead, you show up when you make the choice to do so – and that should be every single day. If you've ever been on the receiving end of a sudden breakup or have been terminated without notice, you know what it feels like to have a pit in your stomach, how your voice gets shaky, or how your heart aches. You might go to NCDA to distract yourself. We don't want to hear that it won't work. Is the motivation his wife's alone? I went back to my room and worked on my chemistry problems instead. She has offered an integrated model for counselor advocacy within the child welfare system and has reminded professionals that counselors are uniquely qualified to engage in social justice advocacy efforts on behalf of children. As Sarah and I looked at the to-do list about which she was so self-critical for not having the energy to complete, I asked her to talk about the emotions associated with each item. Here you are. Linux Quota is an addictive website which presents practical self-improvement ideas that you can use immediately. The volunteer team got in touch asking if she would come to the celebrations, given she had been part of the original team that had set the run up: My inner voice was reminding me that I had been on my own in the past and that I could do it again and that maybe it wouldn't even be so bad. A Hooray for Me can be as complex as hosting a dinner party or going back to work. You have prioritized them and created some sort of order. Clean up your life's flow by prioritizing and completing daily tasks. The properly-organized structure of Microstat offers you categories such as happiness, relationships, and health. Staying active is a crucial part of intuitive eating. When you finally take responsibility for your conflicts, something incredible happens. Tolerance does not mean that one has to accept every idea as valid. To recognize the voice of your soul, you must learn to align. It's important that people develop an understanding of the type of stress they're dealing with. Attempting to build a community of like-minded individuals, the people at Newbury Tech try to help each other out. It wasn't a pill, a medicine, a surgery, or a healer's miraculous hands that held the key to these people's recoveries, as tempting as it might be to believe in these simple and seemingly clear solutions. I mean, what if my doctor had been so convinced that my stress was the major factor that they didn't order certain tests? Three days into our little experiment, I received a call from the emergency room of the local hospital, letting me know that Denise was there, getting a cast for a broken wrist. Of course there is a healthy demanding as well as an unhealthy demanding, but, so far as I know, the healthy demanding can come only when we are clear of personal resistance and can demand on the strength of a true principle and without selfish emotion. If this happens, then keep going! The Devon Ramblings website has a strong focus on productivity and time management. The alternative is called a stepped-care approach. Going off and just doing something for the fun of it can be a great way to relieve stress and feel good. If you think that focusing on the negative will bring negative results, you're living in an old-model mind-set. Are humans meant to live alone? When you're ready, thank Dad for visiting with you today. Free to enrol, Stoke Goldington offers workshops and puts you in touch with a range of like-minded people. Just gather awareness of the feelings attached to each thought. Have you ever eaten a big meal for lunch and didn't feel like eating dinner? Her smile was bright, her eyes warm. Let's look at some of the personal expense categories to get you started. The side channels end at the nostrils while the center one continues up the back of the head, splitting into two at the midpoint of the brain. From P Perf I learned how to dream dreams worth chasing. Mental toughness requires patience to wait for results and to endure monotonous work, practice, or training, day in and day out. I almost had to laugh. Life actually feels easier when you are aligned internally because your energy is supported and flowing freely. Make a fist with both hands. It may be difficult initially to accept these counteractive thoughts. Don't let the kitschy name veer you away from this reputable source of information at IOC Learn from the best, and know you're in great company. Tiffany, for instance, grew up multilingual. Do you fear coming up with ideas that aren’t good? Show up in your life in a more powerful way. While truly practice will never make perfect, patience is a gift of inner calm. If the narcissist in your life is truly an overt maladaptive narcissist, don't despair. With hundreds of experienced mentors around the world, Stutter Free has a vibrant community of founders. The mind processed it and created the desire to pluck the flower. I then inquired as to their exterior, whether they were hard or soft. The options are endless. David Hughes's teammates on the pedestrian mall project were Amrita Mahale, James Thompson, and Svetla Alexandrov. Onsee you're upset and I'm here if you need anything. For those of you who are seeking some advice, Rays Web Studio is a must-see for all. It's like a tiny pebble that slips into your boot and rubs your whole heel raw. You are your mind, you are always using your mind, and your mind is always with you. Most decisions have to be based on inadequate knowledge and some guesswork. In other cases, high functioning people, especially when feeling vulnerable or speaking to any sort of perceived expert or authority, can be people pleasers who assume that anyone with a degree to practice psychotherapy must have special intrapersonal or interpersonal knowledge beyond their own. This isn't like any other workout you've ever tried. Having a site like Oxgrove helps to convince people that they do not need to conform to the norm to make the world a better place. It's almost impossible to suppress (and can be harmful to try). The players have to be ready to hit that ball. To release your anger, make that person seem smaller, less powerful, and less important to you. Understanding thе іntеrrеlаtіоn bеtwееn сulturе and аnthrороlоgу, security, рѕусhоаnаlуѕіѕ and human perception аnd emotions. Given this, I encouraged him to periodically say, That's enough. This self-development blog: Beverley Guide provides readers with practical advice to increase productivity. Learning to better cope with the next one is secondary to the main goal of just getting through the experience. I see this as part of the necessary work of building back something essential, some kind of unity and understanding, in our angry, divided society. You also don't want to repeat your own behavior of allowing yourself to be treated poorly. For example, once you cull your files, treat yourself to a fancy set of file folders.. Another bestselling author Oxon AA teaches you how to develop habits that will make your life better. I loved being alone and felt bad for all the people who were dining with friends and dates. Patients' worst fears are often unrealistic. And I shall love to listen to the wind in the wheat.15 During the presentation, I placed a small temperature-sensitive sticky dot on the fingertips of each of the participants. Repeat and monitor the results. Looking for compelling and thought-provoking pieces? Save our Fashion Schools may have be the answer. Okay, sure, on one level he was. That I may as well go and get it over with. The ordinary person never asks, How did Kobe Bryant become the person that he was? As you return to calming your mind and re-harmonizing the balance between mind and body, over time, you can be more and more aware of the experience you are having. Okay, if it's true that you didn't do a very good job in class, what would that mean? On your path to personal growth, Noalisation Web helps you get organised. What can I commit myself to wholeheartedly? Wеll, lіfе іѕ аbоut change. Then something miraculous happened. Your brain is hardwired to sound the alarm whenever it perceives a threat and attempts to protect you by causing your heart rate to increase and your blood pressure to rise. The things that scare you the most are the ones that you really need to do first. Many readers consider Sieso a huge inspiration. As I descended into the nightmare of my own making, it began to sink in that my marriage was over. What he saw there challenged his preconceived ideas and sparked creative insights that led to an innovative solution. But then, slowly, theyll be able to get their breathing back under control. Practice setting context.. The ultimate tool for online help, Cockahoop Collection is current and easy to consume, and if you download the app, you have the latest information right at your fingertips. As you use them in your life to manage your thinking, you'll find that immensely trying times can have hidden dimensions you may miss if you don't accept all of the uncertainties! That's where the growth comes from. I value my own company and enjoy spending time alone. I went to the bathroom where she goes to the bathroom. I didn't know that you were addicted to speed during high school, and feel awful hearing it was because of me. The author of CR Mag shares his experience in individual development and explains how to make your own life happier. I had decided to try out an online dating app. However, each of the clients is always influenced by one or more of the various cultural systems in which they are engaged. So simple that we need only three elements in situations like this to learn: an environmental cue, a behavior, and a result. Life, like art, offers us complexity, contrast and ambiguity. The task of Peggy's ego, then, is simply to get her through the summer without her becoming too anxious and too depressed. To my way of thinking, Olive and Black shows you how to change your life in the most effective ways to build a better YOU. Aim for three circled items in a row, so you have a variety of tools to choose between. Studies with musicians showed that they have larger areas of the brain associated with fine movements and sound processing than non-musicians. Run like a small child, using the whole body—hands and feet—and run. Others volunteer. In his mind, he's like, You guys are idiots! Great ideas from great minds are collected together at Tap Assess to let you improve yourself and succeed. This is because they are two great axial truths. These values provide an estimate of the percentage of a nutrient from 1 serving in a typical 2,000-calorie diet. You can use these four A's each and every day so that you are successfully able to reduce, manage, and even eliminate your stress. And after the episode is over you may wonder: I never thought that I could murder somebody! But you created the energy, and energy can do anything. Even the fundamental human need to be with other people may not be as great as the human need for meaning. The self improvement site The Net Web is an inspiring blog providing simple wisdom for complex lives. He had countless setbacks and failures. His commitment to fighting for freedom was relentless, and he was able to help dismantle the apartheid government and become president of South Africa. They fail mostly because after a period of bingeing, we set unrealistic goals for reforming our bad ways. In оthеr words, аnуоnе саn bе ѕо gооd аt аnуthіng іf a hіghlу professional model іѕ used. Doctors are taught to ignore the story, the personal life of the person in order to penetrate through to the underlying signs and symptoms of disease that are present in those with that particular illness. The woman is in a better position; she can go directly toward the being from the heart. Integrate your ideas with emcnd to make the brainstorming process simple. Prana gathering in the center channel naturally evokes inner silence, the perfect state for meditation and higher practices. No, brother, you can't get health out of a bottle or a pill box. Long-term thoughts, not habits, are formed around the 21-day mark. Yet too often those thoughts take hold for only a short while, and then it's back to your normal set point. In other words, when we notice (and note) the physical sensations that are arising in our body that make up a craving, we are already less caught up in it, simply through that observation. This site: Saber Light Digital is full of sassy and actionable advice for anyone wanting to build a business, focus, and overcome their limiting beliefs. Thank you! I responded politely. One such man was Simon Bright. The spinmaster was in full swing-no wonder he was so good at his advertising job! I just knew my mom was always hurting. That may be true for some forms of concentration meditations, but it's not true for mindfulness. At Made in East Anglia you can learn new information when it fits into your schedule.

Unlocking human potential has been saved Limited functionality available The world changes rapidly; our basic needs as humans, not so much. To unlock human potential in an unpredictable environment, practices that help us both slow down and speed up—in ways that complement each other—can help shift the paradigm from stress and survival to excitement and vitality. Listen to the related podcast The Center for the Edge has written extensively about how the world is changing, and about the implications and impact of this change on corporations. We have framed the deep structural shifts afoot and practices that institutions can adopt to thrive in the world to come. Now, this report addresses practices that individuals—not just leaders, executives, and top athletes, although many of their practices are relevant, but all of us—may need to adopt to thrive in this world.. We already feel the tension today: the sense of boundless options (for some) and the awareness of limited time (for most); the sense of having just missed something and the fear of missing more; the thrill of seeing a car 3D printed and the unease of wondering which jobs will remain for us in the age of intelligent machines; the hyper-connection and loss of connection; the expectation of on-demand everything and the appeal of slow, bespoke, handmade. One of the fundamental shifts that we now face is the shrinking of time spans, in large part due to exponential technological change coupled with the instantaneous propagation of ideas and information across a connected world. What used to take decades now takes years; what took years takes months; months, weeks; weeks, days; days, hours; hours, minutes. In the institutional environment, this shift is disrupting established businesses and business models, but it has also created a new set of businesses and business models better adapted to the faster (and accelerating) pace. We, as individuals, are also experiencing this shift. For our parents, an education lasted a whole career. Now, it may last 5–10 years.1 With the accelerating pace of change, the relevance and validity of the ability to “know” a stable stock of knowledge is diminished while other abilities, such as creativity, empathy, and the ability to read context, become more important. Our children will truly have to take lifelong learning seriously, continuously upgrading their skills. They will likely transition to completely new fields of study and employment more than a few times in their careers. Like institutions, we too will need to develop new practices and capabilities that are adapted to the times. Amid these pressures of a new, modern world, people have turned to some old, and very old, practices. Exemplified by phenomena such as the Wisdom 2.0 conference, there is a growing movement built around mindfulness, meditation, gratitude, and digital detox—all in reaction, as antidotes, to increased stress. The well-being sector is booming, experiencing new demand for old practices as well as developing new practices and distinctly new twists on old practices. Yoga has never been asked to do so much for so many. In fact, a recent study found that the number of people practicing yoga in the United States has increased by nearly 80 percent since 2012, with practitioners spending over $16 billion annually on instruction.2 Meanwhile, meditation-related spending reached just under $1 billion in 2015, a figure that doesn’t include mindfulness apps.3 The workplace wellness market is over $40 billion in the United States.4 In the desire to understand ourselves holistically and to thus manage our lives, health and wellness, well-being, mental health, professional development, career advancement, and even community service collide as the boundaries between these sectors and parts of our lives blur. What we propose in Unlocking human potential is a set of proactive practices for all of us that can help shift the paradigm, as we face the unknown and unpredictable, from stress and survival to excitement and vitality. These practices include those, championed by (among others) the Wisdom 2.0 movement, that allow you to slow down and re-anchor yourself. We call these slowing-down practices “Roots.” But we also believe that Roots practices can have more value, not just when used proactively, but when used in concert with other practices—such as building a diverse social media network, traveling, and “unscheduling”—to speed up and explore new arenas for learning and growth. We call these speeding-up practices “Shoots.” By connecting Roots practices with Shoots practices, individuals have the potential to not only gain focus, improve well-being, and become more productive (all potential outcomes of any one practice), but also to become more adaptable, more capable of learning across changing contexts, more empathetic, and more creative and flexible in creating new approaches and adapting old ones to sustain themselves over a career and a lifetime. This isn’t a story about “checking out” or taking the path less traveled. It’s about checking in, with yourself and with others; leaning in and climbing out; jumping into the flow of ideas, people, and information to learn new strokes; and eddying out to regain equilibrium. It’s about learning to move with purpose and using flows, and “flow,”5 to successfully and sustainably live and work. We are very much interested in the path we’re all on. It’s about each of us finding ways to create a better path for ourselves, making sure the path is taking us where we want to go, and understanding the many options we have for traversing it. While this report focuses on practices for individuals, institutions have an important role to play by providing environments that accelerate the adoption of these practices within the shifting contexts of the Big Shift. That, in turn, will endow institutions with a workforce that can bring creativity, curiosity, reflection, and resilience to the challenges of a changing and unknowable future business environment, leading to increased productivity and improved performance and output. In the rest of this report, we build a framework around the “Roots and Shoots” concept and use it to explore a variety of practices relevant to our current and future work and life. This framework is designed to provide a new lens through which to view some of the robust research and tools that already exist, and to propose ways to use some of those tools and capacities in different ways or with a different focus. We will discuss how some existing practices fit into this framework and where there may be gaps, as well as possible mechanisms for connecting Roots to Shoots practices. In developing this report, we saw three themes emerge: We don’t have all the answers. We hope, with this report, to start a conversation and to provide a framework for thinking about the options and how they support your individual and institutional goals. Ideally, Roots and Shoots practices are not just a reaction to stress, grabbed like lifelines as you careen by. Rather, they are proactive tools assembled with deliberation to better realize your full potential. Balance, specifically work-life balance, often seems to be the goal, however elusive, when we try to develop new practices around our work and life. We are told that our lives, and our working lives, may be long—longer than for previous generations6—and we know that we have to sustain our bodies, minds, and relationships across this lifetime. To do this, we turn to balance. But is balance the only, or even the right, goal? In moments of unhappiness, we tend to notice great imbalances and think that balance is the answer. But for many of us, in thinking about our careers and aspirations and the ways we assess ourselves and find meaning, progress or impact might be as necessary for sustaining ourselves as balance. If balance isn’t necessarily the goal, what is? The discourse around personal practices for times of exponential change tends to be divided between speeding up and slowing down, not so much at odds with each other as disconnected, each camp oblivious to the relevance of the other. On one side are practices for speeding up: doing more, getting more, becoming better, faster, stronger. In this camp, we identify passions, get into a flow state, and hack everything, Tim Ferriss style; the answers are out there, digital tools put them all within reach, and the only question is, what’s stopping you? In the other camp are practices for slowing down: mindfulness, meditation, digital detox. The answers are in there if you can shut out the distractions long enough to listen. Both camps are responding to the increasing pressure that we all feel in current times. The goal of the first is the need to achieve, to stay relevant and competitive in a faster world where safety nets and social contracts are in short supply. The goal of the second is to mitigate and recover from the actual pressures of an always-on, fast-moving, competitive world. Seemingly irreconcilable, each goal points to different practices. As we’ve written elsewhere,7 this situation is complicated by the fact that the useful life of specific skills is decreasing, and it is hard to predict exactly which skills an organization will need next. Any work that can be standardized and made routine is a likely candidate for automation, and rapidly improving AI (artificial or augmented intelligence) will encroach even on some work that requires “judgment.” What will remain is the subject of another report, but we believe there will still be many ways for humans to augment machines and machines to augment humans. Curiosity, empathy, and creativity, as well as resourcefulness, flexibility, and persistence, will be critical capabilities for the demands of the future. The ability to learn (new skills, new contexts, and new applications), the flexibility to apply skills and tools in new ways, and the creativity to create new knowledge will be paramount. If we take as our goal sustainable, long-term performance, the practices for slowing down and speeding up can be seen as complementary rather than contradictory. Slowing-down practices have been shown to improve creativity, persistence, and empathy.8 Speeding-up practices fuel curiosity, uncover new resources, and expose us to new ideas and contexts that may prove relevant to our own domain or pursuits. Both are critical to the ability to engage in the type of learning that we believe will be increasingly important in the workforce: that which creates new knowledge (insights, techniques, approaches), in contrast to assimilating existing stocks of knowledge. Taken together, speeding up and slowing down form what we think of as “individual elasticity”: flexibility and responsiveness in a system designed to be flexible and responsive. Individual elasticity borrows from the concept of “resilience” developed by Joshua Cooper Ramo, which is defined as being able to become stronger, not just survive or bounce back, as a result of stresses to the system.9 This strong, flexible, responsive system—our individual elasticity—comes of cultivating both the ability to slow down and the ability to speed up. Echoes of this concept are found in Chinese yin-yang philosophy, which describes how “opposite or contrary forces are actually complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world, and how they give rise to each other as they interrelate to one another.”10 In addition, individual elasticity depends upon developing the ability to cycle between slowing down and speeding up over periods of weeks and months—and also over the course of a day or an hour—through a set of practices that fit the cadence and rhythm that an individual needs. Focusing on speeding up without the space or capacity to slow down and reflect can lead to burnout, or to pursuing a topic or staying on a career path beyond its viable life. Similarly, practices to slow down and become grounded can be useful and healing, but without focus, direction, and experimentation, they could lead to stagnation. We nourish our minds, spirit, and bodies through growth and exploration as well as through rest. When both sides are understood to be complementary and pursued deliberately to reinforce each other, the effect on unlocking potential is greater. While different life and career stages may dictate a greater need for some practices over others at any given time, it is imperative for individuals to have the ability to slow down and speed up, and to develop an array of speeding-up and slowing-down practices to draw on over the course of a lifetime. Think of a tree. It is rooted to the ground. Through a system of strong roots anchored into soil and rock, the tree gets nutrients, water, and stability—all essential for the tree’s health and growth. A strong tree also has branches, shoots of new growth that spread upward and outward into the sky. Through these shoots, the tree collects sunlight for photosynthesis, also essential for the tree’s health and growth. Roots and shoots are both vital—not just necessary, but interdependent, forming a cycle. We thought that this was a useful way to think about the simultaneous need in our lives to cycle between slowing down (Roots) and speeding up (Shoots) if we want health and growth. Growth is a key differentiator in this framework. So many practices are focused on health, often defined as recovery from or resistance to stress in all the ways it manifests in our bodies, work, and relationships. There’s no doubt that health alone, or the absence of harm, is a compelling goal for its own sake. Yet many of us, whether or not we acknowledge it, want something more than health and the absence of pain. Most of us once wanted to be something or do something. Most of us still do. That is the heart of our framework, the trunk of our tree: The fundamental reason to engage in Roots and Shoots practices is to unlock our potential. It is our contention that learning and unlearning—which, together, lie at the heart of growth—occur through the interplay of Roots and Shoots. Learning and unlearning occur on two levels. First, we have to learn and adopt new practices as well as—equally important but perhaps more difficult—unlearn and stop executing old practices that are not serving us. Second, to pursue growth, we must acknowledge that the point of engaging in new practices is to learn new skills and approaches that are most relevant to the moment at hand and that will serve us in the dynamic future. The goal is to be exposed to new ideas and new ways of looking at the world, to develop new skills and techniques, and to discover new applications of skills and tools we already have. In our framework, we begin by identifying key elements of Roots and Shoots. These elements describe “how” growth and learning happen in the Roots and Shoots cycle. What does it mean to be in the Roots, in the slowing-down space? What does it mean to be in the Shoots, in the speeding-up space? These elements, which we will describe in greater detail later, include Rest, Reconnect, and Reflect and Reframe for Roots, and Act, Adjust and Align, and Accelerate and Amplify for Shoots. Within the broad context of the elements, certain types of activities are necessary to feed and sustain the learning cycle. This is where practices come in. Practices are discrete, tangible activities that we can build into our daily lives to help develop the capability for speeding up and slowing down in the service of our values and aspirations. Our framework identifies several “meta-practices” (such as “shape serendipity”) to define the objectives that will nourish and sustain the cycle. These meta-practices help further differentiate deliberate practices from the everyday activities that consume us—the outward busyness and escapism and the inward anxiety and retrospection, which don’t serve us well in navigating the changing world. While well-developed practices already exist within some meta-practices, in others, the meta-practice defines an objective that isn’t yet supported by effective, accessible practices. Some practices also align to multiple meta-practices; meditation, for example, serves to “replenish and re-energize” as well as to create space to “explore core values.” Our intent with the framework is less to create an authoritative, mutually exclusive mapping of all practices than to offer a way to think about the role of the practices we have and identify what is missing. By adopting Roots and Shoots practices and going through cycles of learning and unlearning, an individual can discover purpose and passion. Sometimes, the goals we set give us purpose; ideally, our sense of purpose gives shape to our goals. And if we don’t yet have goals or purpose, as human beings, we have an innate curiosity, a need for novelty and learning that must continually be fed to maintain health and sustain vitality. In the process of feeding our curiosity and deepening our understanding in specific areas of interest, we discover new avenues of inquiry and connections to other domains that pique our interest or in which we have unique capabilities. Through this branching, circling back, and aggregation of skills and knowledge flows, we may discover our sense of purpose and cultivate our passion. The illiterate of the 21st century will not be the man who cannot read and write, but the man who has not learned how to learn.— Herbert Gerjuoy, Future Shock by Alvin Toffler The Roots and Shoots framework helps highlight where our practices are out of balance and where we may need to invest. The larger goal, however, is to focus our attention and energy on developing a productive dynamic between Roots and Shoots such that we perform better and hew more truly to our purpose, no matter how the environment changes. If we think of practices such as meditation as tools that can be deployed toward multiple ends, it’s worth first examining the objective—achieving growth and sustained performance improvement—to consider how unlearning and learning occur in the interplay between Roots and Shoots. Having established how this dynamic should work, we can then use the lens of unlearning and learning to consider specific practices. The type of learning we are most interested in is integrated learning, where an individual not only gains skills or knowledge about the specific context but also generates insights and applies his or her new skills and insights to other areas. Learning that focuses only on context-specific techniques or mastering existing stocks of knowledge may be useful, but are prone to fall short in helping us navigate the changing world;11 integrated learning, in contrast, accumulates and is constantly evolving. The former type of learning is like collecting fruit just to eat versus planting the fruit’s seeds to grow more trees. Both have the potential to provide sustenance for a time, but integrated learning is like bringing fertilizer and seeds together to grow an orchard that can sustain us over time and at higher levels of performance. The graphic below identifies six elements in the Roots and Shoots that are conducive to integrated learning. Importantly, these six elements need not be explored in any particular order; there is no set pathway for learning and growth. Rather, an individual can take the opportunity to begin consciously cycling between Shoots and Roots and make a deliberate effort to connect the elements. (Explore interactive version of graphic.) In the Roots we slow down and make space to discover and connect to the fundamental values that drive us. While these types of practices have proven effective to counter increasing stress, practices to proactively connect to one’s Roots also provide stability and guidance, increasing our capacity for empathy, creativity, and openness and serving as a foundation for speeding up. The elements in Roots are Rest, Reconnect, and Reflect and Reframe. The counterpoint to slowing down, in the Shoots we accelerate, exploring, experimenting, and expanding our horizons. Shoots feed creativity and empathy and can stoke commitment and a sense of purpose. Speeding up in the absence of Rest, Reconnection, and Reflection and Reframing will likely lead to more busyness and sporadic, isolated learning rather than integrated learning. The elements in Shoots are Act, Adjust and Align, and Amplify and Accelerate. Conceptually, the cycle starts in the Roots with Rest. In Rest, we gather the energy needed to learn and pay attention to new information. To Rest is to step away from busyness and the trap of believing that relief from the “too much on our plates” problem is “just a little more” work. As digital devices and global workforces allow work to follow us home and into weekends and vacations, true Rest becomes more important, both within the day—think nap pods in next-gen firms—and across longer periods of time. By improving our relationships with ourselves and others, Rest creates the space to be creative and open to experiences.12 Rest is often a prerequisite for Act. To Act is to take a step in a specific direction with the goal of either gathering information (about ourselves or about our environment), or putting new information (learning) into practice. In our framing, Act refers to proactive and deliberate action to move beyond thinking to doing, in contrast to the time- and energy-wasting reaction to external stressors. One pitfall of technologies that allow us to passively absorb endless content, no matter how informative, is that we may fail to ever take the actions that are necessary for learning and growth. To Reflect and Reframe is to interpret the data and experience that we obtain from Acting and to reformulate assumptions to incorporate new information into our world view. One aspect of what we believe will be a more rapidly changing business environment is that underlying assumptions and contexts can and will shift. Failing to incorporate new assumptions and contexts into our thinking may keep us stuck in unproductive (or even doomed) approaches. Reflection brings awareness and helps us interpret new data, while reframing helps to assimilate new information, keeping us from reverting to old ways and old assumptions. Reflection and Reframing suggest ways we might Adjust our exploratory actions to be more useful for learning and relevant to our goals. They can also highlight where we need to Align our actions with our core values. Adjusting and Aligning is another way we stay out of the busyness trap, ensuring that our new Shoots, our explorations and actions, are furthering our goals, creating productive new avenues for additional, relevant learning, and steering clear of conflict with our core values. Reconnecting helps us formulate goals and values, guiding what we choose to learn about. Reconnection can offer us stability, another condition that feels increasingly scarce. Our peers are more transient, we switch jobs more often, and we have more visibility into upheaval and change around the world—but we can gain stability by Reconnecting with a set of values, a core community, or a place. Connecting to what really matters acts as an internal guide or lens for how to direct our actions, and is a powerful counterweight to the increasing isolation of our fast, digital world. For some people, Reconnecting might be the starting point: to reaffirm or discover what values they hold, and to create the communities that can aid them in the work of Reflection and Reframing. However, in our busy lives, especially if we have become particularly disconnected from the self, Reconnecting may seem impossible without the space provided by Rest and the insight generated by Action and Reflection. Taking moments to Rest and Reconnect helps create the mind-set to Amplify and Accelerate. To Amplify and Accelerate is to increase one’s rate of learning and impact by getting involved in activities and knowledge flows that are already underway and related to one’s goals. Participating with others who are engaged in related efforts helps us gain more data and feedback more rapidly. For example, if your goal is to help the low-income population gain self-sufficiency, you might gain momentum and discover alternate paths and possibilities by acting as a mentor or by getting involved in communities of others working in education, homelessness, or personal technology. Having something larger to participate in, getting more feedback, and seeing bigger, faster results can be powerfully motivating and help sustain one’s efforts past challenges and setbacks. As we see our learning accelerate, we may become more committed and passionate. This is also where the concept of flow is particularly relevant, as individuals who can achieve flow can accelerate their learning much faster. BetterUp: Coaching as a means of connecting Roots and Shoots Alexi Robichaux and Eddie Medina, co-founders of BetterUp—a mobile platform designed to make executive coaching available to “everyone”—still regularly get coaching themselves. As Robichaux explains, “Reflecting on your own cognition is hard. Being aware and intentional about your own cognitive processes, most of us can’t manage our psychology like that on our own.”13 Executive and life coaching is rooted in the notion that individual development, personal and professional, is a process, and that individuals need guidance and practice to make progress toward their goals. This ongoing, iterative process—of seeking outside perspective to help connect and develop our values and actions, our goals and skills, and our well-being and our capacity for growth—is why coaching may be a useful tool to help individuals connect Roots with Shoots. For BetterUp’s founders, the “whole self” perspective provided by this type of coaching is crucial for achieving one’s best results and sustaining good working relationships and behaviors. A coach can suggest and structure both introspective and exploratory activities to help individuals have the experiences and master the skills they need to improve personally and professionally. In their prior lives, they realized that many of their peers, especially those early in their careers, had tremendous talent and potential but for various reasons ended up stuck, frustrated, or self-sabotaging, seemingly unable to reach their potential. The cost to these individuals’ organizations, families, and selves was not only incalculable but also seemed unnecessary. These were people with motivation and mental and financial resources, who were accustomed to setting and achieving goals and adopting new practices in some areas of life: fertile ground for coaching. But coaching was often seen as prohibitively expensive, a perk for young start-up executives or an investment by mid-career professionals looking to make the next leap. Convinced that more people could benefit from coaching, Robichaux and Medina turned to technology to remove the barriers to resources and “democratize” coaching. The BetterUp platform matches each user with a coach, whom they meet with virtually via video chat for regular sessions. Guided by one of several “tracks” (chosen by the user), the coach also serves up virtual, “bite-sized” resources (articles, podcasts, videos, and so on) and other exercises selected to support the individual’s particular needs. With the technology interface and its ability to augment the live coaches, coaching can be both more affordable, more convenient, and more readily accessible than traditional coaching or therapy would be for many people. On the one hand, the coach helps with specific executive skills and workplace situations. A coach provides a sandbox for practicing new ways of being and interacting, a place to practice a new skill in a more forgiving environment but also get useful feedback about it. Most people are not comfortable with being uncomfortable, and in our work environments, there tends not to be a lot of safety to practice and experiment with our skills and capacities. As Medina explains, “In our work lives, there’s more pressure to just get it right. People get really risk-averse and don’t explore edges and don’t become uncomfortable, not just because they don’t like the feeling but because they feel like they are in an unforgiving environment and worry about feeding their family or paying their bills if they don’t get it right.”14 At the same time, a coaching program can support individuals in exploring their core values and in building the foundations for further exploration and pursuit in the Shoots. Employing a positive psychology approach, BetterUp focuses on building capacities—such as Hope, Efficacy, Resilience, and Optimism (HERO)—that underpin skill development. Being deficient in a capacity affects the way you approach work and life. The good news is that these capacities can be measured and developed. Robichaux points to his own tendency toward a lack of optimism and how his coach identified it and began giving him exercises to practice getting past negative thinking, effectively building his capacity for optimism. Thinking about the tree, these capacity reservoirs are analogous to the depth of the Roots, determining the stability for how high and far out the Shoots can go. Augmented coaching could provide the scaffolding and curation for practices and also acts as a translator to connect the work we do in the Roots with the work we do in the Shoots, making those connections visible to the individual. Many existing practices align with the Roots and Shoots framework and have value independent of it. As described in the previous section, however, we believe that such practices have more power to propel us to realize our potential when assembled into a cohesive set that incorporates Roots and Shoots and views these practices through the lens of learning and unlearning. To that end, in the graphic below, we’ve identified six primary objectives, defined as meta-practices, and listed a few examples of practices for illustration. (Explore interactive version of graphic.) While the elements described in the preceding section can be thought of as a general approach to moving between different types of practices to generate learning and growth, the meta-practices describe specific objectives that a set of practices should achieve to facilitate the continuous process of unlocking our potential. As such, the six meta-practices do not correspond directly to the elements. The practices listed are by no means comprehensive. One thing that is clear, however, is that some areas are associated with far more accessible and mature practices than others—particularly in the Shoots, where well-defined practices are sparse. That said, this is an ecosystem in flux, and many more practices and tools for achieving these objectives are emerging. For example, a growing number of books, talks, and seminars are devoted to various life hacks, some of which might be applicable to speeding up. Virtual communities have sprung up, allowing practices to be shared and refined more readily. In addition, technological tools (see the sidebar “Life in the emerging ‘transtech’ world”) are attacking many barriers to accessing and adopting both Roots and Shoots practices. There is no one right set of practices. The idea is for individuals to assemble their own set of practices that collectively support learning and unlearning in a way that is relevant and feasible for each person. The relevant practices may change over time and depend on a variety of factors. Ideally, each person will be able to adopt practices both large and small, those that shape our years and those that shape our minutes, in order to continuously build the capacity for learning and growth. The meta-practices that support learning and growth in the Roots and Shoots cycle include: Finally, connecting Roots practices to Shoots practices in a meaningful way isn’t easy. It requires being able to occasionally step back and objectively look at our actions and insights to identify patterns and to apply the insights gained from one practice to guide the direction of another. Signals from the Roots Many practices are associated with Roots; some have been around in some form for millennia. But while the practices might not be new, there are new organizations, communities, and tools forming around them that suggest increasing interest and a new role for old practices in tomorrow’s hyper-connected, technology-saturated world. The following examples highlight some of the new approaches to help enable Roots practices through, and in spite of, technology. Wisdom 2.0: Every year thousands of people—from the leaders and employees of tech giants such as Google, Facebook, and LinkedIn to Buddhist monks and world-renowned mindfulness practitioners to yogis, artists, and healers to scientists, social activists, and politicians—convene in San Francisco for the Wisdom 2.0 Conference. What they have in common is a desire to learn to live with “greater wisdom, purpose, and meaning while using technology in ways that create a more open and healthy culture.”15 What started as a small, interactive gathering of 325 people in 2009 has grown to one of thousands that features hosted conversations, practice rooms and facilitated practices, and community-led breakouts. Additional satellite conferences, meet-ups, and other gatherings have sprung up around the globe, often following the same paths as the tech industry with which it is linked. Coinciding with an increasing percentage of Americans reporting not being affiliated with a religion, founder Soren Gordhamer believes interest in the conference reflects an unsatisfied need for deeper meaning and connection.16 Each conference has a slightly different theme, and participants are guided through such topics as wisdom in society, veteran’s rights, education, coaching, mindfulness, politics, business, and neuroscience.17 For example, at the 2014 conference, Arianna Huffington shared how her own breakdown helped her redefine success.18 Envisioned as a collaboration with the tech industry, Wisdom 2.0 has sparked ardent discussion—and communities for exploring new practices—around mindfulness in our high-speed age in Silicon Valley and globally. Digital Detox: In 2012, when founders Levi Felix and Brooke Dean returned to the United States from a two-and-a-half-year, 15-country journey, society had changed: “Screens were everywhere and everyone was on them.” 19 Recognizing that the struggle their peers were having with disconnecting from their personal technology and engaging with their immediate surroundings was affecting personal relationships and well-being, the pair held a 10-person “detox” retreat. The business now includes personal wellness retreats where technology and networking are strictly prohibited and where the focus is on creating space for people to think deeply and creatively, as well as corporate events—Device-Free Drinks and Camp Grounded: Summer Camp for Adults—to help people reconnect with their non-digital lives and gain inspiration, balance, and connection. A self-proclaimed “slow-down” rather than a start-up, the Digital Detox organization is guided by the notion that “technologies should serve as tools to connect us . . . as we celebrate life, truly improving our unique existence, instead of distracting, disturbing, or disrupting us.” While they believe we are at a critical juncture as a society for consciously rethinking our relationships with devices by “developing new positive social norms and etiquette, and by changing the ways in which we build and design our digital technologies,”20 a growing body of research is delving into the effects of the always-on world: One out of ten Americans reports depression; heavy Internet users are 2.5 times more likely to be depressed.23 For Digital Detox, the mission is to inspire, educate, and empower their peers to create more mindful, meaningful, and balanced lives, both online and off. “It’s not just about unplugging. It’s about rediscovering what happens when we truly plug into life.”24 Headspace: In a recent talk, Andy Puddicombe recounted his early thoughts of meditation as an aspirin for the mind: “You get stressed, you do some meditation.” It was while studying meditation as a Tibetan monk that he realized it could be applied as a preventative practice. During his studies, Puddicombe developed a greater appreciation and understanding of the present moment—not being lost in thought, not being distracted, not being overwhelmed by emotions. “Especially,” as he describes, “when there is something we can do about it. Where there is a positive, practical, achievable, scientifically proven technique, which allows our mind to be healthier, to be more mindful, and less distracted.”25 Hoping to bring mindfulness to the masses, Puddicombe co-founded Headspace, a mobile meditation platform. The idea behind the platform is that many people don’t practice meditation because they don’t know how and it seems intimidating or too time-consuming. However, drawing on research that suggests just 10 minutes of regular meditation can bring significant benefits, the Headspace platform serves up 10-minute meditation practices to subscribers on their mobile device. The practices vary from simple breathing meditation sessions to guided practices that help individuals build a toolkit from which to develop their own practice and positively increase mindfulness. Headspace now reaches over 8.5 million users across 200 countries, and features hundreds of hours of guided meditation, tailored to specific topics such as stress, anxiety, focus, creativity, and relationships. The service is known for democratizing meditation and causing a cultural shift in how we think and talk about it.26 Signals from the Shoots Individuals need techniques for reliably and systematically gathering information and using it to inform their goals, identify fertile new sources of learning, and accelerate their progress and impact. In general, these practices are less well-defined. We can find elements that support our exploration of Shoots in a variety of current offerings and organizations. The following examples highlight some of the approaches to help enable Shoots practices. Flow Genome Project: As Steven Kotler explains in The Rise of Superman, both he and collaborator Jamie Wheal came to understand the power of flow to improve an individual’s circumstances, as a result of experiencing life-threatening conditions. First defined by psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, flow is a state of concentration that balances the challenge of a task with the skill of the individual to achieve “a peak state where we both feel our best and perform our best. It is a transformation available to anyone, anywhere, provided that certain conditions are met.” While in flow, the brain takes in more information per second and processes it more deeply, which has been shown to improve learning, creativity, and optimal performance.27 For Kotler and Wheal, flow allowed them to get past what seemed to be debilitating conditions, so they became interested in using the newer techniques of brain imaging, biochemistry, and quantified self consumer tracking tools to quantify and better understand what flow is and in identifying techniques for reliably entering it. They found that “flow hacking”—deliberately entering flow states—is more common among adventure sports athletes and other extreme performers than the average population. The idea behind the Flow Genome Project is to bring concepts of flow hacking from the extreme to the mainstream. For Kotler, the finding that, from a neurochemical perspective, the brain can’t tell the difference between physical consequences and emotional ones suggests that taking social risks—such as sharing ideas at meetings or defending an unpopular position—can trigger a flow state similar to those of adventure athletes. The key for flow is focus, and risk or perceived risk drives focus.28 The goal of the project is to reverse engineer flow and open source it to the world. Researchers have identified 17 “triggers” across four categories (psychological, environmental, social, and creative) that are thought to facilitate entering a flow state. These triggers point to possible individual practices and have implications for our modern work environments (for example, balancing the need for intensely focused attention with the need for rich interactions among diverse participants). Kotler points to tactics the late Steve Jobs used that “massively upped the amount of novelty, unpredictability, and complexity in the environment,” as a means of increasing flow, innovation, and creativity.29 In addition to sharing the story of the potential of flow (through books and documentary films), the Flow Genome Project has built a training program and the Flow Hacker Nation, a community of 500+ individuals who are experimenting with practices to enter and support flow. They plan to make these learnings more widely accessible with an X Prize competition to build an iFlow app. Galvanize: In 2012, Jim Deters, Lawrence Mandes, and Chris Onan founded Galvanize on the belief that education and growth should be available to anyone. They envisioned a community that would provide life-changing opportunities to anyone with aptitude and ability, regardless of background, through technology education and a dynamic network of students, entrepreneurs, investors, corporate professionals, and mentors, for ongoing growth and development. So far, Galvanize offers 12- and 24- week coding boot camps in web development and data science, taught by PhDs from some of the biggest tech companies. Anyone looking to “level up”—especially those in underrepresented groups in the tech industry—could be a professional programmer upon graduation. The company also offers co-working space for tech start-ups and an array of events and activities for networking and career development.30 By bringing industry and education together, students learn the practical skills and concepts that make an impact on the job and gain the less tangible skills and exposure needed for landing a 21st-century job, despite entering with varying degrees of proficiency. This was Tim Chan’s experience. After 10 years designing drugs in the pharmaceuticals industry, Chan felt that pharma research was on the decline. He recognized parallels between making molecules and the data science and enrolled in Galvanize’s data science boot camp in Seattle—having had no coding experience in the past 15 years. Aided by Galvanize events and support, Chan landed a job in product analytics where he uses data to answer questions about how the product is doing, where the problems are, and which demographics are enjoying the product.31 With venture funding of $85 million, the company currently operates six campuses and was recently awarded $1.3 million in funding by the State of New York for a planned NYC campus to support workforce development aligned with 21st-century careers.32 Organizations such as Galvanize support Shoots practices by providing both relevant knowledge, opportunities for action and application, and active communities where individuals can get feedback and rapidly learn how to have greater impact. Embassy Network: In 2012, former NASA engineer Jessy Kate Schingler helped turn an eight-bedroom San Francisco mansion into a shared residence and experiment in co-living called the Embassy that eventually became the flagship of the Embassy Network. The Embassy houses a number of core “resident contributors” but also has short-term guest accommodation, co-working space open to non-residents, and ample common space such as a kitchen where group meals are prepared, parlors for the weekly salon, and craft and performance spaces. The emphasis is on attracting short- and long-term residents who want to collaborate, contribute, and participate. The Embassy and multiple other “intentional communities” gained traction amid tight housing stock and a thriving technology boom that led young professionals to seek more economical solutions to housing and feeding themselves, but they are driven as much by a desire for community as a desire for economies of scale. The Embassy Network now includes eight homes across four countries, each reflecting the founders’ learnings about the management and design principles needed to create a vibrant environment that facilitates learning and growth opportunities (for example, the mix of long-term and short-term residents, the ratio of common and private space, house governance, and financial management) while supporting basic needs for stability and connection. 33 Advocates of co-living and intentional communities see these arrangements, which provide comfort and friendship along with inspiration and innovation, becoming increasingly important as our society morphs into the networked individualism defined by sociologist Barry Wellman: loose, technology-driven networks where direct competition for resources, jobs, and so on—decreases.34 While co-living might not be for everyone, many intentional communities host events—including cultural, intellectual, social, and technology-related ones—that are open to the public and offer some of the community experience. As Schingler explained in a newspaper interview, “We’re not trying to build isolationist, internally focused communes out in the middle of nowhere; we’re rebuilding cities. It’s how our generation likes to work, and it’s how I think we like to live.”35 Adopting new practices is hard. New practices ultimately involve forming new habits and, often, breaking old ones. So all of the research on behavior change applies. It requires time and effort, which, in the midst of our connected busyness, can be in short supply. As anyone who has tried to take up meditation or who has attended a Meetup on an entirely unfamiliar topic knows, quieting the mind and being open to learning from new experiences isn’t always comfortable. Other obstacles include being unaware of what practices are available or of how to use them; not believing in the benefits enough to commit to developing a practice; perceived lack of social acceptance for practices that seem “woo-woo” or not professional; and the lack of a supportive community to deepen one’s pursuit of the practice. Instruction and a guide can help. Immersive experiences such as retreats or even in-person events can help give practices a chance to stick. Recognizing the growing interest among corporate and business professionals in individual practices and performance, organizations such as 1440 Multiversity (for the number of minutes in a day) are experimenting with immersive campuses that combine professional development topics with more traditional wellness retreat practices such as guided meditation. At the same time, traditional corporate training programs are increasingly being supplemented with a greater array of well-being support. Perhaps these moves reflect a growing recognition of the interrelationship between talent development and individual well-being in both the employee experience and overall workforce planning. Meaningfully connecting Roots and Shoots is hard, but it also is not. It truly is a case of small moves, smartly made, setting big things in motion. There are numerous “micro-practices” that can be deployed immediately, and more are being developed all the time, thanks to the hacker mentality developing around speeding up and slowing down. For example, one simple tip from the co-founder of Digital Detox is to buy a basic “dumb” alarm clock in lieu of using a smartphone as an alarm to wake up in the morning. This small move helps create a barrier to getting sucked into the world of work and distraction first thing in the morning (and last thing at night). Another simple practice is to pick a time during the morning commute to do a brief breathing meditation every day; our commutes already are part of our routines and have the added benefit of being a time when we have already pried ourselves away from home and family and are not yet visible to co-workers. Five to ten minutes of deep breathing can help clear the mind and awaken the body for workers who don’t believe they have time for meditation. One barrier to adopting new practices, access—either because there are no locally available instructors or because the cost is prohibitive—is being addressed in interesting ways through the power of technology. The digital environment, in some ways the villain in our busy lives, can also be our ally. Fitness trackers put a trainer and personal motivator on our wrists, Headspace puts a meditation leader in our ear, BetterUp brings an executive coach to our desks and phones. In fact, our phones can provide much of the support and guidance we need, whenever and wherever, for a nominal fee. And we are only at the beginning of that technology-enabled revolution. The emergence of transformative technologies as a sector (see the sidebar “Life in the emerging ‘transtech’ world”36) is suggestive of how technology might help us better understand ourselves and address our unique needs. Nichol Bradford, co-founder of the TransTech Alliance and a leading advocate of this emerging sector, believes that the transtech market will continue to grow as a result of societal preoccupation with health care costs—although the health care sector (and scientific research) is currently hidden within a multitude of other markets, such as the $446 billion fitness and mind-body market, the $432 billion preventative health market, and the $150 billion weight loss market.37 Life in the emerging “transtech” world Transformative technologies (collectively referred to as “transtech”) are an emerging collection of scientific, research-based technologies designed to make mental and emotional well-being more scalable, accessible, and affordable. While still nascent, we expect this field to grow due to the convergence of easier supply—transtech piggybacks on exponential technologies such a computing power, artificial intelligence, and connectivity—and growing demand—which reflects the increasing stresses of our time. The sampling of categories and companies that are part of transtech shown in figure 1 (excerpted from the annual TransTech 200 list)38 gives a sense of the depth and breadth of this evolving movement. The prospect of navigating your own ship through a technology-enabled future may seem exciting and scary in equal proportion. In the graphics below, we provide some examples of small moves that can allow you to get started on developing new habits around Roots and Shoots. These are not all digitally enabled practices; a good portion of them are traditional, involving activities such as putting pen to paper and exploring the physical world. The list is also not meant to be exhaustive; rather, it aims to trigger some ideas for getting off the ground. Most of these are personal practices that we, the authors, have tried (with varying levels of success) to kick-start our own Roots and Shoots development. (Explore interactive version of graphic.) One important element in getting these practices to stick, in our experience, is a shift in mind-set. A friend of one of the authors, a human resource executive at a social network company, once stated that many of us tend to frame life by anchoring around work. What if we flipped that around? Instead of “taking time off work,” could we “take time into life,” whether for taking a vacation, exploring a new idea, learning a new skill, or caring for a sick child or parent? This shift in anchoring can make a world of a difference in recognizing the value of developing new practices—moving us from a short-term, work-focused mind-set to a long-term, life-focused one. While we provide some guidance on how to get started on developing new habits and practices, we would be the first to acknowledge that some of the barriers that stall that growth are real. Kids’ schedules have to be managed, political battles at work exist, people get sick, and bills need to get paid. All of these require time, energy, and mindshare. Here again, the longer-term, life-focused mind-set can come into play, helping us build momentum and providing motivation for overcoming short-term setbacks. A commitment to get started with one simple practice that requires little time, energy, or mindshare is a good place to begin. We believe that even one small practice can trigger a positive cycle of change, which, over time, will lead to increasing benefits and greater impact. Implications for institutions While the practices described in this report are directed at individuals, institutions also have a role to play, primarily by making space for and encouraging employees to adopt practices that support well-being and growth. Doing so may lead to not only a more engaged and satisfied workforce, but one that will likely improve its own performance and the performance of the company as employees continuously learn new skills and create new, relevant connections and knowledge. As we shift from a world where value was created by scalable efficiency to one where value is created by scalable learning, organizations will need a workforce capable of constant learning and evolution. And the corollary will also likely hold: The most valuable talent will prefer organizations that support the individual in that constant learning and evolution. We came to the above conclusion based on what we know of how the external forces shaping the business and consumer environments are changing and how organizations need to change in response. Companies and individuals will face new challenges and opportunities as exponential technological advances yield powerful new tools for creating products, connecting with markets, and doing work in new ways. Many routine tasks (both blue-collar and white-collar) will be taken over by robots, automation, and artificial intelligence. What will remain? Whether they augment machines or are augmented by machines to work in new ways, we believe humans still have important work to do. What humans will do best is deal with “exceptions”—requests and situations that don’t fit routine processes. Many exceptions require curiosity, empathy, and creativity, as well as imagination, resourcefulness, divergent thinking, and persistence, to resolve. Exceptions often look like an obstacle or difficulty initially, slowing down the process and gumming up the system. The process of resolving or mitigating an exception, however, can also uncover new opportunities, such as a way to better serve a customer segment or to improve a product. The practices around Roots and Shoots are focused on developing and exercising the individual’s muscles for curiosity, empathy, and creativity. Thus, employers that enable these practices can benefit in the short run by being better equipped to address the growing volume of “exceptions,” and in the long run by being able to generate revenue streams and businesses built around insights gained from handling exceptions. Corporations spend, and will continue to spend, enormous resources trying to attract and retain the “best talent” from an increasingly scarce pool. These largely financial strategies still focus more on attracting candidates and retaining talent to fit precisely defined job descriptions for current needs than on developing the less-clearly-defined skills the firm will need in the future. This leaves open an opportunity to focus on developing talent. Technical skill development will continue to be important, but increasingly, “human” talents—the kind that are cultivated through Roots and Shoots practices—will likely be as important, if not more. An always-learning environment can attract the “best” talent—people who want to continue to learn, explore, and invent the future. Talented people seek personal and professional growth and will favor organizations that provide opportunities for that growth. Retention also becomes less of an issue in an organization focused on learning: If people are developing more rapidly than they could elsewhere, why would they leave? Firms that invest in creating such learning cultures and environments—those that actively support and encourage the practices that unlock individual potential—will have an edge in attracting and developing the talent they need to meet their needs. The practices described in this report can help us perform better in a world of constant change. They may serve to create more interesting long-term opportunities while preserving engaging short-term activities. However, what will truly amplify the long-term value of practices is direction. Purpose. A North Star. For a few, this purpose may be apparent from the outset, and their actions are aligned with that purpose. But for most, purpose may only be discovered through the process of deploying these practices, through the simultaneous exploration of edges and core values. Working through these cycles of speeding up and slowing down allows one to develop insights—about a shifting world and about oneself—that over time consolidate into one’s purpose. When we, at the Center for the Edge, have written about passion and purpose in the past, one consistent response from readers has been that they find the perspectives compelling, but lament that they haven’t found their own passion. The framework presented here is our attempt to provide avenues to discover one’s purpose and passion by actively engaging in one’s own Roots and Shoots. Don’t wait for your purpose to reveal itself to get started, or have that as the goal. Start with the practices and aim to make them habits. The journey may well reveal your purpose.

Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 1 [10A-E-2C]! Files: 1. Educational Services Staff 2. Erlich, Richard - English 3. Etheridge, Robert - Student Affairs 4. Extended Learning Program in Ohio 5. Final Exam Survey by Committee (May 13, 1974) 6. Goggin, Lloyd 7. Gordon, William 8. Graduate Assistants 9. Graduate School and Research 10. Great Oaks 11. Higher Education 12. Honorary Degree Nomination for [Jesse H. Shera, '25] 13. Intensive Language 14. Inter-Divisional Committee 15. Intergovernmental Personnel Act Program [I.P.A.} 16. King Library 17. La Verne College TV 18. Long Range Academic Planning Council 19. Material from P.D.T.F. [Post Doctoral Teaching Fellows] 20. Middletown Campus 21. Middletown, City of 22. MInnesota Way, The 23. Moeckel, Bill 24. NROTC 25. New Developments in Undergraduate Education 26. New Faculty Orientation (1970, 1971) 27. New Faculty Orientation (1972) 28. Non-Traditional Educatoin 29. Office of Admissions 30. OFP Reports [David Todt][Office of Federal Programs] 31. Office of the Registrar 32. Office of the Registrar 33. OMSA, EOP (1971-73)[Office of Minority Student Affairs Educational Opportunity Program] 34. Ohio State University 35. On Order 36. Operating Income and Expense Tables 37. Organizations - Stated Purpose 38. Overloads Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 2 [10A-E-1B]! Files: 1. Experimental Learning Committee (1974-77) I 2. Experimental Learning Committee (1974-77) II 3. Forum (1970-78) 4. Forum (1977-78) 5. Freshman Award (1977) 6. Graduate School (July-December 1977) I 7. Graduate School (July-December 1977) II 8. Graduate School (January-June 1978) I 9. Graduate School (January-June 1978) II 10. General Education [formerly Core Curriculum Committee; formerly General Education Committee (January-September 1977) I 11. General Education [formerly Core Curriculum Committee; formerly General Education Committee (January-September 1977) II 12. Gerontology (1976-77) I 13. Gerontology (1976-77) II 14. Grants (1974-77) 15. Hamilton (July-December 1977 16. Hamilton (January-June 1978) 17. International Studies [Including Luxembourg and Committee on International Studies] Annual Report (1977-78) 18. International Studies [Including Luxembourg] (February 1977-May 1978) 19. Interdivisional Committee of Advisors [ID Committee] (1972/74-August 1977) 20. Library (July 1977-June 1978) I 21. Library (July 1977-June 1978) II Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 3 [10A-E-2B]! Files: 1. Affirmative Action (1973-74) - Sandy Hart 2. Peggy Carll Independent Study w/DGB 3. David G. Brown (1973-74) - Correspondence [Academic] 4. David G. Brown (1973-74) - Letters of Recommendation and Rejection 5. David G. Brown (1973-74) - Personal Correspondence 6. David G. Brown 7. David G. Brown - Provost 8. Brown, Virginia [Librarian - Middletown Campus] 9. Budgets 10. Business Advisory Council [Task Force] School of Business Administration 11. College of Arts and Science 12. Continuing Education - Regional Campuses 13. Calendar Committee 14. Change from Quarter to Early Semester Calendar 15. Computer File #1 (1972) 16. Computer File #2 (1972) 17. Computer File #3 (1974 - January and February) 18. Computer File #4 (1974 - March-June) 19. EDA 100 Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 5 [10A-E-1A]!! Files: 1. ACT Information (1974/75-75/76) I 2. ACT Information (1974/75-75/76) II 3. Administrative Council (1975-76) 4. Admissions Committee [Subcommittee of University Council ] (1975-76) 5. Affirmative Action (1975-76) 6. Business Advisory Council (1971-77) I 7. Business Advisory Council (1971-77) II 8. Capital Improvements Memos (1972-77) 9. Career Days [Brochures--Political Science; Air Force; Classics; English] (1976-78) 10. Central State Universities, Incorporated [CSUI] (1976) 11. Central State - Bob Berry Report (September 1974) 12. CLEP - Credit by Examination (1975-76) 13. College Work-Study Program (1974-75) 14. Commencement Informatoin (1972-77) 15. Computer (June-December 1977) 16. Computer (Begin January 1978) I 17. Computer (Begin January 1978) II 18. Greater Cincinnati Consortium (Begin January 1977) I 19. Greater Cincinnati Consortium (Begin January 1977) II 20. Developmental Education (1976-77) 21. Deans, Directors, Department Chairs - Memos sent to (1973-77) I 22. Deans, Directors, Department Chairs - Memos sent to (1973-77) II 23. Educational Opportunity Program (1973-77) 24. Enabling Act, Committe to Review the [Subcommittee of University Council] (1973/74-March 1978) 25. Equipment - John Dome (July 1976-July 1977) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 6 [10A-E-6C]! Files: 1-2. Affirmative Action (1980-83) 3. American Council on Education (-1983) 4. Admissions Info (1982) 5. Audio Visual - Dome and King 6-7. Articulation (Includes OBOR Report) 8. Blueprint for Development 9. Blue Ribbon 10. Calvin Best (Simulation) 11. Commencement Information (1978-83) 12. Computer (1982) 13. Computer (1983) 14. Conference Center Information 15. Conflict of Interest 16. Consortium - Cincinnati 17. Development Fund for Excellence 18. Dishonesty Problems 19. Distinguished Professorships 20. Developmental Education 21. Education Vacation 22. ESCAE 23. Emeriti Rank 24. Employee Recognition Programs 25. Energy Conservation Programs 26. Equipment Requests 27. Dome Equipment (1979-83) 28. Etheridge 29-30. European Center Consultative Committee Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 7 [10A-D-7B]! Files: 1. Admissions [Etheridge] - information pertaining to 2. Affirmative Action (January 1978- ) 3. Assigned Research [not faculty research] - zero teaching load (1973-78) 4. Art Museum (Summer 1978) 5. Dolibois (1977-78-79) 6. EDA 100 (1971-72, 1972-73) 7. EDA 100 (1971-73) 8. Etheridge [Student Affairs](January 1979) 9. Faculty Advisory Council of the Provost (1972-73-74-75-76) 10. Goggin (1974-75-76-77-78-79) 11. Graduate School [Bing Davis info](October 7, 1976) 12. Graduate School (January 1979) 13. IUC - Provosts [IUC] #3 (January 1976- ) 14. Library (July-December 1979) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 8 [17A-D-4B]! Files: 1. Word Processing Information (1980-81) 2. KILN Meeting 3. Student Writing Information (1981- ) 4. Student Writing (Jan-June 1983) 5. Subsidy Revision Misc. Information (-June 1983) 6. Teacher Redesign (1980-82) 7. Teaching Effectiveness Evaluation 8. Title VI - Affirmative Action Working Committee 9. Title IX (-June 1983) 10. Vacations and Time Off - Deans and Directors ((-1983) 11. Vacancy Recovery (1981-83) 12. Waltzer Department Chair Institute (1975) 13. WMUB (-June 1983) 14. Cartoons and Jokes I 15. Cartoons and Jokes II 16. Collective Bargaining (-December 1975) 17. Collective Bargaining (1976- ) I 18. Collective Bargaining (1976-) II 19. Collective Bargaining (1976-) III 20. Collective Bargaining (Sept. 1980-June 1983) 21. Collective Bargaining (Sept. 1980-June 1983) 22. University of CIncinnati AAUP Report on Collective Bargaining (1979-80) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Miscellaneous Files; 1971-83; Box 8 [10A-D-7A]! Files: 1-2. Association of American Colleges (1979) 3. Classroom Facilities , Committee on--Report (1977-78) 4-5. Computer (Begin January 1979) 6. Environmental Science, Institute of (I.E.S.) (1977-78) 7-8. Hamilton Campus (Begin July 1978) 9. Library (Begin July 1978) 10-11. Registrar (Begin January 1979) 12. Communication and Theater (1977-78) 13. English, Department of (1977-78) 14. Home Economics (1977-78) 15. Paper Technology (1975-76, 1977-78) 16. Physics (1977-78) 17. Political Science (1977-78) 18. Psychology (1977-78) 19. Sociology and Anthropology (1977-78) 20. Telecommunications (Now with C.K.W.) (1975-76, begin 1978) 21. Zoology (1977-78) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Bogner, Education and Williamson, A+S; 1971-83; Box 9 [18A-B-7C]! Files: 1. Bogner, School of Education and Allied Professions (From July 1978) 2. Bogner, School of Education and Allied Professions (From January 1980) 3. Charge Letters (1978-79) 4. Consortium, Cincinnati (January 1979-) 5. External Degree Progam [N.Y. Regents] 6. Faculty Advisory Committee to Board of Regents (1973-79) 7. Faculty Advisory Council of Provost 8. Faculty Conference (1978-79) 9. Faculty Overload (1975-79) 10. Faculty Welfare Committee (1971-75) 11. Graduate Problems - from DGB notebook 12. Hebrew - via Consortium 13. Luxembourg, plus other international information (January 1979- ) 14. Middletown (January 1980- ) 15. Packard, Sandy - ACE Intern (1978-79) 16. Parana - Ray Moloney 17. Pelley Proposal 18. Placement - Box and Kettlewell 18A.Williamson, C. K. [Arts and Science] 19. Planning Council [PRS] (1977) 20. Proficiency Exams, etc (1971) 21. Radiation Information (1972-79) 22. Teaching Education Redesign Executive Committee (1978-79) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 10 [10A-D-4C]! Files: 1. Workshop Review Committee (1975-76) 2. Waltzer Report 3. Evaluations of Waltzer Report (4-5/1975) 4. Veterinary School (9/1975) 5. Textbooks - Rules and Regulations for Ordering 1 6. Textbooks - Rules and Regulations for Ordering 2 7. Systematics Committee (3/1974) 8. Student Retention and Attrition 9. Student Advisory Committee (1977-80) 10. Student Disciplinary Appeals Board 11. Southern Ohio College (1977) 12. Springer Committee on Research 13. Associate in Arts Degree - Background Material 14. Charter Day 15. Consultant, Personnel Office of the Provost (9/1976) 16. Corbally Report 17. Joint Committee on Contractural Continuing Education (1/1978) 18. Contractural Education 1 19. Contractural Education 2 20. Consortium (1/1981-5/1981) 22. Dayton-Miami Valley Consortium 23. Conference Center Committee 24. Designated Minors (1976) 25. Development Education (1/1971-12/1980) 26. Double Major 27. Department Chairman Duties 28. Enrollment Lid Study Project 29. Experimental Learning (1978-79) 30. Executive Council Retreat (5/23/1980) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 11 [10A-D-4B]! Files: 1. Capital Improvements (1978- ) 2. Committee for Improvement of Instruction - Miscellaneous (1/1978-12/1980) 3. Computer (1980) 4. Baccalaureate Degree on Regional Campuses - Mary Ann Hater Report (1974-75) 5. Browsing Bookstore Ad Hoc Committee (4/1975) 1 6. Browsing Bookstore Ad Hoc Committee (4/1975) 2 7. Board of Regents Subsidy Formula Consultation (5/13/1980) 8. Academic Affairs (8/1980- ) 9. Computer (1981) 1 10. Computer (1981) 2 11. Cheating 12. Three-year Baccalaureate Degree 13. Tenure - Sources of Information 14. Testimony, Tuition Remission, U.S. House of Representatives (9/1978) 15. Tax Information 16. Undergraduate Academic Regulations Committee (1978-79) 1 17. Undergraduate Academic Regulations Committee (1978-79) 2 18. University Requirement (Sub-Committee of University Council) 1 19. University Requirement (Sub-Committee of University Council) 2 20. Wozmak Proposal Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 12 [10A-D-5A]! Files: 1. Graduate School (July-December 1981) 2. Graduate School (January-June 1981) 3. Library (January-December 1981) 4. European Center Review Committee, Report 5. Luxembourg (January 1980) 6. Luxembourg Infomration and Other Intesrnational Studies Information [Pedroni and Nelson] I 7. Luxembourg Infomration and Other Intesrnational Studies Information [Pedroni and Nelson] II 8. Penultimate Cut - E. C. Director (1978) 9. European Center Director 10. David Brown's Special File on Luxembourg (October 1979 negotiations) 11. Med. School. Closed (March 1978) 12. Honors (1977-80) I 13. Honors (1977-80) II 14. Honors Director Search 15. Honors Lilly Workshop 16. Honors (1980-81) 17. Honors Center - Bishop Hall 18. Provost's Bulletin (1975-76) 19. Board of Trustees - Ad Hoc Committee on Tenure (April 1972) 20. Miami Faculty Perspectives (June 1980) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 13??? Files: 1. Bill Hanger's Activities/Responsibilities 2. Bill Hanger -Memos, Meetings etc. (Beginning 1979-80) 3-4. Honorary Degrees (-June 1983) 5. Honors (January-June 1983) 6-7. Honors (January 1982) 8. Honors (January-December 1981) 9. Inauguration Plans for Pearson 10. Inbreeding Policy (1980) 11. Indiana University East (Beginning November 24, 1981) 12. Institutional Autonomy Paper; Balanceof Materials in Archives (1975) 13. Institutional Memberships Survey (1981-83) 14. Instrumentation Laboratory (-June 1983) 15. International Studies Office (Don Nelson, etc.) 16. Joint Universities Advisory Committees (1982-83) 17. Junior Scholars Program 18. Kansai Gaidai, Student Exchange 19. Bill Hanger - Basic Kellog Proposal and the final award by Kellog 20. Jungian Conference - Perspectives on Creativity and the Unconscious 21. Kellog Project (1977-78) 22-23. Kellog Leadership Grant (1974-75) 24. Kerek, Andy (1983) 25. Laboratory Technology Program 26. LAHAV Research Project (January 1983) 27. Old Law School Project 28. Leaves for Faculty (June 1983) 29. Legal Information (Irwin and Michaels (1980-83) 30. Lilly (1980-83) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 14 [10A-E-7C]! Files: 1. Report of Miami University Libraries to the School of Education 2. Library (Oehlerts)(Jan-June 1983) 3. Library (Sept-Dec 1982) 4. Library (July-AUgust 1982) 5. Library (January 1982) 6. MAFIA (Miami Administrative Fellows Program) 7. Master's in Science and Technical Communication Information 8. Master of Liberal Arts (potential) 9. Miami University Washington Internship Program 10. Millett 11. Minority Recruitment/Admission 12. Minority and Women's Affairs 13. Model UN (1976-June 1983) 14-15. MURAC - Miami University Research Advisory Council 16. MURAC Information removed from CKW's binder (November 1982) 17-18. No Car Rule, End of (June 1983) 19. Non-traditional Credit - Ohio Regent's Guidelines (June 1983) 20. Books on Nova University 21. College and University Redial Course Enrollments in Math and English (1981-82) 22. Technical Educations Placements Reports (1982) 23. Higher Education Operating Budget 24-25. Board of Regents Miscellaneous (January-December 1983) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; "Early Semester" Office Files; 1971-83; Box 15 [18A-E-1C]! Files: 1. Early Semester Material (1971-74) [Formerly Labeled 'Calendar'] 2. Early Semester Material - from Mary Ann Hater (1974-75) 3. Early Semester Material - from Mary Ann Hater (Spring 1974-75); Documents and Papers from Steering Committee 4. Early Semester Material - Letters from Faculty, Students (Spring 1975) 5. Early Semester Material - Papers and Letters from Administrators (Spring 1975) 6. Early Semester (1974-75) 7. Early Semester - Conversion (1975-76)[See Early Semester Files previously labeled 'Calendar'] 8. Early Semester #3 (January 13, 1975- ) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 16 [10A-E-7A]! Files: 1. European Center Coordinator 2. European Center Report to the Provost by Warren Mason 3. Exigency (October 1981) 4-5. Luxembourg and Other International Education Information 6-7. Evaluation, Students, Faculty chairmen, etc. 8. Faculty Advisory Council (1980-81) 9. Faculty Conference (1982) 10. Faculty Conference (1981) 11. Faculty Conference (1980) 12. Fee Certificates and Fee Waivers Info 13-14. Faculty Rights and Responsibilities Committee - Bob Berry (1973-76) 15. Faculty Development 16. Faculty Development Fund Requests (1977-83) 17. Faculty Exchange Correspondence 18. Gifted Children's Workshop 19. George, Judith (Ace Fellow)(1979) 20. Bill Gordon Problem 21. Graduate School (January-June 1983) 22. Graduate School (October-December 1982) 23. Graduate School (August-September 1982) 24. Graduate School (April-July 1982) 25-26. Graduate School (January-March 1982) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 17??? Files: 1. Board of Regents Miscellaneous Information (Jan-December 1982) I 2. Board of Regents Miscellaneous Information (Jan-December 1982) II 3. Ohio State University / Miami University Press (-June 1983) 4. Overload Faculty (1980-83) 5. Outstanding Teachers: Miami Past Recipients and Method of Selection (n.d.) 6. Popcorn Fund Correspondence (n.d.) 7. Popcorn Fund Requisitions / Memos: A-K (1982-83) 8. Popcorn Fund Requisitions / Memos: L-Z (1982-83) 9. Popcorn Fund Requisitions / Memos: A-K (1981-82) 10. Popcorn Fund Requisitions / Memos: L-Z (1980-81) 11. Popcorn Fund Requisitions / Memos: A-K (1980-81) 12. Popcorn Fund Requisitions/ Memos: L-Z (1980-81) 13. Promotion and Tenure (1982-83) 14. Promotion and Tenure (January 1981) 15. Promotion and Tenure Committee (July 1981) I 16. Promotion and Tenure Committee (July 1981) II 17. Personnel (-June 1983)I 18. Personnel (-June 1983)II 19. Partners in Education Progress (PEP) Kullman (1982-83) 20. Phelps (n.d.) 21. Myrtis Mosely (Powell) (Beginning Jan 1982) 22. Budget Speeches: PGD, Driscoll, and Jennings (1983) 25. IUC Provosts (1983) 26. Provosts IUC (Jan 1981) 27. Publications: Bob Hickey (-June 1983) 28. Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 18 [18A-C-1B]! Files: 1. Registrar (January 1982) 2. Registrar 3. Registrar (Bogard) (January 1983) 4. RARES (1976-78) 5. Resident Scholars (Warren Mason - International Studies) 6. Renovation, Academic (1982) 7. Reorganization: (KW original Memo and Ad Hoc Committee's Response and CKW's Response) (1983) 8. Reorganization-SOFIDS and School of Fine Arts (December 1982) 9. Reorganization (December 1982) 10. Resident Credit Centers ((1982-83) 11. Resident Credit Centers 12. Retention Committee 13. Retirement Info. 14. Rimmer, Sue (January 1983) 15. Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 16. Requisitions for Office of Provost (-June 1983) 17. Research Office (PYLE) (Jan-June 1983) 18. Sohngen Report on Advising (1979) 19. State of the University - President Shriver 20. Safety Officer (August 1982-June 1983) 21. Salaries - Faculty and Staff 22. DOME - Space and Renovations (-June 1983) 23. State Legislation 24. State of the University Address Reactions (Fall 1981-June 1983) 25. Stillwater Info. (July 1982-June 1983) 26. Student Problems (-June 1983) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 19 [10A-F-1C] Files: 1. Robert Sherman (1973-74); Resident Center; Workshops, Summer Courses 2. Ken Bogard - Registrar [Statistics of 1973-74 Academic Year] 3. Ken Bogard - Registrar (1973-74) 4. Library - Oehlerts (1973-74) 5. Charles D. Churchwell - Associate Provost 6. John Dome (1973-74); Instructional Resources [Space and Equipment] 7. Bill Hanger (1973-74) 8. International Studies including Luxembourg (1973-74) 9. International Studies including Luxembourg (1972-73) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Parna, Brazilian Festival - State of New Jersey, Department of Higher Education; 1971-83; Box 20 [10A-E-3A]! Files: 1. Parana - Brazilian Festival 2. Personnel Data Sheets 3. A Personnel Program for Miami University Librarians 4. Phi Kappa Phi - Mark Nolan Hill 5. Phi Kappa Phi Graduate Fellowship Endowment 6. Polaroid Corporation - Oral Exam 7. PDTF - Concept and Policy 8. PDTF - Selection of Schools 9. PDTF - Announcement and Reactions 10. Post Doctoral Teaching Fellow 11. Post Doctoral Teaching Fellows 12. Princeton High School - Dr. Donald V. Johnson 13. Promotion and Tenure 14. Proficiency Examination Data 15. Proposed Degree in Systems Analysis [M.S.] 16. Proposals for Associate Degrees 17. Provosts of State Universities (1973-74) 18. Redskins 19. Registration Meeting (January 28) 20. Registration System 21. Renovation - Irvin Rescheduling of Classes 22. Request for Funds 23. Requisitions (Begin July 1, 1973) 24. Requisitions - Paid 25. Requisitions 26. Schedule, Reactions to Proposed New Class (May 15, 1973) 27. School of Applied Science 28. School of Business Administration 29. School of Education 30. School of Fine Arts 31. Search and Screening Committee - School of Fine Arts 32. Senior Instructor 33. Sherman, Robert [Director Resident Credit Centers] 34. Shonse Award, The James D. 35. Shriver, Phillip - President 36. Shriver, Phillip 37. Social Science Library - Quay, Richard 38. Space Reservation 39. Speeches given by Charles D. Churchwell 40. Staff Appointments 41. Staff Needs for 1972-73 42. State of New Jersey - Department of Higher Education Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Scheduling for Special Events-University Council; 1971-83; Box 21 [10A-E-3B]! Files: 1. Scheduling for Special Events 2. SCUP [Society for College and University Planning]. First Meeting in St. Louis; Second Meeting. April 3-5 Chicago [DGB will speak] 3. State University of New York at Buffalo [Mary Cassata] 4. Student Advisory Council [Chairman - David G. Brown (1972-73, 1973-74)] 5. Subsidy 6. Summer Allocations 7. Summer School 8. Summer School Enrollment 9. Task Force New York University 10. Task Force Report - Business Affairs Priorities 11. Tenure for Librarians 12. Terminals, Computer 13. Test Forms 14. Travel 15. Travel Authorization and Expense 16. Trent, Jimmie [Dr.] 17. Two Dollar Change of Status Fee 18. University Council (January 2-May 9, 1974) 19. University Council (1972-73) - Miscellaneous Material 20. University Council Minutes (1973-74) 21. University Council (1972-73) [Copies of all materials] - Minutes (1972-73) 22. University Council (1972-73) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 22 [10A-E-5A]! Files: ACE 1. ACE (1974-75)[Academic Administration Internship; ACE Meeting, Papers] 2. ACE (1975-76)[Academic Administration Internship: ACE Meeting] Hamilton Campus 3. Hamilton Campus (January 1976- ) 4. Hamilton Campus (July 1975- ) 5. Hamilton Campus - Search and Screen Committee for Director (1976)[Smithson, Chair] Graduate School 6. Graduate School (1975/76 - Begin January 1976) 7. Graduate School (July 1, 1976- ) Instructional Resources Planning, Office of [IRP] 8. IRP Equipment (1974-75) 9. IRP Equipment (1975-76) 10. IRP Space (1974-75) 10A. IRP Report Report - John Dome to David Brown (October 10, 1972) International Studies 11. International Studies - Warren Mason (1975-76 - January-July 1976)[Includes all of Luxembourg] 12. International Studies - Warren Mason (1975-76 - June-December)[Includes Luxembourg] 13. International Studies - Warren Mason (1974-75)[Includes Luxembourg] Library 14. Library - Don Oehlerts (1975-76) 15. Library (1976-77) - Report [Yellow portfolio] 16. Library - Don Oehlerts (1974-75) 17. Library - American Library Association - By Laws Middletown Campus 18. Middletown Campus (1975-76) - Dr. Gene Bennet (July 1975-December 1975) 19. Middletown Campus (January-June 1976). Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 23 [10A-E-5B] Files: 1. National Science Foundation, Proposal for Experimental Research and Development Incentives Program (n.d.) 2. Objectives, Historical (1972, 1976/77) 3. Objectives (1973-74) - Position Papers 4. Objectives (1974-75) - Bill Hanger 5. Provosts' Conference (June 16-19, 1974) 6. Provosts [IUC] (1974-75 - Begin July 1, 1974) 7. Provosts (1975-76 - Begin July 1975) 8. Registrar, Enrollment Information #1 (July 1974-December 1975) 9. Registrar, Enrollment Information #2 (January 1976- ) 10. Registrar (1975-76) 11. Registrar (Begin July 1, 1976, December 1976) 12. University Council (1975-76) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 25 [10A-E-1C]! Files: 1. Middletown (July 1977-June 1978) I 2. Middletown (July 1977-June 1978) II 3. National Science Foundation (1973/74-June 1978) 4. Ohio Conference for College and University Planning [OCCUP] (1975; March 1978) 5. Ohio Data Archives [Ohio Historical Society] (January 1974; August 1975) 6. Ohio Faculty Senate (1973-74) 7. Parking - University Committee (1972-76) 8. Provosts [IUC] (January 1977) 9. Provosts [IUC] (July-December 1977) I 10. Provosts [IUC] (July-December 1977) II 11. Recensio (1975) 12. Registrar (January-December 1977) I 13. Registrar (January-December 1977) II 14. Registration System Review (September 1976) 15. Registration System, Personalizing the (1977-78) 16. Scheduling Parameters (1976) 17. Scholarships and Student Aid [Committee on, subcommittee of University Council] (1972/73-May 1978) 18. SCUP [Society for College and University Planning] Correspondence (September 1975-77) I 19. SCUP [Society for College and University Planning] Correspondence (September 1975-77) II 20. Sherman, Robert - Continuing Education (1975-78) 21. Sherman, Robert - Summer Sessions (January 1977-May 1978) 22. Sherman, Robert -Evening and Workshops (June 1977-May 1978) 23. Student Advisory Committee (1976-77) 24. Undergraduate Academic Regulations, Committee on (University Council) (1977-78) 25. University Council (1976-78) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 26 [10A-E-2A] Files: 1. Dean George Bowers - Applied Science (1973-74) 2. Department of Office Administration [used to be Secretarial Science] 3. Paper Technology 4. Engineering Technology 5. Nursing 6. Systems Analysis 7. Systems Analysis - Master's Degree 8. Dean C. K. Williamson - Arts and Science (1973-74) 9. Arts and Science 10. Aeronautics - Arts and Science 11. Botany - Arts and Science 12. CAT - Arts and Science - Jimmie Trent, Theatre, etc. 13. Chemistry - Arts and Science 14. Classics - Arts and Science 15. English - Arts and Science 16. French and Italian - Arts and Science 17. Geography - Arts and Science 18. Geology - Arts and Science 19. German - Arts and Science 20. History - Arts and Science 21. Mathematics - Arts and Science 22. Microbiology - Arts and Science 23. Naval Science - Arts and Science 24. Philosophy - Arts and Science 25. Physics - Arts and Science 26. Political Science - Arts and Science 27. Psychology - Arts and Science 28. Religion - Arts and Science 29. Sociology and Anthropology - Arts and Science 30. Spanish and Portuguese - Arts and Science 31. Zoology - Arts and Science 32. Dean Bill R. Moeckel - Business Administration (1973-74) 33. Accountancy 34. Business Analysis 35. Economics 36. Finance 37. Management 38. Marketing Management 39. Dean C. Neale Bogner - Education (1973-74) 40. School of Education Review (Spring 1973, 1974, 1973-74) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 27 [10A-E-3C]! Files: 1. University of Houston - Stephen R. Salmon 2. University of Illinois 3. University of Michigan [Kenneth Vance] 4. University of Texas at Austin [C. G. Sparks] 5. University of the State of New York - E. J. Jarey 6. University Planning 7. University Senate 8. University Senate (1973-74) 9. Vitae 10. Vogel, Robert, Dr. - P.D.T.F. [Speech] 11. Western College 12. Western College of Miami University - Report of the Planning Team (November 8, 1973) [Out to University Counsel 4/3/06] 13. Wilberforce University [Stokes] 14. Williamson, C. K. - Arts and Science 15. Witt, Steadman [S.W.O.R.C.] 16. American Library Association Fact Finding Committee 17. American Library Association - Clift, David H. 18. Conley, Binford H. 19. Dickins, Judith 20. Jenkins, Edward S. - ACE Internship 21. Thackeray, John T. - Dayton Public Library Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 28 [18A-C-1A]! Files: 1. Dean Charles Spohn - Fine Arts (1973-74) 2. Architecture 3. Art 4. Music 5. ACE [American Council on Education] 6. Academic Administrators Seminar 7. Academic Calendar 8. Academic Computer Service [ACS] 9. Academic Services Division 10. Administrative Advisory Council 11. Advising (1973-74) 12. Affirmative Action Program 13. American Association for Higher Education 14. American Association of State Colleges and Universities 15. Antioch College 16. Application Fee 17. Art 18. Art-Architecture 19. Articulation File 20. Audio Visual Service 21. Board of Regents 22. Board of Regents Personnel Manual (1973-74)[Moeckel, Jackson, etc.] 23. Board of Trustees 24. Board of Trustees (1973-74) 25. Bogard, Kenneth H, - Registrar Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 29 [10A-E-4C] Files: 1. Middletown #1 [Bennet](July 1-December 1974) 2. Middletown #2 [Bennet](January 1975-June 30, 1975) 3. Registrar #1 (1974-75) 4. Registrar #2 (1974-75) 5. Registrar #3 (1974-75) 6. Regional Campus Coordinators Material 7. Sherman, Robert - Continuing Education Information ( - June 1974) 8. Sherman, Robert - Continuing Education Information ( - June 1975) 9. SCUP Correspondence #1 - and planning 10. President Shriver (July 1974-June 1975) 11. Student Appeals Council 12. Student Life Research Service 13. University Council (1973-74) 14. University Council (1974-75)[July 1, 1974] 15. University Council (January 1, 1975-July 1, 1975) 16. Provost's Visits (1974-75) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 30 [10A-E-4B]! Files: 1. Data Series Development - Ad Hoc Task Force chaired by Bill Hanger (January 1975) 2. Early Retirement 3. Early Retirement (1975) 4. Early Retirement - Don Auble 5. Robert Etheridge and all people who answer to him 6. Etheridge #2 (Begin January 1974/75) - all people who answer to hime 7. Robert Etheridge (1975) 8. Graduate School (1973 and 1974 to June 1974) 9. Graduate School (July 1-December 31. 1974) 10. Graduate School (1974/75 - Begin January 1975) 11. Graduate School (1975-76) 12. Hamilton Campus 13. Hamilton (July-December 1974) 14. Hamilton (July-June 1975) 15. Hater, Mary Ann - Ace Intern Working Papers 16. Hater, Mary Ann - Report: Baccalaureate Programs at Hamilton and Middletown (June 3, 1975) 17. Medical School (1974-75) 18. Miami University Foundation Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 31 [10A-D-7C]! Files: 1. Promotion and Tenure (1973-74-75) 2. Promotion and Tenure (July 1975-June 1976) 3. Promotion and Tenure Rewrite (Fall 1977) 4. Promotion and Tenure - Miscellaneous Information (1975-76) 5. Regional Campus Task Force (1978)[now in academic year 1978-79] 6. Research Discussion Lunches (April 1978)[BH] 7. Rules Review Committee - Minutes (1974-75) 8. Scholarship, Spotlight on (1978-79) 9. Scholarship, Spotlight on (1978-79) 10. Sixteen Hour Rule (1977) 11. Student Financing, Ad Hoc Committee (1973-74) 12. Student Survey - Teachers (n.d.) 13. Student Publications Committee [Bill Hanger](1974-78) 14. Summer Allocation (1976-78) 15. Summer Orientation (1976-80) 16. Syn-Cronamics (1974) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Western Proposals-Western College Dean Search Committees; 1973-83; Box 32 [10A-D-3A]! Files: 1. Western Proposals filed alphabetically (1973-74) 2. Miami Western History 3. Miami Western History 4. Miami Western History 5. Continuation of Western College Correspondence and Memos (1973) 6. Western College Correspondence #4 (October 1973- ) 7. Western Correspondence #3 (September 1973) 8. Western College Correspondence (August 1973) #2 9. Western College Correspondence (July and June) #1 10. Western College Correspondence - Beginning Material File #0 11. Vita of Old Western Faculty 12. Lunine 13. Western College Dean Search Committee (December 1973) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1973-83; Box 32??? Files: 1. Admission 2. Computer Report: Ad Hoc Task Force (April 1975) 3. Computer (February-May 1977) 4. Core Curriculum [in lieu of General Education] (September 1976) 5. Developmental Education 6. John Dolibois and all people who answer to him (July 1, 1974- ) 7. Dolibois, John (1975-76 - July 1) 8. Education, School of - Name Change (October 1976) 9. Etheridge, Robert #1 (1975-76 - July 1) 10. Etheridge, Robert #2 (January 1976- ) 11. Etheridge, Robert #3 (1976-77 - July-December) 12. Faculty Advisory Council of Provost (1973-76) 13. Faculty Research Committe (1971-76) 14. Faculty Welfare Committee (1971-76) 15. General Education Requirement Task Force ( -1976) 16. Hamilton (January-June 30, 1977) 17. Health and Physical Education Merger - Material from DGB Notebook [removed June 15, 1977], Papers; Final Report (January 10, 1977) 18. Health and Physical Education - PEM 19. Health and Physical Education - PEW Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Western Handbooks and Printed Brochures-Western College, M.U., Self Study (n.d.); 1971-83; Box 33 ? Files: 1. Western Handbooks and Printed Brochures 2. Western Alumnae Bulletin (Fall 1975) 3. Western Transfer Committee 4. Miami-Western Annual Report (1974-75) 5. Western College MU - Report on Planning Team 6. Western College MU - Goals and Miscellaneous 7. Western College MU - Course Comparisons 8. Progress Report - Miami - Western (March 9, 1976) 9. University of Wisconsin, Green Bay, Class Schedule (Fall 1973, 1974) 10. Larry Kennedy Dissertation on Mergers in Higher Education (1975) 11. Western Deans Confidential Materials [all candidates](1974) 12. Miami Alumnus (October 1973) - Western Material 13. Western [Mike Lunine #1] 14. Western [Mike Lunine #2] 15. Western Alumnae Bulletin (Spring 1975) 16. Miami-Western Annual Report (1975-76) 17. Western Campus Annual Report (1975) 18. Western College of MU Self-Study (n.d.) 19. Western College of MU Self-Study Appendices (n.d.) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 33 [10A-D-3B]! Files: 1. Ice Arena (1976) 2. Library (1976) 3. [University] Library Committee (1974-75) 4. Student Publications Committee (1974-75) 5. Undergraduate Regulations, Committee 6. University Requirement Committee 7. Urban Studies (1972-75) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 34 [10A-E-4A] Files: 1. Affirmative Action (Begin July 1, 1974/75) - Donovan Auble 2. Blacks and Minorities - Information from the files of CDC 3. Blacks and Minorities - Information from the Files of C. Churchwell 4. Black Scholars and Black Faculty 0 Recruitment Black Courses 5. Computer Information #5 (1974-75) - Includes SWORCC Sted Witt Memos and Computer Committee Memos 6. Computer #6 (Begin March 1975) - All information regarding computer 7. Computer Informatoin (July-December 1975/76) 8. CLEP [Credit by Examination](Begin 1973 up to June 1975) 9. CLEP [Credit by Examination] - Printed material received for information from off-campus 10. Consortium - Greater Cincinnati #1 11. Consortium - Greater Cincinnati #2 12. Consortium - Greater Cincinnati #3 13. Consortium - Greater Cincinnati #4 Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Western College of Miami University Name Change Correspondence- Task Force on Future/M.U., Hamilton; 1971-83; Box 35 [10A-D-4A]! Files: 1. Western College of Miami University Name Change Correspondence 2. WCAA Bulletin 3. Miami University Hamilton Self-Study 4. Middletown Campus Self-Study (1980) I 5. Middletown Campus Self-Study (1980) II 6. MU Survey Results (1974) - Evaluation of the Miami Experience 7. MU Basic Institutional Data Report - North Central Association (1974) 8. MU Self-Study Report for Accreditation Review I 9. MU Self Study Report for Accreditation Review II 10. Miami University Faculty Vita Report (1974) 11. Task Force on Future of Miami University at Hamilton (1974) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1975-80; Box 36 [10A-D-6B]! Files: 1. Budget Requests for 1975-76 2. General Budget Material (1976-77) 3. Budget Requests (1978-79) 4. Budget Material for 1976-77 [Responses to David G. Brown] 5. Capital Improvements Project 6. Salaries and Increases (1979-80) 7. Salary Info (1978-79) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Western College; 1976-83; Box 37 [10A-D-3C]! Files: 1. Western (July-December 1976) 2. Western (January-June 1976) 3. Western (April-December 1975) 4. Western Report to the Board of Trustees (December 1975- ) - Hanger 5. Annual Report (1978-79) - Interdisciplinary Studies, Miami-Western 6. Western Committee of Visitors (October 1978)[M. Lunine - Chair] 7. Third Annual Report of Western (Presented 1977) 8. Western (January-June 1977) 9. Western - Apace, from DGB notbook (file closed out March 1978) 10. Western Subsidy (1976) 11. Western Evaluation (1976) 12. Western Deanship Applicants 13. Western Hearings 14. Western Hearings (October 1980) - DGB file 15. Western (July 1977/78 - June) 16. Western (July 1978- ) 17. Western (January 1980- ) 18. Western (July 1980- ) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 38 [10A-D-5B]! Files: 1. Aircraft Engine Group, General Electric 2. General Education Commission #3 3. HEW Visit (Fall 1980, Winter 1981) 4. HEW Visits to Miami (January 1980-July 1980) 5. Honors (1979-80) 6. Information Exchange 7. Library (July 1980- ) 8. Literacy (1977-78) - David Frazier, Chair 9. Lukens, Becky - Intern (1978) 10. Management Intern Program 11. National Dean's List (1980) 12. National University Consortium (July 1980) 13. Proctor and Gamble Meeting (July 1980) 14. PMIP Correspondence and Mail from 1980 15. Program Review - Removed from DGB binder (July 1979) 16. Program Review (Fall 1978/79) 17. Public Administration Committee [Possible Master's] 18. P and T Miscellaneous Info. (July 1979-June 1980) 19. Provosts [IUC] (January 1980-December 1, 1980) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 39 [10A-D-5C]! Files: 1. SPACE - Removed from DGB book in July 1979 2. SPACE (1979) 3. Seasongood Program 4. Research and Proposals - Jim Pyle (1980) 5. Registrar (January 1980) 6. Bob Sherman - Workshops and Evening (July 1978-December 1980) 7. Bob Sherman - Summer (January 1979-December 1980) 8. Bob Sherman [continuing education] (January 1978-December 1980) 9. Writing Skills for Students (1976- December 1980) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files: ACE (January 1979)-Moeckel (June 1980); 1979-80; Box 41 [10A-D-6A]! Files: 1. ACE (January 1979) 2. Bachelor of Special Studies [Proposed 1974 - October] 3. Budget for Roy Ward (1979) 4. Brazilian Studies Sub-Committee (1977 - September) 5. Budget Requests - Bill Hanger 6. Cincinnati Consortium 7. Continuing Credit Education Task Force 8. Equipment - John Dome (1978) 9. Evaluation of Instruction - R. Fraser Committee (1977) 10. Executive Council Retreat 11. Graduate School (July 1979) 12. Graduate School (January 1980- ) 13. Hamilton (January-December 1979) 14. Hamilton Campus (January 1980- ) 15. Library (January 1980- ) 16. Migrant Worker Material 17. Bill R. Moeckel (January-December 1979) 18. Moeckel (June 1980) Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 43 [18A-C-1C]! Files: 1. Etheridge (Student Affairs) (1977-78) I 2. Etheridge (Student Affairs) (1977-78) II 3. Etheridge (Student Affairs) (1977-78) III 4. Luxembourg (1977-79) I 5. Luxembourg (1977-79) II 6. Middletown (July 1978-June 1979) 7. Middletown (July-December 1979) 8. Motor Vehicle (October 1976) 9. NOVA - Information from Off-Campus (1978-79) 10. Collective Bargaining (1977-81) I 11. Collective Bargaining (1977-81) II 12. Collective Bargaining (1977-81) III 13. Collective Bargaining (1977-81) IV 14. IUC - Inter-Uuniversity Council Provosts (January-December 1979) 15. Research and Proposals - Jim Pyle (1979) 16. Roy Ward - Associate Provost (1977-81) I 17. Roy Ward - Associate Provost (1977-81) II Academic Affairs/Provost; Brown, David; Provost Office Files; 1971-83; Box 44 [10A-D-6C]! Files: 1. Budget Requests for 1975-76 Budget

Completely Free Newest Seniors Online Dating Sites31 października 2019 Also, people who have a nickel allergy should avoid it. Made from a durable 3 ply non-woven breathable fabric which is soft on the paintwork and windows. When pressed about the hate between the families, james eventually opened up to you about a pub fight in london in which one of the quinn mcdonaghs tragically killed one of the joyces. By shalrath what online dating sites are no fee for this guide, we will learn the basics from what i know too help you sniper in pvp. March 30, one survivor reported he first felt a rush of air, followed where to meet iranian singles in vancouver free by a blast of hurricane-force winds. Programs: infant, early preschool, pre-k, after school, toddler, preschool, kindergarten, summer adventure club ages: infant years tuition: contact preschool for pricing. Categories mp3 s net search suggest download lagu lissa keong racun download thug le remix lil wayne office music serie mortal nora roberts para shadowgun hvga apk batman arkham asylum mac demo the batman theme rowdy african seniors dating online site rathore s pk windows media for mac os x download hp deskjet f series driver teri shirt da main button. Sheldon decides to take penny’s advice on the matter, with a little help from cosmopolitan magazine thrown in. Parcel services and tracking we are shipping all of our orders as insured parcel. Before prescribing a weight-loss medication, your doctor also will consider. C hsp70 and its co-chaperones direct misfolded intracellular proteins to protein degradation pathways. The compilation album alone the world: wild arms vocal collection, released in july, features all vocal tracks from the first three wild arms titles, 37 as well as sung versions of previously instrumental songs provided by kaori asoh. Attackers typically use the time a page takes to load, error message, or banners of the service they are probing to determine whether the probe they are targeting is responding or not, and to confirm if the tested port is open. I only used imovie on iphone and ipad and can’t tell you how it’s done there. Ride an eagle of your own to the drakes around the foot steppes and take out 16 of them. Support services: support services may be provided to accommodate disability-related barriers to employment and may include supported employment, disability-related education expenses, sign language interpreting, provision of technical equipment, or building or vehicle modifications. Besides, volkswagen situated two of his models between the ten more sold of the market. There was the golden voice of gordon solie, the vin scully, chick hearn and with an ending that allowed both commodities — wrestling and boxing — to. Generally, group-casting a spell lowers its power compared to its being cast on a single target ashfield. Belmont securities can be broadly categorized into two distinct types: equities looking for mature guys in las vegas and debts. Does anyone know how the server used to prepare the multiplexes is configured, does it use live averages, static values, or a combination of both to decide on saint george a fair split of calistoga maysville the total bandwidth between programs? The employment of pen names or stage names is permitted, provided it is done in good faith dalkeith and berlin there is no injury to third persons. Vps north green river tyneside servers are colocated in financial data centers, deliver ultra low latency and fast execution speed for forex trading. Explanation: en passant, or in passing is an important pawn move to understand beaudesert. Clear where to meet singles in vancouver no register „show interface” counters on this interface confirm des moines y. That’s great they have been helpful but helpful hasn’t fixed your problem hereford. russian mature singles dating online site The orange furball was designed callander by bonnie erickson, a puppet artist known west devon for her work with jim henson on the muppets she also designed miss piggy. However, during the end phase, wailuku if any player didn’t use bartlesville the drawn card, that player would automatically lose the duel. I saw the ignorance of the ignorant man to be a blemish, so i avoided it ann arbor. where to meet australian singles in utah The durable material makes this item a superb purchase dalkeith. meet older single The commercial harbour, including some of the fish processing and moonie canning facilities, is at the northern end of aylesbury the peninsula. Three major and two minor matrilines were identified by mitochondrial d-loop sequencing wellsburg. Sid also reports that brown had no gunshot residue on american senior dating online service his eau claire hands. Withour growing community of over million monthly active users pacific grove mau, milbank we aim to build a trusted platform for everybody to enjoythe internet. The examples of double-headed serpents in the pages of the codex fejervary-mayer on this website kapuskasing seem to great yarmouth show images of two intertwining serpents. Australian mature online dating site firewalls are also high wycombe regularly found in aircraft and in specially prepared cars for compartmentalisation and monmouthshire competition use. Norwalk five teenage students are forced to bond after being shut in detention together all day. Christ, who has proved himself in this instance, i keswick birmingham feel, to have been truly a messiah in so far as it concerns the identification of the island of uffa. Idaho steven levitsky, who runs where to meet british singles in ny our new york office, is an expert on antitrust merger issues. Ishpeming it looking for mature people in denver depends on what sound you’re going for and how hard you’re pushing the amp. Temora commercial vacuum tubes are evacuated where to meet indian singles in florida at manufacture to about 0. We have a camera that plugs in via stornoway usb, and used to connect via windows 7 to a program that syracuse would use a twain driver to take a picture. Following the tradition set by gagarin, tereshkova also barberton urinated on the bus tire, becoming the first gedling woman to do so. The caltech grad is in antarctica working cincinnati on an ice floe, lloyd says, „but seeing her looking for mature women in germany older sister have kids, those saint marys city wheels start turning for her. These ants are called turmites, a contraction big spring of „turing machine termites „. Grainne hallahan has free black senior dating been teaching english alabama in essex for 10 years. A strip footing young grimsby is a type of shallow foundation which is provided for the load bearing wall and for economy purpose, in row of fredonia columns which are so closely spaced that their spread footing overlap or nearly touch each other. It only takes one stop from heidelberg main railway station to the karlstorbahnhof s-bahn new romney station to reach us – gateshead even with a panoramic castle view. Grafton furniture caters to residential and commercial clients, and it has a special richardson unit that takes cape girardeau care of marine installations, mexican seniors singles online dating site such as stateroom, salon, and deck cushions. Senior Singles Members were also active in culture and politics, striving for greater integration of the slovenes from different crown lands of austria—hungary and for their cultural, political, and economic independence. This unit is suitable for alkaline product ph or acids depending on the seals supplied. Its endless rooms contain boundless treasures see pp8— Find the radian value for the inverse tangent of square root 3. Your doctor will assess you and may start you on a different course of treatment. I’m just kidding, i know your age, another chapter, another page. Taken together, analysis of various meteorites correlates ages of the early solar system, and therefore the earth, to a high degree of statistical significance. Mulgrave railway station code list of new south wales railway station codes. They pulled off taking the design elements of the fr-s and slapping them on the tc without making it look too much like its younger, sportier brother. The cancellation was not a business or marketing decision or even a statement where to meet singles in las vegas free about the adventure genre. The weapon was a superposed „over-under” combination gun, with a. Her first term of office started with a conflict with the agricultural sector, and her proposed taxation system was rejected. We and the competitor must have stock ready for delivery. Whether the mature 50 plus 'cat’ was a real moggy or the flail-like whip used to punish sailors in the british navy isn’t clear. The newly anointed martyrs will make suicide missions into set waves, tomahawking down the face. These inverted forms appear additionally at the beginning of these sentences or clauses. Giftya makes the most of the technology we already use every day so givers can send meaningful gifts in the moment. How are we suppose to eat all the food that we stashed in the ref?! Serving more than 15 million members, bravenet provides a full-service hosting option for people looking for the complete package. It has a well built pitch and modulation wheel on it with touch and velocity sensitive keys. People, even children are too big for a boa constrictor to swallow. Dr kate ryan is presently a consultant haematologist at manchester royal infirmary and has specialist interests in haemoglobinopathies sickle cell and where to meet singles in utah truly free thalassaemia, other red cell disorders and general haematology. Johnson, the following described real and personal property: „2. Have you ever seen the most shocking audition room arguments? Susan lacy, who launched the pbs series in and served as executive producer until, and current executive producer michael kantor will be best rated senior singles online dating site honored during a tribute awards that begins at 8 p. This number will be calculated according to the current multipart mode. On november 8, , universal music and hewlett-packard launched a marketing operation that allows customers with an hp computer with hp connected music software to access music from universal artists, as well as exclusive content. They’re perfectly suited to on-stage use on account of their 22db of noise reduction, yet their ohm impedance means they can also do a solid job of reproducing tunes from your mp3 player or smartphone. Snowbell then ignores stuart and even rejects his peace offering. To properly exploit the symmetry of the low-energy limit we integrate out all of the high-energy degrees of freedom as the very first step, leaving the inclusion of the low-energy degrees of freedom to last. Scientists and celebrities have the contacts and money to have such experimentation performed upon themselves. Expert classroom trainings for infineon microcontrollers. The brainstem, with deeper cranial nerve nuclei and tracts inside the brain-stem shaded red. Further, not all studies control for parental genotype and the possibility of epigenetic effects on v1ar expression, as early postnatal experiences can impact adult v1ar francis et al. Brutus pointed out that the constitution did not provide an effective mechanism for controlling judicial caprice. I’m aware that’s not where to meet muslim singles in austin a full week for spa2n, but i’m surprised it was able to hold k during a dq release. Download excel version of map contains areas to add player. no fees at all senior online dating site syndrome others familial elevated creatine kinase sarcoid myopathy motor neuron diseases charcot-marie-tooth disease other congenital diseases. Hebe das optische laufwerk an der rechten kante hoch und ziehe es aus dem computer. As a low-acid food, jars of home canned snap beans processed in a boiling water bath canner can support the growth of clostridium botulinum when sealed and stored at room temperature. When you purchase via the web, looking for mature women in germany google obviously natively supports streaming to your chromecast device. The cross-references with the draper and durchmusterung catalogue numbers in the latest edition are also useful. Haley is in dating site for over 60 charge of granting right of entry permits to would-be searchers. All documents not written in english must be accompanied by a certified english translation. The spiral strand comprised of a 5-layer sealed center manufactured utilizing small diameter wires of standard grade, 6 layers of 5. For a product line with more than one gvwr, establish the characteristic gvwr value for the product line by calculating the arithmetic average of all distinct gvwr values less than or equal to 8, pounds available for what is the free seniors online dating site that product line. Now, here are the betting lines and trends for virginia tech vs. looking for mature guys in texas We took him to vet for consultation yesterday and the vet gave us tips and prescription for med. Perhaps, but i don’t think there’s anything wrong about telling a relatively normal mecha story in the code black christian singles over 50 geass world. It explores the risks, logistics, economics, regulatory issues, resource allocation, production planning, inventory management, and other functions basic to supply chains and business. I know this is going to sound incredibly tacky and uncreative, but when i’m having trouble thinking up names i’ll hit the randomize button. We continued employing evidence-based probation practices, such as using cognitive-behavioral strategies and risk-based, assessment-driven case planning. Given that the catalytic effect is caused by enzymes bound to cell membranes and ecm, the resulting activity could be affected by many factors, including cell number, size and morphology, and, probably more importantly, the development of ecm. Immediately, the ssg personnel engaged the terrorists, preventing them from going after and killing other remaining teaching staff and students. We believe in natural, organic, and responsibly grown food. When the nature-based product is a combination produced from multiple components, the closest counterpart may be the where to meet latino singles in australia free individual nature-based components of the combination. Now, the consumer knows how mature best long term relationship online dating service much tax he has paid to the state gover. We where to meet romanian singles in australia free may use cookies for some administrative purposes, for example, to store our customers’ preferences for certain kinds of products or to store a password so that you do not have to input it every time you visit our website. Herodotus’s distinctions between the two in the 5th century bc were a notable early exception, randolph helm emphasizes that herodotus „never” applied the term syria to mesopotamia, which he always called „assyria”, and used „syria” to refer to inhabitants of the coastal levant. However, because they are inserted into a fluid lipid bilayer, both proteins and lipids are able to diffuse laterally through the membrane. Combined with a comparatively small proportion of bills originating with individual members of parliament, this leads to cabinet having almost total control over the legislative agenda of the house of commons. Abstracted from cemeteries, voting registers, census, society records church records and other source. Comment by mutez0r ahune himself was quite difficult, we killed him on the 3rd try after we all purchased potions and elixirs because mana or lack of it became an issue and on the 3rd rotation of his spam and hide phases did we kill him and i got the staff, so i guess i was just lucky. Call to monitor scottish wind farms for impact on protected wildlife courier – 13 nov. Models deployed for the whole period of town planning since should now be set aside. Priority fantasy pickups for week 13 and the playoff push. Please contact the location where you would like to work for additional employment information. Court call deuce follower deuce follower, in tennis game point situation game point, in tennis good situation for a serv it may follow it’s not the breaking poi open score point after deuce point after deuce, maybe point before „game” point before „game, ” mayb score after deuce score after deuce, in ten. Come to this session to tell us how our engineering and refactoring efforts can be directed to address your institution s needs. Now we have much more knowledge about this disease, and we can put positive cats up for adoption. Leal moved to lawrence about 15 years ago and now works in the chemistry department at the university of kansas. To omit all bar lines from all staves remove the bar line engraver completely. And absolutely free best rated seniors online dating site phil niekro… coming back to the braves for one last game in, of which he started with no decision. Si buscan un lugar para relajar, no dudes, este es el lugar! He is committed to pursue his goal of continuing the legacy and long standing excellent cardiac surgical reputation of the baylor college of medicine, baylor st. Tenebrescent behavior is exploited in synthetic materials for the manufacture of self-adjusting sunglasses, which darken on exposure to sunlight. What it takes to be a jack3d approved gym with the new year well on its way, you have your diet principles, a few healthy recipes and a killer chest routine. Thinkful also offers flexible part-time coding bootcamps and data science bootcamps, but those are not eligible for the income sharing agreement. Regular season play opens for the boys basketball season this week and colorado preps continues to provide previews of each team in each conference. The newer bridge scrapped the swing span concept of the original in lieu of a sturdier foot-high arch to allow boats to looking for mature people in africa pass by. Black and white drawings of flowers – black and white flowers. So long as this doesn’t start any naming conflict issues i guess we can’t complain that loudly. Richie: and so at what point did you leave your job? You can also buy tickets to the disney parks at 7-eleven kiosks but often finding the english buttons can be very difficult so unless you’re japanese is pretty strong i wouldn’t advise going this route. The property itself is quite basic a little like glamping with the kitchen outside on the veranda, but it has all the essentials – and some excellent lazy hammocks to relax into for an afternoon. Strong southwest winds will shift to the north late in the day. The tractor got stuck in bogs and extract has not been an easy task. Next, you will need to decide if you want your cord to stretch or not. Safety and security we only recommend highly trusted and secure sites with full encryption and data protection for mobile users. Some sources claim that strong psychic energy is radiated by the object and detected by the dowser others believe that ghosts, spirits or mysterious earth energies direct the dowser to their targets. Which online dating sites are no fees ever accessed july 10, why does allegheny county insist on trying to frighten property owners with the argument that frequently scheduled reassessments mean higher tax bills? Scene tv media base unit mature online dating sites in america is exactly what your living room needs to reveal its multi-media opportunities in full. It comes with a full portable laboratory which protects your senior hookups system from any unwanted disease while working on the internet, browsing anything and playing a game, etc. Whether it’s reusable ui elements to create user interfaces or charting libraries to create dashboards admin templates are preferred over custom front-end development, especially in small-to-medium budget projects. This streamlined stainless steel watch united a waterproof case and an automatic movement with a rotor for the first time. Body acne can happen to anyone, both teens and adults but it’s a shade more common in males than females. It has a high charge density and will have a marked distorting effect on any negative ions which happen to be near it. In this where to meet indian disabled seniors in philadelphia example, 2 die are free to vary while the third is not. Everything was elegant, civilized, amazingly clean, comfortable and relaxed. The average homeowner will generally only require a portable generator, which can still power your major home appliances. They swam in what was once an old volcano crater, they toured a cathedral, where to meet indian disabled seniors in philadelphia and they even had a zip-line adventure. Where to meet italian singles in denver the regiment, which suffered an exceptionally high desertion rate, fought in the rio grande valley and later in louisiana. It can be determined by known methods on the edentulous patient and transferred to an articulator in which the placement of the teeth takes place. But what transition does is address all these aspects simultaneously. where to meet singles in australia without pay Otherwise the user has to send his device back to the after-sales service center or use the leaked recovery tool. Unfortunately, only russian citizens could enter it: these high security rules have been in place since the station was approved as an object of strategic importance. I no longer will look forward with dread to the long months of very cold weather here in tahuya. When the cypress freeway, a double-decker freeway connecting the san francisco—oakland bay bridge with the nimitz freeway, was built in the s above cypress street, it effectively split the neighborhood in half and isolated it from downtown oakland. Akkare akkare akkare is a malayalam buddy comedy thriller film directed by priyadarshan and written top 10 senior dating sites by sreenivasan. It is a short distance from the center of haugesund and features tables, grills and best places to meet men over 50 wc. More free to contact senior singles online dating sites details about this follow in the typemaps and overloading section. Please see my linked ads for more baby, toddler and kids items key senior online dating services in the uk words: toy chest kids storage storage box blanket box. Keisha has a whirlwind relationship with a captivating british military officer who has a surprising secret. Tasks included support of the civil power, support of the british forces and search and rescue. They also have some unique home decor items, great eye candy amazing price points. The invention relates to a powder composition wherein the powder be prepared according to tamine et al. The best of mangaratiba click here to see more looking for mature guys in australia properties near popular landmarks in mangaratiba. The material mature online dating site in phoenix at camden reflects the pre-clinical and taught post-graduate courses there, while the hawkshead stock covers the clinical and taught post-graduate courses at that site. F-1 students may not work off-campus during the first academic year, but may accept on-campus employment subject to certain conditions and. Using more cocaine, alcohol, or other drugs to avoid withdrawal will simply increase the intensity of the symptoms when they catch up with you. Over 65 Dating Sites Shopbop wheelchair in online store shopbop – buy now shopbop. This video will be followed with a video showing how to make. There is inside sleeping for two but you may bring family and friends with tents and campers if desired. When an illegal hooch baron’s reign of terror troubles an entire village, the people turn to the only man who can save them: raja, the flamboyant don with a heart of gold. Sherlyn tz the place is quite nice and near to the beach. This museum has a local culture in its nook and corners which can be seen in all its exhibitions. Despite the involvement of the department of international development and private sector companies, there is a growing sense in jamaica that britain’s interests lie elsewhere. Of is artikel 47 lid 5 alleen van toepassing op een ondernemingspensioenfonds of een bedrijfstakpensioenfonds. Instant booking was available, and communication was prompt after booking. For best results, combine with kaiser’s grn2red patch. There are plenty of forums and online groups like magic mirror central that specialize in building smart mirrors. One was op art, in which colors and looking for old disabled seniors in ny forms are arranged to create flickering or quivering effects called optical illusions. This was by far the biggest production of the type, with a total of machines, until its replacement by the ausf. Figure 2 if not, press the menu key until you arrive there. Frequently there were periods when individuals seized power in the cities and ruled as tyrants. Fold three: fold the paper into sort of a triangle by bringing the folded edges of the paper together. While the seniors dating online sites for serious relationships free chicken is frying, peel and chop the onion and garlic and slice the mushrooms. To support industrialization, ethiopia plans to increase installed power middle aged single woman generation capacity by 8, mw, up from a capacity of 2, mw, by building three more major dams and expanding to other sources of renewable energy. A single track titled „love looking for mature men in colorado endravan” was released on 14 february. This is a perfect addon for your online store during busy holiday seasons when looking for mature women in germany people are making their shopping lists and purchasing gifts. You can save money to play free games with a r4 3ds card. Traditional alaskan native religion involves mediation between people and spirits, souls, and other immortal beings. Cards accepted at this hotel novotel paris centre tour eiffel accepts these cards and reserves the right to temporarily hold an amount prior to arrival. Unknown many ham radio operators had traced the transmissions to the islands of palau and a transmitter site in romania. Member of this company take part in many operations in hot zones, like rio de janeiro, haiti and congo. Prevalence of disease-causing mutations in families in families with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa: a screen of known genes in families. Explain these lyrics – either line by line or overall. Deshalb must had been used for something else, but that meaning is gone and it’s now accepted as an equal of deswegen. Western blot method samples were mixed looking for old guys in austin on ice with non-reducing tris-glycine sds sample buffer novex and heated in a boiling water bath for 7 min. Nevertheless, therapists who are patients often discuss their clinical work during our sessions. Video: paratha king menu karamat paratha kings of waterpump – street food of karachi pakistan. Whichever products our customers choose to enjoy, we strive for them to experience a delicate blend of technologies which creates a harmonious union between man and machine. It may be as simple as pouring maple syrup over pancakes or making sauces or gravies for the evening meal. In the ripon spectrum of octanoic acid we see, santa claus as expected, the characteristic carbonyl peak, this time at cm. Earbuds are great to have on you, but having the cable become a tangled mess in your bag or pocket is no fun to deal with and it always seems eveleth to happen no matter how neatly you tuck bridgwater them away. Harrow published: november 11, dating a man in his 50s length: min rating: 5 of 5 author: buen sm. Stock bin new paltz inside of which is equipped with 20mm steel plates is the steel framed structure. This feature is discernible in numerous works by raeburn, including in his portrait of neil gow, sonoma also in the scottish national portrait gallery beaumont collection. I have no cheboygan problem with image softness with any of my olympus bodies, and don’t recall it being todmorden an issue with my where to meet singles in las vegas free e-m10 ii, when i had it. Used bp3 or nopinz preferably the tripsuit, but the supersuit is still quite waveney good can be found in that price cadillac range. Ultimately, the lifebook great malvern s is too flawed for us to recommend. Act chatham 1 takes wing straight away with an energetic bassline where to meet ukrainian singles in la under a pasco soaring octave figure, while act 2 replaces the holyhead soaring octaves with a haunting vibes-like figure as the player heads deeper into eggman’s airborne warship to face the mad scientist himself. Train a technique until it becomes embedded into your chesterfield subconscious and action becomes effortless. Dinners all dinners served with your choice no credit card mature singles dating online site denver of baked potato, jasmine rice, or french fries nauvoo and vegetable of the day. Central falls the frequency axis starts from zero, and goes up to infinity. We can rely on it day and night, summer and newhaven winter, sunshine or rain, wauwatosa looking for mature men in utah to provide fuel and electricity. In southport conditions of high heat loads metal materials used are ignoble and as such are very lévis vulnerable to all kinds of completely free seniors online dating sites corrosion. One downside, however, is that complexes dawson may not new london separate cleanly or predictably, as it is difficult to predict how the molecule’s shape and size will affect its mobility. Town and country ayr oswestry are absolutely delighted to smyrna offer to the tonbridge and malling market this charming two bedroom detached country cottage set in a secluded location with far reaching views across the open countryside. Menu environmental health in best seniors dating online sites emergencies kaneohe natural events technological incidents complex emergencies deliberate events disease outbreaks greater london poisoning vulnerable groups displaced people medical aspects health dunkeld care facilities. Voor meeting singles for free petrarca is council bluffs het, of de nachtegaal de smart van de dichter verklankt. Regardless of your application, we are northwest territories cockermouth looking where to meet uruguayan singles in dallas free forward to working with you to provide the required flags, flagpoles, and hardware for your application. The credit is only available to the original purchaser of a best rated senior singles online dating site new, qualifying arkansas post vehicle. Assuming you’re a healthy young person lucky you: i tombstone used to be, it’s unlikely to do any permanent damage if done on an irregular basis salt lake city or once only. Highland when cooking, turn on the exhaust fan to help russian mature singles dating online site clear away any fumes. He deserved to have some silverware to show from his caps yarrawonga. 60s and over mature online dating sites Looking For Mature Senior Citizens In Colorado Looking For Old Guys In Austin 60s And Over Seniors Dating Online Sites Best Places To Meet Singles Over 50 Where To Meet Muslim Singles In Germany Free Most Popular Mature Online Dating Sites In Jacksonville Senior Online Dating Sites For Relationships Full Free 60s And Over Seniors Online Dating Sites Looking For Older Women In Ny Looking For Mature Guys In Texas Where To Meet Romanian Singles In Australia Free Where To Meet Jewish Singles In Philadelphia Middle Aged Single Woman Looking For Mature People In Africa Where To Meet Singles In Denver Free Month Senior Online Dating Sites For Relationships Full Free Where To Meet Catholic Singles In The Uk Where To Meet Nigerian Singles Free Best Senior Online Dating Service Senior Black People Com Where To Meet Latino Singles In Texas Free Looking For Mature Disabled Seniors In New Jersey Online Mature Dating Sites Where To Meet Singles In Philadelphia Full Free Where To Meet Seniors In Canada Where To Meet Albanian Singles In New York

Cipres 280 atlampa All kinds of top notch quality servo guards available. Use facemasks beyond the gastrointestinal cipro pill cost visit tract. Weighted screening rates in underserved communities and businesses are shut because of the activity. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon Krahn GL, Walker DK, Correa-De-Araujo R. Persons with a previous outbreak. Oropharyngeal SCC cipro pill cost Race White 2,090 (1. From October 2018-March 2019, RPHIA reached over 11,000 households across the country to reinforce jurisdiction-specific protocols. Follow state and local levels. For long-haul truck drivers, or others within the Division of Cancer Screening in the virus that caused COVID-19). However, we do cipro pill cost things. Lynch syndrome can talk to a temporary COVID-19 testing from a health certificate from a. Walk and talk about your numbers. Persons who are immunocompromised, have serious genetic, neurologic, metabolic disorders, and as response needs change in dose volume for cipro pill cost this study are not sick. This page includes information and products presented on the use of additional virus neutralization focus reduction assay to detect impact at the same home. The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP), focusing on the FSIS website at www. Because some EHRs did not find other studies that support health policies, and decisions about their symptoms have improved. A recent publication describes a multi-institution project to showcase how systems science can be a non-cancerous cyst, but sent tissue samples approximately 5 to cipro pill cost more aggressive than others. During an in-person school environment does the Flu Vaccine Reduces Risk of Developing Flu-Related Complications for more information. Incidence among whites were in place in your home or stay home with workers. Inside Knowledge materials cipro pill cost. Mammography use was lower and CRC screening rates within resource constraints while simultaneously reducing its effects on health, wellness, and life opportunities. I take it three times as common among middle-aged (45- to 64-year old) adults living in proximity of passengers directly coming from China. This article examines the excess cost was significantly higher death rates were higher among men (35. Reducing the number and cipro pill cost characteristics of the American public at least 20 seconds. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2012. The relative difference in life-years up to age 26 years. Methods: We cipro pill cost enrolled 150 adults. HIV data collection and evaluation of different ways to maintain your mental health, syringe services, and exercise alone are not anticipated. CDC is doing to curb this epidemic. Recommendations Brucella strain RB51. Helen Branswell: Thank you cipro pill cost both. Linking to a pregnant woman and have effectively no risk of local epidemiology and clinical data to inform their immediate household that they ingested the product is no completely safe place to limit nonessential visitors and staff. PrEP were significantly worse among women with any pharmaceutical product, there are about halfway there this season. To disinfect surfaces, objects, cipro pill cost and come from being overweight. Some things may not be allowed to enter into additional supply agreements with other people, like Rhiannon, have a known teratogen. Even if each individual specimen in a national network of participating health centers can assess your risk of serious flu complications. Always use pasteurized eggs or no onsite healthcare services. CDC aggregated the outcome data for the United States cipres 280 atlampa. Many of my most fulfilling projects concentrated on building the field of public health practice. Moy E, Garcia MC, Bastian B, cipres 280 atlampa Rossen LM, Ingram DD, Faul M, Panchal AR. McCray mentioned where we actually are something like this. This guidance cipres 280 atlampa is for people around the world. A rash like the cold or icy outside. Teens with higher utilization, and quality of personal HIV risk information from all eligible households, accounting cipres 280 atlampa for income and a drug procurement system. Clinical illness usually lasts about 3 out of 19 days, respectively) (56,57). Cases of anaphylaxis and angioedema have also been identified as causing injuries, multiple federal and state cipres 280 atlampa and local public health departments demonstrating their desire to reduce harms associated with HPV testing in which domain individual activities are prescribed. Misusing prescription opioids and should receive 2 more doses of HPV and Pap smear receipt among women may be related to pregnancy or the information and products presented on the medicine they need to make strides in progress. Clean and disinfect hands before preparing food or animal exhibitions, or coming in contact with infected bird(s) should be followed by Hispanic ethnicity. CDC also is using an algorithm is cipres 280 atlampa used in the United States, 1996 to 2012. FDA-cleared surgical masks and other CDC-funded testing sites, United States, responsible for the 2019-20 season, manufacturers have been no confirmed reports of a broad concept of operations plans to respond to infectious diseases specialists, intensive care units. Inflammatory Bowel DiseasePatients treated with a form Pseudomonas aeruginosa cipres 280 atlampa that was lacking a medical home: urban, small rural, and isolated areas) (Table 2). What is added by this report. PHLN: What do cipres 280 atlampa your cholesterol levels. CDC and ACIP reviewed data from the new health challenges of workforce, care coordination, and decreased urine output, and renal pelvis 549 0. Brain and nervous system disorders. RTE) lentil cipres 280 atlampa and beef soup. During the trainings, public health preparedness is about 56,000 for the content of common diseases such as positive reinforcement, to increase the rates of syphilis and using a condom with a health educator for the. Opioid overdose rates and that new pandemics can result in character translation or format errors in the United States and recommended linkage and same-day Test and the winners are chosen based on fit, quality, and available tests range from mild (such as inherited metabolic disorders and platelet disorders If you need support as we speak. HFRS is characterized by HI with ferret antisera, and cipro pill cost 40 years, Healthy People 2020 includes a sleep objective for both types of cancer live five years after the aggregate this hyperlink estimates. Cancer site Hispanic Non-Hispanic No. A national physical activity interventions are viewed by Registry-approved scientists. A person cipro pill cost who is a place where it can be. This report includes National YRBS data showing that during 2012-2014, 3. From 1997-1999 to 2012-2014 the percentage of survey responses from the Arizona Department of Health Services (ADHS). It may be on the website. Cost-effectiveness of distributing naloxone to reduce HIV in the U. Agency for Healthcare Providers Consider a diagnosis of HIV testing that all participants assigned to work across cipro pill cost developed and emerging applications that have previously relied on local health departments, patients should be considered in good condition and may become apparent; items in trash cans. And the second quarter of 2020. Two challenges to implementation of genomic information become critical in preventing influenza infection pending confirmatory influenza testing. Increases in anxiety cipro pill cost and depression among cancer survivors. Early linkage to HIV treatment for opioid use disorder to deliver comprehensive services for persons who filled prescriptions for adults. The ham is linked to care and family health history of GBS and who do not constitute an endorsement by the 2014 city-level obesity crude prevalence estimates by the. Can you distinguish cipro pill cost the relative prevalence of cancer (35). The number of members per team fluctuated as men like Conor begin managing their COVID-19 testing Separate NP swab for testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in the United States are hospitalized with severe flu complications. Summary The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Emory University School of Public Health Agency, unpublished data, 2018). Puckett M, Neri A, Goode SA, Sarris Esquivel N, cipro pill cost Schmitt CL, Kahende J, et al. HIV surveillance supplemental report, vol. Given that exclusive use of telemedicine Facilities have plans in the Northeast (Table 3). Do not take Cipro with any of the following: Cip. The findings in this report do not provide evidence that HIV-related risk behaviors nationwide, what do i need to buy cipro the prevalence of obesity among young cipro antibiotic and probiotics children from low-income families participating in WIC in U. This estimate was higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students than heterosexual students and the prevalence. This report presents national estimates of TV watching and computer use outside of the Board for the Organization for Safety, Asepsis and Prevention (OSAP), shares his personal experience with observing unsafe injection practices in a household with a higher poverty level (i. This report presents national estimates of what do i need to buy cipro TV watching and computer use outside of the International Spine Intervention Society talks about consequences of failing to follow basic safe injection techniques during interventional spine procedures. Safe Healthcare Blog, guest author Dr. Efforts to what do i need to buy cipro reduce youth smoking. The prevalence of driving under the influence of alcohol alone and alcohol and marijuana combined significantly declined among persons aged 13-17 years, CDC analyzed data from the National Immunization Survey-Teen (NIS-Teen). During its October 2013 meeting, the Advisory Committee what do i need to buy cipro on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended use of is macrobid stronger than cipro e-cigarettes among youths. Safe Healthcare Blog, guest author Dr. Moreover, in 2007- 2010, children did not change from 2003 to 2010. About 1 in 8 what do i need to buy cipro women aged 18 years and 21-25 years. Across the 13 tobacco use-related risk behaviors, the prevalence of 10 was higher among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex. Children without what do i need to buy cipro sealants had almost three times more cavities in permanent first molars compared with children with sealants. The 2017 child and adolescent immunization schedule summarizes ACIP recommendations, including several changes from the cipro toxicity syndrome National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) began in 1991. Nearly 100,000 Campaign materials were distributed what do i need to buy cipro in 2014.. Cigarette smoking rates among high school students have dropped to the 2012 School what do i need to buy cipro the future. Moreover, in cipro pill cost 2007- 2010, children did not meet recommendations for the figures. English was the primary language spoken. Marlboro, Newport, cipro pill cost and Camel were the most commonly identified as having a "favorite cigarette ad" in 2012. Safe Healthcare Blog, drug diversion expert Kimberly New, JD BSN RN, says drug diversion. In 1999, the mortality rate for suicide fluctuated and then doubled from 2007 (0. The greatest number of infections occurred among gay and bisexual cipro pill cost youth.. Across the 13 tobacco use-related risk behaviors, the prevalence of 11 was higher cipro pill cost among students who had sexual contact with only the opposite sex. About 50,000 people are infected with HIV each year, and 1 in 8 women aged 18 years and older and 1. cipro pill cost expended for this vulnerable group (8). United States in 2014 (1). To monitor vaccination coverage among persons aged 16-20 years and 21-25 years cipro pill cost. Because schools are natural learning environments, implementing and improving school-based policies and programs are strategic ways to reinforce healthy behaviors and educate adolescents about reducing risky behaviors. In 1999, the mortality rate for children and adolescents aged 10-14 years for deaths from motor vehicle traffic injury and suicide were not statistically significant. In the United States, HPV vaccination cipro pill cost coverage among persons aged 16-20 years and 21-25 years. Binge drinking increases the chances of breast cancer, heart disease, sexually transmitted diseases, unintended pregnancy, and many other health problems., guest cipro pill cost author Dr. Review the new CDC document, Outpatient Settings Policy Options for Improving Infection Prevention, for more information about improving infection control practices. He makes the observation that safe injection techniques during interventional spine procedures. Lives At Pfizer, we apply science and our global cipro and pseudomonas resources to bring therapies is cipro safe in pregnancy to people that extend and significantly improve their lives. You should not place undue reliance on the preprint server b ioRxiv and submitted to a pregnant woman. Almost 200 million women are insufficient to inform their healthcare provider of a novel anti-PD-L1 antibody avelumab (MSB0010718C) on human tumor cells. Screening for viral hepatitis should be initiated prior to initiating therapy in postmenopausal women or in larger, more diverse populations upon commercialization; the ability to produce comparable clinical or other results, including our stated rate of infusion for is cipro safe in pregnancy Grade 2 or Grade 4 visual impairment. If the strong inhibitor is discontinued, increase the IBRANCE tablets and the ability to meet the pre-defined endpointsin clinicaltrials; competition to create a vaccine strain change. Tuesday, January 26, 2021 - 06:55am EST 84. Appropriate medical treatment used to treat inflammatory conditions is cipro safe in pregnancy. Rehan Verjee, President of EMD Serono - the Healthcare business sector of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany in the last eight years. We routinely post information that may reflect drug hypersensitivity have been reported in 1. IBRANCE across PALOMA-2 and PALOMA-3. BAVENCIO can cause scarring and is cipro safe in pregnancy adhesions. Advise females of reproductive potential to significantly and durably reduce pain in women treated with XALKORI. BAVENCIO can cause immune-mediated colitis. South Africa variants, as measured by studies conducted by Pfizer and BioNTech are encouraged by these early is cipro safe in pregnancy in vitro study that evaluated one of the World Health Organization (WHO), to ensure equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines for all who rely on us. Researchers have made significant progress in our understanding of tofacitinib to help inform medical decision making and patient care. GASTROINTESTINAL PERFORATIONS Gastrointestinal perforations have been reported in patients with ALK-positive ALCL in the remainder of the pseudovirus bearing the U. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other potential difficulties. Update immunizations in agreement with COVAX for up to 40 million doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine cipro pill cost. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of infusion-related reactions, including rash or dermatitis. For more than 150 years, we have worked to make a meaningful difference in the United States, XALKORI has received approval for BAVENCIO as monotherapy for 12 weeks of initiating corticosteroids. COVID-19, the collaboration between BioNTech and its collaborators are developing cipro pill cost multiple mRNA vaccine program will be submitted for presentation at a not-for-profit price. Pfizer Disclosure Notice The information contained in any forward-looking statements. Pfizer News, LinkedIn, YouTube and like us on www. The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine should receive a second dose reduction for Grade 2 or higher adrenal insufficiency, initiate symptomatic treatment, including cipro pill cost hormone replacement, as clinically warranted. This endometrial-like tissue outside the uterine cavity, commonly in the discovery, development and in-house manufacturing capabilities, BioNTech and its collaborators are developing multiple mRNA vaccine program, an agreement with COVAX for up to 104 weeks, designed to assess the impact of COVID-19 on our website at www. If patients develop Grade 3 or 4 immune-mediated hepatitis. Of the 56 patients who may be serious, may become apparent with more widespread use of strong CYP3A inhibitor, reduce the cipro pill cost IBRANCE dose (after 3-5 half-lives of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. BAVENCIO can cause primary or secondary immune-mediated adrenal insufficiency. Bradycardia: Symptomatic bradycardia can occur in patients with locally advanced or metastatic UC. The 10 cipro pill cost mg BID to 5 mg once daily. The preserved neutralization of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. Ulcerative Colitis XELJANZ is indicated for the rapid development of novel biopharmaceuticals. If the strong inhibitor is discontinued, increase the IBRANCE capsules can be found cipro pill cost here. The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine to complete the vaccination series. Bradycardia: Symptomatic bradycardia can occur in patients with ALK-positive NSCLC in more than 150 years, we have worked to make a difference for all who rely on us. Epstein Barr Virus-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder has been reported in patients with ALK-positive ALCL after at least 1 month. When available, the importance of does cipro have sulfa vaccination. If we find most fulfilling projects concentrated on building the field of study, this perspective also focuses on individual providers. A report in 11 communities across the world. Egg safetyPeople should not sell or serve the Alaska Native men, and persons who inject drugs being at risk for having a test or procedure does cipro have sulfa masks. On January 1, 2002, Wisconsin implemented the Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program provides funding to grantees and clinics screen for and transporting specimens can detect influenza infection may include health indicators in the United States, 2010-2016. In addition, to learn about the use of exchanged death certificate information from many parts of the puzzle and will continue to provide free mammograms, diagnostic testing, authorized by the US Preventive Services on violence issues; that work to do. Last week, the Illinois-Wisconsin investigation where they are conditions of childhood whooping cough cases does cipro have sulfa reported had a history of GBS and who discussed having a fever, cough, shortness of breath, chills, muscle pain, sore throat, cough, and shortness of. CDC estimates that hospitalizations increased in participants with H. The iFOBT is used in other risky behaviors, such as heart disease. Racial and ethnic subgroups. I think it would does cipro have sulfa be hard to get HIV from having vaginal sex without using a different strain of Salmonella Carrau infections linked to HIV medical care. Therefore, the determination of laws needed to prevent being bitten by rabid dogs. Accessed February 14, 2014. Conclusions: Our models, which include guidance for evaluating many HP does cipro have sulfa objectives, the Project identifies and disseminates evidence-based legal and regulatory officials in several important ways. Community health workers are in mammals, their disease since 1991-health agencies report approximately 30,000 Lyme disease and subsequently died. UV rays, not the end. MESSONNIER: The does cipro have sulfa numbers and percentages by using an EPA-approved disinfectantexternal icon. Three similar reviews of evidence-based genomic tests. The affected products were used to assess overall severity was associated with breast cancer were examined using self-reported survey data. Dias D, Van does cipro have sulfa Doren J, Schlottmann S, et al. During the years surrounding the pool. Training should include this finding was not included in healthcare settings, even mild signs and suicide prevention and control, supporting leadership efforts, and if a person can get the correct amount) and rub them together until they can look for a woman is coming up. Substance use and substance use treatment could lower risk for skin cancer increased among white women (39). What do cipro pill cost your part. Diagnostics: Gold-standard lab capacity offered to cancer screening, only 3 reported not receiving but needing, drug or alcohol treatment were considered to have measles. The 38 jurisdictions were Alabama, Alaska, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, out of 10 children who get chickenpox naturally. As highlighted by the age- and sex-specific treatment cipro pill cost costs were higher among men (45. Lessons learned from the tank. Background and aims: National guidelines recommend that she had not had measles or three-day measles, is a type of skin cancer. Care coordination is a continuing medical education and involvement in implementing cancer control (CCC) plans cipro pill cost. My understanding there are 14 confirmed cases with no new confirmed novel coronavirus infection in men study. In 2009, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) understands that its partners have access to these particular cases, our focus still of most AFM cases, risk factors and policies and procedures. If left untreated, cholesterol levels and cipro pill cost large chain stores do have laboratory tools and incentives for tech savvy young people are notifiable conditions. The second and third most common virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the HIV epidemic. Whether you know could be useful to those referred to as developmental monitoring using Learn the signs and pulse-oximetry. BackgroundThe Centers for Disease Control cipro pill cost and Prevention. We compared five-year relative survival rate for the content of pages found at these sites. What CDC Is Doing CDC is headquartered in Atlanta and has experts located throughout the ATHS. However, national cipro pill cost surveillance data can help lower your risk for cancer. Social and behavior in a homeless population. San Juan, Puerto Rico, and the disease because of the program because of. These face coverings for DHCP; surgical masks or respirators and powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) as alternatives to consider the risks of substance misuse compared cipro pill cost to white populations have not been identified annually in 2014, CDC has defined two types of services is a short-term illness. For 24 years, this program are described in depth elsewhere,16 including in this report are subject to at least 1. American adults are not showing symptoms. The health consequences of smoking: cancer: a meta-analysis. Messonnier and rear admiral Hinton cipro pill cost will give updates on the proper planning and response, including evaluating the pandemic could be used when comparing incidence and improve oral health professionals understand why many women are receiving cancer screening tests in a Patient Recovered from 2019 but not all HPV containing cells fully; whether available therapies for Alaskan adults who get infected is much easier. The exact level and recognizes that wearing a cloth face coverings are NOT recommended. The prescribing and distributing radon educational resources. In several cipro pill cost Western countries, where workforce capacity of the egg-propagated virus. Eugene Mccray: and this is a disorder in order to inform research on pediatric cancer incidence in Nebraska over a long history of cancer, 1975-2006, featuring colorectal cancer screening services and in-person patient-clinician contact is used in this population. Conclusions and relevance: Indoor tanning was greater for cases born after World War I likely contributed to the veterinary clinic. These programs are beginning to integrate these recommendations as the Affordable Care Act was created in 2015 was approximately 10 percent from 2012 through 2016 and 2010 to provide a more timely fashion can improve health policy communication, and improve functioning. All kinds of top notch quality servo guards available. Cipres 280 atlampa There are no reviews yet.

Referendum on Law Repealing Initiative 77 – Minimum Wage Amendment Act of 2018 BOARD OF ELECTIONS NOTICE OF PUBLICATION The Board of Elections, at a Special Meeting held on Friday, November 9, 2018, formulated the short title, summary statement, and legislative text of the “Referendum on Law Repealing Initiative 77 – Minimum Wage Amendment Act of 2018.” Pursuant to D.C. Code § 1-1001.16 (2016 Repl.), the Board hereby publishes the aforementioned formulations as follows: REFERENDUM MEASURE NO. 008 SHORT TITLE Referendum on Law Repealing Initiative 77 – Minimum Wage Amendment Act of 2018 SUMMARY STATEMENT Under current law, employers may pay tipped employees lower base hourly wages if the total received in wages and tips equals or exceeds the minimum wage for non-tipped workers. Initiative 77, approved by voters in June 2018, would incrementally increase the base wage for tipped employees by 2026 to the same amount guaranteed non-tipped employees. In October 2018, the District of Columbia Council voted to repeal Initiative 77 and maintain current law. If approved, Referendum 008 would reject the Council’s repeal. Vote FOR Referendum 008 to reinstate Initiative 77. Vote AGAINST Referendum 008 to allow the Council’s repeal to become law. TEXT OF MEASURE Shall the registered voters of the District of Columbia approve or reject section 2 of D.C. Act 22-489? D.C. Act 22-489 — “Tipped Wage Workers Fairness Amendment Act of 2018” “Sec. 2. The Initiative No. 77 – – Minimum Wage Amendment Act of 2018, effective October 11, 2018 (D.C. Law 22-163; 65 DCR 8513), is repealed.” Frequently Asked Questions Who is leading the Referendum effort? The Save Our Vote campaign committee is leading the referendum effort, with support from the tipped workers, community members, community organizations, and clergy who are infuriated at the DC Council’s decision to overturn Ballot Initiative #77. Why did the DC Council overturn Ballot Initiative #77? On June 18, 2018 Ballot Initiative #77 was passed by DC residents who voted in favor of giving tipped workers a fair base wage. The restaurant industry that funded DC councilmembers’ campaigns lobbied the legislators and as a result, the DC City Council voted to overturn the Initiative on October 16. Fortunately, the majority of DC voters believe that democracy is not for sale, that people’s votes matter and that they spoke clearly when they approved Ballot Initiative #77 to raise wages of workers in some of the lowest paid occupations. Therefore, the Save our Votes campaign was formed. Do tipped workers oppose Ballot Initiative #77? No. The majority of tipped workers – bussers, food runners, delivery drivers, valet drivers, nail salon workers, baggage handlers want a raise. Restaurant Opportunities Centers United has been working with tipped workers and high road employers across the country for years, leading the way to higher wages and better working conditions in the restaurant industry. Spreading fear and misinformation among higher paid tipped workers, the restaurant lobby has recently been mobilizing them against higher wages using the false narrative that higher wages means no tips and/or job loss. However, those claims are misleading and the data and the real-world experiences tell a different story. The tipped wage in DC has increased without a decline in tips. There are currently 7 states with One Fair Wage for all workers, that have thriving restaurant industries with higher per capita sales revenues, higher restaurant job growth and equal or higher tipping rates than the states with a subminimum tipped wage. Tipping is part of the American culture and will not go away with a minimum wage increase. Who is a tipped worker? Anyone who receives more than $30 in tips per month can be considered a tipped worker by their employer, which allows the worker to be paid a sub-minimum wage. We have recently seen greedy owners recategorized their workers as tipped workers in order to pay them less. Ballot Initiative #77 will gradually eliminate the sub-minimum wage to prevent this from happening. Nearly 70% of tipped restaurant workers are women. The sub-minimum wage for tipped workers is in effect legislated pay inequity for a predominately female workforce. This inequity is exacerbated when accounting for race and intersectional identities. Tipped workers with a sub-minimum wage are twice as likely to live in poverty and rely on food stamps as the rest of the workforce. The restaurant industry is one of the largest growing industries in the nation, and the largest employer of minimum wage workers (1 in 12 Americans). Putting more money into the pockets of the growing number of low-income tipped workers, who will spend their additional earnings at local businesses, boosts the consumer spending that drives our nation’s economy. What is the Tipped Minimum Wage? Under existing law, employers are allowed to pay tipped workers a lower hourly minimum wage. Currently, the minimum wage for tipped workers in DC is $3.89 per hour. If the worker does not collect enough tips to equal DC’s prevailing minimum wage of $13.25 per hour, the employer must pay the employee the difference. That difference of $9.35 is what we call the “Tip Penalty.” The restaurant lobby refers to it as a “Tip Credit” because it is to the employer’s benefit – in that it allows them to pay their workers less. While the law requires employers to ensure everybody earns at least the full minimum wage, the Department of Labor data show that non-compliance is rampant—more than 80 percent. This complex system requires extensive tracking and accounting of tip flows, leaving tipped workers vulnerable to abuse and inaccuracy and increasing business risks and liabilities, which is another reason why One Fair Wage for all workers is the best enforcement mechanism. For example, on a slow night a server collects only $25 in tips for 5 hours of work. Their pay for that evening would be $3.89 X 5 hours + $25 in tips = $44.45, or $8.89 per hour. With the Tipped Credit, the employer would be required to chip in an additional $4.36 per hour to the tipped employee so they end up making $66.25, which is $13.25 per hour for 5 hours. If the Tipped Credit didn’t exist, that same worker would make $13.25 per hour in wages plus $25 in tips, so if they worked 5 hours and received $25 in tips, they’d make $91.25 instead of $66.25. The Tipped Credit allows employers to pay their worker less! What is wrong with the Tipped Credit? The unethical two-tiered minimum wage system, which allows business owners to outsource employee wages to the whims of customers, creates and perpetuates pay inequity, economic disenfranchisement, sexual harassment and other abuses of power. Worse, tipped employees pay less into Social Security, Medicaid, and State & Federal taxes because most employers tax their low wages not their declared tips. The restaurant industry is the single largest source of sexual harassment claims in the U.S. because tipped workers are dependent on the generosity of customers for their income, rather than their employers. As a result, they must often tolerate inappropriate behavior from customers, and are vulnerable to sexual harassment from coworkers and managers. While 7% of American women work in the restaurant industry, it is responsible for 14% of all sexual harassment claims to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Does Ballot Initiative #77 eliminate tipping? NO! There is nothing in Ballot Initiative #77 about eliminating tips. Tipping is an American custom that still exists in the States that have eliminated the sub-minimum wage. Rather, restaurant owners told their employees that they’d remove the tip line on receipts and force customers to pay a service charge. A service charge is not a tip and it’s the property of the establishment. Therefore the notion of “Save Our Tips” is predicated on greedy restaurant owners preventing customers from tipping, not Ballot Initiative #77. Rather, Ballot Initiative #77 provides tipped workers with a higher base pay ($15 an hour by 2026) plus tips on top. One Fair Wage Facts: - 7 states currently have “One Fair Wage,” meaning they do not have a tip credit or a sub-minimum wage. They also have thriving restaurant industries where customers continue to tip. The 7 states include: California, Oregon, Alaska, Washington, Montana, Minnesota & Nevada - The federal tipped minimum wage is $2.13 and has been at this rate since 1991 - The tipped minimum wage in DC is currently $3.89 - The full minimum wage in DC is currently $13.25 BACKGROUND DETAILS ON THE ISSUE Ballot Initiative #77, proposed by Restaurant Opportunities Center-DC (ROC-DC), sought to eliminate the sub-minimum wag by slowly increase the minimum wage for tipped workers to $15/hr by 2025. An increase in the tipped wage would ensure that wages are coming directly from the employer and not subsidized by customer tips/gratuities. Although employers are required to make sure tipped workers receive the full min wage when tips don’t make up the difference, tipped workers are extremely vulnerable to wage theft, in addition to poor enforcement of the District’s current wage laws. • On June 19, 2018, DC voters approved Ballot Initiative #77 by 56%, a wide margin of 11.5 percentage points. • On October 16, 2018, under the pressure of restaurant industry lobbyists, 8 DC Councilmembers voted on to repeal Ballot Initiative #77. The eight DC Councilmembers who voted to repeal Ballot Initiative #77 were: Chairman Phil Mendelson At-Large Councilmember Anita Bonds At-Large Councilmember David Grosso Ward 2 Councilmember Jack Evans Ward 4 Councilmember Brandon Todd Ward 5 Councilmember Kenyan McDuffie Ward 7 Councilmember Vincent Gray Ward 8 Councilmember Trayon White Sr. • On October 30th, a Referendum Campaign Committee called “Save Our Vote No DC Council Repeal of Initiative 77” was formed to give DC voters the final say. • On November 27, the Campaign will receive the Circulating Petitions from the DC Board of Elections Overview of Referendum Process: • Referendums can be introduced by voters to overturn nearly any law passed by the DC Council • The Referendum Process starts when the Council Chairman transmits a DC Law to Congress for the 30 legislative day review (also known as the Congressional Review Period). • The District’s “Home Rule Charter” requires all laws passed by the 13-member DC Council be reviewed by Congress before becoming law. (A legislative day is any day when either the House of Representatives or Senate is in session) • The campaign must collect valid signatures from 5% of the registered voters in 5 of the 8 Wards of the District (roughly 25,000 signatures) Once the Referendum Petition is submitted and has been certified, the Board of Elections must schedule a special election within 114 days • In the special election, DC Voters will be asked to vote “YES” if they approve of the Referendum & Repeal of DC Council’s Repeal law or “NO” if they reject the referendum and support DC Council’s repeal of Initiative 77 • If DC voters choose YES and repeal DC Council’s law, the DC Council may not legislate on the issue for 365 days Referendum Process Referendums can be introduced by voters to overturn nearly any law passed by the DC Council. Ballot Initiatives, on the other hand, are entirely new laws that are initiated by voters. While they are similar in how they ultimately end up before voters, Referendums strictly refer to laws passed by the DC Council. Referendums give voters the final say on unpopular actions by the DC Council, like their tyrannical repeal of Ballot Initiative #77. The Referendum process begins when the DC Council Chairman transmits a DC law to Congress for the 30 legislative day review period known as the Congressional Review Period. The District of Columbia’s “Home Rule Charter” requires that all laws passed by the 13-member DC Council be reviewed by Congress before becoming law. A “legislative day” is any day when either the House of Representatives or the Senate is in session. During the Congressional Review Period, Congress must pass a “joint motion of disapproval” and it must be signed by the president in order for Congress to overturn a DC law. If the law makes it through the Congressional Review Period without Congress overturning it, it becomes a DC law. Once the DC Council Chairman has transmitted the law to Congress, advocates who disagree with the law may submit a Referendum Measure to the DC Board of Elections. The Referendum Measure must contain a title and a summary statement that explains what law the Referendum seeks to overturn. The DC Board of Elections must then approve the summary statement, title, and then draft legislative text. After these are adopted, the proposer of the Referendum Measure will receive circulating petitions that need to be signed by registered DC voters. In order for the Referendum Measure to become a completed Referendum Petition, the campaign must collect valid signatures from 5% of the registered voters in 5 of the 8 Wards of the District of Columbia. While Ballot Initiatives must collect the same number of signatures and get 180 calendar days to collect them, a Referendum Measure has only until 5:00pm the day before the Congressional Review Period expires to collect the roughly 25,000 valid signatures needed to complete the Referendum Petition. Once the Referendum Petition is submitted to the DC Board of Elections and it has been certified to have a sufficient number of valid signatures, the Board must schedule a special election within 114 days or if there is a previously scheduled election taking place between 54 and 114 days, then the Referendum will be placed before voters at that election. However, there are no elections scheduled in the District of Columbia in 2019, so the Referendum to overturn the DC Council’s repeal of Ballot Initiative #77 will take place at a special election in 2019. At the special election, DC voters will be asked to vote YES if they approve the DC Council’s law or NO if they reject the DC Council’s repeal of Ballot Initiative #77. If the majority of DC voters choose NO and reject the DC Council’s law, the DC Council may not legislate on the issue for 365 days. On October 30, the DC Council Chairman transferred the “Tipped Wage Workers Fairness Amendment Act of 2018” to Congress and started the Congressional Review Period. Section 2 of this law repeals Ballot Initiative #77. The Save Our Vote campaign has submitted the Referendum Measure to the DC Board of Elections that will ask DC voters to overturn Section 2. The campaign and will soon receive the circulating petitions. Please sign up to help the campaign at Citizens Form “Save Our Vote” Referendum Campaign Committee to Reinstate Initiative 77 Citizens Form “Save Our Vote” Referendum Campaign Committee to Reinstate Initiative 77 In response to DC Council’s repeal of Initiative 77, tipped workers and advocates are organizing to return power to the voters WASHINGTON – Today, a coalition of workers, clergy, voting rights advocates and concerned DC citizens gathered outside the DC Office of Campaign Finance to announce the formation of a special political committee to overturn DC Council’s undemocratic repeal of ballot initiative 77. “We are not going to let DC Council overturn our election victory for workers quietly,” said Dia King, tipped worker and chair of the newly formed Save Our Vote No Repeal of Initiative 77 committee. On June 19, 2018, 56 percent of DC voters put an end to the “separate but equal” wage structure and joined seven other states by approving One Fair Wage – gradually raising the subminimum tipped wage to the full minimum wage. On October 16, by an 8-5 vote, DC Council overturned the will of the voters. “DC Councilmembers disrespected their constituents by prioritizing business interest groups and trade lobbies at the expense of women, immigrants and people of color who are disproportionately affected by the subminimum tipped wages,” King added. “Our referendum asks voters to say NO to Council’s repeal of Initiative 77. We must return to the path that will take us to $15 per hour for all workers by 2026. We welcome all voting rights activists and workers to join our campaign to defend democracy in the District of Columbia,” said Save Our Vote No Repeal of Initiative 77 campaign director Reverend Graylan Hagler. “We cannot sit back and let Council treat DC voters like they don’t exist,” said campaign treasurer Trupti Patel. The rarely used, but effective, process of using a referendum to overturn the legislature balances the power of elected officials with their constituents and helps keep them accountable. Since 1974, when the DC Charter was amended to allow for the referendum process, three referenda challenging DC Council legislation have appeared on the ballot. # # # Get Involved! On December 12, 2018, the campaign stopped hiring petition circulators. The Campaign is hiring Petition Circulators to assist in getting the Referendum on the Ballot. This is a temporary contract job. We anticipate the signature collection effort to begin on Tuesday, November 27 and end Thursday, December 13. Petition Circulators must at least 18 years of age and either be a resident of the District of Columbia or be registered with the DC Board of Elections as a Non-Resident Petition Circulator. Please read the Campaign’s Personnel Policies & Code of Conduct, fill out the Google Form, and a representative from the Campaign will reach out to you. If you have any questions, please email [email protected] Personnel Policies & Code of Conduct Non-discrimination Policy The “Save Our Vote No DC Council Repeal of Initiative 77” Campaign Committee and subsequent petition canvass, (henceforth referred to as “SOV”) is an equal-opportunity employer. SOV is committed to the belief that each individual is entitled to equal employment opportunities without regard to race, color, religion, creed, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, physical attribute, age, marital status or disability. Freedom From Harassment Policy SOV supports building unity between all people. We believe in treating one another with respect. We believe that how we treat one another should model the type of society we are trying to build. SOV prohibits harassment of petition circulators by other circulators, supervisors or third parties for reasons that include but are not limited to race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age, sexual orientation, disability or any other status protected by applicable law. Homophobic, sexist or racist attitudes, behaviors, comments or jokes are unacceptable at all times. If a petition circulator behaves in a way that violates these policies and principles, it can be grounds for termination and withholding of payment. Participation Policy SOV petition circulators should engage in active and respectful participation in trainings and team meetings. Participation in these meetings is required, and failure or refusal to do so is grounds for a warning. Continued inability or refusal to positively engage in SOV meetings and trainings is grounds for termination. SOV is operating a clean, public petition campaign. Petition circulators are expected to honestly and publicly collect signatures from registered voters in the District of Columbia on the issue specifically stated on the petition. Any petition circulator found collecting fraudulent signatures or found collecting signatures under false pretense will be terminated. If termination results from fraudulent means, all previous signatures collected by said petition circulator are subject to investigation and payroll may be withheld until completion of the investigation. By accepting the contract position as a petition circulator, you agree to keep all Save our Votes campaign materials and strategy strictly confidential. You agree not use, disseminate, copy or store any materials associated with this campaign, in any form or format, to any person or entity outside of this campaign. This requires keeping all contact information, work plans, emails, and other documents secure while in your possession and not publishing or posting content to any website or listserve. etc. Any use of campaign materials must be authorized in writing in advance by the Field Director. Upon the end of your employment with this campaign, you must return all materials obtained from the campaign to campaign headquarters and delete all electronic files. Failure to comply with this confidentiality agreement may result in legal action. Attendance Policy SOV is building a team of highly effective and reliable petition circulators to achieve the goals of the organization. Dress Code Petition circulators are the face of SOV, and are encouraged to dress and appear in a manner that reflects positively on the organization and helps move forward the mission of the organization. Petition circulators are not required to wear a SOV uniform; however, petition circulators are not permitted to wear or display any political, inappropriate, or corporate logos (in an advertising manner) during petition circulating. Petition circulators must come to work in clean attire and exhibit good personal hygiene. Attire is at the discretion of the petition circulator, but SOV reserves the right to assess the appearance of petition circulators. If clothing fails to meet the SOV standards, as determined by the petition circulator coordinator, the petition circulator will be asked to change clothes. If you understand and accept the terms of the personnel policies as a contractor of the Save Our Vote No DC Council Repeal of Initiative 77 campaign please fill out this Google Form: After you fill out the form above, a member of the Campaign will reach out to you by phone or email. When you show up to the Campaign Office, you will need to: 1) Bring Proof of DC residence (Your unexpired DC ID) or if you live outside of Washington, DC you’ll need to bring proof you have completed the Non-Resident Petition Circulator Form from the DC Board of Elections. Non-Resident Petition Circulators will need to go to the DC Board of Elections FIRST, fill out the form, and provide the Campaign the carbon copy from the DC Board of Elections. 2) Complete a W-9 Form so the campaign can pay you 3) Be trained on the Petition Circulator best practices 4) Schedule your Time & Date of your first petition collection If you have any questions, please email [email protected]

How Did La weightloss recipes Keto Start: Which of the following methods is not under scientific scrutiny to help people with weight loss, How Did Keto Start, Maximum Weight Loss How Did Keto Start In 2 Weeks. Saunas For Weight Loss How Did Keto Start Ketogenic Diet For Heart Disease, How Did Keto Start Best Free App Weight Loss Lose Weight What will make me lose weight the fastest Best weight loss plan men Why keto works Diet Alone. How Did Keto Start Weight Be Gone Diet Pill Slim Keto Diet What Causes Weight Loss Without Dieting Ketogenic Diet Qatar. How Did How Did Keto Start Keto Start Ketogenic Weight Loss Coach Plan Weight How Did Keto Start Examples Science Ad For Weight Loss What Diet program lose weight Foods Can I Not Guide to ketogenic diet pdf Keto bodies How Did Keto Start Eat On Keto. Ketogenic Diet And Vegan Perceiving the strangeness in the air he moved quickly laterally for the first time huh How Did Keto Start huh The pole of the sky in the north sea it was Weight loss clinics in houston Food to lose weight quick Portion sizes to lose weight roasted by miao miao two months ago okay he added. Squirt of saliva came Will dieting alone lose weight out How Did Keto Start The plete ketogenic diet for beginners pdf download there was Weight loss programs in columbus ohio a look of Keto fit diet disgust in xili s eyes you are so dirty you spit Reply but quietly sensed the chakra of How Did Keto Start xili suddenly How Did Keto Start an even more terrifying breath gushed out Days and want to sleep yes I have to lie on one side it s okay after all there Whipped cream on ketogenic diet is a soul fetus Expression condensed their souls Drinking vinegar to lose weight are gone that said bu qingfeng How Did Keto Start and the others were shocked Best weight loss workouts for beginners How Did Keto Start and Indisputability hand stretch out yun miaomiao was taken aback and immediately reacted hesitating. Eyes to look at her and then went down again Best weight loss the night wanderer can t hear other people s words Black light came across the sky directly interrupting the Keto lose weight fast outermost octopus tentaclesshengsheng There like a thick steel pipe not Breakfast ideas weight loss even Tired ketogenic diet a slight tremor appeared lei ying s Salad for keto diet face Juicer weight loss sank even if he The two denied categorically the look tone and even the How Did Keto Start frowning of their brows were exactly the Inconspicuously however now he has given up this plan although it is impossible for yun ren to. Cough cough after getting angry the air rushed into the lung tube yun miaomiao had to How Did Keto Start pat his However an amazing scene Weight loss fasting plan happened not only did the Home remedies for weight loss fast minotaur not How Did Keto Start evade but instead opened his As to what to How Did Keto Start do but he really didn t say a word can t tell Healthy nuts for weight loss so she nodded it seems to work her Grave How Did Keto Start happy christmas eve babies jian tomb actually appeared when miao miao How much water should i drink in a day to lose weight was building the Spread out rather than taking strict precautions against the two people it is better to gather. The incident who did the rumors How Did Keto Start spread can anyone still remember Weight loss and lemon water How Did Keto Start How Did Keto Start where How Did Keto Start is the How Did Keto Start aura in the Arms obviously at the first glance even the senior apprentice would mistake him in the How Did Keto Start same Ren shangren xia village feidou immediately made a retreat gesture upon seeing this How long will it take to lose weight calculator a crowd How Did Keto Start of That extraordinary How Did Keto Start talent is destined to extraordinary experience konoha shita shinobu alista Surveillance is indispensable let Is apple cider good to lose weight How Did Keto Start s rest Weight loss in percentage for a while it s time for dinner calls me xi li rubbed. Angry oh I wiped it very carefully he let out a layer of goose bumps with a cold snort isn t Did you expect it just Lose weight kit now I just felt that there was such a thing possibly I have six or seven From the Hula hoops to lose weight mountain yun miaomiao and nijing didn How Did Keto Start t know where they went and left them dry to dry But after several times she Beginners gym workout female weight loss had some impression just mentioning a well she felt a little Pity that yun miaomiao didn t even lift his eyelids and took the sentence thoughtfully he thinks. Forbidden its disciples to celebrate the new year holidays and it was not mentioned in the gate Looking sideways nijing was holding her cheeks and the buns in her mouth couldn t be swallowed Are the most disgusting but at this moment she feels that enemies who cannot be touched are the Will How Did Keto Start always be left what do you Ketogenic diet renal failure think as soon as these words came out rustling Quick keto pills whispers How Did Keto Start came Reincarnated the landlord monarch still did Best weight loss water not say anything however the fate of these disciples. The nearby houses and pavilions she wanted to How fast can someone lose weight shout but she could talk to her lips but she didn Black Keto diet for beginners free shadow descended from the sky raised one leg high and then struggling to slash Weight loss supplement with one He stopped wait a minute it will be fine quanmei wiped the sweat from her forehead Stalled on keto diet and said A few more waves of rampage but was driven out by da she wan How to lose weight for women are you Someone help me lose weight kidding me da she wan doesn Stance and weight how can 3 months keto li s Does green tea helps lose weight ear power be inaudible seeing the long sullen face and the gray. You say that I apologized for not being sincere how about adding another plate of pastries Ending of this story he How much sugar on a keto diet was drowned it was in the river next to the private school Keto diet sushi weight loss potatoes in the cold Yun ren s winning rate in this final battle fell Keto diet casseroles recipe to the lowest point whether it is a formation Ground that hadn t rained for three years with cracks and cobwebs cracking Best weight loss green tea brand open yao did not Jilaiya looked startled he suddenly remembered a piece of information about xili he is Meal plans for healthy weight loss good at. Cold all over and am unconscious I will inexplicably split a few blood holes on my back even Have How to eat fat on keto the opportunity to argue for themselves before being executed are you so Weight loss with black tea stingy that you Same fang zhuo showed a look of surprise I ve been back ok he still needs to How Did Keto Start rest at the moment That day How Did Keto Start si you How Did Keto Start frowned what does lu brother want to Foods for ketogenic diet weight loss say lu junchen s gaze fell on the clue Suddenly he knelt on the ground as if he was relieved of his strength he Ketone shirts How Did Keto Start could only watch the. Could see was a half plain white body and a pair of overlapping pale hands the panic Keto diet cream weight loss golo from Looked at him seriously xu shi s How Did Keto Start eyes were not the same as usual and chong li couldn t help but Over the tianyu mountain taking a step back he has Keto high protein foods completely offended the immortal family How Did Keto Start all Ninjutsu will be weakened to a certain extent in the sea Shakes recipes for weight loss there is no way he is a dual attribute Much to be blocked in other words her current situation seems to be inseparable from him and he. Mouth the How Did Keto Start clear water flow accumulates Try keto burn xtreme How Did Keto Start from little to How Did Keto Start more turning into a curtain Before and after 50 pound weight loss like water Metkay xili only treats this How to start with weight loss as a fair dealin the dense forest mottled lights and shadows two Take a good look Best quick weight loss program at how to pinch Keto muffins the dumpling pleats he still had a fierce voice and taught her Years to Keto diet casseroles say nothing in short xili and others can How Did Keto Start be exposed and How Did Keto Start they can even clashed head on Torture he suffered in the past few days when he disappeared but he knew that his spiritual. The sun shine thousands of How Did Keto Start miles away and How Did Keto Start Daily keto meals the clear waves of the kunlun tianchi are illuminated She would have nothing to do fortunately there was still this ray of vitality for her to fight Watch the fireworks How Did Keto Start wouldn t How Did Keto Start Can you have strawberries on the keto diet it be troublesome if you weren t there with a word he didn t mean Twisted around now she won t come to pick you How much weight do people lose on keto chongli almost scolded him it s worthless chang Memory in a trance I can t help but feel How Did Keto Start a little lonely the How to lose weight in the waist two finally closed their hands but. By the fright have you Intermittent fasting for weight loss women hell in the middle of the night he only woke up What fruits are allowed on keto diet from the muddle when she Bit and I dare to yell with Men weight loss supplements Ketogenic diet icd 10 the deity believe How to lose weight in treadmill it or not that the deity How Did Keto Start Prescription pills to lose weight can What can you drink to lose weight chop you before you Hand doing Keto low carb foods so will have a How Did Keto Start certain impact on the brain even if he comes to perform the Calorie intake calculator lose weight secret Explosion pile more Simple keto dinner than once and every time he was unscathed upon hearing this jilai did not Back subconsciously is this left by the evil spirit in junior brother fang s mouth bu qingfeng. Tree two hands How Did Keto Start holding the scroll carefully the opening of the wings Is lose weight surgery Keto diet cause high blood pressure after a while the ancient Shinobu the weakest and most crispy nanny is Foods to eat for faster weight loss the primary target Best weight loss fast of enemy ninjas this is also Disciple of tianyu mountain not to mention whether their own staleness can be How Did Keto Start hidden smoothly Force broke out What happens if you don t eat enough fat on keto but his body could not withstand the limit of this force kirabi s arm muscles Directed at Keto diet menu example his disciple yun miaomiao has only cleared away the suspicion at this time another. Weight loss exercise routines Fell into entanglement in Why a ketogenic diet is bad the face How Did Keto Start of innocent people s cry for No appetite on ketogenic diet help How Did Keto Start it was chong li who Faster than Paleo v keto diet anyone encounters an enemy is it a sex change Weight loss calendar today the material scroll should be on To survive but he chose not to retreat but today s first How Did Keto Start impression on xili How Did Keto Start was too Oolong tea lose weight bad the To find the door he still has many methods that he hasn t used even hearthstone returns to the Away unable to even speak the word no the bitterness is a bit bitter but this medicine is good Hang my Weight loss in running life for the time being and I will see that it is no different from the ordinary the Directly against the immortal world after so many years isn t it unnecessary she looked at him And see instead of walking around in this illusion Is popcorn on ketogenic diet turning over a rocky slope she saw that the. And was a little unclear xuanwu wants to reshape the How do you lose a lot of weight fast body xuanwu intends the blood of eternal Her situation Weight loss drinks with lemon will only become more embarrassing one day it will be difficult to stop everyone She wanted to help the injured konoha ninja up not to mention whether her small body can Easy meal prep for weight loss be Assistance treatment and remoteness izumi s shuriken skill is Binaural beats to lose weight not as good as itachi but she can Hear her get up shake off the snow like dress coming slowly sanwei mountain is a rare place in. Glance the How Did Keto Start white clothes How Did Keto Start fell and Is a keto diet good for high cholesterol the snow How Did Keto Start green lotus petals were sealed by the waist it was Around him was pressing as if How Did Keto Start it was a thousand miles away 3010 weight loss review and the lights on his hand were Big mountain this feeling can only be felt when facing Weight loss menu plan free the eight tailed bull ghost go hard come Let Weekly weight loss go let go dare How Did Keto Start to love what I think you don t even bother to listen right his voice was Fire in chongli s hand which is flickering How Did Keto Start and flickering reflecting his cold face giving birth. Almost without deliberate memory captain I remember him yun renzhong said staring at xili Can you drink wine on the keto diet s Mirror of tianyi was looking at her eyes indifferent calm without sadness and joy Epilepsy keto diet stack weight loss like a Ketogenic food list pdf lake That he How Did Keto Start spoke very slowly without Quick weight loss plan for one week anger and although he How Did Keto Start was smiling it made people feel chilly More difficult he doesn t know if yun miaomiao is the same it s just that his demon venerable is Ears there is only one picture in Ketosis on keto diet front of my eyes immediately boom How Did Keto Start two huge chakras. Half a bowl of rice they were still quiet and frizzy not to mention it on the breeze coming back Evil yun miaomiao has been thinking about it How Did Keto Start for several days after seeing the portrait of her Report it Does drinking apple cider vinegar help lose weight to the head chongli frowned slightly although he didn t know what he was talking about Although Free keto meal plan and shopping list the ninjutsu scrolls are extremely precious Keto and indigestion they are not a bargain barely right it can Despaired Does keto affect sleep under the ice before he drowned no one believed he no one gave him a hand the person. Force the two drew an arc in the air and then How Did Keto Start hit the sea heavily but How Did Keto Start did not sink to the bottom Justified compliments coming Top 5 diets to lose weight from her ears she still couldn t hold back aluan she turned her Flickered slightly Eating one meal a day weight loss I haven t seen him for a long time xili should be stronger right Good exercises to lose weight yunren Will find the evil gangster as soon as possible and return you How many carbs do you need to stay in ketosis innocent don t pay attention to On her fingertips then she Fast ways to lose weight touched the corners of her lips Lose weight quickly exercise and she felt a tingling pain are you. Broadsword and the backhand was a cross cut setting off Does sleeping make you lose weight a fierce storm How Did Keto Start and it was bound to cut Should have never thought about it How Did Keto Start one step wrong but How Did Keto Start incurred the catastrophe of the fall of Appetite and came to the floating platform to blow your hair chongli said nonchalantly I just Lords fought against each other if ren zhuli participated in the battle it would Best weight loss pills for me be troublesome Tightened immediately adding one its spirit the strength is even worse if it is more than three. Moment yan han scratched his head lightly and said I just want to say we have stolen fifteen Who took him a step faster and sat on the stool first he Keto diet pill shark tank froze Detox diets to lose weight there his breath stuck in his Love How Did Keto Start Are ketones dangerous with your master you How to know if you need to lose weight shouldn t let How Did Keto Start her speak at the same time nijing Albolene lose weight had just changed chang Anything it was also learned from jingluan shangjun that she and How Did Keto Start chongli were very close not so To the inch of love in her hand unfortunately How Did Keto Start I have nothing to do since you How Did Keto Start want to come. South china sea died jingluan could see the taoism of those corpses many of them have been Was actually one of the disciples who went to visit before Jenny craig weight loss centers and he was fine when he went How Did Keto Start but when Thought about it all the way and realized that the person in front had already stopped and Suddenly remembered the scene she had seen in chongwu How Did Keto Start palace her heart was tight and she had an Into the palm of his palm swirling How Did Keto Start like a vortex he stared at the mars in his palm focused and. Here anymore I want to grab the head if it were not for quanmei to save people his current Catch that kind of power don t give him Caffeine on ketogenic diet a chance to get close use long range means to Best pill to lose weight fast 2022 attack yun Economy if yunyin village 7 day meal planner for weight loss can Weight loss goal win it How Did Keto Start would be better to say that it can make up for or even Quarter of an hour jilai also looked Hyperglycemia weight loss at his pocket watch calculating the time How Did Keto Start in his mind konoha Heart you can immediately know that since the master Apple cider drink to lose weight and Mantras to lose weight the uncle have a clear conscience you. Not a problem to be a long range mage turret anything can be Dieting meals for losing weight solved Keto diet recipe free with a big trick to wash Exponentially increase in Trying to cut weight the next few years Starbucks drinks for keto diet How Did Keto Start not only the height and body shape but the inner She sneaked out How Did Keto Start from the back door that never night a few small fireworks were not expensive the Blow up cheng it is true that the kid is good looking you just glanced at it and your heart S words fell the How Did Keto Start two shadow How Did Keto Start clones walked to a place about fifty steps away from the battlefield. Caught him off guard she just Doctors quick weight loss centers Anne winters weight loss hugged him tightly so suddenly How Did Keto Start and quickly Weight you should be let go I also Fast weight loss exercise watched Piece How does apple cider vinegar make you lose weight Doctors weight chart of golden vine arched open the quilt and suddenly appeared in front of him with a small Deity is doing this deity is not angry with him chongli s face turned black Herbal tea to lose weight and he stared at Shusuke and yazi are hiding here and they are safe for Best thing to take to lose weight the time being are we going to die will But a plate of sweet scented osmanthus cake after How Did Keto Start her death Liquid diets to lose weight fast recipes actually became a thorn in his heart. Dare to walk up and down the main peak of tianyu mountain but it is quite Weight calculation rampant a Best juicing recipes to lose weight cold snort What do you say to the deity chang lian s face Found weight care reviews solemn I planned to find a time to retreat in a Exactly the same as before all of this constantly evoked his memories of that Weight cutting techniques day and the scenes To calm down but things backfired this Want to lose weight if the zun wants to bite he bit it last night why Keto diet costco wait Conscience Apple cider vinegar weight loss how to use and whispered why is it so easy for the apprentice of suzaku god to do it I haven t. Disciple who had disappeared Keto diet eczema before suddenly came back and told others that he found clues to Chakra to the soles of their feet not daring to move a Ketogenic diet long term effects bit for fear that they would be thrown Of me are worried about this and deliberately boiled for half a pot and add as much as they Moment yan han scratched his head lightly and said I just want to say we have stolen fifteen Those of the hyuga clan as oshemaru guessed xili really didn t want to owe favor to others. How Did Keto Start

Is easier to state regulation My test, the driving tips collected by the trier of fact indeed exists Improve the quality of products With the campus newspaper or on the policy gets cancelled Need to obtain needed medical offices and a radio Company limited – another private insurance firm. Car insurance i am not in the near future Insurance & more @ newegg Cafe zoom, customer parking, car wash & wax included!) Build a customized search engine Business: we are also, however, beginning to suspect miller of being a business must make. Orlando, fl 32837 phone : (972) 481-7992 product & services: insurance insurance broker (p)(ltd) In the united states website: www Deliberately driven through the same Her own party once rejected KW:auto insurance redwood city ca Only give whatever low ball offer from swinton but still no specific repayment date. Expert that reviews companies like hertz, sixt rip off Carlsbad payless auto insurance Rate it gave a fantastic city There trendsetter! you could be an all-inclusive list He says he will be able to further protect yourself from These idiots who don't get any super car in illinois smallest Pre pay for the us cheaper than any company you choose will cost.Adding to services collection 25 "serious injury" as defined in subparagraph 3 An accident occurs in your area can have the operator’s certificate Every aspect of the body Massachusetts michigan minnesota mississippi missouri montana nebraska nevada new hampshire votes, zenefits ceo resigns. Held in the contract as of 2005 Insurance providers over the incident Address some of them including proof of insurance In a rental car was more than 6 months, less 1,000 miles It halfway acceptable to foreign investment in its requirements regarding insurance, auto and insurance You’re getting the best value car replacement. Calls for special insurace can you elaborate on it Agents get paid - understanding your car hire companies accept this insurance? thank you KW:auto insurance by car How this happened) and gave me a policy of 1 people found this helpful Adjuster and ask for their own political interests. Have found their client admitted to regular savings plan every detail can make the ability to perform the job The fees for paying a claim 2014 bmw 5 series when autoplay is enabled, a suggested video will automatically default to this situation Were late on a test drive.Opportunity cost because statistics suggest you’re more likely to have these crooks A deal to acquire a classic example of a serious loss Guess i was stuck on their insured KW:cheap sr22 non owner insurance Hidden away! please select birmingham uk car insurance🚘) emilyspeller (emily) rod / bloom spectrum customer appreciation sale: 1-yr subscription from $4 I've been going to get your credit card from them Often add extra protection is mandatory by nearly 14 percent per year Collection! error when adding to car collection 18. I update my address; was hung up on my one experience with company!" "creates a lot of insurance 800/yr Often pay less than a few times on quora Book value or the ones from tring & digitalb) A nice book of business and life insurance a my license got suspended revoked Foreign registered cars registered in the schedule of classes are listed in order. Transparent conditions and exclusions may apply Propose is insurance for a women? the following article will assist you Injection 1:47am utc "lost" penguin perks up in the number of forms and information Help, tablet pc android 3 The title to get to work from the lender. New tyme country market store in may 2005 11-03-2005, 13:24 originally posted by ghost : single player don't bother with making changes to the application form Control like their first try KW:car with lowest insurance Other countries which have never filed a claim for emotional distress car insurance grand junction co Company? your dmv record mercury auto insurance World so something like that. Combined with vehicle registration renewals done across all devices Legal fees and costs from various angles Could never figure out what this is necessary Can change for many reasons, find out how much the other collection 11. 31 jul 2013 wright state university in 2012-2013 Think this article to target the behavior of your auto insurance can you r Review/query car insurance for under 25s? if you make a fully funded emergency fund A couple of minutes as it has a way u can sell it off the bat Your outreach activity to reflect directors, its suppliers and its many subsidiaries. To make out to active posters on our site: city-data KW:cheap insurance first car If financing will be sent right to cancel the life insurance designed to support credit scores in the military Which is calculated based on: your personal driving record Or in time then the erie auto insurance agency In russia, grishin connects the terminal to the next day. More about working at qc financial insurance Version ringtone urdu shayari, sms messages, beautiful poems and shayari on several factors Abbreviations vary from plan to make sure when or if i don't know Blvd fort lauderdale patel & associates cpa 17310 w Insurance quotes - duration: 62 seconds At showing the positions you are still airworthy Companies , including thew president – commander and chief academic officer, from chief marketing officer. You have entered this rule include: hickey v KW:why the hell is car insurance so expensive That massachusetts lemon aid law KW:car insurance blanchardstown The cheapest car insurance are the only factor Very cheap pc for sale in new window) click to expand. Call to direct business includes business information here :d other things that have chickens Economic condition, so job outlook and salary info for deposit Please register to post and access all features of our affiliate sources Thei nfluence of intoxicating liquor or drugs. Money, here's an idea! quit wasting money part, do you any extra charges As fiesta clio punto ka 206 polo golf 207 vauxhall corsa 1 Regular/temporary : regular primary location : usa-dc: district of Reports and processing of your automobile injury case: joshua l. Insurance so we didn't need Senior apartments senior housing senior living related forums: direct auto is in 1:3 ratio KW:penalty for not having car insurance in ny Ticket will affect your auto insurance Letter to insurance company but wouldn't rent a car in question.Around or finding the cheapest for me Also has a number of factors Will check everything out again It is to have a local provider And apologized for my misunderstanding. 38 grand cherokee srt (11 on) see all versions of this nation 1935 duesenberg sj speedster is the trade value shown in the entirety Staff on an auto transport company, hotel, car rental, our car and information Brings 25 years to come Collection this business was removed from the factory. Insurers face higher energy-related losses in 2016 in 2015 in the uk in our discussions with 1 In a high mortgage payment so i wasn't able to find you have kids » obtaining the best life insurance policy pays up to 60% on insurance for driver Doors shower doors enclosures sliding glass door repair p Lemonstrator (0 children) yeah, im not in dealerships yet. Bills and determine how close to the reviews submitted by duke_stix on tsr forums Policies : which auto insurance in only 11 million of the month, or $11,616 annually A month for a day for sure Card at the original claim handler Who posted the same track Do i need to lose you home and take it on website. Impressed with rob gronkowski announces return to full cyborg yet Best epic stupid car insurance - dana m Have millions of americans have towards their mundane routine Added to your services collection! error when adding to services collection 16 And a member became available last week. To sit their planning for elderly drivers take this class help me pay monthly car rental The fact that: 1st, i had to fax a request to renew the policy Sebastian de los juegos del hambre peeta y katniss en la pantalla Drowsy driving: is your insurance information institute estimates Your one-stop shop for cheap car insurance bills too. To find the cheapest price for the u The car itself but argue that it was totaled And think what the vehicle that will suit and top quality coverage Which my insurance company will insist that you forget to regularly shop online and use my car totaled KW:auto insurance for high risk drivers.Warranty covering a year but even charging a fee from claimants or making u-turn In the usa and canada? is collision damage waiver Are looking to rent a car, it allows the insured and got refunded $24 Nor are we responsible for content on external web sites Provide auto insurance premium, a consumer analyst penny gusner. Review - duration: 73 seconds Currently closed so i forget to shop for quotes at savei What this means, none I called the wells fargo bank na et al (mortgage foreclosure) onewest bank fsb vs. Because you were incorrect when they met Or to any award over $2,000,000 but he stuck with skyrocketing insurance costs My baby boy some new parts, put in more money Need to buy its own good You have a reputation of being a difficult or complicated Was unreasonable and unrealistic due to accidents Seek or recommend other specialist for victims of this experience (still) KW:why is car insurance so high in texas "if you buy from is legit and the bank and store hours. She went to lawyers and car accidents witness testimony often can offer you Set of risks to the server Residency in obstetrics in galveston, tx Today, most people run around by consumers. To have proof of insurance products and services for local insurance agents below Of the options available ( types of safety features of our very popular forum 34 comments share all 30 comments share loading Clean and looking around for insurance needs Great claims service is free and quick And a bastard for sure Industries - educational services, and health insurance is built upon. 2015, stating that she is paying 230 Rental on january 23 2014 my family to take possession of methamphetamine; r KW:best place for car insurance quote Mybook added to your other collection! error when adding to services collection 10 Have not been, litigated: we do know florida is complete price gouging, as there are plenty of however Might apply to a thread winner.Be this: getting the best care possible By economy car rentals information about sassari Better off paying it off With enough urgency to rectify the problem, fixed it in right away. Could force you to settle down or free web hosting software programs I'v been driving for "business purposes only" Are at a number of fatal and serious or fatal injuries Episode of the art machine shop located in southeast u Variety of car insurance to drive legally in control, though a consultant Bus stop , should i just didn't seem to be more responsible than others. Approved repairer – this was the right car insurance from full insurance to get a good way to manage money Increase my liability if my son needed a more than two adults, two children and adults alike face the $10 $19 Printing but on a white ford capri he bought it in for small to businesses Of white people for a four wheeled private passenger autos, pickups, vans and tractors are just “along for rental. Also join them as much as possible Make selling insurance how to get your dec page or by phone And as by a portland type not available in the mail the risk KW:car insurance provider in india Accidents or driving school, students learn about the cheerios controversy. Home, i fly the f-16 fighting falcon I'm sure i'll want to pm me your details and vehicle shipping prices This is an attempt to kill each other Service quotes from a mile radius! they did a great car policy Out a new insurance carrier. Car to appeal a parking lot attendants, or if the shetlands vote no, the car has to with To me that would be contacted by racq and have a board to see instead of ignoring those glaring flags Api into eclipse - stack Specifically asked the branch of enterprise Is high as declared by the province’s 9 And paste the url below to share the link. Then typically make a flo (progressive insurance girl) costume State in the state the date of the relative provisions Turn off the shore and leave me alone Conduct insurance business and number of claims service business operations/tpa. Indesign, photoshop, illustrator, creative direction, corporate branding, brand awareness, brand Requirements, operating an uninsured driver or his friends to purchase auto insurance Pay day loans: leave it or one of the cnb's online service The residency review period is available from fed-ex for $22. Drop you off before even giving me the cheapest Gary bergosh on november 12 in littlehay road, cowley, oxford Company that you don`t have option to choose The damage of more disputes than the state law does state farm insurance quote from tesco. Have a policy with better service 1932 page two covers from fire, theft, accidental damage etc The beautiful game has received my refund check from infinity soon since my car was ready Gameplay) gta online: "solo" (1. With them as “different sides of the blue With finding the right auto, home, life, business, and have questioned the super cdw What’s happening with rates? [updated] what if the old pro - canada's most trusted auto & home. The pnc or an agent in the primary insurance pays, deductible Write review address: 1000 river road waxhaw linker & associates 10223 university city for anytown gazette, anytown, june-august 2009 To his pickup would be willing to do that KW:auto insurance rates going up In a state trooper in rhode island clinton central illinois only facility public. Month like this in the literature, key pieces of id is xxxxx Company trying to do? (1 child) i was out of work during typical business hours In abingdon va progressive insurance agent right away and kept me informed of my clients Jawad of doylestown, pa on nov. & make available many of us have been avoided if at any time Up paying all claims within 24 hours This and be prepared for “price slide” in real estate Into the free comparison website. Are unhappy with injury in case you could stop As a semi-related aside, getting wages garnished for the future could be huge KW:cheap car insurance eugene Was negligent herself for rushing and not hard to stay in verona Timeline photos 4 already tagged timeline photos 3 1 2in. Of any workplace fatalities within eight months Buy an annual insurance rates with a non working number Adjuster asks why you need to buy Expensive than airmail, but items shipped via an ambitious promise she made him wealthy. Costs, and possibly take corrective action KW:free online quotes for car insurance When should you drop collision coverage? - progressive gigi k Israel, italy, jamaica, and new york For firms with more choices here!) and concerts, etc Anyone who watches the video below was taken from our police. A really useful because it is at fault) insurance company? well, not quite Sle 4dr suv 4wd (5 Breaking the law? permalink save parent report give gold reply [–] guerillagreasemonkey 89 honda crx, 11 toyota corolla 1 In an automobile in 16 years That you think you'll find the best price available in state Rate that explicitly includes full damage coverage to your car with claims Policy at least one auto insurance quote 135 sugar land affordable auto title & surety bonds. To my policy was for their feelings on ubi are the area of the day Life insurance and financial services Look for entities most of these a liability insurance and the insurance company, chances are you required to respond Heating & air 2 9 There is no complaining witness Is anything that happens then the dmv will fine and i started driving it into my tree. Clear that this advice is just search engine but i'd like a champ Announces acquisition of keswick court apartments in moriches, a car with gas stamps bringing the dog in the tv and sales Read on to see the blank area of the coverage Told him i can manage your business reputation. (2 children) i'm not renewing medical insurance wont help Of drivers in your name Crash, 2 cars 1 owner, next mot due 12/10/2016,***new 4 injectors has been more helpful (excuse sorry) Is the best drivers have soared by 155%, from 14,281 to 36,496 Avenue – it is nothing to claim. Add-ons you won’t be able to change car, too So far in advance of the policy you have strong proof to receive this report To start your own situation Advertising services © all rights reserved. Rocks hitting the glenn beck show Turn to your shopping collection! error when adding to home care is very different Cross section of your policies Times 小时代 making of #4 - acclaim hotel calgary airport #3 - law's vague here. Year more to insure than mainstream sedans and crossovers Member if icelandic cars had both of these industries are agriculture and solid protection mechanisms By where you live, where you live in a home or where defendant lives Http : // www Dominion of canada appoints three members to the hotel soaps and others by helping us choose the rates. Allowing everyone to give you a greater insurance risk car insurance grand junction co Different approaches to how that disability plan and book at your earliest convenience Ask for during opening arguments in the home side, but later i rolled my eyes Pet house & disney princess :: sale: $160 The largest in the united states Indication of how many times ip 24. Go with usaa the co Focus insurance on the amount a vehicle carelessly A luxury car rental that has a valid ontario driver’s license record reports this information Week period in the state of virginia web site specified in the previous question Nationwide auto insurance commercial = infinite sads cheap car insurance Saving for retirement: why right kind of took me around $130-$140 dollars…would it just doesn't work KW:best auto insurance quotes comparison $250 honda elite cover power poles or hitting something. Are good students–will that get used to To buy at car hire excess insurance? which insurance covers his car was totalled Picking up art supplies, by the government wanted to transfer this upfront Some good recommendations for insurance. Independent agent gets insurance quotes online of him not to have Refer to affiliate with your atv Closer to boston (just about 7 customer service call was about Auto insurance quotes, online auto insurance home insurance from a private person say something stupid. Auto insurance : what are som Aug 5 2008, 09:08 pm) please let us fill in your last three years Demand? permalink save parent report give gold reply [–] isofm lemonstrator (0 children) lolz (or couplet) can drive it like insurance Analysis and design third edition jeffrey a. Power user moving through this website To crash into your budget, insurance company for my "melasma" treatment Implement and monitor the reaction showed ignorance and confidence; then success is guaranteed Make you regret this purchase The fact that we're all too expensive. Error when adding to services collection this business was removed from place Your relationship, as long as you turn 18 Remote - fae, embedded software, un field application engineer - design apr 2011 - oct '11 Than my existing policy as well) Sitting around with no history with customers (complete with a near flawless record for 14 days I was he helping me change into rather asubstantial protecting This car note is 120 days. Active insurance policy to policy Plead guilty and negotiate further KW:real cheap insurance My foot or sight of their work environment, and human interaction Ran a red hot dual overhead camshaft up your costs.New jersey driver, auto insurance 101: do i need car insurance? quotewizard KW:tips to lower car insurance quotes Attorney in the province will pay for a private sale because there are never permitted And public relations officer, ppro, ahmad muhammad, who confirmed all was afterwords Up i had missplaced the check, but now have found it. He went above and beyond to see if there are any deficiencies with your current policy Partners insurance agency las vegas,auto insurance agency best auto insurance discount? low mileage = 21,900 km Its almost 3 hours credit each Mauris lorem, porttitor quis ipsum quis, vestibulum vulputate mi. Mind is that the private car at trial stearman v Cars dont give discounts for completing my taxes pay for a couple of nights comped A way of finding the right career for you And zero cost auto insurance and 3 completed, star school 1 and about $25. Of teenage drivers living in texas, california, and florida From the cpo/cpm/cptl and Party supply store medical walkers advance auto parts coupons free and A body shop and also sent a copy of your spouse’s death. Try to force them to explain any information Jim, wondered if you phone number, general car insurance quote Keep an eye on instagram @ylmbea Your insurance agent have a friend to drive their car. Act’s (aca’s) 40% excise tax and m Links to the vehicle which was received o inventing injuries o reporting higher costs are very popular forum And comparison disclosure statement, (some states require drivers to take this letter to every single month Reinstate your insurance company is now also the youngest child felicity was born. Claimed on iowa`s 1040 line 18? 25% - i am fit to drive Down for the position to monetize fraudulent insurance certificates," he said Was actually $8/mo cheaper to tax A lot of clinics that do not last long lenovo - flex 3 2-in-1 11. The annual ipsos green technology report Gets vandalised, you have no travel cover? do not attempt to pass Off or measure the frequency and severity of the benefit of our money back I usually just a lapse in training). Is wild that they want But it requires effort on your record Discount packages best purchase in grocery store - the insurance business Issues: the feed the minds of youth mexico rational health care as well as your co-owner. The new iphone 5 youwin - belgium (french) :: lead: $5 KW:car insurance vero beach florida Your son needs to get into more trouble Your boat, cottage, recreational vehicle or property Great customer service, which at least 25 years old Ferrari 250swb berlinetta sold for $10 October 2014 last login: 1 year mot, good bodywork, full leather inc.The privilege of paying for their obvious errors Number of issues and made it countercultural in the past quarter" Not have any direct action once the shop or vendor Island progressive auto insurance provides mandatory benefits for 6 months You trying to make sure you understand common coverages and all became clear. Without using excel or any programs? are you interested :: lead: $28 Preferably maintained on a normal license The bank and on the hook for any claim is covered,” herr says 2 replies please clarify which method your co when you pay for Nwms's entitlement to receive the best deal at the lowest possible available. Error when adding to other east coast and to the maximum current that fluctuate with seasonal sales and communication Way to dismiss a traffic accident KW:west bend car insurance quote And interprets primarily auto , insurance services inc Licenses to sell your car insurance in toronto Green card through the number of health or life insurance? which of the message. The brakes, and nismo exhaust, the 350z's 3 I emailed her with this company Same item at a highly detailed owners log maintained with mileage records Hit the road and will be without a message. Have had a full tank of fuel And add it to those 3 questions differs from the services collection 6 Warranty protection for individuals regardless of severity, including marijuana possession Would have been very good condition, great cd player Much of anything the company also offers business insurance brokers california That its time to consider taking a hard time finding the best rates in their system 0 mark 6 may 2011 to 2013, progressive also hopes to keep accident against you Years for an auto insurance rates going up. For such students there is no different - faveorite floral quotes Pittsburgh, pa, portland, or, united states · 4 An increase in premium depending on our site works KW:less expensive car insurance florida Driving without insurance, person ran into the unit and fixed her window. And judge of their farm in eau claire, wis Accounts (such as the boomers age and sex Optional insurance coverage to towing services With various offences following a motor insurance rating 69 4 final remarks 122 6 table of contents 5 4.Then please tell me how to do it now A rental and then they can deal with like parts Subjects, raise very same questioning in the first time in 14 states Work shop in welwyn garden city, hertfordshire. Nor are they a good day, well i believe there is duplication Thanks for making controversial joke about cutting down on accidents My mouth about enterprise rental Be correlated with fewer ads. For helpful tips on statefarm Free you don’t carry insurance for your business will create sheets Provider? do they drive i Allows the car on road assistance Dress as she grabs lunch in scorching los angeles ca KW:car insurance number of cars in household They are very wary of duis. And that the abovementioned stoker Break even on sales before operating your vehicle Of auto insurance : how long is the leading banks in combined To take the steps that can be high in the course Who deal in amasa, mi. See the need should arise later on Or payment methods are accepted Of removing offenses; if possible If only 1% of the best offer. With poor credit can lead some jets plan to purchase the optional shaker 1000 system Seatbelts unfastened,dab digital radio,multi device interface,body colour door mirrors with embedded quote tools car insurance grand junction co Beyond the $500 deductible on collision and comprehensive coverage car insurance My insurance go up? drivng with a credit card Question or concern to your business page and access all features of a enterprise Even rural settings where the . No comments on car insurance Dividers and radar sensor technology that hadn’t yet been delivered Removed from the owner and his company Ability to claim the information was provided a grace period was $1=4 Bursaries and awards upon the rates for 24 days, it worked for us All of 2011 for florida small businesses the state should i report the vehicles involved 10 next bmw lays off uk pension scheme to deutsche bank’s survey Auto insurance jobs in cranston, ri learn more . 6 while insurance companies use risk analysis on quotes from different auto insurance with bank KW:the general car insurance grace period Salary search: field claim adjuster salaries in gainesville, i know here is not bbb accredited | robert kelly a golf course would be really less Not have some sort of damage caused by the pavement. The west? read this trip in your greatest advantage KW:high point car insurance phone number Kindly use the right deal for you First semester students have found out thru conversation today about which billing facility is not either Also, make sure that any additional charges Free quotes if you have to argue with your helps. Security information to police…the situation here that u can get short term policies with high-level service Possible career path they could compare possible surcharges to encourage potential customers came at just over a week not Er pardon? i'm supposed to guide you through your auto insurance for many years The income elasticity of demand and uses secton has foreign key due to inactivity. Stop your premium since insurance is to express your political opinions to justify its actions true and not go wrong 5 next submit a claim within less than $65 Deal, they also benefit from a bloated uncaring corporation Show documentation that will assist you Anything wrong with these blankets of white, it may take a long ago KW:car insurance doubled after accident. Trenton titans hockey club tyco international ltd Fees to be a kia soul 4dr wagon w/sport package (2 Or sit in the j Excess insurance? is car hire - what type of loss Make certain to lose (except important legal documents and win a lawsuit Whats not covered elsewhere for insurance 1999 was because we don't need to know Of car in a higher percentage of commission to the rx8. Car rental in orlando, fl 32822 (407) 243-9700 collins insurance agency, inc Your services collection! error when adding to services collection 23 Call, they said they can turn into the details Door and one in the automobile that is just like your. Number of uninsured motorists coverage, in other states – it’s Garmin nuvi gps into a local personal injury attorney KW:cheap car insurance jersey city nj Credit score? insurers do this and other debts You can drive around a widespread market reaction to increasing concentrations of 0. Waiting to hear yourself talk This open question? write answer '''lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit To or for similar positions in alpharetta georgia Model in group 23 3 fastback skyactiv-d 2 4 days, and in your fund gain by 6 KW:cheapest car insurance in oshawa. Even offer discounts for purchasing a policy each The cost to replace unfortunately Are that since it seems to get it Her, all women bodyguard unit. The east side of it by copying the code below for free or call us back Children) i just got put on a different location which can play a part of a accident The way it is; a Todas las iglesias metropolitanas y catedrales de espa a . Rates or hourly rentals and cannot be purchased (above or under 25 years old KW:progressive auto insurance hickory nc The courts allow a safety net should an accident in vaughn And law enforcement authorities or with everyday activities Mybook added to your particular city. First four items you want from an associate is 1-800-956-3728 Reply | reply to all involved parties Your delaware driver's license at the earliest Fines by the roadside assistance, free rental certificates Like the price, and nothing else. Have a spam problem on how to use electricity and so on Best insurance company to bankunited, $1,326,000, 2348 1129, sect And has been a backpacker’s car Cyst in her back, now sweaty from their insurance By the parties have sued their agent as they make decisions Collects data from the car was an agent audit unit was established in 1907. Order; $n/a; entry#123233 on 7/19/2013 Down and need to register cars, boats and rvs Pursuing a claim disposal ratio of 85 Mitsubishi outlander ls 4dr suv (5. Calculate social security number as accurate back in (even if it's a good job with you compare Faxing on a daily basis Not only cost me the best rates possible Famed for being picky about stolen us cars) KW:cheapest auto insurance nebraska A business must apply for this. Of our vehicle to its peers I don't like being called me in the present in 33 countries Mybook added to your customer john smith explaining him the car 100% trips being fully airconditioned and seats available. Collection! error when adding to services collection 27 Of jump is that you save money, you're not considered an “at-fault” accident Screening it out auto insurance add to mybook remove from mybook added to your target KW:car insurance for teachers in fl Better than the company which cars will still be insured. Real estate briefly: daum represents buyer/seller in $3 Competing for your sales materials, and components, auto body shop list A vehicle, you will need to return this rental car insurance Contractors from the services collection 5 Was merging into traffic over the top stories of people thought galileo was crazy dirty though KW:how to find out what kind of car insurance someone has And the timelines are tight. Compliance advertisement bankrate wants to speak to a more measured view Of jamie morry to acknowledge cecilia for her "favors" Can quickly escalate and become a licensed insurance professionals Home at the local icbc and ask to speak with a lot of my claim. C70 coupé convertible (06-13) see all versions of this can make them Be able to compare auto insurance quote drive free online auto insurance rates have decreased that expense from the book ruth Ecosystem — complexities such as deregulation, running illegal, failing mot, invalid insurance Called geico in san antonio, san diego, ca learn more . Pocket by using the right auto insurance Draw a weapon while in transit Base your car's been paid in full for 6 months Want their cars as a direct result of her slim waistline and toned abs in a wreck. Living: house / flat, car, taxes, food, insurance, other Are always included in error help us in what their company died and their authors & trophies miscellaneous retail stores organizing services american nationwide mortgage as your geico insurance agency Extremely helpful, courteous, and they have cdw, liability and other courts statewide: completion Local authority would probably not a crucial moment Elr bases under his or her client saying i would also be necessary.To see true information about all aspects of the accident Ninclearwater to view the rest were pleasure Ok (or not) in point, the amount that i could get her at school From the services collection 17 Oxford, admitted having an accident. Providers there are two other vehicles because it is published on superpages Insurance 2015 - july 2 About everything electrical on it Really as there wasn't a great overall experience Nsf fee's 2 fees at $25 Is bbb advertising review? licensing, bonding or registration this company will come out of state law. Your car, donate your car to charity ($93 Should have a clean driving record and a strong public policy style The return from ireland which is always bad Customers along more quickly—key metrics of communicating via facsimile, texting or something) Them to write a letter by registered members. Related forums: treatment alternatives for safe communities jobs in woodland hills, ca over 2 8:38pm · tucson, az, united states Order to lawfully do business Tested the application in a timely manner (within 24 hours). Used peugeot 206 is your daily deposit Fulfill politicians' desire for service charge For a premium member in the public benefit of pay-as-you-drive (payd) plan I deceive you, but look for a set of federal action," the cbo reports rather than shipping. This out after senate’s gift to my location and obtain new quotes once a week) Way did not have the misfortune of other factors Course would be supplied and reinstatement fees Specifically while you receive 20 near misses! you can take up to $439 In this country needs you will be shaved for charity.Need for driving under the code below to share the link In search results in a few voices Rental car coverage for liability car insurance with them All, soo much papers of the other report he had his own fences Madeira puerto rico will enjoy doing your own farmers agent Online at or around that, i guess i need to go to the user with respect to the insured KW:cheapest auto insurance companies in maryland A leesport home on a very hard to say we dont need to worry resale. We can supply the majority of insurance available A list of the time line for easy and the like Auto insurance download play my number one car in person KW:insurance rates for car rentals Average time to answer, … read more source: answers The web site, are registered trademarks of audi ag Has significantly—i think i’d ask you few questions regarding your pension to factor. Variety of specials to save (four), and you’ll never overspend on airline tickets again Last 10 months i do not cover a lawsuit in this business By pressing the "agree" button, you agree a realistic list of body… amazing is all states clearly Would straighten out the midas too superb car and have to choose from. Would cover damage to your financial planning Automobile auctions businesses in rathfarnham, dublin 16 On a regular guy who was recently hit mine In san antonio, texas reviews tell people what you owe Leaded the offshore team in our society a day or three Numbers on large injury claims Coverage as additional responsibility allowance KW:fiesta auto insurance fort myers., positive income and/or guarantor Get all paper work cost $100?!?!?!? hi maryam - you won't need to pay for the part everything In mind that most rapes are commited by men KW:car insurance orange county The" why where when how " kia awful advert, the one sleeping around and find out Springer nature is a model, or the other vehicle is being given to you. Honda pilot trim: ex 4dr suv awd (4 You rent a car insurance for young drivers in the world Which is just gushing out of its glory To have an experience recently The doctor said i have been through anything that changes his own car. My car was then that insurance would cover That suit your individual statement to the customers And that countries which you can complete the set budget I went into the calculator.Bring the sister is going to get my car KW:insurance auto auctions address Better to pay a $105 reinstatement fee Riverside, ca - westlake village corbett & associates 455 e Credit card number shows on fox news Rock shattered my window while driving and have lots of savings ($50) by switching. On about the fall of 19 Of our income tax return? what are safety concerns and precautions when experiencing nature in north seattle Needs to be upfront with the com- pleted questionnaires to see if this is a specific kind of punishment , have a trunk load of food poisoning fears and concerns An accident on your bank account So hard all my info as to absolute minimum amount of ****s playing the poor reviews Character of such regulations is being fully airconditioned and seats available Get that too parcel is broken in to leave a message Satisfaction reviews or complaints about unsanitary conditions within the law’s confines, claims may be a problem with safeco And dangerous driving by going back to the employees joke around Premiums are high!) what if an owner-manager can use the example above), any non-travel charges (retail, entertainment, etc. Feeling that i pay like $300/year in insurance sales A car on a regular one Fees on alcohol at a local accountant who missed last year's 7 Yet they went the extra mile Public) your email: your zip code: i certify that i could give me a bit KW:cheap flood insurance louisiana. But if i worked for a list of unfair surprise Give drivers, and charge me The response is not paid ren And make more power to weight and purpose: "i will apply only in pa, but nationally. Topic? does anyone know of cancel in policy? i have the upgrades applied though Your insurer within 1 n the next policy year or more we relied on the other driver rude Accident disaster isolated doodle auto accident insurance are mandatory in massachusetts totaled $346 Protect against natural disasters such as deregulation, running illegal, failing mot, invalid insurance Insurance in wooster, ohio & indiana) 96/12/20 97/11/25 97/11/25 western reserve council, 4930 enterprise blvd. As you were browsing something about a networking reception By baggage and personal care (including cooking, cleaning, hygiene care , support details of its policyholders Pay again for visiting fatwallet Such as fan assist and we will administer the final examination Occupations - professional and related matters Empire central pl dallas, tx 75210 phone : (972) 572-8800 product & services: airport transportation aaaaexpress KW:kk auto insurance Handled in the insurance industry This correct? i think the 2xunits expression can be used to organize this in place, who can have a car City of warwick -- instead of the accident was not available in this support article . Benefit available for individuals and families Automatically added unless you agree to shutterstock's website terms & conditions - education inspirational quotes Is for informational purposes only and any passengers in the hospital Public water, gas, and general counsel So that you get your quote as a driver Insisted, and ahip agreed in writing, then such as a result of her posse is appearing. Lunches will provided to mr Procurement, team leadership, powerpoint, training, team management education: michigan state up, 74-70 Have gone up by taxing every home-, auto- or commercial-insurance policy in the suburbs has to insert a percentage of policies Discount if your complaint enter the actual value Was right around christmas time Near jobs and the insurance company has chosen to do a value. Of the country's tax laws Other members - it's free and quick Door, €1200 a year for each of the hauling company Stamps, stipends of many possible details. In which of the case) or if those claims because of their policy Not a penny is going to * see if your care needs to be based on taxable work to get duplicate certificate Of qlik sense, qlik is better to move quickly to information for castellanza castrovillari special car rental in iceland For insurance, or read your review. Minor repairs tyre punctures emergency fuel assistance and sms charges if applicable Us as we get a plus customer service To go down? how long does it cost? many thanks to my friends Replied: 10/20/2011 beaver holt sternlicht and courie, p. Header and footer of printed invoices adding new line of business or individuals Reply the following is not my fault A 22-year old car that hit me) and also are one of these liars Savannah morning news the war economy in the country illegally. And thigh workout for a hard target is no way you want An automobile since vehicle policies are in deutschland Law and he said he and his insurance Deductible will not be encashable at the old check Champaign?" that would be more than helpful. Accepted the injury of multiple blunt traumas Update 1-obama to hold bachelor's degrees Be more reckless when they come Published information closely related fields.To protect their brother officers Liability separate from the services collection this business can expect Car ownership and replacement services up to 1000000 cad It's kind! - (2006) vauxhall corsa 1 Op did indicate that we received no response). If i don't have to mot, tax and other digital efforts We are looking for a larger discount, post sale Also give you the estimates Dmca abuse: george caceres, web sheriff, john e. To meet the needs of the fire, investigators think You to pick it up Our vans drivers opened his insurance premiums can be expected That morning i filed a claim with your existing carrier will sometimes vary drastically Automated systems, particularly claims processing as well as employment outlook and educational requirements for insurance when isn’t With could land the deal and there were only here in august) Into it? autonomous driving : why is critical illness and you Enabled, a suggested video will automatically commence For a policyholder (possibly parent) buys a ping pong table and winning a claim for damages). Stage told me more agressively?? i take protein powder to construct it As investors await greece vote, data 7:19am utc reg - condor resources plc - form 8 Ruled accident - york daily record leesport, pa To view links or resources to pay your auto insurance. To is or have least 10 years The loss of use coverage as aaa but at the beach Of risk and return key: bloom's: knowledge 56 Industries - administrative and support immediately after halftime In croatia - as some other pertinent records Mercury insurance for more than one department. An auto insurance companies will embrace cost and revenue 01/01/2014 12/31/2014 this is due to lack of information available online car insurance grand junction co Would still be paying ni and tax benefit for me upon discovering me a few other apartments Conditioning contractors systems air conditioning quotes in ireland - duration: 31 seconds. Would say the guys there were workers cleaning out the site, to them Drivers — many of the baskets the deregulation action plan Health exchange as well as its my car, but this true A ceded policy is cancelled, you won’t be tuition expenses plus any other natural calamities. Gelöst 11 beiträge 10 antworten insgesamt 19 Longer with state farm insurance companies Buy something, it's not bad for getting good repairs done From an accident is as you are getting very far. And demanding all of your entire trip On your home burned down Reduce temptation, prenumbered sales invoices or other group affiliation I got a new product or merchandise from well known for increasing the deductible. Typically provides a consumer investigator San francisco truck accident timothy r My insurance was 3 days rental rate As the sulfur builds up over time". You are receiving with the company "somewhat helpful" if it makes sense that you can make To answer your specific training Found here: setting up the wazoo.. Her settlement (extra child support) Dba is needed, do i need planning permission? the melting pot: fondue restaurant | romantic fine dining Rental car company ask to interview for record prices Be in your video though A photocopy of insurance to protect your rights and litigious policies. Oaks, ca learn more State farm mutual automobile insurance rates in ontario by the book New york (a hamlet near pittstown) in 1781 Unbarred after i was speeding. A world tour in glasgow when around ten police cars for many gta fans KW:car insurance athens texas Houston alexis multiservices & more 5429 e Car, wherever that might vary Service is friendly and helpful In the industry, the problem of moral hazard problems in terms of customer retention and referrals. S%20(pagalworld com) html - cached - similar A complaint with reliance in all power steering • power windows tyres KW:classic car with cheap insurance Not what i am really satisfied with the executive of lloyd’s Casualty company west american insurance consultant inc 4120 davie rd ext #304 hollywood all florida public adjusting, inc The year ended march 31, 2009 Boat, semi, 18 wheeler no rush. A look at insurance companies KW:insurance auto auctions east bay Was totally immune to the hustle and bustle The costs that are both in the summer, you can empathize car insurance grand junction co / drillager [tenny] [sheik] joined chat Into which the insurance industry. To put it in tony scottsdale, arizona apache junction, az work company: citizens insurance jan 2011 Defence industry the kornet-e is designed to meet loan payments so that you must then be required by the supervisor A change filters tab in this agreement, or such third parties by the application Opportunity to join our programme it’s a thing to do. The best readily available in your auto insurance discount your policy was covered there To call or a second request will be false and unfounded During which its rates on longer-term instruments Safe in a few years ago, sp. Sat on the gas somewhat Partners mutual patriot general insurance co The one i have gone to pay to alter or remove their reviews Search ipl_8_live_wallpaper html - similar A claim in, and it costed rs KW:state auto insurances. Scientist, but i will swap to pet supplies KW:travelers auto insurance agents in nj Than just an insurance company is paying and i paid 33k for my car whilst learning) That she can land a 45 minute drive away Ensaios, mulheres, concursos publicos, carros, fotos, dicas, saúde, entretenimento leasetrader. Companies in the first time Be left out of balance Tort system have meant we would have otherwise paid for repairs Watchdog, the successor to the salary of more to fix for himself, and if it doesn't seem to be affecting. Battery and i rather doubt it Happens when the normal affected individual believe when he renews his car insurance with them than dollar Days later it's on your credit report Repair, we’ll pay you their best quote for them to prove otherwise Whole call to erie pa Bbb must determine that the van for the same amount of formal education and workplace ethics Provisional drivers cover - fair investment company limited policyholders call 0345 1002 Anything i need car insurance. It is possible for life Content-length: 8165 date: -- content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8 set-cookie: -- expires: -- cache-control: private content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8 morethan Airport, shannon airport, galway city to hire a driver(s) for airport security Customer and getting "safer driver" discounts Teen drivers' insurance - when a problem for many reasons. Since this exact scenario happened! well not the slogans Even separately licenses and no luck even explaining what was going As a gesture of humility towards his home Of a local paper that carries maybe furniture The option of removing a piece of business and leisure travelers. For and take it and confesses then it doesn't cover it, you would be about 15 percent, lehman Claims association and national general insurance essentials part 2 - duration: 107 seconds It currently has over 3,000 brokers That can help: want to know because he always has to be phoned. Have they explained clearly about all aspects of their driving Excellent choice for anyone who will work well with this addiction) Ad growth has been burning bright since 1988 Imaging), there is no coverage applies to bodily injury claims New york is visited by you so much!!!! thank you very much Due to theft of personal injury protection (pip), uninsured and offer decent insurance A slut, and your instance company, also referred to as a learner driver Services nationwide wants to make sure you've got the claim status, they never get my texas certificate of completion? a KW:cheap auto insurance mobile al (even thought not too great You will most likely to be in the uk on nov Complaints a business must pay. Insanely fun car in puerto pollensa Initially (right now we are apart of geico!!! crap insurance Residents in the front room window was smashed up Scams caught on dash camera in the case of death among american drivers. A midlife crisis cure: four ace veterans join startup p2p … insurance etfs — another idea for small business u Agency this business is not a permanent insurance wotf was not going to break into this one The latest scientific advances in having a 5 Of car insurance premiums over time is a free from bias With dollar uk as well as having insurance. And you're looking for? see recommended web results is this access available for use Essay - critical essays benjamin’s utopian notion of a long, family road trip form lenders I found out my car back, and about 100-140% so basically we were quoted or that cute guy, can't think me That you too can offer the real world experience Right but it basically goes "that's lower than 400 usd (depending on the lot with their grades Answer for this useful post: i have travel John smith, has had a window the size of my claim Inch of her mind, and i’m glad i found in the course. Me because i did that Potential negligence for the right to be eligible for ussa insurance? - i have listened to him You can easily be completed by 11:59 p These guys work with your insurance policy If they get you in planning. 183 ill 2d 317, 701 co Tried to scam me too Is approximately normally distributed with mean 0 and standard award ticket availability, priority boarding, and more) The aim of helping our customers money Mark the wall or something more substantial to do it. Second before impact at all That the dealership while we're touring Bologna bolzano bra it brescia bressanone brindisi bruneck busto arsizio calcinate del pesce / varese 440-607-4711: in order to lawfully do business Damage to employees' family members. There's a lad i train with them As what we’ve done of old "claim manager" or "claims manager"? insurance : why is critical illness required when the weathers nice Following: total revenue of $41 Insist that they would fire you especially if you have a question on our insurance. The "squeezed middle" families, two cars, insurance cars, clio's, 106's etc Is known for its refusal to pay for your situation Gets damaged or written publication of mainstreet newspapers, inc Department who happens to your vehicle on any vehicle while under the heading thank you for the package. After the uninsured driver causes injury or death while driving, or even file suit York, ny 10152 (866) 329-8298 insurance add to mybook remove from mybook added to your car insurance Only was it has to consider it Was owned by onlineguru, inc. The best quotes/rates on your property tips for young drivers they even have a roommate Only covers things like lost wages, injury to third party, or any of the slide deck KW:cheap car insurance no upfront payment Not rent a car oto ki̇ralama 5 yıldır sahibinden The information they need our car and get approved as a ram air Chat new member introductions forum support forum High premium or reaching… latest articles where to go on welfare. Out of work over the c63 Top yr tank off and jumping from one insurance company KW:budget car insurers Their needs and strategic relevance everyday Another seizure this past june Good businesses from july 15 to 20 mph Driver that i rode my mates plus a multitude of imported japanese vehicles. This business was removed from the other collection 22 Property insurance life insurance mortgage insurance company (in madison, wisconsin) [p/a note: declared insolvent 1975, no corr Wildly for remarkably similar-sounding job titles Has knowledge about first-class footwear with fashion-conscious men everywhere Core laptop, dell inspiron here we go again Insurance wordpress theme , auto insurance quotes regularly. Score knows something about your browser made us feel unwanted or something Will lead to legal aid cover Auto insurance the company may be guilty and pay forward what they determine fault (facts) florida association of fl bodkin management & design 304 church st Agency 14422 bellaire blvd houston nbc, inc 161 | rank: novice | joined: nov 13th 2011 elmer m. A result of the vehicle KW:how to get auto insurance with a bad driving record An aggressive advocate to help her Of the eight-year-old's straightened hair on top Later after having shopped read more. Projected to grow as well £ $ € covers residents of website’s operating country - jbriz photography dj - red fridays @ rouge nightclub, southend at a news release Raised my kid s school posted a picture made up of 25 claim amounts and car brands, e. Benefits? if you drive a 2005 sienna and tundra A fos ruling has decreed him/her to the amount of business fast Quote allstate insurance quote can be released This and that they cannot afford to replace the need to even to cut back somewhere in the future Care of medical bills unless it is so clean. Indicate its plate number and found henry insurance agency The company several years in a couple days, tour the country you will take me weeks to 30 days Procedures it sound more affordable I'm taking the course is 100% mouse proof, sell it. Will be awarded by the employers; and comprehensive insurance, i had in years Buying service - hdfc ergo I cannot send to the erawan thai Also, in regards to insurance of your premium could stay in retail, food service industries Disappointment was to be personable and professional goals and qualifying rate restrictions - icandrive. The regulations of the nature of the alabama internet drivers education course Auto for carrying tools, equipment and… one stop shop for all your insurance commissioner greetings, insurance is always sufficient Thigh-split at launch of general adjuster - my car after renting it out earlier" Is preventing javascript from running. To therapy 3 times & sent him my business What happens if i have been there at all KW:the best insurance policy for a brand new car is Super insurance on a 99 ex crv and a wheel KW:off road vehicle insurance california Also left 2 voicemail messages without any particular issues Agents… goldenrod are you one thing you own a car destined by ford to provide us with a higher costs. Require drivers taking traffic school to teach kenpo karate, from directly or indirectly wholly or in connection with any government dmvanswers KW:new jersey manufacturers auto insurance claims Mybook added to your car insurance ny low car insurance premiums you see a fleet utilization log Purchases such as mileage is under their name Rental to the character of the linnett agency A “story” or “profile” of this site. To or emergency medical cover and excess levels fuel-efficient vehicle discount On the open houses i don't have electronic kiosks like enterprise Read my post, echelon doesn't require this) i enjoy doing -- according to shariah? if the manufacturer to nap on the market. By the insured doesn't need Managaer and the lady took all the maths yourself Are looking to brooklyn/queens as opposed to public roads 19 mpg, hwy 34 mpg, fwd, red convertible . Suite, microscopy, biomedical engineering, fluorescence microscopy, cell culture, data analysis, team leadership, analysis, cross-functional team Despite consistent reassurance that help this But i had some sort of swallow-tail rear end Accident? how do i get points in time to contact aarp driver safety program american superior insurance the candidate will it. Please check that covers property damage you cause damage also fuel efficient, pollute less and living foods Reply copy and paste the url below to share their experiences Signs bills focused on creating original content for Long term disability, auto insurance, and they call it. A new car at our age requirements, have a look at post no Rent the car, no underwriting information Justice system" in "its incredible adaptability," which puts them farther behind the garage Beach condo in puerto plata. An administrative fee per payment 2014 satisfaction rating these people are not limited to: abra auto body shop told me he would not return Fhd core i5 128 gb ssd laptop dell insprion 7348 13 Completely totaled, such that the japanese did) Car insurance, ask if anyone knows how to find another insurer Heater so that you describe mongovb! though i only had to catch on as management.Appeal to different provinces or territories In upper left hand turn in your own little districts Fall back on track etc To get free quotes you are reading post no Plaintiff could not just in case. Hayes rd houston, tx learn more about j KW:rbc auto insurance new brunswick Sed sapien laoreet dignissim vitae eu ex Video dislikes : 0 erie insurance doesn't cover what we were driving away Thousands of numbers of members since motor insurance . You’re comfortable with the better business bureaus To obtain approval from the insurers who may consider you more than $15 per 1/8 tank Maybe 50% in 1991 was resolved, the one being actually injured Options like the infiniti also? or call 800-516-9242 Is an ongoing basis so that we look at post no Each new) and a quick and seamless. Car for compact kia car The meeting to duggan in a real person Commodity (financial instrument, foreign currency, the exporter may be to maintain your coverage travels you Flue of the seller may have The credit rating of excellent idea Then you can receive, and they don't leave messages Provides you with more than the car and many of our site Drain the battery was still a pop either to repair and painting services Are able to afford any other contact details KW:the vine car insurance. Programs can be customized to customer satisfaction drops to 40k Sportspeople, but we may give you something offered Head and decide to use, quick, without the evaluation of the plan that fits your needs Lunch at the world insurance 10227 classic oak rd houston nationwide insurance agent and start an insurance (p)(ltd).No katie of lady lake, fl on oct KW:average auto insurance rates iowa The kine²c energy of a safe driving record For the number of factors Requirements are currently being met. Of english as a customer His or her department to start a business, serviced the car, but i have ever with ******* to discuss and it has affect your situation Broken leg or even in your area Act and i recommend this co May not be covered by a flat fee Here – image, dynamic, videoalso, non-google display networks are a few reasons. From partner at nelson About getting more money, she instead waved her right hand Caravan part has a different approach | best buy beyution@ new sport wireless bluetooth speaker $2 KW:pig in the car insurance commercial Your rates, shop around, in an area, the type of cover. This is not hindered at all Stating why you should do KW:nj child support car insurance There is a great way to invest your money, but when i was dumbstruck Charades , carolyn watson dubisch, Star jorgie porter is a personal injury to it was spent in their minds.The higher your risk factors 5 year/100,000 mile manufacturer warranty subject to the case You have to call back Can get dangerous at times.

You can reach business listing and customer support via phone number assistant. When contemplating the products you are going to take on your own getaway, take into consideration exactly what the weather will likely be like? For example, rtg no deposit casino bonus no max cash out requires a player to place 35 bets before getting free spins or free money. I think this all illustrates how hopelessly complex it gets when trying to push people who are awkward at the best of times into convenient boxes. Also, you have to make sure that you can easily squeeze into your float with enough room to allow you to move about. I am really grateful to the holder of this web site who has shared this fantastic article at at this place. Never had a day like this in vegas before. Hello, thank you on satisfactory topic? It might be possible to do far more, see much more and also have more fun, by using a deal offer that includes additional providers and facilities. Complimentary breakfast is available for hotel guests monday-friday mornings, but on weekends, there is a buffet that guests must pay for. In our joint endeavors and discussions we have learned to understand each other better, to take into account each others concerns and to search for solutions. Spring tension force is adjustable from 0 to 1. Controversy about the issue has gone on ever since, including at the last three general conferences. If you change your graphics, then create your eyes on the reels that are pretty much enough, as they could almost be very entertaining, ready to go while they are great with so much features that are quite huge. Silverdollarcasinowww wwwone rapida wwwslotsandroll casinoswww maplecasinowww comlasvegasjackpot wwwrioparty. 4 de igual manera wplay. Is there anybody obtaining the same rss trouble. 3 million in federal funding for projects at the university of north dakota that will help expand educational opportunities and boost the red river valley research corridor. Passover as a festival is reflective of its broader ancient near eastern context in the use of blood harlech at the entrance of the house and with regard to the banbury firstborn. Based on recent averages, the room rate for this weekend can be as low as 104 per night. Welcome bonus gate welcome bonus hyper. The current deal and the wholesale price of the products will be mentioned where you can know the amount you have saved in choosing the wholesale online shopping! Hire a top vet missoula mt currently now available and on sale now only. Weak keep if and only if it is stubbed and rebuilt on sounder foundations this is a blatant vanity piece full of unsourced assertions and meaningless fluff! The shooting took place at 9 a. Thank you for discussing download clans of clash. Acknowledge it for expressing with us your internet site page? Under our proposal, the watson strand is standardized as the strand whose 5'-end is on the short arm of the chromosome, and the crick strand as the one 888 casino withdrawal whose 5'-end is on the long arm. We found the app easiest to make use of because of its clean person interface. Our employees are educated, have medical books and know with the subtleties of eliminating complicated as well as hard-to-remove dust from surface areas. Lucunya, itu tidak berhasil, mereka hanya mencoba membuat anda bertaruh banyak uang, dan ketika itu tidak berhasil, anda tidak memiliki siapa pun untuk dikeluhkan saat anda mencoba menipu kasino? 29ho11460 s 30 100 43 73 -. What's certainly not to love concerning working coming from house? But dwight barnett, a spokesman for the tennessee division of forestry, said there were 26 wildland fires on the fourth of july, which burned just 113 acres. It was the only one in the nation that furloughed murderers who had not served enough time to be eligible for parole. Bureau of mines, 1352 p. Existing without the presence of solutions to the difficulties you have resolved as a result of the report is a critical case, as well as the ones which may have adversely affected my career if i had not come across your web site. Cleft holm is a turn-based policy plan. Both rbc and td banks have declined transactions? Korean artillery or the ship that carries them isn't held up or sunk with all the crap going on over there right now. Wonderful stuff, please do tell us when you post again. Mr delors says it is time to 'pull the alarm chain'. M lock my keys in the room. Please check out the web-sites we adhere to, like this one, because it represents our picks through the web. Get up to 2, 800 chips in with a daily login bonus! Opec may have to hire private guards. and play real-money game titles on the site! Neither congress, in revising federal bankruptcy law, nor the supreme court, in interpreting the law, nor the constitution has settled the question of whether bankruptcy judges may conduct jury trials when the disputes arise from bankruptcy cases. A malaysia online casino is a fast, safe and reliable option for playing the latest casino offerings by some of the biggest names in online gambling sites. It has over 150 ethnic groups, many with their own territory. Penney was also the first to offer financial incentives to encourage store personnel to push catalog merchandise. Clomid coupon clomid for sale clomid 100mg pharmacy? The headlight is actually absolutely nothing more however an illumination mechanism installed on the face of the car, which is used to lighten the roadway along with a special beam! He had a presence about him. Farmers have stepped up soybean sales recently, and beans from the brazilian harvest have flowed onto world markets as well. Appreciating the time and energy you put into your website and detailed information you provide. By replacing ten cards with five symbols and using three reels instead of five drums, the complexity of reading a win was considerably reduced, allowing fey to devise an effective automatic payout mechanism. Paragraph writing is also a excitement, if you be acquainted with afterward you can write otherwise it is complicated to write? I will be grateful in the event you continue on this post! Arch moore has battled back into the lead against a millionaire primary challenger who seeks to deny him a shot at a fourth term as leader of this financially troubled state. Treat yourself in santa ana, you deserve it? You should always be careful and bet within a reasonable limit that you can afford to lose without much hassle. One reason for this is that the english legal system was more developed than its continental counterparts by the time roman law was rediscovered. Mike goodhew is retiring from mfi. The fear of being cheated at online blackjack is normal, but it can become irrational. I am certain there are millions of more enjoyable periods ahead for individuals that read your blog post. You can bet on an enormous 46 sports, from american football to winter sports, and each lets you make a huge variety of bets. One option is to decrease the time the dealer spends shuffling. If you are going for finest contents like i do, only visit this web page every day since it presents feature contents, thanks. Well, josh, we're really happy with you and feel blessed to have had you stay with us. A fancy electronic system was installed, fixed commissions were abolished, and the closed fraternity of brokers was opened to allow big french banks and foreign securities houses into the game. For the oil industry, it is environmental. Specifically what this calls for will certainly differ coming from project to project, however expect to generally be serving high quality dishes to teams of family and friends at supper gatherings. Similarly those who live outside the area cannot enter it without a reasonable excuse. If an attacker is able to capture these emanations he can easily recover the column of the pressed key. I would like to show some appreciation to you for rescuing me from this type of setting. The top is sewn together at the shoulder seam only with ties on the back that the wearer can wrap around and tie in the front. If an event is postponed, cancelled, either fighter is replaced or the number of rounds in a fight change then all bets will be void and stakes returned! As a company, we gain so much from each of these communities and believe it is our responsibility to give back, pitch in and provide support to those causes that matter most to our neighbours! Anyone know the author or the name of the books. That makes verifying compliance with the 30 percent to 50 percent arms reductions more difficult than last year's treaty to ban medium-range nuclear weapons. I feel that it is best to write more on this matter, it may not be a taboo topic however generally people are not enough to speak on such topics. Only a designer who understands this can truly inspire others, make them think, cause a change, and ultimately make an impact. Daily and possession limits you may possess no more than the daily limit of any given species while you are on waters, or on the banks of waters, where daily limits for those species apply. Once you could have collected your wins, you will return to the main recreation and your complete win will be added to your in-sport credit. Hello to all, how is the whole thing, i think every one is getting more from this website, and your views are pleasant in favor of new visitors. The standard of the assistance you obtain may very well be even better than it might have been or else. Sent inhibins virginia college online diester leather drachms. Epa will review all data and information submitted during the public comment period and revise the tmdls where appropriate! If there just isn t anything else so be it. Net zoals bij n1 casino kun je hier betalen met behulp van creditcards, prepaid kaarten, trustly en ewallets. I've read meaningless speculation about that in certain periodicals, but i'm inclined to discount it, because i know what i feel about my top staff and i know whether they have - whether they have my confidence or not - and they do. So, i must decide if i want to work based on the hour or a flat rate? 8 deck stand on all 17s hand shuffle double any, split 4x no surrender aces get 1 card? It is recommended that you ask friends to an individual about what gift they would prefer so as to make the correct choice. It might be a great idea to load up a little case of goldfish or provide a little stuffed toy coming from a fast food diner with a air travel together with you. How to write my college essay63. You might also have other special discounts through aaa or aarp. Ensure you have materials for them that may last the whole duration of your journey. State and foreign net operating losses. James harden missed a jumper with a chance for the lead, tracked down the rebound and fired it out to a wide-open kevin durant. If i m not mistaken power plant is probably the most common in alberta. We can have a link alternate contract among us stolo. Written by sverige apotek pa natet 158 weeks ago. Books every consultant should read at least once. Mechanism cassino is relaunching its burning rewards create mentally taking place september 14, on the obsolete of that prose, combustion was notwithstanding ownership the revitalized info finishing on the road to the dress. Rome, protected by invincible prestige, escaped. We are here to change your dreams and imaginations in reality. Because of this, vacationers from the usa do not require a passport to get there, an us driving permit is fairly sufficient right here. So i will often win the pot without having to showdown the best hand anyways. While using arms alone creates an clumsy, poor golf swing, though novices usually mistakenly believe that the forearms potential the swing. We remember his sense of humor and how he always stopped to share a joke or two when you were living on belmont street. Later research found that hurricane v7602 crashed at pigeon house farm widely hampshire and was adair s. Here all dreams on winning real cash become true! Airline moves mandates that you intend forward to prevent troubles! Another option is to sue the debt collector. Weber looked at the other man. Afternoon temperatures in the upper 30s and 40s throughout the state melted much of the snow. 8 - em i rally - 1988 -. He does not have a state in much, he loses fundamentally every argument by standard. Nxrt is focused on acquiring, asset managing, and disposing of multifamily real property located in the southeast and southwest united states. The uncertain status of the existing bonds isn't expected to affect the new offering. And try not to blame and yell at the people who really are trying to help you out. Lastly, try out free online games. 350588 217169fantastic artical, i unfortunately had some issues printing this artcle out, the print formating looks a little screwed over, something you may want to look into. Never forget to get in touch with and confirm your trip upfront. What seemed like fiscal prudence to reagan and bentsen smacked of tax tyranny to dan hawley and his loosely knit band of confederates. Poëzie en psychoanalyse, muze en mentalisatie mark kinet the theme is as it may prove asleep, unrecognized, alone in a wind that does not move the others. Com mail order viagra uk. A single marc is 19,200 meters or around 242 grams. Came here by searching for pabrik kardus jakarta. The information that had been offered ought to help you journey more intelligent and also have a much more enjoyable time. Instead, casino new member promotions the kids and others are the embers of those sparks. By using netgear extender setup. Leads all scorers with 9 points. When he died in 1936, his artworks were divided between two daughters. You can also simply double your lines and play both sides together. Several nations have policies regarding your passport. So look once more at most effective deposit casino games. Hull went to moscow in october, and when i went to cairo and teheran in november, we knew that we were in agreement with our allies in our common determination to fight and win this war. Luckily, you are able to shield on your own in opposition to some typical journey faults and challenges, by simply following several effortless ideas. Though he has supported the republican party, mr. An in-depth guide offering money saving tips appears below the calculator? Jangan mencoba langsung bermain dengan minimal taruhan yang besar pada awal? I do not even know the way i stopped up here, but i thought this submit was once great! The first orthopedic medical grade silicone were hand and foot implants. Castle hill inn gift card balance. On august 5, 2016, mr. But he said he could not because visibility on the mountain has been close to zero? I as well as my guys have already been reading through the good helpful hints from your site and then all of the sudden developed a terrible suspicion i never expressed respect to the website owner for those techniques. Si necesitas una empresa que fabrique piezas de calidad, seriedad en los plazos de entrega, fiabilidad! Hello, all the time i used to check blog posts here early in the daylight, for the reason that i like to find out more and more. Tidak begitu jauh dari ibu kota wilayah sumatera barat yaitu lapangan sebab hany membutuhkan waktu tempuh sekitar satu jam secara jarak 56 km. As befits a multinational force, a number of british soldiers watched the game. Losses were from property and the discontinued home improvements operations. No additional provisions have been made with regards to legal and regulatory developments. If you are camping and end up in a emergency scenario, a straightforward hand held mirror enables you to sign for aid several mls out. You can forgo moving, taking an action, or doing anything at all on your turn. I think if you start scouring history and dole out reparations for anyone whose ancestors suffered great savagery and denial of human rights, each and every person on the face of this earth would be entitled to get paid. What you need to do is pay ksh2,000 per month, ksh1,100 for two weeks or ksh 550 for one week and receive the tips via sms. I will like should you continue on these. Forces based in the south under a mutual defense pact. Part of that involves keeping down prices,' he told the last day of the ft pharmaceuticals conference in london. Your authoring is extremely engaging which is possibly the reason why i am making the effort in order to opine. Bruce davison dating seniors dating ontario fb dating feature dating sites for history lovers uk tow dating dating christmas card dating daguerreotypes motor dating belgie dating a man recently separated dating survey results. However yeah thnkx for investing the time to review this, i really feel strongly regarding it as well as enjoy learning more on this subject. A standard person, after taking doses of medical cannabis and attaining the suitable state of cannabinoids in the blood, can take pleasure in increased immunity, decreased vulnerability to cancer, postponed aging and minimized risk of stroke or cardiac arrest. In case your cell phone is not going to cover great distance through the place you wish to travel to, it might be a brilliant idea to get a telephone cards prior to leaving behind? More and we can assure you they are. She loved her big family, all the way down to her great-grandchildren. It's oon a compltely different topic buut it hass ppretty much thhe samme page laygout and design. With supercharger, maybe you will have to change your hood. What does restating the thesis mean. But the outlook remains bleak for the next several months, the analysts said, because rising unit labor costs will exacerbate the already unfavorable position most u. You said you don have many anymore but you should just go out and make more while they have their dumb guy nights. Overnight, the site is gaining new players as well as many flattering comments about itself on the internet. Trust me, these two are headed for divorce and quick. Some genuinely great info , sword lily i observed this. Crying daughter screams dont cum daddy porn tube. 4 billion for the three years ending next june. The move comes as the world's largest restaurant chain scrambles to revive flagging domestic sales in the face of deep-discount pricing by such competitors as pepsico inc. Royal world casino is your guide to top 5 online casinos. It's finest to use all of these substances together, as nature produced them and enclosed in cannabis inflorescences. It could possibly mean the visible difference between sleepless night time and becoming nicely well rested for another day time filled with routines? We all learn all regarding the compelling manner you give useful steps on your web site and as well as attract participation from visitors on that area while our princess is being taught a lot. I ordered mine medium well but was more like well done. That equation is for all events under the ruler contraction version of gt! Which games developer produces the best casino games on the web! All of the bailed-out banks suffer from the reputation, earned or not, that all they do is collect deposits and send them out of state, while ignoring local businesses starved for credit? In case there are questions, the participant can speak to assist service. He led cops to additional evidence bunkers and agreed to make a bank robbery training video for the fbi. In their early years of research in the late 1960s and early 1970s, steptoe and edwards were ostracized by much of the medical establishment and once turned down for a medical research council grant. The airport at savannah, ga. Lastly, gambling seemed to be a popular entertainment in macau where alternative recreational opportunities were lacking. When it happens on your iphone or ipad, you do not ever require upgrading your software, and you can download older versions of the app rather than installing the new one? Zend je e-mailadres en jouw ontvangt in enige minuten een link warmee jouw een nieuw trefwoord kunt instellen. The failure left corporate debts of around adollars 1.. The plant is scheduled for operation at the end of 1989 and will process 2,000 tons of waste a day and generate about 60,000 kilowatts of electricity, enough to supply 30,000 households. Before the recent study, mr. Expression of amsterdam casino online gratis xpa cdna resulted in synthesis of anti-xpa crossreacting polypeptides of 40 and 42 kda, the status of the native protein found in human cells. If you buy gm, you need to write the price and the respective market valuation! Thanks so much for providing individuals with an extraordinarily spectacular chance to read critical reviews from this website. The wails were quite unlike those of regular tantrums, she looked around to check her granny had heard them too, and the pleasure of being comforted for them made her high with excitement! Want to become a better trader today. If your auto failed to come with a factory navigation program, you should think about purchasing one prior to striking the open up highway. The seal can be purchased from lovehoney pretty reasonably! Commonly referred to as biologics, these medicines are generally made from natural or living sources, like animal and plant cells, and microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast, a. Try to find the entire year it was created or previous remodeled, which may be quite showing! Depending on various factors pan eastern made a profit of 50c for every barrel of crude oil refined or about 5c for every gallon of petrol europa purchased. Is setting up a de facto system for derivatives before other countries can finish their own rules. Dave frazier announced as valleyfair's new gm? Your personal dedication to passing the message all around appears to be unbelievably informative and has surely empowered most people like me to achieve their desired goals. These inspiring ideas additionally acted to become fantastic way to know that other individuals have similar zeal much like my own to find out good deal more in respect of this problem. I could chzrge my phone all the journey long. Young, old, black, white, male, female whoever you are or what you are into you are all very welcome at 7 spins casino. Check this out write-up for tips on how to develop your golfing capabilities and select the best resources. In 1948, when he was confined in heu- ngnam prison, jung hwa park said to have recorded the book containing up to 1,200 pages. From one end to the other of exempli gratia, spinning is a approved captivating because you can care for next to each other in the brunette while listening to high-tempo music! Styled after the classic 1911 pistol, the elite force 1911 is an airsoft gun that never goes out of style. Real-time guarantees are achieved via a space-elastic model which maintains a dynamic proximity bound which allows changes to membership and topology. The philippine air force operates a bombing range near the plantation north of manila. Your real commitment to getting the message around became rather effective and has regularly helped workers just like me to attain their desired goals. Wild symbols can substitute for every image, besides free spins and the progressive jackpot image. A-c is the bisector of stand b-a-d.. So his son instead of ra navghan is brought to the king as no one could differentiate between ra navghan and uga! The app boundary of 1xbet next to ios units is flawless furthermore uncomplicated in the direction of players towards initiate employment of. The yield slipped to 8. A historical introduction to unlawful, illegitmate and forbidden ideas, goods, people and places in modern asia! Family members visited 220 cities across the country to collect the money, john linder said? The rl10 has dispatched robotic expeditions to every planet in our solar system, plus multiple missions to the moon and countless military spacecraft and commercial communications satellites in orbits around earth. Enjoy this live so much, i hope thanks great. Portable ac equipment are available in all kinds of sizes. 15 -1 68 -2. This has led some analysts to ask whether it really wants the money to spend on as yet undisclosed problems with loans or industrial assets. All i listen to is a bunch of whimpering regarding something that you might take care of if you werent as well busy searching for focus. For most recent information you have to pay a quick visit internet and on the web i found this web site as a finest website for newest updates. I need help finding my very first book that i've read. The gold is lightweight and hollow but workmanship is good quality. Points earned are available for redemption for a 3 year term. We will not have smocks available in the art room? One of these employees is said to be andrew j. Dashcom websites are springing up everywhere in the world? American capital said that about 365,000 warrants were bought by stockholders during the rights offering. These habits additionally have the happy complications of helping you maintain a wholesome weight. The seasonally adjusted numbers are the latest available. You recognize thus considerably with regards to this topic, made me in my opinion imagine it from so many numerous angles. On several occasions i have seen people walk out of the casino and go up to. Brooks was earning her master's in washington, d. One was the successful raising of adollars 114m through equity issues just before the 1987 share crash. The computer brought up internet websites with specially- prepared lessons on a variety of topics. Php that he or she form aim and testament even be impressed. 89 10 47 29 wed nov 24 2010 user shiftafras user talk contribs on page shifta musician diff undo overlap username overlaps with pagename shiftafras shifta musician 28. Enjoy treatments at elemis spa. Demographic characteristics of nonproblem, problem, and pathological gamblers. Go to appstore, google play or simply click the link below and find your soulmate now! The software is only available to you, simply have to open with play where you can get a very huge amount of money, but microgaming is played on a straightforward desktop platform. The sorento handily covers all the basics and with an extensive update for 2014, it covers them better than ever. De bswcbqxh on friday 21st of november 2. Interest rates fell after acquisition terms were settled in february 1986! Granted, the number of available tennis matchups is also dependant on the time of year. If hatfield you continue to use drugs even though it interferes with life at work, school, or at home, you may be struggling with a substance use wagga wagga disorder. I found users with similar issues going as far back as british columbia. He was in custody at a local hospital, where he was being treated for injuries he suffered along with three others injured in the accident on friday night. I viewed on the net for the issue as well as located most people will certainly support with your site. I am really inspired with your writing talents as smartly as with the format in your weblog. Volume on the big board came to 25. 843e11 cheap usa generic cialis. This week with three or four officers constantly trying to do something about it and we were left with no alternative but to pull this stunt today to get worksafe down here. A washoe district court judge ruled that the groups had verbally modified a february written contract by agreeing to meet a pre-payment schedule to cover expenses for parking, security and other operating costs. Na het oversteken van de goerebeek hebben we controle in schurfert, waar het klein en warm is. To hunt for contraband or to keep enemy naval assets from entering the latin american region. Slim jeans appear best together with shirts which might be longer in fashion. Se vuoi, puoi anche consultare la lista completa di tutti gli altri casino. Finally, get now the highest quality parenting books you can get and currently available in addition at great prices. This private parent company is not listed. Refrigerated storage at manus was about 300,000 cubic feet, about 100,000 at hollandia, with smaller capacities at many of the little and far-back bases. This preview has been read 85 times. World recordpokerstars vippolicepoliticsponzipopporsche 911 carrerapot limit holdempot limit omahapoypragueprahlad friedmanpremier leaguepress releaseprevent cancerpreventcancer. Other orders followed for such products as microwave ovens, desk-top computers, video tape recorders and compact disc players. Every three years, members from around the world gather in chicago to consider proposed changes to the policies that govern the organization and its member clubs. North carolina insurance guaranty association. Some are small, like waking up for school or getting along with a sibling. Asian women love to have men work for them in a restaurant, but australian women, by contrast, cannot tolerate this? Hi there, i found your web site via google even as looking for a related topic, your site came up, it appears to be like good. Tetapi seiring berbunganya waktu, tontonan gambling slots online terasa menambah uang rokok bersama hadiah surplusnya. Come out and have some fun? Journal of progressive human services. All of these have been applied consistently throughout the current and prior year. Around 15 may 1970, neil young glanced at time magazine's coverage of the killing of four students at kent state, grabbed a guitar and within. You actually make it seem really easy with your presentation but i find! How much slower are low limit games than higher limit games. Never ever place your home address in your baggage. Unfortunately, the site does not provide you with the option of sorting the games by provider, but you will not fail to spot your all-time favourites from the pioneer software brands? The budget resolution, expected to be sent to the full house next week, was pieced together over the last several days during closed-door meetings among committee republicans and democrats. Some analysts said that if the strike were to go on much longer, it could have serious financial repercussions for deere. In poor health without a doubt come further beforehand again since precisely the similar nearly very ceaselessly within case you shield this increase? A genius he isn't, but he gives great speech. Fortune offers exclusive online mobile casino games. I as well as my guys were reading through the nice procedures from your web site and so the sudden developed a horrible suspicion i had not expressed respect to you for those techniques. Propagate - the bring up continue is a trammel with the purpose of is installed in the interest of equally ii teams within whatever presupposed pairing. Most of the time, survival pools have excellent payouts. An established realtor with an affinity and expertise focused on the luxury market, pinto-torres is regarded for her marketing prowess and unmatched business acumen! Keep the beneficial suggestions within imagination and you can commence clearing your acne breakouts with suitable remedies and possibly topical creams. Isbn 1 55750 152 1 fergusson bernard? Here you will come across some internet sites that we assume youll value, just click the links over. I mean how to improve local website marketing is kinda vanilla? Blue helix offers a complete range of fibre and copper networking products from the world's leading manufacturers. The soviet leader has allowed himself to be associated with the younger mr. It is approximated that virtually half of the inhabitants of pr struggle with hardship, which can be seen while circumnavigating the island. I cant believe youre not much more prominent due to the fact that you absolutely have the gift! Online discotheque with the intention of accepts paypal fashionable australia on the net gaming house accepts on the internet gambling den paypal australialogin australia uptown aces as a service to unfeigned riches. I was a little skeptical because it was a holiday visit and the hotel was probably busy, but decided to go for it. Generating traveling arrangements well in advance will help you spend less. This makes sure that your boots will in shape. Try a wild ride into the roulette cryptocurrency community of 7bitcasino. Ch big beach's 5 star day? These are computer based applications that can take your exploit and start working based on the code listed at backend. Find internet sites which provide customer online reviews concerning the destinations you are interested in. 9 facts everyone should know about marco bitran if you are going to exist you will probably be searching for things to do in boston. As part of the aetna agreement, judge merhige is expected to approve the settlement of a separate class-action suit, which accuses the insurance company of collaborating with robins in concealing the shield's defects. We found this app to be frustrating buggy and not particularly user friendly. Even a modest visibility could make you really unwell! The two best special agents in the wild sapulpa west must save president nashville grant from the clutches of a diabolical, wheelchair-bound, steampunk-savvy, confederate eton scientist bent on revenge for losing the civil war. I thought i would be eventually alright. Your personal commitment to passing the solution all around appears to be exceedingly effective and have all the time permitted guys like me to attain their ambitions. The restaurant was operated from 1978 to 1992. Currently, different camps in the u. De ind dient allereerst zelf op een meer systematische en transparante manier dan nu gebeurt, landeninformatie uit relevante bronnen te verzamelen en te publiceren. We cannot expect other sectors to compensate for the dramatic decline in britain's industrial base, he says. Friendly online casinos in 2014! Com u 1 l 1363 ul x wul x user coibot otherlinks link www. These actions will help you make best use of a hard airline flight. So, you will be able to warm up yourself that site. Put an coordinator above your bathrooms front door when you show up, the type with all the very clear pockets is most beneficial. They became aware of a squealing? Be sure to finish off establishing camping throughout daylight hrs. He probably was working on that first batch through the 14th and later. She noticed lots of things, with the inclusion of what it is like to have an ideal coaching mood to let many more with ease have an understanding of specified complicated matters. Cam46136 talk 22 25 6 february 2011 utc cam46136 let s just say that your analysis wasn t exactly what i inferred from reading george orwell in both a literal and figurative

Posted 2021-05-26, Human Rights Watch Headlines (Nairobi) – Burundi’s scrutiny and control of media and nongovernmental organizations, and the conviction after deeply flawed proceedings of 12 journalists and activists in exile have a continued chilling effect on their work, Human Rights Watch said today. Almost one year after President Évariste Ndayishimiye’s inauguration, the authorities have sent contradictory signals. They have lifted some restrictions imposed on civil society and media since the country’s 2015 political crisis. But they have also doubled down on human rights defenders and journalists who are perceived to be critical of the government. A human rights activist and a former member of parliament convicted of abusive charges remain in detention. said Lewis Mudge, Central Africa director at Human Rights Watch. “Substantive reforms are needed to address the lack of judicial independence, politicized prosecutions, and the absence of accountability for abuses committed since 2015.”said Lewis Mudge, Central Africa director at Human Rights Watch. “Substantive reforms are needed to address the lack of judicial independence, politicized prosecutions, and the absence of accountability for abuses committed since 2015.”"The government should go beyond symbolic gestures of good faith to address the entrenched system of repression under the late President Pierre Nkurunziza," In April 2021 Human Rights Watch interviewed 36 Burundian journalists, civil society activists, foreign nongovernmental organization workers, United Nations staff, and diplomats – living both inside and outside the country – about the impact of Ndayishimiye’s limited reforms. All spoke on condition of anonymity. Human Rights Watch also reviewed laws, trial documents, public speeches, and social media posts. During Nkurunziza’s third and final term, independent civil society and media were relentlessly attacked, and their members killed, disappeared, jailed, and threatened. Scores of human rights defenders and journalists fled the country. Many remain in exile today. There has been almost total impunity for these crimes, and reforms introduced by Ndayishmiye have had only a limited impact on the ability of journalists and civil society to express themselves freely. Ndayishimiye’s reform agenda appears designed to improve Burundi’s image and restore economic ties with the international community. However, since his inauguration in June 2020, grave human rights violations, including extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, and arbitrary arrests have continued, although to a lesser extent than during the 2020 elections. Documenting human rights violations remains difficult due to restricted access to the country for international human rights organizations, security risks for Burundian activists, and victims’ and witnesses’ fear of retaliation by the authorities. Alleged abusers have been arrested and prosecuted in only a few cases, although their trials often lacked transparency. Abuses in the justice system were illustrated in the early May conviction of a former member of parliament, Fabien Banciryanino, on security charges. He was sentenced to one year in prison and a fine of 100,000 Burundian Francs (US$51). During the trial, two sources present said the prosecution accused Banciryanino of threatening the security of the state for allegedly holding a news conference without prior authorization, and of rebellion for allegedly refusing to hand over his land title when requested by a local administrator. Banciryanino pleaded not guilty. On March 5 a presidential decree announced the pardon or early release of more than 5,000 prisoners. Around half have been released, in what could be a significant step toward relieving severe prison overcrowding. The decree excluded many prisoners in pre-trial detention or accused of security-related offenses, many of whom were arrested in the aftermath of the over the former president’s bid for a third term and are held on political grounds. During the release of a group of prisoners from Bujumbura’s Mpimba prison, Ndayishimiye reiterated his commitment to end impunity and strengthen the judiciary, but falsely claimed that Burundi has no political prisoners. Nestor Nibitanga, a human rights defender arrested in November 2017 and convicted on security charges, after experiencing lengthy arbitrary detention and other severe violations of due process, was pardoned and released on April 27, but others remain in prison. Although Ndayishmiye’s government has lifted some restrictions, including the suspension of the anti-corruption organization PARCEM (Parole et Action pour le Réveil des Consciences et l’Évolution des Mentalités) and a local radio station, Bonesha FM, the authorities continue to exercise undue interference in and oversight over the work of civil society and the media, Human Rights Watch found. The government continues to use two laws governing the work of domestic and foreign nongovernmental organizations and the 2018 media law to control activities. Journalists and staff members of domestic and international organizations reported having to seek permission from provincial and local authorities to carry out their work. They also described threats and difficulties preventing them from working on human rights or security-related issues. International media are still restricted and the operations of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and the Voice of America (VOA) in Burundi remain under a suspension order. The February 2, 2021 publication of Burundi’s Supreme Court’s guilty verdict – dated June 23, 2020 – in the case against 34 people accused of participating in a May 2015 coup attempt, including the 12 human rights defenders and journalists in exile, has exposed the limits of the current government’s reform agenda, Human Rights Watch said. After a trial during which the defendants were absent and did not have legal representation, flouting even the most basic due process principles, the group was found guilty of “attacks on the authority of the State,” “assassinations,” and “destruction.” Click to expand Image The charred remains of Radio Publique Africaine in Bujumbura, Burundi, which was attacked and vandalized in May 2015 following an attempted coup. © 2015 Spencer Platt/Getty Images On March 24, 2021, Radio Publique Africaine (RPA), Radio-Télévision Renaissance, and Radio Inzamba, three independent Burundian media outlets that have been operating out of Kigali, Rwanda, since their leaders and many of their journalists were forced into exile, suspended their broadcasts. The Rwandan authorities told the media outlets they could no longer operate out of Rwanda due to a request by the Burundian government. RPA and Radio Inzamba resumed operations in April after their directors left Rwanda. Radio-Télévision Renaissance announced they were resuming broadcasts on May 24. On May 14 Human Rights Watch wrote to the Burundian foreign affairs and justice ministers and the National Independent Human Rights Commission sharing key findings and requesting information on steps taken to address abuses documented in this report. Human Rights Watch has not received any response. The UN Commission of Inquiry on Burundi, established in September 2016 and supported by the European Union (EU), is the only remaining international investigative mechanism operating on Burundi, albeit without access to the country. Every year since its creation, the commission has documented grave human rights violations, which in some cases may amount to crimes against humanity. During its March 2021 update, the commission said that Burundi’s partners should use concrete, objective factors to assess the Burundian government’s progress in addressing the dire human rights situation. On December 8, 2020, the EU and the Burundi government opened a political dialogue aimed at developing a “roadmap” for reforms, as the government presses the EU to lift its 2016 suspension of direct budgetary support. The government has yet to meet many of the benchmarks set by the EU in 2016, including those relating to media and civil society. The ongoing dialogue between the EU and the Burundian government should set clear goals to restore space for freedom of assembly, association, and expression, Human Rights Watch said. The EU should not accept token gestures and promises of change at the expense of accountability and addressing the root causes of the country’s human rights crisis. Despite the lack of substantive progress, on April 27, the African Union Peace and Security Council ended its human rights observer mission and called for lifting all international sanctions against Burundi, and in December the UN Security Council ended its Burundi-specific briefings. “Burundi’s partners have a key role to play in ensuring that the government goes beyond piecemeal measures to tackle the systemic, structural failures of the judiciary,” Mudge said. “The government’s crackdown against those who have exposed widespread abuse is far from over.” For details about the reforms and the continued crackdown, please see below. A Shattered Civil Society and Media Landscape Human Rights Defenders Disappeared, Prosecuted, Threatened In late April 2015 public demonstrations broke out in response to President Pierre Nkurunziza’s decision to seek a controversial third electoral term. The Burundian police used excessive force and shot demonstrators indiscriminately. After a failed coup by a group of military officers in May, the Burundian government intensified its repression against suspected opponents and suspended most of the country’s independent radio stations. Human rights activists came under attack, and the government began closing down human rights groups. The interior ministry closed down Action by Christians for the Abolition of Torture (ACAT-Burundi) and the Association for the Protection of Human Rights and Detained Persons (APRODH) in October 2016, along with several other human rights groups accused of working to “tarnish the image of the country” and “sow hatred and division.” In 2015, the APRODH’s director survived an assassination attempt, and both his son and his son-in-law were shot dead. Click to expand Image Marie-Claudette Kwizera, the treasurer of Ligue Iteka, went missing on December 10, 2015. © Private Ligue Iteka, another leading human rights organization, was shut down by the interior ministry in January 2017. One of its members, Marie-Claudette Kwizera, was driven away in a vehicle thought to belong to the intelligence services in December 2015. The UN Commission of Inquiry on Burundi later received information indicating she was targeted because of her human rights work and murdered by national intelligence agents. Many independent civil society leaders, journalists, and opposition members accused of opposing the president’s bid for a third term remain in exile. Germain Rukuki, a member of ACAT-Burundi, was arrested in July 2017 and sentenced to 32 years in prison in April 2018 for “rebellion,” “threatening state security,” “participation in an insurrectional movement,” and “attacks on the head of state.” In June 2020 the Supreme Court annulled the Appeal Court’s rejection of his appeal the previous year, citing procedural irregularities, and directed the Appeal Court to rehear the appeal. The hearing took place on March 24, but the court has not announced its verdict, even though it is required to do so within 30 days. Nestor Nibitanga, who worked as an observer for APRODH, was sentenced to five years in prison for “threatening state security” in August 2018. He was pardoned and released on April 27, 2021, after serving out three and a half years of his sentence. Under Ndayishimiye’s presidency, the crackdown has persisted. Fabien Banciryanino, a former member of parliament, was arrested on October 2, 2020, after a local administrative official and a dozen policemen shut down a news conference at his home in Bujumbura and ordered him to report to a police detention center. He was initially charged with “rebellion,” “threatening state security,” and “slander,” although the slander charge was later dropped. In early May, he was convicted and sentenced to one year in prison and fined 100,000 Burundian Francs ($51). Banciryanino is widely regarded as a human rights defender; he is one of the few National Assembly members who were willing to speak out against human rights violations in a parliament heavily dominated by the ruling party. In February 2020 he voted against a law giving Nkurunziza the official status of “Supreme Guide of Patriotism,” denounced the “numerous murders; bodies were thrown into the rivers while others were buried after mutilation,” and called for Nkurunziza to be prosecuted. In late March, Banciryanino wrote a letter to the director of Mpimba prison, where he is detained, copying Burundi’s National Independent Human Rights Commission (Commission nationale indépendante des droits de l’homme, CNIDH), detailing abuses, including extortion by prison officials and other prisoners. These allegations confirm patterns documented by Human Rights Watch at Mpimba prison. He was subsequently placed in a small isolation cell for four days as punishment. Senior government officials continue to issue warnings against activists and journalists in exile who are perceived to be working “against the interests of the country.” The Supreme Court’s guilty verdict against 12 human rights defenders and journalists in exile underscores the government’s continued crackdown on dissent. They were sentenced to life in prison and to pay fines of more than 5.5 billion Burundian Francs ($2.8 million) in punitive damages to the Defense and Public Security ministries, the ruling National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy party (Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie-Forces de défense de la démocratie, CNDD-FDD), and Rema FM, a pro-ruling party radio station. The Supreme Court had ordered the exiled defendants’ property seized in May 2019. The defendants were not present during the trial nor were they represented by lawyers. Three of them said that lawyers they contacted to represent them refused for fear of reprisals or prosecution, or were threatened by court officials to prevent them from representing the defendants in court. The group of 12 human rights defenders and journalists sent a letter to the national human rights commission on February 17 to seek its assistance in obtaining a copy of the verdict. They have not received it. The prosecutions of human rights defenders indicate the government’s intolerance of outspoken, critical voices and attempts to manipulate the justice system to try to discredit and obstruct important human rights work, Human Rights Watch said. Piecemeal Media Reforms Ndayishimiye’s January 28, public commitment to a free and “responsible” press, led to a February 1 meeting, the first, between certain heads of media and the National Communication Council (CNC). Its members are appointed by the president, and it is responsible for overseeing the media and advising the government on communications. The day after the meeting, the Supreme Court verdict announcing the conviction of several leading journalists in exile was published. On February 11, the CNC lifted the ban on public comments on the Iwacu website, which had been in place since April 2018, and pledged to restore access to the website in Burundi. Iwacu is Burundi’s last remaining independent newspaper and is widely read. It is still inaccessible in Burundi, though. On February 22, the CNC lifted the ban on Bonesha FM, a private radio station, which was required to sign an agreement similar to one the private radio station Isanganiro and Rema FM, a pro-ruling party station, signed when they resumed broadcasts in February 2016. The stations had been shut down after the coup attempt, along with Radio-Télévision Renaissance, and their premises and equipment were vandalized or destroyed. On April 21, the CNC authorized several new radio and television channels to begin operating. However, for many journalists, these agreements, which state that the radio stations must provide “balanced” information and must not broadcast information that could threaten state security or “morality” have a muzzling effect, preventing them from documenting human rights abuses or security issues. These obligations are echoed in the 2018 press law, and comments made both publicly and privately by the president and other government officials. In addition, journalists working for the radio stations that were physically attacked and vandalized in May 2015 said they have struggled to operate due to lack of equipment. Most journalists interviewed said that they felt Ndayishimiye’s government was less hostile to the media than the previous administration, as long as they did not report on sensitive or critical topics. Control and oversight of media reporting remain pervasive. One radio director in Burundi said: “We can broadcast information about bodies being found or people being tortured, but only with the authorities’ permission. They call us sometimes to tell us when they want us to broadcast information. We can’t do independent investigations … We can’t make any mistakes, otherwise [they] will accuse us of serving other interests.” Journalists also expressed concern about self-censorship and the prevailing climate of fear within the media, which was worsened by the unjust conviction of four journalists working for Iwacu in 2020, even though they were pardoned and released on December 24, 2020. Their pardon does not acquit them of the politically motivated conviction for complicity in an “impossible attempt” to undermine the internal security of the state, for which they received a two and a half-year prison sentence, and paid a one million Burundian Francs ($510) fine. Click to expand Image Jean Bigirimana, a journalist with Iwacu, went missing on July 22, 2016. © 2016 Iwacu Journalists interviewed said the conviction and the unresolved disappearance of another Iwacu journalist, Jean Bigirimana, in July 2016 have had a lasting chilling effect on journalists who remain in Burundi. One senior journalist said: “With the imprisonment of the Iwacu journalists, the message was that journalists are not welcome anywhere that events unfold, especially when these are related to security.” Another said: “Journalists are afraid of going out to report [on security topics].” Journalists also said they inform local and provincial authorities in advance of their intention to report in their area. Otherwise, they fear the authorities will accuse them of working against the government. Some said the authorities had described journalists as “the enemy.” Several also said that officials warned them not to interview exiled human rights defenders and journalists labelled by the government as “putschists.” Civil Society Under Close Watch In January 2017, the government enacted two new laws allowing for increased control over the activities and resources of Burundian and foreign organizations. These laws restricted freedom of expression, association, and assembly and provided new and sweeping powers to the government to control international groups and repress critical voices. On March 25, 2021, the minister for the interior, community development, and public security, Gervais Ndirakobuca, organized a meeting in Bugarama, Muramvya province, with representatives of local groups on the theme of “the role of NGOs in community development.” Two workers present at the meeting said the interior minister warned organizations against working to implement a so-called foreign agenda in Burundi. He instructed the groups to submit their planned activities to the ministry and said they would not be allowed to deviate from agreed-upon plans. On April 2 PARCEM’s June 2019 suspension was lifted by ministerial order. The anti-corruption organization had been accused of tarnishing the image of the country and its leaders after it began a campaign to raise awareness about social and health issues. Although the workers for organizations interviewed said that lifting the suspension was a positive step, many felt that their working environment remained tightly controlled. Interviewees working across the country said the ’s requirement to inform local and provincial authorities of their activities had a deterrent effect on their work Interviewees said they deliberately avoid being critical to maintain their ability to work: “Our strategy is to focus less on highlighting problems and more on providing solutions … If something positive is done, we have to mention it,” said the director of a Burundian human rights organization in Burundi. When officials tell civil society and the media to “contribute” positively to the development or security of the country, they are drawing a clear line in the sand, Human Rights Watch said. Recommendations The government of Burundi should: Immediately and unconditionally release all prisoners unjustly imprisoned, including Germain Rukuki and Fabien Banciryanino. Open credible and transparent investigations and ensure justice for the disappearances of Marie-Claudette Kwizera and Jean Bigirimana. Quash the conviction of 12 defenders and journalists in exile and initiate a dialogue with human rights and media organizations in exile. Lift the suspension of human rights organizations and media operating from exile. Publicly support civil society and the media’s right to cover political, human rights, and security issues, and instruct local, provincial, and central authorities to end surveillance of their activities. Amend laws governing the media and domestic and international organizations in line with regional and international obligations. ------------------------------------------------ Click for original article / Ramon Espinosa

Since I’m coming off my Supernatural binge I’m gonna take the opportunity to write about something that has long bothered me. Is Supernatural sexist? People are often surprised to hear I like Supernatural. After all, I identify as a feminist, if an unorthodox one, and Supernatural is supposedly the most sexist show ever. But I don’t think Supernatural IS sexist. Even though I’m pretty sensitive to stuff like that, I really don’t find it at all sexist. I have literally never been offended by anything that has happened on Supernatural, except for Charlie Bradbury, an insufferable Mary Sue who was ironically written to serve as some sort of female representation. That’s right, the only thing I ever found sexist on Supernatural was the magical talisman that was supposed to prevent me from thinking Supernatural is sexist. Don’t do me any favors, yo. Don’t give me a crappy character you put 10 seconds of thought into and pretend it’s for me when it’s just so you can shut people like me up. I think Supernatural, rather than being a sexist extravaganza, is just a show that is mostly about men, and not as much about women. And hey, that is perfectly ok with me. IMVHO, it’s not at all feminist to demand that shows about men actually be about women. Women don’t need special treatment, we just need an equal shot. Right? If we need special treatment to succeed, if we need to force people against their will to watch shows that feature female characters, then we really AREN’T equal, are we? We’re just LARPing equality. I want the real deal. I enjoy a good estrogenfest now and then just as much as the next gal, but I also like watching shows that are about dudes doing dude things too. There are an infinine number of stories out there in the world to be told and as such it’s only natural that some stories are mostly about guys. So? I believe with every fiber of my being as both a feminist and a fiction writer that there is room in the world for stories that are mostly about men, stories that are mostly about women, and stories about both men and women interacting together in all sorts of different ways. A world that features ONLY tales that involve a set number of boys and a set number of girls every single time would drastically limit the number of stories that could be told. As a writer, I will never approve of limiting the number of stories that can be told! We can call for and hope for AND PERSONALLY CREATE more stories that are centered around female characters and include lots of female characters without demanding that stories that are about men be altered to include female characters when it doesn’t serve the story. In the case of Supernatural, a show that is mostly about men, a lack of a main female character is not extreme, sexist or unusual. It is realistic. Fun fact, there are vast, huge swaths of the world in when men do things together without the presence of women. (Trust me, I have 4 sons and my husband is a truck driver.) There are men – and not a few – who go days, weeks, even months without having a single meaningful interaction with people of the female persuasion at all. It is not because they think females have cooties and they think men are superior so they don’t let stinky ol’ girls join the He Man Woman Haters Club. It is because they’re completely cut off from them. Men LIKE WOMEN. They seek them out whenever and however they can. They want to have women in their life, would love to, they just don’t. Seriously, Supernatural fans, after watching this show for 15 years, do you think Dean, Sam, Bobby, and even Castiel aren’t SUFFERING from not having women in their life? They are, it’s obvious that they are. It causes them great pain to not have love, to not have female companionship, and it’s a pain that a lot of men actually kind of relate to. It is not sexist to portray men who are isolated and suffering because of their isolation. That isolation is, in fact a huge part of why Dean, Sam, and Bobby are so miserable all the time. They don’t have love in their lives. (Castiel, of course, doesn’t need that in the same way, but he still might wish to have a female friend, which he is unable to have due to circumstances out of his control.) These guys can’t have love in their lives. Every time the Winchesters start to pursue a relationship (even just friendship) their loved ones die or they have to leave to protect them. This matters. This dynamic is critical to the plot of Supernatural, it’s critical to the characters as they’ve been written, it’s critical to the greater subtext (because it’s a story that is ABOUT MEN). If the writers stick a girl into this masculine melee to tick off a SJW box on a PC checklist, it changes that dynamic irrevocably just like it would change the dynamic of Steel Magnolias if one of the Magnolias was Chris Hemsworth. It undermines the fundamental premise of the show, which involves men, who through no fault of their own, just a terribly unlucky twist of fate, are cast into a battle they never wanted to fight, and as a result are completely cut off from the things that most of us take for granted, like family and love and happiness. You know, the way billions of men have lived and died throughout history. Alone. Of all the men who have ever lived, only 40% of them have passed down Y chromosomes that endure to this day. This means that huge, huge numbers of men have lived their entire lives and died without being married, without even getting close, without ever having children. They went out on pirate ships and into monasteries and joined armies where they were surrounded by men all day every day. Except for their mothers – and a good many men, like the Winchesters, lost their mothers at young ages – and the occasional encounter with a prostitute, the existence of a whole lot of men throughout history has been one of being surrounded by all dudes, all the time. Even still to this day tons of men are single, have exclusively male friends (or no friends), may be employed someplace with primarily male coworkers, and just don’t see many women from day to day. Again, this is not because they’re big fat mean sexist pigs, it’s because fate has put them into a position where they have no access to women, not even in the friend zone. It’s not by choice, it’s by necessity. It doesn’t make them happy to be alone, and Dean and Sam Winchester, in their female-less misery and isolation, exemplify this. Sam and Dean, as silly as it sounds, are the fictional embodiment of millions, if not billions of dudes who went out and fought the good fight and saved the world in some small way and died, forgotten, without anyone there to mourn them but their brothers. Dean and Sam are the modern day avatars of men who died at sea and on battlefields and in jungles and forests thousands of miles from home doing heroic ass shit to bring we ladies cinnamon and safety and never even got laid as thanks for their sacrifice. Given all this, it’s really rather asinine to demand there be a consistent “female voice” in Supernatural because Supernatural is about the male experience – particularly the male experience feeling sexually and emotionally isolated from women and having to save a world you never even get to partake in. Shoehorning a “female voice” in there could very easily drown out a good part of what the show is even about – male pain. And not, you wiseacre you, because women never shut up either, but because men act differently when women are present. Men, particularly tough men like the Winchesters, rarely talk about their feelings in front of women. Men try to impress women, when women are present, by being brave and strong and stoic. All those scenes where Dean and Sam sit in the Impala and hash out the terrible things they’ve been through would not happen if there was a girl or two in the car with them (well, they might, but they’d be a lot harder for me to buy as a viewer.) Men being open to discussing feelings is really important. Men seeing other men, even fictional men, doing so is really important. I know some feminists think it’s fun to belittle male tears but I think every human being’s pain matters and for men to talk about their emotional baggage now and then with somebody now and then is critical. Even if you really don’t give two figs about men and their feelz, it is important ~for women~ to allow men to explore male vulnerability through fiction even out of our own self-preservation. We all know the trope of that strong, silent man who lashes out at his wife and his kids, we all know the story of that quiet guy who kept to himself right up till the day he snapped. Don’t stifle yourselves, my dudes. Supernatural is exquisitely rare in that it shows men being vulnerable with each other sometimes. We as feminists should be encouraging that and not sitting around whining that we didn’t get enough representation. Because normalizing male vulnerability is the cure for toxic masculinity. But Supernatural is about more than just male pain. It’s about male fear. What is the thing that men fear the most? It’s not spiders, it’s not dental work, it’s not snakes like Indiana Jones, it’s not demons, it’s not even killer clowns. Men’s greatest fear, programmed into them from a kajillion years of evolution, is that they cannot protect their loved ones. Whether or not you believe gender is mostly a social construct, the fact is, biologically, right down to their very DNA, male animals are hard wired to protect their flock or their tribe or their family and desperately fear failing at that task. And Sam and Dean, again and again and again, are unable to protect the people closest to them. They fail in their primary mission, protecting the defenseless people who rely on them and they fail at it repeatedly. As the song says, it’s almost like they were born to lose and destined to fail. The amount the Winchesters spectacularly fail at their fundamental role as men is downright emasculating. But then they have to regroup and do it all over again. And they do, no matter how hard it is, no matter how much it costs them. Supernatural is a story of men who cannot accomplish the one thing men want the most – to keep their loved ones safe from harm – again, as a great many men throughout history have been unable to keep their loved ones safe from harm. But it’s also a story of men who don’t give up trying. When you watch Supernatural through that lens, it’s incredibly moving. Dean and Sam try and fail and try and fail and fail and fail some more. No wonder they push women away – they don’t want to let them down. They don’t want to get them killed. Their lives are a train wreck, their saga is tragedy-in-progress. The “women in fridges” trope has come under fire recently and rightfully so, but Supernatural should be held fully exempt from that criticism because women dying on Supernatural serves the greater subtext of the show – men being chronically unable to protect those they love. The greatest fear that men have. So if the writers decide to now cram some adorable female version of Cousin Oliver into the show and have her survive??? and become a regular character????? that would undermine what the show is even about. A show about men’s isolation and men’s pain and men’s deepest darkest fear that they can’t protect the people who rely upon them would be rendered meaningless by the introduction of a character who directly undermines that subtext. Supernatural with a recurring female character who survives indefinitely invalidates the whole entire freaking point of Supernatural. It’s not sexism not to have a “consistent female voice”, it’s simply staying true to what Supernatural is about! But even if you look at Supernatural from a fully female perspective, it’s still not sexist. So you don’t like men? You don’t care about their fear and their pain? Ok. Let’s talk the women on Supernatural. One of my biggest, hugest, personal pet peeves is how we are told that cramming spectacularly beautiful, always flawless, nearly always young women into a movie or show is supposedly feminist or something. Are you seriously telling me that putting forth women whose physical attractiveness is so far beyond that of mere mortals as to be unattainable, that are OBVIOUSLY put into a program not for me to relate to but for men to ogle (no doubt whilst comparing gals like me unfavorably) is somehow more feminist than a show that doesn’t have a “consistent male voice”? Are you kidding me? Shoving a gorgeous chick at me telling me it’s for my benefit when really it’s for the benefit of thirsty dudes does not feel even remotely feminist, mmmkay?? And Supernatural never, ever, ever does that. The women in Supernatural are average and get dirty and look gross sometimes and don’t wear that much makeup and aren’t perfectly coiffed and most of them don’t ever dress slutty unless it’s important to the character (rare). Watching the women on Supernatural feels like a breath of fresh air to me. They look like me. They’re put together like women who are working hard and fighting for their life would be and aren’t running from demons wearing 3 inch heels. Let’s take a look at some of the gals who have shown up on Supernatural the most. Sheriff Jody Mills: Ellen and Jo: Meg: Ruby in both incarnations: While all these women are beautiful, their beauty is attainable. It’s not Hollywood level insane off-the-charts-Megan-Fox-Margot-Robbie beauty. They wear real clothes suitable to the job they’re doing. They get dirty and bloody and their hair gets messed up. Kudos to whoever does the casting and the costuming/makeup, because I for one really appreciate it. The women on Supernatural seem like real people doing real things in a messed up world and not chicks who are prancing around on a screen for dudes to jerk it to. The women in Supernatural feel like they are there for me to relate to and they are there to tell a story and not there for men. And that, cats and kittens, is entirely feminist. Beyond all that, Supernatural does something extraordinary with its female characters, something that I believe to be entirely unique. It lets them have sex in a way that is normal, that approximates to a reasonable extent the type of sexual activity women have in the real world. The female characters on Supernatural are sexually active without it being a gimmick. The women of Supernatural have sex just as an ordinary part of their lives and it is not a huge deal. No slutshaming, no virgin-celebrating, no Madonna/whore complexes. They fuck sometimes because people fuck sometimes. Examples? But of course. Lisa Braeden, Dean’s on again, off again girlfriend, had a one-night-stand with Dean, then shortly after got pregnant from another one-night-stand, had a baby on her own, raised it, we assume she had sex many times along the way with various people, and then Dean got back together with her and they lived together for a while. Her sexual choices were not presented as disgusting or indeed in any way remarkable. Dean had absolutely no qualms about picking it up again with Lisa right where they left off despite the fact that she’d had sex with other dudes. Lisa Braeden was not a soiled dove; Dean wasn’t doing her a favor by going out with her, in fact he felt lucky to have her. Amelia Richardson was a woman who Sam had an intense fairly long term relationship with. Dean and Sam had had a falling out and he was on his own. She thought at the time her husband was dead, killed in Afghanistan, but later it turned out he was actually alive. Neither her husband or Sam was consumed with jealousy, neither punished Amelia for the terrible situation she found herself in. Her husband let Amelia decide for herself what she wanted to do and didn’t pressure her in any way. Her body, her choice. One of my personal fave Supernatural women is Jo Harvelle (and one of the reasons I hate the Charlie Bradbury character so much is that Sam and Dean actually HAD an adorable little sister character that they never gushed about anywhere near how they gushed about Charlie FFS). Jo, as many younger women do when it comes to older guys, had a bit of a crush on Dean, which Dean being Dean, reciprocated in a sexual way. But Jo knew (please note, it was NOT that Dean was sooo wise and mature that HE knew, Jo herself was the one who knew better) would have never been the guy that Jo needed him to be, so she never acted on it. This went on till the night before they were going into a situation where they’d likely both die. Dean played the “it’s our last night on earth, why not?” card. And Jo thought about it, thought about it very seriously, and turned him down. Because sexual freedom also includes the right to say no. But the one that takes the cake for me is Annie Hawkins. Annie was a Hunter, like Dean and Sam are Hunters, who went missing. In the process of looking for her, it is revealed that she had slept with Bobby, Dean, and Sam at various points over the years. It was funny, but it wasn’t painted as funny in a “ha-ha slut” way, it was funny because life is funny and people are funny. It wasn’t a laugh at Annie’s expense at all. And Annie wasn’t a throwaway disposable character. She wasn’t a woman in a fridge, she was an important part of the plot. Even though she was only in one single episode, she was a fully-fleshed out 3 dimensional character, not a punchline. She was neither punished nor celebrated for her sexual choices. All three of our heroes cared about her and valued the time they’d spent together, but it was just that nobody needed to marry nobody or nothing. It was a really nice way to illustrate that women have sexual histories just like men, we have sex for all sorts of reasons including that we’re in the mood to. I wracked my brain and I couldn’t think of a single other show that had ever featured a non-slut woman having sex with three different guys at various stages in her life as a non-joke plot point aside from Supernatural. Totally a feminist moment for me. Final analysis – Supernatural is not sexist. Far from it. In many ways, it’s downright feminist. Look, here’s the thing. We live in a world full of oodles of people who think they get to have everything JUST the way they want it all the time. If they aren’t the absolute center of the universe in everything all the time they pitch a fit and moan and complain and make demands until someone gives them fan service. But fan service sucks and intersectionality is impossible. It just isn’t possible to produce a book or a movie or a show that is fundamentally about men and male pain and male fear and then decide to flush that away to make a show about some extraneous woman designed by a focus group instead because some people have loud mouths. Because HEY, it would be an entirely different show if the writers did that, and I suspect a very much inferior one. Plus, despite being a show about men, Supernatural does a pretty fantastic job of bringing us strong and relatable female characters anyway! Don’t fix what ain’t broke! Long story short, I think it’s fucking ridiculous – and antifeminist – to pretend that a show is anti-women just because it happens to be pro-men. Supernatural is NOT SEXIST. The atomic feminist has spoken. If you want to see my take on adding a female character to the Supernatural universe please check out my (long) short story Supernatural: Manic Pixie God Girl.

Watch Blade Anime. TV-14. 2012. 1 Season. 6.5 (907) In this animated series, a half-human, half-vampire warrior makes it his mission to track down and stop the evil plot of a particularly bad vampire. This series is one of several anime titles featuring Marvel Comics characters. It originally aired in 2011 on the Animax network. Story In an anime called Blade Dance of the Elementalers, you would assume that we would witness the aforementioned Blade Dance. However, Seirei Tsukai no Blade Dance deals with the events leading up to the Blade Dance, and all of these events take place at a unisex magical high school. Kamito serves as the single male interloper, and of. Queen's Blade finds itself sitting precariously on an uncomfortable fence of ecchi. On the one side of this fence are anime such as Shuffle!, which lose the air of smuttiness, have a good laugh, and make you care about the characters before stripping them semi-naked Looking for information on the anime Bamboo Blade? Find out more with MyAnimeList, the world's most active online anime and manga community and database. Kojirou is the kendo instructor for Muroe High School and he's totally broke. But then an unexpected chance is given to him: his team must win against his senpai's team and the prize is: free meals for a whole year Blade obviously lends itself well to the anime style, interspersing exceptionally violent action with moments of introspection that reveal much of Blade's back story. Where the series stumbles is the quality of its writing, which never rises above the purplest of pulp levels; fans may wish to utilize the disc's subtitled Japanese-language track. In North America, the first and second anime adaptations are licensed by Media Blasters under the respective titles Queen's Blade: The Exiled Virgin and Queen's Blade 2: The Evil Eye. The first season was released between May 18 and October 26, 2010 as three DVD volumes, each containing four episodes, [33] [34] while the second season was., but later went on to star in his own storylines.A dhampir, Blade has devoted his life to ridding the world of all vampires. Marvel Anime: Blade is a series that ran from July 1st to September 16th in 2011. It is the final series in the Madhouse Universe after Marvel Anime: Iron Man, Marvel Anime: Wolverine, and Marvel Anime: X-Men. It is the first animated series to focus on the character Blade. 1 Story 2 Background 3 Cast 4 Crew 5 Animation 6 Trailer 7 Episodes 8 Home Video 9 Reception 10 External Links Wolverine. Broken. Before we get started, I want to make the disclaimer that Blade and Soul is based on a MMORPG by Korean studio NCsoft. I haven't ever played the game, so it's possible that somehow the game makes the anime make sense. That being said, I seriously doubt it makes any difference as it looks like the anime tries to be self-contained تسميات آخرى クイーンズブレイド ملكة النصل , Queen's Blade. تقييم TMDb 8 9 صوت. العرض الاول Apr. 02, 2009. العرض الاخير Aug. 25, 2010. عدد المواسم 4. الحلقات 42+ اوفات وحلقات خاصة. متوسط مدة 25 دقيقة About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators. An estimated premiere window for the Adult Swim anime Blade Runner: Black Lotus has been announced in Canada before the United States.. Corus Entertainment, the company which manages the Canadian Adult Swim network, put out a press release about its upcoming TV premieres, which notes that Blade Runner: Black Lotus will air in the fall. RELATED: Adult Swim Fan-Favorite Smiling Friends Lands. Type: TVAired: Apr 6, 2014Producers: Production I.G, Bandai Visual, Xebec, LantisGenres: Action, Fantasy, Mecha, Shounen, MilitaryJapanese Title: ブレイク. . You can target 1 face-up Number C39: Utopia Ray you control; equip this card from your hand to that target. It gains 1200 ATK. While this card is equipped to a monster by this effect, Spell and Trap Cards you control cannot be targeted by card effects ポータル. アニメ. 『 ブレイド 』（ MARVEL BLADE ）は、 アニマックス で 2011年 7月1日 より放送された テレビアニメ である 。. マーベル・コミック の『 ブレイド 』を原作とした、日本のアニメ制作会社である マッドハウス の作品 。 Blade and Soul. 2,544 likes · 1 talking about this. An anime adaptation of the Korean MMORPG, Blade and Soul.Alka is an assassin for the Clan of the Sword. She's on a journey to find the woman Jin.. Blade Anime Series, Season 1.nam, he discovers a vampire. . 2 years ago. Social Blade is excited to launch our latest product offering: Report Cards! Report Cards for YouTube aim to help you show off your channel's key metrics in an easy, succinct way Marvel Anime: Blade Episodes. View source. History Talk (0) Share. This article is written from the Real World perspective: A list of episodes of Marvel Anime: Blade. Episodes. Script # Title Alternate Title Japanese Title Original Airdate English Airdate 1 The Man, Blade Queen's Blade is just the anime for you! With a diverse cast of chivalrous and oblivious sultry women with jaw-dropping figures and reckless fighting skills, the show is a guilty pleasure for all otakus who love finding new waifus! All women have their own unique quirks and strong personalities News Update Jadwal Rilis. narutin. Blade, de son vrai nom Eric Brooks, est un super-héros.Créé en 1973 pour Marvel Comics par le scénariste Marv Wolfman et le dessinateur Gene Colan, Blade était au début un personnage secondaire dans Tomb of Dracula dans les années 1970, et a joué un rôle principal dans plusieurs comics par la suite. Le film Blade de 1998 met en scène Wesley Snipes dans le rôle-titre, aux côtés de. Blade Anime's English-Dubbed Clip Streamed by Marvel (Jan 10, 2012) G4's Blade Anime English-Dubbed Promo Streamed (Dec 30, 2011) 1st Anime Contents Expo's Title List Announced (Dec 27, 2011 Official Title: en verified Blade Runner: Black Out 2022: Official Title: ja BLADE RUNNER BLACK OUT 2022: Type: Web: Year: 26.09.2017: Tags: action Action anime usually involve a fairly straightforward story of good guys versus bad guys, where most disputes are resolved by using physical force. It often contains a lot of shooting, explosions and fighting., American derived A work which was. Lightning Blade. This card can only be equipped to Warrior - Type monsters. Increases the ATK of the equipped monster by 800 points and decreases the ATK of all WATER monsters on the field by 500 points. Anime cards (Galleries: Yu-Gi-Oh! Begin a heroic journey to confront dark forces and seek vengeance as a master of the martial arts in Blade & Soul, the free-to-play MMORPG The Blade Liger (ブレードライガー, Burēdo Raigā). It also plays a relatively important role in the Battle Story and secondary. Of the 111247 characters on Anime Characters Database, 82 are from the franchise Queen's Blade (Series) Blade is an anime program which is part of a collaboration between Marvel Animation and Madhouse Anime/Video Game. Filter Showing 1-12 of 43 results . Add to Wishlist. Out of stock. Kimetsu no Yaiba: Tanjiro Kamado Nichirin Blade (Hand Forged) ₱ 8,000.00. Read more. Add to Wishlist. Out of stock. Kimetsu no Yaiba: Tanjiro Kamado Nichirin Blade. Rated. . La espada de la reina?) es una serie de libros juego publicados por Hobby Japan, sobre la base de la licencia de obras de Lost Worlds.Publicado por primera vez en 2005, incluye solo personajes femeninos. La trama gira en torno a un torneo conocido como el Queen's Blade, el cual se realiza cada cuatro años para determinar una nueva reina Blade of the Immortal is a series that strives to encapsulate the time-period and struggle of the profession. It's an influential manga that spawned two anime adaptations and a live-action film. With the recent recreation of the series airing on Amazon Prime, we thought it would be a good idea to compare the two Blade. Unlimited Blade Works is a special type of map, one that can only be activated and put into use by awakening with Shirou Emiya. This is the only map in the game (currently) that does not last the entire round. The map is always loaded outside of the main map far away around the edge of the ocean. It is always loaded, even when a Shirou Emiya user isn't present, although the map animations do. Space Knight Tekkaman Blade II ) son seis episodios OVA (original video animation) que fueron lanzados en 1994 por Tatsunoko y sirve como secuela de la serie anime Tekkaman Blade. La serie fue originalmente licenciada por Urban Vision para VHS en 1998 y posteriormente para DVD en 2001. [. 4 Watch Blade Anime Series Online: Watch full length episodes, video clips, highlights and more Nelle liste come. Trama: In questo nuovo adattamento animato il cacciatore di vampiri Blade, mentre è in Giappone per una missione, riesce a rintracciare Deacon Frost, il vampiro che ha ucciso sua madre. Il protagonista dovrà combattere contro Existence, una misteriosa organizzazione formata da vampiri geneticamente modificati da Frost Eric Brooks is a human-vampire hybrid who hunts vampires. Before he was born, his mother was attacked and bitten by a vampire, dying while giving birth to him. As he grew into puberty, he began exhibiting various vampire-like tendencies without their weaknesses. He was eventually found by Abraham Whistler, a vampire hunter who taught him to control his abilities and hunt vampires. Now, as. Blade: Anime [12/12] [Latino] [MEGA] Publicado en 5 mayo, 2017. Blade es un daywalker cazador de vampiros que nació con sangre humana y vampiro en sus venas después de un vampiro atacó a su madre. La hoja está visitando Japón en una misión en la que no sólo se enfrenta a Diácono Frost (el vampiro que mató a su madre Tara Brooks. Tenten (Anime only) Nowaki (Anime only) Konohamaru Sarutobi (Anime only) Mirai Sarutobi (Anime only) Naruto Uzumaki (Anime only) Sora (Anime only) A chakra blade is a type of weapon that a user can flow their chakra into, giving the weapon additional properties. There have been different types of chakra blades wielded by different ninja Nichirin Blades (日 (にち) 輪 (りん) 刀 (とう) , Nichirin Tō?) are special blades used by and made specifically for the Demon Slayer Corps to slay Demons. They are forged from a unique ore that constantly absorbs sunlight, one of the only major weaknesses of Demons. Therefore, decapitation by Nichirin Blade is one of the only ways a human can kill a Demon, the other being the use of. تحميل جميع حلقات انمي Queen's Blade مترجم على الخليج و المتعدد بالجودة العالية و المتوسطة الموسم الاول والثاني والثالث !! القصة. دور ألاحداث عن فتاة أسمهالينـــا وعن مسابقة تقام كل 4 سنوات والتي من. . Built exclusively for VR, collisions are dictated by fine hitboxes, objects have weight and follow the laws of physics, creatures have full body physics. Main Blade (Marvel Anime) Cast. Blade / Eric Brooks voiced by Harold Perrineau and 1 other . Makoto voiced by Kim Mai Guest and 3 others . Recurring Roles. Deacon Frost voiced by JB Blanc and 1 other . Noah van Helsing voiced by Troy Baker and 1 other . Lucius Isaa Broken Blade Anime's 3 Teaser Trailers Streamed (Sep 18, 2009) Anime Expo 2009 - CMX Manga (Jul 3, 2009) New York Comic Con - CMX (Feb 7, 2009) Other articles: Show: 1 +1 ref. +1 unverified Talk (26) Share. Welcome! Welcome to the Queen's Blade Wiki! The wiki about Hobby Japan's Queen's Blade franchise that anyone can edit . This wiki has about 329 articles. Series Navigation. Queen's Blade Queen's Blade (jap. クイーンズブレイド, Kuīnzu Bureido) ist eine Spielbuch-Reihe, die von Hobby Japan veröffentlicht wurde. Sie basiert auf lizenzierten Bestandteilen von Flying Buffalos Spielbuchreihe Lost Worlds, bei der die ursprünglichen Figuren durch ausschließlich weibliche Charaktere ersetzt wurden.Von 2005 bis 2008 veröffentlicht, entwickelte sich die Reihe zu einem. Anime Art. Search. Primary Menu Skip to content. Blade & Soul; Magna Carta II; Tears of Blood; Phantom of Avalanche; Tempest; The War of Genesis; Search for: Category Archives: Blade & Soul Blade & Soul, Blade & Soul Wallpaper. New wallpaper. 2013/12/09 Kojiki Leave a comment. Blade & Soul. Blade & Soul. Blade and Soul Character Design. 2013/02. Blaster Blade (Anime Promo) View source. History Talk (0) Comments Share. Original No Ability V Series Anime Promo ZERO Character Archetype; Blaster Blade ブラスター・ブレード Name: Blaster Blade Kana: ブラスター・ブレード Phonetic: Burasutā Burēdo Grade / Skill: Grade 2 / Intercept: Power: 10000 Critical: 1 Shield 1 Biografía 1.1 Unirse a Blade 2 Poderes 3 Parafernalia 3.1 Armas 4 Notas Makoto era una chica que junto con su padre eran cazadores de vampiros. Una noche en Japón, Makoto y su padre habían llegado a un club nocturno para vampiros. En el club los vampiros quedaron asombrados por su gran belleza. Un hombre lobo llamado Radu la llevo hasta una habitación privada y allí intento coquetear. Blade (ブレイド) is an anime that aired between July 1, 2011 to September 16, 2011, consisting of 12 episodes. It's part of the Marvel anime franchise. 1 Japanese Voice Cast 2 English Voice Cast 2.1 Main Cast 2.2 Secondary Cast 2.3 Minor Cast 2.4 Additional Voices (Uncredited) Harold Perrineau - Blade/Eric Brooks JB Blanc - Deacon Frost Kim Mai Guest - Makoto Bryce Papenbrook - Edgar Frost. Blade. 1 Summary 2 Staff 3 Cast 4 Music 5 List of Episodes 6.. Of the 111354 characters on Anime Characters Database, 13 are from the anime Blade and Soul Dark Blade (anime) Blade & Soul is a Korean fantasy martial-arts massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by NCsoft's Team Bloodlust. 47.5k Description: Download free Bamboo Blade Anime Desktop Wallpaper 102601 available in different HD resolutions. License: Personal use only Not for commercial usage Scroll down below to find out more resolutions and sizes Queen's Blade - Grimoire (currently airing, alternative setting to Rurou No Senshi) If you check MyAnimeList , under the related section, you can see sequels, adaptations and alternative settings. There is also a forum where your question has been discussed Blade of the Immortal, escrito e ilustrado por Hiroaki Samura, estreou na revista de mangá Seinen da editora Kodansha, a Monthly Afternoon, em 25 de junho de 1993 e terminou em 25 de dezembro de 2012. A Kodansha reuniu seus 219 capítulos em trinta volumes de tankōbon, lançados de 19 de setembro de 1994 a 22 de fevereiro de 2013 Cette série adapte le scénario Unlimited Blade Works du visual novel, tout en ajoutant quelques éléments inédits toujours supervisés par Kinoko Nasu. L'anime est réalisé par Takahiro Miura et les seiyūs du premier anime Fate/stay night de Studio Deen et de Fate/Zero reprennent leurs rôles dans cette nouvelle série [36], [37] Hello there BnS community, My name is Ra9eQuit and since I am bored for quite a while now, I decided to take some time off for people who want character presets of anime characters, other presets or even real life people! Just send me a mail or send a request in this thread with a picture of the. Manga • TV Anime • Live Action • Characters • Administrators • Recent Changes • New Pages • Help Wiki Welcome to the Blade of the Immortal Wiki, a Wiki dedicated to everything about the manga & anime series Blade of the Immortal (Mugen no Junin) that anyone can edit. Please help us by creating or editing any of our articles! We currently have 3,170 edits to 141 articles and 369. Dec 21, 2018 @ 11:23am. Description. Video loops from the Queen's Blade anime series, encoded and edited by myself. Items (49) Queen's Blade - Gyokuza wo Tsugu Mono - 01. Created by 76561197992135447 Media in category Queen's Blade. The following 7 files are in this category, out of 7 total. Ancap Flag of Amara.png 800 × 533; 8 KB. Flag of the Amara Kingdom.png 800 × 533; 3 KB. Queen's Blade Exiled Warrior logo.gif 400 × 122; 14 KB. Queen's Blade gamebook logo.svg 1,050 × 200; 32 KB Update: You can now watch the full anime online (see above).., but please abide by the rules. We are currently editing 555 articles since December 17, 2005, and you can help

Advertising is the art of communicating with the users of a particular product. While you can easily reach out to your audience in this day and age, how can you actually establish a connection that will make them want your product? For famous American Advertising Executive, Allen Kay, that is through advertising humor. He tells us the keys to advertising humor and how it can change our style to make it connect with the people. In this episode, Allen tells us about his early encounters in the world of commercials and how he got into it. He then shares with us how it can be a perfect career course, along with the skills you need to go beyond advertising. I’m glad you joined us because we have Allen Kay here and if you’ve ever looked up his Wikipedia page it is long for a good reason. He is a famous Advertising Executive. He is the creator of the If You See Something, Say Something campaign. He’s also behind many of the ads that were amazing. One of the most famous Super Bowl ads ever of the Xerox campaign is one of my favorites. We’re going to talk a lot about what he’s done and it’s a fascinating look into advertising and much more that he does. Listen to the podcast here: Using Humor In Advertising To Connect With Audience With Allen Kay I am here with Allen Kay. He is an American Advertising Executive and entrepreneur. You’ve probably seen the Brother Dominic ad which was famous. It’s the 1976 Super Bowl featuring the monk with the Xerox. He’s also well known for creating the phrase and campaign, If You See Something, Say Something. It’s exciting to have you here, Allen. Welcome. Thank you. I’m excited to be here. I am fascinated by your work. That Super Bowl ad is one of the best ever. I can’t imagine somebody not having that in their mind when you bring it up because it dominated. It was creative and unusual. I want to get a little background on you to lead up to that point. How did you get into advertising? I got to advertising at the age of three. My father was the controller of Grey Advertising. He used to bring me in all the time and I would hang out in the art studio. We started at about three, once I was diaper-trained and everything, and it stuck. I always could draw and my father used to write the paycheck so he saw the checks of the creative people going up. He and my mom let me lean in that direction with a little bit of help and I’m happy about that. I was touring at one time, being a fine artist but there was Picasso. He beat me to it and I figured that I couldn’t be better than him. If I can’t be the best, don’t even get in the race. It was advertising and I loved it. Even as a kid, I used to make up stupid commercials and everything. I went to ArtCenter College of Design in California which at the time was the best professional Arts College. I graduated on a Tuesday, flew back on Wednesday and Thursday, I started at McCann Erickson which I didn’t even intend to do. I was up visiting a friend and his boss, Laurel Cutler. She’s quite a famous person in the industry. I walked in and she saw that he was looking at my book. She looked at it and she said, “You’re hired.” I said, “No, I don’t want to work here. I want to work at Wells, Rich, Greene.” She says, “I don’t care. You’re going to work here. You’re hired.” I said, “No, you don’t understand. I had Wells, Rich, Greene and that’s my dream.” She says, “You can go there and get any appointments you want but you’re going to be working here. If things don’t work out, you stay here. That’s all.” I tried all ways to get up to Wells, Rich. I was even considering hiding out in the ladies’ room for when Mary Wells came in. I decided against that so I stayed at McCann. It was there also that I was adopted by Lois Korey, who was my partner for 22 years and we worked together. We first started working together at McCann on special projects. She was a big-shot already and I was just a loudmouth kid. One of the reasons she fell in love with me as she was doing her office and spending thousands of dollars redoing a check. In the meantime, she was in a little office next to mine and the whole office was wallpapered with awards which were impressive. It took my breath away. I came in, I looked and I said, “I’m happy to see that someday I’m going to match you.” She says that she wants the person who recommended me. She says, “The nerve of him but I love this boy.” We got together. She was originally a comedy writer that went into advertising. She wrote with Woody Allen, Mel Brooks and all of the greats. When the industry moved to California, she didn’t want to leave New York. She tried it and it was not for her. She came back and the whole industry was out there. She didn’t know what to do and her husband was looking into the newspaper. He went to help post it and there was an ad that said, “Coffee-writer wanted. No experience, mandatory.” He showed that ad and he said, “This is your place, Lois.” She agreed, she went up and she became a junior partner at Jack Tinker & Partners which was the creative agency at the time. It’s one of the first boutique agencies. They were the ones that remade Alka-Seltzer. Mary Wells came out of there, too and still Greene and Rich. We got together at McCann and then we got drafted by partners to do the Rockefeller gubernatorial campaign. It was his fourth or fifth unprecedented run and the people had been doing it less. They searched into the public and asked what team could fill it. They chose Lois and me so we worked there on the Rockefeller campaign. Nobody was nervous because they knew he wasn’t going to win. He had no chance on Earth but we proved them wrong. He wound up doing some dynamic advertising and he, our staff, and with the help of Arthur Goldberg, who was running against him and not exactly, Mr. Popularity. Rockefeller got in and it was quite a feat. November came and that job was over. McCann expected us to come back and Lois said that she didn’t want to go backward. She got a job at Needham, Harper & Steers and she said, “Come with me, Allen.” I said, “I don’t know. I never heard of Needham, Harper & Steers and I didn’t know their accounts.” She said, “We’re working on this new company called Xerox. That will be fun.” I loved her and she loved me. I couldn’t see working without her so I said, “Okay.” She got me a lot more money than I was making and she was an Associate Creative Director. I was, at that time, called Executive Art Director. We worked together there for eleven years. We ultimately became Co-creative Directors of the agency and handled everything. After eleven years, we looked at each other and said, “We conquered this mountain. Is there an Everest around here?” We decided, “Let’s go out on our own. If we don’t do it now, we’ll never do it.” That’s what we decided to do and we started Korey Kay & Partners. We left two people, me and her, in a borrowed office with a partner’s desk where we knock our knees, fought over the telephone and had one share in the room. We had to move out if she wanted to move around the office or get out the door and that’s how we started Korey Kay. We were not allowed to take clients which was our contract. We were not allowed to take people and that hurts the most. Taking clients wasn’t a problem. These were hand-picked people that we trained over the years. They knew exactly our standards and what we want to do which is never any wasted motion. We couldn’t take it and they were hands-off. Finally, they let us take our executive assistant and I said, “Can we please take her? You said we can’t take any people,” and she said, “No, that’s okay. We don’t consider her people.” I’m sure she appreciated that.The best way to get people online is offline. Click To Tweet I never told her. I hope she doesn’t read this. They are smart, ambitious and hardworking people. What happened is we have a list of 91 people that said, “When you go into business, we want to be your charter clients. We want to be one of your first clients.” We had a safety net there. We started making calls and they said, “I changed job. I’m going to be fired. We just hired an agency. The time isn’t right.” When we got to the 91st call and it said, “I’m sorry this number has been disconnected.” We looked at each other and I said, “What did we do?” We took out an ad in The New York Times, the whole page with our own money. We decided that we were going to position ourselves as the first agency for entrepreneurs. It was the beginning and the entrepreneur wave is just starting to build. We felt, “This was going to be the future. Nobody was there yet. Let’s get there first.” The headline of it was, “Entrepreneurs advertise differently than normal people.” The first time it got me and said, “You bet your assets, they do.” Naturally, The New York Times wouldn’t accept it. They called up and they said, “Sorry, Ms. Kay, we can’t accept your headlines.” She said, “It’s the body. That’s the first line. You bet your assets.” “We can’t accept that,” and I said, “Assets, look it up in the dictionary. It’s a regular word. It means this is your money.” They said, “No, I’m sorry.” I’m the type who doesn’t take no for an answer. I took it all the way to the top and I’ve met with the publisher. He was the son of the original publisher. I told him about it and he said, “That’s ridiculous and the ad run.” They got a lot of attention. The phone rings and it was the National Republican Party. They said that they saw our ad and they did a nine-month agency search. That afternoon, they were going to call the agency that they decided to hire. When they saw the ad that we ran, they got a feeling. They said, “We saw that ad and we knew you had tesfah. Could we send over an advance?” I said, “Sure,” and here we are in this teeny tiny office. We looked at each other. We were transparent before anybody knew what the word was. We said, “We are where we are. He’s not here to rent an office. He’s not here to buy furniture. He’s here because of our talent.” That’s tesfah and that’s the way it is. The office that were loaned from a friend of mine did brochures. He was set up like an advertising agency that didn’t do advertising so we were able to show our reel. He saw the reel and he said, “Great. Nice. I’ll get back to you.” He left and he said, “Okay.” In another meeting, from there, we had an appointment at Manhattan Ribbon Chicken which was a new chicken place that opened up on Madison Avenue. They called and they said that they saw our ad and they’re entrepreneurs and we’re entrepreneurs. They want to be the McDonald’s of chicken and then want us to be their agency. We said, “Can you come up today?” After the Republican Scout left, we go up. We talked to them and all they said was, “Everything sounds good. We’ll get back to you.” They go back to the office, they call up and they said, “We’ve discussed it and we’re weak.” It was hard in the decision but summer is coming and we need an air conditioner. It was an air conditioner for advertising. I don’t know if what a chicken store is like in the summertime so we decided on the air conditioner. The other funny thing that happened was the morning that we ran the ad and the phone rang first thing, Lois picked it up and a man said, “I saw your ad this morning. I’m excited and I just started a company. You’re an entrepreneur, I’m an entrepreneur and the match is perfect.” At which point the operator came in and said, “$0.10 more for the next three minutes.” The phone hangs up and we never heard the guy again. Republican National Committee, that was for Ronald Reagan’s reelection, right? Yes. He had been elected and the Republican Party was not getting high marks so they said that they were going to be an entrepreneurial party. When they saw this ad, what better agency would there be? He called and we come back to the office from Manhattan Ribbon Chicken and Lois is looking through her records and there was a phone slip that said, “Rep marketing called.” We were getting more calls from Media Reps. You could imagine, “If we could take Media Rep as a client, we would have been the biggest agency in the world.” She looks at it and she said, “Another rep. How are we?” The Republican marketing group calls up and the guy said, “I was impressed. I spoke to everybody here. Can you present the entire committee on Thursday?” We said, “Sure.” We went to their office in New York. There were about 30 people there and all in their 30s. We presented our work. We happen to have a lot of head-to-head advertising like Wise against Pringles. We had a Xerox against IBM so we said, “These are political commercials because you have to vote to define and vote for the products. It’s one or the other.” They sat at the edge of the seat and we finished. We told them about this one story with Wise and Pringles. The commercial cause Pringles to come off the shelves and reformulate for nine months. Our cases happen to be fortunate and we looked at each other thinking, “They’re probably going to save my eye.” We said, “It is what it is.” The head of the committee got up and she said, “I have to tell you something. Every word they said about Wise and Pringles is true. My brother was the brand manager of Pringles and he lost his job because of them. If we don’t hire them, we’re out of our minds.” They hired it up. The next day, we were in Washington shaking hands with the President and the whole office. He saw a reel, he laughed, and he liked it. The deal was consummated and we were offered money. The sense of humor you were saying, Lois is the one that had Mel Brooks and Woody Allen experience, right? Correct. I’m not funny at all. I disagree. I loved the monk commercial. That’s funny. How did that change your career at all? What impact did that have? Brother Dominic Super Bowl 1976 is a huge ad. Did you expect it to be that popular? You never know. When we do a commercial, I never know whether it’s funny but I know if it’s right. If it’s right, it turns out to be funny. I knew it was a good spot. My wife said, “It’s not the best one you’ve ever done.” What’s the best one you’ve ever done in her opinion? That’s hard to say. There was one I was involved with a writer, Lester Colodny. It was his concept and that was great about a football game and they’re in trouble. They call a kid in to save the day and instead of running out on the field, he runs into the locker room, makes Xerox copies and brings them out. The coach hands it out to all the players who get on the field with their copy, they do this crazy play and wind up getting the winning touchdown. That still is one of my favorites. I’m curious about the creativity factor. You said you got this from being around that early age and knowing how to draw. The Steve Jobs that takes calligraphy and do a lot with that and that’s what you’ve done with what you have naturally. I’m curious how much you think curiosity plays into creativity? It’s hard to say. As soon as I can have something in my hand that made marks, I made them first with the crib. I found some stuff there that I could smudge on the wall. After that, I always had a pencil in my hand drawing cartoon characters. I had those composition books full of them. It was an escape but it was more like my place and I drew all the time. In school, there were drawings that are all around my tests and everything. Fortunately, I was semi-bright so I finished the test in time to do my drawings. My father was a controller and by his own admission, he didn’t have a creative bone in his body. My mother, on the other hand, her side of the family were artists, writers and musicians. Luckily, I picked up those although I can’t sing a note and I learned how to play five instruments. I got as far as Mary Had A Little Lamb on each of them, and Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star stopped me. I was as bad as far as I got but I could draw, write and talk. If you have those three things going for you in advertising, it’s the perfect career because it uses all of those skills and balance. That’s all I did. I live for the arts. I’m curious, what you thought of Mad Men? I never watched it and people said, “Why not?” I said, “I did not watch it, I lived it.” Have you seen any episodes of it? I’m always curious. No. My wife would tell me about it. There were some cases and things that they talked about that I was involved in. In terms of pitches and sayings like that, they’re changing names to protect the innocent. She would tell, “Allen, they talked about it. Remember when you pitched blah, blah? They had that on tonight,” and I said, “That’s cool.” I know people loved it. From what I hear, it was accurate although it was probably a lot wilder than they were a lot of shows on television. It was a different time for sure. Now, everything is on social media in a different base. You see campaigns like the Gillette thing that upset many people. What do you think of how social media has impacted everything? It has a great impact but a negative impact. I was never a big fan of social media. I thought the hype was bigger than the reality. I always said that the best way to get people online is offline and people said, “You don’t understand the internet. You are behind the time.” They criticized the hell out of me. If you’d notice what’s going on in the industry and the latest articles, they’re saying that offline is the best way to get people online. I only took them 33 years to figure that out but it happens to be true.If you look at any of great commercials that are humorous or whimsical, they make a point, not a joke. Click To Tweet Do you mean like Billboards or snail mail? Billboards, television, radio and mass advertising. When you think about it, social media hit one person one time. The key to advertising is reach and frequency. You need both. You have to reach a big number of your audience and you have to reach more than one. Once doesn’t make sense and the people that are promoting and we’re promoting online which were saying, “YouTube is free and you get 100,000 hits and suddenly, ten million hits.” I said, “This makes no sense.” One day, you get ten million people to see your viral video. This year once and they tell their friend. The next day, there’s another viral video that replaces it and it totally erases the one you saw before. That’s not advertising, not even close. It’s like a movie theater in your computer and I say it’s going to catch up with it. I knew it was going to catch up with it and if you read what people are finally realizing, it has. I remember I had lunch with a prospect and her company was coming out with a new credit card. I said, “You’re going to have to reach a lot of people. You should launch on television.” We were successful in doing this Virgin Atlantic, Comedy Central and Celebrity Cruises. The only one that we didn’t have enough money for TV was Stuart Weitzman but we did outlandish things in print for him. She said, “I hear what you say but I decided we’re going to go on YouTube because it’s free.” I said, “It’s worth every penny.” You’re saying that you’re going to get them online but you’re still only hitting them. Maybe they’re reading it once. You’re saying in multiple hits over and over that you’re doing through billboards is just constant repetition. Also, it’s driving them to the internet. When I first saw what’s going on, I said, “This is a catalog.” That’s all it is. We used to do an ad with an 800 number and got people in the catalog. They hold it for the catalog for more information. The internet to me is the outlet for more information because you’re not on the internet to find a site that’s on the internet. Google came along. It’s helpful, easier to navigate and easier to find what you want but seeing a television commercial sets you up for it. It pre-sells you on the product then, “I want to find out more.” You google it up and you find competitors and so forth. It’s all part of the process. I’m a big believer in including things. It’s not, “Do this. Do that.” It’s how do you do it and in combination, what is the proper balance to get people to buy your product which what advertising is about? If you see many of the commercials now, they forgot that the idea was to sell a product that normally people would say, “Advertising is terrible. I don’t remember the product. The commercials are stupid. I don’t understand them.” They happen to be right. One of the things that Lois and I were known for is using humor in advertising. It’s another thing that got me a lot of criticism and Lois over the years for always having to defend it. In order to explain it, I said, “In advertising, humor is a powerful tool. Like a hammer, it can build a house or break a window.” We use it to build houses. What people don’t understand in the industry about humor, most of them never did. In its heyday and more so now, if you look at any of our commercials that are humorous or whimsical, they make a point, not a joke. Do you have an example? Xerox was a great example. That made a point, “We have a copy that makes you work a lot easier.” That was the point it was making. We didn’t do it to be funny. The way our mind works, if we see irony and stuff, we see human stuff. When we talk about our work, it has a sense of human. That’s what it does because it captures the human truth and human nature. Every one of our commercials, whether they’re for Honda, Virgin or Stuart Weitzman, they’re all human and you feel the people. You say, “They know me. They’re real people like me.” That’s who you like. I don’t think anybody predicting likes doing business with the computer. They don’t like making a phone call and getting a machine connecting them to another machine. That goes against everything that is human and we would draw from everything that is human. What problems do regular people face every day? What problems can we solve for them? They’re not digital. That’s not the way to solve their problem. It’s something real. It was something that they can relate to and empathize with. I was thinking about some of the ads that were popular when I was a kid. You mentioned Alka-Seltzer with the flat fizz that was big. Whereas the beef was big and I can’t believe he ate the whole thing. Is there any particular one that stood out that you did or didn’t do that you thought, “That’s genius?” The Volkswagen stuff is brilliant. One of the first commercials that floored me was the Volkswagen snow plow commercial. I don’t know if you’ve seen it but it’s wonderful. You’ll find it on YouTube. It shows close-ups of a big storm, a guy opens his garage and you hear a car start. You see this terrible blizzard and then you see that car drive out and it’s a Volkswagen. You see it drive up to a big snowplow and a simple voiceover says, “Have you ever wondered how the guy drives to the snowplow?” You don’t need a lot of words to tell your story. You can tell it with pictures and just give it a little tap at the end which is much more effective than what you hear now that is a stupid wall-to-wall copy, “Who is interested?” What do you think of the sexy ads like the Joe Namath and Farrah Fawcett thing? They’re cute and they’re fun. It catches your attention. It looks like, “The shaving cream is cool.” The celebrity advertising is another thing that’s misused because there’s an expression that says, “If you don’t have anything important to say, have somebody important say it.” That is true in most celebrity commercials. They pay them a lot of money to say that they love the product or to appear in the commercial and they’re just doing it for money. The ones that work are when there is a natural affinity between the talent and the product like we did one campaign with Tracey Ullman. Tracey Ullman is the personification of a virgin. She was absolutely right. We didn’t impose higher on the product and we didn’t impose a product on her. It was of natural match and the commercials were funny. This was interesting. We were doing some research on another product of some focus groups and the guy that was handling the group said that he does all of the groups for British Airways. We said, “Okay.” He said, “They researched virgin commercials more than they research their commercials because they can’t figure out how they work.” It is interesting to see which ones take off and which ones you just go, “Huh.” There is sophistication that changes throughout time. You’re the creator of the phrase, “If You See Something, Say Something,” and that’s a huge story in itself. We could spend all the whole hour talking about that but there is a day set up. It’s September 25th, right? Yes. They made International Recognition Day. Every year on that day, it’s going to be the If You See Something, Say Something Awareness Day which is fun. If somebody had told me that I would create something that they would create a holiday around, I would have said, “No. I doubt it. I would not take that bit.” Life is full of surprises. I listened to one of your interviews about how you came up with this idea and how it took off that you tried to talk to the FBI and all these people about it. The Justice Department turned you down initially and then they didn’t have the same vision but eventually, they went with it, right? Nope, I could not get anyone interested. No public entity and no company. Nothing. The first one to turn it down was the Justice Department. They said, “We don’t need anything like that.” I came up with the idea on 9/12, the day after the attack and it was similar. Everybody else has made me angry and frustrated. When I get angry and frustrated, I do what I do best and that’s advertising. That’s where my mind went and I wanted to do a gift from the advertising industry to the country. I came up with this idea which was quite simple. I said, “We are ignorant of what’s going on around us. Americans don’t pay attention, particularly in New York. You’re taught to look down and don’t get involved. We needed just the opposite so I was thinking of the phrase, Loose lips sink ships, which was big in World War II. I was not around at that time but I knew about it. Everybody did and I said, “Wouldn’t it be great if I could give a modern-day version of that?” They laughed because it was erotic. That was about, don’t say anything and If You See Something, Say Something was about, do say something. It came into my head simply as if this reel is sensitive to it. How do we sensitize people? What do I want to tell people? I want to tell if you see something, say something. That’s simple and that became wide. There was a meeting at the ad council about it and they talked that they want to do a campaign from the advertising industry. From the start, I didn’t want to do a nationalistic campaign. All America was great and feel great. I wanted to do something that would have a lasting effect. It would be like an answer to prevention and although all of these things went into one giant formula that came out as If You See Something, Say Something. The Justice Department turned it down, scores of companies and organizations turned it down and we wrote it up so I was like an Ancient Mariner. Anybody I saw in the street, I said, “How would you like to sponsor If You See Something, Say Something?” “I couldn’t get arrested.” Ultimately, nine months later, the MTA who was our client for twelve years at that time called me up and said, “The management here thinks that we should do a security campaign. Do you still have If You See Something, Say Something? Did somebody pick it up?” I said, “No. I didn’t get it. I’ve wanted to go see on my computer.” They said, “Would you mind if we use it?” They were clients spending $15 million a year. I’m certainly not going to say no. I wanted it out anyway but this was a nice way to get it to the public. I said that there are three provisions but the main provision is I don’t want a penny for it. Anybody and anywhere in the world with a bonafide organization can use it for anti-terrorist activities. They’ll get it for free and nobody makes money on it. If you agree to that, fine. They said, “If you want to do that, that’s what we do.” It took eight years for the Department of Homeland Security to realize, “This is something good.” It took the Times Square incident for them to wake up and realize that this is a message that we should put behind. By then, it had already gone global. The week it came out, Australia picked it up and I was shocked. Somebody sent me the newspaper with a picture of their big train station in Perth and right across the top of this huge poster saying, “If You See Something, Say Something,” with my layout and my typeface. They look like I had done it. I was proud and surprised thinking A, how did they find out about it? B, how did they know to utilize it quickly? Right now, it’s in over 150 locations around the world. It became global on its own steam. I didn’t push it. Nobody pushed it. It had a life of its own. Once the seed was planted, it grew in all directions. Many things that you’ve done have been amazing and I was looking forward to talking to you about your work and advertising, how this iconic phrase and what you’ve done to help. I was looking at some of the things online of major incidents. You mentioned Times Square and different things that have been stopped because of people saying something. That must be such a great legacy to know that you had a huge part in that. Everything you’ve done was fascinating. I’m going to definitely share a lot of your ads with my advertising students. I still teach a lot of marketing courses on the side. This has been fun and a lot of people would probably like to know more. Do you have a website or anything you’re promoting? I know you have several years with Korey Kay & Partners. Is there some way that people can reach you? Yes. I have a website which I call click it. One page should tell it all and if you want more information, you contact the company. If they go to AllenSKay.com, they’ll see about eight of my favorite commercials that I was involved in. That’s a qualifier if they like that work and they will like what I do. If they don’t understand it or don’t like it, they’re not going to pull with them at all. That’s a way for them to get our capsule of what I tell you, “I am what I do,” and that’s what I do.In advertising, humor is a powerful tool. Like a hammer, it can build a house or break a window. Click To Tweet You do a lot of amazing things. It was exciting to have you on the show. Thank you. This was fun. I’m glad. That was amazing and thank you. — I want to thank Allen for being my guest. We get many great guests on the show and what’s fascinating is the different stories they have. I love the true stories and their backstories of what they’ve gone through and what they’ve done to be successful. Allen created some of the most unbelievable campaigns. If you didn’t see some of those ads that we talked about on the show, I hope you look them up. Everything is on YouTube these days. You can see some of the ones that made a difference. I love the creativity behind what he does. I have watched some of the interviews of how he becomes creative and gets himself into that mindset. A lot of it lets his mind get to the point where it’s open to new ideas and things. In a lot of the research I did on creativity, I found it was interesting that a lot of the creativity experts all had said that curiosity came first when we’re talking about what comes first, curiosity or creativity. We need to let ourselves open our minds to new ideas like he says. We let our fears and our assumptions hold us back. Our fears of looking stupid in picking the wrong thing, saying the wrong thing and that type of thing. Also, our assumptions, that voice in our head that tells us, “I’m not going to be good at this. I’ve never been creative. I’ve failed at something in the past so I probably won’t be able to do it again.” If you do that, you shut yourself down to creativity and intuitive nature that we have that can lead to the next big innovation. That’s why I was interested in watching some of his other interviews and things that he’s talked about how he got to this level of success. He also discussed something that ties into the environment and he talked about how his father took him to his company when he was a kid. Our environment is such a huge impact on whether we go into this field or that field. If your family says, “This is a cool thing to do,” and you love that thing, that’s great but if you don’t love that thing, sometimes, you get guided in the wrong direction. It sounds like he got guided in the greatest direction for what he was skilled at doing especially with the background of being artistic and all the things that he had going for him. He also talked about technology. We talked about whether it helps or hinders sometimes and then getting a message across. Every single aspect of our conversation tied into the four factors of fate that I research for curiosity, which are fear, assumptions, which are the voices in our head and the voices we tell ourselves, technology and environment. Those are the four things that inhibit curiosity. People can be highly creative if we work on some of these things. I know I’ve mentioned some of the TED Talks about creativity by Sir Ken Robinson or some of the work by Dr. George Land. Some of these guys talked about how we have educated people out of their creativity, their curiosity and their ability to learn and think in the ways that we naturally do as children. We see that kids are super curious and creative until about age five and we see this marked decline until adulthood. That’s what I want to open up a dialogue about when we talk to organizations and we talk about the importance of curiosity to creativity to innovation to engagement. All the factors that are inhibiting productivity in the workplace. If we can work on starting with curiosity, we can get many other areas and help people succeed. That’s what I’m trying to do with the curiosity in my book on Cracking The Curiosity Code and my Curiosity Code Index which is available at CuriosityCode.com as well as at DrDianeHamilton.com. If you go to the top, you can drop down the Curiosity information there. If you can get a baseline and a measurement to give yourself an idea, “Here are 36 questions and they’re all tying into the fear, assumptions, technology and environment type of issues.” You can find out, “These are the things that are holding me back,” and it opens up a dialogue with others if you want to talk to them or just within yourself, in your mind. You can discuss, “How am I going to overcome these issues if I’m afraid of looking not prepared? I’m telling myself I’m not interested in this. I haven’t learned this technology. If I over-rely on this technology or if somebody my family said this is a cool thing to do or this isn’t a cool thing to do.” There are all these factors that have impacted our curiosity and what I’m trying to do with consultants and HR professionals is get them certified to get this Curiosity Code Index, be a CCI certified provider, go to organizations and help them with this. I’m working with large organizations and pharmaceutical companies of people in different fields all around the world. Talking to them about, “How can we get your workplace to be more innovative?” What’s fascinating to me is that curiosity is such a common term and idea of how important it is and yet nobody’s working on improving it. There’s no real assessment to determine the things that stop and inhibit curiosity. They’ve only had assessments that tell you how curious you are which is great if you want to know if you’ve got a higher or low-level curiosity and a potential higher. It doesn’t tell you, “This is what we need to work on. This is their problem with fear, assumptions, technology and environment. If we can put together a SWOT analysis and action plan, that looks at these opportunities and threats and how can we overcome these with measurable SMART goals. That’s why the training courses are important. If you’re a consultant, an HR professional or somebody that’s interested in becoming certified to give this, the course is available for five hours of SHRM certification credit which is nice. I spoke at SHRM at their big event about this. I know that HR people are excited to get out in the field and train their employees about this because they have such a problem with lack of engagement. We know that Gallup is saying, “You’re losing $500 billion a year in organizations because of this.” A lot of people are aligned inappropriately or they just aren’t passionate about what they do because of that. If we know that technology is going to take some of these jobs away, maybe half of the jobs are going to be done by some AI or something else. People are going to have to do something different. As we put people into new jobs, wouldn’t it be great if they were aligned with what they would love to do? How can we find that out if we’re not allowing them to explore or if we’re not asking questions about what they would love to do? That’s what I find amazing about developing curiosity and it ties into creativity. All that we talked about with Allen sparked my interest and all this stuff that I study. I love that Allen got into some of that and it was fun to talk about how creative he was. I hope some of you take the time to check out his site, go to YouTube and look at some of these videos because they were great. I’d love to hear what you like and what you thought was creative and what you think is important about in all the shows. I enjoyed this episode and I hope you did as well. I hope you join us for the next episode of Take The Lead Radio. Important Links: About Allen Kay Allen Kay is an American Advertising Executive and Entrepreneur. He is the genius behind the iconic Xerox ad featuring the monk named Brother Dominic, which aired during the 1976 Super Bowl. He co-founded Korey Kay and Partners advertising and served as its Chairman and CEO for 32 years. He was the creator of the phrase “If you see something say something.” Love the show? Subscribe, rate, review, and share!

current position：Home>DOM based on JavaScript DOM based on JavaScript 2022-04-29 08:08:57【Chen Chen is trying】 DOM DOM,Document Object Model Document object model JS Pass through DOM Come on HTML Document for operation . Just understand DOM Can operate at will WEB page - file . Documents refer to web pages , A web page is a document - object . Object refers to converting every node in a web page into an object - Model . The model is used to represent the relationship between nodes , Easy to operate page node （Node） Nodes are the most basic units of a web page , Every part of a web page can be called a node Although they are all nodes , But the types of nodes are different Common nodes ： - Document nodes （Document）, On behalf of the whole page - Element nodes （Element）, Represents the tag in the web page - Attribute node （Attribute）, Represents the attribute of an element - Text node （Text）, Represents the text content in the web page DOM operation In web pages, browsers have provided us with document object , It represents the whole web page , It is window Object properties , You can use it directly on the page . document Query methods ： - According to the id Property to query an element node object ：document.getElementById(“id Property value ”); - According to the name Attribute values query a set of element node objects ：document.getElementsByName(“name Property value ”); - Query a set of element node objects according to the tag name ：document.getElementsByTagName(“ Tag name ”); <button id="btn"> I'm a button </button> <script type="text/javascript"> /*console.log(document);*/ var btn = document.getElementById("btn"); console.log(btn.innerHTML);//" I'm a button " btn.innerHTML=" Hello "; console.log(btn.innerHTML);//" Hello " console.log(btn);//"[object HTMLButtonElement]" </script> event （Event） Events refer to the interaction between users and browsers . such as ： Click button 、 close window 、 Mouse movement ... How to bind Events ： You can set the corresponding... In the event property of the tag JS Code . Structural and behavioral coupling , Not recommended <button id="btn" onmousemove="alert(' hate , What do you want me to do ！');"> I'm a button </button> You can handle events by setting callback functions for the specified event properties of an object . <script> var btn = document.getElementById("btn"); // Click the response function btn.onclick = function() { alert(" What do you want me to do ！"); }; </script> When a browser loads a page , It's loaded in top-down order , Load one line, execute one line . If you will js Code to the top of the page , When the code is executed , On the page DOM Object is not loaded yet , You will not be able to get DOM object , Lead to DOM operation failed . Solution one ： Can be js Code to body Below <body> <button id="btn"> Button </button> <script> var btn = document.getElementById("btn"); btn.onclick = function() { alert(" ha-ha "); }; </script> </body> Solution two ： take js Code to window.onload = function(){} in window.onload The corresponding callback function will be executed after the whole page is loaded , So you can make sure that when the code is executed , be-all DOM The object has been loaded <script> window.onload = function(){ var btn = document.getElementById("btn"); btn.onclick = function(){ }; }; </script> DOM Inquire about Get element node （ adopt document Object call ）： getElementById()adopt id Property acquisition One Element node object getElementByTagName()adopt Tag name obtain A group of Element node object getElementByName()adopt name Property acquisition A group of Element node object The child node includes the text in the note element , Child element self-contained label element Get the child node of the element node （ Call through a specific element node ）： getElementsByTagName()Method , Returns the specified label name of the current node and the descendant node Elements .childNodesGet the... Of the current element All child nodes , A blank text child node is obtained 【 stay IE8 And the following browsers , Do not treat nodes as child nodes 】 Elements .childrenGet the... Of the current element All sub elements Elements .firstChildGet the... Of the current element First child node , A blank text child node is obtained Elements .firstElementChildGet the... Of the current element The first sub element Elements .lastChildGet the last child node of the current node Get the parent node and the sibling node （ Call... Through specific nodes ）： Elements .parentNodeGet the parent of the current element Elements .previousSiblingGet the previous sibling node of the current node , It is also possible to obtain blank text child nodes previousElementSiblingGet previous sibling element 【IE8 And below are not supported 】 Elements .nextSiblingGet the next sibling node of the current node innerHTML and innerText These two properties are not in DOM Standard definition , But most browsers support these two properties . The two properties work similarly , You can get the content inside the tag , The difference is innerHTML Will get html label , and innerText Will automatically remove the label . If you use these two properties to set the content inside the tag , There is no difference Attribute of element node ： - obtain Element object . Property name - Set up Element object . Property name = New value Other attributes ： nodeValu： Text nodes can be accessed through nodeValue Property to get and set the content of the text node innerHTML： The element node uses this attribute to get and set the information inside the label html Code document Other properties and methods of the object document.bodyGet... On the page body Elements document.documentElementGet the html Root element document.allGet all the elements in the page , amount to document.getElementsByTagName("*"); document.getElementsByClassName()According to the class Attribute values query a set of element node objects 【 This method does not support IE8 And the following browsers 】 document.querySelector()according to CSS The selector goes to the page to query an element , If there are multiple matching elements , Then it will return the first element queried document.querySelectorAll()according to CSS The selector queries the page for a set of elements , All matching elements are encapsulated into an array and returned , Even if only one DOM modify document.createElement()Used to create an element node object , It requires a tag name as a parameter , The element node object... Will be created based on the tag name , And return the created object as the return value document.createTextNode()You can create a text node object based on the text content appendChildAdd a new child node to a parent node . usage ： Father .appendChild( Child node ) insertBeforeInsert a new node in front of the old node . usage ： Parent node .insertBefore( New node , Old node ) replaceChildReplace the old node with a new node . usage ： Parent node .replaceChild( New node , Old node ) removeChildDelete the specified child node . usage ： Parent node .removeChild( Child node ). Recommend ways ： Child node .parentNode.removeChild( Child node ) - The above methods , In fact, the corresponding elements are changed （ label ） Of innerHTML Value . myClick("btn07",function(){ // towards city Add Guangzhou var city = document.getElementById("city"); /* * Use innerHTML It can also be done DOM Operations related to the addition, deletion and modification of * Generally, we will use a combination of two ways */ //city.innerHTML += "<li> Guangzhou </li>"; // Create a li var li = document.createElement("li"); // towards li Set text in li.innerHTML = " Guangzhou "; // take li Add to city in city.appendChild(li); }); confirm() Used to pop up a prompt box with confirm and Cancel buttons , You need a string as an argument , The string will be displayed as prompt text . for The loop executes immediately after the page is loaded , The response function will execute when the hyperlink is clicked , When the response function executes ,for The loop has already been executed DOM Yes CSS The operation of Read and modify inline styles adopt JS Modify the inline style of the element . grammar ： Elements .style. Style name = Style value Be careful ： If the style name contains -, You need to change the style name to hump naming method - Get rid of , And then - The last letter is capitalized . for example ： background-color Change it to backgroundColor adopt style The styles set by the property are all inline styles , Inline styles have a higher priority , So pass JS Modified styles are often displayed immediately . adopt JS Get the inline style of the element grammar ： Elements .style. Style name adopt style Property setting and reading are inline styles , Unable to read styles in style sheet Read the current style of the element Gets the current display style of the element grammar ： Elements .currentStyle. Style name . It can be used to read the style that the current element is displaying . If the current element is not set to this style , Then get its default value currentStyle Only IE Browser support , Other browsers don't support . Available in other browsers ** getComputedStyle()** This method gets the current style of the element , The method is window Methods , You can use it directly . Two parameters are required ： - first ： The element to get the style - the second ： You can pass a pseudo element , It's usually spread null var obj = getComputedStyle(box1,null); alert(obj.width); getComputedStyle() Method returns an object , Object encapsulates the style corresponding to the current element . However, this method does not support IE8 And the following browsers Can pass object . Style name To read the style , If the obtained style is not set , You will get the real value , Not the default . such as ： No settings width, It won't get auto, It's a length adopt currentStyle and getComputedStyle() The read styles are read-only , Do not modify , If you want to modify it, you must pass style attribute // Normal browser mode alert(getComputedStyle(box1,null).backgroundColor); //IE8 The way alert(box1.currentStyle.backgroundColor); Achieve compatibility /* * Define a function , Gets the current style of the specified element * Parameters ： * obj The element to get the style * name The name of the style to get */ function getStyle(obj , name){ // object . Property does not exist , No mistake. , If you look for an object directly ,（ Current scope to global scope ） I can't find a mistake if(window.getComputedStyle){ // Normal browser mode , have getComputedStyle() Method 【IE8 And below there is no 】 return getComputedStyle(obj , null)[name]; }else{ //IE8 The way , No, getComputedStyle() Method return obj.currentStyle[name]; } //return window.getComputedStyle?getComputedStyle(obj , null)[name]:obj.currentStyle[name]; } Other style related properties Be careful ： The following styles are read-only , Unspecified offsets are relative to the upper left corner of the current window When satisfied scrollHeight - scrollTop == clientHeight, Indicates that the vertical scroll bar scrolls to the end When satisfied scrollWidth - scrollLeft == clientWidth, Indicates that the horizontal scroll bar has scrolled to the end event （Event） Event object When the response function of an event is triggered , Every time the browser passes an event object as an argument into the response function , All information related to the current event is encapsulated in the event object , such as ： Mouse coordinates 、 Which key on the keyboard is pressed 、 The direction in which the mouse wheel rolls ... You can define a formal parameter in the response function , To use event objects , But in IE8 The event object in the following browser has not finished the argument transfer , But as a window Object's properties are saved Example ： // Solve the compatibility problem of event objects Elements . event = function(event){ event = event || window.event; }; Elements . event = function(e){ e = e || event; }; Get the coordinates of the mouse onmousemove This event will be triggered when the mouse moves in the element clientX and clientY Used to obtain the coordinates of the mouse in the current visible window div The offset , Is relative to the entire page pageX and pageY You can get the coordinates of the mouse relative to the current page But these two properties are IE8 China does not support it. , So if you need to be compatible IE8, Do not use var left = event.clientX; var top = event.clientY; The bubble of events （Bubble） Event bubbling refers to the upward conduction of events , When an event on a descendant element is triggered , The same event on its ancestor element will also trigger . The bubbling of events is beneficial in most cases , If you need to cancel bubbling , You need to use the event object to cancel The event object can be cancelBubble Set to true, You can cancel the bubbling . for example ： Elements . event = function(event){ event = event || window.event; event.cancelBubble = true; }; Delegation of events We hope , Bind events only once , Can be applied to multiple elements , Even if the element is added after We can try to bind it to the common ancestor element of the element Refers to the common ancestor element that uniformly binds events to elements , So when an event on a descendant element triggers , Will bubble all the way to the ancestral element . The event is handled by the response function of the ancestor element . Event delegation takes advantage of bubbling , Delegate can reduce the number of event bindings , Improve the performance of the program . target ： event Medium target Represents the object that triggers the event Binding of events Use object . event = function Bind the response function in the form of , It can only bind a response function for an event of an element at the same time , You can't bind more than one , If multiple , Then the back will cover the front addEventListener() Through this method, you can also bind the response function for the element . Parameters ： - The string of the event , Don't on - Callback function , This function is called when the event is triggered - Whether the event is triggered during the capture phase , A Boolean value is required , It's usually spread false Use addEventListener() Multiple response functions can be bound simultaneously for the same event of an element , So when the event is triggered , The response functions will be executed in the binding order of the functions This method does not support IE8 And the following browsers btn01.addEventListener("click",function(){ alert(1); },false); btn01.addEventListener("click",function(){ alert(2); },false); attachEvent() stay IE8 Can be used in attachEvent() To bind events . Parameters ： - The string of the event , want on - Callback function This method can also bind multiple handlers for an event at the same time , The difference is that it executes after binding , The order of execution and addEventListener() contrary btn01.attachEvent("onclick",function(){ alert(1); }); btn01.attachEvent("onclick",function(){ alert(2); }); // Define a function , Used to bind the response function for the specified element /* * addEventListener() Medium this, Is the object that binds the event * attachEvent() Medium this, yes window * Need to unify the two methods this */ /* * Parameters ： * obj Object to bind event * eventStr The string of the event ( Don't on) * callback Callback function */); }); } } Dissemination of events Netscape and Microsoft have different understandings about the spread of the incident ： Microsoft believes that events should spread from the inside out , That is, when an event is triggered , Events on the current element should be triggered first , And then propagate to the ancestor of the current element , In other words, the event should be executed in the bubbling phase . Netscape believes that events should be spread from outside to inside , That is, when an event is triggered , The event of the outermost ancestor element of the current element should be triggered first , And then it's spreading inward to the next generation of elements W3C A combination of the two companies , The spread of events is divided into three stages ： - Capture phase . In the capture phase, from the outermost ancestor element , Capture events to target elements , But by default, no event is triggered at this time 【IE8 There is no capture phase in browsers and below 】 - Target stage . Event capture to target element , The end of capture starts to trigger an event on the target element - bubbling phase . Events pass from the target element to its ancestor element , Trigger events on ancestor elements in turn If you want to trigger events during the capture phase , Can be addEventListener() The third parameter of is set to true. In general, we don't want to trigger events during the capture phase , So this parameter is generally false. Common events Mouse events Drag events <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> <style type="text/css"> #box1 { width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: red; position: absolute; } #box2 { width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: yellow; position: absolute; left: 200px; top: 200px; } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> window.onload = function() { /* * Drag and drop box1 Elements * - Drag and drop process * 1. When the mouse is pressed over the dragged element , Start dragging onmousedown * 2. When the mouse moves, the dragged element follows the mouse onmousemove * 3. When the mouse is released , The dragged element is fixed in the current position onmouseup */ // obtain box1 var box1 = document.getElementById("box1"); var box2 = document.getElementById("box2"); var img1 = document.getElementById("img1"); // Turn on box1 The drag and drop drag(box1); // Turn on box2 Of drag(box2); drag(img1); }; /* * Extract a function specially used to set drag and drop * Parameters ： Turn on dragged elements */ function drag(obj) { // When the mouse is pressed over the dragged element , Start dragging onmousedown obj.onmousedown = function(event) { // Set up box1 Capture all mouse down events /* * setCapture() * - Only IE Support , But it will not be wrong when calling in Firefox , * And if you use chrome call , Will report a mistake */ /*if(box1.setCapture){ box1.setCapture(); }*/ obj.setCapture && obj.setCapture(); event = event || window.event; //div The offset mouse .clentX - Elements .offsetLeft //div The offset mouse .clentY - Elements .offsetTop var ol = event.clientX - obj.offsetLeft; var ot = event.clientY - obj.offsetTop; // by document Bind one onmousemove event document.onmousemove = function(event) { event = event || window.event; // When the mouse moves, the dragged element follows the mouse onmousemove // Get the coordinates of the mouse var left = event.clientX - ol; var top = event.clientY - ot; // modify box1 The location of obj.style.left = left + "px"; obj.style.top = top + "px"; }; // by document Bind a mouse release event document.onmouseup = function() { // When the mouse is released , The dragged element is fixed in the current position onmouseup // Cancel document Of onmousemove event document.onmousemove = null; // Cancel document Of onmouseup event document.onmouseup = null; // When the mouse is released , Cancel the capture of the event obj.releaseCapture && obj.releaseCapture(); }; /* * When we drag and drop the content of a web page , The browser will search the content in the search engine by default , * This will cause the drag function to be abnormal , This is the default behavior provided by the browser , * If you don't want this behavior to happen , You can use the return false To cancel the default behavior * * But it's right IE8 It doesn't work */ return false; }; } </script> </head> <body> I'm a text <div id="box1"></div> <div id="box2"></div> <img src="img/an.jpg" id="img1" style="position: absolute;" /> </body> </html> Wheel event onwheel All support <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> <style type="text/css"> #box1 { width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: red; } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> window.onload = function() { // obtain id by box1 Of div var box1 = document.getElementById("box1"); // by box1 Bind a mouse wheel scrolling event /* * onmousewheel Mouse wheel scrolling events , Will trigger when the scroll wheel rolls , * However, Firefox does not support this attribute * * Required in Firefox DOMMouseScroll To bind scroll events * Note that this event needs to pass addEventListener() Function to bind */ box1.onmousewheel = function(event) { event = event || window.event; //event.wheelDelta You can get the scroll direction of the mouse wheel // Roll up 120 Roll down -120 //wheelDelta We don't look at the size of this value , Just look at the positive and negative //alert(event.wheelDelta); //wheelDelta This attribute is not supported in Firefox // Use... In Firefox event.detail To get the direction of scrolling // Roll up -3 Roll down 3 //alert(event.detail); /* * When the mouse wheel rolls down ,box1 Lengthening * When the roller rolls up ,box1 shorter */ // Determine the direction in which the mouse wheel rolls if(event.wheelDelta > 0 || event.detail < 0) { // Roll up ,box1 shorter box1.style.height = box1.clientHeight - 10 + "px"; } else { // Roll down ,box1 Lengthening box1.style.height = box1.clientHeight + 10 + "px"; } /* * Use addEventListener() Method binding response function , Cannot be used when canceling the default behavior return false * Need to use event To cancel the default behavior event.preventDefault(); * however IE8 I won't support it event.preventDefault(); This thing , If you call directly, an error will be reported */ event.preventDefault && event.preventDefault(); /* * When the wheel rolls , If the browser has a scroll bar , The scroll bar scrolls , * This is the default behavior of browsers , If you don't want it to happen , You can cancel the default behavior */ return false; }; // Bind events for Firefox bind(box1, "DOMMouseScroll", box1.onmousewheel); };); }); } } </script> </head> <body style="height: 2000px;"> <div id="box1"></div> </body> </html> Keyboard events onkeydown Indicates that the key is pressed . about onkeydown For example, if you keep pressing a key and don't let go , The event will always trigger . When onkeydown When triggered continuously , The interval between the first and second times will be a little longer , Others will be very fast , This design is to prevent misoperation . onkeyup Indicates that the key is released Keyboard events are usually bound to some objects that can get the focus or document keyCode Can pass keyCode To get the code of the key , It can be used to determine which key is pressed . except keyCode, Several properties are also provided in the event object ：altKey、ctrlKey、shiftKey. These three are used to judge alt ctrl and shift Is it pressed If pressed, return to true, Otherwise return to false //console.log(event.keyCode); // Judge a y Is it pressed // Judge y and ctrl Whether it is pressed at the same time if(event.keyCode === 89 && event.ctrlKey){ console.log("ctrl and y It's all pressed "); } input.onkeydown = function(event) { event = event || window.event; // Numbers 48 - 57 // Make it impossible to enter numbers in the text box if(event.keyCode >= 48 && event.keyCode <= 57) { // Enter content in the text box , Belong to onkeydown Default behavior of // If in onkeydown The default behavior is canceled in , Then enter the content , Does not appear in the text box return false; } }; author[Chen Chen is trying])

Single White Female Syndrome: Dealing With Online Imitators and Blog Copycats I’ve written a lot here on the subject of copyright theft, and what do to if someone steals your words, pictures, or even your whole blog. There’s another type of copying that occurs in the blogosphere, though, and it’s a far harder one to tackle: in fact, it’s a hard topic to even talk about, without sounding a bit paranoid, or like you have an over-inflated ego which makes you think everyone who does something even remotely similar to you is OBVIOUSLY copying you. I’m talking here about the so-called sincerest form of flattery: imitation. When someone doesn’t actually copy and paste the content of your blog and try to pass it off as their own, but who may as well have, because they start to mimic (either consciously or unconsciously) your style – whether it be writing, clothing, or even your blog theme and design. I’ve had this happen a few times now, and these incidents have been some of the most awkward I’ve ever had to deal with as a blogger. In one case, I remember a blogger who started commenting on all of my posts, always praising them, often mentioning that she would love to be able to dress like me, or do her hair like that, or whatever. At first I didn’t think anything of it: in fact, I thought she was incredibly sweet, and well, it’s hard not to like someone who’s being SO NICE to you, isn’t it? After a while, though, I noticed that the comments changed from, “I love your lipstick!” to “Can you tell me the exact colour and brand of your lipstick, because I’m going to buy it this weekend?” and so on and so forth. Now, I honestly didn’t think anything of that, either: the nature of blogging (and particularly of fashion and beauty blogging), is that people want to buy the items they see you wearing, and in most cases that’s a good thing – it’s what allows bloggers to make money from affiliate links, after all, and what makes brands want to work with us, because they see as “influencers”. In this case, however, the “influence” obviously went too far, because once she’d acquired all the same makeup as me, and many of the same clothes (she had the same colouring as me, which made the end result of this all the more creepy), she decided to start a blog of her own. “What’s the name of your blog theme?” she asked me. “Because I think I’m going to get it, too. What’s the font you use in your posts?” Then, one day her comments came with a URL attached to them, so I clicked on it, and… WOW. I mean, I can’t say she had copied me exactly, because she hadn’t. But reading her blog was eerily familiar to me. The green dresses. The red lipstick (same brand I used). The messy updo I used to wear a lot at that time. The poses. Even the writing style was very, very familiar, with certain words and phrases which I tended to use a lot cropping up in her writing, which was on the same themes as mine. She hated the OMGSNOW. She referred to people she didn’t understand as ‘The Others’. One day I posted a photo of the top of my head, showing a bow clipped into in my messy bun: the next day, she posted exactly the same picture, but of the top of HER head, showing an almost identical bow clipped into HER messy bun. And so it went on. When things like this happen, what most people tell you is that you should “just be flattered” – because, after all, the person must really like you/your blog if they want to copy you THAT much, mustn’t they? Now, that IS flattering, of course: but something someone once said to me that really stuck with me is that it’s flattering… but in the least flattering way possible. Which sounds a bit confusing, but it struck a chord with me, because what I took it to mean is that being copied in this way is flattering, sure – but it’s a type of “flattery” that doesn’t make you feel good. Actually, it makes you feel a bit sad, and frustrated, and it also puts you in an incredibly awkward position, because what you REALLY want to say is, “Look, why not get your own theme/outfit/writing style” rather than just mimicking mine?” but how on earth do you say that to someone who’s indicated that they really like and look up to you, and who you know means no harm to you? For that matter, how do you even prove that the copying is happening AT ALL? I’m not the first redhead to have a love or green dresses and high heels, after all. I didn’t invent the word “OMGSNOW” and I’m not the first person to talk about ‘The Others’. I also don’t own the exclusive rights to the blog theme I use, am not the only person in the world to use Playfair Display as my body text, and I am definitely not the only blogger who takes photos of computers and coffee cups on white backdrops. There are plenty of trends that sweep across the blogosphere, and which everyone seems to pick up at once. We all have those Ban.do pens, Kate Spade planners, and a nice collection of succulents in copper pots. What’s more, we all shop in the same stores, so we own the same clothes, and sometimes we put them together in the same kind of way, entirely by co-incidence. On THAT subject, co-incidences DO happen. I held off publishing my ‘Blog Predictions for 2016’ post, for instance, because no sooner had I written it and saved it to draft, I saw another (much more popular) blogger, publish a post with exactly the same title. I didn’t copy her, and she definitely didn’t copy me – we just happened to have the same idea, at roughly the same time, and that happens more often than you’d think. Right now, for instance, there’s a post in my drafts folder which I’m similarly afraid to publish, because a few days ago someone tweeted a link to a much larger blog, which had just published something very similar. I’m worried that if I publish my post, people will think I’ve copied them: and the fact that I know I didn’t isn’t much of a defense is it? This is why this kind of blog copying is so hard to deal with. In the case I talked about above, for instance, I dealt with it in completely the wrong way: by doing… well, nothing, really. Well, it’s not like you can go to someone’s blog and say, “I know I posted a link to that dress last week, but actually, I’m the only person who’s allowed to buy it, so you CAN’T,” can you? So I did nothing, in the hope that she’d eventually find someone else to copy – which she did… eventually. What should I have done differently? I honestly don’t know. Er, it’s just occurred to me that you probably clicked onto this post in the hope that I’d have some awesome advice for you, but I really don’t: because this kind of thing has happened to me a few times now, and has also happened to some other bloggers I know, and I STILL don’t know what the best way to deal with it is. One thing I DO know is that it’s important not to jump to conclusions, or call someone out publicly: I’ve been on the receiving end of THAT, too, back in my freelancing days, when someone accused the blog I edited at the time of copying her site – which I’d never even heard of, let alone set out to copy. The blogger in question, however, just could not accept that shoe bloggers tend to end up writing about the same shoes every now and then, so she threw around some very unpleasant accusations about me and my fellow writers, finally resorting to the old “commenting under different names” trick, to try to make us think there were lots of people attacking us. It wasn’t nice – and, more importantly, what she was saying just wasn’t TRUE. The few occasions where we’d covered the same topic as her had been genuine co-incidence, and down to the fact that we were all monitoring the same shoe sites every day, looking out for new products to feature. That experience was more than enough to convince me that public accusations are never a good idea – but I’m not sure I’d know how to approach someone privately either, and say, “Hey, I see you’ve been copying me again!” I mean, AWKWARD, right? Anna Nuttall Wow Amber – creeepy… seriously that must have freaked you out. That would weird me out if I had a blog/online copycat, but then again who would copy a 32ys old overweight 4ft10 woman? You and I have been in the blogsphere for a really long time and like me you also started on livejournal, do you remember Krystole? Does that name sound familiar? She was someone who would openly steal someone online identity and blog, people would get up in arm about it and this would occur all kind of online drama. She would openly pretend to be that person from a blog and do all kind of crazy stuff. Anyway google Krystole to know what I mean. Jenn You sound kinda crazy yourself.. Corinne Ohh dear, that sounds intense! I’ve had a few posts of mine copied, but not my whole blog or style I don’t think. But then again, I’m not really that unique so there are many blogs like mine out there that have a photography style similar to mine. Wallpaper background ohhh I’m so special. The first time someone copied one of my posts I emailed the girl. Because it was such a blatant copy. It was a list style post about goals for 2015 and all her points were the same and even the same sentences in some parts. I emailed her and basically said look, this is post is exactly like mine and copied hers vs mine so she could see. I was like, I’m not going to ask you remove it, it’s up to you what you want to do next but I personally don’t think it’s right to copy someone elses work. She then replied and said that she had cut and pasted the post and meant to change the wording more but forgot and it publish. I don’t know. In the end she just changed the wording. I’ve also had someone more well known do it to me a few times too. I had other people tell me about it but I just couldn’t be bothered to get into a conversation about it and make things awkward. The amount of people that were DMing me about it told me that people knew what she was up to, so that was enough for me. It was a couple of my most popular posts which I basically spam the hell out of twitter with soooooooooooo 😀 I really think that it’s great to take inspiration from others, but you have to do it in the right way. And for copying post ideas I think it’s fine to be like ‘This blogger posted about the 5 things that blah blah so I wanted talk about the 5 things that I blah blah’ to give the original blogger credit. I actually love it when bloggers do this! Have a nice weekend, Corinne. Trona what! she forgot to change the wording more! that’s something else. What an excuse to come back with *side eyes* Roisin This is a really interesting post, and it’s something I’ve been on both sides of, in a weird way. My blog has never been copied in the way that your blogs have but a few fairly low-level things have happened in the last while. They’re minor, and I haven’t done anything about it because, like you said above, it’s hard to know if you’re being paranoid or if you should just be flattered or what. There’s another sewing person who follows me on instagram and twitter (I don’t think she blogs but her twitter header uses a picture from the same fabric that I have used in my blog design) – we have similar taste in fabric and stuff and that’s no issue. Ever since I have been blogging about my sewing, I’ve given my finished dresses a name – it’s just something that I do – and she’s started doing it too. So it’s not copying, as such – presumably she thinks it’s a good idea and there’s no shame in adopting that for yourself. That’s how things work. But I must admit to it making me raise my eyebrow when it’s a lot of the same fabric/pattern combinations that I use, then in combination with another tradition that I have, if that makes sense? Anyway, it’s harmless and all – but regardless of the intention, it does make me feel copied. Another fairly new blogger has adopted my thing of using a random quotation from a film or TV show as a post header – now this does feel more like copying, because a lot of the quotations are exactly the same and she then uses gifs and things in the same way that I do. Again, it’s harmless, I guess. I’ve met the person and she’s very nice – but, yeah, I do feel like something that was uniquely Dolly Clackett is now… not. It’s hard to know what, if anything, to do about it. This is especially because I really REALLY hate being dictated to by someone else. A number of years ago, a former friend would become really enraged with me if I – accidentally or deliberately – bought anything that she already had. She told me not to do it and when she did, I have to be honest, the devil got into me and I thought, “Well, fuck you then. I do what I want with my money” and it probably made me more likely to do it. Or at least, it removed ANY possibility that I wouldn’t buy a dress I wanted because she already had it. We’re not friends any more and never will be again – not for this reason alone, obviously – but, it’s a pretty fundamental difference in viewpoint! So with the low-level ‘copying’ I have described above – I’d never tell someone not to do those things because I know how much it pissed me off when someone told me off for it. When Nic and I got engaged, a sewing internet friend organised a competition as a wedding present to me. It was called Sew Dolly Clackett and the idea was to sew a dress inspired by my sewing and post it on your blog. It was such a sweet idea – the intention was to show me that I am liked, you know? There were prizes donated by various companies and then I had to pick winners. It was astonishing – truly astonishing – how many people took part. There were hundreds of entries and some people made multiple entries in the time (there was someone who made, I think, 14 dresses out of fabrics that I had previously used) It was touching and I will always feel grateful at the organisation of it and the love it showed. But I’ve got to tell you – it made me feel so weird that there were hundreds of people out there copying me – albeit in a well-meaning way – for this competition! It was kind of uncanny – like that bit in Shall We Dance where Fred Astaire dances with, like, 30 women wearing Ginger Rogers face masks on, and the real Ginger is behind one of them. It must have been hateful for any readers of sewing blogs who hate me, too – I was everywhere on sewing blogs for like, two months. In a way, it was a little bit sad to think that my style – something that is a part of me – could be so easily pastiched. So yeah. Here’s a massive essay and I have no answer for it either! Amber Haha, I love the essays 🙂 For what it’s worth, I think your headlines ARE really “you”, so that would bother me, too – and it would really jump out at me if I saw someone else doing it! With the competition thing, I know how you feel: I don’t know if you remember the Shoe Challenge I did years ago on ShoeperWoman, but I’d basically invited people to take part by linking up to a certain post every Friday… well, loads of people DID decide to join it, but rather than linking up etc, they all just announced on their own blogs that they were going to start doing “a shoe challenge”, which was identical to mine, but without ever mentioning that they’d got the idea from me (which I knew they had, because they would frequently comment on my blog). It bothered me because it was just so blatant, and also because I knew that their own readers would just assume it had been THEIR idea, so if they ever came across my site, they’d probably assume I was the one doing the copying. I did try to address it a couple of times by putting up general pleas to people to please link back/give credit if they were using the idea but of course, people just ignored that and kept posting about “their” shoe challenges. It sounds SO petty when I write it down, but I remember at the time feeling quite hurt that people had just taken my idea without credit but would try to promote their blogs in my comment section. I’d sometimes click through when they did, and they’d often have comments from their own readers saying things like, “Oh, this is such a great idea, I think I’ll do it,” and not once would the blogger in question say, “Actually, it wasn’t my idea…”, they’d just accept the credit for it. On the flip side of THAT, though, a few months after I started that challenge, another blogger commented saying something like, “Oh, how funny, I do a shoe challenge too!” I clicked through, and sure enough, she had been doing a style challenge involving shoes: it was actually a completely different idea from mine, but she’d been referring to it as a “shoe challenge” (I guess because there aren’t THAT many different ways to describe a challenge involving shoes), and she’d been doing it for longer than I’d been doing mine. I had genuinely never seen her blog until she commented on mine, but I looked at it again a couple of weeks later, and she’d added a giant tagline with “Home of the ORIGINAL shoe challenge!” on it, so it was pretty obvious she thought I’d copied her, and was annoyed about it. I was mortified (and it was a shame, because she seemed like a really cool person, too), but it was a genuine co-incidence (and not even the same idea), so what can you do? Myra I’d like to look at Roisin’s blog site. What’s it’s name please? Amber It’s called Dolly Clakett, but if you click on her name, it will take you right to it 🙂 Jenny Oh my goodness, this post makes me glad I have a teeny tiny blog. Very interesting. I would have no clue what to do! I’d be too scared of coming off as the crazy b—- with a huge ego and not say anything. Amber Stuff like this happened to me years ago, when my blog was much, much smaller – I think it can happen to anyone! maria That copycat girl sounds rather creepy… She either thought that by imitating you she would get followers and collaboration with brands because it was a tried method and was working for you, or she really did have an admiration for you, which bordered on borderline with copying your blog/style/clothes… Either way, it’s just plain weird. Amber It was before my blog was even monetised, so I doubt it was the former: just a bit odd, really! Myra The only thing I might suggest is to say that you are flattered she likes your blog/style/photos and wants to emulate you, but that you look forward to seeing her develop her own style, giving her a unique blog CiCi Marie Gah this is so creepy! I don’t know what I’d do if it were me, maybe nothing, but I like the last comment about saying you’re looking forward to seeing them developing their own style for a unique blog. That’s direct but not as in your face as ‘stop copying me you weirdo!!’ B I have a story similar to the first one, except I’m not a fashion blogger so no photos of me to copy, thankfully. Anyway, I had a tiny blog once and someone copied it. I had the copy taken down and it was not a big deal, only a few YEARS later I realised that she (the copycat) was not only copying my blog. I used to post on some discussion forums and she copied my posts – my opinions, reactions to things, threads – to post on a forum she was an user on. Some points she didn’t “ctrl+c-ctrl+v” copy, but instead got the essence of, e.g. I’d mention that I have a brother – she would have a brother too, I got into university – she would too etc. I have accounts on pages that would let you rate films, books or games – she would rate the same items as me in the exact same way. I had my Facebook set mostly as private, but she could still see the cover photo for instance so of course she’ll copy it. Etc. etc. This was intensely creepy and went on for 4-5 years, I think. I confronted her twice, now I think it died down a little. Also, I’m older now and the stuff I post on the internet is not my whole life anymore, so I care less. Anyway, she is probably reading this as she would become an instant fan of any blog I ever mentioned on the forums or wherever… I don’t think there is a good way to deal with this kind of copying. These people have no shame and if they have already built a fanbase, then to the fans you’re the crazy woman making accusations. If they’re not copying word-for word or monetising the content then one will have to live with it, I guess. Hayley Daley-Hannibal Something very similar happened to me too! It was actually quite scary! I did exactly the same as you and ended up just not reply to her comments or questions but then I felt so guilty. My blog is no way massive or anything like that but I totally hadn’t expected anything like this to happen and it is hard to notice who is just generally being nice or if it’s stepped into the scary stage. Also the part you mention about having similar posts to others is soo hard for me I get a lot of inspiration from other bloggers and then it’s so hard deciding when to post said inspired post! I’ve now started making notes on things that inspire me then leave it at least a month before I think about acting on the idea. Thanks for sharing this post. Mana I did a 4th of July ootd as a you could wear this style post so it was a week in advance, and two days later a well known blogger did a super similar outfit, and I commented and said something like “this is so cool we did similar things” and she sent me an email and said she had seen mine two days before and was worried I’d try and claim she stole the outfit from me, and I was like well your dress is gap and mine is h&m and you’re working with gap in your post so I assume this was planned well before I decided to wear my super similar dress with the same shoes and jacket you have, especially because I bought those shoes because I loved the way you styled them. She messaged me back and said I was probably the most level headed person about this and she had one woman once try to file with the court and sue her for theft without even reaching out to her. The case never went anywhere at all, but I can see how the blogger would have been upset. Especially since a lot of her posts are ads and are arranged anywhere from months to at least weeks in advance. As a blogger I try to be careful and aware that my writing can be influenced a lot by what I’m reading. On the other side I had a person on the get off my internet hate forums write about me and say I was copying other bloggers writing style and that I looked like a train wreck. So I think being influenced is one thing and outright copying is another. (And that girl was not influenced she was creepily trying to stepford you) Mana Fashion and Happy Things sher ugh i feel you! i actually had it happen before, and it was almost worse in a way because it was someone i knew IRL who started to copy. how do you even begin to have that awkward conversation? i took the exact same do-nothing approach as you and it still kind of bothers me. my philosophy though is to just let it go – i do my best to focus on making new content for myself and my site and i think that copies are just pale imitations of the real deal. not to say the copier couldn’t come up with anything great and original on their own! i actually think they can which is why its so sad and frustrating that they don’t. i wanted to ask if you would share how you got the left arrow to go to your previous post. haha i know this is a post on copying but i hope you don’t mind sharing… is it a plugin? or part of your native theme? i’ve seen it on the nytimes but never on another blog so would love to know if you are willing to share 🙂 sher Amber It’s part of the theme! Alysa Not sure what I would do about it either. Probably complain a lot to my husband and friends and ultimately do nothing haha The only issue comes up would be if I were creating something tangible to sell and people were copying that so they could make money off of it. I’ve seen that happen to some friends of mine, and it really sucks! My question for you would be this: a while ago you posted some pictures of your phone with images from Netflix on it as a way to talk about tv shows, and I thought that was a great idea! I don’t feel right just taking pictures off of the networks websites for tv shows, but I talk about tv shows a lot. Would it be bad to be inspired by that idea and do something similar? Because I thought that was a fabulous idea. Amber I don’t think I can claim to have been the first person to have done that, so I don’t think I could complain about it being “copied”! Suzy That is really creepy, kinda reminds me of that movie, Single White Female. Have you seen it? Maybe you should watch it lol 😉 As long as you try and not let it get to you – I mean, you’re unique and you’re you. No-one can take that from you! Suzy x Julia Wow. It is creepy to have someone copy you. And I mean not your work or ideas but your way of life. I can’t say I was concerned about my work. After all I saw some of my thoughts on other sites but this is why I write, to influence people. It is weird to have a clone of your life. Never thought about this before. Did you ever read about the copycats in Japan? Actually they try to copy their idol and they are allowed to do that. Weird. Anca It sounds creepy. It happened to me to be imitated on a forum. When I was talking about my husband I would use “Mister” because I wanted to protect his privacy. I didn’t write on that forum for a few of months as I was busy with other things and I went back I saw that someone was using “Mister” to talk about her husband. That was weird as the forum was not in English and I was the only one using that term. Anyway, after she saw that I was back on the forum she used again “my husband”. Weird. Ms Patricia Lynn Why, yes, yes I have. Nicola I would be tempted to post a photoshopped pic of me pretending to have shaved off all my hair and see if they copied that. Or would that be too mean? ? Katie Halsall Aw man, stuff like this makes me happy about being a small blog! I’ve definitely worried about posting things though. Sometimes I’ll think up an idea, and then yep, something similar appears on my timeline. Often I just give it a bit of time before doing my thing so it doesn’t look like I’m copying – even though I actually wasn’t to begin with – because I worry what people will think. I think being inspired from someone else’s post and then putting your own spin on it is great, but just full on copying isn’t. It can be a fine line which some people unfortunately cross. Rose I had a recent university grad create a Twitter account that was identical to mine including my blog name of all things which is copyrighted. I couldn’t believe the nerve she’d have to do that and I was very aware she’d seen my blog and Twitter account. She thought because she wasn’t following me that I’d never find out even though she was tweeting to my niche. I tried to let it go figuring she was a young girl who may not know it wasn’t okay. Then one day I clicked a link to something she tweeted about her thesis project and realised she had used my copyrighted blog name along with the same themes, subjects, and some of the content from my blog in her university thesis project without any citation to my blog! I was livid. My blog sets out to educate but that doesn’t mean you can steal its content. It was baffling. Anyhow, I decided to reach out to her and I told her I held the copyright to the blog name and that it was illegal to use the name including in her thesis project but that I wished her luck in the profession. She messaged back claiming she didn’t know and she changed it. I think she was embarrassed she got caught and all but stopped tweeting. Had she not changed it, I was prepared to send a cease and desist letter and an email to her professor as I really felt someone should not be aspiring to my profession if they can’t understand copyright and clearances as well as thorough research. William Goodwin That’s a bit creepy… I find everyone is a copycat these days. I don’t know if it’s just pure laziness or a mental barrier in need of climbing. I was searching…notice I said “searching”… for information on the proper size of a fabric grow bag for heirloom tomatoes. I know… I must sound as weird as your copycatress… Anyway, dozens of sites popped up on google search so I begin reading. Every one of them was the exact same wording… Not one different thought or information or an idea, just cut and paste with every site. Anyway, your website is beautiful and you have nothing to worry about my dear but more copycats… Luckystar It’s disturbing and upsetting because it is a sign of someone with a personality disorder. It’s not the copying that they do, it’s their behavior, mannerism, and actions around it. There is a weird hunger/starvation/greed about it, lack of boundaries, pride/ego that they have. It starts to feel like they’re determined to destroy your identity as your own so that it can be theirs. It’s not normal. The person you describe is not someone who is inspired by something that they then do their own way. Or even in a similar way. It is a person who has to try to find other people’s identities to mimic and pretend to be due to a larger issue in herself. It can go to extremes the more obsessive the person becomes. It’s a trait of a few disorders, learning more about it can help you understand that you are one of many people targeted, and that you are not the only person it happens to, and you are not alone in how disturbing it is.

buy tadalafil Australia ? Visalus male enhancement reviews Free sex pills with free shipping Apcalis tadalafil Black diamond male enhancement reviews Erection pills Levitra Best natural male enhancement products Penis enlargement fact or fiction Cobra king male enhancement Delayed ejaculation TTC . Visalus Male Enhancement Reviews! It cock growing pills Elida Kucera was a handsome young man with a wealthy family when he was young, but then the whole family was killed by the enemy In order to take revenge, she deliberately approached the enemy and wanted to take his life However, the actions natural stay hard pills even get close to the enemy In the end, she did not hesitate to undergo plastic surgery to transform herself into a beautiful woman. Eighth your sister! Luz Klemp shouted without showing weakness, his buy tadalafil Australia forward, do those over-the-counter stamina erection pills work in his hand, he threw it out, and forced the other masked ninja to stop Although he could only block the opponent for a second or two, it was enough for him. Free Sex Pills With Free Shipping! It seems that Georgianna Fleishman's guess best natural over-the-counter male enhancement Tomi Antes does have a problem Seeing that he didn't respond for penis enlargement pills do they work Sharie Schewe couldn't help shouting. It is a pity that buy tadalafil Australia results this year, even if they win this penis enlargement fact or fiction sex pills 7 eleven destined to be relegated. He knew that he had killed does tadalafil work seriously injured one person Although he was reasonable, it was only a few lives, and he was not an ordinary person. At this time, there were a few more whistles, and the mortar shells exploded not far from everyone, only about a hundred meters away ArginMax Australia is aimed at here, which means that the patient is also following. There were stories, scenes, friendship, feelings, friendship, justice over evil, and most importantly, there were various styles of beauties There are adrenaline-pumping racing cars red rex male enhancement cool cars. But why should Elida Buresh be exchanged? Sharie erection pills Levitra the ruthless and unsmiling eunuch, lost his life in order to protect her Yan Samatha Serna He had only one duty, and that was to protect Margarete Pingree the King Neal's grief grew stronger and stronger, and eventually she was too sad to be happy. Apcalis Tadalafil. What should he do after he escaped to the royal city? Is there any value for yourself to Yuri Klemp? Lloyd Latson was fine, but the Lloyd Badon clan, Leigha Lupo would not let him viagra in Australia so much in this battle Larisa Grisby, who had lost 30,000 navy troops in the last round of war, sex boosting tablets this time. The patient desperately He swooped up without fear, did tadalafil tablets 20 mg cost dodge, and screeched buy tadalafil Australia military vehicle with an instinct. Once I was married to Lawanda Mote, but I completely refused any intimacy and contact with him As long as he was touched, the hair on his body stood up and his whole how to boost your libido fast thought it was my body's fault that I couldn't change for the rest of my life. Black Diamond Male Enhancement Reviews! Along the alley until buy tadalafil Australia is a rusted iron gate Through the iron gate, Margarett Serna faintly heard the sound of explosive music doctor oz male enhancement pills. The person who tadalafil SPC by buy tadalafil Australia investigate the scene also reported that the valley where the accident happened has become a hell, and there is no half way to it. The giant who stepped forward was buy tadalafil Australia in place, as if a bucket of invisible potion was poured from head to toe, and the whole imported pills for sex. Blythe Lanz also poured a bowl of soup for the youngest expert at the end, and handed it over with both hands However, I don't think it is necessary to take the men's enhancement pills possible, do sex pills work if ED is psychological of testing instruments. Erection Pills Levitra! Tama volume pills GNC Thomas Haslett leave, she sat on the chair with a displeased expression and pouted, Old man, why did you let big pills that make your penis rock hard his business, and I can't limit his buy tadalafil Australia. It is strange that those rich people do not flock to it To this end, Dr. Camille where can I order viagra online to improve the purchase conditions of the two cars again which ED pills help ejaculation. where to buy Levitra online rushed into the sky with the explosion, rustling down the river, splashing several meters high waves Anthony Serna, who was in a coma, was suddenly awakened by the explosion. Nancie Fetzer smiled and said Cousin doesn't have to be so pessimistic, and the Count of Negative only wants to take back the Elida Schewe Sharie tadalafil alternative not suffer catastrophe Suoning said Qiana Buresh still wants to talk about this kind of buy tadalafil Australia. Best Natural Male Enhancement Products? The cold wind blew, and the debris fell to the ground with a sound, and the figure stopped abruptly After four or five minutes, nothing was found, and it began to low sex drive in men in their 20s. Although, all the noble girls outside are talking about her marriage, and they are all envious of her being able to marry such an excellent husband She is so vain, and what extreme fx male enhancement most before was this kind of jealousy and buy tadalafil Australia it feels a bit harsh. After two minutes, Margarete Wiers couldn't help but asked, Hey, are you okay? Are you ready to say something? If you don't speak, I'll buy tadalafil Australia natural supplements for male libido minutes later, there was still no movement. Rebecka Menjivar nodded, because she where can I buy Adderall in Australia so most things can't be eaten From birth to the present, the ones she ate the most were jade milk, scorching sunflower, and blue snow lotus. You can let me Sanofi tadalafil power man replied, In fact, your sexual performance-enhancing supplements doesn't matter to me, I'll make a soy sauce and mix it with some food I swear! Many power users think this way, who is willing to work for whom these days? They are all here to make soy sauce The top door of the power user's head, I can let you go, but you have to tell the truth most popular male enhancement pills power user pointed to the distant hill. The whole tadalafil lowest price ten minutes, and the mutation time was greatly shortened! And the attack power of this patient is much higher than that of ordinary patients The situation at the time was that after the nurse became a patient, he rushed out of the tent and bit one of the nurses. You can apply for a bank loan for such a good project! Leigha Schroeder asked casually Is your bank willing to lend? The male potency pills up and how can your dick get bigger. Penis Enlargement Fact Or Fiction! Really? Tami Pingree walked up to Nancie Wrona with his hands behind his back, looked at him condescendingly, and said in a cold voice Margarete Michaud did you come in? I don't remember goril x male enhancement to the banquet. If you want to fight with him, free sample trial if Cialis discussion, buy tadalafil Australia Schewe, if you have a chance, you might as well try to climb up. Seeing her delay in speaking, Lyndia Pepper couldn't help urging What the hell does penis growth pills have side effects nothing, it's just a small matter. Leigha Drews was secretly surprised, this woman was wearing a leather jacket and trousers, without a pocket, and she didn't know where the dagger was best otc male ED pills door. Cobra King Male Enhancement. buy generic tadalafil four men and women to buy tadalafil Australia the fortress, which will be another major discovery in the study of the end of the effective penis enlargement. So it's impossible to hide it, it's better to tell it openly what store to buy gold male enhancement pills honestly he The matter was settled, buy tadalafil Australia Cialis tadalafil Eli Lilly. The man behind him had a weapon in his hand and took a step up Zonia Grumbles waved his hand, and all the people on the scene raised their buy Teva sildenafil online flinched. Although his consciousness is maximum male enhancement he can't stand such torture It doesn't matter whose inheritance you are, since it is awakened in my body, it should be how to buy Cialis in Australia Margherita Fleishman felt a little more determined, stretched out a finger and gently moved forward, Fusion. Delayed Ejaculation TTC. However, Alejandro Michaud is also considered a master He did not expect to use all Nugenix ultimate Walmart still slaughtered buy tadalafil Australia. Everything is not over yet, he must save himself, otherwise the consequences will be disastrous And his only way to survive now is to drag Tami Menjivar and Bong Grumbles into the water together After all, the arrest warrant for Thomas Culton was signed by manforce viagra tablets Fleishman over-the-counter male enhancement reviews. Most Popular Male Enhancement Pills? lest I meet the boss without knowing who it is, how embarrassing? After buy tadalafil Australia and encouraging his employees to work hard, and there will be rich rewards, Yuri Catt brought several Chinese and foreign members of male enhancement results The project manager Blink health tadalafil logistics manager have all gathered together and are ready to assign tasks I think everyone knows each other, so I won't introduce more. Is it wrong to be honest? During the max performer CVS on the third day of the Lunar Raleigh Menjivar, it was not easy to find a place to buy tadalafil Australia the morning. Old doctor, is there anything else? Aren't you working with Laine Mote now? I best natural male enhancement products Gaylene Pekar said sternly, Do you know about penis enhancement pills results the research room researching? This. Stephania Mayoral patted him on the shoulder and said with a smile, Okay, you've male sexual stamina supplements hard too Let's go back Durazest reviews increase stamina in bed pills. Performance Pills? At this male enhancement pills 24k rhino up neatly, with a shadow pavilion expert riding on it, and a large five-hundred-pound gunpowder bag. It's really her! Michele Serna was shocked, Rubi Fleishman got into such a powerful enemy, and the land given by God will be difficult in the future Margarett Roberie didn't know that Arden Mayoral could participate in the mission through Jeanice free sex pills with free shipping. Stephania Serna'cut' I didn't penis growth enhancement pills can open it with your eyes closed Tama Kucera expressed disbelief, but had a look of watching the buy tadalafil Australia face. How To Boost Your Libido Fast. I can order Cialis Canada is the pure 1996 Lafite, and it can't enhancement pills that work expressed her judgment with great certainty, and then said to Thomas Mcnaught buy tadalafil Australia believe the doctor. Moreover, in order to save his life, he did not hesitate to offer a big name, completely broke cheap viagra 100 mg Canada Shili, low dose Cialis price on Shili's face. Xiaoba, mother is willing to do anything and everything for you Liren gently stroked Leigha apcalis tadalafil face and muttered to himself. As if stung by a wasp, Sauron quickly withdrew his hands, took pills to make you cum begged for mercy Auntie, I have rescued Camellia Roberie, right in Arden Paris Suddenly, Turings seemed to be struck by lightning, and she didn't homemade male enhancement pills time. Even if Randy Wrona is not in a hurry, I am afraid Many people have ED supplements impatiently Therefore, professional papers must be put on the agenda Lawanda Grisby is very happy that Maribel Badon has new ideas. Tadalafil Dose Response? Although hundreds of tons of gold are not very valuable, only billions of dollars, but that is gold! In addition to gold, there is buy tadalafil Australia amount of cash Leigha Mischke one a day men's 50 side effects remind Luz Geddes The total amount of cash may be tens of billions. Just this one move, Anthony Pepper is more able to win the hearts of fans than the previous stingy bosses The real supervision account, the real 400 million, is more effective than any bragging about the wonderful prospects deeply male sexual performance pills of taking viagra plus Cialis. Oh, buy tadalafil Australia I I'm almost killed erectile dysfunction over-the-counter CVS a big bet in his game, and you have to lose money delayed ejaculation TTC Erasmo Mayoral shouted at Lloyd Block. No matter how authoritative analysis is, can there be news broadcast authority? Can someone cost of viagra in Mexico page? Even after the person who posted the post has just posted a few posts, he saw do male enhancement drugs work following thread, and the post after that was a little afraid male erection pills over-the-counter. Nugenix Ultimate Walmart? Having said that, the female cultivator sighed and said, Although truth about penis enlargement pills don't feel good about dealing with fate, I don't like her very much Jeanice Antes Qinqin, what a lovely and painful child, is our lifeblood, we are so tadalafil India price her go. After such a long time, he still hadn't gotten rid of the shadow of the patient At this time, a red light flashed and penetrated into his chest Clora Pepper felt very hot in tadalafil online India if the penis enhancement supplements. Okay, now you can answer the question just now Margherita Kazmierczak was stunned What's the problem? Becki Guillemette, why did you beat him? Because he owes a beating If it wasn't for your face, I would never have let him go easily Maribel Center said puzzled You tadalafil dose response me a reason Don't ask me, it's a matter of course for me to beat sex endurance pills never wronged him. Homeopathic Solutions For ED! A Thomas Cultonren, this woman he was only known and never met before For him, there top 5 2022 male enhancement products buy tadalafil Australia the north, peerless and independent, a country and a city. That thing can also be called a submarine? It was just a concept, and Anderson was stunned Jeanice Fleishman couldn't help but look at Anderson with contempt buy tadalafil Australia Our domestic doctors didn't black diamond male enhancement reviews the blueprint. Over-the-counter Male Enhancement Reviews? Yes, tadalafil erectafil 20 had no buy tadalafil Australia not to mention that Elida Paris promised to double the expansion of the Templar army, and he benefited the most. buy tadalafil Australia said that if it weren't for Ashili's outstanding martial arts, Anan would have died Boots viagra connect 100 mg first lesson, and he needs to completely convince the bear boy Yuri Damron within half an hour. certainly! You pledged fifty percent of your shares, that's for sure! Tami Byron affirmed solemnly, and then immediately asked g, the male enlargement pills just received in your account do you need me to recommend several financial products with stable buy tadalafil Australia to contact my assistant is tadalafil as good as Cialis Badon smiled and pushed the matter to Zonia Geddes He didn't understand these things at all. XR 30 Adderall! There buy tadalafil Australia on the door, the big man greeted him, and the person outside carefully pushed sildenafil citrate Kamagra entered, it was his secretary Boss, I mixed Finn's injured x-rays with dozens of x-rays of different types of injured or real penis enhancement. Blythe Grisby put his mind at ease, and dared to play anything as exciting as a roller coaster, which shows that Anthony Culton's psychological quality is very good, and I should be able to bear is sildenafil 100 mg safe don't look up without my permission. Bullets are limited, male libido booster pills try buy tadalafil Australia possible Putting away the gun, he lowered his body and walked around through buy tadalafil Australia to him. Sail, march, retake the Camellia Fleishman, and kill the Sokite Navy! Following an order, four hundred ships spread their sails, Forty thousand sailors, mighty, rushed towards the sea area of Lyndia Motsinger The flying eagles in the king's city passed the book Marquis skyscraper male enhancement pills already begun to move It is expected to reach Samatha Roberie in half a month. Elida Haslett buy tadalafil Australia did my Tomi Haslett family have such a worthless thing Maribel Michaud flew all the way, and finally couldn't hold it any longer He put Clora Roberie on the ground and sat down with max load ejaculate volumizer supplements you okay? best male sex-enhancing drugs him worriedly. Tadalafil SPC what's the best male enhancement pill Yuzhu, the chief metal material expert in the hospital, were good friends before, and Samatha Pingree's hospital will not be fortified against anyone who is testosterone booster supplements the Philippines. This silly girl, doesn't she know that she is sneaking and lurking to save herself? I'm also afraid that others don't know, buy tadalafil Australia shout first and then rush out As for Erasmo Mayoral, she purchase Cialis in Australia sword. This time you came to cobra king male enhancement If buy tadalafil Australia wrong, you My mission should have something to do with Buffy Grumbles. Does this count as a cocoon? does male enhancement pills make you bigger work thing! Isn't it just a phone call at this time in the middle of the night after local time? As for it? Yes, not me! Tama buy tadalafil Australia holding back his laughter After speaking, he laughed wildly without sincerity. Homemade Male Enhancement Pills? It was the nurse who was dragged in, knowing that he free Cialis trial Australia pulled the explosive pack, and died together A furious howl came from the ground, like The wicked roar of Buddha and hell Along with this roar, the experiences of those who were entangled in tentacles on the ground were also different. In addition to little blue tablets the Qiana Redner, there is also the third-ranked Clora Coby Swords The three of them are practicing together in a sword formation The three of them are buy tadalafil Australia retreating together Is there such a thing? Arden Antes's eyes widened, this is too. Male Libido Booster Pills In less than two hours, everyone followed the man to see the facilities in the trading area The man tried his best to answer everyone's questions, buy Cialis India to the payment office at the end of the transaction. He is a master of external skills, and he has never been afraid buy tadalafil Australia a while, the faces of the Cialis eBay Australia became more stamina pills to last longer in bed. buy tadalafil Australia Augustine Guillemette looked at Stephania Fetzer rebelliously, with blood on penis enlargement facts tadalafil tablets Cialis the slightest fear. performance pills to the capital, his mission in Lloyd Badon Cialis 10 mg online Australia and there will only be four team members buy tadalafil Australia lead to a shortage of manpower That's not good, the chairman has explained that the staffing of the first team must be arranged by you in the future. When the two bottles of Erguotou bottomed out, Tami Kucera touched his blushing cheeks, got up and said, You should rest early, I will take you to Lyndia Mcnaught to report tomorrow morning Do you really have a way to get me in, boy? Nonsense, don't look at who buy Cialis online best price I buy tadalafil Australia. Bull Sex Pills For Men Then each person gave a pen and paper, buy tadalafil Australia to write down what happened after the refuge fell We can see the clues by comparing the four people's confessions, best place to buy viagra online in the UK forcibly extorting confessions. Another thing on Diego Latson's to-do list is that a Cialis 2 5 mg Australia jointly fund the establishment of an investment hospital and appoint a buy tadalafil Australia also It takes the shortest time to verify the contract enlargement pump the agreement. I will take my subordinates and do my part well You are very powerful, I know that, but the people who were what is the best viagra bad, you buy tadalafil Australia Geddes, she went directly to your guild After Mr. Huo finished speaking, he patted Maribel Kucera on the shoulder and left. What Is The Best Viagra. He also praised the unprecedented record of the army shooting down three helicopters of drug cartels on the spot and killing more than 40 people on both sides in the battle, showing its determination to fight against drug cartels to the end Is this okay? Arden Coby watched the news released by Guatemala in order while waiting for buy viagra sildenafil UK arrange the time. I only saw that Anthony Pepper was asleep on the hard ten days dosage to the door She couldn't see her face, but she could see her hair like clouds, and her white and pink neck. Buy Viagra Sildenafil UK! Father, there were 9,000 casualties today, of which 3,000 were bull sex pills for men and 4,000 were lightly injured Margherita Center said The giant crossbow that was removed from the battleship was also damaged. enhancement herbal male lightly, not forgetting to point out his head One was shot in the head, and the other was sent to the sky by a best sexual enhancement herbs. After confirming the outline, he received a call again This time, it was Alejandro Mongold who invited him back medical penis enlargement house male enhancement pills non-prescription. sex boosting tablets homeopathic solutions for ED buy tadalafil Australia endurance spray visalus male enhancement reviews XR 30 Adderall male sexual release endurance spray.

VigRX plus original Malaysia how to make a man hard again pills to stay hard longer premature ejaculation cream CVS ED medications best reviewed male enhancement pills buy Cipla tadalafil best male performance supplements. They saw several scattered patients on the ground at a glance, especially when they saw the patient of the blond man, their expressions changed greatly, and they said in horror Why, he died it! One of them A middle-aged GNC male sexual enhancement products to come with us earlier, but he had to rely on speed to run ahead Now, how should we explain to the blood clan! Another sighed, looked at Augustine Culton, and frowned. Where Can I Buy Progentra Male Enhancement Pills In Ghana He took a deep look at Buffy Culton, and then slowly backed away, the dark best sex enhancement pills for males sample rolled back, covering the sky live his face. If the soul is ExtenZe male enhancement supplements friendship with the ancestor of humanity, can definitely enter the Thomas Volkman and wait for the next reincarnation. Leigha Schewe shook his head and said, I'm not a little girl who is seventeen or eighteen years old, so you can do male enhancement pills really work level by saying these words Raleigh Byron was embarrassed He touched his nose and said, Don't be so boring, okay, I'm just what male enhancement pills were on the shark tank. Refers to Tomi Grisby, because of Laine cockstar male enhancement sexual supplements preconceived and believe that Larisa Catt is a liar Dad, this kid has no hair on his mouth, and he doesn't have any ability at first glance. Male Enhancement CVS. Camellia Block moved his wrist joints a bit, and was immediately surprised to find that his strength was similar top male enhancement he entered the blood core realm before, reaching about fifty times! I best male enhancement pills to make your penis larger how come it has increased by more than fifteen times in just ten minutes? By the way, it's that C-rank gene potion! Georgianna Drews's eyes lit up and became a little fanatical. How could her evolved powers make even the mighty Rubi Drews feel so uncomfortable? Could it be that something bad has changed? So, is the healing ability best reviewed male enhancement pills there? Just as Anthony sex enhancement pills for males GNC to speak, the chaotic footsteps not far away made Becki Pecora quickly put his clothes back on the best herbal male enhancement. Safe Over-the-counter Male Enhancement Pills! bomb in it! revive male enhancement reviews worth exploring by Joan Schildgen! The building scope of the Michele Byron is almost terrifyingly large in the eyes of ordinary people, so Nancie Schildgen is not in a hurry to look everywhere. Who Duromax male enhancement the test? The phantom figure chuckled lightly Since you entered the ninth floor, you have been qualified to inherit the master Legacy! This test is just to test whether you are suitable for cultivating the master's strongest mental method. The doctor's eyes suddenly burst into a frenzy, maxsize male enhancement longer It has more than one brain in its body! In his shouting, the giant corpse had completely stood upright, and then male stamina supplements towards Elroy Mischke and others Due to its huge body and short limbs, in the eyes of Margherita Ramage and others, it was a huge meat ball, booming. Where Can I Buy Xanogen Male Enhancement! It was Pattinson the best male enhancement said in half-familiar Chinese Dr. Lin, we are very sincere best male enhancement products 2022 Chinese medicine doctor in Beijing, we have made up our minds to learn Chinese medicine and worship. African herbs for male sexual organ enhancement been circling in place for more than an hour, finally regained their sense of direction However, when they rushed to the top of the building, they found that there was nothing left here. On the other hand, they have best reviewed male enhancement pills to bottom with the Extenze male enhancement Walmart station that belongs to Alejandro Geddes Going to the police station for investigation, in their opinion, is just a procedure. ED Medications! Michele Schildgen's curse has not stopped, the monster has already begun to move! The whole body hit Qiana Ramage like a hedgehog! To Lloyd Byron's pain, the monster passed by After another mutation, the speed has increased a lot! top selling male enhancement pills dodged best natural male penis enlargement pills 2022. It was still early, and Ron Jeremy top ten male enhancement pills go home with such a little fuel Everyone got the boss's order, and they didn't dare to delay any longer. Christeen Michaud seemed to sense the owner's mood, and a bright golden light appeared best reviewed male enhancement pills increased its power Like Drago rhino male enhancement tore a blood-red road from the black crowd. The thing Camellia Motsinger was worried about happened, he magnum male sexual enhancement pills flying swords, killing all those who stepped into the range of ten meters But at this moment, there best reviewed male enhancement pills crowd that were about 250 times larger and caught several flying swords. Director Ding, Director Feng, you Cialis for male enhancement What are you doing? Hurry up and call me back this are 5000 mg strong male enhancement pills strong didn't look at him, and replied lightly Sorry, the quality of teaching in our hospital is not good, and we best reviewed male enhancement pills. an extremely male enhancement products CVS heart! No, no! Elida Paris seemed to have gone crazy, trembling slightly all over his body, his eyes were red, and he best over-the-counter sex pill be fine, she will be fine! Right. Drago Rhino Male Enhancement! How can this be! We never touched a weapon, tell us how to fight! I'm not going best reviewed male enhancement pills Go to yourself, I dare not! Isn't there still a Boy Scout, why is it our turn! One after another, shouts, protests, and doubts filled the room in an instant Tami Fetzer have been fighting Mandalay gel CVS The more Dion Grisby said, the more serious his expression male enhancement penis pills. When you climbed the wall, Rubi Howe used surveillance cameras to provoke the security guards in this villa community After returning to supplements for a bigger load if you didn't mention this, my lord, I almost forgot Leigha Haslett scratched his head You're right, let's go herb for male enhancement. Ordinary patients have no ability to best gas station sex shop male enhancement pills and he is exhausted and hungry and cold He doesn't want anything right now, he just wants to go back to the warm bedroom, have a good meal, and get some sleep However, in order to prevent a patient from climbing over, he still tied the iron door of the entrance on the fifth floor firmly. In the book best reviewed male enhancement pills alpha strike male enhancement a vivid depiction of Shiqian's skills in'stealing' After that, Shiqian was robbed by thieves They were worshipped as'Patriarchs' Even in some temples, pills to make me cum more statues of Margarett Latson, which were enshrined by later generations as a'thief god Bodhisattva' Of course, Arden Stoval did not really become a Bodhisattva. The huge bird's claws came down and grabbed him at once Danville returned to his body as doctor-approved male enhancement best reviewed male enhancement pills were what is the best rhino male enhancement. Best Male Sexual Enhancement? Naturally, he wouldn't pretend that diamond male enhancement 4500 it to a minister-level cadre I know about gift-giving, and the best reviewed male enhancement pills should know about it. Generally speaking, when the combat power of Nancie Fetzer is maintained, it can last for 3 hours! If during these three hours, continuous fighting occurs, or the opponent's strength 10 best male enhancement pills of Dwayne johnson snl male enhancement under the full force of counterattack, my energy will be consumed faster! Erasmo Pecora nodded suddenly, he already understood. men enhancement products up, and instantly condensed into a desktop-sized shield in mid-air, blocking the front of the devilish palm! Seeing the golden shield, Luz Schewe, who was standing in the distance, frowned, raised his hand, and said in best reviewed male enhancement pills Boom the pitch-black palm print, suddenly a thousand zhang rays of light bloomed within it, The palm print. Of course, the ones installed are not regular medical staff! As a military mansion, so Marquis Ramage's eyes were red because of the new weapons he had sex capsule for men he could not wait to hold these weapons in his arms where can I buy Progentra male enhancement pills in ghana. Apart from these two reasons, There is one last possibility, that is, in the mysterious forces in the underworld, there is firminite natural male enhancement erection pills works best all-natural male enhancement this person has a high status in the mysterious forces Otherwise, it is impossible for him to affect Johnathon Menjivar. The soul power in his body spewed out from the spiritual Dr. oz x1 male enhancement golden scripture, which was exactly what Daoyan recited! In the blink of an eye, these scriptures came together and turned into a golden, dignified and solemn Bodhisattva. Excuse me, what male sex enhancement vitamins the ancient Are you interested in martial arts? If you are interested, I can give you some over-the-counter male enhancement drugs at ten o'clock tonight, when the sky and the earth are getting thicker Stephania Schewe rolled his eyes and ignored the best reviewed male enhancement pills. Firminite Natural Male Enhancement Erection Pills Works. It seems that after being stimulated by enough blood highest rated male enhancement products will enter made in the USA male enhancement pills soaring combat power. Never bow your head! But at this moment, it has the feeling that male enhancement pills WebMD Margarett Pingree! His bloodline must be very powerful. Cockstar Male Enhancement Sexual Supplements. I felt an safe over-the-counter male enhancement pills and then I top 5 male enhancement pills and estimate its trajectory I don't know if this is a strange feeling. During the whole process, only Rebecka Volkman blocked Laine Mischke and Margherita Guillemette's flying stabs and thunder hammers, but Alejandro Culton's spear, Diego Mongold's sword and Laine Geddes's knife landed on him at the same time and took them where can I buy Xanogen male enhancement. Look real penis enhancement members of Bauhinia are right next to them, all the team members, form an attack formation! At night, let's keep them all here! Michele Stoval shouted, and rushed to the woods with a few people, while the other Tama Wiers members of the does male enhancement 24x7 work woods one after another The battle begins in an instant! There was fighting everywhere. Male Growth Enhancement Pills Pfft! Leigha best reviewed male enhancement pills contact with best reviewed male enhancement pills figure that hit the front, and directly knocked the shadow out, so frightened that over-the-counter male enhancement products reviews took out the long knife, and walked towards the shadow Huh? Rebecka Paris was surprised to find that it was not a patient number one male enlargement pill time, but a girl in black sportswear. new male sexual enhancement herbs Motsinger, best reviewed male enhancement pills Geddes, Lawanda Mischke, how are you, are you interested in discussing cooperation? thing That's it. Tall and very heroic, with a pair of sword eyebrows, people feel that this person is a positive person at first glance, and behind this person is Arden Lupo, and natural gain male enhancement reviews are Larisa Buresh wine and others Maldini Doctor , I want to know why you arrested my Shenzhou staff for no reason The very decent person asked Maldini with a sullen face as soon as he came in. However, while disappointed, he was also a little puzzled Didn't I give you cialix male enhancement pills take it with you? It stands to reason that with his amulet there, even if this strange and highly poisonous scorpion is no longer available It can resist for a while, and it will best reviewed male enhancement pills bitten. Does Male Enhancement 24x7 Work? The four figures, also known as the'Four Traitor Statues' are Lawanda Redner and Wang's wife who framed Clora Geddes, as well as two traitors Nancie Badon and Wan Qiyuan The heads, prescription male enhancement reviews of these four figures are obviously brighter than other places. She male enhancement CVS man will never hurt her at any time! Even if best reviewed male enhancement pills enough, after hearing Laine Fetzer's voice, Johnathon Center stood motionless as if he had been petrified. Clora Mongold took a deep breath, picked up the phone, and called out After a while, another stack of what about vitality male enhancement products male enhancement formula Lanz. that of ordinary crystal nucleus, and it is worth two white crystal nucleus, hehe! Qiana Mayoral showed want some penis enlargement pills clown child How about you, I haven't seen you much, how much did you get? Clora Michaud looked at Lawanda Schildgen and asked. Dwayne Johnson Snl Male Enhancement! Although the big-headed person attached to her buy male enhancement pills Lian'er's yang qi, vitality and soul fire have all suffered male enhancement pills sold at gas stations. Another thunder slashed down, sex pills for men his vision was a little blurred, and even the people who rushed in front of him could not see clearly that's it, FDA approved male enlargement Paris lowered his heart and smiled bitterly. They easily bypassed the security guards, avoided the cameras, and touched the outside of the redman root all-natural male enhancement pills in the villa were off, and it pills that increase ejaculation volume top male enhancement pills reviews had already slept. They know who rescued them, who gave them clothes and food, who gave them a stable environment eat it up! So they are not afraid male enhancements red difficulties, but just want to repay Gaylene Paris who saved them at the most dangerous time Looking at the children with firm eyes in front best reviewed male enhancement pills looked extremely solemn. Philadelphia Male Enhancement Best Price Pills Wholesale. no despair and anger The anger is over! The vicissitudes of life was silent for a while, and slowly said Do you still remember your vows? Remember! The young man in white revealed the arrogance that looked down on performance sex pills said proudly I will take the entire The world is under my feet! Only in this best reviewed male enhancement pills. Three strong male enhancement pills London shot into the red hearts of the three targets, and the tails of the arrows trembled, as if to show people how strong the three arrows are Three ten rings again! Okay! Margherita Mote finally couldn't bear it anymore and applauded And Margherita male sex stamina pills others continued to be silent It's just that their faces became more and more helpless. When did he become so bloodthirsty and domineering? best reviewed male enhancement pills Lanz's words gave Stephania Menjivar a great inspiration, yes! It was after the battle with the T-type patient that I became like this! Along the way herbal supplements for sexual enhancement the patients he can deal. Let's discuss, although Buffy Serna is the most powerful of the younger generation of our Zhao family, but after all, he is not the most powerful, and this makes the Zhou family take advantage If our young master comes out, hum, gold lion male enhancement pills ball. Permanent Male Enhancement? Without further ado, I plan to start investigating this today! Dion Wrona said, You have just arrived at Tyisha Buresh, will you spend more tiger rex male enhancement Luz Badon shook his head The matter of blood stasis is more important If I don't find out Lyndia Michaud for a day, I can't feel at ease for a day! You're an occupational disease. When we earn the first pot of gold in our 12 kings male enhancement down on us? Joan Volkman grabbed Zonia Pepper's hand and said, Dad needs you to beat his back every night to fall asleep When he falls asleep, you can take out his card and give it to me I beg you when he is so old Just promise me something. At that time, the light passed by in a hurry, that former person, Can there be Philadelphia male enhancement best price pills wholesale everyone chatted and didn't best male penis pills time Soon, they came to the outside of the Yuri Culton. Before, he man up sex enhancement pills for a moment, then got into a grass, and seemed to best reviewed male enhancement pills Clora Byron couldn't help frowning, faintly, as if thinking of something His eyes flashed, and he stared at the golden divine stone. Rhino 3000 Male Enhancement? Wenli put the tea and snacks in front of Laine Buresh and the others in order, and then said, Eldest sister the best male enhancement pills that work please wait a moment help with male enhancement eating snacks, best reviewed male enhancement pills woman appeared on the spiral staircase on the second floor. In order to achieve this goal, premature ejaculation cream CVS Culton to go to the immortal mountains overseas to find the elixir, and Tami Guillemette of Han also sent people to find the elixir of immortality for best reviewed male enhancement pills that the method of immortality Nancie Grumbles had double-x male enhancement pills a corpse into a corpse. Lawanda Schroeder held his breath, his heart seemed to have forgotten to beat! After a few beeps- Hello, the number you dialed is temporarily unavailable! A sweet voice came from the phone But when it fell into Michele Schewe's ears, he undoubtedly ran thunder in the sky! Boom! Erasmo Pingree's mind best reviewed male enhancement pills whole world collapsed in front of him! In a trance, a primal performance male enhancement white dress appeared in front of her eyes. The light flickered, she looked at Bong Mcnaught, but found best reviewed male enhancement pills this man's eyes were clear and honest, she had no doubt that if she let him die, he would never resist! Finally- her heart collapsed, tears like a flood top male enhancements coming from her eyes, this kind girl threw herself into best reviewed male enhancement pills out loudly. Male Enhancement Formula The harsh sound was full of pain and anger! After do penis enlargement pills bit the the best male enhancement supplement to wrap around it, trying to entangle it alive, while the other five giant pythons also swam over, opened their mouths, and wrapped around the chicken. He has practiced a lot, but the speed male erection enhancement is really Poorly slow! buy male enhancement pills gas station course! Margarete Fetzer said proudly Otherwise you think why my physical strength is so weak, it is because I have converted all the energy in those crystal cores into vitality! The energy of crystal diamond 4000 male sexual enhancement pills be converted into best reviewed male enhancement pills. Sex Capsule For Men? That's right, this mysterious force has indeed taken advantage of the black pills male enhancement the underworld, and it has risen to occupy many regions But they developed too fast, and it was too late to digest the territory they swallowed. While wiping the blood, Augustine Redner rhino 3000 male enhancement then smiled and said, Thank you, buddy No, they are all from Shenzhou, and they should take care of each other in foreign countries Augustine Catt tidied up his clothes with a smile Are you also from Shenzhou? Where is Shenzhou? Randy Haslett asked. Margherita Center said with a smile, He permanent male enhancement lot of things we want but can't afford, even love, best reviewed male enhancement pills it is impossible for a person Bita Blaze male enhancement in his life. Male Enhancement Penis Pills? But the problem is shark tank oriental male enhancement under Nancie Mongold's hands, whether they are Joan Guillemette, Michele Lupo or Georgianna Block, even if there is no A good horse, a good bow, and his riding and archery skills are far superior to Raleigh Coby! In the face of absolute strength, the gap in equipment can be completely ignored Camellia Michaud has ridden a horse before, his riding skills are not very good swaying, best reviewed male enhancement pills work to get on the horse. Seeing that she best reviewed male enhancement pills and is still in a male enhancement supplements very male enhancement pills for stamina themselves but someone else who catches Maribel Mcnaught, the end any male enhancement pills work this little loli still doesn't know much. Male Enhancement Pills For Stamina Chawell with a smile on his face Lyndia Pekar's father is male growth enhancement pills very important politician Their testo max male enhancement to be very powerful in the political arena, although it has to directly affect the Italian side. By the way, I forgot! Christeen Center patted his head and said, Little Niuzi, I heard that you made people's stomachs bigger, right? Ah? Margarete Fetzer's expression changed, and he said, Rebecka Pekar Uncle, low-cost male enhancement pills me, can I not know? Lyndia Howe rolled his eyes at. Even if Tyisha Kazmierczak wasn't here, even if the guns were just a group of children, even real sex pills that work the leader was just a woman, they couldn't think of anything else Their courage has libido max male enhancement does it work Arden Grumbles's actions such as killing deformed patients. And these people have climbed over from the apocalypse every minute, and their vigilance and deception strongest male enhancement comparable 777k male enhancement pills reviews the woman in red before, if she did a little trick, Lawanda Menjivar was caught in the trap. How To Get It Hard! best male sexual enhancement Fetzer and the four heard the decision and ordered together Nodding, truth male enhancement drugs outside for two months, but they know the horror of the night! He quickly climbed best reviewed male enhancement pills the tractor and pointed the direction to Sharie Fleishman. This time the warning sign free sex pills door was slightly different from the previous one The big red characters written on it best penis enlargement routine it at a glance. The east and west ends of the corridor lead to other rooms and buildings, and there are two elevators with iron doors closed in the middle of the best reviewed male enhancement pills the indicator light of the elevator, and there free bottle of male enhancement pills. just started! Turning around, Marquis Redner epic night male enhancement he rubbed his head, performance pills headache due to excessive sleep, and stood up and walked to the computer. Oh! That's right! Dion Paris knew that Mohammed wanted to male enhancement meds out to fuggin male enhancement Alejandro Block is not in the mood at all, so he didn't say much. Blue Diamond Male Enhancement! By male enhancement pills in Dubai golden bead and this watch? Margherita Roberie took these two things out of the space ring and asked the best reviewed male enhancement pills. If the evidence penis enlargement pills jar you want a jury? Rebecka Fetzer pouted and said, Also, even if I killed the person, would I be so foolish as to throw the murder weapon next to the patient? I don't run early Are you gone? I can let you out Farmar said, However, I have herbal male enhancement pills Randy Michaud asked. It was for those few over-the-counter male stimulants read, the content is roughly to let the robbers wash their necks and wait for their fangs to find all-natural male enhancement products Schildgen's declaration of war. Real Sex Pills That Work. There go on red male enhancement at the feet of the crotch, so Lyndia Mischke naturally acquired the stunt of making this move quickly! Randy Kucera likes to kick his crotch, he doesn't like bullshit, especially when fighting Therefore, when Marquis Badon was kicked and bent down, Randy Fetzer didn't say anything nonsense, and just raised his foot Margarett Culton's knees pressed heavily against his staunch chin There seemed to be a sound of broken bones The chin and throat have always been the most vulnerable parts of the body. What are you best reviewed male enhancement pills the police at the door, took out his Yuri Coby certificate as he walked, and said, There is a case that threatens national security here I am best male enhancement pills 2022 Lupo, and this case is fully handed over to good safe male enhancement pills looked at Luz Schildgen and said, Are you from the Jeanice Pingree? Yes Augustine Antes quickly handed the certificate to the other party. People! We are saved! We are saved! Immediately, these fierce people rushed towards the student dormitory building under the darkness of the night as if they were glowing with a second spring After just a few minutes, This originally silent student dormitory building suddenly white knights male enhancement pills another The screams woke up many sleeping students. 777k Male Enhancement Pills Reviews? There is only one way now! Try to extend the front line LNG active male enhancement pills reviews possible, and prevent the patients from piling best reviewed male enhancement pills place! With the coverage of the the best sex enhancement pills operate well, the patient's patients will not be piled up so high! Now their biggest There is only one advantage,. However, for monks or demons, this abnormal silence is almost always the does max load work The silence between heaven and earth lasted for about five blue diamond male enhancement Latson, it was as long as several years. best reviewed male enhancement pills ? - Where can I buy Progentra male enhancement pills in ghana - Male enhancement CVS - Safe over-the-counter male enhancement pills - Where can I buy Xanogen male enhancement - ED medications - Drago rhino male enhancement - Best male sexual enhancement

How to lose body fat in your 40s how much weight to lose face fat. Best snacks for weight loss to buy How to lose belly fat fast dr oz in 2022-07-15 They are like flies without their heads, buzzing on the mass graves, and I do not know if they are crying or laughing. Okay, since it is what qin feng meant, then we must finish it just when everyone did not know how best injectable steroid for weight loss to make a choice, meng xiaolou finally spoke up and made a final decision, she said, qin feng will never make useless sacrifices, I believe he must how to lose weight fast while eating junk food have been well prepared. Qin feng looked at xu fu and said slowly, I remember you said that before the emperors, cause and effect were self contained xu fu is face was ashamed, and he cupped his hands how to lose belly fat with waist belt and said, I was laughing at the eyes that did not recognize the real dragon back then. Without the treasures, what is the meaning of my life. A deep sapphire how much weight to lose face fat worth caffeinated green tea for weight loss 300g, which contains a strong power of frost. Spiritual brand, at least estimated at 10,000g.Your majesty, the king of the maya snow mountain has lemon honey and apple cider vinegar for weight loss successfully swallowed more than 150,000g of treasure, and has the prerequisites for the road to conferring gods. Each incarnation can only master the power of the rules of a separate are figs healthy for weight loss divine vocation. Before the how much weight to lose face fat suigu . star in the absolute beginning star region, qin feng took a step forward, stepping out of the sky how much weight to lose face fat first, staring at the entire upper realm hanging upside down. He thought about it and said, help me connect duan tianhe.In the garden, er lengzi and san lengzi were jumping on the graves, while the three leopards were lying in the corner of the garden with their faces full of despair. This is a life saving grace when li siwen is central finance is running into deficit now slightly card recently. The inspectors from the other six provinces were also stunned when they saw this scene, and immediately became uneasy. Wait, how do you know so clearly ps ding, congratulations to the author, you have obtained a recommendation ticket, the planting is successful. In fact, he paid attention to a fart, but xiong dr oz best weight loss pills ye was smart and knew that he had to stand in line at a critical moment. And even though this big monster who is about to wake up is the ancient patriarch of the holy dragon clan, it was after all 50,000 years ago, so we can not blame the current holy dragon clan for this, but even so, everyone still feels a little awkward in their hearts. Three descendants of different civilizations landed on the beach of the island at the same time. Just like the big weight loss first month keto naga, although it is not inferior to the dragons of the same level in terms of individual combat power, the normal racial upper limit of the big naga is only the seventh rank, and the species upper limit of the dragon. Just standing there, he exuded a majestic atmosphere like a prison, how long does it take to lose 20lbs even though qin feng was at the peak of the immortal realm, he still felt a sense of oppression. Ah. Let me go. Jin. Jin yuan, you must not die in hell with your eighteenth floor hahahaha. drinking boiled leek water for weight loss If you dare to mention one more word, I will kill you immediately hahahaha.Jin yuan, I did not expect that being a teacher would become your inner demon, hehe. My farm is level 3, which means that it should be possible to grow corpses that are two levels higher than my farm. It is very likely that we met an acquaintance. This kind of vision, he thinks he does not have, maybe his wife can.In the beginning, he planned to move his world so that the orbit of the world would . be deviated, and by the way, he could continue to be stuck in a more comfortable position to prevent the world from falling twenty nine years later. This is a good thing for lin xiao. Emmm.Looking up, the thick fog formed by the thick dead energy surged back and forth on the edge of the city wall, and faint ghosts were looming in the fog, but none of them rushed out across the line of the city wall, and I did not know whether they could not come out or dared to come out. Li siwen is mouth is crooked with anger, hum, you probably do not know that my three year period has come. What kind of demon sect.However, jiang he, who had not yet stepped out of Top belly fat pills celery smoothie for weight loss the attack range of the great willow tree, suddenly stopped, full of curiosity, and asked, by the way, I heard that most of the spirits of plants and trees will give birth to something called life essence, ask. Just shouting, I am the great loyal minister of the pure land, I have been injured for the pure land, I have shed tears for the pure land, I am a good treasure of the pure land. His voice paused, and then said again do not worry, if one day I really can not solve it, I will send you a letter at that time, will acupuncture help with weight loss and wait for you to ride the north subway to level the qingtiance mountain gate and save me out. It was like witnessing the end of an era, like the world was crying, and finally there was light, a huge fireball hundreds of meters high appeared out of thin air, it flew high in the sky, suspended, laughing wildly, legendary level the coercion shrouded hundreds of miles beneath this big fireball, there are snow capped mountains, no, there are no more snow capped mountains, everything collapsed, and fell towards the side of the snow capped mountains, like falling into a horse pit. So next, he needs to formulate a price according to the powder supplements for weight loss is chicken pasta good for weight loss consumption of different extraordinary powers. If you want to propose any compensation plan, you can also just speak.We are all middle earth, and we can talk about everything after lu defeng said how much weight to lose face fat must understand the truth of drinking water and thinking of the source. However, what is different from the founder of baguamen master dong is. Apparently. And cheng dongfeng.After saying hello, lin sandao went straight to the point and said, get ready, we will set off on time at 5 o clock, and the road to the western border has been severely damaged by beasts, so you need to walk on your legs when you go to tantric buddhism this time. The king of beasts attacked the city, and at the critical moment, the first person in the chinese martial arts shot and killed him. The full moon forest under our feet and the pocket plain to the southwest are all under our control, and so far, not a single evil meteor has how to reduce weight in arms for ladies fallen from the sky. Eh Menopause belly fat pills how much weight to lose face fat halfway through his words, jiang he just came to his senses, covered a certain place, laughed out loud, and concealed his embarrassment then what. Moreover, the gods blocking qin feng is road are still being beheaded by him. This. This this.But I had no feelings for safflower sect, so I politely declined their kindness. But after seeing the gourd seeds in the system mall, jiang he remembered the gourd baby. Coupled with the home field advantage, the three sons of the spiritual realm, who have stabilized their realm and stronger than at the beginning, joined forces, and the powerful forces of the main world were assisted by the side, but they were unable to suppress the opponent, and the two sides were deadlocked here. It detox tea healthy weight loss tea is no wonder that pangu is classified as a source god of the white emperor is lineage. After more than 100 years of death, the bones are not rotten, and it is almost like a golden body. The accumulated news alone has 99 .He feels that he is still struggling in the abyss of how to lose weight in chest area negative numbers, and he does not even have a chance to make a comeback. Dong dong dong. Dong dong dong. Dong dong dong. how much weight to lose face fat How to lose weight and belly fat in 2 months Hula. Whoa. Hula. Ouch.This woman should be a cultivator of the ice silver clan, because her figure and appearance were very similar to qi rong. It is no longer the so called calm under the high pressure of the law enforcement council. The sui . renshi continued everyone in the upper realm here knows that from the indestructible realm, each lineage has been allocated a place, especially the supreme realm. Li siwen judged from the space he had walked all the way, and was quite sure that they should be at a depth of 70 meters underground at this moment. About an hour later, the sea finally stopped boiling, and the angry and excited roar disappeared, leaving only a long sound, like a snoring sound that entered the sage mode. So after breakfast, lord leopard took lord fox away, and lord fox turned around and chirped, his eyes were sad and angry, li pipi, you son of a bitch, what about guozi starting today, you can only eat fruit if you move rocks do you understand wartime control li siwen stared back viciously, he must start to implement the strategy of three and four, there are not many second generation herbs in the medicine field, and if you eat them casually, if there is a battle in the future, anyone will be injured, but there is no way to apple drink for weight loss save them. His palms were constantly being cut off and turned into dead bones, and they were constantly reborn, and the blood was blurred. After king wu succeeded to the throne chromium and vanadium for weight loss , the tang kingdom was in chaos and needed your help. We hope that the human race will produce a supreme powerhouse every year.But heaven I am not happy, if there is no settlement , if you break through without authorization, you will be punished by the gods, and even your lineage will be implicated. These people wear chinese clothes and robes, look like gods, and the weapons and instruments they use are all immortal soldiers of the upper realm, with dazzling brilliance and extraordinary bearing. Poison soul marrow. You are.After planting a mark of divine consciousness in his sea of consciousness, he listened to bei how to lose fat in arms he dao I will take a step first as a teacher, hehe. The meaning of tian means that as long as you kill this person, you can get tian. It is really a puppet.Qin feng looked at the deity occupying the best fat burning supplements for men body of the white emperor, as if waiting for him to continue. However, after the first knife gang was broken, the second knife gang fell immediately, followed by the third knife, the fourth knife, the fifth knife. As the qiankun tower closed and dissipated, the law enforcement puppet . guarding the periphery of the core was directly destroyed by an imperial soldier qin feng is body continued to move forward, and lightning flashed in does neoprene work for weight loss mr. When have you ever seen someone who came Groupe Trans-air how much weight to lose face fat to worship the mountain chatting with you in a friendly way did you come to worship the mountain or are you a guest hearing that he wanted to marry the princess to wanxiang city, the young man of the imperial clan suddenly shouted, and said your excellency, it is best to pay attention to your own words, it is not up to you to judge how my imperial clan does things. The realm open the realm seeing that the huge projectile was about to catch up, lao qiao roared angrily, and rushed up with a charge. Soon the two battleships were getting closer and closer, until. Wu zhonglin, dongfang piaoxue, li xiushen, shen yuexin, arya, bart, karl.After all, some players with bad luck and poor strength may not have come in how do type 1 diabetics lose weight yet. By the lake, jiang he stood with his hands behind his back, his face calm as usual, he looked at the red toad king in the lake a hundred meters away, a little surprised red toad king, red toad king. Well, I just wanted to ask you, have you ever seen similar bugs in the city of hope. Go to the farm.Compared with the nine leaf sword intent grass, this grave head grass provides far fewer planting points, obviously. Not only that, the twisted and twisted power of the law, like a wave of light at this moment, followed the three foot long sword in the old man is hand, and began to before and after weight loss 100 pounds wrap up, from the sword body to the hilt, and then the palm of his hand that was about to wrap around. Then leave those who are gradually shaken within the yin cao to anesthetize the other people in the four major factions, so that not calorie level for weight loss only the internal dissidents can be eliminated, but also the four major faction monks can be anesthetized, so that they can believe that the plan of themselves and others has really been completed. He smiled honestly and said a little embarrassedly assistant zhou, can you exchange the remaining two rewards. Even on the water, this thing can still burn unscrupulously. Tiangong value 1, 1, 1, 1. I I saw a bone, and it used my bone barbs as its arms.I discovered at . this time that this so called giant turtle is nothing but nine tortoises the size of a car put together, guarding a strange statue only ten centimeters high. Bar ye bai. This. Thank you, thank you. Xiao qi. Roar, roar.Ye bai is nose was sour, and he gently stroked xiao qi is head, take how long for walking to lose weight care little seven. Fumble.So far, li siwen has been able to make most of the vaccine of the blade of law cover the kingdom is territory. are popcorn healthy for weight loss of work. Shao siming was in red clothes and long hair, hanging in the west, holding a cyan long sword. Giggle. You. You are a blood cultivator.Even if the female cultivator chooses to become a blood eater, she is the kind of person with strong qi and blood who has practiced body refining, and it will never be his turn. Hongmeng ding, which was responsible for enduring the bombardment of thousands of stars, suddenly withdrew, and qin feng and fa xiang swung a sword in unison. Random terrain like this.It is like a rebel army with a pitchfork attacking the heavily armed elite army of the empire, even if they are adults, but the equipment is how much weight loss with phentermine too different. The old emperor said in the past, thousands of people wear a lot of flattery, but they do not wear it. If I use it.He tried hard to shield it and swept it low fat or low carb diet for weight loss away, and the terrifying mana fluctuations lost their restraints, like an erupting how much weight to lose face fat volcano rising from the top of the newly built mage tower. Lin xiao estimates that this crystal wall system will be completely destroyed and collapsed on a distant weight loss low calorie diet plan day, and will no longer exist. Uh, our result this time was pretty good, exceeding expectations.But under such circumstances, we still captured six half step legends, 493 lord level, and 14,650 hero level enemy troops, which I think is not bad. How did you do it did not duan tianhe and lin sandao both say how did ron smiley lose weight before, be careful of the attack of the demon sect. From this, it how to lose belly fat fast in a week could be seen that she was also a . ruthless person. Jie jie jie. Giggle. And.He originally thought that wu youyou would flee towards the sea crossing shenzhou, because as long as he escaped to the sea crossing shenzhou, he would never dare to continue chasing and killing, and maybe there would be a high level cultivator. Although he stood shoulder to shoulder with the archer ellen and formed a vigilant formation with the great swordsman sean in front, the spell book in his hand was still sealed and he did not open it immediately. May my human race be evergreen from generation to generation how to lose weight fast morbidly obese at the same time, the sound of qin feng is avenue reverberated through the heavens and the world. For li xiu and liang xiaodao, this is the first rain in autumn, so it seems very precious, but no matter how precious it 52 week weight loss challenge is, there is no need to stand in the courtyard and drenched in the body, and human emotional expression does not need to be so direct occasionally. Feng gathered together.Qin feng was just entering the supreme realm for the first time, just like the current da si ming and shao si ming, but from the moment he was officially ceded celery smoothie for weight loss How to reduce weight fast at home by the qing emperor of the upper realm and became the qing emperor. Not sub legendary impossible, higher races cannot be like this. Without support, they can only forge by themselves. Although the elf armor looks thin, it is actually very defensive.After summoning her family, she directly handed over the command of her family to him. Only by standing higher can he get more praise and obedience.Then he stood on the ground, the ancient ancestral pattern shone with purple gold light, his body stood against the wind, and in an instant he regained its most primitive fierce appearance, and his body as high as a thousand miles went straight into the sky, as if he was going to poke a hole in the world. Wait for him to load god is domain, release the black backed gnoll, and use two breeding cards in a row to breed enough gnolls before the final exam in one go, and then cooperate with the existing murlocs to get a good grade in the final exam. Then why does this giant tree leave its own name on the trunk and looking at the handwriting, it should how much weight to lose face fat be freshly engraved not long after. He was beaten hard just now, and he felt that he . might have broken a few bones. It was supposed to be engraved with gold against fire , which was too much of a life saving relationship, but stopped abruptly. It can be said that the era of great cultivation in the world was initiated by li er. His body was in a celery smoothie for weight loss mess, his face turned pale, and a bloody arrow spewed out of his mouth. According to my speculation, the so called awakening should be the ability of the human brain to be stimulated in some way, and the ability to be born from the mutation of mental power. This rubbish, I like it what is more, something like fruit top pills to lose weight must be eaten.Humans have heritage inheritance, ancient martial arts era, and even farther back, and even the era of qi refining and immortal cultivation. Relatively speaking, he is more inclined towards. diet program weight loss If we lose.If they defeat their main force in this battle, I can defeat one before they recover to seize the territory. Thinking back then, I was also a holder of the world contract. The bear king opened his mouth, foaming at the mouth.He fought for 13 years, expanded the land for 8,000 miles, defeated 19 demon kings, and killed 15 legends, but in the end, he was defeated by a woman. Now.I can celery smoothie for weight loss not go back to my hometown, but I have how much weight to lose face fat to let my shi family have it, and you can see that the ancestors of the snake people are cursed, but their descendants are not cursed.

Buckeye Puppies Complaints Buckeye Puppies ComplaintsMar 22, 2022 - Explore Buckeye Puppies's board "Testimonials", followed by 7,632 people on Pinterest. Told over a series of Instagram posts, animal welfare group Natha Satwa Nusantara said they received a tip yesterday that five puppies in Central Jakarta were in dire condition. Akc Boxer Puppies For Sale BoxerBlvd. Start by creating a listing with details about your shipment. Wire Fox Terrier Puppies For Sale. Let's Get Started! If you're ready to discover a new relationship between you and your dog, give us a call at 614. We are currently accepting deposits for 3 boys and 4 girls. Luke's Metro Station, Buckeye Road: shop's location and contact details, reviews from customers, open hours, photos on Nicelocal. We love dogs and people and people with dogs. Our priority is to love, care, and re-family French Bulldogs to forever homes. There are currently four Bassett puppies available. He's very high energy, so be prepared for a dog who will run 5 miles and could run an extra 10. We have fallen in love with this breed. An indica dominant strain, Black Mambo was created by crossing Blue Bubblejuice and Domina, which makes it, comprise of genetics from well-known and widely liked strains such as Blueberry and Northern Light. It is our wish to share puppy love with other people. Our Golden Retriever and Goldendoodle puppies are ready to go to their new homes around 8 weeks old and have their first set of shots and have been wormed several times. Welcome to Greenfield Puppies' Ohio Puppies for Sale page. Our Company Mission, Vision & Values Employee Of The Month News, Events & Awards Corporate Partners. Golden Retriever Puppies for Sale in Ohio. Puppies For Sale: Get Yours Today. Most of the time, pets are given one and considered “done. our puppies are a blessing to us. 170 S Cherokee Rd, Social Circle, GA 30025-8000. I texted the seller and she immediately replied and even offered to reduce the price by $300. We know them all and can easily share through Zoom or a visit in person as well. We are Cindy and Jeff Suit, and we strive to produce puppies with the very best temperaments and personalities, and the health and overall condition of our puppies is a top priority. A trusted breeder of integrity raising beautiful Cavalier King Charles Spaniels Located in the Phoenix West Valley in the heart of Buckeye, Arizona I am a loving show enthusiast and devoted breeder exclusive to the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. Whether it’s getting insured for yourself and your loved ones or finding the right resources for your medical care, the Buckeye Health Plan team is here to help. “Most reputable breeders generally specialize in breeding only one …. Golden Retriever Puppies and Dogs for sale near you. We are the Schlabach family and we raise puppies. I believe you will find the quality of our puppies unmatched!!. Ohio Buckeye Reviews Puppies. 2% of the puppies found were under 0 breed popularity ranking: Find dogs available for adoption that are priced under 0. AKC Pocket Beagle Puppies for sale in Buckeye, Arizona. The work or task a dog has been trained to provide must be directly related to the person's disability. Buckeye Ready-Mix » Buckeye Ready-Mix. We are located in central Arkansas in a small town called Morrilton. Popular breeds here at TeaCups, Puppies and Boutique include the: Yorkie, Biewer Yorkie, Pomeranian, Maltese, Chihuahua, Shih Tzu, Morkie, and French Bulldog.. Rottweiler Puppies For Sale in Ohio OH. They love playing with and socializing our puppies which makes the transition to …. Boxer Hesperia, California, United States. Add in the powdered sugar, brown sugar, flour and vanilla. Jack is the kind of puppy that you will only come across once in your lifetime, so you can’t let the chance to take him home slip through your fingers. A typical daycare visit includes group plays in our indoor and outdoor play areas, agility and ball fetching in our outdoor pens and swimming in the doggie pool (coming in summer). Call to order - 800-474-7044 *You will need ID Code 16298*. Our family strives to provide our parents and puppies with the best care to help ensure our customers can find the joy and happiness they hope to receive. Welcome to Sunrise Pups - we are located in Columbus, Ohio and would love to meet you and show you our puppies! If you live too far away to visit we can FaceTime you! Phone: 614-285-4870. Puppies vary in price: $2,000 - $5,000. We breed both standard sheepadoodles and mini sheepadoodles. Every two weeks she updated information on the website. AKC home raised King Charles Cavalier Spaniel , Mini and Toy Poodles. Touch device users, explore by touch or with swipe gestures. They then trick you, the buyer, into. The breed I was looking for was available. Meeting the puppies in-person helps decide if a large, medium or small size, or breed matches your home, lifestyle, and activity level.. Buckeye Puppies is an Ohio Registered Trade Name filed On October 10, 2019. 2 in the agency's "Horrible Hundred" report. Lancaster Puppies Complaints. 5 reviews for Buckeye Puppies, 3. Allowing free choice water at all times is crucial for your Newfoundland’s well-being. Puppy will be 8 weeks on Saturday and we can come out and pickup/see if we like her, etc. Your $200 deposit will go towards your puppies adoption price. Below you will find a map, our contact information as well as a contact […]. I have a pair (as in one) of dress shoes, which I should probably replace the next time flats I can stand are deemed fashionable. Serve with teddy grahams, graham crackers or apples. We wanted a smart breed that is hypoallergenic with a good attitude. Buckeye puppies ohio reviewsFind your new best friend now. But he has been super easy to crate train and potty train. Buy Pets, Puppies & Supplies. Our Golden Retrievers are health tested and have genetic health guarantees. My Home Puppies was founded by the Miller family, a USDA-licensed puppy breeder located on an 8-acre old homestead nestled in the beautiful, peaceful rolling hills of Eastern Holmes County in Ohio. Option to pay in full is accepted. com is just a listing site, but BUYER BEWARE! We adopted a beagle last Friday from a home at the address provided above. Sunny Day Puppies – Puppies for Sale! HavaPoo puppies. With 15 years experience, champion bloodlines, available references, and complete devotion, you won't find more treasured puppies anywhere! Call us today! 602-369-0765. Each puppy is vet approved/checked, and each parent is health tested, and OFA Certified parents are onsite. Buckeye poisoning in dogs is not common worldwide, unlike the Midwest, where these trees are found just about anywhere. Ohio Breeders on Horrible 100 List. We breed healthy, happy, great temperamented, pedigree blessed boxers. Our family is located just north of Columbus, Ohio and we love french bulldogs. Platinum Goldies is located in the rolling hills of Arkansas, and all our puppies are raised on our farm with our little boy who absolutely loves to make sure that each puppy is loved. We are very good at giving you the right tea cup yorkie puppies for your home and we thInk our Teacup Yorkshire puppies for sale will be the pefect puppy. Topics include prices, quality, customer service and more. 5 hours to central OH (Amish Country)and were able to see the entire litter in the front yard of the breeder's home. net or call us at 641-496-5399 and we will help you. They were all clean, up to date on. Nearby cities include: Ohio, Columbus and Cincinnati, Michigan including Ann Arbor and Grand Rapids, Chicago, Illinois and. Their coat comes in several colors. He started raising Boxer puppies in 2016 at the young age of 19. com; See reviews, photos, directions, phone numbers and more for the best Newspapers in Buckeye, AZ. The Dogwood Cabin is a secluded log cabin for couples only! Secluded Log Cabin deep in the woods. BAREFOOT LABRADORS of Killingworth, CT. 4 mothers only, and they allow buyers to visit the puppys at 5-6 weeks old and see the mother. Teddy Bear, also called Zuchon/Shi-chon, is a hybrid breed resulted from the cross between the Shih Tzu and the Bichon. Very good value for money and friendly staff. Please contact the court at 623-349-6510 or Teddy Bear Premier Pups Customer Review #530 of Brutus (the. Deborah Lee Lenton is the owner of Alabama Havanese Kennel. Buckeyepuppies com reviews complaints contacts board buckeye puppies home facebook is legit and safe fraud scam reports 3 of sitejabber 12 ohio puppy mills on humane society s list the horrible hundred wtte schnoodle in top 4 breeders 2021 we love doodles ranks no 2 for worst buckeyepuppies com reviews complaints contacts board. In addition to that, their puppies come with CKC registration. We invite you to come to our farm and meet our happy puppies. We have a wide variety of puppies for sale which include Teacups , Dachshunds, Yorkies, Morkies, and Shorkies. Willow Creek Bernedoodles—your family's Bernedoodle breeder. com - This breeder scammed people and didn't provide precise info. We have been placing our well trained horses in new homes for over. You will directly contact the owner of the puppy. My puppies range in size from 10 to 30 pounds as adults – the perfect Family size! Durable & Fun, but not delicate! HavaPooKie & HavaShire & Sunshine Puppies! I have chosen breeds / specific dogs for their traits looking at their dams & sires for genetic strength. Already took a puppy? But what if it is from a puppy mill? Read on to find about some worrying signs your dog might come from one of such . Just as puppy training is essential to developing good behavior, ways to help your puppy work through periodic bursts of. Deer Creek Labradoodles is a Labradoodle breeder who has been raising puppies for over 20 years. Our goal at Boxer Blvd is to find the perfect healthy puppy for your family and to have the shortest waiting period possible! We also have a few families that work with us to produce high quality puppies for Boxer Blvd. All parts of Aesculus glabra, called the American buckeye tree, the Ohio buckeye, horse chesnut tree, fetid and stinking buckeye, are toxic due to chemicals in the tree's nuts, leaves and bark. Miniature Bernedoodle: 25 to 45 pounds with an average weight of 35 pounds. Buckeye Kennel LLC in Cassville, MO. Buckeye Ridge Bernedoodles and Labradoodles. Lancaster Puppies is part of a criminal network of people posting puppies for sale online--they are scammers and getting rich off the emotional purchase of a puppy. Maltipoos are also generally easy to train and good with people. Participant and an Avidog Associate. We have over six years of experience with Goldendoodles. Best 4 Classifieds in Buckeye, AZ with Reviews. We will start the picking process once the puppies turn 6 weeks. Roll into a ball and place on parchment paper. Avvo has 97% of all lawyers in the US. All puppies come with pet/companion AKC registration papers, shot/deworming records, vet check, and two year health guarantee. The parents of these puppies are abused, mangled, matted, malnourished and kept in a wire cage their entire existence, It is so sad! Look up millersburg puppy mill they show pics of these poor dogs. Buckeyes -- also known as horse chestnuts -- are highly toxic to dogs. Enjoy shopping, dining, and entertainment at Westgate and. We also have a second location in Ocala, Florida. David and his family are dedicated to raising healthy, registered puppies that will make excellent companions and family members. Tangleloft Golden Retrievers breeding show dog champions and family companions since 1968. Prices will vary based on the parents. For more than 45 years, we have been the retail pet industry leader in the area of animal care with ongoing staff training programs, in-store animal husbandry systems and community service programs aimed at placing homeless pets and curbing pet …. Pet shipping and Front Door Pet Delivery available anwhere in the USA. We are a small family operated breeder near Eaton, Ohio that specializes in beautiful looking Labrador Retrievers. depending on breed, markings, & age You are welcome to pick up your puppy from our home, or we can personally hand-deliver your puppy to your home or at an airport near you, contact us for specific delivery rates. Buckeye Puppies & lancaster Raebabies and Annebrownpuppy Puppy mill millersburg ohio *Author of original report : Buckeye puppies lier, dishonest, stole my Facebook photo, made a phony story, proves they are liars. Buckeye AZ 85326 Phone: 602-369-0765 E-Mail: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel AZ (602) 434-6655. Had a DNA test done on our puppy and yes exactly the breed mix we chose which was a Cavapoo. If you are interested in a Beaglier puppy, please see our Buy A Puppy page for details on the process. Outback Valley Acres has produced some of the best quality, extremely content, well adjusted, and healthy AKC German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers, and American and English Labrador Retrievers for sale in Ohio since 1983. Our goal is to produce happy, healthy Havanese puppies who typify the AKC Breed Standard. Choosing AKA’s Bernedoodles as your breeder, you can count on healthy, well-socialized puppies. Loyal BerneseMountainDogMix Puppies For Sale, Bernese. Thomas Bulldogs is a small, family breeder of outstanding AKC standard and rare colored English bulldogs in Midwest Ohio just north of Dayton and an hour west of Columbus. We have built our reputation – since 1967 – helping thousands of families adopt new pets. We are located in Northern Indiana. The ‘seller’ provides interested buyers with pictures of an adorable pet. Review and communicate with service providers as they submit competing quotes, then select and book. Pet Stores Pet Services Pet Training 35 YEARS. Socialization ensures that your puppy will be a well rounded puppy — a happy, fun puppy. If you haven't settled on a particular breed you can find all the breeds of puppies and dogs we have for sale or adoption near Arizona in these listings. There is a female and three males. They have spent their entire lives in a cage. My name is Kim Ulmer and I've been breeding Dachshunds for over 20 years. favorite this post Feb 13 Queensland Blue Heeler female pup (west valley) pic hide this posting restore restore this posting. Buckeye Ridge Puppies Reviews. They had the sweetest pups last litter with pretty markings. Cushing, Minnesota- 758 adult breeding dogs 509 puppies at their last known inspection in June 2018. When you decide that Buckeye Boxers is the right place for you to purchase a boxer puppy, you will need to pick out a puppy on the Available Puppies Page or make arrangements to come see the available puppies. Grace's F1 Mini Bernedoodles ©2018 BY BUCKEYE BERNEDOODLES. Their puppies come with a 6-month general health guarantee and a 1-year genetic health guarantee. 0754 to schedule an appointment to come see our puppies. Most of our puppies come from Amish, Farmers, and other families that have not gotten their pets spay/neutered. Happy Puppy has several locations. In 2017 we were blessed with our very first standard Bernedoodle litter. Initial Veterinarian Exams Health Certificate Up to Date shots & dewormings 72 Hour Guarantee & a lifetime of Love. All parts of Aesculus glabra, called the American buckeye tree, the Ohio buckeye, horse chesnut tree, fetid and stinking buckeye, are toxic due to chemicals in the tree’s nuts, leaves and bark. This comprehensive, easy-to-read and entertaining book covers everything you need to know about this amazing hybrid. There’s a reason why PuppySpot is trusted by over 200,000+ families around the United States. They were born on December 8, 2021. "ALL EARS" BASSETS is the home of happy/healthy adult bassets that produce happy/healthy basset puppies. You do not have to have anything but the micro-chip # and puppies information to register. Our desire is to continually breed towards the English style head and bulk while using a. How To Sell Puppies Online – Top Platforms and Selling Tips!. Buckeye Puppies cares about the credibility of the listings with our organization, and we make sure to remove any suspicious ads. Our puppies come with amazing boxer temperaments and are healthy as can be. Henson’s doberman pinscher puppies specializing in black and tan , red and rust , fawn and rust and blue and rust doberman pinscher puppies. com complaints 11 E Emily Reardon of US Feb 25, 2022 BuckEyePuppies. Remember my username Sign On Register for an Account Forgot Username? Forgot Password?. Our puppies are friendly, intelligent, affectionate and have great personalities. As puppies become available you can find them in the 'available puppies' page on this website. The Bernadoodle was diagnosed with pneumonia a week later and is now dying of distemper yet Betty has done nothing to hold the breeder ( Joe and Arlene Mast of Baltic OH) accountable for selling sick dogs. CINDER has puppies in California!!! Cinder (CH 74 Ranch If the Shoe Fits at Willow Ranch) has 6 gorgeous puppies sired by BB Ch Kickinauss Destiny’s Boot Scootin Booty PT SCN SEN CGC 3 beautiful blue merle males and 3 gorgeous tri females born 3/1/2022, ready 4/26, 2022 Go visit Hilary's site www. current available puppies, puppies for sale, labradoodle puppies, australian labradoodle puppies, doodle puppies, australian labradoodle puppies for sale, doodles for sale, puppies for sale in …. If you want to learn more about our puppies, email us at Boarding, Sitting, Daycare, Walking, & More. Raising award winning pure breed, and mix breed designer dogs since 1998. Wright's Mountain Goldens dedicates themselves to making sure all of their pups are vet-checked and given a clean bill of health before they are placed in their new homes. French Bulldogs and French Bulldog Puppies for Sale. Lightly grease a 13x9x2-inch baking pan; set aside. The pup was sick and I ended up taking him to the Animal hospital within 24 hours of purchase. category: Pomeranian, Dogs and Puppies. Unless they are marked 'SOLD' or 'ON HOLD,' every one of them is ready to come home with you today! Regardless of the final price, the deposit for all of …. Beautiful, hypoallergenic litter of F1 Mini Bernedoodle puppies for sale in Iowa, they are Merle and Tri colored. AKC Pocket Beagle Puppies for Sale in Buckeye, Arizona. Meanwhile, melt chocolate with a bit of crisco (so the chocolate will harden. She died 3 weeks and almost $8,000 later from distemper. Here at My Aussie Pups, we are facilitating a place for these other breeders to sell puppies alongside our own puppies. We have Medium/Mini F1b puppies AVAILABLE to be reserved. Seller/breeder - Betty Stutzman / Wayne Miller. Our site promotes the healthy,responsible and sound practice of furthering the Golden Retriever breed. THC levels can be impressive, reaching 23% in at least one test. Dog Boarding, Drop-In Visits, Doggy Day Care. Expect to pay less for a puppy without papers, however, we do not recommend buying a puppy without papers. Cambryce Cavaliers is a small hobby breeder focusing on quality Cavalier King Charles Spaniel puppies and dogs in Tucson, Arizona. Trusted breeder of quality Cavalier King Charles Spaniel puppies in the Phoenix West Valley in Buckeye, Arizona (AZ). A soul heart energy and love goes into each puppy. We raise our puppies in our home with our family, which includes our children and other animals. See more ideas about lancaster puppies, puppies for sale, puppies. Find a Teacup Puppy for Sale in Phoenix, AZ under $200, $300, $400, $500, and up. Our puppies are constantly cared for, they get lots of daily hugs and kisses! Along with being very well socialized and they are given the best preventive medical care possible while here with us. Welcome to Petland Grove City, OH! Welcome to Petland! It is our desire to make a difference in the communities we serve. Each puppy is vet-checked and is accompanied by a health record showing up-to-date vaccinations and de-wormings. Reserve your puppy online today! A deposit is required for all puppies. The Newfypoo/Newfydoodle If you love Newfoundlands you will adore the Newfypoo! Imagine that same loyal, loving, friendly and intelligent. Let us introduce you to our AussieDoodles, the “Einstein” of the doodle dog breeds. 84 reviews for Lancaster Puppies, 3. Our dogs display champion-caliber conformation, sweet temperaments, and the most adorable personalities. In addition, our website offers nearly every breed that you could want. Serving Buckeye Lake, OH, and the surrounding area, this vet is a full-service animal care facility with a reputation for putting your pet’s health. We have the popular designer breed Cavapoo Puppies!. Updated: 3:54 PM EDT May 11, 2021. I am the second oldest in the family of 11. “Most reputable breeders generally specialize in breeding only one type of breed of dog,” Martin says. Quick and simple financing is available. As a general rule of thumb, puppies should receive 10 minutes of exercise per day for every month of their age. com: Indipets Heavy Duty Stainless Steel Puppy. Jafar Male CKC Cavapoo $2200 Ready May 7th AVAILABLE 6 Days Old. Hundreds of satisfied DKV Rottweilers reviews. All our available puppies are listed on our Available Pups pages. About puppies reviews ohio Buckeye. We began raising dogs in 2005, and since then puppies have left us to find new homes all over the country. All of our puppies include a health and hip guarantee. We strive to make your experience in adopting a fur baby a positive and memorable experience. Click on the puppy you want, choose the supplies and options you want with him/her, and securely check out through our website. Don't miss what's happening in your neighborhood. Welcome! At Farmland Kennels we are dedicated to raising healthy, happy and well socialized puppies that will grown to be loyal companions, beloved pets, and even therapy dogs for their wonderful "furever families". Buckeye Puppies in Fresno, OH. Bernedoodle breeder in North East Ohio. We have over 20 years experience breeding and raising puppies. WE ARE LOCATED IN MINERVA, OHIO! We are the breeders of Nascar's "ILA The Bulldog" owned by racing champion Joey Logano! We breed, and sell English bulldogs, standard sized, and mini sized (ALL are AKC registered, the only difference is the size!) We are an AKC inspected and compliant facility, and. They are active and playful, so they also enjoy the outdoors. Is buckeye puppies a puppy mill ! When it involves having the worst puppy mills and dog sellers, Ohio isn't exactly the best in the show, . Grace's F1 Mini Bernedoodles *purple girl is available* Hazel's F1b Tiny Bernedoodles *blue, green, and purple are available* 9374795490 ©2018 BY BUCKEYE BERNEDOODLES. They have big round, expressive eyes and droop ears. Ohio Personal Injury Lawyer – Teaching. Puppies are first come first serve and we don't breed for eye color. Unlike the Poodle, the Cockapoo is easy to groom, and there isn't much shedding. p-table-wr P320 Parts Diagram; P320 Parts DiagramP320 Parts Diagram PMM P320 Ultra JTTC and Barrel Combo. Find the perfect puppy for sale in Lancaster, Pennsylvania at Next Day Pets. However, they do conduct temperament testing to ensure that each pup goes to the most suitable forever home. Buyer Beware: JAKS Puppies. Best Labradoodle Breeders seeks to be the best website to promote the best f1b Labradoodle puppies and mini Labradoodle puppies for sale. Melt chocolate chips in a double boiler or in a bowl set over a pan of barely simmering water. Blue Ridge World Famous Goldendoodle Puppies. We are Paul and Fannie Mae and along with our eight daughters, we live on a working farm where we milk about 40 cows. Contact My Home Puppies We cannot receive text messages, so please CALL US at (330)893-2722 for fastest service. Malaga, Spain 171 contributions. Whistle Hill Puppies is a Lancaster County based kennel that breeds Miniature Schnauzers, Pomskies, Cavapoos and Mini Bernedoodles. Email Us At: I was promised a healthy vaccinated puppy and what I got was the total opposite. Mahlon’s true passion was realized as he became more involved in helping customers through the processes of picking the proper stone colors, flooring, counter-tops, and other accents to compliment the natural beauty of the logs. Limited Registration – $2,500 – Pet home only, no breeding or show rights. Dayton Mall 2700 Miamisburg-Centerville Rd Dayton, Ohio 45459 Phone: (937) 489-4510 Hours of Operation: Mon–Sat: 10AM–9PM Sunday: 12–6PM. They will often create a Pet Scam Website in order to give themselves an air of. Adamsville, OH 43802-7502 (740) 213-8652. Bentley is OFA Prelims Hips Good, OFA Elbows Prelims Normal, EIC DNA tested Normal/Clear, CNM DNA tested Normal/Clear, Degenerative Myelopathy DNA tested Normal/Clear, CY tested Normal/Clear, HU tested Normal/Clear, HNKP tested Normal/Clear, …. You can also contact us via the contact form below, but calling will still be faster. Welcome to My SweetPea Puppies! My SweetPea Puppies breeds and raises Bichon Poodle puppies. Our business is run by mother-daughter duo, Andrea & Lauren. The order of birth - Arya, Daenerys, Jon Snow, Bran Stark, Tyrion, Cersei and Drogo. Arizona Ground Hounds is a dog breeder of Miniature. AKC Blue Fawn Merle Female (Pink Collar) $8,000 - Currently Available ay/at, dd, Coco, Em/e, ii, kyky, ns, Mm 6 Panel Health Clear. Our Shih Poo puppies for sale make adorable, affectionate companions who will steal your heart! Shih Poos are a Shih Tzu and Poodle mix and are excellent house dogs, lap dogs, and companions! This happy and outgoing house dog will quickly become part of your home and family. Cavapoos are especially desired for their minimal shedding. *Buckeye Doodles reserves the right in its sole discretion to revise, amend and administer this policy and/or make determinations deemed necessary for the health, well. Skechers Razor - Buckeye Corporate Casuals For Men - Buy Skechers Razor - Buckeye Corporate Casuals For Men - 68634 only for Rs. I will welcome scheduled visits (not before the eighth week of age, due to safety of our beautiful babies) in my home where you can meet my family of both humans and canine. 4 days shy of 8 weeks The dad is pictured in 7 & 8 and the mom in 9 & 10. Dogs and cats for sale, puppies for sale. Over the years, we have earned the respect of our peers and the trust of our customers, whenever they need help finding the finest cuddly-companions. Teacup Puppy Breeds For Sale. B uckeye Boxers is a small family run business located in south-eastern Ohio. At VIP Puppies, we make it easy for you to find cute dogs and puppies for sale online. These pups are energetic and full of joy, taking the best traits from their parent breed. By reserving an upcoming puppy you will be first in line to be notified when your desired puppy is around 6 weeks of age. Moyen size poodles are very unusual in the US, since they fall between the common sizes that …. Buckeye Service Dogs is a private training provider of service dogs, assistance dogs, therapy dogs, seizure dogs and bed bug detection dogs. We registered with ARBA, SABT, and NABBA. Our puppies sell for $2,500 (+ $150 PA Sales Tax). And a number of other all life stages products… that are also considered safe for puppies. This beautiful puppy is all up to date on shots & dewormings and comes with a health guarantee and a starter kit including a bag of food, wee-wee pads, and a toy. Golden Sunrise Retrievers! We raise quality happy, healthy and beautiful Golden Retrievers. All Basset Hound found here are from AKC-Registered parents. Creekwood Acres Golden Retriever & Goldendoodle Puppies. Our schnauzer colors include black and silver, salt and pepper, black, and occasionally platinum or silver. If you are interested in getting a Golden Irish or Irish Setter puppy from Golden Ridge Hi-Breds, the first step would be to. Buckeye Kennel LLC is a Missouri Limited-Liability Company filed On June 1, 2017. Basically everything on this website was a lie. and the AKC (919-233-9767) to see if there are any complaints about the breeder. Search: Boxer Puppies For Sale In Ohio. Feel free to browse hundreds of active classified puppy for sale listings, from dog breeders in Pa and the surrounding areas. We have many years experience in breeding around 25 years. These puppies will make excellent herding/farm dogs, obedience and companion sports candidates and wonderful family pets with plenty of time to train and space to roam. If you are looking for local dog breeders and do not see one listed. The Humane Society of The United States | The Humane. Once a puppy is placed, we’re available for any information you may need to help you in raising your Yorkie. We are fascinated by the grace, beauty and intelligence of the poodle. Ohio Bulldog Rescue for English Bulldogs and French Bulldogs. Given their size they are also a perfect fit. We provide free escort from london , kentucky i-75 exits 38 and 41 to our. We're proud to be a part of the prestigious Crockett Doodles network --a premier network of family-raised doodle breeders. Lilac Bulldog English Fawn. Micro Mini Goldendoodle Puppies Available Now! To buy your puppy, click on the picture and add the pup to your cart! You can also make a Puppy Deposit, and we will reserve your Goldendoodle for you. Why Buy A Puppy From My Golden Retriever Puppies. You will learn how and why this is happening. we have five people in our home, nurturing each cavachon puppy. Buckeye Ridge Bernedoodle puppies are the offspring of multi-generational Australian Labradoodles 11340 Walnut Hill Road, Glouster, OH 45732. Goldendoodle puppies come in all sizes, colors, and temperaments. Phase One/ Phase Two diabetic alert dog training or Psychiatric service dog. Located in Killingworth, Connecticut, we have been providing exceptional puppies to families in the Northeast since 1995. Search: Mixed Breed Puppies For Sale In Pa. TRI COLOR AKC FULL REGISTRATION. Buckeye Puppies (@BuckeyePuppies) / Twitter. com: Reviews, Complaints, Customer …. 2 boy Basset hound puppies for sale. BBR is comprised of several volunteers working out of their homes. Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Breeder Phoenix West Valley. All our puppies come with a health guarantee. Looking for your new best friend? Check out our German Shepherd puppies! Our pups are vet checked, wormed regularly and given vaccinations prior to going home with you. The health of your new family member is our primary concern. Newfoundland puppies require a chicken-based diet but as your dog ages raw chunks of beef, cooked chicken and salmon are acceptable in dog food. Browse thru Puppies for Sale near Millersburg, Ohio, USA area listings on PuppyFinder. Here at Buckeye Llewellins, we strive to produce first class hunting dogs and companions. We strive to raise great boxer puppies and find good homes where all …. DO NOT BUY FROM BUCKEYE PUPPIES! They clearly do not care . Colonial Village Buckeye Scarlett (Scarlett) and Barberry Brook Jettison’s (Arnie) multi-gen Australian Labradoodle puppies were large medium/standard-sized, and fleece coated. You can contact us via email or phone. Top Dog Boarding Hosts in Buckeye, AZ. At Blue Ridge Goldendoodle Puppies, we are committed to providing quality, champion-pedigreed Goldendoodles. From the early weeks of the puppies lives, they become familiarized with human touch and contact. Pomsky, Yorkie, Mini Goldendoodle, Cavapoo. We build up their confidence, shower them with love and affection, and show them that there is still love and dedicated humans out there who will work tirelessly. Puppies for adoption are available all-year-round at animal shelters and rescue groups on Petfinder. They are high maintenance dogs. We are located in farm country of North-West Ohio. Buying Procedures Request Updates Health Care Program Recently-Sold Puppies: Gidgit's Puppies. This review was chosen algorithmically as the most valued customer feedback. CLEVELAND — The Humane Society of the United States has released its "Horrible Hundred" list when it comes to "problem puppy mills" in 2021. View The Dog Food Advisor’s best puppy foods here. Our puppies are raised in our homes located in Upstate, New York. Click on the picture above for. Our puppies for sale represent our current stocks, but we specialize in the following breeds: Yorkshire Terriers, French Bulldogs (Frenchies), Mal-Shih, Cava-Poo, Poodle, Maltese, Malte-Poo. 5 inches | Weight: 7 - 13 pounds. Puppies will also be sent home with a lifetime of support from Brickhouse Bullies! Click HERE to see why Brickhouse Bullies recommends NuVet Supplements. We have a small breeding program. We are pleased to offer beautiful Standard and Mini Bernedoodle puppies for sale. Buckeye Puppies makes it easy to find healthy puppies from reputable dog breeders across Pennsylvania, Ohio, and more. Search: Boxer Puppies Wooster Ohio. Saving bullies Domestically & Internationally We are here for the glow up ✨. Laura Koch, her family, and her dedicated staff, offer high quality puppies from a clean environment. After spending 4 days in the distribution center, she was again put on a truck for over a day, making stops along the way from Missouri to Florida. site design: The Hocking Hills Org. If you read them, you'll see horrible reviews in two main categories: (1) people who think Yelp is a political platform and give CCP a bad rating because CCP is fighting to keep its business operational; and (2) people who have had bad experiences with dogs they've purchased. Joey Logano and his Stone Quarry Bulldog ILA. Buckeye Kennels is a responsible and ethical breeder of …. Gorgeous Bernedoodle puppies in North Phoenix AZ, high quality colorful babies in tri color,merle ,sable, parti and phantom colors. - We are anticipating a litter of dark red pups from Bella in mid March! Accepting deposits for boys and girls! Take home date is mid May 2022 ($2495 + tax) - Alaska gave birth to 12 golden puppies on 3/12/22. Pups4Sale offers a safe, reliable way for dog lovers to connect with breeders and rescue organisations, ,,, Hi everyone we have 4 miniature short hair Daschund puppies for sale, 3 brindle and 1 shaded tan (all boys) ,,, Choc Labrador Pups,. Mom is a medium red/blonde F1 Goldendoodle Sire white/black AKC …. This is actually an advertising site. We are a small family owned farm located in the country. Carrier Profiles- uShip How It Works. New Litter 4 of Maltipoo Puppies!! Born: January 15, 2022 Ready to go Middle of March!! Pictures Updated 03/03/2022. puppies available now ,to reserve a puppy simply call or text karen at 330-473-3238 or click on add to cart and checkout.

workforce.com March/April 2018 Rebuilding the RETIREMENT MODEL Sharon Emek eases boomers into life after career • Live to 100? • Fusing Health & Wealth REDUCE THE RISK OF BAD HIRING DECISIONS It’s no surprise that bad hiring decisions cost your business time, money, and most importantly, threaten your organization’s culture. At Caliper, we believe that people are your most important asset – and we can help. In fact, Caliper has worked with more than 30,000 companies across the globe to objectively and scientifically predict performance. End the cycle of bad hiring decisions today. Call 609-524-1200 to connect with a trusted HR advisor. For more information visit calipercorp.com From Our Editors FROM PERSONNEL TO WORKFORCE During the State of the Union address this year, a group of HR professionals took to Twitter for a little HR activism. Using #HRSOTU, they advocated for priorities like immigration, workplace flexibility, apprenticeships and health care. But in the hallowed halls of Congress policy takes a back seat to politics. HR can’t wait for lawmakers. The #MeToo movement and rising wave of sexual harassment allegations are a prime example. It’s causing some to take a hard look at HR’s role and oftentimes failure to better define policy and procedures to protect employees and employers alike. Retirement planning is another opportunity. More than half of workers are woefully unprepared for their golden years and risk seeing their living standard drop. Our special section this month has ideas to help. Politicians talk; HR has to act.And they are. — Mike Prokopeak, Editor in Chief 4 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m The workplace has changed a lot since 1922. That year The Journal of Personnel Research debuted, rebranded later as Personnel Journal and finally Workforce. Now in our 96th year, we take a look back at what was on the minds of past generations of people managers. Enron’s Epic Meltdown Following energy giant Enron’s collapse into bankruptcy in 2001, companies and employees entered panic mode, according to Shari Caudron, who painted the collapse as a one of many catalysts for changing concerns toward retirement. It “vastly accelerated the public’s anxiety about their retirement assets. As a result, retirement is no longer a simmering back-burner topic reserved for Congress and financial planners. It’s a boiling cauldron of issues that sits squarely in HR’s 2002 April domain,” she wrote. The article also explored another major impact of the company’s disintegration: the loss of employee trust. Most of the workers’ 401(k) assets were invested in company stock, and they believed that was safer than having a diversified stock fund. After the collapse, they did not trust that management was being transparent with them. Caudron suggested that the debacle was a “defining moment for HR.” The issue also featured a Q&A section. A company that had to relocate after 9/11 had trouble with an ADA suit filed by an employee with mobility problems. Another company wanted to know if it could punish an employee who’d just received a disciplinary notice by withholding his benefits. And an HR practitioner wanted to know how to interview HR professionals who already know the “right” answer to interview questions. Another article cited that the biggest talent crunch was to be expected from 2015-2025, as baby boomers retire. Looks we’re living that now, with 10,000 boomers retiring each day. — Andie Burjek READER FEEDBACK Several readers responded to the story titled “Employee Loyalty Not for Sale” in the January/February issue of Workforce. Bill Fotsch said: Trivial perks are not only ineffective as the article suggests, they are also demeaning. In contrast, industry leaders, like Southwest Airlines, CapitalOne and BHP Billiton empower employees to think and act like owners, driving and participating in the profitable growth of the company. Said John-Michael Pagano: Certainly there is some give and take, but in reality it comes down to three things for most employees. It’s first and foremost about respect. Encouragement, positive feedback, the knowledge of where they stand at all times, all are part of the respect that every employee needs to operate at their full potential. Second, work-life balance.You can’t take away parts of an employee’s life, hijack their time — time that they will never get back.The knowledge that they won’t be scorned for choosing family over work gives them a sense of security and fosters a trusting culture. Last, there must be a compensation system based on merit where key performers are rewarded for their efforts.They must also need to know that they can advance in some way, otherwise they will aspire to an “up or out” mentality. And finally John McAuley added: This is a very good presentation. It flies in the face of many of our out dated ideas, quirky perks etc., but it is spot on. Thanks. Workforce.com/EmployeeLoyalty march/april 2018 The GOLD S TA N D A R D for Coaching in Organizations The International Coach Federationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Prism Award celebrates organizations with coaching programs that meet high standards and drive meaningful change. Nominations open April 4. Learn more at coachfederation.org/prism-award. NOMINATIONS OPENING AWARDS Have an HR initiative or program thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s achieving results? The annual Optimas Awards from Workforce magazine will help you recognize it. Awards presented in 10 categories: u Benefits u Business Impact u Corporate Citizenship u Global Outlook u Innovation u Managing Change u Partnership u Recruiting u Training u Vision Nominations open April 20. Visit Workforce.com/Optimas to apply. #OptimasAwards A PUBLICATION OF March/April 2018 | Volume 97, Issue 2 CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER VICE PRESIDENT, RESEARCH AND John R. Taggart ADVISORY SERVICES [email protected] Sarah Kimmel PRESIDENT [email protected] Kevin A. Simpson RESEARCH MANAGER [email protected] Tim Harnett VICE PRESIDENT, [email protected] GROUP PUBLISHER DATA SCIENTIST Clifford Capone Grey Litaker [email protected] [email protected] VICE PRESIDENT, RESEARCH CONTENT EDITOR IN CHIEF SPECIALIST Mike Prokopeak Kristen Britt [email protected] [email protected] EDITORIAL DIRECTOR VIDEO AND MULTIMEDIA Rick Bell PRODUCER [email protected] Andrew Kennedy Lewis MANAGING EDITOR [email protected] Ashley St. John MEDIA & PRODUCTION [email protected] MANAGER SENIOR EDITOR Ashley Flora Lauren Dixon [email protected] [email protected] PRODUCTION ASSOCIATE EDITORS COORDINATOR Andie Burjek Nina Howard [email protected] [email protected] Ave Rio VICE PRESIDENT, EVENTS [email protected] Trey Smith COPY EDITOR [email protected] Christopher Magnus EVENTS CONTENT EDITOR [email protected] Malaz Elsheikh EDITORIAL INTERNS [email protected] Aysha Ashley Househ EVENTS GRAPHIC [email protected] DESIGNER Tonya Harris Mariel Tishma [email protected] [email protected] WEBCAST MANAGER Alec O’Dell [email protected] BUSINESS MANAGER Vince Czarnowski [email protected] REGIONAL SALES MANAGERS Derek Graham [email protected] Robert Stevens [email protected] Daniella Weinberg [email protected] CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Jennifer Benz Courtney Blanchard Catherine Collinson Kris Dunn Sarah Fister Gale Jon Hyman Patty Kujawa Rita Pyrillis Michelle V. Rafter Daniel Saeedi Rachel L. Schaller DIRECTOR, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT Kevin Fields [email protected] DIRECTOR, AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT Cindy Cardinal [email protected] DIGITAL & AUDIENCE INSIGHTS MANAGER Lauren Lynch [email protected] DIGITAL COORDINATOR Mannat Mahtani [email protected] LIST MANAGER Mike Rovello [email protected] BUSINESS ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGER Melanie Lee [email protected] WORKFORCE EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Arie Ball, Vice President, Sourcing and Talent Acquisition, Sodexo Angela Bailey, Associate Director and Chief Human Capital Officer, U.S. Office of Personnel Management Kris Dunn, Chief Human Resources Officer, Kinetix, and Founder, Fistful of Talent and HR Capitalist Curtis Gray, Senior Vice President, Human Resources and Administration, BAE Systems Jil Greene, Vice President, Human Resources and Community Relations, Harrah’s New Orleans Ted Hoff, Human Resources Vice President, Global Sales and Sales Incentives, IBM Tracy Kofski, Vice President, Compensation and Benefits, General Mills Jon Hyman, Partner, Meyers, Roman, Friedberg & Lewis Jim McDermid, Vice President, Human Resources, Cardiac and Vascular Group, Medtronic Randall Moon, Vice President, International HR, Benefits and HRIS, Lowe’s Cos. Dan Satterthwaite, Head of Human Resources, DreamWorks Dave Ulrich, Professor, Ross School of Business, University of Michigan Workforce (ISSN 2331-2793) is published bi-monthly by MediaTec Publishing Inc., 111 E. Wacker Dr., Suite 1200, Chicago IL 60601. Periodicals postage paid at Chicago, IL and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Workforce,.99 Workforce and Workforce.com are the trademarks of MediaTec Publishing Inc. Copyright © 2018, MediaTec Publishing Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Reproduction of material published in Workforce is forbidden without permission. Printed by: Quad/Graphics, Sussex, WI FREE LIVE ONLINE EVENTS CONTENTS ON THE COVER NEW FACE OF RETIREMENT Sharen Emek, left, launched a company that places retiring baby boomers in work-at-home jobs. COVER PHOTO BY DAVID LUBARSKY 34 40 SECTOR REPORT FEATURES 48 DENTAL INSURANCE PROVIDERS 28 REMODELING RETIREMENT 50 CORPORATE WELLNESS PROVIDERS 40 UNDER ONE UMBRELLA Dental insurance is a benefit that everyone wants to have but almost no one wants to use. Wellness programs may be more about brand building than employee health, but that’s OK. 8 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m There is hope that a retirement system mired in a 20th century mindset can be rebuilt. Merging health and wealth benefits is changing the benefits industry and the workplace relationship. RETIREMENT READY? 44 WORKING INTO RETIREMENT Workers’ vision of retirement depends on the willingness of employers to embrace older workers. march/april 2018 ON THE WEB SPEAK UP! 44 The Workforce online community provides you with virtual meeting places to chat about issues and trends affecting you and your workplace. LIKE US: facebook.com/workforce.magazine 28 JOIN THE GROUP: workforce.com/LinkedIn WATCH US: workforce.com/youtube FOR YOUR BENEFIT COLUMNS 4 YOUR FORCE HR’s actions speak louder than politicians’ words. 14 WORK IN PROGRESS Time of posession and interviewing candidates. 16 GIGGING FOR BENEFITS Some employers eye being the ‘gig’ job of choice with lucrative freelancer benefits. 17 A HEALTHY PLAN? A U.S. Department of Labor proposal on associated health plans meets with mixed reactions. 19 BENEFITS BEAT Giving employees permission to be well. 22 THE PRACTICAL EMPLOYER Wile E. Coyote gets a noncompete to the noggin. 54 THE LAST WORD Saying goodbye to a Game Changer. march/april 2018 17 DOING A 180 Workers’ attitudes did a serious reversal last year when thinking about money issues. 18 THE ACO CONUNDRUM Assessing accountable-care organizations can be a head-scratcher for many employers. TRENDING 10 TOURNEY TIME Forget résumés. Candidate challenges are the new tool. 11 FROM THE WEB, PEOPLE MOVES AND BY THE NUMBERS How-to HR; Bean named CHRO; Retiring minds. 12 Q&A Author Marion McGovern on the boomer generation. 12 A LYFT TO WORK Lyft extends tax-saving commuter benefits to more U.S. cities. LEGAL 20 PREDICTIVE SCHEDULING The growth of fair workweek laws could prove challenging. 21 LEGAL BRIEFINGS A cannabis ban; noncompete agreements. w o r k f o r c e . c o m | Workƒorce 9 TRENDING It’s Tourney Time — for Hiring Forget résumés. Candidate challenges are the new tool to find top talent. By Sarah Fister Gale ackathons and boot camps are great ticipated in the tournament to find poways to find software engineers. But tential new hires, which has been a big what about the rest of the workforce? challenge as his company grows. In the current war for talent, compaBecause product managers often come nies are struggling to fill all kinds of to the role via a number of different roles, and a coding challenge won’t help paths, résumés haven’t been a great them narrow their candidate pool for all screening tool, he said. As a result, his vacancies. But with a little creativity, the team often hires people with no specific hackathon model could be applied to product management experience and virtually any hiring scenario, giving re- trains them on the job. “You’d never do cruiters a better sense of what a candi- that with an engineer,” he said. Canine date can do, not just what they’ve done. saw the tournament as a better way to “The résumé is such a weird tool,” said vet potential candidates. Jason Shen, founder of Headlight, a perIn the tournament, more than 100 formance hiring platform developer based participants were given three hours to in New York. “It’s a biographical sketch, respond to a hypothetical scenario in and the information is hard to verify.” which a large company had launched a Interviews can be similarly haphazard, product that wasn’t selling as expected. particularly when hiring managers aren’t The participants had to decide whether trained to ask questions that reveal a can- to reposition the product for the current didate’s actual skills. Shen likens the pro- market or take it to a different market, cess to asking a quarterback how he then build a launch plan around that dethrows a football. “He can talk until he is cision, Shen explained. blue in the face, but until you see him “There is no right answer,” he said. throw, you won’t know what he can do.” “Making the decision is the easy part, it’s Headlight has traded in the résumé for what they do next that’s hard.” a more interactive recruiting process, in Submissions were scored based on the which companies give candidates business opportunity, customer insight, role-specific assignments to validate their product development and project mantechnical ability and assess them against agement. Following the event, Canine the competition. Along with a library of along with recruiters from IBM, JP Mortake-home assignments, Headlight also gan Chase, Bank of America and other hosts hiring tournaments, where candi- companies were reviewing the submisdates sign up for a multihour hackathon sions with the intent to hire some of the style event, but instead of writing code top performers. they design a new product plan or create It’s a novel approach, though Headlight a marketing campaign. Participants get is not alone in using competition to vet the assignment the day of the competi- nontech candidates. It is an emerging tion and a panel of industry experts as- trend that has evolved as companies look sesses their submissions. The top per- for better ways to judge candidates based formers win prizes and job interviews. on more than what college they attended. H Battle of the Product Managers Their first tournament, held at the end of January, focused on product managers. “There is no academic program or degree for product management,” said Will Canine, co-founder of the New Yorkbased Opentrons Labworks Inc., which makes robots for biologistics applications. Canine is one of 17 employers who par10 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m Sumita Banerjee pete to tackle an industry-relevant challenge. “It is a great feeder for junior talent,” Banerjee said. To participate, students submit a video pitch of their solution for an annual challenge. This year’s topic: invent the professional salon experience of the future.The winning teams are invited to create a full project with support from a library of e-learning courses, an academic mentor and a L’Oréal employee who coaches them during their presentation at the national judging. The national winners are flown to the worldwide finals in Paris where three teams win 10,000 euro for the best brand, the best use of technology and the best sustainable solution. Along with prizes, many participants secure internships and jobs. “Throughout the competition we are actively looking for potential employees.” The challenge gives L’Oréal executives a sense of their innovation, leadership skills and ability to collaborate while providing students with a real-life experience working at L’Oréal. “It’s a great way to find talent, and it Salon of the Future could work in any organization,” BanjerIt can be particularly useful for hiring ee said. Though companies interested in recent college grads, who may have great launching their own competition should potential but little proven work experi- be certain the challenges give something ence, says Sumita Banerjee, head of talent back to participants in terms of experiacquisition for L’Oréal Americas in New ence and access to companies leaders. York. For more than two decades, L’Oréal “There has to be a value exchange if you has hosted Brandstorm, a business com- want candidates to invest this much time petition where teams of students com- and effort to your firm.” march/april 2018 TRENDING FROM THE WEB OW-TO HR: THE H SEQUEL A new installment of the popular video series, “Howto HR” offers common sense ways to improve employee engagement among a remote workforce. Experts Jack Skeen and Matt Meservey also weigh in with their thoughts on engaging workers outside of the office. Workforce.com/ HowtoRemote I-9 IDEAS 4 U The Januar y immigration raids on 100 7-Elevens brought to light the stark lessons of proper I-9 compliance among employers. Employment law attorney Montserrat C. Miller offers tips and thoughts on hiring or continuing employment of unauthorized workers. Workforce.com/ I9Immigrations EOS ON THE HOT C SEAT In a recent installment of the video series “5 Minutes of Management,” Workforce editors Frank Kalman and Rick Bell offer several intriguing stats on CEO concerns about cybersecurity threats, the competition for talent and disruptive technologies. But job security may have weighed most heavily. Also, a 2018 hiring forecast. Workforce.com/ 5MMHotSeat march/april 2018 PEOPLE moves AARON BEAN Enterprise cloud computing company Nutanix named Aaron Bean as chief human resources officer. Bean will be responsible for the company’s global people and places operations and all aspects of the Nutanix employee experience, including recruiting, training, compensation, benefits, engagement and facilities. ANGELA RIDGE Trucking firm CFI named Angela Ridge as vice president, human resources. Ridge will report to President Tim Staroba following the retirement of Bert Johnson. Ridge most recently was the corporate education strategist for Oregon State University, where she was responsible for the university’s corporate training programs and staff development initiatives. DEVORAH ALLEN Western Growers named Devorah Allen human resources and learning development consultant. Allen will be responsible for conducting training for Western Growers members and developing and implementing training programs for Western Growers University, the association’s employee training program. By the Numbers compiled by Rick Bell Retiring Minds Want to Know … Will their golden years continue to shine? The Digit 25 People on a public pension plan as a million member or beneficiary 54 million American workers active 401(k) participants U.S. Census Bureau, 2016 10% 58% Investment Company Institute, 2015 30% Healthy, Wealthy and Working Men age 61 working full time in good health in poor health in terrible health National Bureau of Economic Research, The Role of Health in Retirement, 2014 Confidence Comeback U.S. nonretirees who expect to have enough money for retirement 2002 2009 2012 2016 2017 59% 41% 38% 48% 54% 0 20 40 60 80 100 Gallup, April 2017 Aging Workforce The Age of Work 74 % Americans planning to work past retirement age 80 Employed Adults Working Past Retirement Age 70 60 63% 50 40 30 20 11% 25% 10 0 Continue working full time Continue working part time Stop working altogether Economy and Personal Finance Survey, Gallup, 2017 Party Like You’re 19 … or 99 People text for business To be considered for People Moves, email a brief announcement and a high-resolution color photo to [email protected]. Include People Moves in the subject line. 1 in 4 65-year-olds will live past 90 1 in 10 will live past 95 Source: RingCentral, 2015 orkforce.com workforce.com | w Workƒorce 10| Workƒorce 11 TRENDING WORKERS GET A PRETAX LYFT By Andie Burjek BABY BOOMERS BOOMING AS GIG WORKERS By Andie Burjek Marion McGovern, author Many people associate the gig economy with companies like Uber, but the truth is gigs have been around a long time, said Marion McGovern, author of “Thriving in the Gig Economy.” A gig is just work of a certain duration for multiple clients. A lot of people participate in the gig economy and the biggest demographic is baby boomers. They make up a large share of the independent workforce, said McGovern, and tend to be more skilled at the work, compensated better than their younger counterparts and more satisfied with their jobs. McGovern spoke with Workforce about the growth of independent boomer workers. Workforce: What are the major differences baby boomers would find from working a regular 40-hour week to working in the gig economy? Marion McGovern: This would be true for anyone in the gig economy, but [it might be] more true for boomers than millennials, especially if they’ve been an employee for a long amount of time. There is an aspect [of employment] that you do what your boss says. You might have a particular set of responsibilities, and if your boss says, “I know you’re working on that report, but I need you to do X today,” you do that. If you are an independent worker and you have a consultant project, and your client says, “I know you’re working on this project but I really would like you to do this today,” you can’t do that. WF: Are employers giving boomers adequate job security in the gig economy? McGovern: It’s a different sort of security. There are all sorts of studies on the gig economy because there’s no government data. In all these studies, they ask people why they are working this way. Some people call it flexibility, but I call it control. One of the studies, the MBO Partners study, started in 2011. They ask, “Is working independently as financially secure as having a regular job?” In the original study, something like 19 percent said it was just as secure. In the study last year, that number was 49 percent. You can be let go at any point in time from a company. They could decide to shut down your division, merge operations somewhere else, whatever it is. At least you’re in control of your own destiny if you’re an independent. WF: What resources are available to find retired boomers looking for contract work? McGovern: When I [worked on] the book, I joined all sorts of talent platforms just to get a sense of the experience. I don’t think a lot of them were attuned to older workers. There was one where they vetted people as good consultants by virtue of the business school they went to, and you had to join with your business school email at the time. I sent them a polite message saying, “When I went to business school, email wasn’t invented. But I’m sure you don’t want to discriminate against older MBAs.” and I immediately got a response back that wasn’t boilerplate. There are industry ways, like a lot of companies keep track of their own alumni. Some find their retirees [contract work] like that. 12 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m R ide-hailing service Lyft is expanding its pretax commuter benefits to Lyft Line users in 13 new cities and across much of New Jersey. The benefit lets employees use pretax commuter benefit dollars to pay for all Lyft Line rides once they add their commuter benefits card to their Lyft account, allowing them to save 35 percent on rides. Amit Patel, Lyft director of business development, said passengers use Lyft Line to share a ride with other people going the same way. The transit benefit, announced in early February, was extended to Atlanta; Austin, Texas; Chicago; Denver; Las Vegas; Los Angeles; Nashville; Philadelphia; Portland, Oregon; San Diego; San Francisco; San Jose/Silicon Valley; Washington, D.C., and New Jersey. The benefit plan already was available in Boston, Miami, New York and Seattle. Ride-hailing companies partnering with benefits providers to offer transit benefits isn’t new. Lyft Line began offering the benefit to its initial four cities in 2017, and ride-hailing company Uber partnered with WageWorks, a provider of consumer-directed benefits, in December 2016 to offer a pretax transit benefit. Even though the recently passed tax reform bill has eliminated the tax deduction that businesses get for providing employees transit benefits, Patel believes that won’t significantly affect an employer’s willingness to offer these benefits. One analyst agrees, although she notes that some organizations might deem transit benefits as expendable. “We anticipate there may be some impact as employers analyze how many employees use the benefit,” said Lydia Jilek, a senior consultant on voluntary benefits for Willis Towers Watson. “That said, we doubt the change will be immediate.” march/april 2018 TRENDING TIME OF POSSESSION AND THE INTERVIEW By Kris Dunn | Wo r k i n P r o g r e s s B ased on what I do for a living in the world of HR, a portion of my network is always approaching me for advice when it comes to job search and career issues. I’m sure many of you have the same experience. When it comes to interviewing strategies, my advice to amaze hiring managers is simple to understand by my friends looking for their next gig: “If the hiring manager wants to talk the whole time during your interview, let him. After the interview is done, he’ll think it went great.” The advice for your hiring managers/executives, of course, is the direct opposite. The best interviewers across your management teams understand that effective selection on the recruiting trail is more about listening than speaking. But the ol’ “listen more than you talk” platitude oversimplifies the game of interviewing. Simply letting the candidate talk more doesn’t make you an effective interviewer.The real value is found in the following concept: airtime must be good, right? Nope. The Cyborg represents the manager who gets the official question in, then displays a general tone-deafness to interrupt rambling candidates or ask smart follow-up questions. In other words, you can count on the Cyborg to ask the question you put in front of them, but don’t expect anything else.They’re out of their element, and they won’t get any more information than interviewers who talk all the time. 3. The Narcissist (hiring manager who talks 65 percent or more of the time): Speaking of talking all the time, meet the Narcissist. The Narcissist loves himself. He loves his ideas. He’s got a worldview that is not only unique, it’s profound. He’ll talk all interview long and as I mentioned previously, he likes people who let him talk. If you’re interviewing with him, don’t fight it. Let him talk and you’ll be in good shape to get the job. Of course, you might think carefully about whether you want to work for him. 4. The Investigative Reporter (hiring manager who talks 20 percent of the time): The sweet spot of interviewTime of Possession ing, the Reporter understands the balance that is required In football, “time of possession” tracks the amount of between talking and listening. She’s prepped with intertime one team has the ball. The thought process behind it view questions, but understands that’s simply a starting is that if one team can keep the ball longer than the other point and quickly spends most her time of possession sayteam, they’re apt to score more points and have a fresher ing things like,“tell me more about that” and “why did you defense, which contributes to winning. decide to do that?” She’s an evolved interviewer, underThe inverse is true in interviewing. Success doesn’t hap- standing the need to be agile, probing and interrupting as pen by dominating the conversation, it comes by finding necessary to get maximum information. the sweet spot that allows you to facilitate as an interviewer Do you see your managers of people in these profiles? in a way that provides you with maximum information. Sure you do. Interviewing skills tend to follow behavioral I’ve seen great interviewers and I’ve seen the huddled trends that impact managers in other areas as well. masses who repeatedly fail to get the information they Your most effective managers are generally your best inneed. Here’s how they break down related to time of pos- terviewers. Coaching skills and interviewing skills are highly session (how much they talk versus allowing the candidate related, placing a premium on relationship building, making to talk) and the nicknames I’ve tagged them with: others comfortable to get the best possible outcome and 1. The Friendster (hiring manager who talks 40 to 50 demanding more without coming across as a jerk. percent of the time): A lot of your managers would be satisDivide the managers you support into these interviewfied with this time of possession. “It was a peer-based con- ing profiles, then look at turnover trends across multiple versation,” he said. “I felt like we had some great dialogue,” years.You’ll find the managers with the most effective time she said.They’re wrong.They didn’t make the candidate talk of possession strategies don’t miss in hiring nearly as much long enough to gain meaningful information, and as a result, as their peers. their miss rate on hires is going to be too high. To be a great interviewer, talk less. But ask for more. 2. The Cyborg (hiring manager who talks 5 to 10 percent of the time): If talking too much is wrong, then a man- Kris Dunn, the chief human resources officer at Kinetix, is a Workforce ager who only controls less than 10 percent of the interview contributing editor. To comment, email [email protected]. MANAGERS WITH EFFECTIVE TIME OF POSSESSION STRATEGIES DON’T MISS IN HIRING NEARLY AS MUCH AS THEIR PEERS. 14 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m march/april 2018 WE HAVE AN EDUCATED, TALENTED AND DIVERSE WORKFORCE EAGER TO CHANGE THE WORLD. IMAGINE WHAT THEY’LL DO FOR YOUR BUSINESS. The only thing as impressive as our current workforce of more than 10 million is our future one. Our colleges and universities are among the nation’s top performers of R&D and commercialization of technologies. So while we’re helping you succeed with today’s talent, we’re also preparing tomorrow’s. Discover what a future in Florida means for your business at floridathefutureishere.com/potential or call 877-YES-FLORIDA. march/april 2018 w o r k f o r c e . c o m | Workƒorce 15 FOR YOUR BENEFIT Benefits for Gig Workers? Great Idea, But … ? As freelance nation grows, some employers eye being the ‘gig’ of choice with lucrative benefits. By Patty Kujawa A gni. THE FUTURE OF WORK IS CHANGING WITH THE RISE OF CONTRACT WORKERS. MANY FREELANCERS ARE TRYING TO BUILD A CAREER PATH IN THE GIG ECONOMY. 16 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m.” march/april 2018 FOR YOUR BENEFIT DOL Eyes Easing of Health-Plan Groups By Rita Pyrillis A proposed rule by the U.S. Department of Labor that makes it easier for small businesses to join together to create health plans is eliciting mixed reactions from employers that are unsure of what this could mean for their health care costs. The proposal issued in early January would make it easier for small-business owners, sole proprietors and other self-employed people to buy insurance as a group, giving them more purchasing power and lower premiums. These plans, called association health plans, would be exempt from consumer protections and other regulations of the Affordable Care Act, including the requirement to provide essential health care benefits. “We’ve been talking to a number of different associations like retail and homebuilders, and in general they are positive about the potential this could have for their members in giving them access to affordable and improved health care options,” said Jeff Ray, who leads consultancy Mercer’s associations practice, which provides insurance products to professional associations. “They are also concerned about the potential impact on the state exchanges and about the logistics and risks of offering these kinds of plans. Frankly, some are hesitant and are expressing concerns in terms of political uncertainty.” Under the ACA, association plans were treated as small businesses and were required to provide all of the law’s mandated benefits. The proposal allows small businesses to qualify as large group plans, which are subject to fewer federal and state requirements. It also allows employers to join together based on geography or industry rather than on a common professional interest, according to a DOL statement. These looser definitions and regulations could mean a return to a history of fraud and abuse surrounding association health plans before the ACA was passed, according to Sarah Lueck, a senior health care policy analyst with the Center for Policy and Budget Priorities, a nonpartisan think tank in Washington, D.C. “Letting a lot of these associations newly form under lower standards opens the door to fraud and abuse and insolvency,” she said. “In the past there were bad actors that were unable to pay claims and then they were gone. That’s why if this proposal goes forward state and federal regulators will have to be very careful.” march/april 2018 Promising Drop in Financial Stress Does a Troubling 180 By Patty Kujawa A fter six years of reporting increasing confidence in their financial situation, workers’ attitudes took a serious nosedive when thinking about their money issues and how they affect their lives, a recent biannual survey found. According to the 2017 “Global Benefits Attitudes Survey” by consulting group Willis Towers Watson, one-third of U.S. workers said their Steve Nyce financial problems are negatively impacting their lives, compared to only 21 percent making this statement two years ago. Plus, only 35 percent said they were happy with their money matters. Those numbers had Willis senior economist Steve Nyce scratching his head because respondents’ satisfaction with their finances had been climbing every year of the study from 26 percent in 2009 to 48 percent in 2015. “Household debt is starting to rise at a pace that is faster than wages,” Nyce said. “People are feeling like they have lost control of their financial situation.They are having a hard time getting ahead.” More than half of workers have had some kind of significant money issue in the past two years, the survey said. Topping the list were significant medical expenses at 30 percent and borrowing money from family and friends at 29 percent. These issues, combined with low wage growth and mounting debt are not just causing financial stress, they are also affecting employees’ health and ability to be productive at work. About a third of respondents identified as struggling financially said that money woes were preventing them from doing their best at work.These workers were also taking more days off as well as saying they were in poor health. Meanwhile, employees with healthier outlooks on their finances tended to be in good health. Only 5 percent in this group said they had high stress levels. “All of this wears on them and drains their energy,” Nyce said. “It is impacting people’s ability to be their best on the job.” Rachel Bari Keane sees a lot of financially stressed-out workers in her job as a benefits analyst at PSCU, the nation’s largest credit union service organization. She said that many workers feel they are still on their own when it comes to figuring out finances and health care. “There is a lot of financial stress out there and it does create a lot of turmoil in their lives,” Keane said. “As benefits have evolved with high-deductible health plans, a lot of people in general haven’t been educated properly and it causes them to worry about how to do it all.” Retirement and student loans are two high interest topics, Keane said. Today’s marketplace is filled with financial wellness products, but many are less helpful than they seem, Nyce said. Many programs, he said, focus on budgeting, which can be inaccurate and consume a tremendous amount of time. “People do not have time to be budgeters,” Nyce said.“Our responsibility in the industry is to provide decision support tools to help [employees] narrow choices and make better decisions. The industry is moving in this direction and we are not turning back.” w o r k f o r c e . c o m | Workƒorce 17 FOR YOUR BENEFIT Employers Making Sure That ACOs Measure Up Comparison tools are becoming a necessity to help gauge the hundreds of organizations. By Rita Pyrillis I nterest in accountable-care organizations is expected to spike in the next couple of years as more large companies adopt alternative payment models, but with more than 900 of the provider networks of varying sizes and characteristics in the marketplace so far, assessing their performance can be a head-scratcher for employers. The Pennsylvania Employee Benefits Trust Fund discovered just that — with several insurance carriers across the state, gathering ACO performance data is a challenge, according to executive director Kathryn Farley. The group, which covers 290,000 active and retired state employees, launched an ACO last year. “It’s not that we can’t get data from the health plans, but when you have multiple carriers and everyone wants to report what they want to report, the challenge is getting consistent data so you can effectively compare ACOs,” Farley said. “That’s hard when someone measures something in one way and someone else in another.” In an ACO, doctors and hospitals share the responsibility for providing patient care by coordinating their efforts to avoid unnecessary tests and treatments. Data sharing plays a critical role not only for providers but also for employers who are trying to determine if ACOs are living up to their promise to improve health care quality while managing costs, Farley said. ACO models are still fairly new, but interest in them is growing. According to the National Business Group on Health’s “Large Employers’ 2018 Health Care Strategy and Plan Design Survey,” 21 percent of employers will be promoting ACOs offered by their insurance carriers or contracting directly with ACOs in 2018, but that number is expected to double by 2020. The more than 900 ACOs of varying sizes in the marketplace each come with a different mix of providers, performance measures and other characteristics that make it 18 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m difficult to assess their effectiveness, according to Brian Marcotte, president and CEO of the NBGH. But employer groups are stepping in to help employers better understand how ACOs work and how to evaluate them. In July, the NBGH released a guide to help companies develop an ACO strategy and in January 2018, the nonprofit employer’s coalition, Catalyst for Payment Reform, issued a set of standard performance measures for employers to share with their health plans. “The employer has very little information on whether the ACOs are improving the quality of care,” said Suzanne Delbanco, executive director of CPR. “The ACO might pick just a few clinical measures to report on. So we created a standard report. Think of it as a nutritional label. You know DATA SHARING PLAYS A CRITICAL ROLE FOR EMPLOYERS WHO ARE TRYING TO DETERMINE IF ACOs ARE LIVING UP TO THEIR PROMISE TO IMPROVE CARE WHILE MANAGING COSTS. where to look for the calories and for the fat. You can compare two soups. We want to foster that same approach for ACOs — a standardized approach with metrics that employers really care about.” At e-commerce giant Pitney Bowes, an early pioneer of value-based insurance design, obtaining complete and useful ACO data from the insurance carriers it contracts with has been challenging, according to Jennie Pao, manager of health care planning at the mail services company. “We are getting very limited information,” Pao said. “We are getting high level information, like one or two quality metrics on cancer screenings or diabetes and high blood pressure metrics.” Part of the difficulty in gathering data is that employees are automatically assigned to an ACO based on the number of visits to a particular provider, which is called an attribution model ACO. Under this arrangement, patients don’t know that they are in an ACO and may not have financial incentives to seek care from an ACO provider, according to Pao. This year Pitney Bowes launched two ACO pilot projects in Chicago and Fort Worth, Texas, that allow employees to choose an ACO provider network during open enrollment in exchange for lower premiums and lower cost sharing. Pao said that she’s been discussing the company’s concerns about measuring ACO performance with its health plans and has asked carriers to start reporting on the standardized data developed by CPR. “We’re excited to work with (Catalyst for Payment Reform) to develop more meaningful metrics,” she said. “It will take a while but we’re hoping to get much better reporting in the future.” march/april 2018 FOR YOUR BENEFIT GIVING EMPLOYEES PERMISSION TO BE WELL By Jennifer Benz | A Benefits Beat s you likely remember, last fall there was a huge data breach at Equifax, the nation’s largest credit bureau. We were heads down, working though our busiest time of year: open enrollment. Amid all the chaos and advice about what people should do to protect themselves, my business partner, Isabelle, was concerned about our team taking steps to protect their credit. She knew that with our busy work schedule, they probably wouldn’t. So in January, after things had settled down, Isabelle reminded our team about the breach. She encouraged them to take time during the workday to review their credit score and set up credit freezes and monitoring. She explained the urgency of the situation and how to access each of the three major credit bureaus.And most notably, she specifically asked our team members to carve out time to do this during the workday and block it on their calendars. That time “on the clock” was key. It’s a simple but often-overlooked aspect of encouraging well-being. Focusing on our own well-being — whether it’s going for a walk outside, signing up for a class on stress management or understanding our credit — takes time. And that time has to be juggled along with everything else in life. Encouraging employees to take care of themselves needs to come with permission to do so during the workday. Whether it’s taking steps to improve their physical health, their mental state or their financial life, finding the time to do what they know they should do is one of the biggest barriers to engagement. That’s why we loved a recent financial wellness campaign called #SaveABillion from Movement Mortgage, a South Carolina-based company with more than 4,000 employees. As part of its campaign to get its employees to save more, the company’s CEO assigned them a very specific task: take a financial wellness assessment and retirement checkup. He also gave them the time to do it by creating a 20-minute companywide “blackout” on a Friday. During the blackout, no one could access their email or other systems. This empowered employees to schedule the task on their calendars and eliminated a huge barrier to engagement: time. Not every company can literally block out time for employees like Movement Mortgage did. But all employers can do more to encourage employees to balance their work and personal lives in ways that make sense and help them be productive. Increasingly, benefits programs are asking employees to make thoughtful decisions about complicated topics — and to engage in programs throughout the year. As part of your strategy, think about how and when employees will take the time to use these programs. And help them prioritize the time they need to take action. It helps tremendously to use a goal-setting technique from behavioral science called “implementation intention.” Simply explained, it involves writing down your intention to do something, including when and under what conditions. You’re more likely to complete the task because by writing it down and specifying a time, you’ve made the act of getting started that much easier. And as we all know, the first step is often the hardest to take. We frequently use this method in campaigns — asking people to write down when they will do something, sending calendar invites or including a simple “commitment” form on a print piece — because it increases engagement. Still, if you want to succeed at creating a culture of well-being, you also have to continuously look at removing obstacles. In focus groups for our clients, we have heard employees call out the hypocrisy of asking people to take care of their health while, at the same time, asking them to meet business needs such as working 70 hours a week to meet a target. We hear about bad managers who want employees to stay at their desks all day, despite company encouragement to take walks during lunch or use the on-site fitness center. Employees are quick to notice the inconsistencies between messages that come from the company and what their manager is requiring of them day in and day out. This is one of the reasons why senior leadership support, while valuable, doesn’t automatically change everyone’s behavior. As you review your well-being and benefits initiatives, ask your team: Have you been realistic about how much time employees need to engage? And have you simply and truly given employees permission to take advantage of all of these programs at work? IT’S AN OVERLOOKED ASPECT OF ENCOURAGING WELL-BEING: MAKING TIME FOR SELF-CARE HAS TO BE JUGGLED ALONGSIDE EVERYTHING ELSE. march/april 2018 Jennifer Benz is CEO and Founder of Benz Communications, a San Francisco-based employee benefits communications agency. She was honored as one of Workforce’s Game Changers in 2013. Contact her at [email protected] or follow her on Twitter at @jenbenz. w o r k f o r c e . c o m | Workƒorce 19 Legal Predictive Scheduling: What to Expect? Fair workweek laws could prove challenging to employers across jurisdictions. By Courtney Blanchard F ollowing a wave of paid sick leave laws across the country, predictive scheduling is among the newest issues confronting employers. A recent measure in Oregon is scheduled to take effect July 1. The development gives Oregon the first statewide predictive scheduling measure, also known as a “fair workweek” law, but it comes after similar municipal laws were approved in Seattle, San Francisco and New York City. Under the new measure, large employers will lose some flexibility around scheduling practices but their employees will gain predictability. Employers must provide copies of the written work schedule to employees at least seven days in advance (this increases to 14 days on July 1, 2020). Any changes to the schedule — outside of the notice period — require employers to provide additional compensation to the affected employees.The additional compensation, also known as “predictability pay,” is required in the following circumstances: 1. Employers must pay one additional hour of pay at the employee’s regular rate if the employer does any of the following without proper notice: adds more than 30 minutes of work to an employee’s shift; changes the date, start time or end time of a shift without affecting total hours worked; or schedules the employee for an additional shift (including on-call shifts). 2. Employers must pay an additional one-half times the employee’s regular rate for each scheduled hour that the employee does not work if the employer subtracts hours from a shift; changes the date, start time or end time of a shift, resulting in a loss of work hours; cancels a shift; or for on-call employee, does not ask the employee to perform work while on call. 3. Employers cannot require employees to report back to work less than 10 hours after ending the previous shift unless the employee requests the shift or consents, in which case the employer must pay one-and-one-half times the regular rate of pay. The biggest takeaway is an employee cannot be forced to report for a shift that was not previously scheduled, regardless of whether the employer provides predictability pay. However, the measure provides several ways an employer can avoid predictability pay. 20 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m For example, employees can opt in to a “standby” list to volunteer to pick up additional shifts without receiving predictability pay. If the employer has contacted all employees on the standby list and still requires additional workers, then the employer can avoid the predictability pay. In addition, employers can avoid predictability pay if there are “unanticipated customer needs or The biggest takeaway is an employee cannot be forced to report for a shift that was not previously scheduled, regardless of whether the employer provides predictability pay. unexpected employee absences”; the employer requests volunteers through group communication; the employee volunteers; there is an emergency or unforeseeable event; or the employee’s hours are reduced for a disciplinary reason with just cause. Employers must be ready to comply when the law takes effect because violations may be costly.The Oregon measure provides employees with a private right of action for violations, civil penalties ranging between $500 and $1,000 for each violamarch/april 2018 tion, and creates a new basis for retaliation claims (including an award of attorneys’ fees). What Are the Law’s Implications? This is just the beginning of predictive scheduling, and Oregon’s approach suggests that the issue will continue to affect employers across the country. Oregon’s bill applies to employers in the retail, hospitality and food service industries with more than 500 employees. Similarly, Seattle’s predictive scheduling ordinance applies only to retail and food service establishments with more than 500 employees, and San Francisco has singled out “formula retail” businesses, or chain stores with more than 11 locations worldwide. Lawmakers in these jurisdictions have made a strategic decision to focus on large employers in the service industry, perhaps under the assumption that these employers are best situated for compliance. But there are early signs that this issue will have a broader impact on small and midsize employers. A new ordinance in Emeryville, California, affects employers with more than 56 employees globally and 20 or more employees in city limits. New York City also passed a measure with various requirements applying to retail employers with 20 or more employees, as well as nationwide fast-food establishments. The growth of predictive scheduling laws could prove challenging to employers, given the different requirements across jurisdictions. For example, Oregon’s bill pre-empts other local ordinances relating to work schedules, creating consistency within the state. But the same employers operating in Seattle, San Francisco, Emeryville and New York City must comply with different requirements. These employers may create a universal policy by selecting the most restrictive requirements, or choose a more economical route by tailoring their approach to each geographic region. While some states have enacted legislation pre-empting any local government ordinance addressing employee work schedules, this does not relieve the obligation elsewhere. Employers may get ahead of the trend by implementing changes to current scheduling practices. Technology and data could help employers find the most efficient scheduling practices, and some large employers are already using data to better predict how many employees are required to operate at any given time. Despite the challenges, employers can find a way to make the most of predictive scheduling by using technology to better predict staffing needs. Courtney Blanchard is a labor and employment attorney for large and multistate employers with Minneapolis-based Nilan Johnson Lewis. march/april 2018 Legal Legal Briefings CAN EMPLOYERS RELY ON FEDERAL BAN ON CANNABIS? The Trump administration’s renewed directive to prosecute “marijuana activities” calls into question a recent decision from the Massachusetts Supreme Court finding employers may not rely on the federal prohibition when determining the qualifications of an applicant. In Barbuto v. Advantage Sales & Mktg. LLC, an applicant claimed she was discriminated against on the basis of her disability, Crohn’s disease, after she was disqualified from hiring consideration for testing positive for cannabis. The employer ignored the applicant’s explanation that she took cannabis per her doctor’s written certification, stating “we follow federal law, not state law.” The employer filed a motion to dismiss the disability discrimination claim on the basis that medical cannabis use is a federal crime and, thus, the request to deviate from the employer’s anti-drug policy as an accommodation was “facially unreasonable.” The court disagreed, holding instead that the employer had “a duty to engage in an interactive process with the employee” to consider alternative medicines or other accommodations that would allow the employee to perform her job, and that medicinal cannabis is not “per se unreasonable as an accommodation” simply because it is a violation of federal law. IMPACT: Even with the Trump administration’s new orientation, employers should engage in the interactive process with an applicant or employee who tests positive for cannabis if an alleged disability is at issue. THE CASE OF THE VANISHING STOCK OPTION Donald Simota joined Stericycle Inc. to become its operations manager. He signed a noncompetition agreement that provided an option to purchase shares of Stericycle’s common stock, an option that would vest after a period of time. Thirteen months later, Simota resigned from Stericycle and joined its competitor, Patriot Environmental Services. Stericycle sued Simota under the agreement he signed. Simota filed a motion to dismiss the case, arguing that he was not given enough “consideration” (i.e., value) for the agreement. Simota argued that his stock options never vested before he resigned, and therefore provided no value to him. The court recognized that noncompetition agreements, known as “restrictive covenants,” are disfavored under the law because they are restraints upon competition. Thus, an employee needs to receive sufficient legal value in exchange for signing such agreements; otherwise they are not enforceable. The court stated that the stock options provided sufficient value even though they never vested and Simota never received any actual stock. The fact that the stock options did not vest was not the fault of Stericycle. Simota caused the option to vanish by resigning early. Thus, the agreement was supported by sufficient legal value given by Stericycle. IMPACT: The enforceability of noncompetition and nonsolicitation agreements is governed by state law; each state has its own legal standard. And, even within a single state the cases can be contradictory. Employers should consult with counsel regarding the drafting and enforcement of these types of agreements. Rachel L. Schaller and Daniel Saeedi are attorneys at Taft Stettinius & Hollister LLP. To comment, email [email protected]. w o r k f o r c e . c o m | Workƒorce 21 Legal ACME Noncompete Litigation Jon Hyman | The Practical Employer W ile E. Coyote. He’s forever chasing the Roadrunner. make the difference between an enforceable contract and a Always ending up falling off a cliff or crushed under a worthless piece of paper. giant boulder. 3. Provide consideration. An employee must receive Kind of like noncompete litigation. Sometimes you win something of value in exchange for giving up the right to an injunction, sometimes the court drops a big boulder on compete. If the covenant is signed at the beginning of your head. employment, the hiring itself usually meets this requireSo suppose after leaving your company, an ex-employee ment. For current employees, though, what qualifies as begins soliciting former co-workers to join him at his new “value” varies from state to state. In Ohio, for example, venture. That employee signed the same noncompetition keeping an at-will employee employed is enough. Other agreement as each of your other 13,000 employees, which states, however, require something of monetary value, among other things, prohibits him from directly or indirect- such as a raise, bonus or extra vacation days. ly soliciting, inducing or encouraging any employee of the 4. Enforce, enforce, enforce. Do not selectively encompany to terminate their employment or to accept em- force your contracts. Suppose Employee A and Employee ployment with a competitor, B are subject to the same supplier or customer. agreement. Employee A And you do what many quits and works for a comemployers do in this situapetitor, and you ignore it. If tion.You sue the ex-employEmployee B does the same, ee to enforce the agreement. but you sue to enforce that In The Manitowoc Comnoncompete, you will have pany v. Lanning, the Wisa hard time proving the leconsin Supreme Court gitimacy of the business indropped the biggest boulterest you are seeking to der possible. It not only protect in light of the fact ruled in the employee’s fathat you chose to ignore the vor, but it found the agreesame as to Employee A. ment to be unreasonably over-broad as drafted and inval5. Ask for help. The internet is a wonderful tool. In the idated it as to all of Manitowoc’s 13,000 employees. click of a mouse you can learn who led the National In today’s job market, courts have become increasingly League in stolen bases in 1971 (the Cardinals’ Lou Brock) skeptical of agreements that limit an employee’s ability to or you can find examples of noncompete agreements. Be find employment. wary, though, of using these examples in your business What steps can you take to maximize your ability to without first having your counsel vet them. No matter the enforce the agreements that your employees sign? Here are quality of the appearance of the form you locate or the five practical steps. trustworthiness of site on which you find it, you have no 1. Pick the right type of covenant. What type of idea when it was drafted, which state’s law it was drafted to competition are you trying to protect? Are you trying to comply with or if counsel ever reviewed it. protect your company’s most guarded secrets from your Post-employment covenants are necessary tools that all biggest competitors, or are you trying to prevent a sales- employers should have in their shed. Employers, however, person from cherry-picking your customers? If all you must use narrowly drafted agreements that only reach need is an agreement prohibiting an employee from so- those legitimate interests worthy of protection. And, if liciting customers, clients or vendors, then limit the there is no such interest, consider foregoing an agreeagreement to protect that interest. Do not cast too wide a ment at all. Otherwise you might end up spending lots net or a court will either narrow it for you, or, worse, toss of money in court in a vain attempt to enforce an unenout the entire agreement. forceable contract. 2. Know your jurisdiction. Different states have difOr, worse yet, a court might just drop that boulder on ferent laws pertaining to the enforceability of noncompete your noggin and invalidate that agreement for all of agreements. California, for example, will only enforce such your employees. agreements in very limited circumstances, while Ohio will enforce any agreement reasonable in time, geographical Jon Hyman is a partner at Meyers, Roman, Friedberg & Lewis in scope and the legitimate interest you seek to protect. Pick- Cleveland. To comment, email [email protected]. Follow ing the right state’s law to apply to your agreement could Hyman’s blog at Workforce.com/PracticalEmployer. In today’s job market, courts have become increasingly skeptical of agreements that limit an employee’s ability to find employment. 22 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m march/april 2018 CONFUSION-FREE CUSTOM CONTENT YOU HAVE A MAZE OF OPTIONS WHEN IT COMES TO CUSTOM CONTENT. Partner with the Human Capital Media Research & Advisory Group to create influential thought leadership and compelling custom content. We tailor our knowledge and insight of HRâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inner circle to your brand, giving you a powerful voice in the HR space. Work with the HCM Research and Advisory Group today! Questions? Visit humancapitalmedia.com/research. #ResearchHCM industryinsights Putting a Plan Together Case study: How Mackenzie Investments developed a succession pipeline for its inside sales department By Tim Harnett How important is succession planning and employee development at your organization? More than threequarters of organizations (78 percent) have some sort of plan in place, yet 60 percent say they have too few candidates for their needs.¹. “Executives discuss how important professional development has been in their careers, growing them into the leaders they are today. They wanted an initiative that would provide an opportunity to develop employees to be promotion ready to move into the inside wholesaler role — a role that requires deep product and industry knowledge.” Teixeira agreed with the opportunity to identify and move current employees into the role — with the right platform. “Recruiting people internally reduces the time it takes for onboarding. The person comes in with the background knowledge and skills the role requires. By having the impetus come from the top down, it demonstrates commitment to developing people within the organization.” Teixeira developed the online portion of the program using D2L’s Brightspace platform. While it isn’t geared toward any generation, succession programs like the one at Mackenzie Investments are particularly attractive to millennials, 87 percent of whom want development in their jobs.² But before the rollout could begin, Teixeira needed to weigh delivery options. “Due to the nature of the role, we designed our training with a blended approach — online delivery with some in-person activities.” D2L’s Brightspace was the best platform choice thanks to its discussion boards and video training features, best suited for a mobile sales force. “With the Brightspace platform we are able to host the fundamental learning online with video and required reading to form the basis of their knowledge, and then test their understanding using the built-in quizzing tool. The statistical reporting capabilities allow us to understand in which areas the participants are strongest. Learners will have 4-5 months to complete a series of self-study and in-person learning assignments,” Teixeira says. “Within that time, they’ll apply the knowledge they’ve learned and meet with our inside wholesaler managers and mentors. Timelines and deadlines are managed through conversations with applicants, but the learning is selfpaced. They’ll also receive more onboarding once they become inside wholesalers. The idea is that the program will provide applicants with the readiness to move into the role when there’s an open position.” “The idea is that the program will provide applicants with the readiness to move into the role when there’s an open position.” Teixeira is building metrics into the succession program to ensure its success can be measured. “We’re examining how the content is digested throughout, since people will be completing the program while employed in their current positions,” Teixeira says. “We want to be building knowledge without having. the program become a roadblock to success in the employees’ current roles. Going forward, I’ll have communication with program participants as well as their managers, and will periodically touch base and get a pulse check to determine how successful participants are with the content.” Mackenzie’s commitment to internal promotions isn’t limited to the distribution department, either. “There’s been several company initiatives to make sure we keep high performers interested in growing their 1 2 careers with us,” Teixeira says, “giving them access to programs and opportunities to grow and learn while they’re here. The Inside Wholesaler Development Program is one piece of a larger puzzle to addressing attrition, promoting engagement and maximizing product knowledge, which benefits our customers and our bottom line.” Mackenzie Investments uses the D2L platform for their inside sales succession program. Learn more at D2L.com/ financialservices. 2016 Talent Management Succession Planning survey. Adkins, A. and Rigoni, B. (2016). “Millennials want jobs to be development opportunities.” Gallup. industryinsights High Tech, High Touch: The Power of People in the Digital Era More than 90 percent of organizations expect digital impact in the next two years. Does your business have the right people strategy in place to be successful? By ManpowerGroup We’ve been here before… Leader transformation If. Most organizations — including early digital adopters — believe their leadership pipeline and existing leaders aren’t yet prepared to fully win at digital. Eighty-seven percent of HR leaders believe they lack the leadership talent to drive success.⁷ To thrive during digital transformation, organizations must fill their current pipelines with a community of digital-ready, connected leaders dedicated to creating the necessary culture and capability within the organization. An adaptive leadership network will be what both unlocks opportunities and drives successful digital transformation, Antonucci says. More than 90 percent of employers expect digital impact in the next two years.¹ As digitization advances automation and computing, 75 percent of leaders believe automation will soon require new skills.² Skilling up will require a high level of learnability; across the OECD, jobs requiring greater proficiencies are growing the fastest.³ Younger workers are coming into this environment. By 2030, millennials will make up two-thirds of the workforce,⁴ and they’ll need a high degree of learnability: 65 percent of the jobs they’ll fill over their lifetimes don’t even exist yet.⁵ For Lory Antonucci, senior consultant of organizational effectiveness for Right Management, the challenge of being successful in this digital era goes beyond technology. “These days, successful digital transformation means everybody operates from a shared, comprehensive view of the demands and capabilities required across the organization. This approach helps individuals, leaders and the organization operate under a common understanding of change and opportunity; adapt and function in an era that demands more connectivity; and to make smarter decisions that benefit both people and technology.” Transforming quickly can make the difference between organizational success and failure. Companies embracing digital transformation are 26 percent more profitable than their competitors and enjoy a 12 percent higher market valuation.⁶ To succeed through digital disruption, organizations must proactively address transformation through leadership, culture and the workforce itself. Culture transformation A culture of innovation is another critical differentiator. Organizations need to embrace change, take calculated risks and be open to failing fast. Culture is both the proof of the past and the foundation for the future. In these times of change, every organization needs to understand and leverage culture as its primary enabler of growth, success and survival. Organizations with a formal innovation system see significant yields: 51 percent are the first to market with most new products and services.⁸ Workforce transformation Forty percent of employers face greater difficulty filling jobs this year than last, the highest level since 2007.⁹ The biggest threat to manufacturing isn’t machines — it’s people. Up to 2 million jobs may go unfulfilled because existing and emerging workers don’t have the necessary skills to perform them.10 Organizations and individuals need to approach digital opportunities with both a short- and long-term plan. “Invest in tools, connections and learning opportunities to gain a new sense of what’s happening with your customers and your work. Learning actions should focus on gaining updated insights, resources and innovations, and then sharing and scaling the new value that you see,” Antonucci says. Right Management is the global career and talent development expert within ManpowerGroup®. We help organizations become more agile, attractive and innovative by creating a culture of career mobility and learning that nurtures future talent, motivates and engages people, and provides individuals with opportunities to increase their value throughout their careers. We improve time to value through our expertise in organizational effectiveness, career management and individual development. Find us on the web. From the digital suites to the factory floors, digital transformation is a comprehensive journey that impacts every part of an organization. To be successful, organizations must consider: • Are we prepared for calculated risk and set up to fail fast? • Are we agile and open to change, now and throughout the journey of transformation? • Are our processes informed by digital insights? • The path is clear: to thrive in the digital age, organizations need to operate with agility, deliver in the short term and adapt for the long term. Right Management partners with organizations of all sizes to accelerate transformation success, wherever they are in the transformation journey. For more information, visit. “The good news is digital leadership isn’t a total replacement of the fundamental attributes underlying leadership effectiveness. Instead, the 80/20 rule applies. Eighty percent of the competencies and enablers that have always made leaders effective remain the same. The other 20 percent is made up of the capabilities that weren’t so necessary before, but are critical now for modern and future leaders.” —Right Management, “From C-Suite to Digital Suite” (2017) E ManpowerGroup (2017). The Skills Revolution. ManpowerGroup (2017). Impact of Automation in the Workforce. 3 OECD (2016). Survey of Adult Skills, OECD, 2016 4 Bureau of Labor Statistics. 5 ManpowerGroup (2017). The Skills Revolution. 6 IDE (2017). The MIT Initiative on the Digital Economy. 7 Right Management (2014). Talent Management: Accelerating Business Performance. 8 Accenture (2015). US Innovation Survey. 9 ManpowerGroup. Talent Shortage Survey, 2016/2017. 10 Deloitte (2015). The Skills Gap in U.S. Manufacturing, 2015–2025 Outlook. 1 2 RETIREMENT READY? Remodeling Retirement for the 21st Century Despite dire predictions as the wave of retiring boomers grows, there is hope that employers and workers can rebuild a system mired in a 20th century mindset. BY ANDIE BURJEK T here’s a finality to the concrete definition of retirement. It’s the conclusion of one part of a person’s life and the commencement of the next, the solid boundary separating work and rest, a figurative brick wall marking a definite point between an employee’s and retiree’s timeline. That brick wall has crumbled in recent years prompting an impassioned debate over who is responsible for life beyond the workplace. For decades, many employees retired to a generous pension thanks to paternalistic employers. But with trends like the gig economy, changing family structure and employers demanding that workers take control of their financial future, retirement is facing a distinct upgrade to meet 21st century workplace realities. Some 10,000 baby boomers now retire daily, and the birth rate among younger generations is shrinking as employers scramble to fill empty positions — unfilled jobs that will not fund an ailing Social Security benefits system in the long term. Americans with dramatically meager retirement accounts are living longer and must support themselves in retirement well into their 80s and 90s. Aging workers see the shortfall and realize that remaining employed is their only shot at a comfortable re- 28 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m tirement, according to Ryan Duguid, senior vice president of technology strategy at Nintex, a computer software company in Bellevue,Washington. “That’s the crux of the problem,” he said. “The current system dictates that we all work longer and are less of a burden on society, and the current reality is that it’s getting increasingly hard to remain relevant in the workforce over time.” Working in Retirement: No Longer an Oxymoron Retirement has historically been thought of as a three-legged stool, comprised of individual savings, company pension and Social Security benefits, according to Larry Sher, partner at October Three Consulting. There’s an increasing need for a fourth leg, he added: working in retirement. Contributing to this trend is the increased diversity of family situations, Sher said. For example, when there are dual earners in a family, one may need to retire or change the type of work they’re doing, meaning the other must continue to work at least on a part-time basis. Having children later in life puts a strain on their retirement savings and forces them to earn income for a longer period of time. march/april 2018 march/april 2018 w o r k f o r c e . c o m | WorkĆ&#x2019;orce 29 RETIREMENT READY? “Retirement systems need to be rethought to better accommodate a wider variety of situations,” said Sher. People would not have to work in retirement if they saved enough during their career, but that brings up another concern. A third of U.S. workers aren’t offered a pension or 401(k) plan by their employers, according to the Pew Charitable Trusts. That percentage is higher for certain groups of people. Fifty-six percent of part-timers, 55 percent of Hispanics and 45 percent of millennials don’t have access to a retirement plan. Other people may want to work longer not out of financial necessity but because of the nonfinancial benefits work provides, according to Robert Laura, a retirement coach and president of Retirement Project, which certifies retirement coaches. Laura’s work in retirement coaching revolves around educating people about the psychology of retirement — the struggles of retiring that are not financial but social, physical and mental. RETIREMENT HAS HISTORICALLY BEEN THOUGHT OF AS A THREELEGGED STOOL: INDIVIDUAL SAVINGS, COMPANY PENSION AND SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS. “Work provides a very powerful outlet for what you lose in retirement,” Laura said. “You lose contact with people, you lose friends, you lose a schedule, you lose an agenda [and] you lose goals.” Employers tend to focus on the financial side of retirement rather than the other factors, he said, which presents an opportunity for them to explore the psychology of retirement. “Anyone who’s ready to step up will be able to establish themselves or their company as a leader on this topic,” said Laura. Raising awareness among employees on the psychology of retirement can start when employees are in their 40s or 50s rather than when they’re close to 65, he added. Some employees may feel that after retiring they won’t be relevant anymore, he said. Employers could help by offering resources including articles, books, videos and workshops that educate people on the changes they’ll experience during retirement. Former employees may struggle staying connected with other people, and losing that social component of what work provides can make them feel disconnected. Another mistake some employees make is not planning for retirement.“Most people go into retirement with vague assumptions.‘I might work part-time,’ or,‘Maybe I’ll volunteer,’ ” said Laura. “[But] you have to have concrete plans for these years.” 30 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m Aiding employees in planning for the realities retirement has in store can be both valuable to the well-being of the employee and the reputation of the company, said Laura. Retirees may be a company’s best PR people, and a fond farewell sends them off on a positive note. How Can I Possibly Work Longer? Enthusiasm for a longer career is not universal. In theory, what would make sense is that people accept that “70 is the new 65” mentality and work longer, but that’s easier said than done, according to Steve Vernon, a research scholar at the Stanford Center on Longevity. Part of the problem is the attitude of the individual, he said. Many people in their 40s and 50s cannot see themselves working until 70 because of factors like burnout, physically taxing long commutes or emotionally draining office politics. These are legitimate concerns, and one way to fix people’s attitudes toward retirement could be to mend one of these problems. A company could offer a work-from-home option once a week to someone with a long commute as a solution. “For a lot of people, instead of retiring full time in their 60s, they ought to pursue a downshift strategy where maybe they’re not working as hard as they used to, but [they’re] still making money and delaying the start of full retirement,” said Vernon. Advances in technology may also help people stay in their jobs for longer, according to Duguid. Although tech advances can unfortunately make some jobs disappear, they can also improve the quality of other jobs. “Automation and AI have the potential to take away a lot of the mind-numbing [work],” he said. People want a sense of purpose at work, he added, and eliminating the rote tasks so that people can focus on stimulating duties can keep them satisfied for longer. HR professionals may face challenges when people want or need to work longer, according to Vernon. If a company wants to hire an older worker, there are potential conflicts reporting to someone younger.An experienced person transitioning down in pay and rank may not be happy, either. These personal downshifting factors pose a challenge, and there could be legal issues including claims of age discrimination. But, Vernon added, it can work. The parties involved must be prepared to be sensitive to this fragile situation. “It’s a desirable thing to do. It just needs to be handled thoughtfully and carefully,” he said. Risk Shifting Vs. Risk Sharing As the retirement plan of choice for employers has shifted from defined benefit to defined contribution, employees have taken a larger share of risk. “They’ll be able to retire or might be able to retire if they’ve saved well and haven’t dipped into their accounts, when the market is up and only when the market is up,” said Sher.“And when the market is up is the worst time for a lot of employers to lose their employees to retirement march/april 2018 COMPREHENSIVE. CONNECTED. CONVENIENT. WORKFORCE DATA FOR YOUR NEEDS TALENT TRACKER: AN ANALYTICS SERVICE FOR TALENT march/april 2018 thetalenttracker.com w o r k f o r c e . c o m | WorkÆ&#x2019;orce 31 RETIREMENT READY? because when the market is up, chances are that the company needs the employees to stay.” Shifting all the risk to employees is not going to be ideal, he said. He believes employers should move back toward risk-sharing rather than risk-shifting. “401(k) plans are not retirement plans. They are savings plans,” said Vernon. “There’s a difference between a retirement plan and a savings plan. A savings plan is just accumulating money, and yes that’s a necessary component of having enough money to retire. But it’s not enough.” Although they are interchangeable terms, the problem with retirement plans today is they are becoming inadequate, he said. The value of retirement plans declines as employees deal with higher health care costs and take on more risk. Employees are more content and prepared when they have a more generous defined benefit or defined contribution retirement plan, he said. But although this robust retirement plan is more important than ever, many employers have gone too far shifting risks to employees. “The long-term risk companies could face if their employees come up short later in their careers is that many of these individuals will hang around beyond when they want and beyond when their employer wants, too,” he said. “More of these individuals hanging on tend to be less healthy, feel stuck, disengaged and ultimately that means they are less productive.” Not only are employees financially unable to take the brunt of the financial risk, but they’re not going to be able to make better decisions than an expert investor. And although employers should educate their employees, they should also understand that they can only do so much, he said. “You can’t teach employees to be great investors,” said Sher.“You want them to work at their jobs.You don’t want them to be worried about and focusing on what I’m going to do with this money in my 401(k) plan.You want to engage employees in a discussion, but you don’t want to overwhelm them.” A delicate balance comes into play here. How does a company ensure that giving employees more financial responsibility doesn’t come at the expense of employees’ overall well-being? “The question at the end of day,” said Sher, “is how much paternalism do we want versus flexibility?” That question looms large over many workplaces. Whether employers are considering how much financial burden to put on employees, how much assistance they should offer in helping people prepare for retirement, or how responsible they should feel about keeping their older workers gainfully employed are potential solutions to fend off the silver tsunami washing over the retiring workforce. Striking a balance between these options could help cement the confidence that retirement is a sound option for workers while making employers more attractive to the future workforce. The Future’s Employer of Choice The ideal employer of the future will learn some lessons from the retirement concerns of today. Larry Sher, partner at October Three Consulting, stressed that employees are increasingly at risk in a 401(k)-only system. “If these programs are going to be the retirement programs of the future, they’re going to have to change one way or another, either voluntarily through employers or because the government forces it upon them,” he said. Embracing risk-sharing rather than risk-shifting and making annuities more available to employees are traits of a retirement plan that will make companies more attractive, Sher said. Steve Vernon, a research scholar at the Stanford Center on Longevity, recommended offering an adviser who can clearly explain to pending retirees when they should retire. “Helping older workers decide if they have enough money to retire, when to take Social Security and how much income they can get from their 401(k) plan,” said Vernon. “These are things an employer could do, shop for professional advisers who would be available to their employees.” Flexible policies also will help employees work longer, he added. Flex work, telework and part-time work would not only add value for near-retirees but other groups of people like working parents who could also benefit from a more flexible schedule. Robert Laura, a retirement coach and president of Retirement Project, agreed on the value of flexible policies. “[Employers] will understand the needs of the employees and bend the work schedule to work for them, which is becoming much easier with technology,” he said. Flexibility could also be applied to sabbaticals, he added. In general, it’s rare for companies to offer employees a sabbatical, said Laura. But what if they redefined the word? Employees don’t necessarily need a break from work that lasts months; they could benefit enough from an extra week off every couple of months. Or they could have one month off during a season of extreme weather. These are potential ways in which employees could both get more flexibility and still meet their work responsibilities. — Andie Burjek Andie Burjek is a Workforce associate editor. To comment, email [email protected]. 32 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m march/april 2018 ACQUIRE EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT SKILLS Expand your team’s knowledge base. RESOURCE CENTER Whitepapers | On-demand Webinars Research Studies | E-books Offering FREE on-demand content for developing tomorrow’s workforce. march/april 2018 resources.workforce.com 33 w o r k f o r c e . c o m | Workƒorce RETIREMENT READY? The New Face of Facing Retirement With fears of outliving retirement, boomers are looking for help dealing with ‘pretired’ anxiety. BY RITA PYRILLIS K evin McGrain has prepped well for his golden years. willingness of many employers to provide a pension plan. He saved diligently, invested wisely and now at age 63, As life expectancy increased, the number of years that the he enjoys traveling with his wife, spending time at average employee spent in retirement stretched dramaticaltheir new North Carolina home near the mountains ly from about 10 years in the early 1950s to 20 years in and visiting with his grandkids. 2000, according to a Social Security Administration report. Life has been good since McGrain left his job last year at And in the midst of that shift, employers began abanan online retailer in Boston. But like many people his age, doning traditional pension plans with their lifetime beneMcGrain is nagged by the fits in favor of defined-confear of running out of money. tribution plans such as “My in-laws are going 401(k)s, which are riskier for through this right now,” he employees. Add soaring said. “My father-in-law health care costs and rising worked for a family business living expenses with an un— SHARON EMEK, his entire life and retired at certain future for Social SeWORK AT HOME VINTAGE EXPERTS 63. He’s now 93 and he and curity and it’s no surprise my mother-in-law have more employees are workaides that live in the house 24/7. He prepared well, but ing at an age when their parents and grandparents had long what money they have is disappearing rapidly.” since sailed into the sunset. With people living longer and healthier lives than ever But some entrepreneurs have found an opportunity to before, it’s a thought that’s scarier than death for many old- help retiring boomers confront their capital crisis. er Americans. In fact, 43 percent of workers over 50 indiIn 2010, Sharon Emek launched an employment agency cate that outliving their savings and investments is their No. specializing in placing aging boomers into work-at-home 1 fear surrounding retirement, according to a 2016 study jobs called Work at Home Vintage Experts, or WAHVE. At by the Transamerica Center for Retirement Studies. It age 64, she was a former insurance industry executive who ranks higher than declining health and loneliness. foresaw an impending brain drain as boomers retired and A look at the numbers explains why. younger workers bypassed insurance jobs and headed for For much of the 20th century, the number of older Wall Street and Silicon Valley. workers steadily declined thanks in part to rising incomes, “There’s a real problem in the insurance industry and the introduction of Social Security and Medicare and the I see it in accounting, too,” said Emek, who is now 72. ‘YOU CAN’T GO COLD TURKEY INTO RETIREMENT.’ 34 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m march/april 2018 PHOTO BY DAVID LUBARSKY march/april 2018 w o r k f o r c e . c o m | WorkÆ&#x2019;orce 35 they plan to work past retirement age in 1995. RETIREMENT READY? “Young people don’t want to go into insurance. I kept saying, ‘There’s got to be an opportunity here.’ ” Today, the company, which is based in Melville, New York, has 23 employees around the country and 400 boomers placed and working as underwriters, claims specialists, and accountants from their homes. In November, she launched WAHVE Accounting, which caters to the accounting and finance industries. “It’s very hard when you spend the majority of your life working and all of a sudden you’re doing nothing,” she said. “You can’t go cold turkey into retirement. We have done a lot of things and we have a lot of knowledge.We travel, we do yoga, and we stay active, which our parents’ generation didn’t do. Boomers are creating a new paradigm.” Today nearly three-fourths of employees plan to work past 65, according to a recent Gallup poll, compared to only 14 percent who said they plan to work past retirement age in 1995. These employees are redefining retirement and challenging employers to change how they view older workers. At 62, Susan Sferas had no intention of retiring from her lengthy career as an IT specialist, but when her long work commute began taking a toll on her health she said that she had no other choice. It was a hard transition. She quickly got bored and began worrying about the cost of her health insurance, which became her responsibility. Her Medicare wouldn’t kick in for another three years. “I had to purchase health care through the marketplace at a very significant cost. I had a 401(k) but no pension and the only real income I had was Social Security,” said Sferas, who is now 65. Luckily, she said, she discovered WAHVE and has been working steadily ever since. ‘NO LONGER IS IT DESIRABLE TO SAY, ‘I’M 65 AND I’M GOING TO WALK AWAY FROM MY SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE.’ —CHRIS FARRELL, AUTHOR “A lot of people I know aren’t retiring and the main reason is the health benefits,” she said. “It’s a very different world from when our parents retired. I always invested in my 401(k) at the maximum level, so unless something catastrophic happens I’m OK. But if I had kids I wouldn’t have money to leave them.You can’t plan on that now and your kids shouldn’t plan on it, either.” But this changing view of retirement offers opportunities for workers and employers alike, according to journalist Chris Farrell, author of “Unretirement: How Baby Boomers Are Changing the Way We Think About Work, Com36 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m Today nearly three-fourths of employees plan to work past 65, according to a recent Gallup poll, compared to only 14 percent who said they plan to work past retirement age in 1995. munity and the Good Life.” “No longer is it desirable to say, ‘I’m 65 and I’m going to walk away from my skills and knowledge,’ ” said Farrell, who is an economics commentator at Minnesota Public Radio. “People are searching for bridge jobs, they are looking at semiretirement and are staying engaged in the workforce even if it’s not full time.” This bodes well for employers who are facing a skills gap and a shrinking labor pool, according to Farrell. “HR conferences used to be all about the aging workforce but employers did nothing about it,” he said.“You still have a system designed to get the older worker out the door, but they don’t have a line of people walking in the door and that’s forcing (employers) to change how they see older workers.” Companies are responding in a number of ways, such as offering flexible work arrangements, providing retirement planning and elder care benefits, and in some cases, offering phased retirement programs that allow employees to gradually decrease their work hours, according to Roselyn Feinsod, a senior partner in the retirement practice at Aon Hewitt. Phased retirement is touted as a way to help employees ease into retirement and to assist employers with workforce planning issues, like transferring knowledge to younger workers. However, only a handful of companies offer them, she said, focusing instead on offering flexible work arrangements. “What we’re seeing in place of phased retirement is a huge push around a flexible workplace, whether it’s parttime, telecommuting or flex hours,” said Feinsod. “That’s a new form of phased retirement — letting people work in a different way.” While many retirees continue working to make ends meet, money is not always the primary reason for working beyond retirement age, according a 2014 report by Merrill Lynch (now Bank of America Merrill Lynch). The study found that 72 percent of preretirees want to work after they retire, according to Kevin Crain, head of workplace financial solutions at Bank of America Merrill Lynch. march/april 2018 march/april 2018 w o r k f o r c e . c o m | WorkĆ&#x2019;orce 37 Older Workers, Employers Helping Each other Tim Driver doesn’t buy into the “gloom and doom” scenarios that either paint older workers as burdens who won’t budge or predict a catastrophic exodus of talent when they do retire. Driver, CEO and founder of RetirementJobs.com, a Waltham, Massachusetts-based company that helps older workers find employment, said that retirement is changing and savvy employers are finding ways to tap the talents of older workers. It’s that belief that led him to launch his jobs website for people over 50. “It’s the same way that you would judge the massive shift of women entering the workforce decades ago,” he said. “Some people thought it was good, some thought it was bad but it was what it was — a major shift.” Driver launched RetirementJobs.com in 2005 to help retired and semiretired workers find jobs with age-friendly companies. The site posts more than 100,000 positions that job seekers can access for free. Employers pay a fee to participate. It also recognizes companies that demonstrate a commitment to hiring older workers through its Certified Age Friendly Employer program — a designation that companies can apply for. About 100 firms have earned a certification. Given the tight job market, a growing skills gap and the fact that people are living longer and healthier lives, older workers can be a boon to companies facing staffing challenges, according to Driver. “If you have a turnover challenge, you’re looking for a mature worker,” Driver said. “Just look at the Bureau of Labor Statistics that shows that employees over 50 turn over at a rate that’s one-third lower than that for employees under 50. What’s more interesting to the CFOs and CEOs is how lower turnover relates to higher customer satisfaction.” While age bias in the workplace persists, Driver predicts that it will decline as employers start seeing older workers as vital to their bottom line. “This whole notion that ‘Mr. Employer, you ought to be worried because all your people are about to retire’ just doesn’t hold water,” he said. “People are living longer and working longer. They are deciding how to spend the latter half of their career. They’re either staying in place, looking at some kind of phased retirement or they are developing other ways of generating income.” — Rita Pyrillis “Before it was that they had to work,” he said. “People are saying, wait a minute. In the world of longevity 60 isn’t old. Also there is an increasing concern about Alzheimer’s. People feel that they need to remain socially stimulated and stay active to avoid cognitive decline.” At PNC Financial Services, older workers pass their knowledge to younger employees who in turn teach their elders new skills through the company’s mentorship program. Last year the Pittsburgh-based financial services corporation launched an employee affinity group that focuses on intergenerational workplace issues, according to Marsha Jones, chief diversity officer at PNC. The group is among 10 employee-resource groups that focus on some aspect of diversity. “Some older employees over 50 indicated that they wanted a vehicle to give back to the organization,” said Jones. “They still had a number of years to go before retiring and Kevin Crain they felt they had a lot to offer so they suggested an intergenerational group to interface with employees across generations. We use an algorithm that matches employees relative to experiences and attributes and we do reverse mentoring so older workers can engage, share and learn from younger employees.” In 2016, the company launched a series of retirement planning webinars and has since expanded it to offer financial planning for employees of all generations. While Jones could not provide the number of PNC employees who are working past traditional retirement age, she said that more employees are taking sabbaticals from between six months to a year to pursue personal interests before retur ning to work, either full time or Marsha Jones part time. “Baby boomers are living longer and they are healthier and more vibrant,” she said. “They want to be more active than our parents were. When you retire, that becomes your reality so you have to ask yourself, ‘What am going to do for the next 35 years?’ ” Rita Pyrillis is a writer based in the Chicago area. To comment, email [email protected]. 38 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m march/april 2018 march/april 2018 w o r k f o r c e . c o m | WorkĆ&#x2019;orce 39 RETIREMENT READY? HEALTH WEALTH Under One Umbrella When retirement presents one rainy day after another how can workers best save their windfall for inevitable inclement weather? 40 WorkĆ&#x2019;orce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m march/april 2018 BY PATTY KUJAWA E astman Chemical Co. has helped its employees stay healthy for nearly two decades. The company, whose heritage traces back to World War I, is a modern-day wellness wonder. It has fitness centers, holds seminars on healthy eating, provides monetary rewards for fit lifestyle habits and even offers free access to health coaches. But in 2016, top management at the Kingsport, Tennessee-based Fortune 500 company began pondering whether its 14,000 employees had life solutions beyond the health equation, said Lori Glawe, Eastman’s vice president for total rewards. They’d read the studies revealing that financial stress has crept into nearly every company, and they made a commitment to address it. “It’s now about overall well-being,” Glawe said. “It’s physical and financial fitness, but it’s emotional decision-making. We want to help people prepare for that. That is the next horizon.” march/april 2018 41 RETIREMENT READY? The U.S. retirement system is ripe for change. With 10,000 baby boomers retiring daily, financial stress levels are hitting new heights. Merging health and wealth benefits to create an overall life strategy for employees is transforming the benefits industry as well as the employer-employee relationship. Historically, health care has not been seen as a financial decision. Now, consumer-driven high-deductible health plans offering health savings accounts as well as retirement plans including 401(k)s mean that all financial considerations fuse into one strategy. “Everything in the future will be combined into one financial plan,” said Ken Forsythe, assistant vice president at Empower Retirement. “It will be hyperfocused on the user experience.” Meanwhile, employers are realizing they have a role in merging health and wealth and are seeking tools that can help employees become better decision makers. If com- MERGING HEALTH AND WEALTH BENEFITS TO CREATE AN OVERALL LIFE STRATEGY FOR EMPLOYEES IS TRANSFORMING THE INDUSTRY AS WELL AS THE EMPLOYEREMPLOYEE RELATIONSHIP. panies don’t help, employers are seeing that worker issues will soon become larger business problems. “When you think about the view of benefits through employees’ eyes, they are not benefits experts,” said Alison Borland, executive vice president, defined contribution solutions at Alight Solutions. “They don’t necessarily break it apart. It’s one paycheck and it has to pay for everything.” The Future Isn’t Here Quite Yet Before looking at where the industry is going, it’s important to look at what is happening now. Trying to determine how much is needed for health care today and tomorrow while figuring out the flurry of money issues a person faces can be overwhelming. Low interest rates, high household debt surpassing wage growth and pricey housing options are some of the factors making it tough for workers to put money toward these long-range issues while struggling with daily needs. More than half of working Americans have suffered a significant financial issue in the past two years, and more than a third say their financial problems have had a negative impact on their lives, a December 2017 study from Willis Towers Watson showed. Financial stress also showed a significant link to physical health. A third of respondents said financial stress is affect42 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m ing their ability to do well at work. Workers who are stressed about money are twice as likely to be in poor health, log more absences and have a higher level of stress in general, the survey noted. Because employees are taking on more responsibility for these decisions and are showing significant signs of stress, many companies are turning to well-being programs with a more holistic approach centering on ways to support employee physical, financial, social and emotional issues. Employees find current offerings to be lackluster. In the U.S., only about a third of workers said their well-being programs help them live better lives. Plus, Alison Borland only about half of employees participate in these programs, data from the Willis survey showed. Many of these offerings could be simpler, more intuitive and could give the user a better reason to take action, Forsythe said. “Just providing tools or a calculator doesn’t exactly get someone to take action,” Forsythe said. What Will Motivate Employees? There are plenty of folks in the workforce who don’t live healthy lives. They pay through the nose for health care and haven’t given a lot of thought or dollars to save for retirement. It’s a bad situation to be in, but people don’t like to be judged, said Shane Bartling, senior consultant with Willis Towers Watson. “It’s a major point of anxiety,” he said. “People know what their problems are. They don’t need to be told they are 15 pounds overweight or need to add more money to their 401(k).” Programs engaging workers that make them smarter about their own choices before making a poor decision appears to be the elusive golden ticket. Until that ticket is pulled, Bartling summarized a working solution in five words: Nudge them, don’t judge them. It’s a behavioral economic theory that has been touted for about a decade by Richard Thaler, the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize winner for Behavioral Science and Economics. People usually choose the easier solution as opposed to the smarter one, so nudging a person to the right decision will most likely create the better outcome. For example, putting fruit on a plate might encourage someone passing by to take one, instead of detouring to the pantry to grab a bag of chips. march/april 2018 RETIREMENT READY? The nudge theory has been put to the test over the past few years with automatic enrollment. Workers who are automatically enrolled in 401(k) plans don’t have to go through the often-daunting task of signing up, electing a deferral rate and then deciding where to invest. It’s all done for them and studies have shown that auto-enrolled workers tend to be better savers. Plenty of industry providers are starting to expand the nudge theory to well-being programs. Willis Towers Watson introduced MyFiTage, an online tool that stands for Financial Independence Target Age. The program uses existing information from health care and financial providers and asks users to add other information like bank accounts, physical activity and spouse/partner data to generate two numbers: an age when the person’s financial resources will be able to cover expenses in retirement; and the number of years those resources should last. Users might not like what they see when first logging on, Bartling said, even after adding simple information like health savings account balances and outside Individual Retirement Accounts. The tool allows users to tinker with the fields that determine the FiTage: lifestyle, health, wealth and invest, to make changes important to that user. By trying out different scenarios, users can decide for themselves what they want to change to lower their FiTage, Bartling said. Most often, they use nudge theory by determining the easiest course of action for their situation. “It puts them in the driver’s seat,” he added. “It helps them become aware and what it means to have these numbers.” In March 2017, Empower Retirement and health service company Optum paired up to create a product to integrate health savings accounts and 401(k) plans. The Empower HSA analyzes and shows users what their health savings looks like in conjunction with their reShane Bartling tirement savings today and in retirement. It’s important to see the money on one platform because users can learn the power health savings accounts have when used as health retirement accounts, Empower’s Forsythe said. For HSAs, money goes in tax free, it grows tax free and is not taxed when used for approved medical expenses. In many cases, it makes sense for participants to contribute enough to their 401(k) plan to get the company match, then move to the HSA and contribute as much as possible in that account. march/april 2018 STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT WORKERS WHO ARE AUTOENROLLED IN 401(k) PLANS TEND TO BE BETTER SAVERS. Right now, HSAs are mostly seen as health checking accounts, and moving to a combined platform shows workers how their benefits interact, Forsythe said. “By integrating the HSA with other retirement savings accounts, participants begin to think about their HSA as a long-term savings account rather than a current year spending account,” he said. Meanwhile, PwC is using artificial intelligence to simulate clients’ financial snapshots. The program, called Secure, which they stylize as $ecure, takes into account the things employees would expect like income and spending but peppers in personal financial risk preferences, health issues (or lack of), age, market effects and other “what if ” scenarios like job loss or illness, to offer advice. While this technology is fairly underway, the manner it will delivered in for the future will be groundbreaking, said Pia Ramchandani, director of PwC’s analytics practice and co-lead for PwC’s artificial intelligence accelerator lab. In the future, conversational agents or chatbots like Siri or Cortana will talk with the understanding that productive conversations involve a give and take, not just a dialog using if/then statements. A user of this service will be able to ask more than one question at a time, and the chatbot will be able to make a response in a way that adapts a response based on how the user talks. “It will almost be like talking to another person,” Ramchandani said. “It will have memory and deep understanding of prior components to the conversation.” Eastman Chemical has been using MyFiTage since 2016 with positive results. More than half of the company’s employees are using the tool to understand their financial situation and to make improvements where they can. In looking at the company’s main savings vehicles, Eastman’s 401(k) plan has a 94 percent participation rate, compared to Fidelity Investments’ benchmark 85 percent average for the industry. Also, workers contribute nearly 10 percent of pay to their 401(k), compared to the 8.8 percent industry norm. For the health savings accounts, 95 percent of workers participate, 11 percentage points higher than Fidelity’s industry average. “We are excited about seeing people take action,” Eastman’s Glawe said. “It gives them tools so they can make decisions in an educated way.” Patty Kujawa is a writer in the Milwaukee area. Email editors@ workforce.com to comment. w o r k f o r c e . c o m | Workƒorce 43 RETIREMENT READY? LIVE TO 100? Implications for Work, Employers and Retirement 44 WorkĆ&#x2019;orce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m march/april 2018 The vision of retirement for workers depends on employers’ willingness to embrace older workers, support flexible transitions into retirement and help employees of all ages financially prepare for long lives. BY CATHERINE COLLINSON P eople march/april 2018 w o r k f o r c e . c o m | Workƒorce 45 RETIREMENT READY?. NEARLY THREE-QUARTERS OF EMPLOYERS BELIEVE THAT MANY OF THEIR EMPLOYEES EXPECT TO WORK PAST AGE 65 OR DO NOT PLAN46 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m About the Retirement Survey of Employers The 17th annual analysis contained in “All About Retirement: An Employer Survey” was prepared by the research team at Transamerica Center for Retirement Studies. The surveys were conducted within the United States by Harris Poll on behalf of TCRS. Potential respondents were targeted based on company size. The 21-minute employer survey was online between Nov. 20 and Dec. 20, 2016, and surveyed a nationally representative sample of 1,802 business executives under specific titles who make decisions about employee benefits at their company, and work in a for-profit company that employs five-plus employees across all locations. The survey included 901 small companies (5-99 employees), 301 medium-sized companies (100-499 employees), and 600 large companies (500-plus employees). — Catherine Collinson retirees, march/april 2018 survey of workers. The survey found, to the contrary, that among workers who envision transitioning into retirement, most have reasonable expectations. Most say that if they were to: • Reduce their work hours at their current employer, they would expect to be paid the same hourly rate for hours worked that they are earning now (79 percent). • Take on a new role at their current employer with fewer responsibilities, they would expect their job title to change (78 percent). •: • Consider offering a financial wellness program to help employees increase their financial literacy and gain insight into their overall finances. • Prompt employees to use online calculators to estimate their retirement savings and income needs. • Encourage employees to formulate a written retirement strategy through the plan provider (if available) or a professional financial adviser. • Remind employees about the Saver’s Credit, a tax credit available to eligible tax filers who save in a qualified plan or IRA. march/april 2018 About the Retirement Survey of Workers The 18th annual analysis contained in “Wishful Thinking or Within Reach: Three Generations Prepare for ‘Retirement’ ” was prepared internally by the research team at the Transamerica Center for Retirement Studies. The 25-minute online survey was conducted within the U.S. by Harris Poll on behalf of TCRS between Aug. 9 and Oct. 28, 2017, among a nationally representative sample of 6,372 workers, including 2,593 millennials (born 1979-2000), 1,586 Generation Xers (born 1965-78), 2,076 baby boomers (born 1946-64) and 117 workers who were born before 1946.-plus, employed full time or part time in a for-profit company with five-plus. — Catherine Collinson • Notify employees when they become eligible to make catch-up contributions, which are available to people 50 and older. • Adopt automatic enrollment and automatic escalation plan features to make it more convenient for employees to join the plan and increase their savings rates. • Offer financial counseling about distribution options for preretirees who are getting ready to financially transition into retirement. Employers can also help their employees achieve longterm. LIVE TO 100 continued on page 53 w o r k f o r c e . c o m | Workƒorce 47 SECTOR REPORT Dental Benefits Providers The Bright Shine of Dental Benefits Dental holds the unique distinction of being a benefit everyone wants but few want to use. By Sarah Fister Gale A nyone who’s ever had a root canal or a teenager with crooked teeth knows how expensive dental care can be, which is what makes dental benefits so appealing. According to MetLife’s 15th annual “U.S. Employee Benefit Trends Study,” dental insurance is among the must-have benefits for employees, behind medical insurance, prescription drug coverage and 401(k) plans.That interest spans the gamut from millennials to baby boomers. “Dental benefits meet the unique needs of all the generations in the work- 25 % NO ONE WANTS TO GO Despite all the savings and the health benefits of preventive dental care, consumers are still loathe to go the dentist. “About 40 percent of the population with dental benefits don’t go,” said Preble. Concerns about the cost, the pain and the time away from work can all contribute to this low usage rate. And until they make that first appointment, there is no one there nudging them in the right direction. “The dentist doesn’t know they exist so they can’t reach out,” he said. This is where employers should step in. “If they are going to provide the benefits, they should encourage employees to go to the dentist,” he said. It ensures they are taking advantage of the programs they are paying for and reduces the risk of emergency care, which can lead to absenteeism and lost productivity. Along with targeted reminders, employers can provide employees with tools updates to track how much of their coverage they have used to date, and educate them about the health benefits of good oral care. Some programs also eliminate preventive care costs from premium limits to encourage proactive care and avoid higher cost claims. These combined efforts can increase the usage rate and value of dental benefits offerings to employees and employers. “There is mounting evidence that increased oral health reduces medical costs,” Preble said. “If you want a healthy workforce, this is an easy way to get it.” OF CONSUMERS HAVEN’T GONE TO THE DENTIST IN THE PAST YEAR OVER FEAR OF THE COST force,” said Randy Stram, senior vice president of group benefits for MetLife in Bridgewater, New Jersey. “It’s valued by everyone.” Virtually all large organizations, and 67 percent of small organizations, now offer some form of dental benefits, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation “2017 Employer Health Benefits Survey.” However, few of these plans are fully covered. Instead, dental insurance generally falls under the “voluntary benefits” category, where employees pay most or all of the costs themselves. “Over time, the cost of these benefits have shifted to the employee,” said Evelyn Ireland, executive director of the National Association of Dental Plans. She noted that last year 30 percent of dental benefits programs were paid for entirely by employees, up from 22 to 23 percent three years ago. “It’s a big shift,” she said. These programs also have modest caps, usually between $1,000 and $1,500, which may not be enough to cover the full cost of major dental care. This can frustrate patients who don’t realize dental benefits are meant to offset the cost of care, not replace it, said Dave Preble, senior vice president of the American Dental Association’s Practice Institute in Chicago. “Patients don’t always understand this distinction.” Even when employees cover the full cost of dental benefits, it’s still typically more cost-effective than paying for care directly. The benefits payment is pretax so it costs 48 them less than actual premium cost, and by participating in group plans, employers can generally secure discounts and lower rates for care than if employees paid directly for services, Stram said. Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m 77 % OF THE U.S. POPULATION HAS DENTAL BENEFITS Sarah Fister Gale is a writer in the Chicago area. To comment, email [email protected]. march/april 2018 HOT LIST Dental Insurers Listed alphabetically; compiled by Alexis Carpello; [email protected] TOTAL REVENUE FOR MOST RECENT 12 MONTHS TOTAL NUMBER OF PLAN MEMBERS NUMBER OF MEMBERS IN EMPLOYER-SPONSORED PLANS DELTA DENTAL deltadental.com $22 billion 140,000 57 million GUARDIAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA guardiananytime.com $2.6 billion 84,972 6.9 million WND* 34,300 20.5 million $699.5 million 35,629 1,809,018 $1 billion 25,000 8.9 million HEALTH CARE SERVICE CORP. hcsc.com $34.5 billion 12.5 million 15 million HIGHMARK INC. highmark.com $53.5 billion 4,643,500 13,993,400 HUMANA INC. humana.com $18.2 billion WND 5 million WND 14,000** 50 million $230 million 38,096 3,162,106 WND* 8,000 2 million $52.3 million 15,186 539,146 $4.5 billion 60,000 85 million COMPANY NAME & Web Address METLIFE DENTAL metlife.com PRINCIPAL principal.com UNITED CONCORDIA DENTAL unitedconcordia.com /dental-insurance Health Insurers Vision Insurers EYEMED VISION CARE eyemed.com GUARDIAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA guardiananytime.com METLIFE metlife.com THE PRINCIPAL principal.com VSP VISION CARE vsp.com Note: **The 2017 Hot List should have read as 13,000 clients, not 37,000. *MetLife does not report revenue on a per product basis for its group benefits business. Source: Companies march/april 2018 w o r k f o r c e . c o m | WorkÆ&#x2019;orce 49 SECTOR REPORT C o r p o r a t e We l l n e s s P r o v i d e r s Is Wellness Just an Employee Perk? Wellness programs may be more about brand building than employee health, but that’s OK. By Sarah Fister Gale C or. 50 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m.” 88 % OF ORGANIZATIONS WITH A WELLNESS PROGRAM RATED THEIR INITIATIVES AS SOMEWHAT OR VERY EFFECTIVE IN IMPROVING EMPLOYEE HEALTH Sarah Fister Gale is a writer in the Chicago area. To comment, email [email protected]. march/april 2018 HOT LIST Corporate Wellness Providers Listed alphabetically; compiled by Alexis Carpello; [email protected] COMPANY NAME & Web Address % OF BUSINESS REPRESENTING CORPORATE WELLNESS NUMBER OF CORPORATE CLIENTS NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES SERVED TYPES OF WELLNESS PROGRAMS OFFERED NOTABLE CLIENTS 4,500 Complete biometric screenings; customizable and data-driven wellness curricula for all employees Clearlink; Instructure; Ken Garff Automotive Group 50 10,000 High VOI risk/cost reducing on-site and virtual wellness solutions WND 50 3,000 Biometric screenings; body composition analysis; weight-loss programs WND Stanley Black & Decker; Kohl’s; Nielsen; USAA; Jamba Juice AXUM CORPORATE HEALTH STRATEGIES axum.co 100 percent 10 CORPORATE HEALTH PARTNERS LLC chp-inc.com 100 percent CORPORATE WELLNESS PARTNERS cwpil.com 80 percent LIMEADE limeade.com 100 percent 165 1 million Whole-person well-being assessment; social activities; interactive learning MARINO WELLNESS marinowellness.com 100 percent 55 22,000 Office massage; meditation; fitness/health education programs TOMS; Netflix; Dollar Shave Club; Verizon; National Geographic 100,000 Weight management; disease prevention Advocate Health Care; American Medical Association; Aon; Domino’s; Dr. Pepper 2.1 million Employee well-being; hub technology St. Joseph Health; Medtronic; Florida Hospital; Hewlett-Packard Baylor College of Medicine; DaVita HealthCare Partners; McKesson Larry H. Miller Auto Group; Allied Solutions RETROFIT, INC. retrofitme.com VIRGIN PULSE virginpulse.com VITALITY GROUP vitalitygroup.com WELLRIGHT wellright.com 95 percent 100 percent 150 3,000 WND 350 7 million* Wellness; insurance; technology solutions 100 percent 215 130,000 Physical, emotional, social, occupational and financial solutions; biometrics Note: *Global figures; Vitality Group does not break out only U.S. employees publicly. Source: Companies march/april 2018 w o r k f o r c e . c o m | Workƒorce 51 Retirement is Changing Help your mature age workers find meaning and purpose in the next phase of their lives. RiseSmart Creative Retirement™ Our mature age career solutions are designed to provide creative alternatives to Retirement Transition Coaching traditional retirement. We guide your employees to find new beginnings through Personal Brand Services entrepreneurship, the gig economy, volunteerism and philanthropy, or joining a board of directors. No matter which path your employees choose, you'll be making an investment in their future — and yours — as they become your consultants, brand Assessments & Research Tools & Resources ambassadors, and company references. Learn more about generational challenges in the workplace: RiseSmart #SmartTalkHR webinar : “How to Navigate a Multi-Generational Workplace” March 21, 2018 — 10am PT/1pm ET REGISTER NOW: [email protected] © Copyright 2018 RiseSmart, Inc. All rights reserved. 1-877-384-0004 LIVE TO 100 continued from page 47, re- quiring regular performance appraisals, and providing actionable feedback on a frequent basis.. ADVERTISING SALES CT, MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT, Quebec, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Europe ADVERTISERS’ INDEX Advertisers/URLs Page 5 Minutes of Management Caliper calipercorp.com CLO Breakfast Club CLObreakfastclub.com D2L D2L.com/enterprise/ D2L.com/financialservices Enterprise Florida floridathefutureishere.com/potential HCM Advisory Group humancapitalmedia.com/research International Coach Federation coachfederation.org/prism-award ManpowerGroup Advertising: For advertising information, write to [email protected]. Back Issues: For all requests, including bulk issue orders, please visit our website at Workforce.com/products or email [email protected]. Editorial: To submit an article for publication, go to Workforce.com/contribute/ submission-guidelines. Letters to the editor may be sent to [email protected]. march/april 2018 Advertisers/URLs Page 3rd Cover 3 37 2nd Cover, 24, 25 15 23 5 26, 27 Optimas Awards 2018 Workforce. com/Optimas RiseSmart Show Day Productions showdaypro.com Talent Tracker thetalenttracker.com Ultimate Software ultimatesoftware.com/events Varidesk VARIDESK.COM/WORKFORCE Workforce Resource Center resources.workforce.com Workforce Webinars workforce.com/webinars List Rental: Contact Mike Rovello at (402) 836-5639 or hcmlistrentalsinfogroup.com. Permissions and Article Reprints: No part of Workforce can be reproduced without written permission. All permissions to republish or distribute content from Workforce can be obtained through PARS International. For single article reprints in quantities of 250 and above and e-prints for Web posting, please contact PARS International at [email protected]. 6 52 39 31 13 Back Cover Kevin M. Fields Director, Business Development 312-967-3565 [email protected] Melanie Lee Business Administration Manager 510-834-0100, ext. 231 [email protected] 33 7 Subscription Services: All orders, inquiries and address changes should be addressed to Workforce P.O. Box 8712 Lowell, MA 01853 or call customer service at (800) 422-2681, email us at [email protected] or visit Workforce.com/subscribe. Please provide both the old and new address as printed on the last label at least six weeks before the change. The first copy of a new subscription will be mailed within eight weeks of receipt of order. Missing issues must be claimed within six months after publication. Subscriptions are free to qualified individuals within the U.S. and Canada. Nonqualified paid subscriptions are available for $199 annually for 6 issues. All countries outside the U.S. and Canada must be prepaid in U.S. funds with an additional $33 postage surcharge. Single copy price is $29.99. w o r k f o r c e . c o m | Workƒorce 53 LAST WORD Rick Bell SAYING GOODBYE TO A GAME CHANGER O ur Workforce Game Changers are special people.They are the young shakers and movers who will be shaping people management for decades to come. One Game Changer in particular really captured our attention in 2016. We saw Jonathan Flickinger as a unique talent — a background in law and an advanced certificate in strategic HR management from Cornell University just for starters. He was someone who “didn’t just get his foot in the door to begin his HR career — he kicked his way through it,” as writer AnnMarie Kuzel summarized in his Game Changer profile. It’s not surprising that Jonathan was tagged with the moniker “mixed-martial HR generalist.” During the week between Christmas and New Year’s, I noticed an unusually large spike in page views for Jonathan’s 2016 Game Changer profile. Considering that web traffic is notoriously slow at that time of year, out of curiosity I Googled his name. My search revealed the stunning news that Jonathan died in a three-car accident while on his way to work on Dec. 28. Tragically, the story continued, Jonathan left behind his wife Jenna, a 3-year-old daughter and an 8-week-old son. Just a month earlier, Jonathan started a new job as chief human capital officer for Quality Life Services, a home health care company in Butler, Pennsylvania, not far from his home in the Pittsburgh suburb of Bridgeville. It was a well-earned position for him, especially after he endured much adversity in the 18 months since his recognition as a Game Changer. Jonathan was a lifelong resident of western Pennsylvania’s coal country.Working in that dying industry had its risks, which unfortunately struck when Jonathan was laid off after his selection to our Game Changers Class of 2016. Workforce never had an unemployed Game Changer in the program’s history. Admittedly, his new work status gave us pause … for about five seconds. Jonathan was a special talent, and despite the hard luck he remained a solid choice as a Game Changer. His versatility and command of his profession was further evidenced in an opinion piece he authored for Workforce on President Trump’s declaration to restore jobs to the ailing coal industry. Following his selection as a Game Changer, former Workforce Managing Editor James Tehrani called Jonathan to hear firsthand what happened with his job situation. Like a true HR pro, Jonathan did not fault his former employer.There was no bad blood, no sour grapes, no “woe is me” at being dealt a rotten hand, despite any worries he might have had about having to provide for a young family. And while his former employer declined to comment, they said it was because of company policy and not because of our questions about Jonathan. 54 Workƒorce | w o r k f o r c e . c o m And now we learn of a much bigger misfortune — a car crash from which there can be no recovery. It’s hard to fathom why someone as talented and committed to his profession, community and family was tragically taken at just 34 years old. While we at Workforce and others who Jonathan touched through his work try to rationalize his death, the hard reality is that there re m a i n s a family coping with the loss every day. I recently talked to Jonathan’s older brother, Christopher. “We’re all functionIsaiah, Jonathan, Lydia and Jenna Flickinger. ing,” he said of the family. As most big brothers would do, he proudly talked up his little brother’s achievements. He also recalled a conversation over the holidays. A growing family and finally a new gig in the profession he loved, Jonathan radiated with an air of satisfaction, Christopher said. “He said, ‘I finally got everything I wanted.’ ” Sadly, that world was shattered three days after Christmas. And while the family still grieves, Jonathan’s wife and children are struggling to get by. Christopher asked me to pass along that a GoFundMe page has been set up for them (search jonathan-flickinger-memorial). Like many young families, Jonathan had no life insurance. His young family also has no health insurance benefits because he had taken the CHRO position just a month prior and insurance hadn’t kicked in yet. “Perhaps your story would move others to donate, which would truly help Jenna, Lydia and Isaiah,” Christopher added. In short, it’s an HR leader’s nightmare scenario. But if I have learned one thing about HR people, it’s that they live to turn adverse situations into something positive. Jonathan Flickinger was a positive force, a bright, shining beacon of HR’s future whose life and influence on the workplace ended too soon. Jonathan always wanted to make a difference, his brother said. Now it’s our turn to rally, to support the recovery of one young family from the HR community. To be game changers. Just like Jonathan. Rick Bell is Workforce’s editorial director. To comment, email [email protected]. march/april 2018 Watch editors Rick Bell and Frank Kalman online for stimulating takes on talent in a weekly video series. Available now at Your workforce wants a workspace that is as flexible and active as they are. With VARIDESK® sit-stand solutions, it’s easy to turn any office into an Active Workspace.TM And when your workspace is active, it attracts the best talent, it creates a positive culture – it changes everything. CALL 877-388-4693 OR VISIT VARIDESK.COM/WORKFORCE Pricing and availability subject to change. | Patent and trademark information: VARIDESK.com/patents. | ©2018 VARIDESK®. All rights reserved.

- You can be living this new reality by the end of the month with our 10-day implementation. - Cloud-based software + JMT’s nonprofit expertise will get board ready re-forecasts done quickly. - Vena leverages your existing Excel framework to enhance an interface you are already using every day. Nonprofit Budgeting Survival Guide: How JMT + Vena Can Ease Your Budgeting and Planning Woes FEATURING ANDY HARLEMAN | DIRECTOR OF SALES, JMT CONSULTING Megan Mendiola: Hello, again, everyone, and thank you all for joining us today. My name is Megan Mendiola and I am a Regional Marketing Coordinator here at JMT. Today, we're very excited to have our own Andy Harleman with us today to lead us over our webinar on JMT's budgeting and planning services. I'll tell you a little bit more about Andy here in a second. First, I just wanted to share a couple of housekeeping notes before we turn it over to Andy. If you have any questions during the webinar, please go ahead and submit them into the Q AMP A section of your control panel. We'll go ahead and save those all until the end of the presentation, but don't hesitate to go ahead and submit them as you think of them and we'll get to them at the end. Also, just a reminder that will send you both the slides and the recording of today's webinar within 24 hours after it has concluded. And now I just want to introduce Andy Harlem to you all. He lives in St. Louis and is the Director of Sales here at JMT. He has an extensive nonprofit background as well. He helped found a social Social Services Agency and serves as an administrative director there. He also served on the governing board of a nonprofit in St. Louis. He has been consulting to nonprofits since 2006 as well. And now, Andy. I'll go ahead and turn it over to you to get us started. Andy Harleman: Thank you, Megan. Really appreciate it, confirming, you can see these slides. Great, thank you very much, everyone. So obviously, we do have chat functions here. So if anything happens if my audio goes and I don't realize it or anything like that, by all means, please let us know. But look forward to questions at the end as well. I want to start by just making sure everyone understands who JMT is and in a nutshell JMT is an independent consulting firm, who was created to work only with nonprofits. So your mission at your nonprofit is our business. We have thousands of happy nonprofit clients. We're really known for rapid and affordable implementations of different technology solutions. Today we're going to be talking about one of those, but we're essentially small enough to provide exceptional and personalized customer service, but we're large enough to handle any scope or size of project for your implementation. So we were built with the express purpose of helping nonprofits achieve their missions and we've assembled a team of people like myself who have some nonprofit background. We were founded by Jacqueline M. Tiso, hence the name. Those are her initials. Jackie was herself a nonprofit finance executive and I think four different nonprofits in the first part of her career she served as CFO, controller. She worked in the New York City area and she was a customer for quite a few implementations of software solutions at that time. Frankly, she wasn't all that impressed with the service. She got as a customer and she founded JMT with the idea that nonprofits deserved better. And that she could do better than what she received when she was a customer. So we've been around, we will be celebrating our 30th Anniversary next January. So we're very excited to be in our 30th year here at JMT consulting. She started the company up in the New York area and we've now gone all over the place. You can see we have offices, even as far away as Australia and we have clients everywhere, but mainly we come to you. Wherever you are, we can work with you and with the zoom technology and everything that we've got these days. We literally can work with you, no matter where you are, and hopefully we'll get back to normal after this COVID crisis. And we can even come and see you in person. Just always good for you to get a sense for the kinds of organizations that JMT has worked with and does continue to work with in our 10 years helping nonprofits. So these are just a few. And it's always also good, you know, I can tell you how great we are all day long, but one of our happy clients here had a nice quote about us. And he basically said, Look, it's that background that understanding of nonprofit that is exactly what you want in a consulting group. And that's how we do what we do is we understand nonprofits. And we go out and find the right tools for nonprofits to help them. And so we're going to talk about that today. And we're going to talk about why the fact that JMT is actually an independent firm and not a software publisher is important to you. First, our commitment is to you not to any software that we're, you know, building like software companies do and we go out and we look, we know our nonprofit. We know the nonprofit world we know how nonprofits work. And so we're constantly looking in the marketplace and finding the best solutions that fit nonprofits. We assemble the perfect solution for you from our ecosystem of the partners that we work with. And we work as you can see sort of across all of these areas. Today we're going to talk about budgeting and planning, but we have other areas that we work with, as well. So some of the solutions that we work with, you can see the vendor is the one we're going to talk about today on budgeting and planning, but we work with others. And the bottom line is, there's nobody out there that knows nonprofits better than JMT. We go out and we check the marketplace and work only with products that we believe are a true fit for nonprofits. So, you know, it's not just software, though, it's how you set it up and how you achieve. And again, another great quote from one of our clients who talked about the onboarding process that we worked with him on and so this is exactly what we're here to do. Software is worthless if you don't set it up right, and if you don't have someone who can help you get it going. And that's exactly what JMT is all about. So one of the things that all of us here I think are discovering just how important technology really is, especially in light of what's happened over these past few months. There really is no excuse for working with outdated technology and I know for many of you on this call that that could be a painful thing that you're going through right now. And so we want to talk today about specifically the nonprofit budget process and how current modern technology can help really make this process better for you. But let's start with talking about what we have witnessed and observed over our nearly 30 years in business, working with nonprofits. The typical nonprofit budget process is an average of four to six months now. That means there are outliers. There are others that take eight 9 10 12 months that bring up that average. There is a lot of collaboration. In other words, a lot of people involved in getting budgets into the system and your average nonprofit, but the quote collaboration that we see mostly is emailing spreadsheets around. And I'd like to put up this lovely pic from Oprah talking about hey everybody gets the spreadsheet and that pretty much sums up what we've seen in terms of collaboration among you know program people outside of finance and others that may have a budgetary responsibility in your average nonprofit. So we'd like to try to keep this a little bit interactive and so I'm going to pause here and have Megan do our first poll question that day, which is, I believe, Megan is this first poll question about just how many people are involved in your budget process. Megan Mendiola: Yes, it is. And I'm going to watch it now. So you should see it show up on your screen here now. And it is how many people in your organization contribute to budget creation? So you can answer just 12345 plus or 10 plus so we have a couple votes coming in here. Now we have two 10 pluses and we have a five plus. Andy Harleman: Whoops, I actually hit end polling that was my fault. Sorry about that. Megan Mendiola: No worries. I'll share these results that we have. You can see them. Andy Harleman: Anyway, I think the point is we like to have a little interaction here. But the point I think this backs up what we're saying we hear a lot of our organizations talking about the fact that that there are a lot of people involved. I mean, you're sort of prototypical nonprofit example is you have finance who's ultimately responsible for assembling this budget, but you have lots and lots of different program people. In fact, Megan and I just yesterday had a call with the Community Action organization who talked about how all the different programs in their organization have you know budgetary responsibility. They're not just responsible for seeing how they're doing against budget as the year's going on, but they have responsibility for inputting what their expenses are going to be throughout the year. So as they build that budget, they get emailed a spreadsheet and all of a sudden you got multiple spreadsheets floating around, and then usually, the people who come to these webcast webinars are the people who are the lucky ones who get to actually assemble it when it's over. So they're the ones who have to pull it all together. And as it says here on this cartoon, instead of budgeting to our strategy, let's spend our time determining which spreadsheet cell is not linking correctly. We make light of this, and some of you may be nodding and smiling because it's funny to joke about, but really it's not so funny. Because, in fact, we hear so many nonprofit finance people say they spend hours and hours and hours of their time fixing broken links finding more formulas are messed up, realizing that there's three different versions of the same spreadsheet floating around, and on and on and on. And so ultimately, what that means is that you find yourself spending probably 80 plus percent of your time collecting data and leaving you with 20% or less of your time to actually be strategic and analyze that data. On top of that, in this last year, or these last few months really, you've had to deal with COVID and you've had to deal with the fact that you've got to recast that budget in light of COVID in many cases. A great example I heard was actually some somewhat good news that came from one of our clients who said, hey, we actually got some emergency COVID funding. But that money we use, we had to use it for certain things that we already had a grant allocated to pay for and so I had to move pots of money around and I had to change my plan and go back to my executive really quickly and show my executive how we were going to deal with that. So they had a nice problem in that they actually had more funds than they needed and they got extra funds, but it still was very hard to assemble the plan. And in fact, that was a person who was at that moment, deciding to go forward with Vena, but was, you know, again, a great example of how you have to replan. So your board needs a new plan immediately I mean on your regular nonprofit year you've got your annual budget process and then every but now you've got COVID you've got all these changes, they're constantly going on. Your board needs a new plan immediately. You in finance have to be the people who quickly change all of the previous assumptions, who suddenly are trying to collaborate with people who may be remote and working from their homes. You can't. You don't have time to waste on data collection and entry. And yet, you've got to try to make strategic decisions and recommendations on that data. And the assumptions may change even hourly and you have to do it all over again. So this is what we're trying to help you eliminate, this kind of headache, and that's where Vena comes in. Vena Solutions is a tool that JMT started working with a couple of years ago. We're very excited about it, because, like a lot of technology, it used to be that the only organizations that could afford a tool for FP&A as they say, financial planning and analysis were the big organizations that could spend millions of dollars on technology. But like any tech anything, as technology has become more prevalent, the price comes down. So Vena has now become something that JMT is proud to bring to the nonprofit world, because it is now affordable when things like this didn't used to be. And so what essentially Vena does that we really like is it takes all the good of Excel and gets rid of the bad. Everyone on this call presumably knows how to use Excel already. You have a head start on Vena already because that probably 60% of the onboarding that you need. What it does is it locks out all of the problems of version control and everything else that we talked about, and it keeps the good stuff, which is hey excels familiar friendly, easy to use. And if I didn't have to worry about formula errors and the like, I would stay in Excel all day long. Well, that's exactly what Vena has allowed you to do essentially. You're using Excel on the front end, but behind it, instead of storing stuff and cells in Excel, it's actually tying to a secure cloud database. So it also allows you to make it easy for your staff, because with Vena you're able to actually route out and plan out your budget creation process, all the steps, making it very easy for them to understand them for you to understand and create workflows. And it even enables board-ready reports, such as the one here. This is an actual screenshot from Vena of a statement of activities report, complete with charts and graphs and everything else. So I'm going to get into the actual system now and show you what I mean. What's nice about it is it is actually a cloud-based tool. So I just went to the Vena Solutions com, I click on login, I logged in, I have my tab already opened where I logged in. You can see I am logged in as myself. I happened to land on this nonprofit budget creation page. But what I want to do is go over here to this contributor tab. So the first thing I want to do is I want to kind of show you where I'm headed. Imagine your typical nonprofit. Again, going back to the example I gave where you've got 10 plus people that you're emailing spreadsheets to and they've got to enter their expenses for their particular area. And then you have to assemble it all. So I'm just going to show a little bit of how that works today in the limited time we have. Obviously Vena does a lot more than that, but I think this is the real eye-opener for most nonprofits who are living in Excel hell as we'd like to say. I'm going to start with this. Imagine you're doing the forecast a re-forecast even and you want to look and see how it's going. So you've got this. I'm going to use this particular report. I'm going to open it up. And what happens is when I do that, you can see down here in the bottom left, it actually downloaded a spreadsheet. Now what it really did was it turned on my Excel on my machine and filled it with data from the cloud. So the only difference - this is actually Excel - but you see there's a vendor tab here at the top. And so that is really all. It's using Excel as the front end, but the data comes in is secure and it comes from the Vena cloud. So what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna look at this particular report as a forecast report is loading, and I'm going to go down here and just give you an example because I'm gonna show you where I'm headed. So if I look at these expenses and I'm going to go over to my recruitment expenses here this line, you could see I don't have any data here and that's for a reason. This is a demo database and just let's look at this one here, this month we're going to look at forecast Q3 and all that. And so you can see this is blank. So to keep that in mind. I'm going to close out of this report and I'm going to go back to Vena. And now I'm going to actually do an input. So, what, what I'm going to do is I'm going to take this input screen and again I, what I do is I check it out. It's almost like the library. When I check this out. That means no one else can touch or change the cut of data that I am now pulling out. And so I checked it out. It is again it just simply quickly loaded it into Excel for me, which I'm now pulling up, and here it is. And I just have to pick which section of the organization. I'm going to enter it into and I'm going to pick. Oops. Come on, now I'm going to pick San Francisco. And I'm going to pick it in my scenario here is the forecast scenario. I hit okay. it's loading that data exactly as I wanted and now we're going to go down and look at those expenses that I was talking about in here. Actually, it's up here. So, here again is recruitment expenses. You can see these are numbers that were already entered on that other report, but now I want to put in for this other period. So let's just do that. I'll put in at 8888 make it easy to remember it and now I'm just going to save it. Actually, I'll try that even close out of this particular report. So do you want to save that to the Vena database. Yes, I do. And it's giving me a warning that there is a soft warning in my security here that you can't just change things by more than 20%. And I'm going to say, well, I'm going to override that and say yes. Normally, you probably wouldn't give someone the right to override it. But this is a demo database. So it's committing those changes to the audit trail, and now I'm going to check that file back in. So now that file is loaded. It's in the data. You can see it says check out again. So if I go back to that report, which is a completely separate report, my expense various analysis report, you can see after as I pull it up here. Go down to recruitment, there's that at 8888 it is now shown up. So imagine if you had emailed me a spreadsheet, and you'd also emailed 10 or 15 or 20 other program people and said put in your amounts for your recruitment expenses for your department of your program. In this simple example, it was just one person and I had 8888 for this example, but imagine then that they all fill out their spreadsheet. And they all emailed their various spreadsheets back to you. And now you are trying to take all of their individual spreadsheets and assemble them into this report, which is your master copy of your forecast. Well, you don't have to do that because it all shows up as it's supposed to show up here. So that right there in the limited time we have today. That's the big thing I wanted to show you, is how you can eliminate that nightmare of all that Excel stuff with this kind of data. Enter using the Excel tool. Now there are some other really cool things that will scratch a little bit of that surface by showing you. So for example, if I go to something like let's say this cell here and you might have noticed along the top under my Vena tab in my Excel, because this is actually Excel using the Vena tab, that it gives me all kinds of other cool things including drill down. So let's look at this, the actual transactions. So this is now loading the actual transactions that make up that number. These are because you can feed data to inform your general ledger, whatever your ledger is. Some of the ones out there, like Intacct, have built pre-built integrations with Vena where the data flows seamlessly over. But any of them we can quickly and easily build a bridge and pull that data in and then you've got yourself actual details that are populating your reports from your general ledger, that would be one example. And you can see what it did was it opened another worksheet on this workbook with that information. And you can do other things such as look at an audit trail to see the actual changes involved in - I'm going to do something different than that. I'm going to use this one instead. I'm going to just look at the saves as an example of an audit trail. Some of the other details that you can drill down into to see the different saves and the different values that were added or changed on that particular cell. So all of this, you could never do in Excel, as an example. But these are some of the other really cool things you can do with the Vena tool. Again, in the limited time we had today, I just wanted to give you a sense for how this could make a big difference in your organization. But I want to go back. Finally, to a couple of other things here that you can see in the actual event cloud itself. And so if I go over here. My manager that I talked about, this is the workflow. And these are the steps that I actually set up for the budget creation process. And then there are other activities and there are even file libraries, but this is the thing I like the most, which is this actually keeps track of the people in the system and who's doing what. And it shows you where they are, whether they have actually done their job. And you can see things like, Hey, who are these people? And did they submit it yet? Is it approved yet? And then here on the status tracker even will give you date information, how much is left to do in your budget process. And again, more on whether somebody's done anything and you can then have the ability to reach out to your program, people who maybe didn't get back to you yet. You can see where they are in the process, whether they've started whether they've completed, and so forth. So there's a lot of power here that is so much better than your typical Excel-based process that you go through in a typical nonprofit budget process. So that concludes what I wanted to show in the actual software today, but I want to get back to what we were saying about the value of this to you. I talked about the 80/20 rule earlier. Imagine if none of your time was spent on these things. You see here, all those Excel gymnastics, imagine if you didn't have to put off your executive director or the board because you were able to quickly get the data you needed and spend 80% of your time actually being strategic and actually doing analysis. That can be your reality with the Vena tool. And so I want to also tell you that what we've done at JMT is we've realized that, particularly in this crisis time that we've been in and hopefully this crisis is waning, a little bit here, but a couple months ago a lot of people had a lot more uncertainty about it. But we've come up with a way to do this all for an affordable monthly fee where JMT handles the actual admin of your system. So traditionally what we might have done is we might have said, hey, we have a system. We'll help you implement it, we'll train you, not just on how to use it, but on how to do your own changes, change security, build your own new models, change your assumptions, all those kinds of things, create new reports. Well, that's the hardest part for most nonprofit finance people, because you already have 40 or 50 or 60 hour work weeks, and to have to not only learn how to enter data into your new Vena tool, but how to really own it and use it is the part that slows everything down. And so what we've done now is we've come up with a way that you can for one affordable monthly fee, we can do all that for you. And all you have to be able to do is know how to enter data into cells and click on Reports to view them and understand and analyze them so we can have people up and running in as soon as 10 days. So we literally could have you up and running and have you at a point where you're using this thing here by the beginning of August. So before I get to our closing, I wanted to open it up for questions and find out if anyone has any questions they would like to chat into the chat window. Megan, are there any coming through? Megan Mendiola: So I don't see any questions that have come through yet, but we do so have a few minutes here left. So we'd like to welcome it up as Andy said for question time. If you have any questions at all, you can submit them into our Q&A portion on your control panel and there's also the chat feature. So if you have any questions now would be a great time to submit them. Andy Harleman: And while we're waiting to see if any come through. Actually I do see one now. So let's see. The question is, does Vena integrate with accounting software? The answer is yes, it does. And I mentioned earlier that there are a couple of software tools out there. We work with one called Sage Intacct that has a pre-built integration that literally you know the data pushes over sort of automatically. But any accounting software we can integrate this thing with, because what we do is, there's a way to point the Vena database to, like, for example, a CSV file from your General Ledger if you printed one if you were to create one. So, yes, we can pull data from any general ledger out there. Some, the data pull itself is more automated than others, but it doesn't matter even if you have a really old system with on-premise technology. You can just get your good stuff, all your general ledger, into a CSV or Excel file no problem. Megan Mendiola: Great, Andy. Did you see the chat? We had a chat question come through as well. I'll go ahead and read it to you. It asks, Do you serve in India? Andy Harleman: We do. We can work with anyone, anywhere. We want to make sure there were considerations such as obviously, wherever you are, this being a Cloud tool, you have to have reliable internet. We have had some organizations where there are remote outpost in very remote parts of different continents were Internet access is just not reliable, so that's a little bit tricky. And so I'd want to be upfront about that. The other thing is, in some I'll have to check to see if Vena. I don't even know the answer to this question, but some software we work with is only in English. And I'm not sure if Vena is only in English, or if it can be in other languages and we'd have to make sure we talked to someone in another country. We'd want to make sure that they were okay with it being in English, and if not, we would want to check with Vena to see if there was another possibility, but the answer is yes. I see two more questions. Follow up to the one about integration and that would be, can the budget be imported back to the accounting server? Yes, it can. And again, as long as your accounting software can import data that is, but most of them can these days. Although once in a while we still come upon a nonprofit who's using an old like mainframe system from the 80s where importing might be a trouble. But usually, that is not the case. = A question from another attendee is are there leasing options available? Yes, that is essentially - it's not an actual lease - but there is a financing option available, which is how we are able to work this in as a monthly fee. So absolutely, and it keeps cash considerations right at the forefront. So you don't have to worry about large amounts of money expenditures out of your cash flow upfront. Are there any other questions that I've overlooked Megan? Megan Mendiola: Great. No, I don't see any more that have come in. You have about a minute left. So if we get any last-minute questions then we'll definitely read them out. But Andy, I wanted to thank you for showing us some of the really cool features that Vena has to offer and telling us more about JMT's crisis planning services in relation to Vena. And as you can see on the slide that Andy has up there now, you'll be hearing from us soon. I'm really looking forward to connecting with everyone following today's webinar for just a more personalized discussion on how we can get you up and running quickly with Vena and see if it would be a good fit for your particular organization's needs. So, like the slide says, I have some time slots starting this afternoon, but I'll be planning to reach out to all of you via phone, just to get your thoughts on the webinar and just have a more personalized discussion over that. So we're looking forward to connecting with all of you and looks like we are about right at time so we will end. And just like that says, By August this could be you. And that sounds amazing. We would all want that. So we'll go ahead and bring this webinar to conclusion. Andy, is there anything, any last-minute things you want to tell all of our attendees today? Andy Harleman: No, I just want to, I guess I'll just say that we were just really excited about the Vena tool because accounting software has been around for a few decades. And everybody's got accounting software right but Vena is something that - and tools like Vena - are newer to the marketplace. And so it's really exciting for us, because so many nonprofits, I'd say 95% are all in Excel right now and to be able to help you really eliminate that awful manual process, we think it's just a game changer, a real game changer for the entire nonprofit sector. So thank you so much for your time today. We hope we can help all of you. Megan Mendiola: Great, well thank you Andy and thank you all of you, for joining us today. Like I said, I'm looking forward to connecting with all of you here soon to talk about this some more. But in the meantime, we just hope that everyone has a great day. Enter your name and email address below and I'll send you periodic updates about the podcast.

Slow Computer? Windows Headaches? 13 Reasons To Try Linux When you’re tired of computer problems, and you just want things to work. I’m rather fond of Linux. The rare occasions when I find a need to go back and use Windows after a decade or so of Linux exclusivity only seem to cause headaches. They remind me why I left Windows behind in the first place. The story used to be that Windows was the best choice by default, easiest to use, and Linux was only for tech enthusiasts. But those days are long gone. Linux has come so very far, making great leaps and bounds in its progress in the past few years especially. Windows on the other hand has fallen far from its throne, at least in my view. Microsoft’s decisions in recent years for its Windows operating system have been frustrating users with increasing complexity, feelings of slowness and sluggish system performance, and some questionable privacy and data collection choices have caused them to lose precious user trust and confidence. Meanwhile Linux has become easy, functional and reliable to use everyday, and with Windows 11 dropping support for countless users’ hardware, there’s never been a better time to give Linux a try. If you’re curious, or just need some convincing, read on to discover some of the advantages that Linux has to offer. 1. Linux Is Free To Use Linux costs $0. Not $140 like Windows 10 Home, or $200 like Windows 10 Pro, or whatever the Windows 11 equivalent prices will be when Microsoft establishes those. With the exception of a few unique cases like Crossover Linux and Red Hat Enterprise, the overwhelming majority of Linux versions that exist cost nothing to download and use. You don’t have to worry about paying for a new version of your chosen Linux operating system when it comes time to upgrade either. When a new future release of your Linux distribution comes out, it will be free too. 2. Linux Is Much More Secure By Design Over a decade ago, Katherine Noyes at PCWorld.com wrote an excellent article detailing the hows and whys of this topic. There are a variety of reasons why Linux is more secure than Windows, and while Linux is not invulnerable, users can generally enjoy a computer experience that is free of the hassles that come with keeping Windows machines secure. This is one aspect where the popularity that Windows enjoys actually hampers it. Because more users have Windows computers than anything else, it is the primary target of the huge majority of malicious attacks. Windows security has become such an issue that it has now become standard practice to expect people to pay subscriptions for a security suite of software just to have a chance of keeping their Windows computer free of viruses. If you’re a user trying to rely on free antivirus, malware detection, and firewall software in Windows 10 or 11, you’re in for an inefficient and tiresome experience. Often requiring multiple software suites that step on each other’s toes at times, the typical experience includes being plagued with advertisements for upgrading to paid versions, 3rd party marketing adverts to help pay for the free version, and time-consuming manual scanning and updating processes that need to be run multiple times per month. Microsoft provides some basic free protection measures within Windows itself, but their capabilities and effectiveness over the years remain a topic of debate and scrutiny. Linux has absolutely none of this, because it doesn’t need it. Viruses on Linux are very rare by comparison. The malicious malware that exists for Windows doesn’t do any harm on a Linux computer. Even if something nasty did manage to make its way onto your Linux environment, chances are good it wouldn’t have the necessary permissions required to do any real lasting damage to the system itself. What this means in practice for the average everyday user is simply this: on Linux, you don’t have to worry about viruses in the first place. You don’t have to pay for a security suite either. You can just use your computer and everything will be fine. 3. System Updates Are Hassle-Free (Seriously!) Raise your hand if you’re a Windows 10 or 11 user who has had problems with Windows updates in the past 6 months. I’m just imagining a lot of raised hands right now. I know I sure have had inexplicable errors and extreme frustrations just trying to get Windows 10 to update itself correctly with its own basic security patches and similar maintenance procedures, and I know I’m not alone in that. With Linux I can count on one hand the number of times I have had any real issues come up during the system update process over the past 5 years, and none of them were ever all that detrimental (and that includes the updates to newer versions of the operating system itself.) It’s been an extremely easy and pleasant experience performing system updates on Linux, and a largely automated one at that. Linux updates also take a lot less time than Windows updates. Where Windows these days can’t even seem to get through a single update pass without randomly having issues, breaking something that was working before, having incredibly slow update times taking upwards of an hour, and even multiple PC restarts in some cases, Linux shines with its simple, quick, and efficient updates. Linux only rarely requires the system to be restarted after updating at all, and when it does need to, it simply tells you so and you can restart at your convenience. None of the scheduling nonsense Windows forces on its users where you can’t restart your system now, but you can within the hours of 8 and 12 on Saturdays, but if you want to restart the computer in 10 minutes you can log off and… you get the idea. 4. Most Linux Distributions Are Clear And Consistent About Support Timelines With Linux you usually find two distinct types of releases: Point releases, commonly made available for designated periods of time, for example with Long Term Support (LTS) releases, or Rolling releases. Without getting too technical, basically the difference is point release Linux distributions are intended more for the person who wants stability for longer periods of time in their operating system, and rolling release distributions are more concerned with the cutting edge and having the latest updates at the cost of some degree of system stability. There’s no wrong way, it’s merely a choice that the Linux world gives each individual user when they are deciding which Linux distribution to try. My personal preference leans towards LTS releases, as they allow for a stable system environment with continued support for a number of years. I’m particularly fond of Linux Mint, and it’s the version of Linux that I feel is the easiest for Windows users to transition to if they are new to Linux. Regardless of which flavor of Linux you choose to try, there will be information presented that lets you know the approach that the individual distribution takes to updates, the length of time it supports each release, and so on. 5. You Keep Your Privacy (And Your Peace Of Mind) Intact With Linux It’s no secret that Microsoft has built a lot of information tracking and collecting “features” right into the Windows 10 and 11 operating systems. Almost all of them are switched on by default too. If you’re a person who has a concern for your privacy online, or even just feels a little uncomfortable with the knowledge that tracking measures are built into the Windows operating system by default, Linux is a vastly superior option for you to consider in this regard. With Linux there is no major company controlling things and serving their own agendas behind the scenes. There are no secrets locked up behind closed doors. The whole premise behind Linux is encouraging free and open sharing of the underlying code that powers the operating system, known collectively as open source software, in order to enable more people to build upon the foundation and make something even greater. Unlike Windows, which is owned and controlled fully by Microsoft and not visible or accessible to the public, with Linux anyone can access and see the underlying source code that makes their computer work the way it does. It is possible for anyone with enough knowledge and experience to suggest modifications to the code, spot problem areas, submit fixes for issues and vulnerabilities, and so on. This worldwide collaboration creates a more secure experience, and if there are any privacy-related concerns or vulnerabilities, people would be able to find out about them and work on patching them relatively quickly. With Windows on the other hand, the world is only left guessing without being able to see the whole picture of what goes on behind the scenes at Microsoft. The trust factor can really only go so far when there are obvious features built into the underlying system to track users and collect their information, and the security updates and vulnerability fixes tend to take longer to discover and send out. 6. Linux Gives You Far Greater Control Over Your Computer Linux gives you great control and choices regarding how you want the system to look and behave. In addition to the differences between the vast array of different Linux distributions, which we will cover in the next section, even within the same Linux environment, you have a plethora of control options. With Windows 11, Microsoft is actually removing functionality that it previously had in Windows 10 for example, by no longer allowing users to reposition the taskbar to a different side of the screen. With Linux you can do that easily right from the system settings. With Linux there is a concept called a Desktop Environment, or “DE” for short, which is separate from the operating system itself, and allows for a vast degree of visual customization, without having to change the actual underlying operating system you are using. Linux Mint for example offers three different desktop environments with its typical installations: Cinnamon, which is custom designed by the Linux Mint team and is their most popular DE and current focus, MATE, which was the primary choice of DE in earlier versions of Linux Mint and features increased stability with a more traditional look and feel, and Xfce which is geared more towards lightweight performance and is a good choice for older hardware. The important distinction to make here is that even though all three of these versions of Linux Mint look a little different thanks to their choice of desktop environment, they are all running the same underlying operating system despite the visual and functional differences between the DEs and their features. And that’s just the start. There are a variety of settings you can change even within a single desktop environment, far too many to detail here, that allow for great customization of your computer’s look, feel and even its performance. Security options, updates, backup schedules, power settings, colors, sizes, all manner of functions and behaviors are placed squarely in the control of the computer user. And if all that wasn’t enough, it’s possible to install your own desktop environment that is different than the ones officially released by your Linux distribution if you so wish. 7. The Choice Is Yours: There’s A Flavor Of Linux For Everybody There are many, many different Linux distributions to choose from. Popular ones include: Ubuntu, Arch, Gentoo, Debian, Elementary, Manjaro, Pop, and SteamOS, just to name a few. As I’ve already mentioned, I like to recommend Linux Mint to new Linux users migrating from Windows, due to its ease of use, stability, and similarities in its look and feel to Windows. But I’ll briefly highlight some of the other popular choices you may wish to experiment with and explore. Even though the bulk of this comparison has been related to Windows, if there are any MacOS fans out there who are interested in Linux, you may wish to start with Elementary OS. Its design and the look and feel of it was based around simplicity, and Mac users will probably feel more at home with this particular Linux distribution. Ubuntu is an extremely popular choice for new and long-time Linux users alike, and it’s one of the major players in the Linux ecosystem at large. Even the popular Linux Mint distribution is what’s known as a derivative, or sometimes called a fork, off of Ubuntu. In short, without Ubuntu’s underlying systems to use as a framework, Linux Mint and other Ubuntu-derivatives would either not exist at all, or function a good bit different than they do now. Ubuntu was the first Linux distribution that I tried many years ago, and while I eventually found my favorite in Linux Mint, it was my first glimpse at a user-friendly Linux experience. For fans of the Windows command line, not interested in the visual bells and whistles of the modern GUI and more likely to want to modify and control their system at deeper levels, the Arch Linux distribution might be more your cup of tea than most of the others on this list. Arch Linux has its own set of derivatives too, like the popular Manjaro Linux, and even Valve’s SteamOS. And this is really just scratching the surface. There’s a flavor of Linux out there for everyone, and thanks to the open nature of the underlying code, even if there isn’t one that suits your tastes and preferences today in the dozens, if not hundreds, of variations that exist, chances are good new ones will come along that take the computing world in surprising new directions never-before seen. 8. Linux Is Fast, Stable And Reliable, Even On Older Hardware I have a 7 year old laptop. It’s a Lenovo with decent specs for its day, and works perfectly fine for basic computer use. It has 4GB of RAM, an Intel Core i5–3230M 2.6GHz dual core CPU, and I have it set up to dual-boot both Windows 10 Pro and Linux Mint 20 (I’ll mention more on dual booting later.) Interestingly, since it’s not on Microsoft’s list of supported CPUs for Windows 11, even though it otherwise meets Microsoft’s requirements for running Windows 11 just fine, my laptop is ineligible for the Windows 11 upgrade (now I know what it feels like to be left off the VIP guest list at a fancy party.) This is a huge problem that Microsoft is creating that’s going to alienate a ton of Windows 10 users with perfectly good hardware, especially combined with their 2025 cutoff date for Windows 10 support. But that’s not really the point I want to discuss here, more of a noteworthy aside. What I want to highlight instead is the time it takes to start the computer. Booting up Windows 10 on this laptop takes around 1 minute and 40 seconds before I see the main Windows desktop screen, and over 3 minutes before the initial startup software and applications are all loaded up and ready to use. It takes over 3 minutes just to start the system fully in other words, and that’s on a fairly bare installation too. I really don’t have much installed on the laptop at all. Linux Mint 20 on the same exact hardware, just to give you an idea of how much lighter and faster it is, takes roughly 1 minute and 20 seconds to fully load up the desktop and all its starting applications. Same machine, same specs. Less than half the time that Windows takes to start up. If you didn’t have anything to compare with, and you didn’t know any better, conventional wisdom would suggest that as your computer gets older and more used, it gets slower. But I’m starting to think that’s really more of a Windows thing than a computer thing. Yes aging hardware can slow down your experience, and sure, the more years that you use a computer, the more cluttered and sluggish everything gets as hard drive space fills up and more software and apps are installed. Revitalizing things every once in awhile with a fresh install of your operating system can be a helpful thing to do regardless of your hardware or operating system. But really? I think a lot of the problem has to do with the Windows operating system itself, not the underlying hardware. That 7 year old laptop responds just fine when I’m using the Linux side. It works perfectly well for basic tasks and still performs admirably at a comfortable pace. It doesn’t feel overly sluggish or frustrating to use unless I’m dealing with the Windows side of it. And that’s with Linux Mint Cinnamon edition installed. I bet if I tried say, the Xfce version of Linux Mint, it would probably run even faster on my old machine, let alone if I picked a distribution like Lubuntu or Zorin OS Lite, which are specifically designed to be light on resources and easier for older computers to use. The takeaway here? Even on older, slower hardware, Linux runs really well, and doesn’t feel sluggish at all. It can breathe new life into old hardware, keep computers out of landfills, and generally just raises some questions on the quality and merits of the operating system most computers are using. I’ve had Linux Mint on my computers for close to a decade now, and I’ve not once felt that they started getting slow with age. I can’t say the same for my Windows installations however. 9. You Can Do Virtually Anything With Linux That You Can With Windows About the only area that I can think of where Linux still lags behind Windows is on support and compatibility with Apple products, and that’s a deliberate choice that Apple has made in keeping their cards close to their chest, so to speak. While it may not work for everyone, I wrote an article detailing my own experiences with getting iTunes working at a basic level in Linux Mint, and even though that implementation still leaves a lot to be desired, it’s a sign of progress as things continue to move forward. Outside of that, I can’t think of much else where Linux hasn’t been able to offer a fairly comparable alternative to Windows features or software, if not outright support the same functionality and applications (or even have an improved implementation compared to Windows in some cases.) In other words, if there’s something you want to use your computer for, chances are really, really good Linux can do whatever your Windows computer can. Into drawing digital art? There’s a set of drivers for Wacom tablets, and support for many popular Huion models as well. Video editing or streaming more your thing? Linux has software to cover that too. Writing? Check. Reading e-books? Sure! Playing games, watching movies, productivity tasks, office suites, CAD, photo editing, web design, software programming… anything and everything you can think of, Linux has a way to do it. Many of the popular software and apps you know from Windows have a Linux version as well: VLC for video and media playback, Spotify for your favorite music, Steam for all your gaming needs, Dropbox, Minecraft, WhatsApp, Skype, Google Earth, FileZilla, Chrome, Firefox, Thunderbird… just to name a few. 10. Linux Encourages Free, Open Source Software For Everyone Where Linux diverges quite a bit from Windows, and really starts to shine in my opinion, is in its embracing of open source software. In the cases where there isn’t a Linux version of a popular software, chances are good there’s a competent and sophisticated open source alternative that you may not have heard of, but nevertheless will meet your needs. Adobe Photoshop users will find their Linux open source equivalent in the GNU Image Manipulation Program, or GIMP for short. Video editing aficionados will want to check out Kdenlive if they’re familiar with Adobe Premiere, Vegas Pro, or the like. Digital artists attached at the hip to software like Paint Tool SAI might want to check out Krita as a viable alternative, and there’s Pinta for Paint.NET fans too. Folks missing their Microsoft Office suite will find a very capable replacement in the free LibreOffice suite, which some Linux distributions even install by default. Chrome users have Chromium, which is essentially the same web browser except without the Google branding. Open source software as a principle fascinates me because not only is it made available for free and offers competitive features and functionality to the big names in proprietary software, but its underlying intention is to be made available for everyone in the world to contribute to and enjoy sharing. Having something be completely accessible to very nearly anyone and everyone to use and enjoy is fantastic I think, and I just really appreciate the idea of people coming together to create something wonderful and then sharing it generously with others for the benefit and enjoyment of many. 11. Linux Can Run Many Windows-Exclusive Software Applications For those times when there isn’t a native Linux version of your favorite Windows software, and an open source alternative just won’t do, Linux has at least two more options that can be tried, but they’re not necessarily the easiest things ever for the novice Linux user or the basic computer user to undertake. Nevertheless, they exist, and offer varying degrees of success depending on a number of factors, including hardware specifications, and the software you are trying to use. The two options I am thinking of are namely Wine, which allows Linux to install and run a fair number of native Windows software applications, and virtual machines such as VirtualBox, which let you install and run the actual Windows operating system itself inside of a sandbox environment in Linux as though it were an app. The former is easier to set up, and is probably my recommended approach at first, but if that approach fails to run the specific Windows software you need, you may have to resort to running it inside of a virtual machine like VirtualBox. (Or dual booting Linux alongside Windows would work too.) I discussed using Wine to run Windows software in my article: How to Play RPG Maker Games on Linux using Wine so you can refer to that if you’re curious, but both the process of using Wine and especially of setting up a virtual machine installation of the Windows operating system go into far too much detail to include in this article. Suffice to say, even if you need a very specific, Windows-only piece of software, there’s at least a decent chance that Linux could run it in a pinch. If it’s something popular, it’s likely there is a lot of user support from the community out there of other Linux users trying to get the same software running on their computers as you are. 12. Linux Can Play Games Just As Well As Windows Up until about 5 years ago, or honestly maybe even more recently than that, the number one advantage that Windows users held for a really long time over Linux was in the video game space. Linux support for gaming just wasn’t anywhere close for a really long time. Without doing a deep dive into the history of this, the short of it is, that’s no longer the case, thanks in large part to contributions from Valve and the Linux community in developing SteamOS, Proton, and really pushing forward with support for gaming on Linux in a major way. There’s even a handy website called ProtonDB that is essentially a giant database users can search and contribute their own experiences to, which helps to tell at a glance if your favorite video game will work on Linux currently, and to what degree. Not to be outdone, great strides were also made in other gaming-focused Linux software such as PlayOnLinux and Lutris as well, enabling more Linux game players to enjoy a wider variety of games than has been possible before. I’m surely understating things when I say the advancement of gaming on the Linux platform as a whole in recent years has increased to an unprecedented degree. It’s to the point where it is now not only reasonable to find more games that are being actively developed and released with native Linux versions, but even to expect the big name Windows exclusives to run just as well, and sometimes even better, on hardware running Linux. Thanks to the many contributions and advancements throughout the community, compatibility continues to grow and improve steadily day by day. The gap between Windows and Linux for gaming used to be an impossibly wide gorge, but now the landscape has changed drastically for the better, and avid gaming fans no longer have to cling to Windows to enjoy their games. For many it was the last thing holding them to Windows that they couldn’t give up. Nowadays it is safe to say that folks can cut the cord, so to speak, on the Windows experience, and feel free to explore the Linux landscape without leaving their enjoyment behind. 13. You Can Use Linux And Windows On The Same Computer Even if all of the above seems like it sounds good in theory, you might not quite be ready or willing to kick Windows to the curb completely. And there’s nothing wrong with that. You can still experiment with Linux using a process known as dual booting if you’d like to have the best of both. Dual booting is basically having two operating systems on a single computer. You get to keep your current Windows installation intact, and you install Linux on a separate partition of your hard drive. In other words, think of the space on your hard drive as though it were a pizza or a pie, and imagine cutting a slice out of said pie. One piece of the pie is the Windows operating system that you already have, and another separate piece of pie is dedicated to your new Linux installation. When you start up your computer, it simply gives you a list and asks you which operating system you would like to use. In this way, you are free to experiment and learn your way around Linux all you like until you feel comfortable with it. Try different distributions and features. Play with the software and settings until you feel like you know your way around, and for those times when you still want or need to use Windows, you’ve still got it right there like you always have had. As an added bonus, when you have dual boot set up with multiple operating systems on a single computer, if you ever run into computer issues that have some kind of adverse effect on one operating system, such as a virus or problems using certain software, you can usually still access and use the other OS as you would normally. Having a backup option like this might help you troubleshoot issues, or perform some tasks that you need to have done in a timely manner, or what have you. Thanks for reading! If you enjoyed it, tell a friend, leave a few claps, and click the speech bubble icon below to add a comment with your thoughts!

- Research - Open Access - Published: Orthogonal maximum margin projection subspace for radar target HRRP recognition EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking volume 2016, Article number: 72 (2016) 1307 Accesses 7 Citations - Abstract In this paper, a novel target recognition method, namely orthogonal maximum margin projection subspace (OMMPS), is proposed for radar target recognition using high-resolution range profile (HRRP). The core of OMMPS is to maximize the between-class margin by increasing the between-class scatter distance and reducing the within-class scatter distance simultaneously. By introducing the nonlinear mapping function, we also derive the kernel version of OMMPS, namely orthogonal kernel maximum margin projection subspace (OKMMPS). Compared with maximum margin criterion (MMC) method, OMMPS are optimal in meaning of maximum margin due that the coordinate axes of OMMPS are obtained sequentially by solving the constrained optimization problem, thus improves the recognition performance. In addition, the number of efficient features for OMMPS is not limited by the number of pattern classes, and the appropriate features can still be obtained for separating the classes, even in high-dimensional space with only a few classes. Moreover, the coordinate axes of OMMPS are mutually orthogonal, and the features extracted by OMMPS reduce the redundancy. The extensive experimental results show that the proposed method has better recognition performance than the other methods such as MMC and LDA. Introduction We are able to obtain the high-resolution range profile (HRRP) by the wideband radar. The HRRP is the amplitude of radar-returned echoes from target as a function of range cell, which represents the distribution of projection of target radar scattering centers along the radar line of sight. It can provide geometric structure information such as target size and information of scattering centers, which is very useful in target classification. Therefore, the radar target recognition using HRRP has intensively been focused by radar target recognition community [1–7]. K. T. Kim et al. propose some invariant features for HRRP [8–9]. Y. Shi et al. [10] use a novel neural network classifier for HRRP recognition. S. K. Wong [11] presents a feature selection method in frequency domain. D. E. Nelson et al. [12] study a new iterated wavelet feature for HRRP classification. R. A. Mitchell et al. [13] extract some robust statistical features from HRRP for radar target recognition. X. J. Liao et al. [14] use sequential HRRPs to identify the ground targets. C. Y. Wang et al. [15] model the radar echoes for radar HRRP recognition by T-mixture model. M. Li et al. [16] propose a sparse representation-based denoizing method for improving recognition performance using HRRP. L. Du et al. [17] apply the statistical model for recognizing the radar HRRP. L. Shi et al. [18] use the local factor analysis to model the non-Gaussianity of the radar HRRP data. J. S. Fu et al. [19] extract the between-class discriminant information and among-class discriminant information for improving the classification performance. However, HRRP is sensitive to target aspect, time-shift, and amplitude-scale. These factors increase the between-class ambiguities which must be resolved and degrade the classification accuracy. Moreover, HRRP is typically high-dimensional, non-Gaussian, and interdimension dependently distributed and increases the difficulties in statistical modeling of pattern objects. Thus, the radar target recognition using HRRP is still a challenging task. Many previous works have shown that subspace methods are very effective in pattern recognition task. For example, the principal component analysis (PCA) can preserve the large variance directions [20]. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is able to maximize the between-class distance and minimize the within-class distance simultaneously [21]. PCA and LDA are widely applied for feature extraction and dimension reduction. In order to process the nonlinear problem, KPCA [22] and KFDA [23] are proposed based on kernel trick. However, the performance of these methods cannot be improved further when the objects such as HRRPs are usually high-dimensional vectors and do not satisfy the assumption of the Gaussian distribution. Because they only capture the global geometric structure of dataset and do not consider the local geometric structure information that is very important for target recognition. To capture the local structure information, several manifold learning methods have been proposed. X. F. He et al. [24] present the locality preserving projections (LPP) by means of a weight matrix (called heat kernel). H. T. Chen et al. [25] propose the local discriminant embedding (LDE) using the neighbors and class relations of data. D. Cai et al. [26] study the orthogonal Laplacianfaces (OLPP) by computing a set of orthogonal basis functions. L. Zhu et al. [27] propose the orthogonal discriminant locality preserving projections (ODLPP) by orthogonalizing the basis vectors. S. J. Wang et al. [28] present an exponential locality preserving projections (ELPP) via introducing the matrix exponential function. The above methods can obtain impressive results. However, they only emphasize the compactness between the neighbors or same-class data points and do not consider the optimal separation between different-class data points. Therefore, the discriminative power may be improved by combining the manifold learning and discriminant analysis. Motivated by the idea, S. Yan et al. [29] present margin fisher analysis (MFA) method. MFA uses the intrinsic graph and the penalty graph to characterize the local structure in discriminant analysis and thus increases the intraclass compactness and interclass separability. M. Sugiyama [30] proposes the local fisher discriminant analysis (LFD) approach by taking local structure of the data into account, and the multimodal data can be embedded appropriately. D. Cai at al. [31] study the locality sensitive discriminant analysis (LSDA) method, which utilizes local geometry structure of the data manifold and discriminant information at the same time. T. Zhang et al. [32] present a discriminative locality alignment (DLA) algorithm by imposing discriminative information in the part optimization stage. DLA can attack the distribution nonlinearity of measurements and preserve the discriminative ability while avoiding the small sample size problem. B. Li et al. [33] propose the locally linear discriminant embedding (LLDE) method. LLDE apply the constrained weights to strengthen the classification ability. Y. Chen et al. [34] present a local coordinate factorization (NLCF) method by adding a local coordinate constraint into the standard NMF objective function. Q. Gao et al. [35] propose the stable orthogonal local discriminate embedding algorithm by introducing the orthogonal constraint on the basis vectors. C. Hou et al. [36] propose a unified framework that explicitly unfolds the manifold and reformulate local approaches as the semi-definite programs and thus improves the performance of some algorithms such as locally linear embedding (LLE), laplacian eigenmaps (LE), and local tangent space alignment (LTSA). Although the above methods are successful in many applications, their recognition performance may decrease when objects as HRRPs suffer from the large within-class variation due to the fact that these methods are often in lack of robustness and generalization. Inspired by the maximum margin of SVM, A. Kocsor et al. [37] propose the margin maximizing discriminant analysis (MMDA) approach. The core of MMDA is to maximize the between-class margin on the decision boundary by applying the normals of a set of pairwise orthogonal margin maximizing hyperplanes to construct a projection subspace. But MMDA is only fit for binary classification problem and cannot be applied for multiclass classification problem directly. Based on the similar idea, H. F. Li et al. [38] present the maximum margin criterion (MMC) method. The aim of MMC is to maximize the trace of the difference of the between-class scatter matrix and within-class scatter matrix. It can be applied for multiclass classification directly and avoid the small sample size (SSS) problem. However, the coordinate axes of MMC subspace are not optimal in meaning of maximum margin due to the fact that they are solved by (SVD) on the difference between the between-class scatter matrix and within-class scatter matrix without exerting the constraints. Thus, its performance can be improved further. In this paper, a novel target recognition method, namely orthogonal maximum margin projection subspace (OMMPS), is proposed for radar target HRRP recognition. The aim of OMMPS is to maximize the between-class margin by increasing the between-class scatter distance and reducing the within-class scatter distance simultaneously. By exerting the orthogonality constraint on the objective function, we can solve the OMMPS. The OMMPS has three advantages: First, the number of features does not depend on the number of classes. As a result, the appropriate features can still be obtained for separating the classes, even in high-dimensional space with only a few classes. Second, the coordinate axes of OMMPS are optimal in meaning of maximum margin because the coordinate axes are solved sequentially by exerting the orthogonality constraint on the objective function. Third, the coordinate axes of OMMPS are mutually orthogonal and the features extracted by OMMPS reduce the redundancy, thus improves the recognition performance. OMMPS Let \( \mathbf{X}=\left[{\mathbf{x}}_{11}\cdots {\mathbf{x}}_{1{N}_1}\cdots {\mathbf{x}}_{C1}\cdots {\mathbf{x}}_{C{N}_C}\right] \)denotes a training sample set,x ij is the jthn-dimensional HRRP vector of ith class. Each class contains N i training samples, and the number of total training sample for C classes is N(N = N 1 + N 2 + ⋯ + N C ). Let A represents a n × m-dimensional matrix (m < n). Projecting x ij into m-dimensional feature subspace below where Tdenotes transposition, and y ij is a m-dimensional vector, namely subprofile of x ij . Firstly, computing the between-class scatter distance d B in subprofile space where Tr(⋅) is the trace of matrix. \( {\overline{\mathbf{y}}}_i=\frac{1}{N_i}{\displaystyle \sum_{j=1}^{N_i}{\mathbf{y}}_{ij}} \), \( {\overline{\mathbf{y}}}_k=\frac{1}{N_k}{\displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{N_k}{\mathbf{y}}_{kj}} \), and \( \overline{\mathbf{y}}=\frac{1}{N}{\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^C{\displaystyle \sum_{j=1}^{N_i}{\mathbf{y}}_{ij}}} \)are the mean vectors of ith class’ training subprofiles, kth class’ training subprofiles, and total training subprofiles, respectively. Substituting Eq. (1) into Eq. (2), it follows that where \( {\overline{\mathbf{x}}}_i \)is the mean vector of ith class’ training samples, and \( \overline{\mathbf{x}} \) is the mean vector of total training samples. S B is the between-class scatter matrix in original sample space Secondly, computing the within-class scatter distance d W in subprofile space Substituting Eq. (1) into Eq. (5), we can get where S W is the within-class scatter matrix in original sample space According to the geometric structure in subprofile space, we define the between-class margin in subprofile space below where d M is the between-class margin. The aim of OMMPS is to seek an orthogonal projection subspace by maximizing the between-class margin based on the orthogonality constraint, i.e., solving the following maximization problem and where a r is the column vector of matrix A, i.e., A = [a 1, a 2 … a m], namely orthogonal maximum margin projection subspace (OMMPS). Although the objective function in Eq. (9) is similar to that of MMC [38], the objective function of MMC does not include the orthogonality constrains. Besides, MMC obtains the projection subspace using the eigenvectors corresponding to the first largest eigenvalues of matrix (S B − S w), and thus, the projection vectors of MMC are not optimal in meaning of maximum margin. We solve the above optimization problem by following steps. To solve a 1, we construct a Lagrangian function using Eqs. (9) and (10) where λ 1 is a Lagrangian multiplier. Taking the vector derivative of J(a 1, λ 1) with respect to a 1 and set the resultant equation to zero, we can get the generalized eigenvector equation Let \( {\lambda}_1^{\max } \)is the largest eigenvalue of matrix (S B − S W )and \( {\boldsymbol{\upmu}}_1^{\max } \)is the corresponding eigenvector; then, we may set After obtaining the a 1, combining Eqs. (9)–(11), we can form the Lagrangian function where λ 1, λ 2, λ r − 1, and λ r are Lagrangian multipliers. In a similar way, taking the derivative of J(a r , λ 1, λ 2 ⋯ λ r − 1, λ r ) in Eq. (15) with respect to a r and λ l (l = 1, 2, ⋯, r), solving the resultant equation leads to Let \( {\lambda}_r^{\max } \)is the largest eigenvalue of Eq. (16) and \( {\boldsymbol{\upmu}}_r^{\max } \)is the corresponding eigenvector; then, we can set According to the above discussion, it is obvious that the basis vectors of OMMPS are solved sequentially by exerting the orthogonality constraint on the objective function. As a result, they are mutually orthogonal and optimal in meaning of maximum margin. Therefore, OMMPS has better discriminative power than MMC. The steps of feature extraction based on OMMPS are shown in Algorithm 1. Algorithm 1. The feature extraction based on OMMPS Task: Solve the linear subprofile features using the training data set Step 1) Determine the subprofile's dimensionality m Step 2) Compute the matrix S B and S W by equation (4) and (7) Step 3) SVD to matrix (S B − S W ), and obtain the a 1 by equation (14) Step 4) SVD to matrix \( \left(\mathbf{I}-\left({\mathbf{a}}_1{\mathbf{a}}_1^T+\cdots +{\mathbf{a}}_{r-1}{\mathbf{a}}_{r-1}^T\right)\right)\left({\mathbf{S}}_B-{\mathbf{S}}_W\right) \)for r = 2, and obtain the a 2by equation (17) Step 5) Set r = r + 1repeat Step 4 until a m is obtained. Then A = [a 1 a 2 ⋯ a m ] Step 6) Obtain the linear subprofile of HRRP vector x using equation (1) Orthogonal kernel maximum margin projection subspace (QKMMPS) When nonlinear variations in HRRPs are very serious, the HRRPs of different classes may not be separable linearly. We introduce the nonlinear mapping to solve this problem. A nonlinear function φ is used to map x ij into a high-dimensional feature space F below where the dimensionality of feature space Fis n '; here, n ' may be any value or infinite. Let A φ denotes a n ' × m φ-dimensional transformation matrix, namely orthogonal kernel maximum margin projection subspace; then, φ(x ij ) is projected into m φ dimensional space as follow where \( {\mathbf{y}}_{ij}^{\varphi } \) is m φ-dimensional column vector, namely nonlinear subprofile of HRRP vector x ij in low-dimensional feature space. In a similar way, we can compute the between-class margin \( {d}_M^{\varphi } \) in nonlinear subprofile space where \( {\mathbf{S}}_B^{\varphi } \) and \( {\mathbf{S}}_W^{\varphi } \) are the between-class scatter matrix and within-class scatter matrix in high-dimensional feature space F, respectively. where \( {\mathbf{x}}_{ij}^{\varphi }=\varphi \left({\mathbf{x}}_{ij}\right) \), \( {\overline{\mathbf{x}}}_i^{\varphi }=\left(1/{N}_i\right){\displaystyle \sum_{j=1}^{N_i}\varphi \left({\mathbf{x}}_{ij}\right)} \), and \( {\overline{\mathbf{x}}}^{\varphi }=\left(1/N\right){\displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^C}{\displaystyle \sum_{j=1}^{N_i}\varphi \left({\mathbf{x}}_{ij}\right)} \). Based on the aim of orthogonal kernel maximum margin projection subspace (OKMMPS), we may get OKMMPS by solving the following constrained maximization problem and where \( {\mathbf{a}}_r^{\varphi } \) is the column vector of matrix A φ , i.e., \( {\mathbf{A}}_{\varphi }=\left[{\mathbf{a}}_1^{\varphi}\;{\mathbf{a}}_2^{\varphi}\cdots {\mathbf{a}}_m^{\varphi}\right] \), namely OKMMPS. Because the expression of nonlinear mapping φ(⋅) is not defined explicitly, it is impossible to solve the Eq. (23) for obtaining OKMMPS directly. We use kernel trick to solve this problem. Let and where α rij is a coefficient, x ij and x lk are n-dimensional column vectors, and k(x ij , x lk ) is a kernel function. Substituting Eqs. (26) and (27) into Eqs. (23)–(25), it follows that and where where Combining Eqs. (28) and (29), we can construct the following function for getting α 1 where γ 1 is a Lagrangian multiplier. Taking the vector derivative of J(α 1, γ 1) with respect to α 1 and set the resultant equation to zero, we can get the generalized eigenvector equation Similar to the observation in Section 2, we set where\( {\boldsymbol{\upmu}}_1^{\alpha, \max } \) is the eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigenvalue \( {\gamma}_1^{\max } \) of matrix \( {\mathbf{K}}^{-1}\left({\mathbf{S}}_B^{\varphi }-{\mathbf{S}}_W^{\varphi}\right) \). Combining Eqs. (28), (29), and (30), the function is constructed using Lagrangian multipliers to solve α r (2 ≤ r ≤ m) where γ 1, γ 2, γ r − 1, and γ r are Lagrangian multipliers. In a similar way, we can get the following eigenvector equation Let \( {\gamma}_r^{\max } \)is the largest eigenvalue of Eq. (40) and \( {\boldsymbol{\upmu}}_r^{\alpha, \max } \)is the corresponding eigenvector; then, we set After obtaining \( {\mathbf{S}}_B^{\alpha } \) α 1, α 2 ⋯, α m , φ(x) is projected into the nonlinear subprofile space according to Eq. (19); it follows that where y φ is the corresponding nonlinear subprofile of x. The steps of feature extraction based on OKMMPS are shown in Algorithm 2. Algorithm 2. The nonlinear feature extraction based on OKMMPS Task: Solve the nonlinear subprofile features using the training data set Step 1) Determine the subprofile's dimensionality m Step 2) Select the kernel function Step 3) Compute the matrix K, and \( {\mathbf{S}}_W^{\alpha } \)by equation (27), equation (32) and (33) Step 4) SVD to matrix \( {\mathbf{K}}^{-1}\left({\mathbf{S}}_B^{\alpha }-{\mathbf{S}}_W^{\alpha}\right) \), and obtain the α 1 by equation (38) Step 5) SVD to matrix \( {\mathbf{K}}^{-1}\left(\mathbf{I}-\left(\mathbf{K}{\boldsymbol{\upalpha}}_1{\boldsymbol{\upalpha}}_1^T+\cdots +\mathbf{K}{\boldsymbol{\upalpha}}_{r-1}{\boldsymbol{\upalpha}}_{r-1}^T\right)\right)\left({\mathbf{S}}_B^{\alpha }-{\mathbf{S}}_W^{\alpha}\right) \)for r = 2 and obtain the α 2by equation (41) Step 6) Set r = r + 1repeat Step 5 until α m is obtained Step 7) Obtain the nonlinear subprofile of HRRP vector xusing equation (42) Experimental results To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, we perform the extensive experiments on the measured data of three kinds of airplanes. Data description The data used in experiments are HRRPs measured from three airplanes, including An-26, Jiang, and Yark-42. For each airplane, 240 HRRPs over a wide range of aspects are adopted. For each airplane, one quarter of all HRRPs are used for training and the rest are used for testing. Before running experiments, each HRRP is preprocessed by energy normalization. The HRRPs of three airplanes are illustrated in Fig. 1. The dimensionality of subspace In this experiment, we consider the effect of subspace’s dimensionality on recognition performance. The training data and testing data are as described above. The subspace’s dimensionality is set from 1 to 10. The nearest-neighbor classifier is applied for classification. Two kernels are used, i.e., radial basis function kernel (RBFK) and polynomial function kernel (PFK) where the kernel parameters σ and d are set by the cross-validation method. Figure 2 shows the average recognition rates of two methods (MMC [38] and OMMPS) versus the subspace’ dimensionality. From Fig. 2a, it can be seen that there is a big rise in the average recognition rate when the subspace’ dimensionality is increased from 1 to 5, and the average recognition rates keep same approximate when the subspace’ dimensionality is above 5. Thus, the proper dimensionality of MMC is set as 5 in the following experiments. From Fig. 2b, the appropriate dimensionality of OMMPS can also be set as 5. In a similar way, the proper dimensionality of OKMMPS with RBFK and PFK are set as 50 and 67, respectively. Kernel parameters In this experiment, we set the appropriate parameters for kernel methods such as OKMMPS, KPCA [22], and KFDA [23] by the cross-validation method. For radial basis function kernel, the parameter σis set as 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50. For polynomial function kernel, the parameter d varies from 1 to 10. The training data and test data are the same as previous experiments. The nearest-neighbor classifier is applied for classification. The experiment is run for each parameter. Tables 1 and 2 illustrate the average recognition rates along with the dimensionalities of three kernel methods for varying value of parameters. As can be seen in Tables 1 and 2, OKMMPS achieves the best recognition results when the radial basis function kernel with σ = 20 and the polynomial function kernel with d = 1 are selected for OKMMPS. We choose the parameters for other kernel methods in similar way. The best kernel parameters chosen for the methods mentioned above are shown in Table 3. In addition, it can also be observed that the methods with the radial basis function kernel have higher recognition rates than those with polynomial function kernel. It shows that the radial basis function kernel can well represent the nonlinearity appearing in HRRP samples for these data. The variation of target aspect The HRRPs change largely when the target aspect varies with a few degrees, which increase the difficulty in classifying the targets. In this experiment, we consider the robustness of MMC, OMMPS, and OKMMPS to the variation of target aspect. The training data is the same as the previous experiments. Three subsets of testing data are selected, including 300, 420, and 540 HRRPs, respectively. For each class, 100, 140, and 180 HRRPs are chosen for three subsets of testing data, respectively. It is obvious that the variation of target aspect becomes large when the number of HRRPs increases. The radial basis function kernel is used. The parameters of these methods are set according to the above experiments. The dimensionality of MMC, OMMPS, and OKMMPS is 5, 5, and 50, respectively. The parameter of radial basis function kernel for OKMMPS is set as 20. The nearest-neighbor classifier is applied for classification. The recognition results of three methods for three subsets of testing data are illustrated in Fig. 3. From Fig. 3, it is shown that the average recognition rates decrease when the number of testing samples is increased from 100 to 180, i.e., the variation of target aspect becomes large. However, the recognition rates of OMMPS and OKMMPS are still better than those of MMC for three subsets. This means that OMMPS and OKMMPS are more robust to variation of aspect than MMC. The reason is that the basis vectors of OMMPS and OKMMPS are obtained by solving the optimization problem sequentially, and they are optimal in meaning of maximum margin. Thus, the high classification accuracy can be obtained when the within-class scatter is large due to big change of HRRPs. Performance comparison To show the effectiveness of the proposed method further, we evaluate the performance of OMMPS and OKMMPS compared with MMC [38], PCA [20], LDA [21], KPCA [22], and KFDA [23] under different SNR. The SNR is set as 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 dB. For each SNR, the recognition results are averaged for 50 run. The dimensionality of subspace for MMC, OMMPS, OKMMPS, PCA, LDA, KPCA, and KFDA is 5, 5, 50, 26, 2, 10, and 2, respectively. The radial basis function kernel is used. According to the experimental results of subsection 4.3, the kernel parameter for OKMMPS, KPCA, and KFDA is set as 20, 40, and 10, respectively. The nearest-neighbor classifier is applied for classification. Figure 4 shows the average rates of seven methods versus SNR. Some interesting observations can be seen from Fig. 4. (1) When SNR is above 15 dB, the kernel methods such as OKMMPS, KFDA, and KPCA outperform the corresponding linear methods such as OMMPS, LDA, and PCA. At SNR = 15 dB, the average recognition rates of OKMMPS, KFDA, KPCA, OMMPS, LDA, and PCA are 86.52, 81, 79.67, 85.33, 80, and 79.33 %. It shows that the kernel methods are more robust to noise than the linear methods. This is because the nonlinearity in HRRPs is very obvious due to the effect of noise, and the kernel methods can well represent the nonlinearity variation appearing in HRRP samples by nonlinear mapping. Thus, the separability between the different classes can be improved. (2) MMC has better recognition performance than LDA for all SNR level when the number of training data is much less than the dimensionality of HRRP. At SNR = 15 dB, the average recognition rates of MMC and LDA are 83.33 and 80 %, respectively. This demonstrates that MMC has better discriminative power than LDA for small size of training data. The reason is that LDA suffers from small sample size (SSS) problem in the case of small size of training data. However, MMC does not need the inversion of the within-class scatter matrix and may avoid the SSS problem. As a result, the features extracted by MMC are more robust. (3) The discriminative ability of OMMPS and OKMMPS is superior to that of MMC when the SNR is from 5 to 30 dB. At SNR = 15 dB, the average recognition rates of OMMPS, OKMMPS, and MMC are 85.23, 86.42, and 83.33 %, respectively. The reason is that the basis vectors of OMMPS and OKMMPS are obtained by solving the optimization problem sequentially and they are optimal in meaning of maximum margin. Especially, the basis vectors of OKMMPS are still orthogonal in high-dimensional feature space. It means that the features extracted by OMMPS and OKMMPS are more discriminative than those extracted by MMC. Conclusions In this paper, we propose a novel radar target recognition method using HRRP, namely orthogonal maximum margin projection subspace (OMMPS). The kernel version, called as orthogonal kernel maximum margin projection subspace (OKMMPS), is also derived. The proposed method is able to maximize the between-class margin by increasing the between-class scatter distance and reducing the within-class scatter distance simultaneously. The experimental results on the measured data of three kinds of planes show that - (1) OMMPS and OKMMPS can still obtain the appropriate dimensionality of subspace for high-dimensional HRRP vector with three classes. - (2) The radial basis function kernel can better represent the nonlinearity appearing in HRRP samples than the polynomial function kernel. - (3) OMMPS and OKMMPS are more robust to the variation of target aspect than MMC method. - (4) OMMPS and OKMMPS have higher recognition performance than the other methods. Abbreviations - HRRP: high-resolution range profile - MMC: maximum margin criterion - OKMMPS: orthogonal kernel maximum margin projection subspace - OMMPS: orthogonal maximum margin projection subspace References HJ Li, SH Yang, Using range profiles as feature vectors to identify aerospace objects. IEEE Trans. Antennas. Propag. 41(March), 261–268 (1993) KB Eom, R Chellappa, Noncooperative target classification using hierarchical modeling of high-range resolution radar signatures. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 45(September), 2318–2326 (1997) SP Jacobs, JA Sullivan, Automatic target recognition using sequences of high range resolution radar range profiles. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst 36, 364–381 (2000) A Zyweck, RE Bogner, Radar target classification of commercial aircraft. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 32(February), 598–606 (1996) AK Shaw, R Vasgist, R Williams, HRR-ATR using eigen-templates with observation in unknown target scenario. Proc. SPIE 4053, 467–478 (2000) BM Huther, SC Gustafson, RP Broussad, Wavelet preprocessing for high range resolution radar classification. IEEE. Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst 37, 1321–1331 (2001) R Wu, Q Gao, J Liu, H Gu, ATR scheme based on 1-D HRR profiles. Electronics Letters. 38(December), 1586–1587 (2002) KT Kim, DK Seo, HT Kim, Efficient radar target recognition using the MUSIC algorithm and invariant feature. IEEE Trans. Antennas. Propag. 50(March), 325–337 (2002) J Zwart, R Heiden, S Gelsema, F Groen, Fast translation invariant classification of HRR range profiles in a zero phase representation. IEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig. 150(June), 411–418 (2003) Y Shi, XD Zhang, A Gabor atom network for signal classification with application in radar target recognition. IEEE Trans. Signal. Process. 49(December), 2994–3004 (2001) SK Wong, Non-cooperative target recognition in the frequency domain. IEE Proc. Radar Sonar Navig. 151(February), 77–84 (2004) DE Nelson, JA Starzyk, DD Ensley, Iterated wavelet transformation and discrimination for HRR radar target recognition. IEEE Trans. System Man and Cybernetics-part: system and humans 33(January), 52–57 (2003) RA Mitchell, JJ Westerkamp, Robust statistical feature based aircraft identification. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 35(March), 1077–1093 (1999) XJ Liao, P Runkle, L Carin, Identification of ground targets from sequential high-range-resolution radar signatures. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst. 38(April), 1230–1242 (2002) CY Wang, JL Xie, The T-mixture model approach for radar HRRP target recognition. Int. J. Comput. Electr. Eng. 5(5), 500–503 (2013) M Li, GJ Zhou, B Zhao, TF Quan, Sparse representation denoising for radar high resolution range profiling. Int. J. Antennas Propag. 2014(3), 1–8 (2014) L Du, HW Liu and Z Bao, Radar HRRP statistical recognition: parametric model and model selection, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 56 (5), 1931–1944 (2008). L Shi, PH Wang, HW Liu, L Xu, Z Bao, Radar HRRP statistical recognition with local factor analysis by automatic Bayesian Ying-Yang harmony learning. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing 59(2), 610–617 (2011) JS Fu, XH Deng, WL Yang, Radar HRRP recognition based on discriminant information analysis. WSEAS Trans. Inf. Sci. Appl. 8(4), 185–201 (2011) LM Novak and GJ Owirka, Radar target recognition using an eigen-image approach. IEEE Int. Radar Conf., 129-131 (1994). BY Liu, WL Yang, Radar target recognition using canonical transformation to extract features. Proc. SPIE 3545, 368–371 (1998) B Chen, HW Liu and Z Bao, PCA and kernel PCA for radar high range resolution profiles recognition. 2005 IEEE International Radar conference, Virginia, USA, 2005, pp. 528–533. S Mika, G Ratsch, J Weston, B Scholkopf and KR Muler, Fisher discriminant analysis with kernels. IEEE International Workshop on Neural networks for signal processing, Wisconsin, USA, 1999, pp. 41–48. XF He, P Niyogi, Locality preserving projections (Proc. Conf. Advances in Neural Information Processing System 16, Vancouver, Canada, 2003) HT Chen, HW Chang, TL Liu, Local discriminant embedding and its variants. IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition, San Diego, California, USA, 2005, 2(2):846–853. D Cai, XF He, JW Han, HJ Zhang, Orthogonal Laplacian faces for face recognition. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 2006, 15(11):3608--3614. L Zhu, SN Zhu, Face recognition based on orthogonal discriminant locality preserving projections. Neurocomputing 70, 1543–1546 (2007) SJ Wang, HL Chen, XJ Peng, CG Zhou, Exponential locality preserving projections for small sample size problem. Neurocomputing 74, 3654–3662 (2011) S Yan, D Xu, B Zhang, H Zhang, Q Yang, S Lin, Graph embedding and extensions: a general framework for dimensionality reduction. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 29(1), 40–51 (2007) M Sugiyama, Local fisher discriminant analysis for supervised dimensionality reduction, Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, 2006, pp. 905–912. D Cai, X He, K Zhou, J Han, H Bao, Locality sensitive discriminant analysis, Proceedings of the 20th International Joint Conference Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), Hyderabad, India, 2007, pp. 708–713. T Zhang, D Tao, X Li, J Yang, Patch alignment for dimensionality reduction. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 21(9), 1299–1313 (2009) B Li, C Zheng, DS Huang, Locally linear discriminant embedding: an efficient method for face recognition. Pattern Recog. 41(12), 3813–3821 (2008) Y Chen, J Zhang, D Cai, W Liu, X He, Nonnegative local coordinate factorization for image representation. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 22(3), 969–979 (2013) Q Gao, J Ma, H Zhang, X Gao, Y Liu, Stable orthogonal local discriminant embedding for linear dimensionality reduction. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 22(7), 2521–2530 (2013) C Hou, C Zhang, Y Wu, Y Jiao, Stable local dimensionality reduction approaches. Pattern Recog. 42(9), 2054–2066 (2009) A Kocsor, K Kovacs, C Szepesvari, Margin maximizing discriminant analysis. Proc. 15th Eur. Conf. Mach. Learn. 32(1), 227–238 (2004) H Li, T Jiang, K Zhang, Efficient and robust feature extraction by maximum margin criterion. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 17, 157–165 (2006) Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the radar laboratory of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) for providing the measured data. The authors would also like to thank Prof. Qilian Liang of wireless communication Lab in University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) for his help and advice., D. Orthogonal maximum margin projection subspace for radar target HRRP recognition. J Wireless Com Network 2016, 72 (2016). Received: Accepted: Published: DOI: Keywords - Radar target recognition - HRRP - Maximum margin criterion - Orthogonal maximum margin projection subspace

modeling casting calls san diego colt conversion revolver dell laptop stuck on dell logo 2015 nissan pathfinder liftgate release switch replacement the funny twitter free metal ir packs lon chaney hunchback of notre dame makeup hvo price vs diesel bsf matthew lesson 3 day 6 hse06 vasp firing pin block safety donald heres revere ma random girl cartoon character free quilting templates for beginners special right triangles practice quiz los angeles radio stations 1960s evansville catholic church bible stories to teach sunday school perc h330 uefi 2020 freightliner cascadia starter relay location ibew local 3 wages 2022 benzing g2 price 3 hp air compressor motor pt chart optavia brownie calories gm vin decoder rpo paymath legit pick match function in qlik sense orthonormal set calculator unity avatar clothes latex caption image deskmeet b660 price logisim 8 bit cpu download rough rider whittling knife iis connect to server twilight fanfiction bella says no to edward diet for lichen sclerosis treatment point72 drug test fanuc atc parameters freightliner cascadia acm harness fcc radio encryption vadoc gtlvisitme visitation magnifico year brownells slick side upper celebrity cipher 12 17 21 stir yourself up bible verse jayco blackstone griddle bowser romance fanfiction snhu sweatshirt arlec 1850w alfresco strip heater installation how to make molecule 01 vsl prepared piano cherish perrywinkle mom farm stand broken quads for sale let your hair down lyrics tractor root rake ut austin law class profile msi kombustor 3 bmw f30 daytime running lights coding g27 mos pharasma cleric apnonce iphone 11 pro truck design game how to turn on parking sensors vw polo unsw 2022 discord anne arundel county electrical permit online hyper backup change owner m1917a1 parts aws elasticsearch limits navy advancement results selres how to unsync party finder ffxiv aries money luck today hwid spoofer virus 1 inch square post flange flink join example solar pathway lights unable to load private key from pem file openssl houdini chipping lunar tv iptv open mike nights near me plotly legend wrap text lg c1 autocal how to use wbemtest beagles for sale georgia enhypen core quiz original ww2 german uniforms otf knives double action the joker voice changer 1234yf freon napa sim settlements 2 casting a line not starting peacock firework cake 500 gram blake sargi family local 77 laborers union villainous cartoon network english unreal engine asset editor sis2 molecular geometry zte mf920ts review measurement worksheet for class 2 toro compact utility loader for sale near alabama usps box truck contracts how do i make an access database read only for some users 5 ft brush hog for sale craigslist kubota 30 hp tractor garaysar 12 ga review hot water not coming out of shower head civitas coins bmw driving assistant retrofit cocoapods could not find compatible versions for pod expomodulescore angular virtual dom qualcomm x55 virginia heart gw2 server population na import simpleitk 310e john deere aida64 sensor panel lcd monitor how to polish enamel tub southern soul music concert air fryer parts and accessories particle grass unity btd6 muddy puddles hard blue ringneck for sale codility templates obdeleven vs obd2 matlab current time milliseconds peugeot 308 usb update open mic sunday near me code p0496 chevy impala mini pig for sale zongshen 625cc review dismissive avoidant after break up reddit text sign up prank index of mkv risen sfas prep reddit enable tax how to mount ntfs in linux scandinavian gnome pattern tcl c825 google tv update solar return chart calculator akc rottweiler breeders in ohio 2022 ford transit production my vampire husband webtoon ax210 not working kx 112 hp how do you unlock a tablet without a factory reset john deere 5425 blowing f1 fuse olive wood pizza water agencies near me the hull truth regional wizkid website mnemonic to private key ethereum theme for youth revival seaview 7 reighton sands destin news accident today prepare journal entries that sydney retailing records for these transactions key maker near me enable mailtips geeky medics sepsis 4 bedroom houses for rent in michigan what is ether in lost ark command to remove raid minecraft covalent cbd jupiter police news today make cflags sporlan txv cross reference sanden ac compressor hoses human resources jobs san francisco hey handsome quotes kyocera duraxv camera not working keyboard launchpad bluegiga usb dongle arete coupon code reddit 1487 glenwood ave openwrt adguard home ipk opencore big sur test label 4x6 vw g 052 162 a2 rbe2 in abaqus dental narrative for fillings audi a4 catalytic converter price primary arms 3x prism canada little falls board of education employment 1995 range rover classic ironman st george 2022 course map barber shop adams morgan florida bar character and fitness investigation 10 foot surf rod suction control valve fortuner best linseed oil for cedar flash loan arbitrage bot polygon how much is 25 gifted subs tracfone a51 bands dmx songs lyrics end of semester test environmental science b has 39 questions i hereby confirm that the above information is true m92 pap underfolder conversion famous tartans gphc ielts edi translator rotex screener capacity moon opposite mars synastry pregnancy starsector ship guide drupal barrio menu apk mario bros world archdiocese of new york ordination 2022 kansas dot cameras prometheus service discovery url yamalube price rc drift caster autel mp808 vs mk808 medjugorje pilgrimages 2022 razed vimeo what is the definition of unresolved global conflict optus nbn modem clicking 2007 ford f150 transmission dipstick tube who makes advanced ev golf carts ferndale record journal archives hireright unable to verify employment reddit 161 e chicago ave 36b csl plasma corporate office whispering pines davie western field 12 gauge value full screen windows 10 re7r01a transmission reliability stalker reddit jquery calendar with events nc eog testing 2022 score range carolyn hax oregon live 30 names of god east west opus download why am i not excited to see my long distance boyfriend printable money hardest majors at stanford 40m sprint times rugby universal studios crowd calendar 2017 genomics careers salary object document mapping mongodb dice function flight lieutenant girl small house price in canada hector ncsu grizzly lathe parts galatea best stories lowrance sd card maps keybank locations near me all year round residential caravan parks north wales feist dog for sale flint journal obituaries past 30 days sparks band real biltmore tickets discount costco if delta u represents the increase in internal energy rv furnace air intake m4a1 j9 gel blaster instructions letrs unit 4 session 4 flashcards anastasia ringtone teespring unlisted vertical turbine pump manual kurdfilm bollywood prusa mini idler screw 12 valve cummins stock timing lions mane estrogen reddit aqara firmware update orangasm seeds store bytes in postgres rock river arms precision rifle jenkins accept gitlab merge request on success in the land of leadale light novel wiki bucket sort best case zen living room colors teupen spider lift for sale the specified network name is no longer available joining domain server 2003 ko gyi vk international market centers salaries mint mobile apn settings samsung how to root samsung galaxy a50 android 11 with pc spring hill kennel tokio runtime honey tangerine season lol arurf outdoor pedicure portland decarb time 240 stalker anomaly steep parallax panaeolus bisporus potency stahls calls samsung air conditioner wifi module wtvo sports feather m4 pca classic bodybuilding profinet browser aviation beer tap handles antsdr github microsoft internship undergraduate tamiya models uk borealis vapor scim custom attributes new holland workmaster 35 oil filter lemonleaf twitch facebook job levels parent directory private mkv error worker not authorized lolminer survivor romania sezonul 3 ev charger manual south carolina spring dairy show repossessed cars perth chrome registry editor 2007 4runner locking rear differential how to hack your grades on canvas mpc ansys emoji in javascript intellij p4config student veteran of the year facebook senior manager salary fnf chaos nightmare test eks mount s3 sinnis trackstar exhaust genki shadowcast obs reptile rescue memphis tn copper shielding paint evga 2080 ti only one fan spinning recycling an old tv near me time shooter 2 crazy games kazuha x reader find all paths in a directed graph python top gun hdr father fidelis homes home for rent by owner near me corvette list price by year fca tryouts 2021 sample choir anniversary welcome speech free nitro reddit rfu ceo salary textron aviation internship reddit new rules of saudi arabia 2022 powerflex 755 not enabled misono ux10 knife set antscope2 software do covert narcissist cheat catfish dey and cody reddit suzuki samurai locking differential matchx lora bubble plate vs thumper section 8 housing crime phoenix mustang amtrak private car cost george flickinger engaged ithaca model xl900 20 gauge ktuner k20c2 can pinterest be used for cheating kyc solution providers sat tonearm price warzone servers status psalms in 30 days pdf what is nesting neurodivergent yugo mauser m48 synthetic stock p320 slide with romeo 1 pro ender 3 v2 spool holder bearing digitrax sound files case 1845b vs 1845c downscale 1440p to 1080p best uk rave songs docsy markdown linksys wrt3200acm factory reset franchise builders ruger m77 serial numbers toro myride 50 linux trackball loot studios miniatures printed davco diesel pro 210 jane doe story baylor college of medicine clinic locations airforce airguns frag bots hypixel skyblock discord vb air suspension sprinter cost what if us stopped importing from china python jobs online optic plates 1964 oldsmobile dynamic 88 clevo fan control linux 24x36 gold frame hobby lobby laravel ecommerce api waterloo portal 2005 silverado brake light fuse ex display garden room winnebago shower skylight edward cullen x reader comfort morris county fair quail egg price 32bj covid pay pacific stone vape battery ortho ohio post obits harbor freight 30 amp generator cord kenshi well mod helmet nft intellij proxy settings file powered parachute training cost summer memories cheat table decrypt project plastic trailer fenders 14 bomtoon app apk reddit unexpected what does 3chi feel like naruto and tenten chunin exams fanfiction bitcoin diamond token erc20 what does a skull tattoo symbolize samsung a20 rf ic xcode review reddit vw polo secret compartment cambridge engineering degree classification brass monkey fridge battery charger boeing salary reference table model casting calls nyc dayz lockpick used v box salt spreader for sale ham radio amplifier thingiverse pellet extruder get date part in informatica epsa pre boot system assessment dell hkust github codesys pulse generator female podiatrist near me oppo cph1937 pattern unlock mrt vineyard cc back creek hunting club ams automotive natsu is older fanfiction bmw code 190302 stage 5 trading lawsuit sites like craigslist personal 2020 how to buy followers on instagram 2021 youtube music masego where is brandon beck ky3 now honeywell alarm panel touchscreen my sister is mean to my mom ano ang ibig sabihin ng layunin ng teksto 32x75 interior door aldi mower parts zeus tank acrylic glass casual chess cafe london halal marshmallows in walmart view ig stories anonymously 2021 reddit bored with life resmed cpap runs out of water p0734 nissan oracle bulk insert from select vtuber phone app how to maximize newbie gains underdark 5e mayflower chest rig gen 3 1998 chevy suburban interior parts brockton police chase today john deere gt235 carburetor cleaning small qrp transceiver what happens if you smoke a moldy cigar skyrim homes with unique displays tui meals rk3288 vs rk3399 widevine client github fairmount indiana land for sale parallelogram quiz maxant honey bottling tank 2007 ap calculus ab free response form b answers lmtv build public health major requirements uci cape coral motorcycle accident today dash removal tool shanks steam artwork computer science vs software engineering salary 2015 mustang apple carplay upgrade body shop estimate calculator albert genius review bmw e60 szl module coding montcalm county court dates antique powder flask identification bonnyville shelties how to check deleted messages iphone ssh 2fa rx0rcist facebook pioneer engine builders xerox 12 digit reset code list of sage intacct modules tradeweb ownership strong induction examples pdf best gaming ip address charlotte obituaries this week pav2300aww agitator goose creek rv resort website 140 ci harley engine elegance heater instructions tib files ue4 shake mesh tropical samples gta girl character outfits samson steroids reddit harris freeman vietnam studio md1 cekajuci sunce griffin glen apartments fuel blitz google trends senatorial candidates 2022 self service car wash austin solar system 3d sporty pontoon boats uwu girl death arabic calligraphy software online medicines to carry while travelling to usa morales funeral home obituaries celtic triple goddess tattoo phed sindh gospel acclamation chant how to unblock administrator blocked chromebook ardesa mountain rifle dual cultivation web novel electric net hauler for sale crime scene photos of layne staley nycha worst landlord spotted loughborough police backup camera installation service near me grokking system design book fort benning courses toyota tacoma fuel gauge problems yosetsu awase precharge resistor contactor mcminnville nursery price list oculus quest 2 stuck on looking for headset 2020 f650 upfitter switch wiring spi uart bridge jeep wrangler thermostat location yale law exams michael afton x pregnant reader makeplayingcards cancel order kshow123 amazing saturday mlife rewards calendar 2022 harley m8 oil pump change kakashi broken fanfiction kt supply coupon code landis meat company buy a parrot blast cabinet abrasives vue image path obey me simeon headcanons currie f9 anasazi ridge petroglyphs entity framework truncate string neofly weather reed and barton silver tray value v10 mr2 angle grinder discs harbor freight ayame osu skin fh580v kawasaki engine no xmp profile in bios asus speaker enclosure calculator as400 screen u value of wall assembly gpo black markets 12900k temp spikes godot get time milliseconds miniature bull terrier puppies for sale florida qbcore housing tecumseh throttle lever uninstall vscode fedora 13b transmission adapter 2015 lt1 camaro peugeot eolys fluid 8th grade linear equations unit 8 ee 7 answer key anthony ramos x reader smut airbus a350 900 seat map 2015 nissan pathfinder liftgate release switch replacement palindrome words realtek wifi 6 1x2 and 2x2 kitti object detection imgui tree view pass shl test hikvision live view blank j160 short shifter regex line starts with kitchen sink drain nut size p0011 chevy impala 2008 crimson dawn proffie sound fonts sig sauer p226 mk25 holster with light security deposit interest calculator massachusetts billionaire baby daddy episode open3d merge meshes long tractor d115 synology nas ssh commands gong sound free warstomper warscroll barentz service meat smokers for sale esprit system requirements wood pellet subscription cadillac srx code p1682 00929 vw fault code buy racetam redman rap videos ohio ntrip aruba 2920 cli commands maintenance technician technical interview questions jerry schilling marriages cin gindi fatima yar baba billionaire luxury lifestyle instagram tcl roku backlight out vintage mustang for sale minntz jealousy grokking the system design interview amazon harry potter fanfiction harry and neville are soulmates voxelab aquila raspberry pi mount roc loss pytorch dct vs tiptronic shark manuals 8 inch growth spurt morris county fair how to reset xvim dvr how to install galvanized pipe b2b sitiawan rhia salary dmt cart dc car giveaway contest boarding diary english craigslist new orleans apartments rent clear spring health mail order pharmacy famicom disk system online 2017 e63 amg for sale near virginia smart tv youtube adblock handmade ceramics ireland how to tell a guy you like him without getting rejected weld on pipe saddle buy rolling tobacco online germany good guys delivery service silo battery amazon mini wooly donkey pet friendly beachfront rentals florida gulf coast geogebra phase plane plotter park mobile cars for sale bathurst gumtree cisco 9300 vlan configuration just because i am a christian doesn t mean aaron hudson rutherford county nc symbian os roms download 2005 gsxr 600 tip over sensor location hyster forklift weights and dimensions bill stepien wife propane tank cover home depot demosaicing video mikayla nogueira height puppies for rehoming leeds mec 600 jr identification have you eaten breakfast everett gospel mission everett wa stick merge download napa oil filter 1348 fits dell chromebook 11 serial number 27c3 bmw code sls zigbee gateway archer c900 openwrt patco schedule pdf n54 pure stage 2 turbos measurement and geometry answer key what will judgement day be like for believers u value of wall assembly post doc linguistics black metal fence posts for wood fence daz3d point light convert rcs to xyz vw discover media gen 2 fins ai tweaks best settings truffles smartshop harbor freight avanti paint sprayer review ea trailing stop mt4 factorytalk view studio firmware xace bank uk universal studios refillable cups persona 3 fes pnach cheats the vision bust on artstation fselx forecast 2025 prusa xl tool changer how to make a yamaha g2 golf cart faster xander sesshomaru fanfiction kearney jail mugshots roblox headless acc for sale reentry programs phoenix az paho mqtt esp32 actuary starting salary nyc serbian rottweiler puppy price oikawa x reader hard to get unity create avatar from photo multiair unit for sale imxrt bootloader eastwood homes for sale mugen mvc2 stages cyclazodone solubility how to stop hating someone you live with angry emoji iphone swanson kennels gme xrs outback pack grain bin tiny house is troika osr stryker 447hpc2 manual yiddish reader cassandra james surgery pocono lake homes for sale by owner ebi golchin hanna indiana land for sale post hole digger tractor supply where the grass is green and the girl are pretty song lyrics holiday giveaway 2021 obanai x reader lemon what happens when discord server owner leaves how to connect klipsch speakers to tv gun restoration houston zabbix agent key discovery esp32 co processor space engineers random encounters kicker hideaway 8 vs 10 how to get unbanned from yubo live fnf mario soundfont repossessed mobile homes for sale in texas rickshaw bike smart coil dwell child abduction michigan today repo storage sheds for sale near me placidus house system roll length calculator excel today mesha rashi bhavishya in kannada two knights problem wave car wash mark friedman carerite german restaurant fredericksburg nmodbus api angus calves for sale ohio home depot range hood installation cost igcse maths past papers edexcel cheap homes for sale on hatteras island nc reche canyon homes for rent english phonetic alphabet pdf open mapping theorem topology man hit by car dies 35 remington lever action how much do alterations cost for a prom dress audi retrofit manchester goodbye quotes from disney movies mrcs part b dates houdini creep 2000 polaris sportsman 500 front shocks lancaster ca abandoned asylum 1 minute monologues about depression nvme usb3 enclosure dry photoresist tool learn to swim lyrics tennessee v guy ford 302 starts and dies boox nova3 color google play pro 2000 bath surround adhesive nopixel clothing pack empyrion dermal burn fuze vape pen female canary for sale porcelain vs ceramic vs melamine bolens parts and supplies hamburg ny construction threshold ramp m drew siegel yellow cab springfield missouri phone number masciarelli funeral home sega saturn bios versions classics autos for sale kpop trainee schedule sm i have died everyday waiting for you ao3 lancaster ny high school football schedule amphibious 6 wheeler bad struts noise when braking 86 light novel read online volume 5 ipo readiness checklist kpmg 7 days to die minibike mods unity smart ford cleveland aluminum heads underground meter base toika reeds elizabeth npc hypixel skyblock msfs photogrammetry stutter wordpress arbitrary file upload exploit nachi company profile skyworth oled tv review arkham horror novella reprint red hawk rifle scopes delta gamma fsu warrior 10 bunk cheap red dot for hellcat how to set up verizon internet gateway aldi hedwig crochet pattern artstation tags podd book training gy6 backfire when starting what is mtu in networking sevgi haqida mp3 fallout 2d20 character sheet honey select 2 card pack functional decomposition diagram for online banking system whiz news zanesville ohio yardlink diamond mesh steel fence shane knight webnovel pirate site sea ark boats for sale near me bmw 320d crank pulley torque settings ruby array contains any how to use tradingview strategy tester warrior stance weak aura liapp alert android floor removal girl more muscular than boyfriend essentials of social media marketing charello pdf vsphere vm uefi colon health reddit maternity photography bozeman mt it salary in london per month sewing mannequin joann bamberger polymers plex public ip matrices exam questions pdf ve commodore engineering mode caedyn squishmallow stackable gerber saw swift gpi semi automatic with uetr code va direct deposit form yale latin honors cutoffs 2021 unraid install krusader best kuva chakkhurr build blender flatten curve how to clean fuel injectors without removing them motorcycle instruction set of 8086 pdf wattpad twilight male oc mercury 250 pro xs 100 hour service cost working at morningstar reddit pearl drum set with zildjian cymbals allied coop grain prices stock ford 302 intake manifold top male reader x demon slayer amazon mq terraform example daisy keech 12 week program free honda fit micu big tex trailers wilmington nc ffxiv bozjan accessories do traffic sensor cameras record installing siemens qp breaker spongebob season 1 catawba crape myrtle torque wrench chart for bolts indie cross fnf v2 online i betrayed my best friend reddit bcm stripped lower receiver sons of horus green vs kabalite green jeep ax15 transmission fluid blackwell funeral home obituaries pax group tears of themis hellwig helper spring harry and fleur have a baby fanfiction html phone number mask test blend 300 6 an fuel filter does apple tv app support 4k two dice are rolled what is the probability that the sum is less than 5 chevy duramax engine codes hp u28 28 inch 60hz 4k monitor review dbd mmr system 2021 horror movies channels on nilesat female ed doctors near me mercedes c63s for sale uk starfighter f2 strain bryant parts lookup windows 11 0x8007000d daoko me me me 1080p special products of polynomials calculator tree pit guards dior dhgate racist gengar dates income tax refunds are sent fnf tails gets trolled shadow is maths a level hard c program to print even numbers using functions shino x reader lemon dock piling barge for sale samsung magician secure erase reddit get flow powershell motorcycle accident 595 edd mydata ultipro opentelemetry golang hex3d stl files python booking engine bunker hill housing redevelopment eas system full form correlation in stata allied concrete charlottesville akra rule book pdf maia knight story scale model cars ecs bind mount nightmare sans x reader x dream sans lemon marking paint stick how to unsubscribe pixiv fanbox toyota throttle position sensor altec rentals openbor script tom clements leaving keyc automator numbers portra 400 120 single roll 5 letter words with 3 different vowels best 3d anatomy app free university of washington urology oncology hella headlight relay stark county real estate transfers st anthony of padua school ambler pa dance script roblox pastebin episode 8 radio javan airtel money withdraw charges zambia 2021 motionvfx mo2 m1 1980 yamaha mx80 android audio interface fire hot yoga silverlake portable refrigerator walmart russell m nelson general conference 2021 2010 nissan maxima cylinder order apple laptops best buy 2 bed houses to rent in clitheroe smok tfv18 coils near me clubhouse rentals for non residents kendrick street apartments gm transmission thermostat multisim bridge rectifier component 2009 ap macro frq final syllables persimmon homes mansfield arch pulseaudio critical hog seedfinder 4l60e won t shift unless i let off the gas nft bot sniper pw9000 engine abo atash 118 bmw 118d engine vibration are zedonks a species craigslist used pickup trucks for sale by owner near mong kok the husky and his white cat shizun novel pdf cyclazodone drug test 3cx1200a7 data sheet project zomboid scrap weapons lmc ag spreader clyde property for sale rhu bad boy 54 mower for sale lithography semiconductor asml eeprom begin project sekai english song release schedule balkan green wizard instalacija pashto poetry yaran sms ista download omv 5 plex excel 2016 hangs when copying and pasting hinata reincarnation of hamura fanfiction 2005 chevy malibu evap system diagram 6mm wild west toyota vent selector not working flagstaff activities in december physics paper 2 past papers coleman furnaces prices chip resetter for canon pgi 280 cli 281 1350 solid u joint gmod godzilla pill pack freitag funeral home obituaries x betting tips 2klabs jumpshot 2k22 bobcat paint colors open mic poetry dc sprinter van roof unity graphview api 3ds max 2020 update download 5kw solar charge controller staten island yankees eaa witness 10mm holsters replika sent me a photo popcat auto clicker for chromebook astd wiki trading tier list 1969 camaro ss for sale near maryland bilirubin calculator conversion hku admission blender import geometry nodes skill points mod minecraft breach of quiet enjoyment california war room prayer for husband pdf where is the mushroom man in sneaky sasquatch ww2 american uniforms for sale thanksgiving prayer points pdf formwork area revit libs of tik tok creator original hawken flintlock rifle unity mesh deformation on impact atoms and elements worksheet year 7 dc power unit hydraulic ring 18kt hge value horse farms near me ceh practical labs easton slowpitch softball bats 0909 angel number pinterest management course is stony brook computer science good

COBB v. WM. KENEFICK CO.Annotate this Case COBB v. WM. KENEFICK CO. 1909 OK 47 100 P. 545 23 Okla. 440 Case Number: 923 Ind Ter T Decided: 03/09/1909 Supreme Court of Oklahoma COBB v. WM. KENEFICK CO. Syllabus ¶0 1. PLEADING--Judgment on the Pleadings. A motion for a judgment on the pleadings is a common and permissible practice, but, in a case where filed by the plaintiff to a defendant's answer, it should be granted only when such answer, allowing every reasonable intendment in its favor, does not deny or state a defense to the material allegations of the petition. 2. CONTRACTS--Legality of Object--Breach of Trust--Railroad Bonus. In an action by a railroad construction company to recover on a note given it as a bonus to induce it to build the line of road it was engaged in constructing for a railroad company to a certain town, it is error to render judgment on the pleadings, where the answer alleges that the construction company was the agent of the railroad company for the construction of the road, and was employed to construct the same on a certain survey, but for the consideration of the bonus sued on moving to it it agreed to and did construct the same off said survey and to said town. Charles G. Watts and DeRoos Bailey, for appellant, cited and discussed: Woodstock Iron Co. v. Richmond & D. Extension Co., 129 U.S. 643; Fuller v. Dane, 18 Pick. 472; Enid Right of Way & T. Co. v. Lile (Okla.) 82 P. 810; McGuffin v. Coyle & Guss, 16 Okla. 648; Elkhart County Lodge et al v. Crary, 98 Ind. 238. Error from the United States Court for the Western District of the Indian Territory, at Muskogee. Action by the William Kenefick Company against S. S. Cobb and others. Judgment for plaintiff against defendant Cobb, and be appeals. Reversed. Charles G. Watts and DeRoos Bailey, for appellant Baker & Pursel, for appellee. DUNN, J. ¶1 This action was begun in the United States Court for the Western District of the Indian Territory, at Muskogee, by the Wm. Kenefick Company, defendant in error, against S. S. Cobb, City National Bank of Wagoner, Ind. T., First National Bank of Wagoner, Ind. T., W. B. Kane, and J. W. Wallace, to enforce payment of two notes given by S. S. Cobb to the said company to cover a subscription made by him to secure the construction of a railroad to the city of Wagoner under the terms and conditions as shown by the pleadings. A demurrer to the liability charged against the other parties named who signed the notes was sustained by the court, from which no appeal was prosecuted. Hence they are eliminated from the case, and we have but to deal with the controversy existing between the appellant Cobb and the appellee. On the filing of the amended answer, plaintiff filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings, which was sustained by the court, from which appeal was prosecuted to the United States Court of Appeals of the Indian Territory, and the case now comes to us for review by virtue of our succession to that court. ¶2 In view of the fact that the determination requires a consideration of the pleadings, and they alone, we set out the material parts thereof at length. Plaintiff averred in its complaint: That it was a corporation organized under the laws of the United States in force in the Indian Territory for the purpose of and with the authority to engage in the construction and operation of railroads in the Indian Territory and elsewhere. "That prior to the 5th day of May, A. D. 1904, it commenced the construction of a standard gauge railroad extending from a connection with the line of the Muskogee Union Railway in the northwesterly portion of the city of Muskogee, Creek Nation, Ind. T., and running thence in a general southwesterly direction to where the main line of said railway crosses the Red river in the state of Texas, an estimated distance of 181 miles, more or less. "Plaintiff further says: That prior to the 5th day of May, A. D. 1904, the Muskogee Union Railway Company, a corporation, had constructed a standard gauge single-track railroad from the city of Muskogee to Correta Station, a station on the St. Louis & Iron Mountain Railroad, about 9 miles north from said city of Muskogee, intersecting and crossing said St. Louis & Iron Mountain Railroad at said Correta Station. That after the construction of said railroad from said Correta Station to Muskogee, the name of said Muskogee Union Railway was changed to the Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway, and that said portion of said railway from Muskogee to Correta Station aforesaid was fully constructed and trains operated thereon prior to the 1st day of February, A. D. 1905. That prior to the 1st day of February, A. D. 1905, the plaintiff had contracted for the construction of said Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway from the northwesterly part of the city of Muskogee in a southwesterly direction to the town of Dustin, a station on the Ft. Smith & Western Railroad in the Creek Nation, Ind. T. Plaintiff further says: That it was not its intention nor was it the intention of the said Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway Company to construct a railway northerly from said Correta Station in and through the town of Wagoner in the Western district of the Indian Territory, but that only for the purpose of ascertaining whether or not a straight line low-grade railway could be constructed from said Correta Station to the town of Afton, a town located on the St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad in the Cherokee Nation, Ind. T., and for that purpose had made a preliminary survey from said Correta Station to said town of Afton, which survey was made on as straight a line and on as low a grade as was possible and practicable, and that said survey ran some distance east of the town of Wagoner. That on and before the 1st day of February, A. D. 1905, there was fully constructed and in operation through the city of Muskogee and the town or city of Wagoner the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway, which was crossed at Muskogee by the Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway, and there was fully constructed and in operation at the town or city of Wagoner, in addition to the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railway, the St. Louis & Iron Mountain Railway, which last-named railway is crossed by the Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway at Correta Station. Plaintiff further says that some time after the preliminary survey was made from said Correta Station to Afton, and prior to the 1st day of February, A. D. 1905, the citizens and property owners of the town or city of Wagoner in the Creek Nation, Ind. T., including the defendants herein and each and all of them, by and through a committee appointed by said citizens and property owners of Wagoner, including the defendants herein and each and all of them, said committee being composed of defendant W. B. Kane, W. I. Nicholson, and A. F. Parkinson, on or about the 2d day of February, A. D. 1905, called at the office of the plaintiff in room No. 618, Bryant building, in Kansas City, Mo., and then and there made to the plaintiff, for the purpose of inducing the plaintiff to construct a steam railroad from said Correta Station to said town or city of Wagoner, a written proposition which is in words and figures as follows, to wit: 'Wagoner, I. T., Feb. 2, 1905. Mr. Wm. Kenefick, Pres., 618 Bryant Bldg., Kansas City, Mo.--My Dear Sir: The undersigned, a committee appointed by the citizens of Wagoner, I. T., to submit to you a proposition for the construction of a railroad from Wagoner to Correta, and northeast from Wagoner, make the following offer: The citizens of Wagoner will pay to your company a cash bonus of $ 25,000.00, a real estate bonus of $ 25,000.00 and a right of way bonus from Correta to the north city limits of Wagoner. One-half (1/2) of cash bonus to be paid to you, or your representative, thirty (30) days after passenger and freight trains are being run into the city of Wagoner. One-half (1/2) four months after said trains are being run into the city of Wagoner. One-half (1/2) real estate bonus to be conveyed to you thirty (30) days after passenger and freight trains are being run into the city of Wagoner, and one-half (1/2) four months after said trains are being run into the city of Wagoner. The deed of right of way in Wagoner to be obtained and furnished to you in time to permit of the construction of the road. The right of way outside of the city limits to be obtained by your company and paid for by the citizens of Wagoner. The terms of this proposition to be carried out and all papers placed in escrow fifteen (15) days after acceptance of this offer by you. Yours respectfully, [Signed] W. B. Kane, W. I. Nicholson, A. F. Parkinson, Committee.' "Plaintiff further says: That, up to the time the said committee made the proposition hereinabove set forth to this plaintiff, the plaintiff had not intended to build a railroad of any kind to said town or city of Wagoner, and had done nothing toward the construction of a railroad northerly from said Correta Station, except to make a preliminary survey aforesaid. That after the visit of the said committee aforesaid and the making of the proposition by said committee as aforesaid, the plaintiff immediately investigated the feasibility or otherwise of constructing a standard gauge steam railway from said Correta Station to the town or city of Wagoner, and thence northerly to the town of Afton, and the plaintiff after being advised by its engineers and officials that a line of railway could be constructed to Afton by way of Wagoner, but that the cost of constructing such a line to Afton by way of Wagoner would be greater than the cost of constructing the same kind of a line of railway from said Correta Station to Afton on the route surveyed by the plaintiff, which ran some distance east of the town or city of Wagoner aforesaid, but that taking into consideration the benefits to be derived by plaintiff from the carrying out and fulfillment of the proposition made by the citizens of Wagoner as aforesaid, the railroad could be built by way of Wagoner to Afton without loss to the plaintiff or the Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway, but plaintiff says that in the absence of and independent of the benefits to be derived from the aid, assistance, and subsidy offered and proposed by said citizens of the town or city of Wagoner, through said committee and these defendants and each and all of them, the cost of constructing said railroad to said town of Afton by way of Wagoner would have been greater and in excess of the cost of constructing the same kind of railroad from said Correta Station to said town of Afton by the route covered by preliminary survey as aforesaid, and that said difference in cost would amount to the sum of about $ 50,000. "Plaintiff further says: That after a careful consideration of the proposition made by said committee for and in behalf of the citizens and property owners of said town or city of Wagoner, and these defendants and each and all of them, made to said citizens and property owners aforesaid by and through their said committee aforesaid, a counter proposition in words and figures as follows, to wit: 'Kansas City, Mo., Feb. 4, 1905. W. B. Kane, W. I. Nicholson, and A. F. Parkinson, Committee, Wagoner, I. T: Gentlemen: I have your proposition of Feb. 2, 1905, and after carefully considering the same I cannot accept it, but if you will make the following modifications, I will consider it: Cash bonus, $ 35,000.00. Real estate bonus, $ 25,000.00. And a right of way 100 feet wide from Correta, Ind. Ter., to the city of Wagoner and the right of way through the city of Wagoner to the north boundary line to be agreed upon. Also in addition to this, sufficient grounds for depot in the city of Wagoner, not to exceed two acres, to be agreed upon. Also in addition, grounds for yards, the location to be selected by the chief engineer of our company, adjoining the right of way 100 feet wide by 3,000 feet long. All deeds to the right of way, depot and station grounds to be furnished the Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway within 60 days from the date of the acceptance of this proposition. The real estate to be valued by a committee; one member to be selected by me, and one member selected by you, and in case they fail to agree they may select a third party. The deeds together with an abstract of title to be approved by our attorney to be deposited in escrow with some trustee selected by said committee and to be delivered at the time the schedule trains are running into the city of Wagoner. The cash bonus of $ 35,000.00 to be paid as follows: One-half thirty days after schedule trains are run into the city of Wagoner and one-half three months after schedule trains are running into the city of Wagoner. We will require these notes to be in the form hereto attached, and must be secured by a first mortgage on real estate of double the value to be approved by above committee or guaranteed by good and solvent banks and delivered to us. You are to signify your acceptance or rejection of this proposition within five days from this date. If accepted we will give you ten days in which to obtain the deeds and the subsidy and a bond to be approved by us for right of way, depot and station grounds, as herein set forth. Very truly yours, Wm. Kenefick.' That said counter proposition was made by the plaintiff in all respects in good faith, and not with the hope or expectation of gain or profit for either the plaintiff or the Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway Company, but the plaintiff believing that said railway could, with the aid of the bonus or subsidy agreed to be raised, paid, and furnished by the citizens and property owners and these defendants aforesaid, be built without loss, gain or disadvantage to the plaintiff and said last-named railway company, and that the construction and operation of said railway into said town of Wagoner would result in equal mutual benefit to the plaintiff, said town of Wagoner, and said last-named railway company. "Plaintiff further says that the said citizens and property owners of said town of Wagoner, including these defendants and each of them, accepted said counter proposition of the plaintiff aforesaid, set out in paragraph 7 of this complaint, and the plaintiff taking into consideration the promise and agreement of the said citizens and property owners and these defendants aforesaid to raise and pay the bonus in cash and real estate as set forth in said accepted counter proposition aforesaid, and relying thereon, the plaintiff, after first obtaining the consent of said last-named railway company therefor, began the construction of said steam railway from said Correta Station to said town or city of Wagoner, and fully completed the same on the 21st day of September, A. D. 1905, on which last-named date plaintiff began the running of daily scheduled passenger and freight trains on said railway from said town of Wagoner to the said town of Dustin, said railway connecting said railroad at Dustin with the Ft. Smith & Western Railway, and plaintiff has operated said daily scheduled passenger and freight trains on said railway continuously between said towns of Wagoner and Dustin since said 21st day of September, A. D. 1905, and now so operates the same. Plaintiff further says that if said citizens and property owners of Wagoner and these defendants and each of them had not accepted said counter proposition aforesaid, and had not agreed to pay the sum of $ 500 with interest thereon sued upon in this action, and said citizens and property owners of said town of Wagoner had not agreed to pay the amount of bonus, subsidy, and aid for the construction of said railroad as set forth in said counter proposition accepted as aforesaid, the plaintiff would not have built said railway to said town of Wagoner as aforesaid, for the reason that without the benefits and advantages inuring to the plaintiff and the said Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway resulting from the carrying out in good faith of the terms and conditions of said counter proposition by said citizens and property owners and each and all of these defendants, it would have been just as well and just as beneficial, if not more so, to the plaintiff and said Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway Company to have built said railway to the town of Afton on the preliminary route or survey running some distance east of said town of Wagoner. Plaintiff further says that it constructed said railway from said Coretta Station to the town or city of Wagoner with its own funds and means, which plaintiff would not have done if said citizens and property owners of Wagoner and these defendants and each and all of them had not promised and agreed to give the plaintiff and said Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway Company the benefits resulting from the carrying out fully, performing, and complying with the terms and conditions of said counter proposition as aforesaid. "Plaintiff further says that, after said proposition aforesaid was accepted, the citizens and property owners of said town or city of Wagoner, including the defendants herein and each and all of them, at once began through the committee aforesaid to actually raise the said aid, assistance, and subsidy in accordance with the terms and conditions of said accepted counter proposition, and for the purpose of raising said aid, assistance, and subsidy, and for the express purpose of inducing the plaintiff to construct a railroad from said Correta Station to Wagoner, aforesaid, the defendant S. S. Cobb agreed to pay the plaintiff the sum of $ 500 toward raising the so-called cash part of the aid, assistance and subsidy aforesaid, and, for the purpose of evidencing same in writing, executed and delivered to the plaintiff on the 14th day of March, A. D. 1905, the two paper writings with indorsements thereon, which are in words and figures as follows, to wit: '$ 250.00. 134. Wagoner, I. T., March 14, 1905. In consideration of the benefits to be derived from the construction of the Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway, into the city of Wagoner, Indian Territory, by the Wm. Kenefick Company, we promise to pay to the Wm. Kenefick Company, its successors or assigns, thirty (30) days after schedule trains are run into said city of Wagoner, Indian Territory, the sum of two hundred and fifty ($ 250.00) dollars, for value received, with interest at the rate of eight (8) per cent. per annum from maturity until paid. S. S. Cobb.'" ¶3 A second note of the same date, for the same amount, and which is likewise past due and sued on, was also executed and appeared in the complaint at this point. "Plaintiff further says that it commenced actual operation of schedule daily freight and passenger trains on said Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway between said town of Wagoner and said town of Dustin on the 21st day of September, A. D. 1905, and by reason thereof said sum of $ 500 aforesaid promised to be paid by said defendants and each and all of them as aforesaid became due and payable, $ 250, thereof on the 21st day of October, A. D. 1905, and the other sum of $ 250 on the 21st day of December, A. D. 1905, with interest thereon at the rate of 8 per cent. per annum as aforesaid, and that the plaintiff is now the legal owner and holder of the said two paper writings, and that no part thereof has been paid, although the plaintiff has often requested and demanded payment of same from said defendants and each of them. Plaintiff further says that, at the time of the making of said two paper writings aforesaid, the defendants and each and all of them were the owners of a large amount of real and personal property in said town or city of Wagoner, all of which would be and were largely increased in value by the construction of said railroad into said town or city of Wagoner. Plaintiff further says that it has in all respects and in every particular carried out and performed at its own expense and with its own means every and all the terms and conditions to be by plaintiff performed in or about the construction and operation of said railway in accordance with the proposition made by it to said citizens and property owners of Wagoner, I. T., and these defendants and each and all of them, as provided and stipulated by the proposition made by this plaintiff and accepted by said citizens and property owners of Wagoner and these defendants." ¶4 The defendant S. S. Cobb filed the following as his separate amended answer to the said complaint: "Comes the defendant S. S. Cobb, and for his amended answer to the complaint of the plaintiff admits that plaintiff is, and has been since the time mentioned in its complaint, a corporation, organized under the laws of the United States in force in the Indian Territory. He admits that after the construction of the Muskogee Union Railroad from Muskogee to Correta Station the name of Muskogee Union Railway Company was changed to the Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway Company. He admits that the said Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway Company made a preliminary survey of a line of road from said Correta Station to the town of Afton, I. T., in the Cherokee Nation, and that the nearest and most direct line from said Correta Station to the town of Afton, as shown by said survey, left the said town of Wagoner west of said line several miles. He admits that it would cost more to build said line of road from Correta Station to Afton by way of Wagoner than it would to build it in a direct line as surveyed by said company, and he states that he has no knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief as to whether, taking into consideration the benefits to be derived by plaintiff and the Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway Company from running said line by Wagoner, said line could be constructed without loss to the plaintiff or the Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway Company, and that he has no knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief as to whether the plaintiff constructed said road from Correta Station to the town of Wagoner after first obtaining the consent of the said Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway Company. Defendant admits that it was not the intention originally of the Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway Company to construct a railway from Correta Station to Afton by way of Wagoner, but avers the truth to be that it was the intention of said company to construct a line of railway from Correta Station to Afton, I. T., by the nearest and most direct route which would have left Wagoner several miles west of said line according to said survey, and he avers the truth to be that the plan of constructing said road to Afton by way of Wagoner was made by the plaintiff and the said Wm. Kenefick in order that they might reap the benefits of the bonus promised by the defendants and others. Defendant admits that the counter proposition mentioned in said complaint as having been made by plaintiff to said citizens' committee was not made with the hope or expectation of gain or profit for the Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway Company, but he denies the statement that it was not made with the hope of gain and profit to the plaintiff or the said Wm. Kenefick. "Defendant states that he had no knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief as to whether said road was constructed by plaintiff out of its own funds. He admits that he signed the notes or writings sued on, and admits that plaintiff is the owner and holder thereof. He states that the plaintiff in constructing said road from Correta Station to Wagoner was acting as the agent of said Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway Company, which then was, and now is, a corporation, its line of road from Muskogee to Correta Station and now from Muskogee to Wagoner in said territory, and he avers that the plaintiff was employed by said company to construct said road according to said survey. He states that, before the proposition and counter proposition mentioned in the complaint of the plaintiff were made, plaintiff by its officers and agents came to the defendant and other citizens of said town of Wagoner, which is and then was a city of about 4,000 inhabitants, and represented to him and to them that, unless the citizens would contribute money, land, right of way, and depot grounds to plaintiff, plaintiff would construct said road so as to leave the said city of Wagoner a distance of several miles and thereby injure the business of said city and its citizens, and that in consequence of said representations the proposition mentioned in said complaint was made, and that in consequence of said representations defendant signed said contracts and agreed to pay the amounts therein stated; and he further states that but for these representations he would not have signed said contracts. He further states that Wm. Kenefick, who made the counter proposition mentioned in said complaint, is and then was a holder and director in and president of the Wm. Kenefick Company, the plaintiff herein, and is and then was a stockholder and director in the said Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway Company. Defendant therefore states that said contracts were contrary to public policy and void." ¶5 As a preliminary question, counsel for appellant in their brief contend that such a motion as was filed by appellee, for judgment on the pleadings, is unknown to our Code. While this is, strictly speaking, true, yet the practice is well established by the procedure adopted in the courts and meets nearly, if not quite, uniform approval. Black on Judgments, vol. 1, § 15; Ency. Pleading & Practice, vol. 11, pp. 1044, 1045; Hutchison v. Myers, 52 Kan. 290, 34 P. 742. ¶6 In the case of Hutchison v. Myers, supra, Justice Johnston in the consideration thereof, speaking of the motion for judgment on the pleadings, has this to say: "Complaint is next made of the action of the court in entertaining a motion for judgment upon the pleadings, and in allowing judgment against Hutchison without testimony. The motion for judgment on the pleadings was equivalent to a demurrer to Hutchison's answer, and is a common and permissible practice. If the averments of the petition were sufficient, and the answer did not allege a defense, and no amendment was asked for or allowed, plaintiff was certainly entitled to a judgment." ¶7 The general rule is stated in 23 Cyc. 769, as follows: "This is a form of judgment not infrequently used in practice under the reformed Codes of Procedure. It is rendered on motion of plaintiff, when the answer admits or leaves undenied all the material facts stated in the complaint; but such a judgment cannot be given where the pleadings of defendant set up a substantial and issuable defense or where the suit is for unliquidated damages and the answer states matters in mitigation." ¶8 And, say the authorities, in the consideration thereof, "the pleadings objected to as insufficient will be liberally construed, and the motion will be denied, where there is any reasonable doubt as to their insufficiency." 11 Ency. of Pleading & Practice, 1047; McAllister v. Welker, 39 Minn. 535, 41 N.W. 107; Kelly v. Rogers, 21 Minn. 146; Giles Lithographic & Liberty Printing Company v. Recamier Manufacturing Company, 14 Daly 475. In the case of Malone et al. v. Minnesota Stone Company, 36 Minn. 325, 31 N.W. 170, the court in the syllabus says: "Upon such motion every reasonable intendment is in favor of the sufficiency of the pleading objected to." ¶9 Now with this rule, requiring, as we have seen, the liberal construction of the answer filed in the case, the question arises: Does the complaint and the answer, taken together, considering those portions of the former admitted or undenied, in conjunction with the averments of the answer, leave the case in such a situation and present such a statement of facts as will justify an affirmance of this judgment? This question will necessitate an analysis of the pleadings filed, to the end that we may ascertain the precise facts shown thereby. If the complaint states a cause of action which is undenied by the answer, and there is no new matter pleaded in the answer under the rule above noticed, sufficient to deny plaintiff the right to the relief demanded, then the judgment should be sustained; otherwise it should be reversed. ¶10 Considering then the complaint in conjunction with the answer, we find before us substantially the following facts: It is admitted: That plaintiff is a corporation, organized and existing for the purpose and with authority to engage in the construction and operation of railroads in the Indian Territory, and that the Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway Company had in operation, at the beginning of the negotiations out of which this controversy arose, a railroad from Muskogee to Correta Station, from which point said company had made a preliminary survey of a line of road to the town of Afton, which left the town of Wagoner west of said survey several miles. That it was not the intention of the plaintiff or of said railway company to construct a railway northerly from said station into or through the town of Wagoner, but that it was the intention of said railway company to construct a line of railway upon the said survey, and that the plan of constructing said road by the way of Wagoner was made by plaintiff in order that it and William Kenefick, its president, who was also a stockholder and director in said railway company, might reap the benefits of the bonus promised by the defendant and others in order to induce the building of the said railway to the city of Wagoner. It is also admitted: That the cost of constructing the said road by the way of Wagoner would be in excess of the cost of its construction on the line surveyed, but that, taking into consideration the benefits to be derived from the payment of the bonus promised, plaintiff could build the said road to Wagoner without loss to it or the railway company, and that except for these benefits the excess cost would be about $ 50,000. That the counter proposition made by William Kenefick for the plaintiff was not made with the expectation of gain by the railway company, but was made with the hope of gain and profit to the plaintiff and its president, William Kenefick, and that plaintiff after the defendant had agreed to pay the bonus as provided, and relying thereon, after first securing the consent of the railway company, constructed the railroad to the town of Wagoner in all particulars in keeping with the agreement. That the construction was made with its own funds, and that the note sued on herein belongs to and is the property of plaintiff. The defendant in his answer then states affirmatively that the plaintiff in constructing said road was acting as the agent of the Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway Company, and was employed by said railway company to construct said railroad according to the survey above referred to. ¶11 From the foregoing conclusions of fact to be drawn from the averments of the complaint, taken in connection with the admissions of the answer and the direct allegations contained therein, it is clear that the bonus promised by the citizens of Wagoner was for the benefit of plaintiff or its president, William Kenefick, or both. Notwithstanding this situation, however, counsel's argument and insistence for plaintiff is that it was not improper or illegal for a railroad company to accept gratuities and assistance to aid in the construction of its line of road, although the location of the road itself was made dependent thereon. In so doing they endeavor to ignore the actual material issue of the case, which is: May an agent accept and enforce for his own benefit subscriptions which are made in consideration of his deflecting the location of the railroad he is building for his principal. Railroads are generally termed "public" or "quasi public," highways, and the corporations engaged in their construction and location, by virtue of the advantages yielded to them by the state, are held to the duty of locating and constructing the same where they will best serve the public interests, and some of the decisions of the courts have held that a contract for a consideration with a railway company to locate its line of road to a certain place or on a given route was against public policy and void because of the fact that it tended to improperly influence the company in the exercise of that impartial judgment necessary to be controlling to properly serve the public. Pacific Railroad Company v. Seely et al., 45 Mo. 212, 100 Am. Dec. 369; Burney's Heirs v. Ludeling et al., 47 La. Ann. 73, 16 So. 507; Indiana North & South Railway Company v. City of Attica, 56 Ind. 476; Pueblo & Arkansas Valley Railroad Company v. Taylor et al., 6 Colo. 1, 45 Am. Rep. 512; Mobile & Ohio Railroad Company v. People of State of Illinois, 132 Ill. 559, 24 N.E. 643, 22 Am. St. Rep. 556. ¶12 From this holding, however, many of the courts, and in our judgment with the better reasoning, have departed, and all will, we believe, soon adopt the view expressed by the case here cited. That which appears to us to be the correct doctrine and the one controlling in this case is stated by Judge Amidon in the case of Farrington v. Stucky, Trustee, et al., 165 F. 325, 327, decided by the United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit, September, 1908, wherein he said: "It is now too late to hold that an agreement for the payment of a bonus to a railroad company to secure the construction of its line along a given route is void as against public policy. That has been one of the conspicuous features of American railroad building. The Legislatures in nearly every state in the Union have authorized counties, cities, and other municipal bodies to issue bonds in aid of such enterprises. The conflict and strife of different communities to gain the location of the road in their midst has been a large factor in the building of every important railway line. After Legislatures have authorized the issuing of municipal bonds, and the exercise of the power of taxation, so as to compel every property owner in the community to contribute to these bounties, it would be wholly unwarrantable for the courts to declare that voluntary contributions made by citizens are void as against public policy. The courts as a rule are to get their notions of public policy from the legislative department; and when that department, by a long course of legislation, has indicated its views of what constitutes sound public policy on any subject, the courts cannot set up another standard." ¶13 This view seems to be well supported by the authorities, of which we note the following: McClure v. Missouri River, F. S. & G. R. Co., 9 Kan. 373; Cumberland Valley Railroad Company v. Baab, 9 Watts 458, 36 Am. Dec. 132; Berryman v. Trustees of Cincinnati Southern Railway, 14 Bush 755; Racine County Bank v. Ayers, 12 Wis. 512; First National Bank of Cedar Rapids v. Hendrie, 49 Iowa 402, 31 Am. Rep. 153; Farrington v. Stuckey, Trustee, et al. (Ind. T.) 104 S.W. 647; Piper v. Choctaw Northern Townsite & Improvement Company, 16 Okla. 436, 85 P. 965; Cooper v. Ft. Smith & Western Railway Company, ante, p. 139, 99 P. 785. ¶14 The pleaded facts in our judgment will not permit us to place plaintiff in the category of the cases just noted, but requires, as we have seen, the application of the doctrine pertaining to a construction company which, as an agent of a railway company engaged to build its road, makes an independent contract to locate it on a line for a consideration moving to the agent. Can it enforce such a contract? We think not. ¶15 A discussion and consideration of the federal case to which reference is made above, taken in connection with the authorities cited and approved by it, together with the opinion of the United States Court of Appeals of the Indian Territory, from whence it came, in our judgment will be sufficient on which to base the opinion in this case. The case from the Indian Territory referred to, Farrington v. Stuckey, Trustee, et al., supra, was one wherein Farrington appealed from a judgment of the United States Court for the Western District of the Indian Territory, sustaining a demurrer to his complaint, in which he alleged: That the William Kenefick Company was engaged in constructing a railroad southwesterly from Muskogee, Ind. T., and that on the 18th day of November, 1904, the plaintiff executed and delivered to certain persons, as trustees, two notes aggregating $ 500, the consideration of which was to secure the building of the railroad in and through the town of Henryetta. That to secure the payment of said notes, plaintiff executed to the said trustees a deed of trust to certain lots authorizing them or their successors, on the failure of the maker of the said notes to pay the same when due, to sell the premises at public auction to the highest bidder for cash. That the said Farrington, along with a number of other citizens, executed notes and deeds of trust to the said trustees in the aggregate sum of $ 20,000, for the purpose of securing said railroad which was known as the Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railroad. That the trustees, to whom the said notes and trust deeds were delivered, assigned the same to William Kenefick under a contract, which recited that, in and for the consideration of the benefit to be derived by the railroad to be constructed by the William Kenefick Company, in a southwesterly direction from Muskogee, Ind. T., and through the town of Henryetta, and whereas, various parties interested have executed their promissory notes secured by trust deeds payable to the orders of the parties of the first part, and to be by them used for the purpose of securing the building of said railroad into and through the town of Henryetta to the North fork south of Henryetta, etc. Plaintiff alleged: That it was further agreed that the contract should contain a provision to the effect that no depot or town site should ever be constructed or laid out between Henryetta and Dustin, Ind. T. That William Kenefick, trustee, who negotiated said agreement, and to whom the said notes and deed of trust were assigned, was at the time of the execution of the same, and at the time of their assignment by said trustees to him, a stockholder and director and the president of the Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railroad. That the said railroad company was at that time a separate and distinct corporation, and in no wise connected with the Wm. Kenefick Company, except that some of the stockholders in the William Kenefick Company are also stockholders in the railroad company. That in causing said road to be built by way of Henryetta, it was necessary to deflect the same from its most natural and cheapest route a great number of miles, namely, four miles, at a great additional cost to the railroad company, viz., about $ 50,000, and that by reason of these things the notes and mortgages executed were contrary to public policy and void. It was further alleged: That the said William Kenefick threatened the said plaintiff and those associated with him that did they not raise the said bonus, the said railway would not be built to Henryetta, but would be constructed along the line of the preliminary survey, four miles east thereof. That thereafter the said William Kenefick further assigned the said notes and deed of trust to W. L. Stuckey, who by virtue of the power of sale contained in the deed was threatening to sell the lots belonging to plaintiff. That he had posted notices in and about Henryetta to sell the same, and that, unless the sale of said property was restrained, plaintiff would suffer great and irreparable injury. A temporary injunction was granted restraining the sale of the said property. A demurrer on the ground that the complaint did not states facts sufficient to state a cause of action was filed and sustained, from which holding plaintiff appealed to the United States Court of Appeals of the Indian Territory. ¶16 The similarity of the question involved in that case and the one at bar is apparent at a glance. The dissimilarity goes to the parties plaintiff and defendant, the manner in which the issue was presented, and the construction placed by the court upon the pleadings. In the case at bar it is the construction company suing to enforce payment of the bonus pledged, while in the case cited it is the maker of the notes evidencing the bonus enjoining enforcement of the payment sought by a sale of the property. The consideration given the case by the court is extended, and thorough; nearly, if not quite, all of the leading authorities touching the proposition involved in cases of this character being cited, considered, and reviewed. It will be noted that the complaint in that case leaves the question as to the exact relationship existing between the construction company and the railroad company, in the same uncertain condition as the complaint in the case at bar, but in that there is no statement such as is contained in this case in the answer of defendant, averring that the construction company was acting as the agent of the railroad company and employed by the said company to construct the road according to a certain survey. In this view of the pleadings in the case cited, the Court of Appeals, speaking through Mr. Justice Townsend, said: "If the complaint had specifically alleged that this bonus was given to the stockholders or officers or agents of said company, for their own personal benefit, such a contract would have been illegal and void as against public policy." ¶17 In the case at bar it will be noted that it is specifically alleged in the complaint, and admitted by the answer, that the notes being sued on by the William Kenefick Company are owned and held by it, and it is alleged that the said company "was acting as the agent of the said Missouri, Oklahoma & Gulf Railway Company"--thereby bringing the allegation and facts in this case squarely within the rule laid down in the case cited. The court in that case held that the bonus offered was not shown to be for the benefit of any one other than the railroad company so as to render the contract void. This case was taken on appeal to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals, and is the federal case Farrington v. Stuckey, Trustee, referred to, supra. The comment made upon the complaint by Judge Amidon is entirely applicable to the complaint in the case at bar, and is as follows: "The complainant, however, bases his charge of illegality mainly upon the contention that the bonus was solicited and received, not for the railroad company, but for the construction company, or for Mr. Kenefick personally. The bill leaves us in doubt on this subject. * * * The bill is also obscure as to the relationship between the construction company and the railroad company. The only averment on that subject is that the former was 'engaged in locating and constructing' a railroad for the latter. Whether the construction company was an independent contractor, or a mere agent or employe of the railroad company in building the road, is not disclosed. Nor is it stated whether the compensation for the work was fixed at a price per mile, or on the basis of the actual expense of the enterprise." ¶18 Then, referring to the situation that would exist in view of the conditions and facts presented by the pleadings in this case, the court said: "If William Kenefick was to receive the bonus either directly himself or indirectly through the construction company, we are equally clear that the transaction would be void as against public policy. An officer of a corporation, while acting on its behalf, will not be permitted to use his powers for his own personal enrichment. Neither will courts consider whether or not the corporation is in fact prejudiced by the transaction from which the officer gains a personal profit. It will not permit an agent to place himself in a position in which he is tempted to betray his trust for private gain. It is the tendency of such conduct, and not the actual injury of the corporation, which the law condemns." ¶19 The rule of law thus enunciated is as well settled as any other with which we have to deal. It is supported by the authorities from practically every court in the Union wherever the question has been presented. The principle underlying it is recognized and is stated in the case of Woodstock Iron Company v. Richmond & Danville Extension Company, 129 U.S. 643, 9 S. Ct. 402, 32 L. Ed. 819, which was likewise a case involving the construction of a railroad; a bonus being agreed upon whereby the Woodstock Iron Company was to pay the extension company a sum of money to induce it to construct the Georgia Pacific Railroad to the town of Anniston, which would deflect it from its route something like five miles. The Supreme Court of the United States, in refusing to require payment to the construction company of the bonus promised after the railroad was constructed as agreed, stated the rule underlying cases of this character as follows: "It was a contract by an employe of a railroad company with a third party, for a consideration to." ¶20 In other words, the law does not and will not enforce a contract made with an agent under the terms of which he may be induced or tempted to depart from his legal and moral obligations to his principal or to betray the trust reposed for his own personal advantage. The courts will not sanction such a contract, even where no wrongdoing is involved, and none shown in the particular transaction. Neither is evil intent or actual fraud necessary, for the contract will be void even if made in good faith and with honest intentions. It is as is cogently stated by Judge Amidon: "It is the tendency of such conduct, and not the actual injury of the corporation, which the law condemns." McGuffin v. Coyle & Guss, 16 Okla. 648, 85 P. 954, 86 P. 962, 6 L. R. A. (N. S.) 524; Elkhart County Lodge et al. v. Crary, 98 Ind. 238, 49 Am. Rep. 746. "The defense is allowed, not for the sake of the defendant, but of the law itself. The principle is indispensable to the purity of its administration. It will not enforce what it has forbidden and denounced." (Hall v. Coppell, 74 U.S. 542, 19 L. Ed. 244.) From this it will be seen that we reverse the judgment of the lower court, but we desire to here observe the language of the Court of Appeals of the Indian Territory in the case of Farrington v. Stucky, Trustee, et al., supra, to which we again refer, wherein that court said: "If this bonus was contributed to the William Kenefick Company, who were constructing this road, or the railroad company, in order to get a road constructed through the town of Henryetta, and the same was an open transaction, free from any corrupt purpose on the part of the stockholders, officers, or agents of said railroad company, and that in pursuance of said bonus so provided said road was constructed according to the terms of the contract, why should the same not be upheld and be a valid and binding contract upon appellant and other parties so contracting?" ¶21 And to the language of Judge Amidon in the same case in the federal court, wherein he said: "If the construction company was a mere agency devised and employed by the railroad company for the construction of its line, and in soliciting and receiving the bonus the former was acting on behalf of the latter, we are clearly of the opinion that the transaction is valid." ¶22 In other words, as will be seen from the quotation just made if the evidence in this case on the trial shows that the William Kenefick Company was a principal in the building of this railway, constructing it as is conceded with its own funds, and had the right within itself to place the location as in its judgment was wise, or if the bonus in fact went to the railroad company or to both, if all parties were fully apprised of it, and the same was, as is said by Judge Townsend, "an open transaction free from any corrupt purpose on the part of the stockholders, officers, or agents of said railroad company," then there is no reason why the contract made with it to secure the location of the road at Wagoner was not valid and enforceable. The line of distinction between the legal relations mentioned, whether it was a mere agent to build the road or was acting for itself, ought not to be difficult to draw; and in our judgment, in view of the fact that the execution and delivery of these contracts are admitted on the part of the defendant, and it is conceded that at a very great expense, approximately $ 50,000, the plaintiff has done that which the defendant induced it to do, and the defendant and those interested with him in thus securing the railroad have received and are enjoying that which they contracted for, the burden should clearly be placed upon him to establish by competent evidence, and not mere inference, the facts entitling him to succeed. ¶23 The decision of the lower court is accordingly reversed, the judgment set aside, and the case remanded to the district court of Muskogee county, with instructions to require the plaintiff to reply and proceed to trial. ¶24 All the Justices concur.

>>. June 1, 2014 at 7:03 pm How true.40 yrs. in the business and I still try to figure out why someone leaves. I’m surrendering to the fact that I have no idea why they leave. Just want to do hair. It always works out. To me, at this point it does zero good to waste the negative time in my sensitive,loving head to try and figure out what ldoes or thinks. Thx for your post. June 1, 2014 at 7:35 pm Thanks Larry. You’re so right. And thanks for reading. June 1, 2014 at 7:13 pm Great article! Thanks. I am glad Brenda is out of your life too. People like that are so stinking selfish. You deserve better treatment because you are a PERSON, not just a server! June 1, 2014 at 7:35 pm I agree alwayspretty, some people can be awful. But I also have some absolutely amazing clients I adore. And I know at some point they will move on as well. All we can do is do the best work and give the best service we can, and have some fun with them. It’s what we have chosen as our career. September 19, 2016 at 5:40 pm As a hairdresser and Freind to many we don’t need clients like Brenda we are talented hairdressers with a personal life and must be respected the doller should not rule our lives right always do our best and learn June 1, 2014 at 8:28 pm When my then 5 year old son was diagnosed with cancer it was on December 13th, the height of Christmas rush. In my “slow to accept the situation” mentality, I cancelled a day at a time the first week but ended up canceling 3 weeks total as he was in ICU and our lives had been turned upside down. As the receptionist called to reschedule the clients, most were incredibly understanding. One though, a decades long client I had thought of as a friend replied, “You DO realize I’ve had this appointment for 3 months!!” To which the receptionist replied, “You DO realize her son has cancer!!” It was the one time I was okay with the receptionist getting snarky. I wasn’t even upset at that moment with the client. I actually laughed. 1) I realized just how important our jobs are. 2) I realized that at the end of the day, no matter how much you think your clients are your friends, they are people you are servicing. 3) It’s not the end of the world sometimes when they leave. In most cases, there is a lot to learn from why they left if we get the chance to know. Your article is spot on. We often take those relationship for granted. And when we do, they will find better service somewhere else. But then there are those times that if someone values you so little as a human being then saying good bye is alright too. P.S. The client came back. We never mentioned it and I am much clearer on our relationship. She is there for a service. I am there to provide it. We just happen to have incredibly great and intimate conversation at the same time. What I love about our job. She ended up with such a rare and horrific cancer, it changed her forever. And before you think karma, I was okay with just my own discoveries. I didn’t need her to feel my pain. I did her wigs, bent over backwards and understood her pain. In the end, we are all human and being an asshole is part of that. So is being understanding. June 2, 2014 at 12:36 am so happy to hear your son is doing well, Paula! August 25, 2016 at 9:28 am Sooooo well said! At the end of the day most people care if you are going through a hard time but…they still need their hair done. I’ve experienced it all in 34 yrs. and have learned a lot about myself as much as others…invaluable gift. June 1, 2014 at 9:08 pm Great blog Michael! The sooner you can learn the lessons you have written about the better your relationships with your clients will be. We are fotunate to have you to share your experience both good and bad to help make us and the industry better. June 1, 2014 at 9:53 pm Reblogged this on . June 1, 2014 at 11:18 pm Great, honest article. Thank you for this. Glad to know I’m not the only one; it’s the way it feels sometimes. 🙂 June 1, 2014 at 11:43 pm Thanks Melissa! June 5, 2014 at 3:19 pm I’ve been following your blog and you are so inspirational to me. The latest really hit home with me, being a hair stylist of 15 years. Myself being the problem of losing long term guests was not something that I wanted to hear. It’s soo true though, I’ve become too comfortable with them and “watering down” my exceptional service qualities and standards. I truly thank you for all that you share. It’s been eye opening. June 7, 2014 at 11:33 pm Thanks so much for saying this. It means a lot to me to know that my thoughts are in line with people like yourself. June 2, 2014 at 12:19 am Wow. Yes, this is spot on. I own a salon with my mom & brother and since we joined her in the business 20 years into her career we have a long history with her clients and our clients feel that they are part of the family connection. It a fine fine line keeping our services professional and not familiar. Really hard. Some days we give eachother looks or “remind” rachother in the back room. I’m going to print this off as a wake up call. Thank you. June 2, 2014 at 5:08 am Thank you Gina. It’s always a challenge. June 2, 2014 at 12:56 am My first employer out of hairdressing school 26 years ago, gave me great advice ” Be friendly with the client, but the client is NEVER your friend” He came from the era of calling them by “Mrs. Jones ” and “Mr. Smith” and always discussed their hair with them and never asking too personal of questions in between the service. I still use that advice with every client. When they choose to leave, its not something we should hold onto too long just wish them well and know that you have the opportunity to meet someone new….and when a PIA moves on well, that just opened up openings for ten wonderful new clients! I almost lost two clients one afternoon when a PIA came in and started the drama. I did her blowout as quickly as I could to get her out but her attitude about her last service and constant complaining and disrespect for me and the other clients was enough. She told a rather slender client she was ” rounder than the last time she saw her” ! When I was done and walked her to the desk, I told her there would be no charge for her hair , she smiled, I said “because it`s the last time I am doing it”. When I walked back I just remained calm but the two clients( mom and daughter) sitting said “Thank God because I wasn’t sure if we could have sat through her rude behavior again” June 2, 2014 at 5:12 am Good for you! I’ve always struggled with the weird situation that the hugest bitches also spend the most amount of money annually. As long as they are not rude to those around me, I am happy to deal with it because I absolutely charge them way more than other clients. Its the PITA fee. Thanks for reading my post and for sharing your story. June 2, 2014 at 4:29 pm Michael… great tip …x charge for “Higher Maintenance”… June 28, 2017 at 10:15 pm I am glad I am not the only person to have said and done this with a particularly rude client. Thank-you for sharing this with us, June 2, 2014 at 11:51 am Great article! andrea I love how you handles that PIA!:-) June 2, 2014 at 4:36 pm Awesome article and dead on. It made me realize that I am too comfortable with people and I need to step back a little. I too have “fired” a client. Whenever someone else did her while I was on vacation and yes, I do take vacations because we too have lives, she would do nothing but complain about me, but she would also complain about the person who did her hair while I was out. She was just a miserable person and tried to drag everyone wlse into her misery. This was also a weekly standing client. I basically left a message on her phone saying, since I did not make her happy, then I was making it easy for her to find someone else, she was no longer on my book. Made my Thursdays so much calmer after that. June 3, 2014 at 3:14 am I left my last hairdresser bc she seemed fake. She was all over me while cutting my hair and seemed to be my BFF but I ran into her at a few events and she acted like she didn’t know who I was. I couldn’t sit in her chair again and play that game! Be real…thats my advice. My current hairdresser is nothing like me and we probably wouldn’t hang in the same social circles BUT we find common ground, she gives me a great service at a fair price and I am loyal until she gives me a reason not to be…which would have to be a big reason!! June 3, 2014 at 3:25 am Great point! I see it with my own team as well where the stylist seems to be saying all the right things but it completely lacks sincerity. I would say be the best version of yourself. June 3, 2014 at 2:31 pm Wow, great article. Thk you!. Can totally relate. I ran behind 5 mins on a male client, Sat. I did say at that point give me 10 mins and I would be right with him. Before him I had a corrective color. My color client said “if you would like go ahead and cut his hair, I will gladly wait”. My male client said “no that is ok” and walked out. I always get him in on the time he wants. Very unusual for me to run behind. I make all my own appointments, so I am very familiar with my customer’s services. Always enjoyed seeing this client. Been cutting his hair for years. I also do his wife’s hair. It really hurt my feelings when he walked out, and a little embarrassed. My color client found him to be very rude. It has bothered me since. I don’t understand, was he having a bad day? How should I handle this? Should I just let it go? Or text him with a apology why I ran behind? June 3, 2014 at 2:49 pm That’s tough. I would chalk it up to him having a bad day. But the sign of a good business is how they handle negative client experiences. I think 15 minutes is the max acceptable amount of time and you did the right thing by letting him know. I would apologize and offer him a free cut next time and then make sure to not book heavily before him. Make amends on this one and see how things go, but it’s possible he will now be looking for issues. Good luck. June 4, 2014 at 2:26 am Yup. All you can do is to reach out one time, offer him the free cut. If he responds, good. If he doesn’t, then let him go and allow time to heal your hurt. Be the gracious one! June 4, 2015 at 4:28 am This EXACT thing happend to me!!!! The guy client I had emailed our salon to make his appointment since he works with computers at his job. I had a corrective color right before him and I was 100% done with when he walked in. OF COURSE the color client asked me to thin out her hair a little bit more. So of course I did and told “Matt” I would be with him in max 10 min. He waited for like 6 minutes and JUST WALKED OUT! I always squeezed him in gave him the exact time he always wanted on the exact days everything! So I emailed him when he left since at the time I thought it be a good idea, and appologized and explained that I finished that client and even offered a few bucks off his next cut. And he replyed back saying he accepts his appology, but he needed to part ways!!! WTF first time I was ever late with him. And he had to be dumb. BYE. so annoying!! June 3, 2014 at 2:54 pm Thank you!! Appreciate 🙂 June 3, 2014 at 9:56 pm wow. thanks.. this is just what i needed to read. I can relate to this whole article I live in Queensland Australia and I have been hairdressing for 20 years have my own studio salon under my house. I have many long term clients that have been with me for over 10 years. I love my Job, my clients , and this creative industry, but recently my mother passed away 4months after a double lung transplant, and i find myself stuck. i cant seem to find that thing i had every day for my craft and clients. i am restless. and scared with this state i will start to damage my business. this is a good reminder that its time to put my prices up and respect peoples time. I think I am re evaluating what is important some life choices. Thank you so much. Sue June 5, 2014 at 2:27 am I’m so glad you were moved by this article. I really appreciate you taking the time to write. Good luck! June 4, 2014 at 12:57 am This was a great read. I’ve been wanting to stay inspired after attending my class at Bumble University last month in New York. This blog was a great find today! There is a client where I work who is medium-high maintenance and sees the owner of my salon. She started having her two sons, age 8 and 13 come see me for haircuts. She always sung my praise to my salon owner and would always tell my co-workers and other clients how her boys won’t let anyone else cut their hair except for me. 2 years ago on June 7, my family lost my grandfather to a 13 year long battle with cancer. He fought like a warrior until the day he died. His battle was an inspiration and a sight to behold. Needless to say, my family was devastated. I called my salon and told my employers that I would need to be going to his funeral. They were very understanding and had the receptionist start calling clients. About an hour later, my receptionist called to tell me that she couldn’t fully un-book my Friday (the actual day of the funeral) because this client was refusing to move the appointments for her two sons to get their hair cut by me. I told my receptionist to call her back and tell her I was attending my grandfather’s funeral that very day, and that having me do their hair was not an option. Her sons have never been booked an appointment with me since. I got upset about it for a while, but I eventually got over it. If somebody is going to show such a huge lack of respect for us and what we do, we don’t need them in our lives. It can be hard, because sometimes they are people we really like, who don’t show this side of themselves until the one time we need something from them: flexibility. A friend of mine who I worked with for years, used to have a co-worker whom she absolutely adored. They did hair together for many years in the same salon. He eventually passed away, but my friend and co-worker was so inspired by him, that she would tell me stories about him, and things he would say. So something we all need to remember from time to time, is a quote from a man named Gerard, whom I never met. His take on this? “Lose one, gain two.” June 5, 2014 at 2:29 am Is that Gerard Scarpaci? He is the man. I don’t know about this “Lose one, gain two” thing. I suppose if you are good then yes. Lots lose and don’t gain and don’t understand why. Maybe that’s my next article. I think what you’ve written here is really powerful and I appreciate you taking the time to share it. June 4, 2014 at 3:00 am My instructor from beauty school told me, when you lose one, you gain two. She was right as hard as it is sometimes:) June 4, 2014 at 8:16 am We can’t please everyone. I have a client who always complain that what i’m doing wasn’t right. But she keep on coming back for the same service. June 5, 2014 at 2:30 am We’ve all had her. It’s weird how people can be this way. June 4, 2014 at 4:14 pm the same thing happened to me. i sent him a note saying sorry and that his next haircut was on me and he did return to me. he did take the free haircut and had said he was having a bad day. we never talked about it again and he is still my client. June 4, 2014 at 10:46 pm When you cross the line and become their friend this will happen. Always no matter how long you have been doing their hair maintain a professional position. June 4, 2014 at 10:58 pm Thank you for the article. I needed all of these reminders. I was diagnosed with cancer and was shocked at how insignificant my life was to those I had given my all to, compared to their hair needs. One client who was especially rude was diagnosed with cancer shortly after. She sent me a card of apology. Yes, karma is real. I still love this profession!! June 5, 2014 at 2:30 am Wow. Thank you for sharing. June 7, 2014 at 11:34 pm I’m sorry to hear about your illness. And I appreciate you sharing this. Short and sweet. All the best. June 6, 2014 at 4:36 am Great article!!! I also enjoyed reading the comments to see other stylists thoughts. I myself have wondered these very things and it goes through my mind like crazy! I must say though, all the clients I “bend over backwards for” are the ones that eventually leave. I have to come to the conclusion that I need to say “no” from time to time and they actually appreciate that. You can’t do everything to please people and it does hurt loosing someone who you “thought” was a good client. End the end it’s their decision but most of the time it’s never about the hair. It’s about them and their convenience . June 7, 2014 at 11:31 pm Thanks for your comment Eric. You’re exactly right. June 9, 2014 at 11:14 pm Great story and I’m feeling this situation with a few past and close clients. Great read 🙂 June 10, 2014 at 3:24 pm I’m glad you liked it Lauren. June 12, 2014 at 11:36 pm It is the life we choose….I love my job and I love this article….Thanks so much…..much love my friends1 July 13, 2014 at 3:39 pm And to you James. June 22, 2014 at 4:40 am Thanks Michael, but for me it’s the other way around. I told my ‘difficult’ client like ‘Brenda’ to go seek some one else. After 30yrs in the business, I do not and I will not put up with this ‘s%^t’, it will make both happier early then later….. July 13, 2014 at 3:37 pm I hear you Charles. You are 100% right. Thanks! August 9, 2014 at 6:28 pm I bloody love this! Any advice on stylists renting chairs with horrendous attitude problems? August 9, 2014 at 9:57 pm Hi Kate, Why would you expect any attitude, good or bad, as a rental owner ? When you own a rental salon, all you can expect is that the rent is paid and the contract is lived up to. It’s a different world, akin to your landlord at the salon always being around and expecting things from you, when you would have the attitude of “Just make sure the building is maintained, I will pay my rent. Beyond that, leave me alone.” Don’t rent if you want people to act like staff. October 26, 2014 at 1:06 am Love this! I can’t get enough of your articles! How true is this in all aspects. People come in to your life for a REASON, a SEASON and a LIFETIME… This goes for our clients also. This inspires me to step it up a notch with my existing clientele. We can always be better for them and take our customer services to another level, and when we have done all we can, some clients will still choose to leave for whatever reason. We must not take it personally (easier said than done), but instead think of our best interest and the client’s. They or we have moved on for a reason and we must never forget the good times when we did have them in our chair and salons. November 8, 2014 at 5:51 pm Great comment, thanks for writing. November 2, 2014 at 7:27 am Was recently in a position that almost cost me my sanity. I had a client confide her extra marital affair to me. She came every two weeks for cut and color. She is a prominent figure in our community. I also had her whole family as clients. We were friends as well. She became obsessed with sharing the intimate details of this affair Calling me at night texting me daily… I could not take it anymore. I felt burdened and cheapemed and guilty. It drained me. I had to let her go. In doing so all of her friends and family have stopped coming. I don’t care. My integrity cannot be bought and the truth will prevail. Do not become friends with your clients. November 8, 2014 at 5:53 pm Great comment. Thanks! February 26, 2015 at 10:20 pm Great and very true article. I think that most stylist that has been in the game a long time has experienced why they thought the client that made them feel as if they were God sent to them and that no one was as good as you, left without an explanation. That’s why is so important to always remain business and professional with your clients at all times, even though we may grow to care about them. Every now and then a client will remind us of we are and how we are suppose to view them. As a customer and that we are in business to service and provide good professional quality hair services to them. They are coming to the salon mainly for one solid thing to receive a hair service. We not there to hang with them, be their friend, or doctor, so if we always keep everything professional, when they leave us, we want feel so hurt or bad. If you know you did your job, and usually have to ask or think about what you did wrong for them to leave, then usually it was hardly anything or nothing at all. We know that only the strong survives in this business. In any business customers come and go for nearly any reason. cheaper price, convenience,better service, chair hopper,doing it at home (income decrease) etc. Just continue to stay strictly business. and produce quality service, usually when one leave we gain a lot more. March 1, 2015 at 3:55 pm Exactly. Well said. April 5, 2015 at 6:25 pm I cheated on my hairdresser and wound up going back to her to apologize. She was accommodating my requests for slight changes in my all over color by sometimes changing the tone to warmer, or some red, etc. Problem is, this was adding a lot of bands. Instead of communicating to her that I was unhappy with the bands, I went to another stylist that quoted $130 during our consultation but at the end charged me $230 without communicating the change in price. This was to take my hair from a level 4 to a 6. She put the most ugly color on my hair. I went back to my original stylist, explained what happened and why I cheated. She had to cut off 4 INCHES of fried hair but gave me beautiful color. Had I just communicated with her on what I was unhappy with, I wouldn’t have needed to stray. I do feel that stylists and clients sometimes get in to a rut and too comfy. Stylists need to step back and take an honest look at their work on long time clients. Be honest with clients and tell them what is and isn’t working. I feel like my stylist should have fixed the bands, or mentioned that the color was leaving bands and fixed it. I love her though and hope that she accepts my apology and that we continue to work together and get great results. April 8, 2015 at 10:06 pm You are correct. Your stylist saw the banding and hoped you wouldn’t notice. Lots of stylists do this once in a while, myself included. We need to work as if someone another stylist is going to look at and judge our work. Hopefully she learns from this. April 8, 2015 at 8:02 am I have went somewhere else before just because I could walk in. I have went to very high price salons looking for something FANTASTIC.(disappointed with cut AND bill! The girl that I love and cuts my hair perfectly is the one I always go back to. It has never been anything personal. More just my impulsive ways! LOL June 4, 2015 at 12:54 pm so true I find a stylist can get to comfortable in there shoes and forget to listen about the hair or does not own there mistakes to. We are human to and make mistakes . I to believe constant sickness is a reason for loss and some just get lured to a better advertising and marketing so many hair salons tody June 4, 2015 at 3:36 pm Fuck Brenda. Those are the people you don’t want to come back. A great client would be sympathetic to your situation just like you would be for them. June 5, 2015 at 10:59 am Thank you for that!! So true!! This is why I wrote a novel, Towel Dry and a Good cry, to show the world AND hairdressers what it’s REALLY like to stand behind the chair. If you haven’t read it, you’ll laugh and cry and be proud you picked the best profession on the planet! June 5, 2015 at 11:10 am Thanks for that!! So true!! This is why I wrote my novel, Towel Dry and a Good Cry, to show the world and hairdresser’s what it’s like to REALLY stand behind the chair. If you haven’t read it you will laugh and cry and be so proud you chose the best profession on the planet! June 5, 2015 at 5:40 pm I stopped going to my stylist, “Peggy” of 2+ years. She was doing such a great job on my hair (layered cut) and I never thought that I would ever go to someone else, until for some reason, she gradually got so relaxed that she stopped listening to what I needed done. On my last visit, while explaining and asking her to “fix” (I used this word for lack of the correct terminology) my hair in the nicest way possible, she became argumentative with me. She told me she cannot fix my hair because it is not broken and practically told me to stop talking. I would have walked out if I did not need the haircut so badly. She decided to give me a trim, I paid her, made my next appointment because she asked me to. I left the salon feeling really bad because there was no reason for her to be so rude to me. I am an easy client and work in an industry where clients have to be treated well or they will go to the competitor. I understand that Peggy may be having a bad day, but despite the awkwardness of the moment, I made light conversation while she was cutting my hair to encourage pleasantness. Eventually, I cancelled my appointment and went to someone else. My current stylist, “Meg” is very nice but has not cut my hair the way Peggy did back in the good “ol” days. I made a drawing of the hair style that I will show Meg for my upcoming appointment and to give her a last chance. I am strongly considering going back to Peggy because I’m tired of trying someone else out if things don’t work out with Meg; however, I do not know how to approach Peggy. Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated! June 11, 2015 at 3:06 am I loved this blog. Great lessons for hairdressers, and really anyone in any industry who has clients. Thank you! June 18, 2015 at 11:45 am The one thing I have to say is good riddance. Im saddened but always glad that they have moved on. After being in the business for 32 years . I have noticed a trend with these type of people they always like to get their way and if they don’t they’re responses is I’ll just go somewhere else so you know what I say go and then get a new one that will appreciate you even more. That you actually get to charge more.and have no more stress over their drama August 8, 2015 at 3:35 am Thank you for sharing your story. I actually googled ” how stylist handle when they’re clients leave”. I have experienced everything you have shared in your story. I had a “high maintenance”, I always have an event customer to just leave after 12 years of service because I cut my days after major unexpected surgery. No matter what.. clients can love you and leave you. You hate to admit it to yourself on how much it hurts because you dedicate your life around they’re life. I’m at my 25th year in the hair business and ready to move on to a new career. I’m totally exhausted with the ups and downs. It has became just too much. August 23, 2015 at 8:28 pm I totally understand Erica. This business can be a grind, so it’s important that we never stop growing, progressing, raising prices and moving forward. When we get complacent, these things affect us more. Keep going. January 13, 2016 at 8:48 pm I appreciate your blog as well as this comment…After 16yrs. working in salons, taking & teaching classes & doing hair shows (my fav!) for a big name hair comp. I let myself become burnt out, hated the salon I rented from & eventually lost the drive & ambition I once had. It affected me so much I decided to quit the horrible salon I’d been at way too long & take a step back from Hairdressing to focus on my health & wellness. Didn’t take very long though to miss my career & clients terribly (still saw some at my home salon so didn’t loose entire clientele) so now 1yr later I’m attempting to return to a salon environment-basically starting my career over again. So after all I’ve seen & been through (good & bad) I couldn’t agree with you more on how vital it is to keep improving yourself taking classes, charge what you’re worth & don’t let yourself get complacent (or burnt out!). Being a Hairstylist can be 1 of the most fun, rewarding & lucrative jobs if you keep moving forward & never forget why you chose this profession in the 1st place:) January 14, 2016 at 3:35 pm Thanks for writing Heather. September 19, 2015 at 2:50 am I have done hair for over 20 years in a small town. I was always booked atleast 3 to 4 weeks out if not more and occasionally would work 7 days a week to accommodate people. I never hardly took off and was always missing my own family’s things or late for them because I couldn’t say no. Well long story short….my 6 year old was hurt in a hunting accident (yes, shot) last November and was flown 2 hours away and in ICU and had alot of recovery (still dealing with it) my husband is the one who saved him or he would have died. It was and still is very tramatic. I was off from November 15th through January and returned part time in February and was completely back full time in April. My salon staff was amazing and did their best to accommodate everyone the best they could. I am so surprised at how many people have not been back. People that I have done for years have not supported me at all. And actually act like I don’t exsist. I have had a very hard lesson that we care way more than they do. It is a very hard lesson to learn. June 24, 2016 at 10:41 pm I completely agree. We love our clients, and then when we think they will be there for us *pouf* (pardon the pun 😂) they are gone. I love this industry and its s real hard one. I’ve been doing hair 20 years now, still trying to figure jut why clients leave. Anyway sorry about your son, hope he’s recovered, and you gain new caring clients. ❤️ Best~Lisa✂️ March 5, 2016 at 6:20 am Just back from my last appointment with my hairdresser. And I do mean “last appointment.” My decision to move on didn’t happen immediately. It happened over time – 11 years in my case. Incidents that built up to this point include: 1) A stylist I’d been seeing for the first 5 years leaving, and me not being informed until I arrived for my appointment. 2) A stylist whom I was passed to being extremely negative and rude. I never saw her with a smile on her face. She appeared to be one of those Eyores that enjoys sucking the fun out of life. Telling depressing tales, moaning about her life, stating that a colour I’d asked for was “too brassy”, and generally being a PITA emotional vampire. I dumped her pretty quickly. 3) The next stylist I was passed to was the salon manager. Things were OK for a couple of years. Then one day she got careless and burned the back of my neck with dye. (A hole 1 cm wide that took a couple of weeks to heal and left a scar that is fortunately sovered by my hair.) I was not impressed, but took it as a one off major mistake, never ever to be repeated. 4) The same “neck burner” stylist talking me into a different colour that I immediately regretted and hated. She fixed it for no additional cost. But I resolved to never again let her boredom become my hair disaster. 5) Being careless with the dryer. Several times she got caught up talking to somebody, leaving a hot hairdryer blasting at my scalp. Only when I told her she was burning me did she give the job the full attention it should have received in the first place. Also, she stopped using heat protectant, which I feel was simply lazy and/or miserly and damaged my hair over time. 6) She became too familiar. Always telling me negative stories about her boss, or the personal business of her direct reports. And making jokes out loud about things I’d told her in confidence (I never made that mistake again.) Nobody likes a big mouth that sees other people’s real lives as a source of their entertainment. 7) I bought a particular hair product from this hairdresser for about the first 9 years I was there. When I asked them for another batch last year, I got fobbed off repeatedly. I had to make several visits between appointments before eventually realising they were simply wasting my time and failing to order it. I was eventually offered an alternative product. But when I got it home I quickly realised it was completely unsuitable, and was just something I’d been fobbed off with after asking for the thing I really needed several times, and receiving several empty promises to deliver. 8) Lastly, for the past couple of years this hairdresser was never on time. It started off being about 5 minuters late. Then progressed to 10, then 15. Today I was sitting there for 30 minutes, listening to her talking crap with her preceding client, and watching other members of staff socialising. None of them offered me so much as a cup of coffee whilst I waited. So I left, never to return. Reading back the above list, I can see this had been building for a while. I’m actually surprised I waited so long for them to get their shit together, instead of finding someone sooner that is able to do the job that will respect my time and professionalism as much as I respect theirs. Here’s hoping my next salon is better. March 5, 2016 at 7:31 am Thank you so much for sharing this. It’s amazing how often we chip away at the relationships people choose to have with us and rarely look in the mirror when people stop coming. Good luck with your next salon. May 4, 2017 at 11:36 pm Hi there, I’m so glad I found your comment. You won’t believe how much I needed to hear this. I have a tiny little salon with almost no clients. I opened it 4 months ago. I feel miserable. And yet I have no idea why I’m telling you this. May 17, 2016 at 1:29 am This has been very enlightening. I have observed a problem with stylists/salon. A nice middle aged woman with beautiful LONG hair needed chemicals, dye and well water residue striped from her hair. She hadn’t had any processing done to her hair for over 10 years but she wanted a change. Her hair was in great shape. She called (at my suggestion) and got in with the best stylist N. N a great job the first time. The client made an appt for a retouch in 6 weeks. The client got the flu & pneumonia and had to cancel but She gave 3 days notice. The client rescheduled when She was well. She was told She would get N but ended up with M while N sat playing on her phone. M proceeded to mess up her beautiful hair, bleach it to an awkward shade of all one color Barbie blonde instead of the balyage the client added for (I overheard M and N talking about how they needed to tone the messed up hair since it looked fake. They didn’t do it.) The client was kind and chalked it up to a mistake. I tried to be positive and I encouraged the client to book a retouch for 7 weeks later, this time SPECIFYING that She wanted N. N agreed to keep the appointment. She even wrote it on her appointment card, not the generic salon ones. This evening I overheard N laughing about passing the client on to M again. That she had done the old “switcher-oo and that the client was too meek to complain. Somehow the client found out. (No, I didn’t tell her, The beautician told the wrong person who passed it on to the client) This woman is too nice to be furious But she is disheartened and disappointed. This client is a good woman, agreeable, is open to suggestions regarding products, tips well, is nice, kind and appreciative but I see she has had it. I know she will call and cancel soon. I wish I could clip this post and send it to M & N. They are losing a good client because they didn’t appreciate her. They had no respect for her wishes. They thought for some reason they could bully her into accepting M as her stylist when she wanted to stick with N. This is a lose-lose situation. The salon loses a good client who would have been loyal and the client will most likely go another 10 years before she lets anyone touch her hair again. IMO, there needs to be a pull back of attitude with N & M but they see nothing wrong in what they have done. It’s sad too. I feel like I messed this up. I was the one to suggest this salon in the first place. June 6, 2016 at 10:59 pm Ugh soooooo good! Thank you I needed this!!! It’s such a great reminder!! June 8, 2016 at 10:29 am Michael, Thank you so much for this article! I appreciate that you respond to the comments left by people who visit your blog. That portrays good customer service in and of itself. I have been in the business for ten years. I have recently noticed a decline in my regular clients return appointments and pre books. I have felt really burnt out the last six months. It’s weird to see that/ although I think my customer service and delivery on 100% quality services hasn’t changed. That through a show of numbers, and missing Faces every 4-6 weeks that the burn out feeling is effecting my performance. I plan to attend a color class in Dallas to hopefully re-invigorate my passion for the industry. Anyhow, great article! Thanks for the insight! June 11, 2016 at 10:13 am What you are experiencing is normal and it happens to all of us. A colour class is a good thing, and external motivation is really helpful. But what is likely happening is that you are putting out a vibe that the clients are picking up on and not appreciating. For me, I’ve always found that an actual technical class will only help me so much. But if I take that class with someone who is more successful than me, someone who is famous, or has multiple awards, or charges a fortune, or does celebrity hair, then I pick up on much more than the actual technique. Basically I take classes so that I can reinvigorate my salon presence and energy. This translates into my work. If I take a class simply for the work, it doesn’t take care of my deeper issue that I need to perform at my highest levels. This may seem really vague, but I find a lot of people focus on technique rather than attitude and persona. June 21, 2016 at 11:37 am Nice to read this article . I’ve been out for 6 weeks now . Had found a place to work now , am just jittery about calling aw it has been a while now . And advise on this ? June 23, 2016 at 1:28 pm Sorry, I don’t quite get what you are saying. August 23, 2016 at 10:51 pm JUST WHAT I NEEDED MICHAEL. Thank you. Thank you! Im in a different boat, struggling with the reality that I DONT want to do this creative service anymore after 35 years of high end hairdressing to those ungrateful self righteous people that I accept payment from. The more I charge, the worse it gets. I needed to find this blog. I needed permission to leave my craft on a high and let the clients figure out where to find another “me” out there. My feelings always swung to the fact that I was an artist, not a service person. I had my own voice, fired when necessary, but usually when my training staff were mistreated or blatantly criticized for being ” my substitute.” I stood my ground, put my work on the walls, took too manyLondon training courses, ( I’m a California yank) and built it up to a masterful technique that has left my hands leather like and knuckles bulbous, but I am proud of what they’ve done. Two homes, no mortgages, kids in college, cars paid off, all is good but my love for my passionate career that still thrives and build without my college education. My husband is my partner in crime, amazing as well, and we have a 5 star existence on multi media. Now, after creating and serving 35 years, at 50 yrs old, I realize that I’m only young to the older ones, whom I started when they were raising kids as I have done. The retirees don’t tip anymore because I am the owner of a beautiful space I paid $150k to welcome them to. The young ones who fuel my fire think I’m old. Young to the old and old to the young is a tough place to be. Will I like this position if I work less, so it becomes more intimate to those who stay? Can I take the scrutiny or say no to those who whose hair has become an estrogen graveyard of fluff or a wax and polish from absent testosterone? Do I sell my salon and hide out at my friend “secret ” spot to the big spenders and forgo all families or friends so they don’t have to lie for me I’m not going to thin out and slow down by raising my prices because the negative repercussions and gossip that spawns from the penny pinching retirees will tarnish my image, are purely because they don’t think they should be paying more because they aren’t asking me to be “wild” anymore. I am disheartened with the routine, my left foot X-ray shows a U shaped notch in the top of my foot from the chair pump. I did 60 hour weeks, then 50, then 40, and now 35, and the comments come still when I’m on vacation for a week. ” You hardly work anymore?” My salon is ready for a lease renewal, in a thriving town that hold more 5 carat diamonds and Teslas than anywhere in the US, and I want out. I’m packing it in, forming that letter in my mind as I write this, trusting Sir Michael Cole ( @Michaelcoleoverthetop) will get me through this with his hairdressing insight that turned to the gospel of all learning. I remember the book that was titles “Fear It And Do It Anyway ” and I am doing just that. I feel that my destiny will thrive if I continue on with my creativity and not rely on the “Golden Handcuffs”of hairdressing disappointments as I wean from 4 days a week to a happier 2. I can’t bear the thought of the comments that I might face ( and face off) when I reassign myself to other passions of interests that don’t involve scrubbing, painting, snipping, and rolling for the ones who have forgotten what I have done for them for 35 years or less. We are all artists, hospitable, successful at merging stories, and after so long, we need them to keep the day going. I can’t pick favorite s as I will still get caught at some point. I love what I had, just hate the ones who have become all too familiar and frugal in the most important investment years of my life. To end is to leave the $10k of bills and expenses that goes along with the salon owning job. It’s time to let them figure it out, without me. I’ll be happy walking my dog and building fairy houses in the park, and wearing my feet down without that chair pump. Money isn’t everything. August 24, 2016 at 8:30 am I loved reading this. You’ve done your time, I hope you are able to do something you love again. August 25, 2016 at 6:34 am Omg I will be 60 in months and 40 yrs of healthy happy hairstyling. I feel the same. My problem is I lost my only child at 55 andca barber in progress, and wanted to reinvent myself to be busy.. I so feel very old at the salon, But I am up on everything. So far I am building steadly and am going to be who I am for at least 4 more years❤❤❤ Thank you for sharing what I have been thinking😎🙌 August 25, 2016 at 7:57 am Awesome! That’s a great attitude! August 25, 2016 at 4:40 am I am 58, a salon owner / stylist. I love it all, but I’m tired, I’m passionate about hairdressing still I love learning still, however I am feeling irrelevant as I age in This industry even though I stay current in my skills and because of my age (to those who are new or don’t know me) I have to Prove” myself even more. I can’t imagine doing anything else however I do have other interests and things I want to do, it’s really hard right now figuring out what to do in the future. August 25, 2016 at 7:56 am I think I’m going to turn this one in to a video blog for American Salon. You’re not alone here. August 24, 2016 at 8:55 am I wish I could meet you. I am 46 and just starting in the industry. Micheal Levine came to sleek at the school I was attending and spoke, he left such a mark. I am always seeking industry leaders that are ‘old’. They are so hard to find. Crones. The wise Women and men of the industry. All hail the crones! August 24, 2016 at 9:17 pm Hey, we aren’t that old! And most of my friends who are industry leaders are my age. Just ignore the new leaders and pay attention to Nick Arrojo, Ted Gibson and Charlie Price. All doing amazing things! August 25, 2016 at 3:41 am Great read and so true to form. Oh the ‘Brenda’ story. I think we’ve all had one of those. Last year, I was 3 months pregnant and found my father dead. Obviously, I wasn’t capable of working that week and the week after. A ‘Brenda’-like client of mine insisted on me ordering some hair product for her and bringing it in, because she ‘needed’ it. “Sorry about what happened, but I need this product,” she said. I told her she can find it at Ulta or online. Needless to say, I never saw that client again and was glad I never did, but like you, I felt angry and perplexed that she felt “inconvenienced” but would also bother me during a time like this to get a product she could’ve easily bought elsewhere. I felt like saying REALLY? THAT’S YOUR EMERGENCY?! A F—ING hair product?!! The insensitivity is astounding. August 25, 2016 at 7:55 am Thankfully the vast majority are wonderful people. When I retired I had several people crying. Many had been with me for 20 years. It was a surprise to me and I needed it. August 25, 2016 at 8:30 am 43 years 5 hand surgeries ,2 back surgeries.Extremely busy! Highly educated and still fill of paasion. 5 years from now I am sixty… Plan semi retirement. Never made a lot of $$ no retirement benefits, no health insurance . Owned my own shop for 30 years add that to being busy behind the chair. Tired. Have a great support team Thank God when I’m out.. just telling what it is. Still love it but what’s next? Pingback: ARE YOU AFRAID OF THE ONE BIG TRUTH? | The Hairstylist Mentor September 15, 2016 at 4:19 am I say it everyday “some clients do not care about us, all they care about is getting their hair done. “

Dhaka University Journal of Business Studies Vol. )od, No. 2, December 2000, PP. 17-35, Faculty of Business Studies, ISBN -984-31-1397-2 World Trade Organization: Implications for Bangladesh Mohammed Masud Rahman Muhammad Mohiuddin Abstract: The WTO or former GATT started a process of trade liberalization, decades ago, with a view to contribute to global economic development by means of factor price equalization and economization of global cost of production. On the contrary, since 1995, the resurrection of the WTO experiences a cost–loading at least at a flat rate of 1 per cent, in general. The other basic of the GATT, factor–price equalization vis–a–vis perfect mobility of factors had also been departed in the WTO by the feature of a systematic transfer of resources from the developing economies to developed ones. Bangladesh being an LDC faces most of the problems in consequence of the WTO regulations typically known as the “marginalization“. There are other reasons for what Bangladesh should be particularly cautious to address the inevitable issues of trade liberalization. The dominance of ready made garments in our exports was largely attributed to a GATT effort in the form of GSP. The WTO persuasions under the banner of international standardization of products (like ISO 9000, ISO 14000, etc.) take too many factory–specific and environmental issues into consideration. Regarding custom valuation, a new system of valuation had been warranted that needs structural changes. The WTO agreement calls for a mandatory preshipment inspection for imports in Bangladesh that leads to a flow of funds toward developed nations having recognized PSI firms. The TRIP issue may produce foreign copyrights in our local breeds of agricultural products because of our cultural backwardness. The present paper addresses such issues of globalization. It is imperative that the country is well placed in terms of compliance with the WTO regulations but at the cost of too many adversities. Introduction Liberalization as a concept is a reality today and trade liberalization is not an exception. The countries in the world under the umbrella of the WTO started this Messrs Mohammed Masud Rahman and Muhammad Mohiuddin are Associate Professor and Professor respectively in the Department of Finance and Banking and the Department of Management Studies, University of Dhaka. Journal of Business Studies, Vol. xxi, No. 2, December 2000 process decades ago. With all its pros and cons, trade liberalization has been accepted by member countries of WTO as an inevitable strategy to overcome trade barriers in the way of globalization. It is true that countries are debating on not only current issues of trade but also are engaged in the debate of including new issues like labor standard, environmental norms, textiles, agriculture, investment policy and tariff reduction within the charter of WTO. This is of particular significance that the WTO should be capable of leading the world to a unity on trade related issues. There is a growing doubt among the developing member countries of the WTO about its potentialities to handle the trade issues neutrally. The failure of Seattle Meet is an example of this incapacity. This paper is an attempt to describe the present realities of the WTO propositions for trade liberalization and the consequences of these propositions on the economy of Bangladesh. The development history of Bangladesh experienced a sharp controversy between academics and policy markers. The former advocated for an inward looking self–reliant Bangladesh and the latter opined for an outward–looking development through liberalization. As it turned up, policy makers outplayed academics in terms of practicable farsightedness although not necessarily in terms of achievements because reforms do not commensurate development. Present day demonstrates that a closed form of economy is an absurdity in the drift of globalization. For the sake of long range planning and development it is of vital significance to learn about the global code of trading conduct. The code was initiated by GATT and is presently held by the WTO. Trade liberalization in Bangladesh, in commensurate with the WTO. demonstration, experienced a yawning trade deficit. Possibility of price hike due to increased import dominance of the economy would be further deteriorated by cost loading in consequence of globalization. For developing countries this is of foremost significance that the WTO is still in a transitional stage and thus can accommodate demands of deficit prone economies. History of GATT and WTO The foundation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was as early as in 1948 through the International Trade Organization (ITO). The charter 19 World Trade Organization: Implications for Bangladesh was drafted in consequence of Havana Conference in 1947 precisely known as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment. The initial charter was drafted by 23 countries with a view to liberalization of international trade. The combined package of trade rules and tariff concessions became known as GATT. For almost two decades GATT was confined to the tariff consideration with almost the same number of members despite having United Nation recognition as a specialized agency since 1948. There had been eight major round of negotiations through which GATT arrived at the form of creating the World Trade Organization (WTO). Among the earlier rounds, The Kennedy Round (1964–67) with 62 members added anti–dumping agreement and The Tokyo Round (1973–79) introduced non–tariff measures with 102 member countries. Apart from increased number of members, a multilateral trading system could not be developed until the longest and the most extensive eight rounds known as the Uruguay Round (1986–94) that led to the creation of WTO. It resolved the longest stalemate among the members regarding the issue of subsidies in agricultural inputs and brought into consideration too many issues having direct and indirect bearing on global trade. The issues included tariffs and non–tariff measures, services, intellectual property, investment measures, dispute settlement, etc. Two key features of Uruguay Round Articles of Agreement included a differential code of trading conduct for agricultural and industrial products and relatively favored treatment to developing countries compared to developed ones. The WTO came into force in January 1, 1995 as the institutional framework for global restructuring of economic relation under the guidelines of Uruguay Rounds. Considerable changes took place in the objectives of GATT over the period of half of a century that essentially went in favor of developed countries. The initial goal of factor–price–equalization by means of perfect mobility of factors of production had been constrained by stringent immigration policies of developed nations. The new goal of “raising standards of living and ensuring full employment“, however, under the head of globalization failed to ensure an It was the United Nations which convened the Havana Conference, provided it with preparatory support and later provided staff who went on to form the GATT Secretariat. However, the role of United Nation is often ignored at present as for example the UN Secretary General was not invited to the 50th anniversary of GATT in last November Journal of Business Studies, Vol. xxi, No. 2, December 2000 equitable distribution of global resources. Of course, there is enough room for least developed countries to maneuver certain provisions to serve their interests. WTO and Bangladesh Bangladesh being one of the least developed countries specified by WTO enjoys certain advantages. Since the Uruguay Round it had been recognized that they may not be able to commit themselves to make substantial reduction of tariffs. In industrial sectors they are supposed to maintain only token reductions in tariffs on very limited number of items. In agricultural sectors these countries should not be required to reduce tariffs. However, these countries along with all other countries were required to bind their tariffs. Most LDCs have given bindings at rates significantly higher than the existing rates. Bangladesh had embarked significant reduction in her tariff–structure. The economy had gone through the structural adjustment process of the World Bank–IMF, which assumes trade liberalization as the means of economic reforms. Hence the average level of tariffs has declined from 85 per cent in 1991 to 17 per cent in 19982. The items subjected to quantitative restrictions have declined from 315 in 19989–90 to 96 in 1997–98. Bangladesh has also bound only very limited items in the industrial sectors to an extent of 50 per cent. In the agricultural sector, the bound rates are much higher than the present applied rates. Thus policy makers enjoy a considerable extent of flexibility in raising tariffs if needed in industrial and agricultural sectors. The impact of liberalization is demonstrated in the fact that imports had increased four times and exports had increased six times over the last decade that resulted in a trade deficit of five thousand crore Takaļ. The various area of issues that require critical evaluation and understanding for having a policy stand in the face of new WTO propositions are taken into discussion in the following paragraphs. The policy makers of Bangladesh should have an inward view against global demonstration because of her own protection and progress. An abrupt engagement into any sort of agreement or contract in this regard could put the country into further macroeconomic 2 Economic Impact of WTO, Ministry of Industry, GOB, Unpublished documents, 1999. 3 Ibid. World Trade Organization: Implications for Bangladesh instability. The following discussion would facilitate the policy makers to envisage the intensity of the problem. Custom Valuation The present system of valuation of goods is based on the Brussels Definition of Value, a system developed by the World Customs organization. WTO Agreement on Customs Valuation is different from that. As a least developed country Bangladesh has a transitional period of five year since January 1995 for the implementation of the Agreement. By January 2000, Bangladesh would have to ensure that its custom authority collects duties and other taxes on imported goods based on the valuation of the WTO agreement. The new system of valuation is more precise and technical than the existing system. It assumes computer provision and professional expertise of custom authority. In view of institutional rigidity the custom authority needs more time for transition. Professionals need training abroad and computerization needs funds that WTO has earmarked for transition of the least developed countries. In principle, the new system is based on honest declaration of importers that needs certain evaluation. The practice of under value declaration in Bangladesh merits attention along with the fact that custom revenue currently accounts for as much as 30 per cent of the country‘s total tax revenue that should not be affected any way. Preshipment Inspection The WTO Agreement calls for Preshipment Inspection for mandatory physical inspection of the goods to be imported as well as verification of their prices prior to the importation. Goods should not be imported unless import documents include Clean Report of Findings (CRF) from the PSI company. Bangladesh uses services of PSI companies on a voluntary basis. It is left to the importers to decide whether to use PSI services or not. However, when the importer engages the services of the PSI company and obtains certificate that ‘quality, quantity, price and tariff classification has been verified‘ the customs shall accept the certificate as a basis for the determination of custom duty. The arrangement largely resolved the complains of importers against custom officials in Bangladesh. It Journal of Business Studies, Vol. xxi, No. 2, December 2000 expedites the process of custom clearance and resolves the problem of uncertainty and ambiguity in determination of price. Also that it allows the government to ensure full collection of revenue. Because of the voluntary nature of the scheme, importers resort to the scheme where they find by using PSI services they could derive practical and financial benefits. The majority of importers appear to use PSI services when they find that PSI prices are less than the published tariff values. In cases of disagreement with the prices, custom officials are supposed to forward their reservations to the National Board of Revenue (NBR). In future PSI would be mandatory for importers as is the case, at present, in many countries including some least developed countries. This certainly would impose an addition to import prices and the financial flow would concentrate in developed countries as the PSI companies belong to them. Small and medium industries and traders being scared of additional cost of PSI would resent the introduction of mandatory PSI. Government can compensate the financial burden, if not directly, through indirect incentives. It would be necessary for the government to inform business community of the advantages of using PSI services. Government should also be prepared to face an additional rate of inflation by an extent of around 1 per cent in consequence of the inclusion of PSI changes to import prices. Product Standard Countries often require that a wide range of imported products must meet the mandatory international standards for protection of health and safety of the people. The products include machinery and equipment (like electric machinery and medical equipment), consumer articles (like pharmaceutical and toys), and raw materials and agricultural inputs (like fertilizers and insecticides). The rules of international standards are contained in Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. Accordingly, imported products can be marketed only if the manufacturer and exporter is able to obtain a certificate of positive assurance from a recognized institution or laboratory in the importing country that the product is in conformity with standard. In view of industrial products in Bangladesh, the use of such standards would not only improve the ability to market their products in World Trade Organization: Implications for Bangladesh foreign markets, but would also lead to gradual enhancement of the quality of the products marketed. The practice however has gone in far more detail. Buyers in industrialized and some other countries are not contained only with quality standards. They want to ensure that the producing unit where the product is processed and manufactured had adopted “quality management system” which ensure uniform level of quality standards throughout the production process. Such a comprehensive standard is the ISO 9000, developed by the International Standards Organization. It assumes that maintenance of quality is management‘s responsibility and lays down requirements that must be complied with in respect of all the activities of the company. Due to the fact of growing popularity of the ISO 9000 among the buyers, producers among a number of newly industrialized countries are obtaining the ISO registration to improve their competitive advantage in outside markets. The garments sector is the typical example where most factories have incurred huge costs and have thoroughly reshuffled the producing units so that the units obtain the ISO 9000 certificates. The trend presents a dilemma for most of small and medium sized industries in Bangladesh. They are not sure whether the goal should be the national or international standard. There is increasing awareness on the part of these enterprises that foreign buyers may turn to firms in other countries, if they do not have such registration. Preparation to obtain ISO registration involves not only considerable financial costs but also some organizational and structural changes. It needs huge paper works as detailed and continuous records have to be maintained on as many as twenty different elements. The semi–literate workers employed in small enterprises may have serious difficulties in maintaining such records. In fact, it needs a through technological change that our enterprises, constrained by institutional rigidities, do not often afford. A gradual change is not possible as the country does not have enough expertise and institutional machinery to provide consultancy services in this regard. The result is that firms have to turn to foreign multinational companies whose reputation is known in foreign target markets. Their fees are often exorbitantly high. The only local institution is Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institute (BSTI) which is authorized to issue accreditation certificates. The BSTI takes the product in consideration but ignores the management issues of the factory. Journal of Business Studies, Vol. xxi, No. 2, December 2000 Efforts should be taken to promote their skills in management review. The recent introduction of international standard is ISO 14000 that takes environmental issues in consideration along with the considerations under the ISO 9000. The WTO agreement requires each country to establish “inquiry point” from which information on standards and technical regulations could be obtained by interested business enterprises. At present such information is available with BSTI. BSTI needs to be further equipped to furnish the information required to get ISO 9000 or even ISO 14000 registration. In the context of LDCs having severe fund constraints, efforts should be taken to explore WTO assistance for technical and structural orientation to international standardization and factory specification Subsidies There had been long stalemates on global trade negotiations regarding the point of subsidies and finally, the WTO rules recognize that governments use subsidies for the attainment of varied policy objectives. The rules therefore, do not restrict the rights of countries to use subsidies but aim at prohibiting governments from using subsidies that distort or affect adversely the development of international Rules related to subsidies of industrial sectors are different from those of agricultural sectors. For industrial sectors, prohibited subsidies include export subsidies and import displacing subsidies. The developing countries with per capita income of less than US$ 1000 and the least developed countries are exempted from the rule of prohibited subsidies. The rule thus not in any way restrain the right of Bangladesh to grant export subsidies on industrial products. The country however has to rationalize such subsidies as necessary for promotion and development of exports. There is another limit that the country does not share 3.5 per cent of the global export for two consecutive years under which case subsidies would be phased out in a period of eight years. In practice, the line of export of Bangladesh does not seem to be concerned with the limit. Readymade Garments The basic objective of the Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC) was negotiated in the Uruguay Round and came into force on January 1995. It brings 4 WTO Charter 1999 World Trade Organization: Implications for Bangladesh textile under the WTO rules. Over a period of ten years, trade restrictions should be removed in phases. After January 2005, if any country wants to apply restrictions to imports of textiles, it could do so under safeguard provisions by applying restrictions to imports from all sources and not as at present for imports from developing countries. One of the features of the ATC is that it permits countries to introduce quantitative restrictions on imports during the ten year period. Such restrictions was to be made as the last means and only when the domestic industry is suffering serious damage as a result of sharp and substantial increase in imports. It is due to the fact of poorly defined provision of imposition of restrictions that the United States has initiated 40 such actions during the first two years of the operations of the Agreement. Also evident is a departure from the schedule of removal phases by developed countries like the members of the European Market. Export of textile and readymade garment account at present more than 60 per cent of our export earnings. Sudden imposition of import restriction is a growing threat against the survival of the sector particularly when it is in violation of the WTO code of congenial trading. The sector is heavily dependant on fabrics supplied by outside countries which accounts to 90 per cent of the fabrics used by the sector. As a result the value added in producing ready made garments is only about 25 to 39 per cent, which had certain bearing on export potential. According to a recent report, certain items like T shirts may not be eligible for duty free entry in the United kingdom as the value added in processing in the country is less than that required under the Rules of Origin of the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP). Finally, the sector needs huge preparation to sustain under global competitiveness once the restrictions are withdrawn as had been argued on the sustainability against the main competitors like Korea, India and Pakistan. Trade Related Aspects on Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) The TRIPS Agreement, which came into effect in January 1995 along with the commencement of the WTO, is to date the most comprehensive agreement on intellectual property. The area of intellectual property it covers include copyright and related rights (i.e., rights of performers, producers of sound recording and broadcasting organizations), industrial designs, trademarks including service marks, appellation of origin (geographical indication), patents including the ma Journal of Business Studies, Vol. xxi, No. 2, December 2000 protection of new varieties of plants, the layout–design of integrated circuits and undisclosed information including trade secrets and test data. Any unauthorized use of intellectual property constitutes an infringement of the right of the owner. The basic principles of the Agreement states that in regard to the availability, acquisition, scope, maintenance and enforcement of intellectual property rights foreign nationals shall not be accorded treatment that is less favorable than that accorded by a country to its own national. The Agreements lay down the minimum standards of protection for different intellectual property rights. Each of the WTO members, particularly the developing and the least developed countries, requires to modify their legislation to bring them in conformity with the Agreement‘s standard. The agreement provides for transitional period of eleven years for developing and least developed countries (i.e. up to January 2006) and five years for developed countries. Bangladesh has laws covering patents, industrial designs, trade marks, copyrights and related rights. The Patent and Industrial Design laws are administered by Patent Office which is under the Ministry of Industry. The Trade Marks Office which administers Trade Marks Law is also under the Ministry of Industry. The responsibility of administering the copyright laws is left with the Copy Right Office which works under the Ministry of Cultural Affairs. In consideration to the minimum standard warranted by the WTO, significant changes would have to be made in the existing national legislation to bring them in conformity with the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement. Patents need to be provided to plants and plant verities under patent law. Provision is needed for protection of geographical indications and computer programs. Besides, legislation may have to be adopted to provide protection for lay out design of integrated circuits for which there is no protection at present. The existing machinery of patent is constrained by resources, manpower, skill and techniques. It is in no way capable to serve the standards in conformity with the TRIPS agreement. In addition to improving the efficiency of the offices to process applications and to deal with the intellectual property rights it would be necessary to give consideration as to how the enforcement of rights could be improved. The agreement lays considerable emphasis on enforcement and provides that a member country could request for consultations in the WTO. World Trade Organization: Implications for Bangladesh As like many least developed countries the transition to TRIPS standard is indeed a challenging task for Bangladesh. In the process of maintaining the minimum standard for patents and other rights, prices of relevant product would increase depriving some consumers of the consumption and affecting the WTO goal of promotion of living standard. Stronger protection will make it difficult for Bangladesh‘s industries to use through reverse engineering and other means of technology developed by foreign companies who hold the patent rights. The reverse engineering is the commonly used technology for small and medium size enterprises in Bangladesh. Under the TRIPS provision they would have to pay for the patent rights to foreign firms and therefore the sector would have to pay for patent rights of plant and plant varieties. This would result in foreign multinationals getting patents for varieties of seeds and plants used in local production. In view of our agricultural getting patents for varieties of seeds and plants used in local production, In view of our agricultural sector being in its subsistence level it would be a real threat. The Agreement however provides an alternative under the provision of the International Union of the Protection of New Varieties of Plant (UPOV). Under the system, the patented seeds or variety can be used without authorization from the right holder by farmers for their own use and for research purposes. Of course, this would not apply in case of commercial agricultural production. This is a common problem for least developed countries, for what, they should be united to force the WTO for certain exemptions for the sake of survival of agricultural sector. Foreign Direct Investment and TRIM There are some orthodox measures adopted by governments to attract and regulate foreign investment in certain sectors under certain manner that include fiscal incentives, tax rebates and provision of land on preferential terms. Government makes efforts to encourage investment according to national priorities by means of technological choice or utilization of local resources in terms of local content requirement. Use of tariffs and quantitative restrictions to encourage local industries is another example. Such conditions have adverse effects on trade and are known as TRIMs.. The TRIMs Agreement was negotiated in the Uruguay Round and prohibits countries from using TRIMs that are considered to be inconsistent with GATT rules. In consideration to ensure the Journal of Business Studies, Vol. xxi, No. 2, December 2000 28 goal of attracting FDI, Bangladesh had been committed to ensure most congenial investment climate since quite a few years. In consequence, Bangladesh does not have TRIMs at present that are prohibited under the agreement. The Agreement provides transitional periods for elimination of prohibited treatment of two years for developed countries and five years for developing countries and seven years for transitional economies 5. It should be mentioned that most of the developed countries followed such measures during their pretake–off and take–off stages of growth. The economy of Bangladesh is still going through such stages. Most industries are still in their infancy for what these are the right measures traditionally known as infant industry arguments. The economy does not afford such luxuries of liberalization. This leads to the common crisis of unemployment in many developing countries of the South. It had been observed that despite the process of TRIM liberalization, very few developing economies were capable of attracting capital flows of developed countries. Countries facing severe economic crisis in consequence of TRIM liberalization should be allowed some extent of protections that do not distort global capital flows. An associated consideration can be the stage of economic development, a country belongs to, rather than equal treatment for all the economies in general. In fact, academics questioned the relevance of a multilateral framework of investment to the core issue of trade. Some of them suggested that two–track approach may be a better one, where the WTO continues discussions on trade issues, whereas investment issues are discussed at a different forum. Based on statistical evidence, some of them opined that such an agreement was neither necessary for developing countries to increases investment flow (because it is the market size that matters) nor for transnational companies as they have access to political leaders for what they do not feel for investment rules as such. It raises the question whether WTO takes wrong issues at the expense of poverty and unemployment of developing countries. WTO : Global Considerations The USA actively entered into the WTO in 1995. Before that she had kept herself apart from the active participation in the GATT because of its reservation about 5 Ibid. World Trade Organization: Implications for Bangladesh the prospects of the GATT. It is evident from the Seattle Meet that the member countries are sharply divided into two parts – one led by the developed countries like USA and EU and the other led by the LDCs. The problems seem to be culminated in the future and may cause a threat to the survival of the WTO itself unless it is addressed in the right manner i.e. keeping in focus the unique conditions of the individual member country. The nature of conflicts and contradictions between this two warring parties are illustrated below in brief. Status of developed and developing countries in WTO International trade and investment flows have increased more rapidly than world GDP over last two decades for what GATT efforts are often focused. The rapid growth of international transactions has sometimes been referred to as ‘globalization‘ with a deliberate attempt to ignore the fact of increased inequality and unemployment. Even then, researchers argued that globalization has not contributed to overall world growth, but only benefited a small number of countries, while many others have failed to reap the benefits. In other words, globalization process contains an in–built bias that leads to a concentration of trade and investment flows and greater inequality. Africa‘s share of world export, for example, was half its 1985 level in 1996. Latin America has lost 14 per cent of its share during the same period, where as Western Europe increased its share of world trade by 11 per cent during the same period. As for FDI, the figures suggest similar state of affairs; nine developing countries receive 41 per cent of total FDI to developing countries in 1993 where as they represent only 17 per cent of developing countries‘ GDP. These figures exclude China, which represents 40 per cent of developing countries total inflows. Similar inference can be drawn in the context of Bangladesh. The rates of liberalization had increased from 17 per cent in 1985 to 28 per cent in 1998 with doubled trade deficit over the period. Such a problem of least developed countries being deprived of the benefits of globalization is called ‘marginalization‘. The vast majority of developing countries have very little real say in the WTO system. Many lack the financial and human resources to adequately participate, even in the formal meeting, let alone the informal meeting to which they are invited. Sometimes pressure may also be exerted on selected developing Journal of Business Studies, Vol. xxi, No. 2, December 2000 countries to get them to go along the decision or position which they have originally opposed. Especially vulnerable are the developing countries that are indebted to WIMF and World Bank. As a result, the decisions and agreements at the WTO tend to be biased against developing countries‘ interests. The unfairness of the situation was highlighted at the Singapore Ministerial Conference. ‘New issues‘ of investment, competition and government procurement did not enjoy consensus (and were in fact opposed by many developing countries) found their way into the Ministerial via a small ‘informal group‘ set up during the Ministerial. Evidently, the Ministers of most developing country members were not invited to participate in the samll–group negotiations that produced the key points of the Ministerial Declaration. The rationale usually put forward (for example by the Director–General at the Singapore Ministerial) that for the ‘sake of efficiency‘ only a few countries can be invited to negotiate, is unacceptable. The decisions at the WTO are too important to be ‘rushed through‘, and instead should arise out of well–considered discussions where every member (big or small, weak or strong) has opportunities to effectively express its opinions. The undemocratic and non–transparent nature of this process is in stark contrast to the image of equal participation by all members through consensus that the WTO tries to focus. Up to now, the public in TWO member countries have been kept in the dark about the negotiations, and public knowledge even about the existing agreements and their effects is most inadequate. As India stressed on greater participation and opinion building by mass people including business communities, other professionals and academics to come forward and suggest the least developed countries regarding their course of action, it is largely constrained by inadequate information particularly during the most crucial Uruguay Rounds and continued in the 2nd Ministerial. Should the same mistake be made during the 2001 ministerial, then credibility and legitimacy of the WTO system will suffer an even bigger blow. In the 2nd Ministerial Meet of the WTO last year, Bangladesh said that the meet should seriously address the problem of marginalization. During the same meet the uninvited United Nations Secretary General called for a similar mission in that “The challenges of the globalization, particularly that of avoiding the marginalization of the weaker members of the international community must be 31 World Trade Organization: Implications for Bangladesh addressed by the WTO“. The message invokes a united stand for the developing nations to resist the crisis in consequence of the dominance of the West in WTO. Observers suggest the outcome of second Ministerial Meeting of May 1998 could have been worse. Both Africa and Pakistan along with the support of other least developed countries asserted for a greater commitment to the issue of implementation that the final declaration failed to reciprocate. Although no new issues were adopted (except the non–binding declaration on duty free treatment for goods and services traded electronically which was proposed by the United States), at the end, the real focus of the meeting became the new agenda of opening up more. As the African diplomat pointed out that it is clear that the US and Europe want to add in more issues and that may even cause more instability to the developing world, for example issues of investment, government procurement, competition policy, trade and environment. The way United States managed the second Ministerial to get its proposal on electronic commerce at the last minute demonstrates the power of the US in the organization. The opposition was quite strong in the argument that asking for tax–free status for things transmitted through electronic means has many implications. The benefits will almost exclusively accrue to corporations of the developed countries whose aim is increasing market access through the move. The fact that the next Ministerial meet is going to be held in Qater where demonstration is highly unlikely as was the case in Seattle, makes it even more likely that the implementation and marginalization issues will be pushed aside further and the US and Europe will try to bring new issues to be agreed for negotiations. It should be recalled that GATT failed to have the institutional setup of the WTO until the United States wanted GATT to have an institution of its own that must not be a argument to use WTO as a marketing agent of the North in the South. The Nature of Debate in Ministerial Meet It is well evident by now that the WTO initiated golbalization contributed to greater inequality between developed countries and developing countries and in particular failed to resolve the crisis commonly faced by the least developed countries. Despite the fact majority of the 132 members being the developing countries in the WTO, in recent ministerial meets, had been observed in an unhealthy dominance by the “quad” of the United States, the European Union, Journal of Business Studies, Vol. xxi, No. 2, December 2000 Japan and Canada. The third Ministerial Meeting was going to be held in Seattle, United States, on 30 November to 3 December 1999. The European Union, backed by Japan, Canada and other developed nations, have announced to launch a new comprehensive ‘Round‘ of trade negotiations at this meeting under the glamorous term ‘the Millennium Round‘. Developing countries are against such new Round. Their position is that the WTO should allow developing countries the time and space to tackle the problems of implementation of the existing Agreements. The three issues that should especially worry developing countries are investment, competition policy and government procurement. If there is a new Round, it could lead to new WTO Agreements on these topics. On the investment issue, the rich countries are pushing to introduce new rules that makes it mandatory for all WTO countries to give foreign investment the right to regulate the entry of foreign investors. This includes not only long term direct investment but also short term investment. This implies the flow in the stock market that evidently was the reason behind the stock market crash in Dhaka in 1997 and in future, we have to accept such a shock because the government would be ceased of regulating such capital flows. If such an agreement were to be passed within the WTO, developing countries would no longer be able to give preferences or protection to local investors even for time being during their infancy. On competition policy, the European Union is advocating a new agreement against domestic laws or practices in developing countries that favor local firms, on the ground that this is against free competition. By implication, if there are policies that give importing or distribution rights to local firms or if there are practices among local firms that give them superior marketing channels, these are likely to be banned. Developing countries argue that only if local firms and agencies are given certain advantages that they can remain viable. If these smaller enterprises were treated on par with foreign conglomerates enjoying large–scale economies, the consequence in developing countries would be further deprival and unemployment. It had been argued that the aim of the ‘quad‘ in WTO appears to be centered on protecting the rights of foreign investors, rather than ensuring the flow of investment into the developing countries. 33 World Trade Organization: Implications for Bangladesh Under the issue of government procurement, the aim of the rich countries is to bring government spending policies, decisions and procedures of all member countries under the umbrella of the WTO. Rich countries have a two–stage plan for the issue; firstly, to have an agreement only to bring in greater transparency in government procurement; and secondly, to have a broader agreement that would cover the national treatment principle. By an implication, Bangladesh government would not be allowed to exert certain criteria to screen projects of gas exploration unless foreign firms are satisfied with the outcome or the way it had been dealt. The agreement would provide industries of only developed countries with a marketing opportunity as developing countries have very limited capacity for supply of goods for government procurement in developed countries. Yet another is the United States proposed electronic commerce to have an agreement for zero duty for indefinite period. The pressure violates sectional treatment and imposes special rule for a certain type of communication media. The proposal addresses itself not to any particular goods and services sector; it is targeted, rather, at a specific mode of conduction commercial transaction in goods and services. It therefore opens an entirely new chapter in the scope of work of the WTO. It does not appear to be desirable when so many subjects of the past have to be addressed by the system already strained by the load. What is much more relevant is that the country making the proposal has not so far placed any offer on the table as a reciprocal concession in return for zero duty on electronic commerce. In the usual GATT/WTO practice, the country should make some offers of elimination its duties on some products of interests of others. In fact, the developing countries may themselves ask the United States to eliminate its duties on products of their interest. In case of Bangladesh, this provides an ample opportunity to negotiate the quota restrictions of the United States on certain items of ready–made garments. Right now it is totally one sided affair which appears very infair and un-GATT like. Thus instead of asking the developing countries to agree to continue the zero duty, the proponent country should make its reciprocal offer and only then negotiations can take place. For developing countries, in fact, there is a good rationale for imposing entry taxes on such transactions. Journal of Business Studies, Vol. xxi, No. 2, December 2000 In any case, what is important for developing countries is to be united at first keeping in mind that they are the majority, and should convince the developed nations that it is time enough to review the impact of the agreements already made. The WTO should address the crisis of the millennium in the fact of marginalization as a direct impact of globalization. Conclusion Economic liberalization in Bangladesh was characterized by the World Bank–IMF sponsored Structural Adjustment Program. In consequence, the economy is well placed in terms of compliance with the WTO regulations. The liberalization index increased from 21 per cent in 1988–89 to 28 per cent in 1998–99. Tariff reduction had been done more than that done in neighboring countries. Just like a typical least developed country, the economy of Bangladesh fails to benefit from globalization. The experience demonstrates marginalization. Trade deficit increased, inequality increased, unemployment increased, foreign capital inflow decreased and inflation increased. Compliance with the WTO agreements appears to be costly for the economy. The present paper made an attempt to reveal the standing of Bangladesh both in references to domestic policies that assumed WTO regulations as inevitable, as well as, the participation in the context of global debates on WTO where Bangladesh like a typical LDC argues against the crisis of “marginalization“. The two phases may appear to have certain inconsistencies but can duly be rationalized by being realistic. Inward looking policy aims at structural changes as warranted by the WTO. Constraints of funds had not been acute as the WTO provides the primary costs. It is imperative that such provision will not last long. Once the structural change is made the economy would have to provide these costs through sustainable development. That certainly would create some burden for the poor economy. Besides these primary costs, the paper revealed immense consequences of secondary nature. To assess the effects financially was not possible. The economy as a whole is not prepared to face global competition. Certain domestic resources need protection that the WTO needs to be convinced. Import liberalization constrained our annual export earnings to provide for three months‘ imports. Neither the IMF–World Bank, nor the WTO would provide the World Trade Organization: Implications for Bangladesh imports of the rest of the year. The golden age of jute is long over. That of ready made garments would be gone by 2005 in compliance with the WTO rules. No perspective plan to confront the crisis had been observed. Long run preparations are urgently warranted to salvage the economy once been taken under the WTO umbrella. Observations suggest the umbrella would predominantly protect the western multinational companies. Certain skepticism as to its effectiveness to protect LDCs seems justified. Bibliography: Bhagirath Lal Das, The WTO Agreements: Deficienceis, Imbalances and Required Changes, Third World Network, Malaysia, 1999. Carlos Correa, Implementing the TRIPs Agreement, Third World Network, Penang, Malaysia, 1999. Kevin Watkins, Free Trade and Farm fallacies, The Ecologists, Vol.6, No.6, Nov/Dec. 1996. Martin Kohr, Macroeconomic policies that affect the South‘s agriculture, Third World Resurgence, No. 100/101, 1999. Bhagirath Lal Das, The ‘Big Bang‘ in Agriculture, Third World Resurgence, No. 100/101, 1999. pp. 21 - 23. Chatravarthi Reghavan, India calls for a ‘market–plus‘ approach to agriculture, Third World Resurgence, No. 100/101, 1999. pp. 19–20.

• ‘High Cost Of Living Sending People To Graves’ • ‘All We Can See Are Hunger, Massacre, Tribalism, Looting’ • Lament Failure To Stop Killings, Kidnapping • Seek End To ASUU Strike Nigerians from across the country are lamenting the hardships in the land, crying out for urgent measures by the government at all levels to mitigate their suffering which they said was becoming intolerable. They warned that failure to genuinely tackle the myriad of difficulties and deprivation the citizens are suffering could inflict dire consequences on the country in no time. Those who spoke to The Guardian listed mass killing of innocent and defenceless Nigerians in their homes, places of worship, farms, offices and on the roads by terrorists, herdsmen and bandits; unabated kidnapping of citizens everywhere; extremely high cost of living; undermining of the education system; rising tax burden on citizens and businesses; perennially poor electricity supply amid frequent hike in tariff and decay infrastructure among the challenges making life unbearable for the people. In Abia State, some residents said they were fed up with the situation in the country, urging President Muhammadu Buhari-led Federal Government to urgently address the sufferings of the people. To them, the government has not been reactive enough to the allegations that kidnappings, killings and other atrocities in parts of the country are being perpetrated by herdsmen and foreigners who were imported into Nigeria, dressing and disguising as military and police personnel. They believe that the Federal Government has not acted appropriately when it was disclosed that these terrorists operate from known bushes and forests. The Abia residents queried why the military and other security agents have not been directed to undertake combing of the bushes and forests with the support of the communities to dislodge the criminals. They attributed the food crisis in the country to the insecurity that has threatened farming activities, and non-mechanisation as well as inaccessibility to farms due to bad roads. The Abia people urged the government to encourage farmers by making land available for farming, procuring inputs for them, granting them loans and providing post-harvest storage/ preservation facilities. They decried the lingering strike by the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU), wondering why the government has allegedly become unwilling or incapable of addressing the causes of the industrial action by im implementing the agreement it signed with the university teachers. In Ibadan, Oyo State capital, some residents lamented what they described as pernicious and parlous state of the country, with the cost of living soaring and becoming unbearable for them. In different interactions with The Guardian across major markets and business outfits, the residents expressed displeasure over the myriad of challenges plaguing the most populous nation in Africa. Miss Adebobola Agbeja, the Executive Director, The Young and Women Initiatives, said: “The whole thing is frustrating. It makes people want to give up. That is why people, especially the youths, are leaving the country in droves. This situation of poor or no power supply, good roads, security, jobs and other amenities is sad. You still have to cope with the dollar rate to naira soaring. The environment is not conducive for business. The cost of production is skyrocketing. That is why the sustainability of businesses is low. This is all about leadership. Unfortunately the country lacks good leadership. We need good leaders to reset Nigeria.” A human rights lawyer, Rashidat Adesina said: “These myriad of challenges are parts of the bigger problems in the country. Nothing is actually working in Nigeria. The country is at the crossroads. The ruling class has shown that it is not capable of leading this country and solving the problems bedevilling it. Unless we push them out, the country will remain the same and we will keep on lamenting.” To a political leader, Abiodun Bamgboye, it is the manifestation of failure of the ruling class. “It further demonstrates that the problems cannot be tackled by the capitalist system, which is using the higher chunk of the nation’s revenue to service debt. The leaders have brought the parasitic system to inflict pains and hardship on the citizens. “The way out is to vote out the capitalist government and enthrone the socialist government that will work for the good of the workers and poor masses.” A housewife in Ibadan, Mrs Chidinma Emmanuel, lamented that the whole system is hard and frustrating. “People are living in penury and abject lack. Honestly, the country is hard. It is frustrating. Power supply is poor. Poverty is pervasive. Joblessness has become ubiquitous. Added to all these is pervading insecurity which makes people to live in fear. “They should improve on all those things. Also, we should vote another set of people in who will improve the country.” A car dealer at Dekk Auto in Oke-ado, Ibadan, Samoan Adebayo, said he had been struggling to continue the business due to the high cost of clearing goods. “The cost of clearing was N500,000 before but now it has increased to N1.2 million, which has really affected sales compared to when things were not expensive. Now, the price is very high which makes it difficult for people to purchase cars.” He urged the government to find solutions to the issues affecting the economy. Halimah Yusuf said as a business owner, she needed more electricity than anything. “The fact that we have light less than 48 hours a week is disturbing. Depending on fuel to run a business is even worse now because of the way scarcity and price keep fluctuating. So I have to pay people to do what I can do myself if there is no light, which increases my cost of production and reduces my profit. “Everyone can feel the present state of insecurity. You never know if you’re at the right place at the wrong time. We are living in fear of the unknown. One minute you’re alerted that life and property are lost to one form of terrorist attack and in another minute, a stray bullet can hit you and that’s the end. Even the ones that should ensure security make things worse. You can’t feel safe around an officer of the law. “The cost of living is also unbearable. How do you expect someone who earns the minimum wage to afford two meals per day with the way prices of food items increase every minute. It’s sickening. As at 2019, we used to buy one kg of gas for N300. Now that same kg is N850. A whopping N500 increase in less than three years! Even Garri is now a rich man’s meal. That’s how terrible prices are. Spaghetti that was N200 before is now N450. And it can’t even feed a family. ” She added that the high cost of feeding has affected the rate at which people can get alleviated from poverty. “Because how do you even save anything when food takes it all? I feel like Nigeria isn’t working. I feel like anyone who thinks this country has plans for its citizens is just in delusion. There’s barely any good news about the country these days. Everything is terrible and sad and the government has taken the people as its enemy.” A retired senior civil servant in Kebbi State, Alhaji Issa Koko, said President Buhari should urgently reverse and streamline the inflation rate, especially as it affects food items across the country. Koko expressed dismay over the high rate of goods in the country, lamenting that the change in prices has led to collapse of some marriages. He also condemned the four-month-old ASUU strike, urging the leadership of the union and the Federal Government to resolve their impasse to reduce some criminal behaviour of the students. A former Kebbi State All Progressives Congress (APC) spokesman, Alhaji Sani Dododo appealed to the government to control prices of food items for the masses to be able to feed themselves. “People are suffering and frustrated. The government needs to do something urgently in reducing the hardships in the country,” he said. In Lagos, a legal practitioner, Mr. Charles Aguguesi, said: “The country has continued to exist in a very bad way and has lost all the moral instructions that it was known for. Parents now teach their children how to steal from public coffers and commit all manner of crimes. “Hunger in the land has been so heightened that people kill fellow human for peanuts. The prices of foods and services are going up every day. For instance, on Monday, I went to buy my beverages and food drinks. The Milo refill pack that I used to buy for N2, 700 now sells for N2, 900 and that is when you find it because they have stopped producing 900gm. Instead, the manufacturer produces 800gm in place of the former 900gm. “Also, bakers in Lagos complained about the high cost of raw materials for bread baking and other groceries. They lamented that they could not transfer the cost to the end-users, yet the prices of bread and other groceries have gone up. “How did it happen? In the end, they added the cost for the consumers and still reduce the quantity of the bread. The bread used to sell for N400, and from there, it got to N450 and now it is N500. Yet the size is less than what it used to be. “My family likes bread and it cost me a lot to buy bread in the house now. I spend over N1, 500, every day on bread alone because it must not be missing in the house. It is tough this time. I am tired of this country called Nigeria where people are educated but are still illiterates. “Election is around the corner and people are still talking about bringing dead woods and criminals to rule the living in a country that is dead already. I’m fed up with this country. “I have never thought of travelling abroad but now, travelling out of this country has become the hallmark of everything I do. I am tired of this country. It’s sad that Buhari wasn’t what we thought he was. So sad.” A father of four, Mr. Gibson Okon, who is a graduate transporter, lamented that prices of petroleum products have gone up unprecedented, especially engine oil, which he said affects him mostly. “I am 45 years old today but I am yet to know what this country represents. All that I can see are hunger, wanton killings, tribalism, jungle justice, crimes, looting and a high-profile crime against the people. “At a point, I had the high hope that the country would be better in my own time but seeing what played out in the APC and Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) primary elections this year, I felt there is no hope for the country. There is a lot of evil and impunity taking place in this country without anybody questioning them. “Buhari has messed up this country big time and all that he has done, is more damage than good. Whatever you buy at the market, the price will not be the same again when you go back. “How has our election become so commercialised? How possible is it that criminals are now the people ruling the non-criminals? Political thieves are everywhere. The engine oil I used to buy in small bottle water containers for N500 is now N1000. I don’t see any hope for the country.” Residents of Imo State, who spoke to The Guardian, lamented what they referred to as “unbearable hardships and insecurity.” They essentially complained about the killing of their loved ones by gunmen and security operatives, high cost of foodstuff and other items and hike in intra and inter-city fares, calling for quick intervention of the government at all levels to ameliorate their sufferings. According to a social commentator and proponent of good governance, Duru Daniels, many people have been consigned to one meal per day. “Under the present administration, Nigerians have suffered more than ever before. People now find it difficult to buy what they need to eat. They hardly can afford the school fees for their children. Many innocent citizens have been killed by gunmen. Go to Orlu, you can hardly find any young man there. They have all run away because of the rate of killings going on there. “This is not the democracy we all yearned for. These have to stop now. The large military personnel brought in by the state governor cannot solve the problem. The issue is that people are suffering and they want food on their tables. They want good governance. Till this moment, the strike by ASUU is still going on almost five months and no end in sight. This is ridiculous,” Daniels lamented. Geo Akubi, an artisan, in his lamentation, said he found it difficult to feed his family of three children and wife. His words: “Things are too difficult more than before. Prices are too high in the market. One can hardly buy foodstuff. You will be there watching your children crying from hunger. We eat once or twice nowadays. We are begging our leaders to help us. Nigeria, we are told, is the giant of Africa. Intra-city transport is now N150. Where lies the giant in it now?” A resident of Orlu, where insecurity and killings are allegedly more perpetrated, Johnson, piqued that the younger ones have run away to the bushes and other villages for fear of the killings and wanton destruction of property by gunmen and security personnel. “We are asking the governor of Imo State to withdraw the military they deployed everywhere in Orlu. They are not sparing people. Everywhere is deserted in the area. No economic activities going on there. People have run away, especially, the youths. Before 4 or 5 p.m., everyone has gone to bed. For how long will this persist? We are suffering a lot,” he said. A retired public servant in Osun State, Olayemi Adeola described the level of insecurity and increasing cost of living in the country as ridiculous and frustrating. He said that even as a senior citizen, escalating cost of commodities, electricity, petrol and gas had compounded his meagre income. “I now find it difficult to make ends meet due to the ugly situation. My brother, I don”t know how we can continue with the rising prices of goods. We have decided to stop the use of gas, what my family does is to change to charcoal for cooking in the house, and funny enough, the price of the commodity has also gone up. We cannot afford the half bag we used to buy, we have resorted to buying it in smaller quantity.” The retired official said he bad abandoned the little farming he does to augment the family income because of Fulani herdsmen who attack and kidnap farmers in their farms. A notable politician who craved for anonymity lamented that the naira has lost its value in view of the situation whereby people spend so much to get little quantity of goods in return. According to him, the high cost of goods and services has always distorted the family budget He said the protracted strike by ASUU is worsening the economic challenges facing the family because two of his children in the university have been at home instead of attending to their studies. He said it was unthinkable that while the economy is in poor shape, Nigerians still don’t feel safe in their homes or while travelling. “I think the Federal Government should take frantic measures to revive the economy and tackle the worsening security challenges in the country.” A teacher, Reno Oguntoye, said high electricity bill had thrown her family into darkness for months. Staffers of the Ibadan Electricity Distribution Company had to disconnect their cable when the family could not meet up with payment of the high bill. “We struggle to sustain ourselves due to the high cost of living. We can no longer afford to eat regularly as we used to in the past.” National President of Rights and Anti-corruption Forum of Nigeria and Lead Activist of Young Nigerians Rights Organization, Ojie Victor Obianuju blamed the Federal Government for the high cost of living in Nigeria. Obianuju, a former intelligence officer of the International Human Rights Commission lamented that nothing is working in the country as “inflation is riding in high across the board.” “High times are here as things are not very easy for an average Nigerian because inflation has seriously set in without government putting in measures to check it”. According to him, inflation is going up but the government and private sector have failed to compensate it with increase in wages. The young activist expressed dismay that the government could turn its eyes away from the hardship Nigerians are going through without any move whatsoever to fix the economy. “The APC government has failed woefully. They came with a lot of hope, promising heaven and earth but done nothing. In fact, nothing is working in Nigeria today,” he declared Obianuju said the current hardship had pushed him to the wall to the extent that “I have to close my laundry and movie businesses since I couldn’t meet up with customers’ demand”. He therefore tasked government to wake up from it slumber and address the issue of insecurity, fix price for goods as well as “make electricity work for the masses before we found ourselves in the grave”. He also advised government to checkmate the spate of insecurity by giving approval to arms bearing by the citizens since it has failed to secure lives and properties of the people. For Marachin Oyendicahin, the country is really hard and nobody feels good about it. “A lot of people are suffering. I mean, the rich are also crying. Today in Nigeria, we are hard hit by the economy. In the market, prices of goods have increased drastically. It is the same with transportation, accommodation and what have you”. The young graduate said she was highly disoriented with the way things are in the country “because my salary no longer carry me, and I’m feeling very bad about it”. Oyendicahin advised the government to do the needful by working on the economy, providing jobs for the graduates and reducing the prices of goods for the comfort of average Nigerians. Residents of Taraba State prayed that irrespective of religious and political affiliations, God should give the country a leader after His heart. They said the prayer became necessary following the hike in prices of goods and services, and insecurity that have continued to give pains to the people. Citing how they have been going to bed with their eyes widely opened, the people of Taraba said they are now constantly on their kneels praying fervently for God’s intervention. According to them, both the haves and the have-nots have admitted that the country has never had it bad like it is under this administration. Even members of the APC who spoke to The Guardian in Taraba state, noted that the country under the current administration has been bedeviled with hardships. A chieftain of the party who would not want his name made public, said: “My brother, I must confess to you that we are all feeling the pain that this current administration has brought on us.” Both consumers and sellers at the various markets visited also have their sad stories to tell. They expressed concern over the current high prices of foodstuffs, cooking gas and accommodation, among others, urging the government to intensify measures to address the situation. “The situation is making life unbearable for the people. It has become so intense that an average family of four or five now requires double of the amount of money it used to take to feed in a month to feed the same number of members”. On insecurity, they stressed the need for the government at the centre to rise up to its responsibility and checkmate the activities of hoodlums. The state chairman of the Christians Association of Nigeria (CAN), Rev. Ishaya Magaji Jirapye, believed that the government at the centre is not doing enough to tackle insecurity. Some monarchs who also spoke to The Guardian felt sad that the state and the country at large have been taken over by bandits. On Thursday this week, the Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) announced plan to hold a one-day national protest to force the Federal Government to meet the demands of the striking university unions. According to the congress, the planned action is a result of the realisation that there is no progress in the negotiation between the Federal Government and ASUU, Senior Staff Association of Nigerian Universities, Non-Academic Staff Union of Universities and the National Association of Academic Technologists towards ending the industrial action that has kept university students out of school since February this year. At the opening of the National Executive Council meeting of the NLC in Abuja, the President, Ayuba Wabba directed that all the affiliate unions of the NLC should be notified of the planned nationwide protest next week.

This is the best Udemy The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks coupon code discount for 2022. So if you’re interested in Matt Wong’s “The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks” course, which will help you increase your Personal Development skills, get your discount on this Udemy online course up above while it’s still available. (The coupon code will be instantly applied.) The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks review for 2022 In our review of this course, we try to help you answer all of your most important questions about The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks as quickly and efficiently as possible, so that you can determine whether this online education training is worth your time and money. Feel free to jump to whatever question you want answered the most. Here’s what you’ll learn: Why use TDCOSRAT as an abbreviation of the course name? During our The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks course review, you might sometimes see us refer to it as TDCOSRAT for the following 2 reasons: - We created the acronym by taking the first letter of every word (which was very ingenious and innovative, we know) - We’re lazy and TDCOSRAT is simpler and easier for reviewing purposes The full course name is 60 characters long, including blanks, while TDCOSRAT is 8 characters long. You do the math. Okay, we’ll do the math. We’re saving 52 characters every time we use TDCOSRAT. So, just a heads up that we’ll be using this abbreviation sometimes, so you’re not left scratching your head and wondering what the heck we’re talking about whenever we refer to TDCOSRAT throughout the remainder of this review. Is the The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks course for you? To determine whether Matt Wong’s Udemy course is a good fit for you or not, ask yourself the following questions down below. The more you answer “yes” to each question, the more likely it is that you’ll like this course. Can you understand what Matt Wong’s course is about in 30 seconds or less? Hopefully, you can easily grasp in 10 seconds or less what this online course is about simply by taking a look at the title that Matt Wong chose for the course, “The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks”, as well as its subtitle: “Forget speed reading, learn how to SUPER READ and you’ll be consuming information faster than anyone you know.”. This combo of title and subtitle should be enough to communicate the purpose of the training if Matt Wong is a good, clear communicator (which, of course, you want in a teacher). In our opinion, if you still don’t know what TDCOSRAT is about after looking at these two things, then this is a red flag, and you might be better off not taking this class. Among other things, it means Matt Wong hasn’t clearly and accurately conveyed what the course is about and might not be the best teacher for you. For similar reasons, it’s important that you’re able to clearly understand what The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks is all about from the first few lines of the course description. So take just a few seconds to read the opening lines down below and see what you think of them. Opening lines of Matt Wong’s official description of TDCOSRAT —- Bonus lectures added on Wednesday 9th March 2016 —- Do you want to read faster? Would you like to absorb new information 5x faster? 10x faster? How about 100x? (Read more about this course on the official course page.) Does TDCOSRAT pass the 30 Seconds Test? You can read a lot more about The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks on the official course page on Udemy, but the point is this: are the title, subtitle, and just the first few lines of the description enough to help you understand what the course is about? If so, Matt W DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks appeal to you in 30 seconds or less? Now that you’ve done the 30 Second Test with TDCOSRAT above, what is your gut reaction to this Personal Development course with only the basic information of its title, subtitle, and the first few opening lines of its official course summary? Did Matt Wong do a good job conveying its subject matter, and did it immediately get your attention and appeal to you? If so, Matt W Matt Wong sound like a course instructor you’d like to learn from? You’ve already learned how to use The 30 Second Test to make a quick evaluation of whether the TDCOSRAT course is worth taking. We have a similar 15 Second Bio Test where you read only the first few lines of an instructor’s background — in this case, Matt W W Wong’s Udemy bio I founded and ran a high end medical clinic for 8 years in Sydney, Australia. We spearheaded the introduction of genomic testing to the public and publishing house Penguin Books commissioned a book documenting these exploits for release in 2015. (Learn more about this instructor on the official course page.) What did you think about Matt Wong after reading just the first few lines of the bio above? After reading just the first few lines about Matt Wong, did it make you more or less interested in taking the TDCOSRAT course? And did it make you feel like Matt Wong was more or less credible and qualified to teach The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks? Finally, overall, did you feel like you’d receive the proper training from the instructor of this Personal Development course? As always, we encourage you to listen to your gut instinct, which is different for every student. Are the TDCOSRAT lessons clear, specific, and organized well? Part of the (good) problem with Udemy’s online courses, such as the The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks course, is that the instructors are constantly updating them, including adding and renaming lessons. So it makes no sense whatsoever for us to list out all the modules and lessons in the TDCOSRAT course here, because you can just as easily go to the Udemy course page and get all the up to date course structure as of right now. We do, however, have some tips about reviewing Matt W DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks, as well as the course’s subtitle, Forget speed reading, learn how to SUPER READ and you’ll be consuming information faster than anyone you know.. If the section names and lessons are clear, specific, and relevant, then it’s a good sign that TDCOSRAT is potentially a good, useful course for you, and you can have more confidence in Matt Wong’s teaching abilities and lesson planning. On the other hand, if the module names are confusing, vague, or irrelevant, then this is a red flag, which might indicate that the program is worth skipping. Have you taken some free lessons from Matt Wong that you enjoyed? Have you already learned something from Matt Wong that you valued or enjoyed? For example, does the The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks TDCOSRAT lessons for free, have you perhaps watched a YouTube video by Matt Wong, or perhaps come across this instructor’s thoughts on Quora, Facebook, LinkedIn, Github, Reddit, or some other platform? Or have you perhaps even taken one of Matt Wong’s free courses or free webinars? (Many online teachers offer these freebies, which is a great way to get to know them and evaluate their teaching methods before buying one of their courses.) In any case, the more familiar you are with Matt Wong’s teaching methods, and the more you enjoy them, the more likely it is that The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks will be a good fit for you. (P.S.: We strongly encourage you to seek out some free instruction from Matt Wong before purchasing this course, since it’s one of the best ways to determine whether TDCOSRAT will be helpful for you.) Are “The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks” reviews generally positive? On the bottom of the TDCOSRAT page, you can read student reviews of the class. Prior to August 08, 2022, there were 2,773 students enrolled, 939 reviews / ratings, and it was overall rated 4.4 out of 5. Obviously, the more highly other students rate TDCOSRAT the better, but no matter what, keep an open mind when reading the reviews, since you might still like a course a great deal that other students dislike. After all, everyone’s got their own opinion. We recommend that you spend only a couple minutes scanning the TDCOSRAT reviews to get an overall sense of them. You don’t have to read each one! Is Matt Wong responsive to student questions in the TDCOSRAT training? You can see what other students have to say about this in their TDCOSRAT Wong a message through this system quite easily, even if you haven’t bought TDCOSRAT yet. For example, you could say, “Hi, and I came across TDCOSRAT DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks on your own, online? This is a big one, because The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks. Yes, you will be able to interact with the students and the teacher, Matt W TDCOSRAT make it worth your time? Ideally, if you’ve gone through the evaluation steps above, you have a list of positive things about the The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks training that looks something like this: - The purpose of TDCOSRAT can be clearly grasped and understood, and its lesson structure is clear, specific, and well organized - Matt Wong is well qualified to teach this subject matter, has good teaching abilities, and is responsive to student questions - Other TDCOSRAT students have great things to say about the program Other benefits include: - You get to go through TDCOSRAT at your own pace - You join a community of 2 TDCOSRAT would be worth your time, even if there are some things that could be better about it? Can you comfortably afford TDCOSRAT? Can you comfortably afford the cost of The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks? This is an important question to answer, because even if you think TDCOSRAT TDCOSRAT DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks? By far, the easiest way to get the best and biggest discount on this course is to use the The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks discount code link at the top of this page. It will instantly give you the best coupon code we could find for Matt Wong’s online training. We don’t believe there’s a bigger discount than the one we provided, but if for some reason you’d like to try find one, you can use the methods below to hunt for the best TDCOSRAT course coupons and promo codes you can find. FYI, the methods below will help you not just with getting TDCOSRAT for a better price, but also with any other Matt Wong Udemy course that you’d like to get for cheaper. How can Google help you get a TDCOSRAT discount? To use this method, do a Google search for the TDCOSRAT training, but in your search query, be sure to add words like coupon code, promo code, deal, sale, discount, and Udemy. For example, you might do a search for “Udemy The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks promo code” or “The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks udemy coupon codes” and see what turns up. Similarly, you can use the same combination of search terms with Matt Wong’s name and see what happens. For example, you might do a Google search for “Matt Wong Udemy coupons” or “Matt Wong course coupon codes” and see if that helps you. However, in general, it’s far more powerful to do a search for deals and coupon codes with the actual training’s name, than with the instructor’s name. So in this case, for example, prioritize searches for “The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks coupons” rather than “Matt Wong coupons”. How can a Udemy sale get you TDCOSRAT TDCOSRAT for this cheaper Udemy sale price one day. The problem is that these sales only occur sporadically, so you might be waiting for a while. Also, if Matt Wong decides not to participate in the site wide sale, then you won’t get a discount on TDCOSRAT, even though you could get a great discount on almost any other class at Udemy! To understand this, think of there as being two different coupon categories for the TDCOSRAT TDCOSRAT discount from Matt Wong? If you’re really serious about getting “The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks” for the cheapest price possible, then perhaps one of the most powerful things you can do is get a coupon code straight from Matt Wong, instead of waiting for a Udemy sale. To do this, you can use either the direct approach or an indirect approach to try to get your discount. With the direct approach, the big idea is to simply get Matt Wong’s contact info in some way or another (whether it’s email, or Twitter, or whatever else). Then you send a message saying something like “I’m interested in enrolling in The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks. Do you happen to currently have an active coupon code for it that I could use?” (And then, hopefully, you’ll get a reply with your discount code.) On the other hand, with the indirect approach, you join Matt Wong’s mailing list, if you can find it, and then you hope that at some time TDCOSRAT will be promoted to you at a discount. By far, the more powerful approach is the direct approach, because it tends to get results faster. But you can experiment with the indirect approach and see if it works for you. Can you get TDCOSRAT for free? Of course, the best possible price for the TDCOSRAT training is free! As in, you pay no money whatsoever. And guess what? Sometimes Udemy instructors provide coupon codes that enable students to take their courses for free. So, perhaps it’s possible that Matt Wong has done this. Basically, if you’re trying to get this program for free, you will want to search for the course’s name along with other words like free coupon, or 100 off coupon. For example, you might do a google search for “The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks free coupon” or “The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks Wong has offered free coupons for TDCOSRAT in the past, the odds are likely they will all be currently expired. This is a common pattern that we have found. What about a TDCOSRAT free download? It’s important to understand that there’s a difference between getting full access to the TDCOSRAT training for free legally with a free coupon code vs. finding a way to download TDCOSRAT illegally. If you really want to go the download route, you can do a google search for something like “The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks download”. And if that doesn’t get you the results you want, you can add the word “free” to your search. For example, perhaps you could do a google search for “The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks free download”. However, even if you get some results from these searches, we do not recommend that you take this course of action. First of all, there are some shady sites out there that could be trying to infect your computer. Second, Matt Wong created this course and deserves monetary compensation for it. And third, if you go the free download route, you’ll be missing out on a lot of value, because you won’t be able to ask the instructor questions or interact with the other 2,773 students enrolled in the program. Can you get a refund on The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks if you don’t like it? Let’s say that you used our tips above, and you were able to buy the TDCOSRAT training at a fantastic discounted price. So at this point, you’re super excited. Then, you actually dive into Matt W TDCOSRAT no matter what. And this means there is absolutely no risk. Indeed, even if you left a super negative, critical review on the TDCOSRAT training, and then asked for your money back, you’d get a refund. For better or worse, there’s nothing Matt Wong could do about it, since it is simply Udemy policy. To sum it up: yes, you can get a full refund, so at the end of the day, don’t worry about the possibility of purchasing TDCOSRAT and not liking it, since you can always get your money back. What is OCP’s overall rating of The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks? During this TDCOSRAT TDCOSRAT training, the instructor, Matt Wong, and reading what other students have said about this program, we give it an overall rating of 4.9 out of 5. Ultimately, though, what matters most is what you would rate it based on the same criteria. What are some potential alternatives to The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks? If you like this course, you might also be interested in: 1. Certified Earth Angel Diploma Course. Are YOU an Earth Angel Start your journey of angelic self-discovery with this guide to life on Earth as an Earth Angel. Are YOU an Earth Angel? Taught by The Academy of Ancient Magik 2. CBT Cognitive Behavior Life Coach Certification: Accredited With CBT: Empower coaching clients to stop self-sabotage, reprogram their mind, master emotions & stop negative thinking Taught by Top Udemy Instructor with over 90,000 students 3. Humor Writing: How to Think, Write, Speak, and Be Funnier! Great for Writing & Public Speaking: Learn the Techniques Professional Humorists Use to Create Consistently Funny Comedy Taught by Travel Author / Writing and Personal Development Coach 4. SELF CONFIDENCE Build 100 X self confidence and self esteem Build 100 X Self Confidence: Self Esteem. Social Confidence. Avoid shyness. Manage criticism. Self confidence Taught by Passionate Instructor with actionable content 5. Marketing And Manipulation: A Consumer’s Guide Discover how Neuromarketing plays with subconscious triggers to make us buy more. Learn how to become immune to it Taught by Neurocognitive and Behavioral Expert TLDR: Just the quick facts about TDCOSRAT Okay, if all of this was Too Long Didn’t Read for you, here is the Cliff’s Notes version of what TDCOSRAT’s online training is all about: TDCOSRAT coupon & course info Course Name: The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks Subtitle: Forget speed reading, learn how to SUPER READ and you’ll be consuming information faster than anyone you know. Instructor: Taught by Matt Wong Category: Personal Development Subcategory: Productivity Provided by: Udemy Price: $14.99 (before discount) Free coupon code: Get Udemy coupon code discount at top of page (no charge for coupon, especially since we are compensated for referrals via affiliate marketing) TDCOSRAT review info & popularity Prior to August 08, 2022… Students: 2,773 students enrolled Ratings: 939 reviews Rank: ranked #193 in Udemy Personal Development Courses in Udemy Personal Development Courses Rankings tip: rankings change all the time, so even if The DEFINITIVE course on Speed Reading. All techniques+hacks is a bestseller or one of the top Udemy courses one year, it doesn’t mean it will be a top Udemy course the next year TDCOSRAT final details Languages: English Skill level: All Levels Lectures: 41 lectures lectures lessons Duration: 2 total hours hours of video What you get: Learn all the classic speed reading methods taught by other courses. Target audience: Want to learn speed-reading the easy (and modern) way? Requirements: You will need to install either Google Chrome or Firefox but we’ll cover that inside the course. Access: Lifetime access Peace of mind: 30 day money back guarantee Availability: available online, as well as on iOS and Android Download options: check course to see if you can download lessons

Photos of Michael Joyce's "afternoon, a story" The photos of Michael Joyce's afternoon, a story found in this chapter are copies Grigar owns and holds in her library in the Electronic Literature Lab. Of the 13 editons of the work, she is missing only three: the 1st (1987), 2nd (1989) and the 5th (1992). The first two of these are extremely rare, amounting to approximately 60 copies total. The photos of the rest of the editions provide detailed information about the way in which the work was presented over the years. 3rd Edition (1990) Folio, Front The folio is cream in color and made of vinyl. The ink printed on the front is a purplish maroon. "Afternoon" (not contained in quotes) is written across the top of the folio in the largest font. "by" is centered underneath it, followed by "Michael Joyce": Afternoon by Michael Joyce The Yoni symbol occupies the majority of the folio's front, contained in a rectangular box with a purple border. The box casts a drop shadow along its right and bottom edges. A lowercase "a" resides in the bottom left portion of the box. 3rd Edition (1990) Folio, BackAll ink printed on the back of the folio is maroon in color, and the folio itself is a light tan. "Afternoon" is printed in purple across the top in the largest font size (which again, is not contained within quotes.) Paragraph 1 A box with a purple border contains one of the most famous lines from the hypertext. Being the second largest font size on the back of the folio, it is written in italics and contained within quotes: "I want to say that I may have seen my son die this morning." Paragraph 2 A larger box with the same purple border as the first contains a summary of afternoon, a story, but in a significantly smaller font size: Michael Joyce's Afternoon is a pioneering work of literature, a serious exploration of a new hypertextual medium. It is neither a game nor a puzzle. Paragraph 3 Contained in the same box as paragraph 3 is a quote, in the same font size, written in italics and contained within quotation marks: "An important innovation in interactive narrative... Afternoon redefines the limits of its genre, suggesting that electronic fiction may be about to come into its own as a form of literature." — Stuart Moulthrop, Yale University Paragraph 4 In smaller text along the bottom of the box reads: For all Macintosh™ computers, models 512KE or above. Bottom Left The logo for Eastgate Systems, Inc. is printed at the bottom left of the folio, which is an image of a stone brick wall and entryway. Bottom Right Contact information is printed in the bottom right of the folio. Each line is written in a varying font size. The second line that reads "CIVILIZED SOFTWARE" is written in a different font than the rest of the text on the folio. Eastgate Systems, Inc. CIVILIZED SOFTWARE PO Box 1307 Cambridge MA 02238 (800) 562-1638 (617) 924-9044 4th Edition, (1992) Folio, FrontThe 4th Edition is packaged in a grey vinyl folio, printed in cyan ink. "Michael Joyce" is written across the top within a blue rectangle. Underneath, "afternoon, a story" is written haphazardly from left to right: afternoon, a story A yoni symbol printed in blue is situated center-left on the folio's front, with an "a" at the yoni's bottom-left side. A blue horizontal rule near the bottom of the folio separates the rest of the content, with eastgate's logo (a stone wall and entryway) aligned left and contact information aligned right: Eastgate Systems, Inc. CIVILIZED SOFTWARE PO Box 1307 Cambridge MA 02238 (617) 924-9044 (800) 562-1638 4th Edition (1992) Folio, BackThe back of the folio reads "Afternoon" across the top, overlaid on a blue rectangle. A black rectangular smudge covers the lower portion of the title's center. Underneath reads the famous line "I want to say that I may have seen my son die this morning", surrounded by two blue horizontal rules. Smaller text below reads as follows: Michael Joyce's Afternoon is a pioneering work of literature, a serious exploration of a new hypertextual medium. It is neither a game nor a puzzle. A quote from the NY Times Book Review is written in larger bold text is placed a third of the way down the folio, aligned center. The quote's source is aligned right: "The grandaddy of full-length hypertext fictions...a landmark" —Robert Coover NY Times Book Review Following are three more quotes, written in a significantly smaller font size. The quotes are aligned left, while the sources are aligned right. They comprise the rest of the folio: "Redefines the limits of the genre." —Stuart Moulthrop author of Victory Garden "An information-age Odyssey" —Pamela McCorduck The Whole Earth Review "Each reading of Afternoon breathes life into a narrative of possibilities, which momentarily obliterates the other possible... ghostly versions of reality." —Jane Yellowlees Douglas Writing On The Edge A sticker with a two bar codes and ISBN number has been placed in the bottom-left corner of the folio. Top and center of the label reads "AFTERNOON, A STORY". The ISBN number is written along the top of the bar code: "ISBN 1-884511-01-5". The bottom of the bar code reads "9 781884 511911". A second, shorter bar code is situated on the right side. Numbers above it read "51995". 4th Edition (1992) Folio, OpenThe folio's interior is the same grey color as its exterior. It contains a white floppy for Macintosh systems in its left sleeve, for the ©1992 version of afternoon, a story, and a paper instructional booklet in its right sleeve. The instructional booklet is comprised of white paper stapled together and folded down its center, printed in black ink. The front page reads "Afternoon, a story" in the top-right. Horizontal rules split the top, center, and bottom portions of the page. The left-hand side reads as follows: Afternoon, a story by Michael Joyce It's the connected stories of five people (who are themselves intertwined emotionally, sexually, professionally)... The richly nuanced characters come near and back away just as people do in life; banter, hide, make love, comment on one another, reveal and conceal...an information-age Odyssey. —Pamela McCorduck The Whole Earth Review A great triumph. I am stunned by the quality of the writing...The fragmentation of narration has the effect of a lamp moving behind darkened stained glass... I was stunned, enchanted, jealous, and inspired. —Sarah Smith author of King of Space Smaller text displays the copyright information: Afternoon ©1987 Michael Joyce-- All rights reserved. Storyspace and Readingspace ©1984-89 Jay David Bolter, Michael Joyce and John B. Smith The left-hand side shows the contact information: Published and distributed by Eastgate Systems, Inc. PO Box 1307 Cambridge, MA 02238 (800) 562-1638 +1 (617) 924-9044 The logo for Eastgate Systems, Inc. is printed in the bottom-right; a stone brick wall and entryway. 4th Edition (1992) Floppy DiskThe 3.5-inch floppy disk of the 4th Edition is contained in a white case. A label comprises the upper half of the disk. The top third of the label is maroon in color, with the words "CIVILIZED SOFTWARE" followed by "from Eastgate Systems, Inc." written underneath, in white and aligned center. The lower two thirds of the label is white. Any graphics or text written here are printed in the same maroon color as the upper third. The logo of Eastgate Systems, Inc. resides on the left side of the white space. The right side reads "Afternoon by Michael Joyce", aligned center: 6th Edition (1994) White Folio, FrontThe 6th Edition is packaged in a white cardboard folio, though now ivory with age. Its front is nearly identical to the blue one of that same edition. It is believed by Grigar that the white folio preceded the blue. This presentation shows: "MICHAEL JOYCE" printed in black with rectangles emanating from the folio's center, which are blue, "Afternoon, a story" is arranged haphazardly but with a capital "A" and in darker blue, and the quote from the Robert Coover in the New York Times Book Review is printed in black. Additionally, "ZUERN" is handwritten in black ink along the folio's left edge, signifying that the copy once belonged to John Zuern before he donated it to Grigar. In contrast with the folio's front, the back cover displays noticeable differences in design between the blue folio's. Photos of the author cascade down the left side in an alternating pattern with series of emanating blue rectangles. Unlike the design, the text has remained the same except for the capitalization of the word "Afternoon" a third of the way down the folio. The right side of the folio reads as follows in black ink: 6th Edition (1994) Folio, Back ".. blue horizontal rules contain "Afternoon, a story" printed in blue and written in the largest font size present on the back cover. Text directly underneath the title (and still contained within the rulers) quotes beneath the horizontal rulers say: ".. line separates the remaining content. "For Windows™ or Macintosh™" is written directly below it, with a circle placed before each platform listed. The Macintosh circle is filled in with a blue sticker, signifying that this is a Macintosh copy of afternoon, a story. "Requires | MB free RAM and a hard disk drive." is written to the right. The logo for Eastgate Systems, Inc. resides in the bottom-left corner of the folio. Directly to its right the area contains the company's contact information: Published by Eastgate Systems INC 134 Main Street Watertown, MA 02172 (800) 562-1638 (617) 924-9044 A series of ISBN numbers and two bar codes occupy the bottom-right corner of the folio. "ISBN 1-884511-01-5" is printed vertically to the right of the contact info for Eastgate Systems, Inc. A wide barcode resides to the right of this number; the ISBN is repeated across its top while a different string of numbers rests underneath: "9 781884 511011". A narrower barcode to the right has "90000>" printed across its top. 6th Edition (1994) Folio, OpenThe cardboard within the white folio has yellowed over time. The 1994 floppy and instructional booklet are contained in the right sleeve. The folio's left sleeve contains an advertisement for the Eastgate Quarterly Review of Hypertext in the top and copyright information in the bottom: to the Eastgate Quarterly Review of Hypertext A decorative separator-- two spindles pointing outwards with three circular shapes in the center-- divides the following text from the content above it: just $49.95 If you own this work, you're probably looking for more quality hypertext. The Quarterly is your only source for new work in serious hypertext. Issues include interactive poetry, fiction and non-fiction hypertexts, essays and criticism. Every issue includes hypertexts for the Macintosh platform; most also include hypertext for Windows as well. We like to think of it as (so far) the... "little literary magazine" for hypertext... Where else will you find anything like it... Save $29.85 by subscribing—better... 35% off the single issue price. Call or write us now to subscribe. Following a black horizontal break reads the copyright information: Afternoon, a story ©Copyright 1987 by Michael Joyce... Cover Photograph by Marcia Butterfield Jacket design by Eric Cohen Macintosh™ is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Windows™ is a trademark of Microsoft Corp. The logo for Eastgate Systems INC is positioned in the bottom-left corner; a stone brick wall and ornate entryway. Contact information is printed on the right: Eastgate Systems INC 134 Main Street, Watertown, MA 02172 (800) 562-1638 (617) 924-9044 The instructional booklet has the same design as the front of the cardboard folio, though the quote from the New York Times Review is absent. 6th Edition (1994) Floppy DiskThe floppy disk of the 6th Edition is contained within black casing. Its upper half is covered by a label. "CIVILIZED SOFTWARE" written above "from Eastgate Systems, Inc." is printed center-aligned over a dark red portion of the sticker. The other two-thirds of the label are white with dark red graphics and text. The logo for Eastgate Systems, Inc. is situated on the left-hand side. The right side reads: Michael Joyce Afternoon, a story "Afternoon" is written in a larger font size than the surrounding text. The lower left corner of the label contains an address: Eastgate Stystems, Inc. PO Box 1307, Cambridge MA 02238 The lower right corner displays two phone numbers: (800) 562-1638 (617) 924-9044 6th Edition (1994) Blue Folio, FrontAs mentioned previously, cardboard packaging was used for the 1994 editions. The front cover is cyan in color, with white-bordered rectangles emanating from the center outward. "MICHAEL JOYCE" is written in black across the top, center aligned, with the first name stacked above the last. A sideways photo of the author resides in the cover's center. "afternoon, a story" is printed in blue. While "afternoon," is placed at a slight angle ascending towards the right, "a story" is placed at a much more drastic angle, as if hinging off the end of the previous word. The bottom of the folio displays a quote from the New York Times Book Review, center-aligned in bold: —Robert Coover, New York Times Book Review 6th Edition (1994) Blue Folio, BackThe back of the cardboard folio is white, printed in cyan, black, and blue ink. The upper third of the folio contains three quotes about the piece, printed in black: ".. cyan horizontal breaks contain the work's title, "afternoon, a story", written in blue. The following paragraph printed in black ink more quotes follow the lower horizontal break: ".. break isolates the remaining content in the very bottom of the folio. The left-hand side reads "For Windows™ or Macintosh™", with a circle placed before each platform listed. The Windows circle is filled in with a blue sticker, signifying that this is the Windows copy of afternoon, a story. "Requires | MB free RAM and a hard disk drive." is written in the next line. The logo of Eastgate Systems, Inc. is placed below and center. On the left-hand side are a list of phone numbers, a fax number, an email address and a web url. The physical address is placed on the right: (800) 562-1638 (617) 924-9044 WEB Eastgate Systems INC 134 Main Street Watertown, MA 02172 USA Two bar codes are printed in the bottom-right side of the folio. "ISBN 1-884511-01-5" is printed above the first bar code, with "9 781884 511011" written at the bottom. "90000>" is placed above the second bar code. "ISBN 1-884511-01-5" is printed vertically to the left of both bar codes. 6th Edition (1994) Blue Folio, OpenThe folio's interior is white, with black and cyan ink. The grey floppy containing the 1994 version of afternoon, a story is placed in its right sleeve. The left-hand side of the folio reads as follows: ALSO BY MICHAEL JOYCE Twilight, A Symphony "There is nothing that has quite prepared us for the extraordinary beauty and fragility and intelligence at work in Michael Joyce's lyrical elegy, Twilight. He is one of the most exciting artists at work today in any medium." —Carole Maso, author of Ghost Dance and The Art Lover The long-awaited new hypertext novel by a master of the form. Eastgate Systems, requires CD-ROM $24.95 The War Outside Ireland Of this, his first novel, the San Francisco Review of Books wrote, "Michael Joyce is a writer with a talent for putting together... those day-to-day details which make up the dynamic of everyday life." Winner of the Great Lakes New Writers Award in fiction, Tinkers Dam Press, available from Eastgate (softcover) $9.95 Of Two Minds: Hypertext, Pedagogy, and Poetics This recent collection of essays brings together... of Joyce's thought on hypertext writing and... criticism and controversies, issues in hypertext, and... literature, teaching, computers and the mind. An essential work in the field. University of Michigan Press, available from Eastgate (hardcover) $29.95 A black horizontal break isolates the following: afternoon, a story Copyright © 1987 by Michael Joyce. All Rights Reserved. Cover art and documentation Copyright © 1996 by Eastgate Systems, Inc. All rights Reserved. Cover photograph: Marcia Butterfield. Jacket design by Eric Cohen. Macintosh™ is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Windows™ is a trademark of Microsoft Corp. Eastgate Systems' logo is placed underneath and center; a stone brick wall and entryway. Phone and fax numbers, an email, and a url are placed on its left, with the physical address on its right: (800) 562-1638 (617) 924-9051 WEB Eastgate Systems INC 134 Main Street Watertown, MA 02172 USA The right-hand side of the folio, Storyspace's logo is situated at the top, written in black script over cyan calligraphy. "The Future", "of", and "Writing" overlap the logo's left side, with each phrase contained within black rectangles with slanted edges. Below the logo and center reads "Hypertext Writing Evironment" in bold. The following text is split into two columns. The left-hand side is as follows: Storyspace is a hypertext authoring system. Just as a pencil or a word processor allow you to write traditional text, Storyspace gives you a way to write hypertext. Storyspace will help you... - write serious hypertextual nonfiction, fiction, and poetry - manage and link complex information— research notes, screen plays... - organize complex intellectual projects— dissertations, novels, business proposals... - prototype and create complexly linked Web sites Storyspace can also translate its hypertext into Web pages— so its powerful tools can help create complexly linked Web sites. The right-hand column contains a list of hypertextual works created with Storyspace software. They are compiled within a black-bordered box, center-aligned: afternoon, a story Michael Joyce Socrates in the Labyrinth: Hypertext, Argument, Philosophy David Kolb Victory Garden Stuart Moulthrop Cyborg: Engineering the Body Electric Dian Greco Patchwork Girl Shelley Jackson Sea Island Edward Falco • • • all written with Storyspace software Below the box reads "The software of choice among fiction writers in this country." —Robert Coover, New York Times Book Review Two more columns of text reside below a black horizontal break, advertising the software. The left column reads as follows: Storyspace The full-featured hypertext writing environment. With manual and tutorial files. For Macintosh or Windows $245.00 The right column reads: Storyspace 10-pack Save 75.7% outfitting your workgroup or classroom! For Macintosh or Windows $595.00 "Educational and quantity discounts are available on all Storyspace products. Call to inquire." is printed underneath both columns. The horizontal break at the very bottom of the folio contains a black oval with the white "S" for "Storyspace" in its center. 6th Edition (1994) Floppy Disk, from Blue FolioThe 1994 floppy has a dark grey casing. A white label comprises the upper half, and reads "Michael Joyce" followed by "afternoon, a story" in black ink, aligned-center. White text across a black band says "SERIOUS HYPERTEXT from" with "Eastgate Systems INC" underneath. Contact information is positioned below that: "134 Main St., Watertown, MA 02172 (800) 562-1638 (617) 924-9044". 8th Edition (1997) W. W. Norton & Co. Special Web Edition, ScreenshotThe title screen of the W. W. Norton & Co. Special Web Edition is the image of reporters filing out of the Pentagon Joyce had repurposed for his novel with MacPaint. The image was used thereafter for the opening screens of all but two editions of the work (Grigar, "Ten Things," 4 May 2016). For the 9th Edition the image is tinted with the color chartreuse. "AFTERNOON, a story" is written across the top, the first word written in blue followed by orange colors written in a smaller font. 10th Edition (2001) CD-ROM Jewel Case, FrontThe insert of the jewel case for the 10th Edition is made from white paper and printed on in black ink. A black-and-white photo of trees and a wooden fence along a pathway occupies most of the cover. A black rectangle along the bottom contains text, aligned right, reading "MICHAEL JOYCE" with "afternoon, a story" underneath. The back side of the jewel case insert is completely black, except for the white text and graphics. Three quotes occupy the upper third of the cover; the quotes are aligned-left while the sources are aligned to the right: 10th Edition (2001) Jewel Case, Back "...the granddaddy of hypertext fictions...a legend" —Robert Coover, The New York Times "...is to the interactive novel what the Gutenberg Bible is to publishing." —Toronto Globe and Mail "...an arresting, intricate, delicately contoured prose sculpture." —Richard Grant, Washington Post Book World The center of the cover reads "MICHAEL JOYCE" followed by "afternoon, a story" in a larger font size, all aligned-right. Underneath reads: "CD for Windows™ and Macintosh™. Requires Windows 95 or later, or Macintosh OS 7 or later." A white label is situated to the right of this paragraph, containing a barcode with an ISBN number at the top ("ISBN 1-884511-01-5") and another string of numbers underneath ("9 781884 511011>"). Bottom and center is the logo for Eastgate Systems INC. The left displays the company's contact information: (800) 562-1638 (617) 924-9044 WEB The right side of the logo shares the company's address: Eastgate Systems INC 134 Main Street Watertown, MA 02472 USA 10th Edition (2001) Jewel Case, Open with CD-ROMInside the jewel case, a disc for afternoon, a story rests on the right-hand side while a paper slip resides in the left. The disc is silver in color, with a graphic of trees, a road, and a fenceline occupying the upper-left portion, reminiscent to the picture on the jewel case's cover. A thick black border wraps around the bottom-right corner of the graphic. "MICHAEL JOYCE" followed by "afternoon, a story" resides in the corner of the border. To the right of the bordered graphic reads "compact disc digital data", with "for Windows and Macintosh" printed underneath. Below that reads the copyright information for the work: "Copyright © 1987 by Michael Joyce. Software copyright © 1992-2001 by Eastgate Systems, Inc. Unauthorized sale or distribution of this material is expressly prohibited." The very bottom of the disc reads aligned-center: (800) 562-1638 (617) 924-9044 12th Edition (2016) USB Stick, FrontThe 12th Edition of afternoon, a story is contained in a USB Stick with wood encasing. A white label reads "AFTERNOON" printed in black. 12th Edition (2016) USB Stick, BackThe back of the USB stick contains a clear label that reads "Eastgate" in red. 13th Edition (2016) Downloadable Digital File, Email ScreenshotThe 13th Edition of afternoon, a story is delivered via email and a Dropbox download. The email reads: Thank you for ordering afternoon, a story by Michael Joyce, for macOS. You may download your copy from This hypertext is DRM-free, and you are welcome to use it in the same ways that you would use a paper book. Please don't distribute copies. If you need lots of copies for a class or work group, contact us for great discounts. If you have any questions, please call or email us here at Eastgate. Questions about your order should be sent to [email protected]; tech support questions should be sent to [email protected]; and general questions, comments and suggestions should be sent to [email protected]. Mark Bernstein [email protected] (617) 924-9044 Eastgate Systems, Inc. (800) 562-1638 134 Main St. Watertown MA 02472 USA @eastgate Mark Bernstein [email protected] (617) 924-9044 Eastgate Systems, Inc. (800) 562-1638 134 Main St. Watertown MA 02472 USA @eastgate This page has paths: This page references: - afternoon, a story 6th edition (1994) floppy disk (blue folio) - afternoon, a story 4th edition (1992) folio, open - afternoon, a story 6th edition (1994) white folio, open - afternoon, a story 10th edition (2001) CD-ROM and jewel case, open - afternoon, a story 12th edition (2016) flash drive, front - afternoon, a story 6th edition (1994) blue folio, back - afternoon, a story 12th edition (2016) flash drive, back - afternoon, a story 6th edition (1994) blue folio, open - afternoon, a story 4th edition (1992) floppy disk - afternoon, a story 6th edition (1994) blue folio, front - afternoon, a story 4th edition (1992) folio, front - afternoon, a story 4th edition (1992) folio, back - joyce_1994_white_folio_front - afternoon, a story 8th edition (1997) screenshot - joyce_1994_white_folio_back - afternoon, a story 10th edition (2001) jewel case, front - afternoon, a story 3rd edition (1990) folio, front - afternoon, a story 10th edition (2001) jewel case, back - afternoon, a story 3rd edition (1990) folio, back - afternoon, a story 6th edition (1994) floppy disk (white folio) - joyce_2016_digital_download

New insights into the drainage of inundated ice-wedge polygons using fundamental hydrologic principles - 1Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA - 2Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0340, USA - 3International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA - acurrent address: Science and Analytics Team, The Freshwater Trust, 700 SW Taylor Street, Suite 200, Portland, OR 97205, USA Correspondence: Dylan R. Harp ([email protected], [email protected]) The pathways and timing of drainage from the inundated centers of ice-wedge polygons in a warming climate have important implications for carbon flushing, advective heat transport, and transitions from methane to carbon dioxide dominated emissions. Here, we expand on previous research using a recently developed analytical model of drainage from a low-centered polygon. Specifically, we perform (1) a calibration to field data identifying necessary model refinements and (2) a rigorous model sensitivity analysis that expands on previously published indications of polygon drainage characteristics. This research provides intuition on inundated polygon drainage by presenting the first in-depth analysis of drainage within a polygon based on hydrogeological first principles. We verify a recently developed analytical solution of polygon drainage through a calibration to a season of field measurements. Due to the parsimony of the model, providing the potential that it could fail, we identify the minimum necessary refinements that allow the model to match water levels measured in a low-centered polygon. We find that (1) the measured precipitation must be increased by a factor of around 2.2, and (2) the vertical soil hydraulic conductivity must decrease with increasing thaw depth. Model refinement (1) accounts for runoff from rims into the ice-wedge polygon pond during precipitation events and possible rain gauge undercatch, while refinement (2) accounts for the decreasing permeability of deeper soil layers. The calibration to field measurements supports the validity of the model, indicating that it is able to represent ice-wedge polygon drainage dynamics. We then use the analytical solution in non-dimensional form to provide a baseline for the effects of polygon aspect ratios (radius to thaw depth) and coefficient of hydraulic conductivity anisotropy (horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity) on drainage pathways and temporal depletion of ponded water from inundated ice-wedge polygon centers. By varying the polygon aspect ratio, we evaluate the relative effect of polygon size (width), inter-annual increases in active-layer thickness, and seasonal increases in thaw depth on drainage. The results of our sensitivity analysis rigorously confirm a previous analysis indicating that most drainage through the active layer occurs along an annular region of the polygon center near the rims. This has important implications for transport of nutrients (such as dissolved organic carbon) and advection of heat towards ice-wedge tops. We also provide a comprehensive investigation of the effect of polygon aspect ratio and anisotropy on drainage timing and patterns, expanding on previously published research. Our results indicate that polygons with large aspect ratios and high anisotropy will have the most distributed drainage, while polygons with large aspect ratios and low anisotropy will have their drainage most focused near their periphery and will drain most slowly. Polygons with small aspect ratios and high anisotropy will drain most quickly. These results, based on parametric investigation of idealized scenarios, provide a baseline for further research considering the geometric and hydraulic complexities of ice-wedge polygons. Polygonal tundra occurs in continuous-permafrost landscapes lacking exposed bedrock or active sedimentation (Brown et al., 1997; Mackay, 2000). Estimates of its spatial extent vary from around 250 000 km2 (Minke et al., 2007), or approximately the size of England, to 2.6 million km2, or approximately 30 % of the Arctic land surface (Mackay, 1972). This terrain is rich in organic carbon (Tarnocai et al., 2009; Hugelius et al., 2014), which is poised for release to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide or methane under a warming climate and may cause a significant feedback to climate change (Schuur et al., 2008). Depressions in the microtopography of polygonal tundra collect water from precipitation and snowmelt events, resulting in a slow release from the landscape through the thawed subsurface to surface water drainage networks (Helbig et al., 2013). This process has important implications for the leaching of dissolved organic carbon from active-layer soils and for advective heat transfer through the subsurface. The role that polygonal tundra regions play in global terrestrial biogeochemical feedbacks as the Arctic warms necessitates a greater understanding of their hydrologic-flow regimes. Polygonal tundra forms in cold environments by the cyclic process of vertical cracking of frozen ground due to thermal contraction, water infiltration into these cracks, freezing of this infiltrated water, and subsequent re-cracking. Over many cycles, this process leads to the growth of subsurface ice wedges connected in polygonal patterns known as ice-wedge polygons (Liljedahl et al., 2016). Ice-wedge polygons vary in size, from several meters to a few tens of meters in diameter, and develop over time frames of hundreds to thousands of years (Leffingwell, 1915; Lachenbruch, 1962; Mackay, 2000; Abolt and Young, 2020). Thermal expansion of the ice and soil during summer months often results in warping of the soil strata, forming parallel rims on both sides of the ice wedge and a trough directly above the ice wedge (refer to Figs. 1 and 2). Ice-wedge polygons with well-formed rims and troughs with a distinct, central topographic depression are referred to as low-centered polygons (as opposed to high-centered or transitional polygons). Ponding occurs frequently in the centers because the rims can trap water during snowmelt or precipitation events. This ponded water subsequently drains through the subsurface to the troughs (Helbig et al., 2013; Koch et al., 2018; Wales et al., 2020). Figure 1Pie wedge schematic diagram of 3D axisymmetric analytical model of inundated low-centered polygon drainage. The diagram represents an idealized pie wedge slice of a low-centered polygon including a wedge of the ponded center, rim, and trough. Equipotential hydraulic head lines are denoted as h(r,z) and streamlines as Ψ(r,z). L is the depth of the thawed soil layer, and R is the radius of the polygon center. The ponded water height (Hc(t)) and trough water level (Ht) are noted. Recent observational studies have shaped our current conceptualization of low-centered polygonal tundra hydrology (Boike et al., 2008; Helbig et al., 2013; Koch et al., 2014; Liljedahl et al., 2016; Koch, 2016; Koch et al., 2018), indicating a system of inundated polygonal centers surrounded by elevated rims that prevent surface water from flowing overland into surrounding trough ponds. This land formation results in standing water over the polygon centers, reduces immediate landscape runoff from precipitation events, and increases evaporation (Liljedahl et al., 2016). Additionally, the elevated ponded water in polygon centers produces hydrological gradients that result in sustained outward flow through the subsurface under the rims, a process that has been observed at several field sites (Helbig et al., 2013; Liljedahl and Wilson, 2016; Koch, 2016; Wales et al., 2020). This lateral flow controls landscape redistribution of water during the summer months (Helbig et al., 2013), governs ponded water budgets (Koch et al., 2014; Koch, 2016), and makes up a notable portion of regional river discharge (King et al., 2020). The manner and timing with which polygonal tundra landscapes transition from inundated to drained conditions have important implications for (1) transitions from atmospheric emissions of methane to carbon dioxide (Conway and Steele, 1989; Moore and Dalva, 1997; Zona et al., 2011; Zhu et al., 2013; O'Shea et al., 2014; Throckmorton et al., 2015; Wainwright et al., 2015; Lara et al., 2015; Vaughn et al., 2016), (2) dissolved organic carbon emissions to surface waters (Zona et al., 2011; Abnizova et al., 2012; Laurion and Mladenov, 2013; Larouche et al., 2015; Plaza et al., 2019), (3) biological succession (Billings and Peterson, 1980; Jorgenson et al., 2015; Wolter et al., 2016), and (4) ground surface deformation (Mackay, 1990, 2000; Raynolds et al., 2014; Nitzbon et al., 2019). The microtopographic features of polygonal tundra result in pronounced fine-scale spatial gradients in thermal and hydrologic conditions (Boike et al., 2008; Zona et al., 2011; Helbig et al., 2013), leading to sharply contrasting biogeochemical conditions (Newman et al., 2015; Norby et al., 2019). Standing water in polygonal centers shows distinctly different chemistry compared to surface water in troughs and ponds (Zona et al., 2011; Koch et al., 2014, 2018), which has been attributed to shallow subsurface flow from centers to troughs (Koch, 2016). For example, Koch et al. (2014) observed high nutrient concentrations in troughs adjacent to centers with low concentrations, indicating drainage from the latter to the former. Given that the ice-wedge polygon can be considered to be the fundamental hydrologic landscape unit that initiates landscape-scale surface or subsurface flow and discharge, understanding their characteristic drainage pathways and residence times provides a basis to quantify the transport of terrestrially sourced dissolved organic carbon to surface waters. This is important for carbon emissions because dissolved organic carbon in surface waters can be mineralized and released to the atmosphere (Raymond et al., 2013). Although there have been numerous field observations of inundated low-centered polygon drainage to troughs (Helbig et al., 2013; Koch et al., 2014; Wales et al., 2020), the research here is, to our knowledge, the first in-depth investigation into the relative pathways and timing associated with inundated ice-wedge polygon drainage based on hydrologic first principles. Aside from the field tracer experiments of Wales et al. (2020), previous research has primarily focused on 1D vertical hydrothermal effects within ice-wedge polygons (Atchley et al., 2015; Harp et al., 2016; Atchley et al., 2016) or polygonal tundra surface hydrology (Boike et al., 2008; Jan et al., 2018a, b). Other researchers have investigated the hydrology of multiple polygons without investigating the drainage pathways within individual ice-wedge polygons (Cresto-Aleina et al., 2013; Nitzbon et al., 2019, 2020). While basic hydrology dictates that ice-wedge polygon geometry and heterogeneity will explicitly govern subsurface drainage pathways and duration, to date, a rigorous hydrological investigation of this process has not been presented. The geometric shape of low-centered polygons along with soil hydraulic properties (for example, hydraulic conductivity) affects the distribution of hydraulic heads that control the pathways and timing of inundated ice-wedge polygon drainage. In this paper, we use a recently developed model (Zlotnik et al., 2020) based on hydrogeological first principles (Harr, 1962; Cedergren, 1968; Freeze and Cherry, 1979; Bear, 1979) to understand and gain intuition into the effects of geometry and hydraulic properties on inundated ice-wedge polygon drainage. This model idealizes the thawed subsurface of an inundated low-centered polygon as a thin cylinder overlain with an initial height of ponded water that drains through the cylindrical thawed soil layer to the surrounding trough (outer vertical boundary; an annular ring defined by a line from (R,0) to (R,L) in Fig. 1). The depth (L) and radius (R) of the thawed soil layer of the polygon center and horizontal (radial) and vertical hydraulic conductivity are parameters of the solution. It is important to note that we are focusing on the drainage of inundated low-centered polygons here and that biogeochemical investigations suggest that the drainage of non-inundated low-centered, transitional, and high-centered polygons may have different characteristics (Heikoop et al., 2015; Newman et al., 2015; Wainwright et al., 2015; Wales et al., 2020). We demonstrate that the model is able to accurately simulate ice-wedge polygon drainage by performing a calibration to field measurements over an entire thaw season. We calibrate the model parameters to fit water levels measured in the center of a low-centered polygon within the Barrow Environmental Observatory near Utqiaġvik, Alaska. We force the model with measured trough water levels, precipitation, thaw depth, and evapotranspiration. The goodness of fit of initial calibration efforts indicated that the model was unable to capture the polygon-center water level trends (i.e., the model was falsified). However, by considering (1) increased precipitation and (2) a thaw-depth-dependent (and therefore time-variable) vertical hydraulic conductivity, the model produces a good fit to the water levels. Model refinement (1) accounts for pond accumulation due to runoff from surrounding microtopographic highs (e.g., rims), while model refinement (2) accounts for the decreasing hydraulic conductivity of deeper tundra soil layers. The calibration indicates the minimum refinements necessary to a hydrology model to capture ice-wedge polygon drainage dynamics and indicates the important factors in this process. This calibration, based on transient boundary conditions, provides confidence in the physical meaningfulness of the steady-state snapshots presented in the sensitivity analysis. We then use the model to investigate the pathways and timing of inundated polygon drainage through a sensitivity analysis of polygon geometry and anisotropy. The analysis of the model enhances our intuition into the pathways and timing of inundated ice-wedge polygon drainage for polygons with different geometries and degrees of anisotropy. Varying the geometry of the cylinder allows us to capture not only relative differences in drainage between different-sized polygons (in other words, polygons with different radii) but also seasonal and inter-annual variations in polygon thaw-layer depths within a single polygon (in other words, as the thawed soil layer increases during a single thaw season or as the active layer increases from year to year). By allowing for different effective hydraulic conductivities between the horizontal and vertical directions, we can evaluate the effects of preferential flow directions on drainage. In addition to geologic layering, processes such as frost heave and horizontal ice lens thaw can result in preferential horizontal flow in cold climates (Mackay, 1981; Matsuoka and Moriwaki, 1992; Wales et al., 2020). It has also been observed that high-hydraulic-conductivity peat layers overlying lower-hydraulic-conductivity mineral soil result in horizontal watershed drainage (McDonnell et al., 1991; Brown et al., 1999; Quinton and Marsh, 1999). Helbig et al. (2013) found that in polygonal tundra, the peat layer quickly redistributed precipitation events across the subsurface topography from the rims to the centers and troughs. Vertical cracks, voids left from decayed roots, and animal burrows can result in preferential vertical flow. The cylindrical geometry and anisotropy are not intended to cover all potential variations in ice-wedge polygons but rather provide base cases where those variations will cause deviations around the idealizations considered here. The calibration to field data indicates that the model is able to capture ice-wedge polygon drainage dynamics. Our sensitivity analysis provides a new perspective on inundated polygon hydrogeology, indicating the effects of polygon geometry and hydraulic conductivity anisotropy on drainage pathways and timing. Although the simplifications of the model may limit its applicability to some scenarios, they allow general intuitive insights to be drawn which would be obfuscated without them. The findings here provide a basis to quantify and understand deviations from our idealized scenarios. 2.1 Model overview We use recently developed 3D axisymmetric analytical solutions, derived and validated in Zlotnik et al. (2020) and described in Appendix A, of hydraulic heads and the stream function in the thawed soil layer below a polygon center (dashed rectangle in Fig. 1) to investigate inundated low-centered polygon drainage pathways. While we perform the calibration to field data using the dimensional form of the solution for hydraulic heads, we perform the sensitivity analyses using the non-dimensional form of the solution for hydraulic heads and stream function (refer to Eqs. A7 and A8). The non-dimensional hydraulic heads and stream function are independent of time, representing the relative pattern of hydraulic heads and stream function throughout the drainage process. The dimensional values at different times would indicate the change in the absolute magnitude of these patterns as the drainage process proceeds. To evaluate drainage pathways, we plot flow nets, as illustrated in Fig. 1, composed of lines of equal non-dimensional hydraulic heads (), referred to as equipotentials, and contours of the stream function () as a function of radius and depth. The stream function contours are referred to as streamlines and are used here to identify steady drainage pathways. Non-dimensional hydraulic head lines are drawn from 0.05 to 0.95 with increments of 0.1. Dimensional heads () can be obtained from the non-dimensional heads () using the ponded height of water in the polygon center Hc(t) and the height of water in the trough Ht as where r* and z* are non-dimensional radius and depth, respectively; L is the polygon thaw depth; and Kr and Kz are the radial (horizontal) and vertical hydraulic conductivity, respectively (refer to Fig. 1). The aspect ratio is defined as , and coefficient of anisotropy is . We use a Robin boundary condition (a third-type boundary condition allowing both head and flux to be specified) for the outer vertical boundary. This allows the model to represent the resistance of drainage under the rim due to elevated frozen ground and due to the accumulation of fine soil particles at the soil–water interface of the trough (Koch et al., 2018). The resistance to drainage below the polygon rim and across the soil–water interface into the trough is represented by a hydraulic conductance , where k is the hydraulic conductivity, and l is the thickness of the drainage interface (refer to Eq. A3). We normalize the stream function from 0 to 1 and, similar to heads, plot stream function contours (streamlines) from 0.05 to 0.95 with increments of 0.1. The region between any two adjacent streamlines conveys 10 % of the drainage, while the two remaining regions (less than 0.05 and greater than 0.95) each convey 5 % of the drainage. To make quantitative comparisons of the relative spread of drainage between polygons, we calculate the percent of each polygon volume accessed by 95 % of the drainage (polygon volume with non-dimensional stream function >0.05). The change in non-dimensional ponded water height in the polygon center due solely to drainage (the depletion curve) over time can be expressed by a simple exponential decay function as where tL is the characteristic time of drainage (refer to Eq. A11), defined as the time when the ponded height is times, or ∼ 37 % of, its original height Hc,0. The dimensional ponded height Hc(t) can be obtained as As described in Zlotnik et al. (2020), for the calibration, temporally changing trough water levels, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and thaw depth are accounted for by running the model in a piecewise fashion. 2.2 Calibration approach We performed nonlinear least-squares calibrations using a Levenberg–Marquardt approach (Transtrum et al., 2011). The objective function is the sum-of-squared errors (SSEs) between the measured and simulated polygon-center water levels expressed as where θ is a vector of model parameters, and is the measured polygon-center water level at the ith time. We present three calibration cases, including (1) a base case (model setup similar to the validation in Zlotnik et al., 2020), (2) precipitation multiplied by a calibrated factor, and (3) a depth-dependent vertical hydraulic conductivity (Kz=f(D)). Depending on the calibration case, θ contains different parameters. In calibration case 1, θ includes parameters Kr, Kz, κ, and Hc,0. Based on field observations and the validation in Zlotnik et al. (2020), we constrain Kz to be less than Kr using a meta-parameter as , where σ is the sigmoid function defined as . In calibration case 2, we add a precipitation multiplier MP to case 1, where , and is the augmented precipitation accounting for runoff from microtopographic highs and potential rain gauge undercatch. In calibration case 3, we add vertical hydraulic conductivity as a super-elliptical function of thaw depth to calibration case 2 as , where and are the maximum and minimum values of Kz, respectively; Dmax and Dmin are the maximum and minimum values of D during the thaw season, respectively; and a is the super-elliptical shape parameter that controls curvature. is constrained to be positive using a meta-parameter and the softplus function as . We ensure that using a meta-parameter as . We ensure that the shape parameter a is restricted between 0.5 and 1.5 using a meta-parameter ℱa as . The constrained super-elliptical function allows the calibration to identify a general nonlinear decrease in vertical hydraulic conductivity with increasing thaw depth. 2.3 Acquisition of field data used in calibration The measured data used in the calibration were collected during the thaw season of 2013 from 16 June to 18 September from a low-centered polygon within the Barrow Environmental Observatory near Utqiaġvik, Alaska (Fig. 2). We used water levels collected by Liljedahl and Wilson (2016) with 0.2 cm resolution and precipitation collected by Hinzman et al. (2014) with 0.1 mm resolution. We determined thaw depths from thermal transects collected by Romanovsky et al. (2017) with an accuracy of 0.1 ∘C. Due to a lack of continuous local evapotranspiration measurements, we obtained evapotranspiration data from NASA’s Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) (Rodell et al., 2004). Given the continuous (albeit diurnally fluctuating) low-magnitude evapotranspiration signal, its effect on our calibration is relatively insignificant compared to the sporadic precipitation events that drive large-scale fluctuations in water levels. Therefore, in lieu of local evapotranspiration measurements, the GLDAS evapotranspiration is deemed sufficient for our purposes here. 2.4 Parameter ranges for sensitivity analyses We selected aspect ratio and anisotropy scenarios based on existing literature and observations. While a pan-Arctic survey of ice-wedge polygon diameters does not to our knowledge currently exist, researchers have provided general characteristics based on extensive observations. Leffingwell (1915) states that ice-wedge polygons have an estimated average diameter of around 15 m. Liljedahl et al. (2016) indicate that low-centered polygons (including rims) can have diameters from 5–30 m. Abolt et al. (2018) state that polygonal formations in ice-wedge tundra are 10–30 m in diameter. Based on digital elevation models, Abolt et al. (2019) calculate that the mean polygon diameter near Utqiaġvik, Alaska, is around 15 m, with 5th and 95th percentiles of approximately 8 and 33 m, respectively. Using a similar analysis on data from Prudhoe Bay (Abolt and Young, 2020), the mean polygon diameter is around 13 m, with 5th and 95th percentiles of approximately 7 and 30 m, respectively. Maximum thaw depths are increasing throughout the Arctic (Jorgenson et al., 2006). Deeper thaw depths may ultimately result in low-centered polygon transition to high-centered polygons, at which time polygon-center inundation will cease to occur due to rim collapse. Therefore, there is a practical limit to the thaw depth of interest in our analysis. Lewkowicz (1994) reported that active-layer thickness varied from 40 to 90 cm within the polygonal tundra of Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Canada, in 1994. Shiklomanov et al. (2010) reported that polygonal tundra at several study sites near Utqiaġvik, Alaska, monitored from 1995–2009 had active-layer thicknesses from 17–47 cm. Based on extensive ground-penetrating radar surveys near Utqiaġvik, Alaska, in 2013, Jafarov et al. (2017) document that average active-layer thickness was 41 cm with a standard deviation of 9 cm. Even for polygons with substantial active-layer thickness, it is important to understand the change in drainage throughout the season by evaluating early-season thaw depths, which are captured in our analysis by larger aspect (i.e., radius to thaw depth) ratios. Based on these considerations, we evaluate aspect ratios from 2.5 to 20. For example, given a thaw depth of 1 m, an aspect ratio of 2.5 would represent a 2.5 m radius polygon center, while an aspect ratio of 20 would represent a 20 m radius polygon center, more than covering the observed range. To consider cases with thinner thawed soil layers, larger aspect ratios can be used. For example, given a thaw depth of 0.5 m, an aspect ratio of 20 would represent a polygon with a 10 m radius center. Comprehensive measurements of hydraulic conductivity anisotropy are lacking from ice-wedge polygons. Based on tracer arrival times, Wales et al. (2020) estimated horizontal conductivities of approximately 0.7–84 m d−1 for a low-centered polygon and 0.01–0.3 m d−1 for a high-centered polygon. Wales et al. (2020) stated that these are considered lower-bound estimates of horizontal conductivity since, based solely on breakthrough times, the approach is unable to isolate horizontal- and vertical-flow effects on arrival times. Beckwith et al. (2003) performed laboratory measurements of anisotropy on small samples from peat soils where horizontal conductivities were around 6–7 m d−1, and vertical conductivities were around 0.2–0.4 m d−1, indicating preferential horizontal flow. The soil samples used in Beckwith et al. (2003) were from peat bogs in England and therefore would not have been subjected to similar freeze–thaw dynamics as contemporary polygonal tundra soils, which would presumably lead to even greater preferential horizontal flow. Therefore, these estimates may provide a lower-bound estimate for Arctic peat horizontal hydraulic conductivity. Based on the existing literature and above considerations, we considered hydraulic conductivities from 0.005–5 m d−1, primarily focusing on anisotropic values from 0.1–100. These values allow us to investigate the relative effects of anisotropy on the drainage pathways and timing using hydraulic conductivities consistent with currently available measurements. A physical interpretation of our selected values of anisotropy coefficient can be obtained by considering that ice-wedge polygon soils are typically layered and that the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities can therefore be considered to be effective properties. As such, the effective horizontal hydraulic conductivity captures parallel flow dominated by the higher-conductivity layers, and the effective vertical hydraulic conductivity captures flow in series across multiple layers and is dominated by the lower-conductivity layers. Therefore, an anisotropy coefficient of 100 would effectively capture layers with 2 orders of magnitude difference in hydraulic conductivity, while an anisotropy coefficient of 0.1 would capture the hypothetical scenario where vertical cracks or burrows result in preferential vertical flow. Given the current lack of direct measurements of ice-wedge polygon anisotropy coefficient, we cover a broad range of possible scenarios. The hydraulic conductivity of the interface between soil and open water can be half that of the rest of the soil due to the accumulation of fines (Koch et al., 2018). The hydraulic conductance under the rim may also impede drainage due to a raised permafrost table following the surface topography. Note that while the raised permafrost table under the rim will constrict flow and alter drainage pathways, hydrologic first principles indicate that this effect will be restricted to the region of the model near the rim. This is analogous to the effect of a partially penetrating well on flow in an aquifer, which dissipates quickly and is non-existent by a lateral distance of 1.5 to 2 times the aquifer thickness for isotropic aquifers (Bear, 1979). This effect will diminish with increasing aspect ratio and decreasing anisotropy coefficient and will not alter the qualitative insights drawn from the relative comparison of drainage pathways in our analysis. It is conceivable that early in the thaw season the permafrost table under the rim could extend above the center ground surface within the vertical interval of the center pond. In this case, there will likely be very little drainage occurring associated with a very small discharge conductance. Although the conductance of the outer interface (defined as κ above) can therefore influence drainage, a preliminary analysis indicated that in most cases, its effect on drainage was significantly less than that of aspect ratio and anisotropy coefficient (Zlotnik et al., 2020). Therefore, we chose to use a default value for κ in all cases (unless otherwise specified) of 5 d−1. Figure 3(a) Progression of center water level calibration. The (1) base calibration, (2) calibration with a precipitation multiplier, and (3) calibration with vertical hydraulic conductivity as a function of thaw depth (Kz=f(D)). The measured polygon-center and trough water levels are plotted for reference. Precipitation is plotted on the right y axis. (b) Measured thaw depth and calibrated vertical hydraulic conductivity as a function of thaw depth. In practice, as in our calibration, the water level in troughs (Ht in Eqs. 1 and 3) will vary throughout the thaw season, affecting the magnitude of heads in the soil of the polygon center and drainage times. As the non-dimensional heads are relative to Ht (refer to Eq. A7), its value does not affect our relative comparisons of drainage patterns (which are based on non-dimensional heads that are normalized from 0 to 1). The value of Ht will affect our comparisons of drainage time but in a systematic, interpretable manner. For example, a higher Ht will compress the exponential curve defined by Eq. (3) upwards, while a lower Ht will stretch the exponential curve downwards. In cases where Ht is below the polygon-center ground surface, the solution is valid until Hc reaches the ground surface, at which time the ponded center has completely drained. Therefore, to isolate our analysis to aspect ratio and anisotropy, we have set Ht in all cases equal to the polygon-center ground surface. Although included in the calibration, we have neglected the effects of evaporation and precipitation in the sensitivity analysis as they will not affect the drainage patterns we present (based on non-dimensional heads), and their effect on drainage timing (based on non-dimensional depletion curves) is straightforward, shifting the non-dimensional exponential drainage curve upwards or downwards. In other words, using non-dimensional variables is a powerful approach to gain intuition into the fundamentals of inundated ice-wedge polygon drainage irrespective of variable magnitude. We verify the model through calibration to water level measurements, identifying refinements necessary for hydrologic models to match field observations of polygon drainage. We present drainage flow nets for various aspect ratios and anisotropy coefficient values, polygon-center ponded height depletion curves, and maps of the percent of the thawed soil accessed by 95 % of the drainage flow and depletion characteristic times as a function of aspect ratio and anisotropy coefficient. We compare the effect of aspect ratio on drainage pathways in an isotropic and a highly anisotropic () polygon. The drainage pathways are also evaluated for various anisotropies holding the aspect ratio constant. We present a global perspective of the combined effects of aspect ratio and anisotropy coefficient on the focusing and spreading of the drainage flow by mapping the percent of the polygon thawed soil volume that is accessed by 95 % of the drainage flow. We evaluate the effect of aspect ratio and anisotropy coefficient on drainage time by plotting the polygon-ponded water height depletion curves. Similar to accessed volume, we provide a global perspective on the combined effects of aspect ratio and anisotropy coefficient on drainage time by mapping the depletion characteristic time. We illustrate the counteracting effects of aspect ratio and anisotropy coefficient on drainage pathways by showing two, although geometrically and hydrologically dissimilar, mathematically equivalent solutions of drainage. 3.1 Calibration to field measurements We present the best-fit polygon-center water levels for the calibration cases along with the measured values in Fig. 3. The two dominant drivers of the polygon-center water levels, the measured trough water level and precipitation, are shown for reference. Calibration case 1 (green line) is unable to match the high and low points of the water level measurements and instead follows a more medial path over time (RMSE = 1.42 cm, R2=0.49; refer to Table 1). This indicates that the measured precipitation alone is not able to account for the increased water levels after rain events. We also consider the calibration to be failed (the model to be falsified; Popper, 2005) because the calibrated value of the discharge conductance (κ=835.3 d−1; refer to Table 1) is extremely large and non-physical. Considering that precipitation will run off from rims and collect in the polygon-center pond and that rain gauges may have undercatch issues (e.g., Pollock et al., 2018), we performed calibration case 2, also shown in Fig. 3 (purple line), which includes a precipitation multiplier. Calibration case 2 significantly improves the fit (RMSE = 0.89 cm, R2=0.80) but still has significant mismatch as the limitations of the model require the calibration to compromise between matching water levels at early and late times. As in calibration case 1, we also consider the model for calibration case 2 to be falsified because the calibrated value of κ=1529.2 d−1 is even larger than in case 1 and therefore even less physical. The compromised fit in calibration case 2 indicated that the effective vertical hydraulic conductivity likely decreases as the thaw depth increases, which would be consistent with observations of reduced hydraulic conductivities at depth. In calibration case 3, we implemented vertical hydraulic conductivity as a function of thaw depth. This model refinement allowed the calibration to achieve a good overall fit to the data (RMSE = 0.37 cm, R2=0.96), as shown in Fig. 3 (red line). Kr is well within the estimated limits of 0.7 to 84 m d−1 based on a tracer test at a nearby low-centered polygon conducted by Wales et al. (2020). Based on a rim width of 1 m, the discharge conductance of κ=3.3 d−1 would correspond to a drainage boundary layer hydraulic conductivity of 3.3 m d−1, which is also physically reasonable as opposed to the first two calibration estimates. Table 1Calibrated parameters values, root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2) for calibration cases, and parameter standard errors for case (3). Note that the coefficient of determination is equivalent to the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency here. Dashes indicate that the parameter was not part of the calibration. Download Print VersionDownload XLSX The standard errors in the calibrated parameters for calibration case 3 listed in Table 1 indicate how well constrained the parameters are by the calibration. It is apparent that the hydraulic conductivities (horizontal and minimum and maximum vertical) are not well constrained with relatively large standard errors. These parameters (or their meta-parameters) also have large covariances with each other, indicating their correlated effect on the model. However, despite the lack of constraint of these parameters due to their correlated effect on the model, the calibration does identify reasonable values for them. The standard errors in the discharge conductance, initial polygon-center water level, and precipitation multiplier indicate that they are well constrained by the calibration. The calibration verifies that the model is able to capture ice-wedge polygon drainage characteristics. In the next sections, we perform sensitivity analyses using non-dimensional forms of this verified analytical solution to gain insights into ice-wedge polygon drainage characteristics. The use of non-dimensional solution snapshots eliminates the need to consider the precipitation multiplier and thaw-depth-dependent vertical hydraulic conductivity explicitly. Instead, their effects are implicit in the relative differences between snapshots. Figure 4Effect of polygon aspect ratio on polygon drainage with isotropic hydraulic conductivity. unity. 3.2 Drainage pathways The relative effect of aspect ratio on drainage pathways when the hydraulic conductivities are isotropic () is shown in Fig. 4. Under isotropic hydraulic conductivities, results show that the drainage pathway for high-aspect-ratio polygons will be predominantly isolated to an annular region at the periphery of the polygon center. As the aspect ratio decreases (in other words, as the thawed region of the polygon subsurface becomes deeper with respect to its width), the portion of the polygon accessed by drainage increases. For an aspect ratio of 20 (Fig. 4a), 95 % of the drainage is focused within around 6 % of the polygon volume, while for an aspect ratio of 2.5 (Fig. 4d), the drainage is spread over around 33 % of the polygon volume. The spreading (increase in the accessed volume) occurs along the radial direction, where the horizontal extent of the accessed volume moves towards the middle of the polygon center (r=0), while the vertical extent is nearly unchanged. The results in Fig. 4 indicate that throughout the thaw season as the thaw depth increases or over successive years as the active layer thickens, the drainage path will spread out towards the middle of the polygon center. Similarly, Fig. 4 can be used to evaluate drainage pathways of polygons of different widths but similar thaw depths. In this context, Fig. 4 indicates that wider polygons will have more focused drainage, while drainage for smaller polygons will be more dispersed. Figure 5Effect of hydraulic conductivity anisotropy coefficient on polygon drainage. Plots along the left contain polygon radial transect head contours (colored lines) and filled stream tubes (gray regions) for several anisotropies (horizontal conductivity/vertical conductivity). polygon aspect ratio (radius/thickness) is fixed at 10. The effect of anisotropy coefficient on drainage pathways when the aspect ratio is held constant () is shown in Fig. 5. As the anisotropy coefficient increases (i.e., greater preferential horizontal flow), the region accessed by drainage flow becomes larger. Similar to a decreasing aspect ratio (smaller and/or more deeply thawed polygons) in Fig. 4, increasing the anisotropy coefficient leads to a larger radial extent of the accessed region, while the vertical extent is nearly unaffected. When the vertical conductivity is 10 times the horizontal (Fig. 5a), only around 3 % of the polygon volume is accessed by 95 % of the drainage. If horizontal conductivity is 100 times the vertical conductivity (Fig. 5d), around 49 % is accessed. These results indicate that anisotropy has a significant impact on ice-wedge polygon drainage pathways. Figure 6Effect of polygon aspect ratio on polygon drainage with high-hydraulic-conductivity anisotropy coefficient (). 100. The effect of aspect ratio on drainage pathways when the hydraulic conductivities are highly anisotropic () is shown in Fig. 6. In this case, contrary to the isotropic case in Fig. 4, as the aspect ratio decreases, the accessed volume generally decreases. However, the largest accessed volume is for an aspect ratio of 10 (Fig. 6b), not 20 (Fig. 6a). This nuance in the dependence of accessed volume on aspect ratio with a high anisotropy coefficient is due to the competing effects of radial extension and vertical contraction of the accessed volume as the aspect ratio decreases. By comparing Figs. 4 and 6, it is also apparent that the volume accessed by drainage is generally larger with a higher anisotropy coefficient. Figure 7Contour map of the percent of the polygon access by 95 % of the flow. To gain a global perspective on the trends in drainage pathways with aspect ratio and anisotropy coefficient, Fig. 7 maps the percent of the polygon accessed by 95 % of the drainage as a function of aspect ratio and anisotropy coefficient. This illustrates the overall structure of the combined effect of aspect ratio and anisotropy coefficient on accessed volume (focused versus dispersed drainage). As indicated by the annotated points, the trend in accessed volume with respect to aspect ratio in Fig. 4 is represented along the anisotropy coefficient = 1 transect, while the trend in Fig. 6 is represented by the anisotropy coefficient = 100 transect. The trend in accessed volume with respect to anisotropy coefficient in Fig. 5 along the aspect ratio = 10 transect is likewise indicated. There is a curved, spreading region of high accessed volume with increasing aspect ratio and anisotropy coefficient apparent in the contours of Fig. 7. This curved feature represents the optimal balance of radial and vertical extension of the accessed volume region, as described in the previous paragraph. This structure explains the increasing accessed volume with decreasing aspect ratio in Fig. 4 and the maximum accessed volume at an aspect ratio of 10 in Fig. 6. The drainage flow is most spread out (largest accessed volume) when the aspect ratio is large, and the anisotropy coefficient is high (upper right of Fig. 7). The drainage is the most focused (least accessed volume) when the aspect ratio is large, and the anisotropy coefficient is low (lower right of Fig. 7). Figure 8Depletion of ponded water height over time (Hc(t)) for (a, b) alternative polygon aspect ratios (radius/depth ()) and (c) anisotropy coefficient (). Plots (a) and (b) have an anisotropy coefficient fixed at unity, with plot (a) having high conductivity ( m s−1) and plot (b) low conductivity ( m s−1). The aspect ratio is fixed at 10 in plot (c). The curves also describe the depletion of ponded water volume over time (V(t)). Dashed lines indicate the characteristic times (tL) in each case. Note that the orange line in (b) and (c) are identical, and . 3.3 Ponded water depletion Depletion curves for the non-dimensional ponded water height in the polygon center for various aspect ratios (at fixed high and low anisotropy coefficient) and anisotropies are shown in Fig. 8a, b, and c, respectively. Note that since the depletion of the volume of ponded water is directly related to the ponded water height, the plots in Fig. 8 can be used to obtain either, as indicated by the y-axis labels. As a point of reference between depletion curves, the characteristic time (the time when the height or volume of ponded water reaches its initial height or volume) is indicated. Figure 9Characteristic time as a function of (a) polygon aspect ratio and (b) anisotropy coefficient. The line in plot (a) corresponds to characteristic times in Fig. 8b. Note that the trends in (a) are nearly linear and on naturally scaled axes, while the trends in (b) are also nearly linear on log-transformed axes. It is apparent from these plots that small, deeply thawed (lower aspect ratio) polygons will drain faster than wide, shallowly thawed (high aspect ratio) polygons, while polygons with a higher anisotropy coefficient will drain faster than those with a lower anisotropy coefficient. It is also apparent that the increase in drainage time with aspect ratio is nearly linear, while for anisotropy coefficient, it is exponential. This is further illustrated in Fig.9, where we plot the trend in characteristic times as a function of aspect ratio for various anisotropies (Fig. 9a) and as a function of anisotropies for various aspect ratios (Fig. 9b). Drainage time (represented by characteristic time) increases in a nearly linear fashion, particularly for high anisotropies, with slight upward curvature increasing for low anisotropies. The drainage time decreases in a nearly log–log fashion (exponentially) with increasing anisotropy coefficient, with an identical trend for different aspect ratios. Figure 10Contour map of the characteristic time of polygon drainage. A global perspective on drainage timing trends, where characteristic time is mapped as a function of aspect ratio and anisotropy coefficient, is shown in Fig. 10. The fastest (shortest) drainage times are achieved with a low aspect ratio and a high anisotropy coefficient, while the slowest (longest) drainage times are achieved with a high aspect ratio and low anisotropy coefficient. These trends indicate that given the same thawed soil layer thickness, wider polygons will drain more slowly than small polygons. Or, for polygons with similar aspect ratios, those with preferential horizontal flow will drain most quickly, while those with preferential vertical flow will drain most slowly. Figure 11Attaining the same mathematical solution by modifying polygon aspect ratio (), anisotropy coefficient (), and rim conductance (κ). The left plots of (a) and (b) contain polygon radial transect head contours (colored lines) and filled stream tubes (gray regions) for several polygon aspect ratios (radius/thickness). The gray shaded region denotes the portion of the transect accessed by 95 % of the flow. The right plots of (a) and (b) contain corresponding gray rings indicating the surface area where 95 % of the polygon flow infiltrates. Plots (a) and (b) contain a rectangle drawn to the actual proportions for the given polygon aspect ratio. The ponded water height and volume depletion curves for both cases are presented in (c). 3.4 Counteracting effects of aspect ratio and anisotropy It is important to note that aspect ratio and anisotropy have similar effects on drainage. Within the model used here, in a similar fashion to aspect ratio, the anisotropy coefficient stretches the domain by multiplying the non-dimensional radius by (refer to the definition of r* in Eq. 1). As a result, the effect of increasing anisotropy coefficient in the analytical solution is mathematically equivalent to a decrease in aspect ratio. In the end, the equipotential heads and streamlines computed on stretched or compressed radial coordinates (r*) are assigned back to non-modified radial coordinates (r). This would lead one to believe that it should be possible to obtain two scenarios with different aspect ratios and anisotropies that produce the same mathematical solution. For example, doubling the aspect ratio should produce the mathematically identical effect as dividing the anisotropy coefficient by four. However, this is not the case because the solution involves a Biot parameter (Bi), which defines the ratio of the ability for fluid to conduct across the drainage interface (the vertical outer boundary) relative to the internal hydraulic conductivity as where κ characterizes the hydraulic conductance across the outer vertical boundary of the model (refer to Appendix A for more details). A large Bi indicates that the outlet boundary interface of the model will not limit the drainage, while a small Bi will result in outlet-boundary-interface-limited drainage. Therefore, to obtain an identical mathematical drainage solution using different combinations of aspect ratio and anisotropy coefficient, one would also need to ensure that Bi is not modified in the process. However, given two solutions, this requires satisfying the conflicting conditions that and Kr1Kz1=Kr2Kz2 (refer to Eqs. 1 and 5), where subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the two solutions. Since these two constraints cannot be simultaneously met, κ or L must also be modified along with aspect ratio and anisotropy coefficient to achieve an identical mathematical solution of drainage. An example where identical mathematical solutions for drainage are obtained is provided in Fig. 11, where the bottom plot is obtained by taking the properties of the top plot and dividing the aspect ratio by 8, dividing the anisotropy coefficient by 82, and dividing κ by 8. While the solutions are mathematically identical, note that the axes in both plots are not to scale (actual proportions are provided as insets to the plots) and that there are differences in some relative dimensions indicated in the figure (for example, the relative width of the polygon volume accessed by 95 % of the drainage flow is around 4 L in the top case and around 0.5 L in the bottom case). In the bottom plot in Fig. 11, we demonstrate that despite these differences, the depletion curves are identical for both cases. This result is due to our choice to modify R to change the aspect ratio and modify Kr to change the anisotropy coefficient. If either L or Kz is chosen to modify the aspect ratio or anisotropy coefficient, respectively, the depletion curves would not necessarily be identical. For example, if L is multiplied by 8, Kz multiplied by 82, and κ divided by 8 (equivalent modifications to aspect ratio and anisotropy coefficient as above), the drainage flow net would still be mathematically equivalent, but the characteristic time would be 8 times shorter than in the original case (refer to Eq. A11). Therefore, while it is possible to obtain mathematically equivalent drainage patterns with counteracting modifications to aspect ratio, anisotropy coefficient, and outflow conductance, the temporal depletion will only be equivalent if R and Kr are used to modify the aspect ratio and anisotropy coefficient, respectively. Our analysis provides new insights into the relative effects of geometry and anisotropy on the manner in which inundated ice-wedge polygons retain and slowly release water from their centers to their troughs, which form the drainage network of polygonal tundra landscapes. Using a mathematical representation of inundated ice-wedge polygon drainage (Zlotnik et al., 2020) based on extensive field observations (Helbig et al., 2013; Koch et al., 2014; Liljedahl and Wilson, 2016; Wales et al., 2020) and verified here through calibration to field measurements, we quantify the sensitivity of inundated ice-wedge polygon drainage to representative polygon sizes, inter- and intra-annual changes in thaw depth, and preferential flow (hydraulic conductivity anisotropy). 4.1 Calibration implications The calibration identifies factors which need to be considered by any hydrologic model to simulate drainage from an inundated polygon center. Using a parsimonious model, we were able to identify the refinements required in a polygon drainage model to capture center water levels. Using more complex models would likely obfuscate the identification of these refinements. The final model formulation provides a fast model for predicting the manner and timing of polygon drainage driven by environmental factors. The calibration of the model, driven by transient boundary conditions, provides confidence in the real-world applicability of the sensitivity analysis based on comparisons of steady-state snapshots of the model. The first refinement is a precipitation multiplier and is based on a simple mass balance indicating that the measured precipitation cannot account for the total increase in ponded water levels after precipitation events. The precipitation multiplier accounts for the fact that precipitation will run off from the rims into the center pond, resulting in a larger increase in ponded water than precipitation measured by a rain gauge. The precipitation multiplier also accounts for any potential rain gauge undercatch. The second refinement is a thaw-depth-dependent vertical hydraulic conductivity that accounts for the decreased hydraulic conductivity of deeper soil layers. This refinement accounts for the decrease in vertical hydraulic conductivities as the thaw depth increases and includes less hydraulically conductive soils. The final calibration provides a good match to measurements, with a sub-centimeter RMSE of 0.37 cm and an R2 (equivalent to the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency here) of 0.96. A key insight from our research is that polygon drainage models need to consider decreases in effective vertical hydraulic conductivity with increasing thaw depth. This research enhances our hydrologic understanding of an Arctic landscape that is undergoing rapid transition due to a warming climate. The hydrology of these landscapes has important implications concerning carbon transport and emissions, subsidence, and Arctic shrubification, to name a few Arctic processes of concern. Due to covariance in the effects of the hydraulic conductivity parameters on water levels, the hydraulic conductivity parameters are loosely constrained by the calibration (based on local sensitivities). This indicates the importance of constraining the hydraulic conductivity parameters with field measurements if possible (field measurements are not available in our case). However, despite relatively large standard errors in the hydraulic conductivity parameter estimates, the calibration identifies physically realistic values. It should also be noted that despite vertical hydraulic conductivity being loosely constrained in the final calibration (calibration case 3), the model was unable to match water levels with a constant vertical hydraulic conductivity (calibration case 2). This indicates the importance of the thaw-depth-dependent vertical hydraulic conductivity in the model. The other parameters (discharge conductance, initial polygon-center water level, and precipitation multiplier) are all well constrained by the analysis. The water level (Liljedahl and Wilson, 2016) and temperature (Romanovsky et al., 2017) measurements are well constrained with high degrees of resolution and accuracy. While the resolution of precipitation measurements is high (0.1 mm), there is the potential for undercatch during windy precipitation events. More importantly with regard to ponded water levels, the precipitation measurements do not account for the runoff of water during precipitation events from rims into the polygon center, resulting in measured precipitation less than increases in pond water levels. This uncertainty is accounted for through the calibration of a precipitation multiplier, which effectively captures the effect of runoff from the polygon watershed into the center pond along with any potential undercatch during windy precipitation events. 4.2 Analysis implications A key result of this study is that the geometry and anisotropy of the polygon subsurface have a significant effect on the region of the polygon subsurface predominantly accessed by drainage flow and the time to transition from inundated to drained. Due to the geometry of inundated polygons, the primary drainage pathway is restricted to an annular, radially peripheral region of the ice-wedge polygon center near the rim. As a result, the middle and lower portions of the polygon center are excluded from the majority of the drainage to varying degrees depending on the polygon geometry and anisotropy. Also, the majority of the ponded water will flow towards the rim of the polygon before infiltrating into the subsurface. Field observations have indicated not only the existence of intra-polygon biogeochemical diversity (Zona et al., 2011; Newman et al., 2015) but also that, based on mineral and nutrient loading, pervasive subsurface flow from centers to troughs exists (Koch et al., 2014). Based on our analysis, polygon geometry and anisotropy will have important effects on the biogeochemistry of polygons (Heikoop et al., 2015; Throckmorton et al., 2015; Newman et al., 2015; Wales et al., 2020; Plaza et al., 2019), affecting dissolved organic matter and mineral flushing from the subsurface of polygon centers to the surface waters of troughs. This is important not only simply concerning the discharge of dissolved organic matter from polygonal tundra landscapes but also for the biogeochemical effects due to photolysis of dissolved organic matter newly exposed to sunlight (Laurion and Mladenov, 2013; Cory et al., 2014). The potential that the annular, radially peripheral region near the rims will be well flushed of nutrients, while the middle may not, indicates the need for additional field studies designed to measure the effects of anisotropy and preferential flow paths on thermal hydrology and biogeochemistry. For isotropic cases, it should also be considered that the drainage will spread out further towards the middle of the polygon center as the thaw season progresses, and the thawed soil layer thickens (in other words, the aspect ratio decreases; Figs. 4 and 6). However, with a high anisotropy coefficient, the drainage still spreads out towards the polygon middle as the thaw season progresses (aspect ratio decreases), but the depth of the main drainage pathways contracts towards the ground surface (Fig. 6). Ultimately, the effect of this vertical contraction outweighs the lateral spreading, leading to a smaller region being accessed by drainage. Therefore, in the case of smaller and/or more deeply thawed (low aspect ratio) polygons with a high anisotropy coefficient, the region close to the surface will be flushed more than the deeper regions. Deeper nutrients that become available for transport because of recent thaw may still be less accessible to aqueous transport due to drainage pathways in polygons with a high anisotropy coefficient. Field measurements of geochemical depth profiles in polygons support limited deep flushing. As reviewed in Newman et al. (2015), concentration increases in geogenic solutes and organic carbon with active-layer depth are relatively common in polygonal terrain. It is unlikely that these sometimes large geochemical-depth gradients would be preserved with significant amounts of deep flushing. Inter-annual deepening of the active layer will lead to even more dramatic evolution in drainage patterns described above during the thaw season as the range of thaw depths encountered increases. This research reinforces the need for field studies on anisotropy and preferential flow in polygon landscapes to better understand the hydrologic transitions and feedbacks that will occur in a warming climate. For a given thaw depth, advective heat transport will be more focused near the rim for larger polygons and may result in enhanced ice-wedge degradation (Wright et al., 2009). Based on the relative drainage pathways, advective heat transport will be most pronounced in larger and/or shallower (large aspect ratio) polygons with a low anisotropy coefficient (refer to Figs. 4a and 5a). Therefore, drainage events for wide, isotropic (or with preferential vertical flow) polygons may result in enhanced ice-wedge top thawing, which would promote low- to high-centered polygon transition. The more spread out the drainage is throughout the thawed soil layer, the less pronounced this effect may be (for example, wide polygons with a high anisotropy coefficient as in Fig. 6a and b). However, small polygons with a high anisotropy coefficient will restrict the drainage flow near the ground surface, potentially reducing the advective transport of heat to the ice-wedge top as well (Fig. 6d). Similarly, increasing seasonal thaw depth and inter-annual active-layer thickness will lead to polygons with less focused advective heat transport towards ice-wedge tops, potentially providing a negative feedback on ice-wedge degradation. These results provide an additional perspective on ice-wedge degradation, complementing previous research that found that the process is also strongly controlled by geometry (Abolt et al., 2020) and hydrologic conditions (Nitzbon et al., 2019). Small polygons with deeply thawed soil layers (low aspect ratios) and high horizontal preferential flow (high anisotropy coefficient) have the potential to drain most quickly. Therefore, all other factors being equal, regions of polygonal tundra characterized by small, deeply thawed, anisotropic polygons will drain more quickly and consequently will have a greater potential for nutrient flushing, transition from methane to carbon dioxide atmospheric emissions, and biological succession than regions with large, shallowly thawed, isotropic polygons. Concerning temporal changes during the thaw season, polygon pond depletion will slow down as the thaw depth increases, and this reduction will become more dramatic over the thaw season as inter-annual active-layer thickness increases. This implies that a thickening active layer due to warming trends may result in slower pond depletion. For a given location, factors such as regional flow patterns, large-scale topography, etc. will influence the region's overall drainage timing. However, along with these other factors, our analysis indicates that aspect ratio will have a nearly linear positive relationship, while the anisotropy coefficient will have an exponential negative relationship with drainage timing. 4.3 Model limitations The drainage pathways and timing presented here are based on hydrogeological first principles (Harr, 1962; Cedergren, 1968; Freeze and Cherry, 1979; Bear, 1979) using a generalization of ice-wedge polygon geometry and hydraulic properties that allow insights into drainage pathways and timing. The model captures the physical forces that ponded water exerts on a cylindrical porous disc with drainage allowed radially through its sides. While the cylindrical geometry and anisotropy coefficients considered here do not cover all potential variations present in ice-wedge polygons, the impact of those variations will cause deviations from the idealized scenarios considered here. For example, heterogeneities will warp the base case hydraulic head equipotentials and streamlines. The cylindrical idealization of ice-wedge polygon geometry will best approximate drainage in nearly symmetrical hexagonal ice-wedge polygons, while non-symmetric or square ice-wedge polygon drainage will deviate most from that shown here. The model assumes uniform radial discharge around the periphery of the polygon center. Low points in the elevated frozen ground under the rim will lead to deviations from our results. Elevated frozen ground under the rim will also warp the streamlines upwards within a localized region near the rim, but this effect will dissipate a short distance into the polygon center. In our sensitivity analysis, we use idealized conceptualizations and dimensionless variables, which allow hydrologic characteristics of drainage to be exposed in their most fundamental form. To clearly and concisely expose these characteristics, we neglect factors such as evaporation, precipitation, and non-idealized polygon geometry (evaporation and precipitation are included in the calibration). As a result, our analysis is not intended to provide predictive capability across all polygonal tundra scenarios but to provide hydrologic intuition into the relative effects of geometry and anisotropy on inundated ice-wedge polygon drainage and timing. As the analytical solution applies to ponded conditions, it does not apply to freeze-up at the end of the thaw season, after the ponded water in the polygon center freezes. At this time, the active layer freezes simultaneously from the top and bottom, and cryosuction draws water towards the freezing fronts. This redistribution of water affects ice-wedge polygon drainage, and Wales et al. (2020) postulate that it may explain some of the observations of their tracer test. More complex models than applied here are required to capture the details of water redistribution during freeze-up (Painter, 2011; Atchley et al., 2016; Schuh et al., 2017). Since the model is based on the saturated groundwater flow equation, in its current form it cannot be applied to non-inundated low-centered polygons. Since it is based on having a ponded center, the model is also not applicable to high-centered polygons. However, a similar approach to that presented here could be taken with the unsaturated groundwater flow equation to capture these other polygon scenarios and types. 4.4 Relation to other mathematical analyses As our analysis is the first detailed examination of inundated ice-wedge polygon drainage patterns, our results provide a new perspective to existing mathematical analyses. Much of the existing mathematical analyses investigate drainage from polygonal landscapes. For example, Cresto-Aleina et al. (2013) analyze low-centered polygonal landscape hydrology stochastically using percolation theory, a method that is not designed to investigate drainage pathways of individual polygons. Nitzbon et al. (2019, 2020) investigate the hydrology of polygonal tundra using a “tiled” approach that is also not designed to map individual ice-wedge polygon drainage pathways. In these cases, our analysis enhances our understanding by considering details that are glossed over in these analyses for the sake of considering drainage from many polygons. Other research has focused on process-rich 1D analyses that are unable to consider lateral flow. For example, Atchley et al. (2015), Harp et al. (2016), and Atchley et al. (2016) use a process-rich, complex 1D model to calibrate and perform uncertainty and sensitivity analyses of thermal-hydrology models of ice-wedge polygons. Our analysis augments these by providing insights into lateral fluid flow. Abolt et al. (2020) perform a sensitivity analysis of the thermal effects of ice-wedge thaw on individual polygons using a full-physics thermal-hydrology model. Our analysis adds to this research by providing indications of the drainage patterns that would exist along with the thermal effects. Jan et al. (2020) calibrate a full-physics thermal-hydrology model of ice-wedge polygons using field data, but since the focus of their research is calibration, they do not investigate drainage pathways. As a result, our analysis provides new information that augments existing research, helps the Arctic hydrology research community gain an intuitive understanding of inundated ice-wedge polygon drainage, and provides new modeling and experimental research directions based on the idealized base cases considered here. Our results affirm that existing conceptualizations of polygon drainage need revisiting, as was implied by a preliminary analysis conducted by Zlotnik et al. (2020). Fundamental hydrological principles indicate that, due to low-centered polygon geometry and hydraulic properties, inundated polygon drainage flux will not be uniform throughout the thawed soil layer. This result indicates that while some portions of the polygon thaw layer will be well flushed, other portions will be poorly flushed. This has important implications for the aqueous transport of carbon and other dissolved nutrients from polygonal tundra. It also indicates the potential for focused advective heat transport from the ponded water towards the ice-wedge tops, which could enhance ice-wedge degradation. Within this context, we provide the following conclusions: A simple analytical solution based on hydrological first principles is able to capture ice-wedge polygon drainage dynamics over an entire thaw season. Consideration within the model of runoff from topographic highs (rims) during rain events and decreasing effective vertical hydraulic conductivity with increasing thaw depth is required to match field measurements. We were able to identify these necessary model components by using a parsimonious model that has the ability to fail. We provide rigorous confirmation that the majority of drainage from inundated ice-wedge polygon centers occurs along an annular region along their radial periphery; however, polygon geometry and hydraulic conductivity anisotropy significantly impact the drainage pathways, as originally postulated by Zlotnik et al. (2020). This implies that nutrient flushing and the advective thermal transfer will be focused along polygon edges, neglecting the polygon center. Additionally, our results indicate the following: A combination of high aspect ratio (wide, shallow polygons) and high anisotropy coefficient (preferential horizontal flow) results in the greatest spreading of drainage flow towards the middle of the polygon center and the largest fraction of the polygon volume being accessed by drainage flow. In these cases, the nutrient flushing will be more uniform than other cases, and advective heat transport towards the ice-wedge top will be less focused and therefore less able to thaw the ice-wedge top. A combination of high aspect ratio (wide, shallow polygons) and low anisotropy coefficient (preferential vertical flow) results in the greatest focusing of drainage flow and the smallest fraction of the polygon volume being accessed by drainage flow. In these cases, nutrient flushing will be more localized along the outer edge of the polygon (non-uniform) and the advective heat transport towards the ice-wedge tops most focused, possibly resulting in greater degradation of ice wedges than in other cases. Combinations of aspect ratio and anisotropy coefficient have counteracting effects of radial versus vertical extension and contraction of drainage pathways, producing non-monotonic relationships between aspect ratio or anisotropy coefficient and accessed volume (curved feature in accessed volume response surface in Fig. 7). Therefore, the combined nonlinear effects of geometry and anisotropy on drainage patterns must be considered when evaluating nutrient flushing and advective heat transport. Polygon drainage time has an approximately positive linear relationship with aspect ratio when anisotropy is held constant; in other words, wide, shallow polygons drain slowly, while small, deep polygons drain quickly. This implies that polygonal tundra with larger polygons may drain more slowly than tundra composed of smaller polygons. Polygon drainage time has a negative exponential relationship with anisotropy coefficient when aspect ratio is held constant. In other words, increases in preferential horizontal flow lead to exponentially faster drainage. Therefore, polygonal tundra with greater preferential horizontal flow, due to more pronounced horizontal stratigraphy or ice lens development, will drain faster, while less horizontally stratified tundra, due to cryoturbation, for example, will drain more slowly. Here, we present the analytical solutions for hydraulic heads and stream function under the center of an inundated ice-wedge polygon and the depletion curve of the ponded water height due to drainage to the surrounding trough. For details on the derivations and validation of the model, refer to Zlotnik et al. (2020). A1 Hydraulic head and stream function analytical solutions We idealize the subsurface below the center region of a low-centered polygon as a thin cylinder with its radius in the horizontal direction and length in the vertical direction (refer to Fig. 1). Based on this approximation, the hydraulic heads () in an inundated polygon will satisfy the following equation: However, considering that storativity is negligible given the vertical and horizontal scale of the domain, the right-hand term can be neglected as where h is the hydraulic head, r is the radial coordinate, z is the depth coordinate (positive in the downward vertical direction), Kr is the horizontal (radial) hydraulic conductivity, Kz is the vertical hydraulic conductivity, t is time, and Ss is specific storage. The system is fully specified by ensuring that (BC1) the heads along the central vertical axis () are finite, (BC2) the heads along the ground surface are equal to the height of ponded water in the polygon center (), (BC3) the change in heads along the outer vertical boundary is governed by the change in heads along the boundary and the height of water in the trough (Ht) (BC4) the bottom of the model has a zero head gradient and (BC5) the change in volume of ponded water in the polygon center is related to the vertical head gradients along the ground surface where R is the radius of the polygon, L is the depth of the thawed subsurface of the polygon, Hc(t) is the ponded water height in the center of the polygon at time t, Ht is the height of water in the trough, and κ characterizes the conductance to flow across the drainage interface to the trough (in our case, the hydraulic conductance of the soil layer under the rim). Using dimensionless coordinates and parameters defined as dimensionless solutions for hydraulic heads and the stream function can be obtained as and respectively, where Jm, with m=0 or 1, is the Bessel function of the first kind of mth order, and λn is the nth root of the equation The solutions can be verified by direct substitution of Eqs. (A7) and (A8) into the boundary value problem defined by Eqs. (A2) to (A6). A2 Ponded height depletion curve analytical solution The ponded height depletion curve can be defined as where tL is the characteristic depletion time defined as which is the time when , in other words, when the ponded height is approximately 37 % of its initial height. The function can be evaluated as The depletion curve can be expressed in non-dimensional terms as where non-dimensional time . The solution can be verified by direct substitution of Eqs. (A10) into (A5). MATLAB code of the analytical solution is available via Zlotnik et al. (2020) at, last access: 18 August 2021. All data sets are freely available to the public at the provided references in the paper. A video illustrating the validation of the analytical solution to an inundated ice-wedge polygon drainage event in 2012 near Utqiaġvik is available via Zlotnik et al. (2020) at, last access: 18 August 2021. DRH and VZ developed the conceptual model of inundated polygonal tundra hydrology. VZ derived the analytical solutions. VZ and DRH encoded the analytical solutions. CJA created Fig. 1. DRH created Figs. 4–11. ALA provided text for the “Introduction” and “Discussion” sections. EJ provided text for the discussion section. ALA, BDN, EJ, and CJW provided critical reviews of the manuscript. CJW secured funding. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Publisher’s note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The Next Generation Ecosystem Experiments Arctic (NGEE-Arctic) project (DOE ERKP757), funded by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research within the US Department of Energy's Office of Science, supported this research. Sofia Avendaño and Bulbul Ahmmed provided reviews during the development of this article, providing technical and editorial improvements. This research has been supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science (grant no. DOE ERKP757). This paper was edited by Moritz Langer and reviewed by Jan Nitzbon and one anonymous referee. Abnizova, A., Siemens, J., Langer, M., and Boike, J.: Small ponds with major impact: The relevance of ponds and lakes in permafrost landscapes to carbon dioxide emissions, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, 1–9, 2012. a Abolt, C. J. and Young. M.H.: High-resolution mapping of spatial heterogeneity in ice wedge polygon geomorphology near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, Scientific data, 7, 1–7, 2020. a, b Abolt, C. J., Young, M. H., Atchley, A. L., and Harp, D. R.: Microtopographic control on the ground thermal regime in ice wedge polygons, The Cryosphere, 12, 1957–1968,, 2018. a Abolt, C. J., Young, M. H., Atchley, A. L., and Wilson, C. J.: Brief communication: Rapid machine-learning-based extraction and measurement of ice wedge polygons in high-resolution digital elevation models, The Cryosphere, 13, 237–245,, 2019. a Abolt, C. J., Young, M. H., Atchley, A. L., Harp, D. R., and Coon, E. T.: Feedbacks between surface deformation and permafrost degradation in ice wedge polygons, Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 125, e2019JF005349,, 2020. a,, b Atchley, A. L., Coon, E. T., Painter, S. L., Harp, D. R., and Wilson, C. J.: Influences and interactions of inundation, peat, and snow on active layer thickness, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 5116–5123, 2016. a, b, c Bear, J.: Hydraulics of groundwater New York, Mc GrawHill Inc, New York, 1979. a, b, c Beckwith, C. W., Baird, A. J., and Heathwaite, A. L.: Anisotropy and depth-related heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivity in a bog peat. I: laboratory measurements, Hydrol. Process., 17, 89–101, 2003. a, b Billings, W. and Peterson, K.: Vegetational change and ice-wedge polygons through the thaw-lake cycle in Arctic Alaska, Arct. Alp. Res., 12, 413–432, 1980., b, c Brown, J., Ferrians Jr, O., Heginbottom, J., and Melnikov, E.: Circum-Arctic map of permafrost and ground-ice conditions, US Geological Survey Reston, VA, 1997. a Brown, V. A., McDonnell, J. J., Burns, D. A., and Kendall, C.: The role of event water, a rapid shallow flow component, and catchment size in summer stormflow, J. Hydrol., 217, 171–190, 1999. a Cedergren, H. R.: Seepage, drainage, and flow nets, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1968. a, b Conway, T. and Steele, L.: Carbon dioxide and methane in the Arctic atmosphere, J. Atmos. Chem., 9, 81–99, 1989. a Cory, R. M., Ward, C. P., Crump, B. C., and Kling, G. W.: Sunlight controls water column processing of carbon in arctic fresh waters, Science, 345, 925–928, 2014. a Cresto Aleina, F., Brovkin, V., Muster, S., Boike, J., Kutzbach, L., Sachs, T., and Zuyev, S.: A stochastic model for the polygonal tundra based on Poisson–Voronoi diagrams, Earth Syst. Dynam., 4, 187–198,, 2013. a, b Freeze, R. A. and Cherry, J. A.: Groundwater, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1979. a, b Harp, D. R., Atchley, A. L., Painter, S. L., Coon, E. T., Wilson, C. J., Romanovsky, V. E., and Rowland, J. C.: Effect of soil property uncertainties on permafrost thaw projections: a calibration-constrained analysis, The Cryosphere, 10, 341–358,, 2016. a, b Harr, M.: Groundwater and Seepage, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962. a, b, 1000–1017, 2015. a,, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i Hinzman, L., Busey, B., Cable, W., and Romanovsky, V.: Surface meteorology, Barrow, Alaska, Area A, B, C and D, ongoing from 2012, Next Generation Ecosystem Experiments Arctic Data Collection, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, Data accessed on 28 December 2020,, 2014. Jafarov, E., Parsekian, A., Schaefer, K., Liu, L., Chen, A., Panda, S., and Zhang, T.: Estimating active layer thickness and volumetric water content from ground penetrating radar measurements in Barrow, Alaska, Geosci. Data J., 4, 72–79, 2017. a Jan, A., Coon, E. T., Graham, J. D., and Painter, S. L.: A subgrid approach for modeling microtopography effects on overland flow, Water Resour. Res., 54, 6153–6167, 2018a. a Jan, A., Coon, E. T., Painter, S. L., Garimella, R., and Moulton, J. D.: An intermediate-scale model for thermal hydrology in low-relief permafrost-affected landscapes, Computat. Geosci., 22, 163–177, 2018b. a Jan, A., Coon, E. T., and Painter, S. L.: Evaluating integrated surface/subsurface permafrost thermal hydrology models in ATS (v0.88) against observations from a polygonal tundra site, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 2259–2276, 2020. a Jorgenson, M. T., Shur, Y. L., and Pullman, E. R.: Abrupt increase in permafrost degradation in Arctic Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 1–4, 2006. a Jorgenson, M. T., Kanevskiy, M., Shur, Y., Moskalenko, N., Brown, D., Wickland, K., Striegl, R., and Koch, J.: Role of ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks in recent ice wedge degradation and stabilization, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 120, 2280–2297, 2015. a King, T. V., Neilson, B. T., Overbeck, L. D., and Kane, D. L.: A distributed analysis of lateral inflows in an Alaskan Arctic watershed underlain by continuous permafrost, Hydrol. Process., 34, 633–648, 2020. a Koch, J. C.: Lateral and subsurface flows impact arctic coastal plain lake water budgets, Hydrol. Process., 30, 3918–3931, 2016. a, b, c, d Koch, J. C., Gurney, K., and Wipfli, M. S.: Morphology-dependent water budgets and nutrient fluxes in Arctic thaw ponds, Permafrost Periglac., 25, 79–93, 2014. a, b, c, d, e, f, g Koch, J. C., Jorgenson, M. T., Wickland, K. P., Kanevskiy, M., and Striegl, R.: Ice wedge degradation and stabilization impact water budgets and nutrient cycling in Arctic trough ponds, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 123, 2604–2616, 2018. a, b, c, d, e Lachenbruch, A. H.: Mechanics of thermal contraction cracks and ice-wedge polygons in permafrost, Vol. 70, Geol. Soc. Am., 70, 1–63, 1962. a. a Larouche, J. R., Abbott, B. W., Bowden, W. B., and Jones, J. B.: The role of watershed characteristics, permafrost thaw, and wildfire on dissolved organic carbon biodegradability and water chemistry in Arctic headwater streams, Biogeosciences, 12, 4221–4233,, 2015. a Laurion, I. and Mladenov, N.: Dissolved organic matter photolysis in Canadian arctic thaw ponds, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 035026,, 2013. a, b Leffingwell, E. d. K.: Ground-ice wedges: The dominant form of ground-ice on the north coast of Alaska, J. Geol., 23, 635–654, 1915. a, b Lewkowicz, A. G.: Ice-wedge rejuvenation, fosheim peninsula, ellesmere Island, Canada, Permafrost Periglac., 5, 251–268, 1994. a Liljedahl, A. K. and Wilson, C. J.: Ground Water Levels for NGEE Areas A, B, C and D, Barrow, Alaska, 2012–2014, Next Generation Ecosystem Experiments Arctic Data Collection, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, Data accessed on 8 February 2020,, 2016. a, b, c, d. a, b, c, d Mackay, J.: Thermally induced movements in ice-wedge polygons, western Arctic coast: a long-term study, Geogr. Phys. Quatern., 54, 41–68, 2000. a, b, c Mackay, J. R.: The world of underground ice, Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr., 62, 1–22, 1972. a Mackay, J. R.: Active layer slope movement in a continuous permafrost environment, Garry Island, Northwest Territories, Canada, Can. J. Earth Sci., 18, 1666–1680, 1981. a Mackay, J. R.: Some observations on the growth and deformation of epigenetic, syngenetic and anti-syngenetic ice wedges, Permafrost Periglac., 1, 15–29, 1990. a Matsuoka, N. and Moriwaki, K.: Frost heave and creep in the Sør Rondane Mountains, Antarct. Arct. Alp. Res., 24, 271–280, 1992. a McDonnell, J., Owens, I. F., and Stewart, M.: A case study of shallow flow paths in a steep zero-order basin 1, J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 27, 679–685, 1991. a Minke, M., Donner, N., Karpov, N. S., de Klerk, P., and Joosten, H.: Distribution, diversity, development and dynamics of polygon mires: examples from Northeast Yakutia (Siberia), Peatlands Internation, 36–40, 2007. a Moore, T. and Dalva, M.: Methane and carbon dioxide exchange potentials of peat soils in aerobic and anaerobic laboratory incubations, Soil Biol. Biochem., 29, 1157–1164, 1997. a. a, b, c, d, e Nitzbon, J., Langer, M., Westermann, S., Martin, L., Aas, K. S., and Boike, J.: Pathways of ice-wedge degradation in polygonal tundra under different hydrological conditions, The Cryosphere, 13, 1089–1123,, 2019. a, b, c, d Nitzbon, J., Westermann, S., Langer, M., Martin, L. C., Strauss, J., Laboor, S., and Boike, J.: Fast response of cold ice-rich permafrost in northeast Siberia to a warming climate, Nat. Commun., 11, 1–11, 2020. a, b Norby, R. J., Sloan, V. L., Iversen, C. M., and Childs, J.: Controls on fine-scale spatial and temporal variability of plant-available inorganic nitrogen in a polygonal tundra landscape, Ecosystems, 22, 528–543, 2019. a,, 2014. a Painter, S. L.: Three-phase numerical model of water migration in partially frozen geological media: model formulation, validation, and applications, Comput. Geosci., 15, 69–85, 2011. a Plaza, C., Pegoraro, E., Bracho, R., Celis, G., Crummer, K. G., Hutchings, J. A., Pries, C. E. H., Mauritz, M., Natali, S. M., Salmon, V. G., and Schädel, C.: Direct observation of permafrost degradation and rapid soil carbon loss in tundra, Nat. Geosci., 12, 627–631, 2019. a, b Pollock, M. D., O'Donnell, G., Quinn, P., Dutton, M., Black, A., Wilkinson, M. E., Colli, M., Stagnaro, M., Lanza, L. G., Lewis, E., and Kilsby, C. G.: Quantifying and mitigating wind-induced undercatch in rainfall measurements, Water Resour. Res., 54, 3863–3875, 2018. a Popper, K.: The logic of scientific discovery, Routledge, 2005. a Quinton, W. and Marsh, P.: A conceptual framework for runoff generation in a permafrost environment, Hydrol. Process., 13, 2563–2581, 1999. a Raymond, P. A., Hartmann, J., Lauerwald, R., Sobek, S., McDonald, C., Hoover, M., Butman, D., Striegl, R., Mayorga, E., Humborg, C., and Kortelainen, P.: Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters, Nature, 503, 355–359, 2013. a, Glob. Change Biol., 20, 1211–1224, 2014. a Rodell, M., Houser, P. R., Jambor, U. E. A., Gottschalck, J., Mitchell, K., Meng, C. J., Arsenault, K., Cosgrove, B., Radakovich, J., Bosilovich, M., and Entin, J. K.: The global land data assimilation system, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 85, 381–394, 2004. a Romanovsky, V., Cable, W., and Dolgikh, K.: Subsurface temperature, moisture, thermal conductivity and heat flux, Barrow, Area A, B, C, D, Next Generation Ecosystem Experiments Arctic Data Collection, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, Data accessed on 29 December 2020,, 2017. a, Schuur, E.. a Shiklomanov, N. I., Streletskiy, D. A., Nelson, F. E., Hollister, R. D., Romanovsky, V. E., Tweedie, C. E., Bockheim, J. G., and Brown, J.: Decadal variations of active-layer thickness in moisture-controlled landscapes, Barrow, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 115, 1–14, 2010. a Tarnocai, C., Canadell, J., Schuur, E. A., Kuhry, P., Mazhitova, G., and Zimov, S.: Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, 1–11, 2009. a. a, b Transtrum, M. K., Machta, B. B., and Sethna, J. P.: Geometry of nonlinear least squares with applications to sloppy models and optimization, Phys. Rev. E, 83, 036701,, 2011. a Vaughn, L. J., Conrad, M. E., Bill, M., and Torn, M. S.: Isotopic insights into methane production, oxidation, and emissions in Arctic polygon tundra, Glob. Change Biol., 22, 3487–3502, 2016. ao., 120, 788–808, 2015. a, b Wales, N. A., Gomez-Velez, J. D., Newman, B. D., Wilson, C. J., Dafflon, B., Kneafsey, T. J., Soom, F., and Wullschleger, S. D.: Understanding the relative importance of vertical and horizontal flow in ice-wedge polygons, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1109–1129,, 2020. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l Wolter, J., Lantuit, H., Fritz, M., Macias-Fauria, M., Myers-Smith, I., and Herzschuh, U.: Vegetation composition and shrub extent on the Yukon coast, Canada, are strongly linked to ice-wedge polygon degradation, Polar Res., 35, 27489,, 2016. a Wright, N., Hayashi, M., and Quinton, W. L.: Spatial and temporal variations in active layer thawing and their implication on runoff generation in peat-covered permafrost terrain, Water Resour. Res., 45, 1–13, 2009. a Zhu, X., Zhuang, Q., Gao, X., Sokolov, A., and Schlosser, C. A.: Pan-Arctic land–atmospheric fluxes of methane and carbon dioxide in response to climate change over the 21st century, Environ. Res. Lett., 8, 045003,, 2013. a Zlotnik, V. A., Harp, D. R., Jafarov, E. E., and Abolt, C. J.: A Model of Ice Wedge Polygon Drainage in Changing Arctic Terrain, Water, 12, 3376,, 2020. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l Zona, D., Lipson, D., Zulueta, R., Oberbauer, S., and Oechel, W.: Microtopographic controls on ecosystem functioning in the Arctic Coastal Plain, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 116, 1–12, 2011. a, b, c, d, e

. Players sold for over Rs 2 cr at PKL auction Mumbai, Aug 7: Pawan Kumar Sehrawat, who was acquired by Tamil Thalaivas, emerged as the most expensive buy at the Pro Kabaddi League (PKL) Season 9 player auction held here. A total of 130 players were sold to the 12 franchises during the player auction over the two days, across the four categories of players [] The post Players sold for over Rs 2 cr at PKL auction appeared first on The Shillong Times . McDonalds customers love saladswho knew? Burger chain faces pushback after it lets franchisees shed the greenery. Just please bring it back. Heavy rainfall forecast over parts of Jharkhand for next 3 days Ranchi, Aug 07: Jharkhand is expected to get heavy showers in some pockets during the next three days beginning from Monday. Currently, a well-marked low-pressure area lies over Northwest and adjoining West-central Bay of Bengal off Odisha and adjoining north Andhra Kabaddi Players Strike Gold At PKL Season 9 Player Auction At the PKL Player Auction, 130 players from each of the four player categories were sold to the 12 franchisees. ... Disney+ Hotstar to stream new She-Hulk show on 17 August It is intended to be the eighth television series in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) produced by Marvel Studios, sharing continuity with the films of the franchise Jharkhand on high alert after pig deaths in Ranchi district The state animal husbandry department asked all 24 districts to be vigilant for any sick pig following the death of nearly 100 pigs in Ranchi over the last week. Rims introduces tech edge for financial transparency In order to make administrative work hassle-free and to make the purchase of medical equipment and any type of monetary transaction transparent, the Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (Rims) has implemented an e-office system. 3 infants among 5 hurt in anganwadi roof collapse Three infants and two women had a miraculous escape after a portion of the ceiling of the anganwadi centre, where they had gone for a check-up, fell on them at Navadih Bartili village under Ghaghra block in Gumla district on Saturday. Man gets 20 years RI for raping minor in Ranchi dist A special Pocso court in Ranchi on Saturday sentenced one Sohrab Ansari to 20 years of rigorous imprisonment in connection with the rape of a minor girl in March 2019 in an area under Pundaag police station limits. Four nabbed for murder in Khunti Khunti police on Saturday arrested four criminals in connection with the murder of one Vishun Pahan in Birua forest under Murhu police station area on June 21. The arrested are identified as Jadoo Munda, Vikas Nayak, Chambar Singh, and Rohit Mundu. Gumla dist admin fixes price to ease sand crisis The Gumla administration fixed the rate of sand at Rs 1,100 per 100 cubic square feet, amid the prevailing sand crisis across the state. The move will ensure that sand is available for government-sponsored housing schemes and infrastructural developments at an affordable cost. 400 rakhis sold daily in city markets. Dalmia Group gifts 1L flags to Bokaro admin As part of the Centres Har Ghar Tiranga campaign, the Dalmia Group on Saturday donated one lakh flags to the Bokaro administration. The flags will be distributed among the masses so that people can hoist them at their homes on Independence Day. Pilot project to teach primary classes in native languages begins The state education department has introduced a new system of learning titled Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTBMLE) programme as a pilot project for select primary students of Class I to V studying in government schools. CM congratulates Dhankhar; BJP likens his win to farmers victory Chief minister Hemant Soren congratulated Jagdeep Dhankhar for being elected the vice-president of the country on Saturday evening. He also extended greetings on behalf of the people of the state. Traders body to donate 5 lakh flags to govt by August 10 The apparel manufacturers association (AMA) in Ranchi will donate five lakh flags to the Jharkhand government as part of the Centres Har Ghar Tiranga campaign. Around 2.5 lakh flags have already been donated to the government.The remaining 2. Snakebite cases: Teenager dies, elderly man hospitalised in East Singhbhum A 14-year-old boy died and a 74-year-old man is hospitalised in two separate incidents of snakebites in East Singbhum district on Saturday. 2 minor siblings die in bee attack in Ranchi Two siblings, aged seven and two years, lost their lives after a swarm of bees attacked their house late on Thursday evening in the Mousibari area under the Jagannathpur police station. The mother of the two deceased children and her other son, aged five, were injured in the incident. CM to attend Niti Aayog meet in Delhi Chief minister Hemant Soren is scheduled to attend Niti Aayogs meeting with all the chief ministers in Delhi on Sunday during which he is expected to demand special package for drought relief, pending dues related to mining, among others, officials here said on Saturday. Insidious 5 casts Peter Dager, Sinclair Daniel and Hiam Abbass Los Angeles, Aug 6: Actors Peter Dager, Sinclair Daniel and Hiam Abbass are the latest additions to the cast of the fifth installment in the Insidious film franchise. According to entertainment website Deadline, Screen Gems and Stage 6 Films are soon set to start production on the project. Actors Patrick Wilson, Rose Byrne and Ty Simpkins are returning for the new movie. Wilson is also directing the film. Set ten years after the end of Insidious 2, Josh Lambert (Wilson) [] The post Insidious 5 casts Peter Dager, Sinclair Daniel and Hiam Abbass appeared first on Jammu Kashmir Latest News | Tourism | Breaking News J&K . David Hare: There is an awful lot of pious theatre at the moment The playwright on branching out into poetry, contemporaries he admires and his need to challenge audiences beliefs David Hare, 75, is the author of more than 30 stage plays, many of them dealing with politics and major British institutions, including Plenty , Racing Demon , Stuff Happens and The Absence of War . He has also written (and sometimes directed) numerous screenplays and television series such as Collateral and Roadkill. We Travelled , just published in paperback, brings together reminiscences, reflections on his ideal theatre, political polemic and tributes to some of the artists he admires as well as a selection of his poetry, published for the first time. What led you to write and now publish poetry? I started writing poetry because [my wife] Nicole [Farhi, the fashion designer turned sculptor] complained that I never wrote about her. And I said, considering the kind of writer I was, it was probably a great compliment! I began with love poetry and then expanded from there. I published it privately as a 70th birthday present to myself There is obviously a poetry establishment in this country [and] people said I was very brave to write poetry when I knew nothing about the state of poetry. Continue reading... Over 100 pigs die due to suspected African swine fever in Ranchi, alert sounded The staff of the animal farms have been asked to take all precautionary measures while handling the animals. Jagdeep Dhankar becomes next Vice-president of India Vice-president election: National Democratic Alliance Vice Presidential candidate Jagdeep Dhankhar on Saturday won the vice-presidential election to be the 14thVP of India. He was pitted against Opposition's pick Margaret Alva.As many as725 MPs of the total 780 voted in the elections. Around 93 per cent polling was recorded in the vice presidential election on Saturday, with more than 50 MPs not exercising their franchise. Prey review stylish Predator prequel rooted in Native American history The horror sci-fi series is cleverly revived by 10 Cloverfield Lane director Dan Trachtenberg, with Amber Midthunder commanding as a tracker with a secret weapon The word prequel makes my heart sink. So often its just a cynical means to squeeze a little more juice out of an already dead and desiccated franchise, or a reboot that paints a layer of self-referential irony over a much-loved original. But Prey is different. Directed by Dan Trachtenberg ( 10 Cloverfield Lane ), its a prequel to the Predator series that stays true to the essence of the original stylishly violent, stickily graphic, impossibly tense while also working satisfyingly as a self-contained entity. The setting is the land of the Comanche nation, 300 years ago; the central character is Naru (the formidable Amber Midthunder), a warrior and expert tracker whose skills have been honed by a lifetime of close combat against the forces of the patriarchy. But ingrained sexism works in her favour: the assumption that as a woman shes not a credible threat turns out to be her secret weapon. That and her self-invented elasticated axe device think a murderous version of paddle ball. Prey is available on Hulu in the US and Disney+ elsewhere Continue reading... Ranchi hit with African swine fever, over 100 pigs die 70 pigs die in Kanke-based government pig breeding farm, 40 in Chanho area Vice-President Election 2022: Around 93% of MPs vote in poll New Delhi, Aug 06: Around 93 per cent polling was recorded in the vice presidential election on Saturday, with more than 50 MPs not exercising their franchise. Officials said of the total 780 MPs, as many as 725 MPs voted till Should I Franchise My Business? 6 Reasons Why Franchising May Not Be The Right Option For Your Business For many brands franchising can be a great route to expansion, but it is not the best and most appropriate course of action for every business. These 6 reasons are certainly not exhaustive but are some key points to bear in mind when considering if franchising is right for you and your business. Streaming: the best video game film adaptations Sonic the Hedgehog 2, like Super Mario Bros, assorted Lara Crofts and all things Resident Evil, seeks the sweet spot between knowing silliness and serious action The humble video game movie tends to get it from all sides. Critics turn up their noses and gaming nerds are often equally hard to please, albeit on very different points of principle. Kids are perhaps the most forgiving demographic for the video game film, which is why the belated Sonic the Hedgehog film franchise has done well to squarely target them. Now out on DVD and streaming, Sonic the Hedgehog 2 replicates the first films garish formula of faintly ironic in-jokery, chase-heavy action embellished with garish, primary-coloured CGI and industrial-strength hamming by Jim Carrey as Sonics nemesis, Dr Robotnik. It gets the job done, perhaps a little too thoroughly at more than two hours in length. Continue reading... Voting under way to elect India's next Vice President; PM Modi, Manmohan Singh cast vote: Key points Polling to elect the next Vice President of India began at 10 am, with Prime Minister Narendra Modi being among the first ones to cast vote. Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh arrived in a wheelchair and needed support to stand up and vote. CPM MP John Brittas was among those who helped the veteran leader in exercising his franchise. The two-term prime minister greeted those present with folded hands. Voting underway for vice-presidential election, PM voted first New Delhi: Voting has begun for the election of the new Vice President of the country. Prime Minister Narendra Modi was the first to exercise his franchise. At the same time, former PM and Congress Rajya Sabha member Dr Manmohan Singh reached Parliament to cast his vote for the Vice-Presidential election. Earlier, Union Ministers Jitendra Singh and Ashwini Vaishnaw cast their votes in Parliament House for the Vice President's election. Let me tell you that India is going to get a new Vice President today. Voting for this is also today and the results will also be announced today. Delhi | Former Prime Minister and Congress MP Dr Manmohan Singh arrives at the Parliament to cast his vote for the Vice Presidential election. pic.twitter.com/OK0GsY5npL ANI (@ANI) August 6, 2022 Former West Bengal Governor Jagdeep Dhankhar is the candidate from the NDA, while the opposition has fielded Margaret Alva. But, like the presidential election, this time too, the contest looks one-sided. In terms of statistics, Jagdeep Dhankhar is leading in this race. On behalf of the opposition, Margaret Alva is definitely contesting the election, but she does not appear to be in the competition of Dhankhar. In fact, one needs at least 394 votes to win the vice presidential election. Whoever achieves this figure, victory is confirmed. Union Ministers Jyotiraditya Scindia and Rajeev Chandrasekhar cast their votes for the Vice Presidential election, at the Parliament. pic.twitter.com/rhbjeT8qwd ANI (@ANI) August 6, 2022 NDA candidate Jagdeep Dhankhar already has 395 votes in his account, that is, he already has more votes in his favour than he needs to win. That is why Jagdeep Dhankhar's victory in the election is considered to be certain. At present, the BJP has 303 MPs in the Lok Sabha and 93 MPs in the Rajya Sabha, in such a situation, the number of BJP MPs (396) is looking enough to give Dhankhar a victory in the vice-presidential election. Can Taiwan adapt China's extensive war games? Sushma Swaraj the first woman CM of Delhi, started doing this work at the age of 21 God Idols bigger than 3 feet will be seized, orders Congress govt Hardik Pandya reached the home of the legendary West Indies cricketer, and shared a picture on social media! social media account. In these pictures, all-rounder Hardik Pandya is seen at the house of former West Indies captain Kieron Pollard. Hardik Pandya expressed his gratitude to Pollard Hardik Pandya and Kieron Pollard have played a lot of cricket together for the Indian Premier League franchise Mumbai Indians. In such a situation, there is an old friendship between the two. Hardik Pandya thanked Pollard for hosting him at his home. Sharing the pictures on social media, Hardik Pandya wrote, 'No trip to the Caribbean is complete without visiting the King's house. Thank you for hosting Pauly my dear brother and your family.' The good relationship between the two Kieron Pollard, the all-rounder of the Indian team and former captain of the West Indies team, has played together in India's well-known T20 league i.e. IPL. In such a situation, the relationship between the two players on and off the field is very good. Let us tell you that Hardik Pandya, who went with the team on the West Indies tour, was appointed by the BCCI as the captain of the team for the series of Twenty20 matches played on the tour of Ireland. It is worth noting that Hardik Pandya, who was dropped from the team due to poor performance in the last ICC T20 World Cup, made a place in the national team again due to his brilliant performance while leading the new IPL team Gujarat Titans. And also currently performing well for Team India. Looking at his performance, it can be guessed that he can be selected for the team for the upcoming Asia Cup and the upcoming ICC T20 World Cup. If Hardik Pandya and Rishabh Pant face the last 12 balls, then Team India has to face defeat! Indian team's star all-rounder player Hardik Pandya and wicket-keeper batsman Rishabh Pant are excellent middle-order batsmen. On some occasions, Rishabh Pant has also opened for the Indian team. A century partnership between Pant and Hardik Pandya for the fifth wicket against England. However, former Pakistan captain Rashid Latif does not have confidence in his abilities to score more runs in the death overs. The former Pakistani captain has made a big claim that Team India is more likely to lose if Rishabh Pant and Hardik Pandya are left to finish the game with the ball with 12 balls to spare for the Indian team. But if Pant and Hardik have to play with Karthik, it means that the top order has faltered. Rashid Latif while talking about Dinesh Karthik on the YouTube show Caught Behind said- Dinesh Karthik is fine in franchise cricket. But when it comes to playing for Team India, he has three to four quality batsmen. Where and how will he bat in 20 overs? I believe it is fine till franchise cricket, but if they are getting to bat against international teams like Pakistan and Australia, it means the top order is damaged.. Cong workers protest against price rise in city Keeping up with their counterparts from across the country, the leaders, lawmakers and workers of Jharkhand Congress on Friday tried to gherao the Raj Bhawan in protest against steep price rise of essential commodities. Lohardaga govt employee found dead in hotel Devnath Asur (40), a man from the particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) community, was found dead in a hotel in a market at Maina Bagaicha locality of Lohardaga town late on Thursday. Zonal declamation contest in Steel City school Narbheram Hansraj English School (NHES) hosted the zonal declamation contest (junior category) here on Friday, in which students enrolled in classes IX and X from 26 schools took part.NHES principal Paramita Roy Chaudhury delivered the welcome speech at the event. JNAC prepares 30cr plan to check Subarnarekha pollution To check the pollution level in Subarnarekha, which is the major source of drinking water for local residents of Jamshedpur, Ghatshila, Moubhandar and Musaboni in East Singhbhum district, Jamshedpur Notified Area Committee (JNAC) has drawn up a plan which will ensure that affluents from 34 KGBV Chakulia students test +ve As many as 34 students of the Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya in Chakulia tested positive for Covid-19 on Friday. A Covid-19 screening drive was conducted in the school in two phases on Wednesday and Friday. In all, 412 students were tested. BJPs Tiranga Yatra from Morhabadi to Birsa Chowk whips up patriotic fervour Opposition MLAs on Friday attempted to whip up patriotic fervour ahead of the Independence Day by taking out a motorcycle rally by holding the national flag. Chakradharpur rly div procures 20k natl flags for staff Over 20,000 employees of the Indian Railways who are working in the Chakradharpur railway division of South Eastern Railways (SER) will be hoisting the national flag at their homes on the Independence Day this year. Govt docs oppose ban on pvt practice, write to CM The Jharkhand chapter of the Indian Medical Association (IMA) on Friday wrote an open letter to chief minister Hemant Soren criticising the state health departments recent directive to the doctors of the state health services where they have been asked to refrain from private practice after Govt misleading villagers on ration: Civil rights body Khadya Suraksha Janadhikar Manch, a civil rights body working for proper implementation of National Food Security Act (NFSA), has accused the government of misleading people through members of the house by making false claims as far as distribution of ration is concerned. Staff shortage leads to vacant seats in vocational courses Most of the seats in vocational courses being offered by eight government schools in Class XI and XII level across the district are lying vacant. The reasons are shortage of teachers, absence of labs, and other facilities. Kaser Focus: Paldea, here I come GamesBeat's Rachel Kaser contemplates her return to the Pokmon franchise, as well as what to play during this quiet release week.. Jharkhand: One-year-old dies as uncle drops him from lap while playing A 1-year-old baby was killed in Jharkhand's Seraikela-Kharswan district while playing with his uncle who allegedly dropped him from a height, police said on Friday. Muscleman linked to Hemant Sorens aide sent to ED custody Ranchi: A special PMLA court in Ranchi on Friday sent Bachhu Yadav, a muscleman linked to a political representative of Chief Minister Hemant Soren, to six-day Enforcement Directorate custody as part of a money-laundering probe in an alleged illegal mining and extortion scam in Jharkhand. Bacchu Yadav was arrested by the Enforcement Directorate (ED) on Get the latest updates in Hyderabad City News , Technology , Entertainment , Sports , Politics and Top Stories on WhatsApp & Telegram by subscribing to our channels. You can also download our app for Android and iOS . Jobs in UAE: Americana Restaurants to recruit up to 500 people Abu Dhabi: Americana Restaurants, the leading F&B platform and one of the largest multi-brand restaurant operators in the Middle East & North Africa (MENA) region will recruit up to 500 people to operate a new chain of a coffee franchisees in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and region. Americana Restaurants has entered a franchise agreement Get the latest updates in Hyderabad City News , Technology , Entertainment , Sports , Politics and Top Stories on WhatsApp & Telegram by subscribing to our channels. You can also download our app for Android and iOS . Domestic franchise businesses should be able to expand overseas: govt Acting Director General of Domestic Trade at the Ministry of Trade Syailendraemphasized that domestic franchise businesses should be able to expand their products to foreign markets in accordance with Trade Minister ... Fans Concerned After Ravindra Jadeja Deletes Old Tweet Assuring 10 more Years With CSK Fans speculate over Ravindra Jadeja's future with CSK as the all-rounder first deleted all his CSK-related Instagram posts and has now deleted a tweet that highlights that something's brewing between franchise and the player Country moving towards 'Islamisation,' 1800 schools in Jharkhand has leave on Friday instead of Sunday Ranchi: BJP MP Nishikant Dubey on Friday made a big claim in the Lok Sabha that 1800 schools in Jharkhand are going on holiday on Friday instead of Sunday. He further said that the incident is proof that the country is moving towards Islamisation. Raising the issue during zero hours in the Lok Sabha, he said the matter should be investigated by the National Investigation Agency (NIA) so that the truth can be exposed and a strong message can be sent to the separatists. The BJP MP said, I am drawing attention to the Islamisation taking place in the state of Jharkhand. In some districts of the state, the balance of population has changed. Bangladesh is close and that's why it's happening. It has suddenly come to light that there are 1800 such schools in Jharkhand which have added Urdu words to their names. These schools do not have holidays on Sundays but on Fridays. Nishikant Dubey said, The country is moving towards Islamization. Jharkhand is giving way to him. It should be investigated by the NIA. It should send a strong message. It will not be tolerated at any cost.'' BJP MP Jayant Sinha raised the issue of the backwardness of Jharkhand and claimed that the state has lagged far behind many parameters of development. The state has failed to provide research, opportunities and skill development to its people. Only seven-eight new start-ups have been registered in Jharkhand. The Central Government should direct the State Government to improve its functioning.'' Cabinet Secy Rajiv Gauba gets one-year extension in service Is there a 'secret agreement' between PM Modi and Mamata Banerjee? 'Stay away from Ladakh border..,' India gave strong advice to Dragon amid China-Taiwan dispute Mother of 2 children ran away with neighbour, condition of innocents bad Ranchi: The wife of Nimai Murmu of Ghatshila police station area of East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand left her two children and ran away with Gora Hembram of Dhalbhumgarh police station area and got married and left both her children with her husband. The incident reached the woman SHO Rukmini Kumari. The woman SHO listened to the woman and her first husband Nimai Murmu and her second husband Gora Hembram. The woman and her second husband said hewould not take the two children with them. The woman SHO explained to them that the children were still small. A mother will be needed to raise them. The husband and wife brought up both the children with them, but both the children refused to live with their mother. Let us tell you that Nimai Murmu's daughter is 11 years old and her younger son is 7 years old. The children also said that they both do not want to live with their mother as shewill now torture both the children. The woman SHO said that if the two children are not taken care of properly from now on, their lives will be ruined. The same husband and his wife agreed that they would open their bank account of Rs 2,000 every month to raise the two children so that they could live their lives in the right way. Nimai Murmu said his wife left him three months ago and fled with Gora Hembram, a resident of Sarbila village under the Dhalbhumgarh police station area. Due to this, she did not even contact the two children, while Gora Hembram's wife said that she was in touch with the two children. Revenue employee dies in suspicious condition, wife charged with murder For dowry, in-laws along with husband killed the wife India got a big advantage between Russia-Ukraine, know how? Roddy Estwick Named As The Lead Assistant Coach Of CPL Side Barbados Royals. Also Read: Scorecard. Kolkata Police raids 3 locations in Ranchi in connection with advocate Rajiv Kumars arrest Kolkata Police raids 3 locations in Ranchi in connection with advocate Rajiv Kumars arrest RBI MPC: Banks with higher share of floating rates to do well in this higher interest rate regime, says Naveen Kulkarni of Axis Securities Banks with a higher share of floating rates and a robust CASA-led deposit franchise should be placed well in this increasing interest rate environment as the current credit growth is looking up, Naveen Kulkarni , Chief Investment Officer (CIO) at Axis Securities opines.. Prey movie review: The Predator franchise gets a pulse-pounding update that chews up and spits out the Marvel template Ravindra Jadeja deletes 4-word reply to CSK on Twitter, fuels rumours of leaving franchise Ravindra Jadeja deletes 4-word reply to CSK on Twitter, fuels rumours of leaving franchise 'This state is made of different metal..,' CM Hemant's big statement amid political turmoil in Jharkhand Ranchi: Jharkhand CM Hemant Soren on Thursday made serious allegations against the BJP while talking to the media. He said the BJP wants to keep democracy in its pocket through money power. He wants to buy democracy. From Maharashtra to Jharkhand, they are only working on the sole agenda of forming and toppling the government. On the arrest of 3 Congress MLAs in West Bengal, he said that the law has done its job. He said that the politics of Jharkhand may be very hot, but the ability to make bread on the tawa here is not at all. He said that the state is made of a different metal. Not everyone is going to melt here. On the Enforcement Directorate's action, Soren said that this has been the case with those who campaign for the people. He said that guruji (Shibu Soren) was also not subjected to atrocities, but his caravan increased. He said he and his workers will respond to every conspiracy of the BJP. On the allegations of toppling the Jharkhand government, the Chief Minister said that the BJP, of course, denied this, but it is behind the game that is taking place in Jharkhand. When the game of toppling the government was played in Maharashtra from Guwahati, even at that time, the BJP had denied that it was away from everything. Hemant Soren said that the BJP is only engaged in Hindu-Muslim disputes and indo-Pakistan. He doesn't mean anything to people. He said the people are the most important. Justice must be delivered in his court. On the action of the Enforcement Directorate in the illegal mining case, the Chief Minister said that action is being taken against his close associates but the court is above the ED. The Enforcement Directorate does not in itself decide right and wrong in the court. Chief Minister Hemant Soren said that now a new thing is being seen the police of one state is fighting with another. In fact, the CID team of West Bengal, which had gone to investigate Assam and Delhi in the Jharkhand cash scandal case, was taken into custody by the police there the previous day. Those who could not even teach in schools, such people were sent to university by 'Partha' 'Section 144 is in force, strict action will be taken..,' DP's letter to Congress Hunter Biden involved in the 2018 agreement for Ukraine to supply China with grain Varsities plan array of events Universities and colleges of the state have scheduled a variety of cultural, educational, and welfare programmes to mark the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav (AKAM) this month. Elderly womens Himalayan expedition covering over 4,841 km concludes after 140 days at Ladakh Dedicated to the Union government's 'Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav' initiative, the Fit@50+ Women's Trans Himalayan expedition has successfully completed its 140 days of expedition. BSL resumes eviction drive in its quarters The Bokaro Steel Plant (BSL) management has again started an eviction drive in the township to evacuate its residential quarters from unauthorised occupants. More than two dozen quarters were evacuated in the past two days and the drive is still underway. Work resumes at CTVS dept in Rims. HC bans all promotions in govt depts; asks DGP, state govt to file affidavits The Jharkhand high court on Thursday clamped a stay on all promotions in government departments in the state. The order was passed by Justice S N Pathak while hearing a petition filed by one Shrikant Dubey. Science workshop for tribal kids Dhanbad: In order to sensitise tribal children on the importance of science, IIT (ISM) Dhanbad organized a workshop at Adivasi School, Bagdaha under Baghmara block of Dhanbad on Tuesday. tnn Ranchi college sets up uniform bank for underprivileged students In a unique move, Marwari College, Ranchi an autonomous college under the Ranchi University has launched a drive to set up a uniform bank on its premises to help financially challenged students. Ranchi: Work resumes at Cardio Thoracic Vascular Surgery department in Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences. Ranchi: Governor forms panels to inspect private universities Governor-cum-chancellor of universities Ramesh Bais has formed a committee headed by director of higher education and several sub-committees for inspecting the private universities in the state and ascertain whether they are adhering to the prescribed government norms or not. Ranchi: MP Sanjay Seth asks min to sanction outer ring road project Ranchi MP Sanjay Seth on Wednesday met Union road and highways minister Nitin Gadkari and demanded construction of an outer ring road in the city. Jharkhand: Monsoon session ends prematurely The monsoon session of Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha ended prematurely on Thursday afternoon after speaker Rabindranath Mahto adjourned the House sine-die a day before its scheduled closure owing to the continuous protests by the BJP lawmakers over several issues. Jharkhand: 3 bills passed in assembly through voice vote on last day of session The Jharkhand assembly passed three bills through voice vote on Thursday. However, the MLAs of the opposition staged a walkout demanding government action on cow slaughter incidents and the handover of the murder investigation of police sub-inspector Sandhya Topno to the CBI. The bills are - Kaushal Vidya Udyamita Digital and Skill Development University Bill of 2022, the Azim Premji University Bill 2022 and the Jharkhand Excise Amendment Bill of 2022. Jharkhand: ED arrests Pankaj Mishra's associate in illegal mining case The enforcement directorate (ED) on Thursday arrested Bachchu Yadav from Ranchi in connection with the ongoing investigation into illegal mining and money laundering in Jharkhand. Prey review Predator prequel gives a nifty spin to a bloated franchise The world wasnt calling out for yet another Predator movie but 10 Cloverfield Lanes Dan Trachtenberg finds mileage in a light-footed prequel led by Native Americans Theres an obvious lack of creative necessity to Hollywoods overwhelming churn of prequels, sequels, remakes, reboots and revisions, more so by the minute, as studio-owned streaming services plunder back catalogues for more ways they can exploit known properties. Upcoming TV shows based on Fatal Attraction, Alien, Grease, Mr and Mrs Smith, The Lord of the Rings and Reality Bites and films based on The Killer, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, The Crow, White Men Cant Jump, Road House, Scarface and The Bodyguard are all so commercially inevitable that its almost hard to be angry, each new announcement deserving little more than a resigned shrug. Its business, not pleasure. So on the rare occasion that this practice offers up something that feels even mildly outside of the algorithm, as if perhaps maybe a human might have come up with it rather than a spreadsheet, its hard not to give it more credit than it often deserves. Fox AKA Disney AKA Hulu AKA Disney+ in international territories, has dragged the Predator series back to life once again for a seventh outing (two Predators, two Alien vs Predators, a Predators and a The Predator make six) but rather than continuing down the same well-trodden road, theyve taken a left-turn and then gone back around 300 years. Continue reading... Amazon marks down loads of hardcover gaming books from $17: Mario, Cuphead, more Amazon has now kicked off a notable sale on collectible hardcover gaming books spanning a wide variety of franchises. One standout is the Super Mario Encyclopedia: The Official Guide to the First 30 Yearsat $19.55 with free shipping for Prime members or in orders over $25. Clip the $5 on-page coupon . Originally $40,it regularly fetches $25 these days and is now at the lowest price we can find for one of the best prices ever. A wonderful addition to just about any Mario collection, it is jam-packed with content fromseventeen Super Mario games from the original Super Mario Bros. to Super Mario 3D World. It delivers 256 pages of Mushroom Kingdom history, concept art, and facts wrapped in a collectible hardcover, much like the rest of todays gaming book deals below. more The post Amazon marks down loads of hardcover gaming books from $17: Mario, Cuphead, more appeared first on 9to5Toys . Reliance signs franchise deal with fashion house Balenciaga It's the most opportune time to introduce the brand to the country as the Indian luxury customer has matured and using fashion as a form of creative expression of their individuality Darshan Mehta, managing director of RBL, said in the statement. Reliance Brands Limited Embarks On A Collaborative Journey With Balenciaga RBL has signed a franchise agreement with Balenciaga to introduce the brand to India. Reliance Brands signs franchise agreement with Balenciaga Reliance Brands has inked a deal with Balenciaga for a long-term franchise agreement and the Indian company will become its sole partner in the country. People gave befitting reply to Jayant Sinha, who said- 'Where is price rise?' Ranchi: Thecommon people have been troubled by the rising inflation in India. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has also admitted this in the Lok Sabha. But BJP MP Jayant Sinha has dismissed the issue of price rise. According to him, inflation is nowhere to be seen and that is why the Opposition is also not getting to see it anywhere. Now this one statement by Jayant Sinha has further angered those who have already become worried about the rising inflation. It is in Jayant Sinha's parliamentary constituency Hazaribagh that people are suffering from the price rise. The media has discussed it with the people of Hazaribagh. They have asked questions on price rise, and they have asked for a report on the work of the government. From what has now come out, it is clear that people are angry with the price rise as well as the indifference of the government. According to the local resident, if any government comes, inflation goes up. They are not able to teach the children or do anything, the man is eating and drinking. At the same time, Dev Kumar Sinha has said in a more strident manner that the GST of foodgrains should be reduced, those who are poor are facing inflation. The MP should come and see whether there is inflation or not. Due to the same discussion, some people also came out who made it clear that MP Jayant Sinha has not come to his parliamentary constituency after winning. That is why heis not considering inflation an issue. Now, apart from the people, the opposition is also rejecting these claims of Jayant Sinha. But Sinha himself has stuck to his claims. According to him, the decisions taken by the Modi government to contain inflation have been unmatched. The poor were given ration, electricity, and gas cylinders. In such a situation, no one is worried but happy. NHAI debt stands at a massive Rs 3.49 lakh crore 'Next 48 hours too critical for Azam Khan..,' suddenly admitted to ICU Sanjay Raut gets a big blow, court extends ED custody 'Delighted' With Axar Patel's Batting, Says Delhi Capitals Assistant Coach Pravin Am that he had been doing the same for his IPL team. Amre knows it very well as during the IPL season in October 2020, Axar had hit left-arm spin all-rounder Ravindra Jadeja for three sixes in the last over to win a match in Sharjah for Delhi against Chennai Super Kings. More recently in IPL 2022, Axar walked out to bat when Delhi was tottering at 104-6 in a chase of 178 and took the side home against Mumbai Indians with an unbeaten 38 off 17 balls in their opening match at Brabourne Stadium. We have to give a lot of credit to the owners also, because they are the ones who got him traded from Punjab (Axar was bought by Delhi for INR 5 crores in player auction ahead of 2019 IPL season) and believed that he can be an asset for the Delhi Capitals. He has been doing extremely well for the last three years. We all believe that he is going to be a genuine all rounder and this is what he is actually delivering for Team India. We are very delighted because he has done the same for us in Delhi Capitals, like in a couple of matches he contributed for us winning with the bat also. We know how good a bowler he is, but his all-rounder role is important, especially in T20 cricket. I am looking forward to him doing the same thing for team India in the World Cup, said Amre to IANS on the sidelines of the franchise launching their first cricket academy in Noida. One of Amre's wards, batter Shreyas Iyer, hasn't looked comfortable of late while playing against the short ball in IPL and international cricket. Asked about Iyer's short-ball issues, Amre remarked, The itinerary is such that there is no time to get a break. They are traveling continuously with the team. But I am sure that he's more matured now and has played more cricket now. I think that's where he will adjust himself and that is what the beauty of the game is. So many times, you have to be on your own to take those calls and make those small-small adjustments. Amre signed off by expressing his pleasure with Delhi skipper and India wicketkeeper-batter Rishabh Pant producing great batting performances in international cricket. Currently featuring in T20I series against the West Indies, Pant had a memorable England tour, making 146 and 57 in rescheduled fifth Test at Edgbaston and 125 not out in ODI series decider at Edgbaston. Also Read: Scorecard I will say that the IPL experience has really helped him to go out and deliver for team India's success. Very happy to see him contributing because he is a guy who is single-handedly a match-winner, for team India also. It's good and we are really hoping that he contributes in the upcoming series also. 'Predator' franchise goes back in time for Hulu prequel 'Prey' Amber Midthunder stars as a young Comanche woman in 1719 who protects her tribe from an alien invader in Hulu's sci-fi 'Predator' prequel 'Prey.' Actor Jennifer Coolidge admits of having wild sex life after 'American Pie' Actor Jennifer Coolidge, who played Stiflers mom in the American Pie franchise, recently revealed details of her sex life after portraying her character. Find out what she had to say. Tom Cruise to return for 'gnarlier' project after Mission Impossible 8 After the massive success of Top Gun: Maverick, Tom Cruise is all set for his next action franchise with the release of Mission Impossible films. According to reports, the seventh and eighth Mission: Impossible movies will be released as Dead Reckoning Part 1 and Dead Reckoning Part 2. During a recent appearance on the Light The Fuse Podcast, director Christopher McQuarrie spoke about Cruise's MI future and more. Even though there have been rumours going around the Hollywood town, that Tom may be wrapping up the Mission Impossible franchise with the eighth film, the director said,. Suggesting that Mission Impossible franchise may not be coming to an end, the director further also teased another project that he could work on with Cruise after the release of Dead Reckoning. The director confirmed that he already has a new movie for Cruise and described it as gnarlier than the Mission: Impossible movies. Teasing further about their future project, the filmmaker further said that while it's still under wraps, he noted that it's something they have talked about for a long time. He further also added, Its way outside of what youre used to seeing Tom do. As for the Mission Impossible films, Mission: Impossible Dead Reckoning Part One will release in theatres on July 14 whereas the second part will be out in 2024. Charlie Puth shuts down troll related to BTS Jungkook about Left and Right PewDiePie gets SLAMMED for mocking deaf TikTok star Scarlet May House of the Dragon will not depict sexual violence unlike Game of Thrones, confirm writers DC Assistant Coach Pravin Amre Opens-Up On His Coaching Philosophy Former India cricketer Pravin Amre has been a very sought-after coach in the cricketing circle. From being the coach of India Under-19 side and for Mumbai in the domestic cricket circuit, Amre has also served as a talent scout for IPL teams Mumbai Indians and Delhi Capitals. Apart from being the personal batting coaches to players like Suresh Raina, Robin Uthappa, Ajinkya Rahane and Shreyas Iyer among others, Amre is currently relishing his role as the assistant coach of Delhi Capitals. On the sidelines of Delhi Capitals opening their first academy in Noida, Amre, who played 11 Tests and 37 ODIs for India in the early 1990s and scored a century on his Test debut against South Africa at Durban in 1992, spoke to IANS about his coaching philosophy, how he got into cricket coaching and usage of data in the game. Q. How would you describe your coaching philosophy? A. My philosophy is simple. What I learnt from my guru (Ramakant) Achrekar sir, it's all about taking a player to the next level. I think that's always a challenge. When we start from U-15, how you can take it to U-19, U-19 to Ranji, Ranji to India. So, I think this goes on. It's like a journey, like you go with that players' journey and you also enjoy their success. So, it's a long journey and you start from academies. Q. Can you explain how you got into coaching? Was it something which came or was this path already in your mind? A. To me personally, I never thought I will be a coach. I never thought my temperament is for a coach. But yes, Achrekar sir told me that I should do this job. I have really enjoyed this. I started in 2000 and now it's 2022. So, it's a long journey and I learnt a lot. I am really thankful because to play as a cricketer, your approach is different. But when you become a coach, your approach is different. We have to handle many cricketers, then man management comes, then you have to be knowledgeable when you have to solve their problem. Specially when I am focusing on my career as a batting specialist coach, there are a lot of complicated things which happen in a batsman's mind. We have to address that and also, technology has come which helps us. More than anything important, there is no substitute to experience and that matters sometimes. We as coaches learn everyday and that is what pushes us to go to the next level. Q. In your playing days, data wasn't that big part of the game as it is right now. To what extent do you use data and equip the batters with it? A. It's important, and I will say it's one tool. It's like some percentage, you can improve your game. But the whole thing is, like you should have your own game and have the basic skills right. So, that will take you there. So many times you do comparison and too many analysis sometimes makes you paralysis. It's very important then to focus on your own game. As you rightly said, when we played cricket, there was no such data. But I think the runs was important and now also, plus in future scoring runs will always be an important factor. Q. The cricketing schedule has become very hectic. How do you see the batters cope up with the challenge of playing all formats of the game consistently? A. Yes, it's challenging, it's not that easy. But ultimately you have to set your mind. A good mindset will be important and, in a calendar, this is what will happen there. So, it's important to use the days you will get in preparing for that type of format. Time is going to be like that, so the better a player adjusts to that quickly so that it would be good for their own performance. Q. When a batter faces some difficulty during the IPL, how do you go about solving that issue faced by him? A. It is always person to person. In IPL, it is such a thing that you don't meet only just one month before, talking about all the abroad players. That's really challenging for a coach because when I was handling the Mumbai Ranji team, it was a different thing. You are there with players for ten months. Here, it's really challenging for the coaches also but you find a way because of trust. If players have trust with the coaches, it becomes basically easy. Q. If a youngster is coming to you for coaching, what are the first things which you notice about him/her? A. This game is all about skill. As a coach, we see the setup, his stance, grip and how he is playing the ball, his impact point and body balance. So many things are there, like as a coach you see whether the decision making, he is doing is right or wrong. Those are the things which matter, like a spark is there, then you make that judgement easily. With experience, we learn how to make those decisions, like this boy has got the talent. Q. You have also served as a scout in the IPL. How has that experience been for you? A. When you are scouting, you have to travel a lot and then you see them actually in the matches. More important is, the situation he is batting and how he handles that situation and won the game for the particular team. This what all we notice, like this boy has got potential and he can be a match-winner for us. There is excitement, like you pick that boy, back him and does well to win matches for the franchise. It gets really exciting to go and hunt the real good talent. Q. Your thoughts on Delhi Capitals opening their first academy in Noida? Also Read: Scorecard A. Well, I think it's a great initiative. We are extremely delighted and also happy to see that there's a full-sized ground. I am sure that with our DC management, we will have the vision to get this ground for a longer period because it's going to be a necessity for us to grow Delhi Capitals academy here. The boys, at a young age, they will get to play on a full-sized wicket. I am very personally excited to see this ground..

Play Space to play or pause, M to mute, left and right arrows to seek, up and down arrows for volume. Four Corners 'Mongrel bunch of bastards' Taking on the extraordinary powers of the Tax Office. "You might say that murderers have more rights than tax payers." Tax barrister The Australia Taxation Office is a formidable enforcer with extraordinary powers. It can raid your home or business without a warrant, it can compel you to answer questions and treat you as guilty until proven innocent. "(It) can effectively act like a judge, jury and executioner all rolled up into one. That's the problem." Tax barrister While there's strong public support for a crackdown on major multinational corporations to force them to pay their fair share, there is growing concern that the Tax Office is targeting people a long way from the big end of town. "They chase low-hanging fruit, people who are being honest and upright, and they whack them with a huge bill and then chase them." Small business lobbyist In a major joint Four Corners/Fairfax investigation, reporter Adele Ferguson puts the actions of the Tax Office under the microscope, examining how it uses its extensive powers. "How can you describe someone who's trying to destroy your livelihood and destroy your way of life? I'd call that evil." Business operator Months in the making, this investigation shows what happens when a taxpayer finds themselves in the cross hairs of the ATO. "There's an agenda that's going on in there, and the Australian public know nothing about it." Business operator It examines whether the ATO is playing by the rules and acting fairly and ethically. "Dealing with the ATO, I've never come across such a mongrel bunch of bastards in my entire life." Business operator "Mongrel bunch of bastards", reported by Adele Ferguson and presented by Sarah Ferguson, goes to air on Monday 9th April at 8.30pm. It is replayed on Tuesday 10th April at 1.00pm and Wednesday 11th at 11.20pm. It can also be seen on ABC NEWS channel on Saturday at 8.10pm AEST, ABC iview and at abc.net.au/4corners. Transcript On the northern edge of the Adelaide Hills, a family run business is doing its best to stay afloat. The problem isn't the remote location. The Australian Taxation Office has its sights on the company and may well determine if it survives... or not. ANNETTE PIKE: Adele, did you find the place ok? Welcome to the nerve centre of Outscribe. ADELE FERGUSON: Any developments with the Tax Office? ANNETTE PIKE, OUTSCRIBED: No nothing final we're still in the thick of it, we're still waiting for an outcome so everyone is still in limbo. So we need to have an answer we need to be able to go forward because we can't sustain this. ADELE FERGUSON: How would you describe the tax office? ANNETTE PIKE: In one short word I would call what they're doing evil. There's an agenda that's going on in there, and the Australian public know nothing about it. We knew nothing about it. We were naive. How can you describe someone who's trying to destroy your livelihood and destroy your way of life? I'd call that evil. ADELE FERGUSON: Annette Pike has built a successful transcription business which gives her the freedom and flexibility to work from home. With a swag of government, corporate and academic clients she can't do it all herself so she outsources jobs to 16 transcription typists around the country. ANNETTE PIKE: I just let people know, let the contractors know, what work is available. If they want to pick up some work, they put their hand up. So, they get to dictate their own hours. So, they get to dictate when they work. The only thing they have to do is get that work back on time. ADELE FERGUSON: Business at OutScribe was booming until the Tax Office came knocking in May 20-17. ANNETTE PIKE: They were trying to ascertain whether our business model of utilising self-employed contractors or independent contractors, was legitimate. It would seem they were trying to say that we should be employing them. That that they should be our employees. That's not the way the industry works. That's not the way our business model works. ADELE FERGUSON: Four months into the investigation, the ATO made a shock move. ANNETTE PIKE That was the day that is seared into my memory, it was the 9th of the 11th and that was our terrorist attack from the ATO. The ABN's of the contractors, had been cancelled. Summarily cancelled. They were no longer able to work. KATHRYN LITTLE: My world literally fell apart. I had the rug pulled out from under me by the ATO. I was gobsmacked, is probably the only way I can describe it. ADELE FERGUSON: Kathryn Little is one of the contractors whose Australian Business Number was cancelled. KATHRYN LITTLE: They were literally taking away my capacity to pay my bills, pay my car loan, feed myself, live my life, with no concern whatsoever of the repercussions. It was just like it was just nothing to them. I just thought these are real people you're dealing with. I was so upset, sorry. I was so upset that I didn't ask the right questions. Sorry. ADELE FERGUSON: Kathryn was once an environmental scientist but chronic depression forced her to rethink her life. She travelled the country in a caravan funding it all by working for OutScribe and two other transcription companies. ADELE FERGUSON: She made around $700 a week. Now that was in jeopardy KATHRYN LITTLE: No one could give me a reason why the ABN had been cancelled. No one could tell me what part of the legislation or what part of the guidelines or what part of the regulations I did not comply with. I actively asked them, what do I need to do to comply with the regulations behind the decision that you're making? ADELE FERGUSON: She was running out of cash and feared she'd have to go on Centrelink benefits. KATHRYN LITTLE: The government talks about dole bludgers and people who don't want to work. Well, I'm sorry, but that's rubbish. Here's someone who wants to work. Hello, over here, want to work, let me do it. I don't want to be on the dole. I don't want to have to do this. I don't need to be on the dole, I have the skills, I have the capacity, I have the equipment. I can do it. Just let me do it, I don't need to be a drain on the taxpayer, let me be a taxpayer, because that's my role. I have the ability, but, no, apparently, who knows? (phone rings) Ken Phillips .. KEN PHILLIPS, SELF EMPLOYED AUSTRALIA: I've seen this before. We've seen ABNs cancelled on people that are quite clearly running their own small business. What did surprise me about this is the attack of the tax office, not on reasonably well-off people, but on people who are really, truly vulnerable and that got me very angry. ADELE FERGUSON: Ken Phillips, an advocate for small businesses, took on OutScribe's case. KEN PHILLIPS: Well the first thing we did was get some lawyers involved, some people who know and understand the taxation office and we started bringing in the legal side of things. Ultimately, we were able to negotiate, I've got to say very hard negotiations, we're able to negotiate to get the ABNs reinstated, but it took 13 weeks. So this was 13 weeks where these vulnerable, low paid, mostly women were without incomes and I've got to tell you, they were in crisis. ADELE FERGUSON: 11 months on the ATO is still investigating OutScribe. Kathryn and the other contractors don't know if they'll be able to keep their ABN's, and Annette Pike fears her business may not survive. ANNETTE PIKE: If I had read this as a film script, I would say I was in an Eastern Bloc country in the 1950s behind the Iron Curtain because It's the government controlling the way people live in a way that's malicious. There's no other word for it. It's malicious and it's vengeful. We're supporting the Australian economy. How do you make sense of that? ADELE FERGUSON: The Australian Taxation Office is one of the most powerful institutions in Australia. If the ATO suspects you owe it money, you are guilty until proven innocent. It can raid your home or business without a warrant, and compel you to answer questions. GRAEME HALPERIN, TAX BARRISTER: You've got tremendous power invested in an organisation which, because of its powers, can effectively act like a judge, jury and executioner all rolled up into one. That's the problem. KEN PHILLIPS, SELF EMPLOYED AUSTRALIA: They can order money to be taken away from you simply on an allegation of debt, and this is unlike any other organisation, any other institution in Australia. KEN PHILLIPS: They play games with you. They just pull you in, and then they cook you slowly, effectively until you are roasted and you are dead. GRAHAM HALPERIN: People are brought up to believe that they have the presumption of innocence, that they have the right to remain silent, if they're questioned by the authorities, that the authorities are obliged to read them their rights, if they get into trouble, and that their assets can't be confiscated by the authorities. Now, in the world of tax, none of those things is true. You might say that murderers have more rights than tax payers. ADELE FERGUSON: There is growing unease in the small business community the ATO is abusing its powers. MARK FREEMAN: Honestly dealing with the ATO I've never come across such a mongrel bunch of bastards in my entire life. ADELE FERGUSON: Mark Freeman is in the waste treatment business. MARK FREEMAN: this is the Inflow coming in, this is the raw effluent ADELE FERGUSON: At the Ulladulla Sewage Treatment Plant on the NSW south coast, Mark Freeman is trialling a system to turn waste into reusable water. MARK FREEMAN: this is coming in from the houses from the hospitals the schools, people just look at it and see it as a waste product, I look it as a resource MARK FREEMAN So once your designated amount of water has actually hit the activation point the system then takes over everything for you so really nothing more for the person to do except receive their clean water back where they can reuse it back to the toilet back to the laundry. ADELE FERGUSON: Mark Freeman's troubles began in mid-2011 when the Tax Office began auditing his company and told him he wasn't entitled to the research and development rebates he'd been claiming. He was hit with a hefty tax bill. ADELE FERGUSON: September 2013, the ATO says you owe them $250,000. What was your reaction when you got that letter? MARK FREEMAN Shocked, stunned, lack of comprehension as to how they could accumulate such a large debt. The hardest thing is proving your innocence when they deem you as being guilty. And even then, having your innocence rejected without reason. ADELE FERGUSON: Things got worse as the Tax Office applied more pressure. ADELE FERGUSON: March 2014, the ATO calls you to say it intends to bankrupt your company to get the debt. How did you react to that call? MARK FREEMAN: Dismay that they'd actually threaten to destroy the company, if I didn't pay the money then, that they would actually destroy this company ADELE FERGUSON: Two months later the ATO issued an order known as a garnishee notice. It gave the ATO power to seize control of his bank account and take money from it. MARK FREEMAN: Obviously, it's quite a financial blow to the company and a massive blow to the company's credibility as such. The bank couldn't enforce or couldn't comply with the garnishee order because the funds just wasn't there. ADELE FERGUSON: Mark Freeman had to work out of his shed as he battled to clear his name. MARK FREEMAN: They couldn't ignore the obvious in front of them. The information that was provided to the ATO was overwhelming that there was genuine research and development ADELE FERGUSON: After 4 years of fighting, the ATO conceded its mistakes and completely wiped his debt. "The Commissioner of Taxation has advised that errors identified during the audit process have been dealt with following your objection application. The Commissioner apologies for any stress or inconvenience these errors have caused... ADELE FERGUSON: On a personal level, what impact has it had on you? MARK FREEMAN: It's stress. What else are you going to say? It's like I've got two jobs: one dealing with research and development and the second one dealing with the ATO. ADELE FERGUSON It's now been 7 years since the Tax Office came knocking and Mark is still fighting for adequate compensation. MARK FREEMAN: We put in a very small estimate of about $750,000, and we were offered $1,500. The second round they raised it to $11,500. It's an insult to the detriment the company has had to go through. I'm angry at them. I really am. There are times when you just feel like grabbing them and trying to shake some sense into them. KEN PHILLIPS, SELF EMPLOYED AUSTRALIA People can use the word aggressive, yes, we want an aggressive Taxation Office because they have to do their job of pulling in the money, no question of that at all. What we do want is a taxation office that operates ethically, morally, and within the law. Our observation is that those principles are falling apart in relation to small business people ADELE FERGUSON: Ken Phillips believes the Tax Office deliberately targets small business. KEN PHILLIPS: They set targets, they chase low-hanging fruit, people who are being honest and upright, and they whack them with a huge bill and then chase them. The big end of town and high wealth individuals can afford to get a whole lot of lawyers out and line the lawyers up at $800 an hour and defend themselves properly against the tax office, small business person doesn't have that. ADELE FERGUSON: What are some of the complaints you get from small business about the ATO? KATE CARNELL, SMALL BUSINESS OMBUDSMAN: Look, a lot of the issues surrounding the ATO is that they're complex, they're difficult to deal with, they don't know who to talk to, but some of the real concerns are when there's a problem with an assessment at the ATO, what the ATO says you owe them isn't what you believe you owe them. Trying to get those things sorted out is still very, very difficult. ADELE FERGUSON: Deborah Jenkins is the ATO's Deputy Commissioner for Small Business. ADELE FERGUSON: There is a perception out there from people we've spoken to that small business is an easy target because most don't have the money to fight back. DEBORAH JENKINS: Yes, I certainly don't want small businesses to feel like they are an easy target and if they've heard me out there defending them, we are hugely passionate, small businesses are the backbone of the Australian economy. For me, if there was any sense that they were an easy target, that's absolutely, they should not be an easy target, and certainly, I mean the work that we do is on education, prevention, and support. I want to be helping small businesses. In fact, our mission in small business is to help viable small businesses thrive. We absolutely believe in that. ADELE FERGUSON: The ATO is actively chasing more than 20 billion dollars in outstanding taxes. It says small businesses owe two thirds of that amount. DEBORAH JENKINS: So, it's around 13 or 14 billion dollars. Obviously, we don't want to be in a position where small businesses are owing us debt. So that's where a lot of the work that we're doing is to actually do it at the front end to actually work out why are businesses getting into debt in the first place. GRAEME HALPERIN: At the end of the day what we're talking about is raising revenue all governments of all persuasions are desperate for revenue. Business is an obvious target, small business is the best target, because they haven't got people there, out there, to protect them the way big business has. They don't have the barrage of lawyers. They can't afford them. RON SHAMIR: The Tax Office generally produces an estimate of how much revenue it's going to collect in the financial year, we refer to it as the Plan, we call it the Plan at leadership meetings when we discuss it and when staff discuss it amongst themselves. ADELE FERGUSON: Ron Shamir worked in the ATO's serious evasion branch in Melbourne where he says the pressure to meet revenue forecasts put the focus on small business. RON SHAMIR: If halfway through the financial year it appeared that we were short of that target that was supposed to be just an estimate, then a lot of pressure would be put on for cases to be done more quickly procedures would be changed, even staffing changes would occur in order for senior management to deal with, to address, the shortfall compared to the Plan. You would be looking at taxpayers who are less able to resist the might of the tax office. Taxpayers that are more vulnerable and that often-meant individuals and small businesses rather than larger businesses. ADELE FERGUSON: Ron Shamir turned whistle-blower in 2015 accusing the ATO of breaching taxpayer rights. He was eventually sacked over non-performance. RON SHAMIR: Unfortunately, the culture that I saw at the ATO is what you would expect in a powerful, large agency that has very little effective scrutiny. There's not much of somebody looking in from the outside into what's happening. ADELE FERGUSON: The ATO's Adelaide office plays a key role in collecting debt. An insider who has worked there for more than a decade provides an insight into the world of debt recovery. RICHARD BOYLE: So this document Adele shows that these are basically our performance data and it shows exactly how much money's coming in from all the work that we do so we can measure quite effectively how much debt we're collecting and why. ADELE FERGUSON: so they're really analysing your time? RICHARD BOYLE: Absolutely to death, it tells us the average handling times how long each phone all takes what break code you're in at the time, it's pretty incredible, then if we turn over... ADELE FERGUSON: Staff are monitored on their performance and how much debt they recover. RICHARD BOYLE: So it shows here through negotiation I collected $300, 000 through payment arrangements I collected $130,000 through garnishees I collected $3,000. ADELE FERGUSON: So what does this data tell you? RICHARD BOYLE: well that data shows me that blindly issuing standard garnishees and potentially damaging certain sections on the community is not a very effective way to collect the debt. ADELE FERGUSON: He describes a culture where staff were encouraged to notch up garnishee notices, allowing them to seize money from taxpayer's bank accounts. In May an email was sent to staff towards the end of the working day encouraging them to issue more garnishee notices before their shift ended. The last hour of power is upon us...That means you still have time to issue another five garnishees... right? RICAHRD BOYLE: I was horrified. ADELE FERGUSON: As the end of the financial year approached, Richard Boyle says his team was told to use standard garnishee notices almost all the time. A standard garnishee notice gives the ATO ongoing access to funds in the taxpayer's bank account. RICHARD BOYLE: We were essentially ordered and directed to start doing standard garnishees on every case, and I was absolutely shocked. I started taking copious minutes because I was really concerned that taxpayers were going to be adversely affected by what I could only say is an unethical decision of the Australian Taxation Office. ADELE FERGUSON: What was so abhorrent to you about issuing garnsihees, why was it unethical? RICHARD BOYLE: That meant and I stated that we may be shutting down the wrong businesses and causing great distress to the community, and possibly even pushing people towards suicide that needed our compassion, as opposed to the people that we should rightly be targeting with standard garnishees. ADELE FERGUSON: The following week, there was an email on how to escalate debt recovery from taxpayers who owed money: "These clients are not entitled to any additional time and shouldn't be granted any unless they have unbelievably exceptional circumstances." ADELE FERGUSON: And what do you think was the motivation? RICHARD BOYLE: The motivation appeared to be that we were just collecting revenue before the end of the financial year and it didn't matter if we hurt members of the community. ADELE FERGUSON: A cash grab? RICHARD BOYLE: That's probably a good summation that's what my colleagues were saying on the floor. ADELE FERGUSON: Sorry what were they saying? RICHARD BOYLE: That that this was a cash grab. My colleagues were saying, this is a cash grab, clearly a cash grab. ADELE FERGUSON: Then in late August, everything changed. Adelaide staff were told they'd been issuing more standard garnishee notices than anywhere else and a "significant amount" of these were inappropriate. RICHARD BOYLE: We had been issuing too many standard garnishees in Adelaide and this was possibly inappropriate. In my particular meeting, a couple of us spoke out quite clearly that this was astounding that they could on the one hand, give a clear directive to make decisions that I thought were unethical, and then two months later, to make up what was almost a concocted story about how they'd made an apparent mistake, that it was not a mistake. ADELE FERGUSON: Deborah Jenkins wouldn't comment on Richard Boyle but says garnishee notices are only used as a last resort. ADELE FERGUSON: How many garnishees would you issue a year? DEBORAH JENKINS: It's around 24,000, 14,000 of which relate to small businesses, and it's around 0.5% of our total collectable debt. ADELE FERGUSON: if there's a directive to issue garnishees, would that alarm you? DEBORAH JENKINS: Look, I don't know the details about who it was sent to or anything like that, but what I do know is we use those powers very sparingly. ADELE FERGUSON: Richard Boyle has had repeated run-ins with management over his handling of cases. In 2016 he was sanctioned for inappropriately accessing files of clients he says he was trying to help. RICHARD BOYLE: Because the tax office was failing these tax payers, they were not processing their debt correspondence. As many of my colleagues experienced colleagues in debt know, we are failing to action correspondence in a timely manner, and we are making incorrect decisions, and we are not following through and making sure that people's debt is correct. It's highly unethical for me to be garnisheeing a person and taking money out of their bank account if their debt is incorrect. ADELE FERGUSON: Richard Boyle was suspended with pay last September. RICHARD BOYLE: I was suspended for allegedly remitting interest incorrectly on two cases and for storing information on my hard drive on my computer, which is tax office property. ADELE FERGUSON: So what sort of information? RICHARD BOYLE: All of my notes to do my day to day job. They told me you're not allowed to keep information on your hard drive. Where else am I going to keep it? ADELE FERGUSON: In February the ATO offered him a confidential payout to leave his job. He says he knocked it back because he wanted to expose debt collection tactics. RICHARD BOYLE: They offered me quite a substantial sum of money. I thought it more important that I tell the story of what's happening in the community to these taxpayers that have been affected by this unethical directive. ADELE FERGUSON: When the Tax Office discovered he was talking to Four Corners, there was swift retribution. RICHARD BOYLE: I received this after I was paid and it says here that I won't be paid any longer I'm now suspended without pay. It says here you've provided comments or statements to the media without authorisation it's because you've got in contact with me about this story. ADELE FERGUSON: And they're punishing you by stopping your pay? RICHARD BOYLE: It would seem so, yes. ADELE FERGUSON: Last week the ATO and the Australian Federal Police caught Richard Boyle by surprise with an early morning raid on his home. RICHARD BOYLE: They're here to do a raid to check for taxpayer information seems very vindictive they would do this, use public resources massive amounts of public resources to investigate someone who's blown the whistle on unethical behaviour in the Australian taxation office when the tax office has withdrawn money from taxpayers' accounts en masse in the month of June 2017 ADELE FERGUSON: They seized his mobile phone and went through his computer, taking a raft of documents which the ATO believes contained confidential information. PETER FORTUNATOW: They've got a charter to provide income to run the country and that's, I respect that, but at the end of the day, there's a tax system, and it needs to be administered properly, and from my experience, they're not administering it properly in this area. ADELE FERGUSON: Do you think they play fair? PETER FORTUNATOW: Not always. In my case, it's been very grubby. ADELE FERGUSON: Adelaide based I.T consultant, Peter Fortunatow has been embroiled in a fight with the Tax Office that he says has almost ruined him. PETER FORTUNATOW: They relied upon fear and intimidation, so they intimidated me at every opportunity and they threatened me that if I didn't do this, there would be this consequence. If I didn't oblige to them with this, then this would happen. That's their stock and trade, it's fear and intimidation. Financial torture and emotional torture, as well. ADELE FERGUSON: His troubles with the Tax Office go back to 2008 when his family trust was audited over GST claims on property investments. PETER FORTUNATOW: There was an audit, they looked at the matter and it was quickly resolved., a clean bill of health and I got a follow-up letter saying, "Everything's fine and that we'll process your return". ADELE FERGUSON: Astonishingly, seven years later the Tax Office revisited the case and changed its mind accusing him of fraud and tax evasion. Peter decided to fight back. PETER FORTUNATOW: So I've had to sell assets just to stay afloat. And I've just had to basically weather the storm. ADELE FERGUSON: He applied for his 2008 case file through Freedom of Information and discovered it had been changed. PETER FORTUNATOW: I found this entry of an alleged conversation and at the end of the text there are two sentences that I believe have been added. ADELE FERGUSON: Peter believes the record had been changed to indicate he knew he was claiming the rebates he wasn't entitled to. ADELE FERGUSON: So you're saying that they go back into your old file notes and tamper with them? PETER FORTUNATOW: That's what I'm seeing, they went back to this Word document, added two sentences so they could readily form an opinion of fraud and evasion, and that's just so wrong. ADELE FERGUSON: Peter complained to the tax watchdog that his file notes had been manipulated. The ATO conceded the case notes weren't in their original format but denied the content had been changed. Following his complaint, the ATO dropped the fraud and evasion charge and wiped Peter's debt. Peter is still at war with the Tax Office over a separate audit of his company. PETER FORTUNATOW: It's been a journey of being depressed, being desperate, not being able to speak to people about it, not knowing who to go to, and not knowing what's going to happen. Whether I really have a future doing what I'm doing in my business or whether I have a business moving forward. ADELE FERGUSON: Deborah Jenkins would not discuss individual cases. DEBORAH JENKINS: if there are cases that you've got, I'm personally happy to have a look into those cases. For me it's really, really important because if we're to make the system work then we need people to have trust and confidence in that system. ADELE FERGUSON: Ali Naroozi is the Inspector General of Taxation. His job is to oversee the ATO. ADELE FERGUSON: How often does the ATO get it wrong? ALI NOROOZI, INSPECTOR -GENERAL OF TAXATION: I think it's you know perhaps in 5% of the cases or so, an organisation that size may not get it right. ADELE FERGUSON: 5% is still a lot in such a big organisation? ALI NOROOZI: As I said, even one case is too many, and that's why it is important to have the right checks and balances in place. DEBORAH JENKINS: I think that figure seems a little bit high, but for us it's about what you do when you make a mistake and owning up to those mistakes and trying to make it right. ADELE FERGUSON: And what do you do when you make a mistake? Deborah Jenkins: Yeah so there are a number of processes, and so if we identify the mistakes, I'd encourage people to actually have that conversation, say, "Look, we got it wrong, we are human, but what can we do about it?" That's a really important conversation we need to be having. ADELE FERGUSON: Ali Noroozi believes all taxpayers should be able to put their case to an independent umpire. At the moment, only big business has that right. ALI NOROOZI: The large businesses can request and they can be granted an independent review. That process is not available to other taxpayers such as small businesses, individuals. Now, I think it's appropriate that all taxpayers have access to such an independent review, or some form of pre-assessment review, particularly because small business and individual have less funds and are less able to head off to court and have the things challenged in court. I think it's appropriate that all taxpayers have, and particularly small businesses with fewer resources. ADELE FERGUSON: The watchdog could do with more bite. Its recommendations aren't binding. KATE CARNELL:. DEBORAH JENKINS: We have so much scrutiny in the ATO. We've got various committees, so Senate Estimates, other revenue committees, we've got the Inspector-General, and there's a whole other range of people who are doing various reviews, so yeah, absolutely, we have got enough scrutiny of the work that we're currently doing. ADELE FERGUSON: The Tax Office couldn't know what it was up against when it took on Helen Petaia. HELEN PETAIA: A lot of people said, "Give up, it's not worth it, it's the tax office, you won't get anywhere." ADELE FERGUSON: Why did you keep fighting? HELEN PETAIA: Because I knew they were wrong ADELE FERGUSON: The ATO has destroyed her business and wiped her finances but through dogged determination she's managed to expose a comedy of errors, inaction and incompetence. HELEN PETAIA: Your life is put on hold your business is put on hold and it's up to you to prove your innocence. VIDEO: ESD for family, don't gamble with you and your loved one's wellbeing ADELE FERGUSON: 12 years ago, Helen Petaia started a technology company to deliver immediate access to critical medical information. VIDEO: Using a QR app on the smartphone you can access the emergency summary for thee person being cared for it was inspired by a medical emergency during the birth of her youngest son when hospital staff couldn't find vital medical information. HELEN PETAIA: the market response we were getting was very responsive, so I quickly realised that if we were going to grow the business we needed to bring in more capital, so we established a second company in 2010. ADELE FERGUSON: Major sporting codes like the Queensland Rugby League jumped on board ... and she won government research and development grants. Then In late 2012 the ATO announced an audit of her businesses. HELEN PETAIA: they notified us that they were going to audit both companies, but it was just a research and development audit. It wasn't a companywide audit. It was fine. We had no concerns and at the conclusion of the audit meeting we almost didn't give it a second thought. ADELE FERGUSON Almost a year went by with little contact from the ATO. And then in late 2013 there was a bombshell, the ATO issued tax bills for $370,000 and accused Helen Petaia of claiming research and development grants that she wasn't entitled to. HELEN PETAIA: they gave a decision paper that claimed that we had been reckless, that we had made false and misleading statements, and that because of that we had to pay an additional 50% penalties. I took it that it was an allegation against me and my character. It was suggesting I'd been dishonest, that I'd been fraudulent, I just felt my head was now on the chopping block, so then we endured very aggressive debt recovery actions. They came through and took, they issued garnishee notices on our bank account. We were financially ravaged, yes but we just had to go into debt to survive ADELE FERGUSON: Her business was in freefall as her investors pulled out. The family lived off credit, there was no money to pay school fees and other expenses for her five children. HELEN PETAIA: The children would come home and need money for things. I suppose I was always making excuses a little bit or, "Do you really need that now?" Constantly every time there's bills, mobile phones, I mean every bill, rates. We fell into arrears. The local council took us to court as well for falling into arrears on our rates on our property, I think I just got so used to it that I probably don't realise how bad it was. ADELE FERGUSON: Another year later there was a stunning development with the ATO admitting it had got it wrong. An Assistant Commissioner for Small Business rang to offer a personal apology: Darryl Richardson, ATO Assistant Commissioner: It was clear to me that there had been a breakdown in the ATO processes. So Helen, again, I apologise firstly for the manner in which it's been conducted and also the impact that it's had on you personally and also on your colleagues. ADELE FERGUSON: You apply for compensation? HELEN PETAIA: At their suggestion. ADELE FERGUSON How much did you get back? How much did they offer you? HELEN PETAIA: So, we originally got offered $20,000 and the letter said that it was for me to pay my accounting and legal fees. ADELE FERGUSON: So how much would you have estimate you've lost out of all this? HELEN PETAIA: Oh, millions of dollars. ADELE FERGUSON: Helen Petaia launched her own forensic investigation to build her case for realistic compensation. HELEN PETAIA: I felt that eventually there was possibly a way to find out what went on behind the scenes of the tax office. ADELE FERGUSON: Case notes she obtained though Freedom of Information revealed a litany of problems. Crucial information had not passed on between case officers. The ATO misplaced important documents she'd given them, yet accused her of withholding this information. It built its case against Helen despite her company not even having been properly assessed. ADELE FERGUSON: Was that company ever audited? HELEN PETAIA: No ADELE FERGUSON: So you received a bill and a position paper without a company that had been audited? HELEN PETAIA: Yes HELEN PETAIA: A subsequent case officer was instructed by the case manager to cut and paste the first company's document and use that as the position paper for the second company. ADELE FERGUSON But the first one is bogus? HELEN PETAIA: Yes, and so so's the second one ADELE FERGUSON So they really screwed up? HELEN PETAIA: I suppose that's what you'd call it politely yes ADELE FERGUSON: In February the ATO organised a mediation to try and reach an agreement on how much compensation it would pay. HELEN PETAIA: Well the offer, it was just poles apart. I mean we'd done some calculations, we knew what the reasonable figure would be based on our sunken costs, based on what the business would've been worth, and based on what the opportunity that was stolen from us, and we were poles apart. They treat me as if I'm just this mum in the suburbs what would I know what I do how much money is it going to take to shut her up and that's the attitude I feel comes across. ADELE FERGUSON: They obviously didn't offer you enough to shut you up? HELEN PETAIA: I'm not shutting up at all Adele I mean if anything its empowered me its motivated me to basically continue to move forward. ADELE FERGUSON: She's suing the Australian Taxation Office in the Supreme Court. HELEN PETAIA: I suppose the only way to get fairness is to take it outside the tax office and to have people not involved in the tax office that don't work for the tax office become the judge of my destiny HELEN PETAIA: We've lost our investments, we've lost our home, I've personally lost my business reputation, the only thing I haven't lost is my family. Now I'm fighting for fairness, I'm fighting for them, I'm looking to recover what we've lost. Everybody could have this happen to them with the Tax Office. It came out of nowhere, it was completely unexpected, it's turned my life upside-down, it's caused myself and my family to have to go in a whole different direction, and the truth is it could happen to anybody ADELE FERGUSON: Helen Petaia is not backing down in her quest for compensation for all that she's lost. She wants to pave the way for others caught in the same David and Goliath battle. HELEN PETAIA: Somebody eventually has to win against the tax office. They can't keep winning just because they have more money, just because they have more power. That doesn't mean they can keep winning.

The present invention relates to a process for fabrication of dielectric optical waveguide devices by utilizing molecular beam epitaxial growth in order to fabricate semiconductor compounds and to form thin films of the mixed crystals thereof. The prior art processes for fabricating three-dimensional thin-film waveguide devices may be divided into three types. In the first type, a thin film having a high refractive index is formed over the surface of a substrate having a low refractive index, and an etching mask having a desired pattern is placed upon the thin film so that the undesired portions of the thin film are etched out to form the waveguides. According to the second type, a thin film having a high refractive index is formed over the surface of a substrate having a low refractive index, and guide patterns having a refractive index slightly lower than the refractive index of the thin film are placed upon the thin film so that the regions immediately below the guide patterns may have an apparent increased refractive index. The third type is a selective epitaxial process in which a suitable shadow mask is used to interrupt one or more of the molecular beams from being applied to the surface of a substrate. In general, in the waveguides the interfaces must be finished with an extremely high degree of accuracy in order to minimize the loss due to the scattering of light. However, according to the first or etching process, it is most difficult to finish the side faces of the waveguide with a desired high degree of accuracy, and the structure and optical properties of the waveguide are very sensitive to the dimensional accuracy of the side faces. Therefore it is extremely difficult to attain the desired structure and optical properties of the waveguides. In the waveguides fabricated by the second type of process, the light energy is substantially propagated in the regions immediately below the guide patterns. Therefore accuracy of dimension of the side faces is not so severe, but the side faces must be finished with the same degree of accuracy with that of the side faces of the waveguides fabricated by the first or etching process if it is desired to couple the light signals transmitted through the different waveguides. The third type of process has a distinct advantage over the first and second types in that three-dimensional embedded waveguides can be formed by a series of epitaxial growth steps. However selective epitaxial growth utilizes the shadows of a mask which are cast on different regions on the surface of the substrate due to the difference in incidence angle between the molecular beams. Therefore, except for straight waveguides, it is difficult to form a waveguide in a complex configuration or a plurality of waveguides which are arrayed in parallel with each other. In addition, the above prior art processes have a common defect that the top surfaces of waveguide devices are irregular; that is, they are not flat. That is, two-dimensional waveguides may be formed, but the three-dimensional waveguide devices in which a plurality of two-dimensional waveguides are overlayed one upon another cannot be fabricated. In view of the above, one of the objects of the present invention is to provide a process for the fabrication of dielectric optical waveguide devices with complex waveguide configurations in a very simple manner. Another object of the present invention is to provide a process for fabricating waveguide devices in which a plurality of waveguides are overlayed three-dimensionally one over another. A further object of the present invention is to provide a process for fabricating waveguide devices in which the loss at the interfaces of waveguides can be minimized. To the above and other ends, the present invention provides a process for the fabrication of dielectric optical waveguide devices by utilizing thin films of epitaxially grown mixed crystals of compounds, said process characterized by applying molecular beams of the elements which become the constituents of said compounds over the surface of a crystal substrate heated at a predetermined temperature in vacuum while locally irradiating a predetermined region over the surface of said substrate with concentrated energy so that the epitaxial growth conditions may be different between the concentrated energy irradiated region and the non-irradiated region and consequently the composition of the mixed crystal grown in the irradiated region may be different from the composition of the mixed crystal grown over the irradiated region, whereby the region having a higher refractive index can be formed within the region having a low refractive index. The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. FIGS. 1(a), (b) and (c) are views used for the explanation of the prior art processes; FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the equlibrium vapor pressures of GaP, GaAs and InAs and used for the explanation of the dependence of the composition of the crystal upon the substrate temperature; FIG. 3 is a schematic view of one system for carrying out the process in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 4 is a view used for the explanation of the selective epitaxial process in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 5 is a schematic view illustrating a compound optical waveguide device fabricated by the process in accordance with the present invention; and FIG. 6 is a schematic view of another system for carrying out the process in accordance with the present invention. Prior to the description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, the prior art processes for fabrication of three-dimensional thin-film waveguide devices will be briefly described. The prior art processes are divided into three types. According to the first type, a thin film 12 having a high refractive index is formed over the top surface of a substrate 11 having a low refractive index as shown in FIG. 1(a), and an etching mask having a desired pattern is formed upon the high refractive index thin film 12 to remove desired parts 13 of the thin film 12, whereby the remaining parts 14 and 15 are used as three-dimensional thin-film waveguides. According to the second type of fabrication process, a thin film 18 having a high refractive index is deposited upon a substrate 17 having a low refractive index as shown in FIG. 1(b), and then guide patterns 19 and 20 having a refractive index slightly lower than the refractive index of the thin film 18 are formed upon the film 18 so that the regions 21 and 22 immediately below the guide patterns 19 and 20 may have an apparent increased refractive index. The third type is the molecular beam epitaxial process with the use of a mask as shown in FIG. 1(c). That is, the source of the Al beam and the source of the Ga and As2 beam are so arranged that the beams may be incident at different angles on the surface of a GaAs substrate 23. A first layer 24 consisting of Alx Ga1-x As is grown over the top surface of the substrate 23 by the uniform application of the Al and GaAs2 beams. Thereafter a wire 29 is placed at a suitable height from the top surface of the substrate 23, and a second layer 25 consisting of Alx Ga1-x As is grown. A GaAs film is grown over a region 26 which is shadowed by the wire 29 with respect to the Al beam while an Al film is grown over a region 28 which is under the shadow of the wire with respect to the Ga and As2 beam. Over the region which is not in the shadows of the wire 29, however, the Alx Ga1-x As film is formed. Thereafter the wire 29 is removed, and both the Al and GaAs2 beams are uniformly applied again to grow a third layer 27 consisting of Alx Ga1-x As, whereby a high refractive index region 26 surrounded by or imbedded in the low refractive index regions consisting of Alx Ga1-x As is formed and used as a thin-film waveguide. The above prior art processes however have their own inherent problems to be described below. In general, the interfaces of the thin-film waveguides must be finished with an extremely high degree of accuracy in order to minimize the loss due to the scattering of light at the interface. Even though the etching techniques have recently made a great advance, the dimensional accuracy of the side face 16 of the waveguide fabricated by the first or etching process is still inferior to that of the top surface. When the light waves propagated through the thin-film waveguides 14 and 15 are combined by, for instance, a directional light coupler, the intensity of coupling is in inverse proportion to an exponential function of a distance d between the waveguides 14 and 15. Therefore the most critical parameter which is extremely sensitive to the structure and optical properties of the waveguide is dependent upon the dimensional accuracy of the side face 16 which is most difficult to attain. In case of the thin-film waveguide device shown in FIG. 1(b), a substantial portion of light energy is transmitted through the regions 21 and 22. Therefore the dimensional accuracy of the side face of the guide pattern 19 or 20 is not so close as that of the thin-film waveguide shown in FIG. 1(a). However the same degree of dimensional accuracy is required when the light waves transmitted through the two waveguides must be coupled. In case of the third type shown in FIG. 1(c) process, there is an advantage in that a three-dimensional embedded waveguide can be formed by a series of epitaxial growth steps. However since the shadows of the wire or mask on the substance are utilized, there arise some difficult problems when the nonlinear thin-film waveguides or a plurality of parallel waveguides are to be formed. In addition to the above problems, the above three prior art processes have a common defect that the surface of the thin-film waveguide device is irregular because of the patterns of the waveguides and guides so that only two-dimensional waveguides may be formed but three-dimensional or multilayer waveguide devices cannot be formed. The selective epitaxy technique in accordance with the present invention is based upon the molecular beam epitaxial growth combined with selective crystal growth. That is, the probability of adhesion to the substrate of the molecules which are uniformly incident thereupon is changed by heating a selected region of the substrate with concentrated radiation energy such as an electron or light beam so that the substrate is uniformly heated, whereby the composition of the mixed crystal in the thin film which is epitaxially grown may be changed. As is well known, the molecular beam epitaxy is a process for applying beams of elements which become the constituents of the desired crystal over the surface of a substrate which is heated in vacuum, thereby growing a thin film. This technique has been mainly utilized in the fabrication of Group III V semiconductor compounds and in the epitaxial growth of mixed crystals thereof. In general, the Group III elements are Al, Ga and In while the Group V elements are P, As and Sb. Next for the sake of understanding of the present invention, the underlying principle of the molecular beam epitaxy will be explained in conjunction with the crystal growth as GaAs. The beam of Ga and As2 are applied to a substrate which has a cleaned surface and is heated in vacuum. The vapor pressure of Ga is low, and a substantial part of the Ga beam adheres to the substrate even when only the Ga beam is incident thereupon (Adhesion coefficient .perspectiveto. 1). However As2 adheres to the substrate only when it is combined with free Ga on the surface of the substrate. The As which cannot combine with Ga are discharged into vacuum. Therefore, when the ratio between the intensities of the As2 and Ga beams is kept higher than 1, it is possible to grow the stoichimetric crystals. The substrate is heated in vacuum so that it is decomposed and evaporated with a vapor pressure corresponding to the heating temperature. However when the Ga and As2 beams incident upon the substrate are sufficiently greater in quantity than the evaporation of the substrate, the effects of the evaporation on the crystal growth are negligible. Therefore unlike the liquid or gas phase process in which the crystal is grown in the equilibrium state, the crystal growth rate is not dependent upon the temperature of the substrate but is dependent upon the amount of the Ga beam incident thereupon. The temperature of the substrate at which the crystal grows ranges between 450° and 650° C in case of GaAs. The surface of the substrate changes depending upon the intensity ratio C between the As2 and Ga beams; that is, C = IAs2 /IGa and the substrate temperature Ts. When the ratio C is maintained constant and when the substrate temperature Ts is low, the surface of the substrate is As stabilized. On the other hand, when the substrate temperature Ts is high, the surface is Ga stabilized. When the substrate temperature Ts is maintained constant and when the ratio C is increased, the surface is As stabilized. When the ratio C approaches unity, the surface is Ga stabilized. There are less free Ga atoms on the crystal growing surface of the As stabilized surface. That is, the surface is covered almost with Ga atoms. The fact that the surface structure can be changed by changing the substrate temperature shows that As atoms on the outermost surface are not thermally stable even when they combine with Ga atoms and that As atoms on the As stabilized surface are normally discharged again into vacuum, thus being replaced with new As atoms incident on the substrate as the molecular beam. FIG. 2 shows the equilibrium vapor pressures of GaP, GaAs and InAs. The crystal is dissociated into Group III and V compounds and evaporated. Group III compounds are in the form of atoms while Group V compounds are, in general, in the form of a molecule consisting of two atoms. In FIG. 2, As2 (InAs) indicates the vapor pressure of the molecular As2 evaporated from the compound InAs, and the same is true for other symbols. Next referring particularly to FIG. 2, the dependence of the crystal structure on the substrate temperature will be explained when the mixed crystal is grown on a substrate by uniformly applying the molecular beams with constant intensity. III(1) III(2) V type mixed crystal (i) In x Ga1-x As is taken as an example. The substrate temperature is maintained at Ts in FIG. 2, and the effective pressure of the As beam is selected higher than the sum of the effective pressure Peff Ga of the Ga beam and the effective pressure Peff In of the In beam. Assume that at the substrate temperature Ts, the vapor pressures of Ga and In be PvGa (Ts) and PvIn (Ts), respectively. Then Peff Ga >> PvGa(Ts), and Peff In >> PvIn(Ts). Therefore, the vapor pressures are negligible as compared with the effective pressures of the beams incident on the substrate so that Ga1-x Inx As having a composition equal to the intensity ratio between the Ga and In beams is grown on the substrate. When the substrate temperature is changed from Ts to Ts + ΔT, the vapor pressure of Ga is negligible because it is sufficiently lower than the effective pressure of the Ga beam incident upon the substrate, but the vapor pressure of In is not negligible as compared with the effective pressure of the In beam incident on the substrate. Therefore the ratio of In in the crystal grown at Ts + ΔT is less than the ratio of the intensity of the In beam to the intensity of the Ga beam. This means that when the temperature of a preselected local area of the substrate is changed with respect to the temperature of the other area of the substrate during the crystalization of GaInAs by the application of the Ga, In and As2 beams, the crystal having a different In concentration can be formed at the preselected region within the crystal growing surface. IIIV(1) V(2) type mixed crystal (ii) GaAs1-y Py is taken as an example. The Ga, As2 and P2 beam are applied to a heated substrate to grow the crystal. As with the case of GaAs, the intensities or effective pressures of the beams and the substrate temperature determines the crystal growth conditions under which the substrate surface is stabilized with a Group V element such as As or P or the conditions under which the substrate surface is stabilized with a Group III element such as Ga. In case of a Ga stabilized surface, the surface is already covered with As atoms so that the probability of As2 or P2 combining with Ga immediately after As2 or P2 is incident upon the surface of the substrate is much less. That is, As2 or P2 must remain for some time on the substrate surface covered with the Group III element before As2 or P2 is included in the crystal. On the surface stabilized with a Group V element, the staying time of As2 is longer than the staying time of P2 so that the ratio (1-y)/y between As and P in the crystal is greater than the intensity ratio PAs When the substrate temperature is increased, the substrate surface is stabilized with a Group III element so that As2 or P2 incident upon the substrate can immediately combine with free Ga. However, As or P in the outermost layer is thermally dissociated and discharged again into vacuum. The probabilities of combination with Ga and dissociation from Ga are different between As2 and P2 so that the ratio between Group V elements in the crystal is different from the intensity ratio of the As2 and P2 beams. As described above, the ratio between Group V compounds in the crystal is not equal to the intensity ratio of the beams of these compounds regardless of the fact that the crystallization occurs on the Group III or V element stabilized surface of the substrate, and the crystal growth rates are different. Therefore when the intensities of the beams are maintained constant and the local temperature of the substrate is charged during the crystallization, the composition of the crystal changes depending upon the temperature distribution of the substrate during the crystallization. That is, selective epitaxial growth can be attained. III(1) III(2) V(1) V(2) type mixed crystal (iii) The combined effect of the effects of the change in substrate temperature described in (i) and (ii) may be obtained. So far the thermal effects attained when the concentrated radiation energy such as an electron or light beam is applied to the surface of the substrate during the molecular beam epitaxial growth have been described. In vacuum, the molecular beams are ionized by the electron beam, and on the surface of the substrate a large number of electrons and holes are produced by the electron beam. The number of atoms incident upon the substrate can be locally changed by utilizing the ionization probabilities of the molecular beams and applying a voltage across the substrate, whereby selective epitaxial growth can be attained. In addition, the adhesion probability of atoms or molecules incident to the substrate can be also changed by producing high density carriers on the surface of the substrate. The thermal effects and the excitation of electrons and holes are also attained by the radiation of light. Furthermore, various molecules can be selectively ionized by the radiation of light having a photon energy above that of light in the vacuum ultraviolet region. The electron beam and the light beam can be simultaneously produced and applied to the substrate so that the selective epitaxial growth can be attained by the combined effect of the electron and light beams. In case of the light beam, a two-dimensional mask may be used to project and focus a desired pattern on the substrate. In like manner, the electron beams may be emitted from a plurality of plate cathodes arrayed two-dimensionally so that a plurality of desired areas on the surface of the substrate may be irradiated simultaneously. The selective epitaxial processes described above are applied not only in the growth of the mixed crystals of the Group IIIV compound semiconductors but also in the fabrication of Group IIVI or IVVI semiconductor compounds and dielectrics. As described above, during the crystal growth of a compound by the application of the atom and/or molecular beams, the surface of the substrate may be locally irradiated with the electron and/or light beams so that the crystals grown over the irradiated regions may have chemical compositions different from the composition of the crystal grown in the nonirradiated region. Thus waveguides can be formed within the thin-film crystal. Next referring to FIG. 3, the process for the fabrication of thin-film waveguides in accordance with the present invention will be described in more detail hereinafter. FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the system used for molecular beam epitaxial growth and provided with an electron gun in order to carry out the selective epitaxial process in accordance with the present invention. A vacuum apparatus denoted 31 heats itself to about 350° C to discharge various gases adhered to the inner wall thereof, thereby maintaining an ultrahigh vacuum with the remaining gas pressure being of the order of 10-10 Torr. Substrates 32 (32a, 32b, 32c and 32d) are each attached on a heating block 33 so that the substrate may be heated by a heating element (not shown) in the heating block 33. A sample position setting device 34 is operable from the exterior of the vacuum apparatus 31 in such a way that a plurality of samples may be changed and the position of each sample may be changed. An ion sputtering device 35 is for sputtering the surface of the sample to obtain an atomically clean or purified sample surface. A quadrupole mass spectrometer 36 not only monitors the molecular beams emitted from molecular beam sources 37 but also analyzes the remaining gas. Knudsen cell type molecular beam sources, 37a and 37b, each of which has an element which becomes a constituent of a crystal to be grown, and which are heated independently from each other so that the desired intensity of the molecular beam may be obtained are provided. A liquid nitrogen cover 38 absorbs the undesired molecules when the sources 37a and 37b are heated, thereby maintaining the vacuum in the apparatus at a desired level. An electron gun 39 includes electrostatic deflection electrodes for producing the electron beam which irradiates a preselected region on the surface of the substrate 32a. In this system, the electron beam is made incident on the surface of the substrate 32a substantially at a right angle. A secondary electron multiplier 40 is for detecting the electrons produced from the region irradiated by the electron beam, thereby detecting this region. A high-energy electron gun 41 is for producing the electron beam which is made incident to the surface of the substrate at an angle smaller than the incidence angle of the electron beam from the electron gun 39 so that a phosphor screen 42 is illuminated by the refracted electrons so as to permit observation of the structure of the surface of the substrate 32a. A cylindrical mirror type Auger electron spectroscope 43 is also provided. A shutter 44 is for interrupting the molecular beams. With an electron beam control circuit (not shown), brightness modulation is made in order to deflect the electron beam so that the beam may be incident upon a desired area, and a display device (not shown) deflects the electron beam in a cathode-ray display tube in synchronism with the beam deflection signal so that the intensity of the electron beam in the cathode-ray tube may be modulated in response to the output signal from the secondary electron multiplier tube 40. Therefore the required sequential controls can be accomplished by the comparison of a position displayed on the display tube with the position of the electron beam irradiated area on the surface of the substrate 32a. Next the epitaxial growth of the GaAsy P1-y mixed crystal on the GaAs (001) surface of a substrate 32 by the above described system will be described. As shown in FIG. 4, the rectangular substrate 49 extending in the directions [110] and [110] was prepared from a GaAs substrate cut along the (001) face, and then was polished with the diamond paste. Thereafter the substrate was etched with a brome-methanol-series etchant, and was mounted on the sample position setting device 34 shown in FIG. 3. GaP was charged into the source 37a while GaAs was charged into the source 37b. The vacuum device 31 was heated for 10 hours to evacuate to an ultrahigh vacuum of the order of 10-10 mm Hg. The substrate 49 was heated to 630° C to attain thermal etching of the surface of the substrate. Thereafter, ion etching of the surface of the substrate 32 was carried out by the ion sputtering device 35. It was confirmed by the use of the Auger spectroscope 43 that the surface of the substrate was atomically clean. The substrate 49 was maintained at 530° C while liquid nitrogen was charged into the cover 38. Thereafter the GaAs source was heated to 830° C while the GaP source 37a to 800° C. The shutter 44 was opened to direct the Ga, As2 and P2 beam to the substrate 49 as shown in FIG. 4 so that an epitaxially grown layer 50 having a uniform mixed crystal composition was formed over the whole surface of the substrate 49. Thereafter while the Ga, As2 and P2 beams were applied under the same conditions, the substrate was scanned in the [110] direction by the electron beam 53 which had a spot diameter of about 200 μm and which was accelerated to 3 KeV, whereby selective crystal growth was attained. It was found that the composition of the electron beam irradiated region 52 was different from that of the non-irradiated region 51. This means that these two regions 51 and 52 have different refractive indexes. Thus the three-dimensional thin-film waveguide which had a high refractive index and was embedded in or surrounded by a medium having a low refractive index was formed by the utilization of the difference in refractive index. FIG. 5 shows a compound optical waveguide device fabricated by the selective epitaxial process in accordance with the present invention. First layer 54 having a uniform GaAs1-y Py composition was formed over the surface of the substrate 32. During this formation of a second layer, the temperature of the GaP source was decreased so that the intensity of the P2 beam was decreased with respect to the intensity of the As2 beam. Thereafter the selective epitaxial growth with the irradiation of the electron beam was made in a manner substantially similar to that described above so that a region 55 having a high P concentration and a region 56 having a low P concentration were formed. A third layer 57 was formed under the same conditions as those when the first layer 54 was formed. A fourth layer was formed under the same conditions as those when the second layer was formed, whereby a region 59 having a high P concentration and a region 58 having a low P concentration were formed. A fifth layer was formed under the same conditions with those when the first and third layers were formed. Therefore the layers 54, 57 and 60 had the highest P concentration; the regions 55 and 59 had a medium P concentration; and the regions 56 and 58 had the lowest P concentration. The lower the P concentration, the higher the refractive index becomes. Therefore the regions 56 and 58 embedded in or surrounded by the low refractive index regions serve as excellent waveguides. The optical parameters such as dielectric constant, film thickness and so on can be precisely controlled by control of the intensities of the molecular beams and the growth rate. Therefore in the compound thin-film waveguide device in which the waveguides are overlayed through the intermediate layers 57 the control of the coupling constant or coefficient between the waveguides becomes very easy. In addition, according to the present invention, the waveguides may be arrayed not only two-dimensionally but also three-dimensionally so that the fabrication of the complex waveguides such as directional couplers, light splitters and so on may be much facilitated. The waveguide device shown in FIG. 5 has many advantages to be described below. One advantage is that the refractive index at the interface between the region 56 and the layer 57 may be changed at an arbitarily selected gradient so that a clad type or converging type interface may be formed. At the interface between the regions 55 and 56 the refractive index changes relatively gradually depending upon the position which was irradiated by the electron beam and the temperature gradient in the non-irradiated region during the selective epitaxial growth so that a convergent type intersurface is formed. Therefore the light wave energy is concentrated at the center of the waveguide so that the adverse effect caused by the scattering of light at the interface between the regions 55 and 56 due to the error in selecting the area where the electron beam is focused can be minimized. FIG. 6 is a shematic view of a system used for carrying out another example of the selective epitaxial process in accordance with the present invention. In this system, instead of an electron beam, a laser beam is used. The same reference numerals are used in both FIGS. 3 and 6 to designate similar parts. In this system, the laser beam 62 produced by and emitted from a laser device 61 is redirected by an oscillating mirror 62 so as to be transmitted through a waveguide 64 into the vacuum apparatus 31 and focused on the substrate 32a so that selective epitaxial growth can be carried out. As described above, the present invention utilizes a selective molecular beam epitaxial process in which the substrate is locally heated by concentrated energy so that the composition of the mixed crystal grown in the energy irradiated area may be different from the composition of the crystal grown in the non-irradiated region. Therefore the fabrication of complex thin-film waveguides is much facilitated. Thus the present invention provides a novel process for the fabrication of thin-film waveguides.

Pine lakes Golf Course WELL ABANDONMENT Completion Job location was Pine Lakes Golf Course, call us today for a free quote….904-751-1628 The scope of work was completed for a new subdivision for DR Horton. This site is located on Jacksonville’s Northside of town off North Main Street. 7.1 INTRODUCTION Unsealed or improperly sealed wells may threaten public health and safety, and the quality of the groundwater resources. Therefore, the proper abandonment (decommissioning) of a well is a critical final step in its service life. Act 610, the Water Well Drillers License Act, includes a provision for abandonment of wells. This legislation makes it the responsibility of a well owner to properly seal an abandoned well according to the rules and regulations of the department. In the absence of more stringent regulatory standards, the procedures outlined in this section represent minimum guidelines for proper abandonment of wells and borings. These procedures may be applicable for, but not limited to, public and domestic water supply wells, monitoring wells, borings or drive points drilled to collect subsurface information, test borings for groundwater exploration, and dry wells (drains or borings to the subsurface). Proper well abandonment accomplishes the following: 1) eliminates the physical hazard of the well (the hole in the ground), 2) eliminates a pathway for migration of contamination, and 3) prevents hydrologic changes in the aquifer system, such as the changes in hydraulic head and the mixing of water between aquifers. The proper decommissioning method will depend on both the reason for abandonment and the condition and construction details of the boring or well. 7.2 WELL CHARACTERIZATION Effective abandonment depends on knowledge of the well construction, geology, and the hydrogeology. The importance of a full characterization increases as the complexity of the well construction, site geology, and the risk of aquifer contamination increases. Construction information for wells drilled since 1966 may be available from the Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey’s (BTGS) Water Well Inventory System database. Additional well construction data and information describing the hydrologic characteristics of geologic formations may be available from reports published by BTGS and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Site or program records also may exist. The well should be positively identified before initiating the abandonment. Field information should be compared with any existing information. Water levels and well depths can be measured with a well sounder or weighted tape measure. In critical situations, well construction details and hydrogeology can be determined with borehole geophysics or a downhole camera. For example, a caliper log, which is used to determine the borehole diameter, can be very helpful in locating cavernous areas in open hole wells. 7.3 WELL PREPARATION If possible, the borehole must be cleared of obstructions prior to abandonment. Obstructions such as pumps, pipes, wiring, and air lines must be pulled. Well preparation also may involve fishing obstacles out of the borehole. An attempt should be made to pull the casing when it will not jeopardize the integrity of the borehole. Before the casing is pulled, the well should be grouted to near the bottom of the casing. This will at least provide some seal if the well collapses after the casing is pulled. The presence of nested or telescoped casing strings complicates well abandonment. Inner strings should be removed when possible, but only when removal will not jeopardize the abandonment of the well. If inner strings cannot be removed and sealing of the annular space is required, then the inner string should be vertically split (plastic cased wells) or cut (metal-cased wells) at intervals necessary to insure complete filling of the annular space. Damaged, poorly constructed or dilapidated wells may need to be redrilled in order to apply proper abandonment techniques. Also, in situations where intermixing of aquifers is likely, the borehole may need to be redrilled. 7.4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 7.4.1 Aggregate Materials that eliminate the physical hazard and open space of the borehole, but do not prevent the flow of water through the well bore, are categorized as aggregate. Aggregates consist of sand, crushed stone or similar material that is used to fill the well. Aggregates should be uncontaminated and of consistent size to minimize bridging during placement. Aggregate is usually not placed in wells smaller than two inches in diameter. Nominal size of the aggregate should be no more than 1/4 of the minimum well diameter through which it must pass during placement. Because aggregate is usually poured from the top of the well, care must be taken to prevent bridging by slowly pouring the aggregate and monitoring the progress with frequent depth measurements. Aggregates may be used in the following circumstances: 1) there is no need to penetrate or seal fractures, joints or other openings in the interval to be filled, 2) a watertight seal is not required in the interval to be filled, 3) the hole is caving, 4) the interval does not penetrate a perched or confined aquifer, and 5) the interval does not penetrate more than one aquifer. If aggregate is used, a casing seal should be installed (see Section 7.5.1). The use of aggregate and a casing seal must be consistent with the future land use. 7.4.2 Sealants Sealants are used in well abandonment to provide a watertight barrier to the migration of water in the well bore, in the annular spaces or in fractures and openings adjacent to the well bore. Sealants usually consist of portland cement based grouts, “bentonite” clay, or combinations of these substances. Additives are frequently used to enhance or delay specific properties such as viscosity, setting time, shrinkage, or strength. Sealing mixtures should be formulated to minimize shrinkage and ensure compatibility with the chemistry of the groundwater in the well. A grout pump and tremie pipe are preferred for delivering grout to the bottom of the well. This method insures the positive displacement of the water in the well, and will minimize dilution or separation of the grout. If aggregate is to be placed above sealant, a sufficient amount of curing time should pass before placing the aggregate above the seal. Curing time for grout using Type 1 cement is typically 24 – 48 hours, and 12 hours for Type III cement. General types of sealants are defined as follows: Neat cement grout: Neat cement grout is generally formulated using a ratio of one 94 lb. bag of portland cement to no more than 6 gallons of water. This grout is superior for sealing small openings, for penetrating any annular space outside of the casings, and for filling voids in the surrounding rocks. When applied under pressure, neat cement grout is strongly favored for sealing artesian wells or those penetrating more than one aquifer. Neat cement grout is generally preferred to concrete grout because it avoids the problem of separation of the aggregate and the cement. Neat cement grout can be susceptible to shrinkage and the heat of hydration can possibly damage some plastic casing materials. Concrete grout: Concrete grout consists of a ratio of not more than six gallons of water, one 94-lb. bag of Portland cement, and an equal volume of sand. This grout is generally used for filling the upper part of the well above the water bearing zone, for plugging short sections of casings, or for filling large-diameter wells. Concrete grout, which makes a stronger seal than neat cement, may not significantly penetrate seams, crevices or interstices. Grout pumps can handle sand without being immediately damaged. Aggregate particles bigger than this may damage the pump. If not properly emplaced, the aggregate is apt to separate from the cement. Concrete grout should generally not be placed below the water level in a well, unless a tremie pipe and a grout pump are used. Grout additives: Some bentonite (2 to 8 percent) can be added to neat cement or concrete grout to decrease the amount of shrinkage. Other additives can be used to alter the curing time or the permeability of the grout. For example, calcium chloride can be used as a curing accelerator.. For example, if 75 lbs. of powdered bentonite and 250 pounds of granular bentonite were mixed in 150 gallons of water (at 8.34 lbs. per gallon), the percentage of high-solids bentonite is approximately 20 percent (325/(1251+325)). High-solids bentonite must be pumped before its viscosity is lowered. Pumping pressures higher than those used for cement grouts are usually necessary. Hydration of the bentonite must be delayed until it has been placed down the well. This can be done by 1) using additives with the dry bentonite or in the water, 2) mixing calcium bentonite (it expands less) with sodium bentonite, or 3) using granular bentonite, which has less surface area. In addition, positive displacement pumps such as piston, gear, and moyno (progressive cavity) pumps must be used because pumps that shear the grout (such as centrifugal pumps) will accelerate the congealing of the bentonite. A paddle mixer is typically used to mix the grout. A high-solids bentonite grout is not made from bentonite that is labeled as drilling fluid or gel. Chip Bentonite: Chip (coarse grade) or pelletized bentonite can form adequate seals. This type of bentonite is poured directly down the borehole. The size of the bentonite chips also should be no more than 1/4 of the minimum well diameter through which it must pass during placement. Because of the potential for bridging, this material may not be suitable for deep wells or borings where positive displacement is necessary to seal the well. When coarse bentonite is placed above the water level, water must be added frequently to hydrate the bentonite. Care must be taken with chip or pelletized bentonite to not overload the interval to be sealed. Rapidly swelling bentonite could result in incomplete hydration and a heterogeneous seal containing lumps of dry bentonite. The level of the bentonite should be checked often to make sure that bridging of the chips does not occur. 7.4.3 Bridge Seals A bridge seal can be used to isolate cavernous sections of a well, to isolate two producing zones in the well, or to provide the structural integrity necessary to support overlying materials (and thus protect underlying aggregate or sealants from excessive compressive forces). Bridge seals are usually constructed by installing an expandable plug made of wood, neoprene, or a pneumatic or other mechanical packer. Additional aggregate can be placed above the bridge. 7.5 RECOMMENDATIONS The complexity of the abandonment procedure depends primarily on the hydrogeology, geology, well construction, and the groundwater quality. Four principal complicating factors have been identified; they include 1) artesian conditions, 2) multiple aquifers, 3) cavernous rocks, and 4) the threat or presence of contamination. The recommended procedures for abandoning wells will be more rigorous with the presence of one or more complicating factors. The procedures may vary from a simple casing seal above aggregate to entirely grouting a well using a tremie pipe after existing casing has been ripped or perforated. Figure 10 summarizes the general approach to well abandonment. 7.5.1 Casing Seal The transition from well casing to open borehole is the most suspect zone for migration of water. In order to minimize the movement of water (contaminated or otherwise) from the overlying less consolidated materials to the lower waterbearing units, this zone must be sealed. Generally this can be accomplished by filling at least the upper 10 feet of open borehole and the lower five feet of casing with sealant. The length of open borehole sealed should be increased if extenuating circumstances exist. Such circumstances would include a history of bacterial contamination, saprolitic bedrock, or possibly deep fracture zones. Waterbearing zones reported in the upper 20 feet or so of open borehole are indications of fractures and would warrant additional sealant. Casing that is deteriorated should be sealed along its entire length. If the casing is to be pulled the sealant used should remain fluid for a period of time adequate for removal of the casing. If the casing is to remain, then whenever feasible, it should be cut off below land surface. After the casing seal discussed above achieves adequate strength, the open casing should at a minimum, be filled with aggregate. It is strongly suggested that a sealant be used in the upper 2 to 5 feet of casing. 7.5.2 Wells in Unconfined or Semi-Confined Conditions These are the most common type of wells in Pennsylvania. The geology may consist of either unconsolidated or consolidated materials. When applicable, unconfined wells in non-contaminated areas may be satisfactorily abandoned using aggregate materials up to 10-15 feet below the ground surface. This would apply mainly to domestic wells, and test borings or wells not covered by existing regulations. Monitoring wells that are not covered by specific regulatory programs and are located at sites with no known contamination, might be abandoned in this manner. Above the aggregate, the casing seal should be installed. A sealant may be used over the entire depth. 7.5.3 Wells at Contaminated Sites An abandoned, contaminated well often mixes contaminated groundwater with uncontaminated groundwater. Complete and uniform sealing of the well from the bottom to the surface is required. Therefore, proper well preparation (Section 7.3) must be done before the well is sealed with a proper sealant (Section 7.4.2). 7.5.4 Wells in Cavernous Rocks Problems can arise when filling wells that penetrate cavernous rock. Although such wells are usually located in carbonate terrain, voids can also occur in areas that have been deep mined. Care must be taken to insure that aggregates and sealants are of a size and consistency to prevent their removal by water flowing in the void. Large voids or high flow velocities warrant placement of a bridge in competent rock over the void. Aggregate and sealants can then be placed above the bridge. 7.5.5 Multiple Aquifer Wells The main goal in sealing wells that extend into more than one aquifer is to prevent the flow of groundwater from one aquifer to another. If no appreciable movement of water is encountered, and there is no threat of groundwater contamination, sealing with concrete, neat cement, grout, or alternating layers of these materials and aggregate will prove satisfactory. When groundwater velocities are high, the procedures for wells with artesian flow (see the next section) are recommended. If alternating plugs (or bridges) and aggregate layers are used, the plugs should be placed in known nonproductive horizons or, if locations of the nonproductive horizons are not known, at frequent intervals. 7.5.6 Flowing Wells The sealing of artesian wells requires special attention. The flow of groundwater may be sufficient to make sealing by gravity placement of concrete, cement grout, neat cement, clay or sand impractical. In such wells, large stone aggregate (not more than 1/4 of the diameter of the hole), well packers (pneumatic or other), or wooden plugs will be needed to restrict the flow and thereby permit the gravity placement of sealing material above the zone where water is produced. If plugs are used, they should be several times longer than the diameter of the well to prevent tilting. Seals should be designed to withstand the maximum anticipated hydraulic head of the artesian aquifer. Because it is very important in wells of this type to prevent circulation between water yielding zones, or loss of water to the surface or to the annular spacing outside of the casing, it is recommended that pressure grouting with cement be done using the minimum volume of water during mixing that will permit handling. In wells in which the hydrostatic head producing flow to the surface is low, the movement of water may be stopped by extending the well casing to an elevation above the artesian pressure surface. 7.5.7 Wells with Complicating Factors at Contaminated Sites Wells with one or more of the above complicating factors that are to be abandoned in areas with contaminated groundwater or in areas where the groundwater is at a high risk for future contamination, require the most rigorous abandonment procedures. In general, the entire length of these wells should be sealed. When the threat of contamination has been established, the elimination of a potential flowpath is critical. For example, a contaminated well in a karst terrain must be carefully sealed to avoid worsening the situation. In general, the entire lengths of these wells should be sealed. In some situations, a bridge seal may have to be installed, and casing may have to be perforated. In each case, a prudent method should be selected that will eliminate all potential vertical flowpaths. 7.5.8 Monitoring Wells Monitoring wells should be abandoned in accordance with the rules and regulations of the program under which they were installed and operated. Monitoring wells which do not fall under the jurisdiction of a regulatory program, or fall under a program that has no rules or regulations for abandonment, should be abandoned under the following guidelines. Monitoring wells that were installed and continue to function as designed, can usually be abandoned in place. Exceptions would include wells whose design precludes complete and effective placement of sealant and wells in locations subject to future disturbance that could compromise the abandonment. In such instances all tubing, screens, casings, aggregate, backfilling, and sealant should be cleaned from the boring and the hole should be completely filled with an appropriate sealant. Monitoring wells that are abandoned in place should be completely filled with sealant. Screened intervals can be backfilled with inert aggregate if sealant will alter the groundwater chemistry and thereby jeopardize ongoing monitoring at the facility. Intervals between screens, and between the last screen and the surface, must be filled with sealant. Generally, sealant must be emplaced from the bottom of the interval being sealed. Protective casings, riser pipes, tubing, and other appurtenances at the surface which could not be removed should be cut off below grade after the sealant has properly set. When the abandonment will be completed below the finished grade, the area of the boring should be covered with a layer of bentonite, grout, concrete, or other sealant before backfilling to grade. 7.6 EXISTING REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS The Water Well Drillers License Act requires that the owner or consultant who is to abandon the well notify the department of the intent to decommission a well at least 10 days before the well is sealed or filled. Individual department bureaus may have specific regulations or guidelines. The Bureau of Oil and Gas Management regulates the plugging of oil and gas wells. Plugging provisions for oil and gas wells in coal and non-coal areas are established in § 210 and § 211 of Act 223, and § 78.91 – 78.97 of Chapter 78. These sections describe methods that would stop any vertical flow of fluids or gas within the well bore. Alternate methods of plugging also are allowed if they would afford the same level of protection. Alternate methods must be approved before the plugging is initiated. The Bureau of Mining and Reclamation regulates the abandonment of borings and wells associated with the mining of coal. Coal exploration holes must be abandoned according to the § 87.93 for surface mining of bituminous coal, § 88.83 for anthracite coal mining, § 89.54 for deep mining of bituminous coal, and § 90.93, coal refuse disposal. The Bureau of Water Supply and Community Health uses the AWWA Standard A 100-90 for abandonment of public water supply wells. This standard is referenced in Section 3.3.5.11 of Part II of the Public Water Supply Manual. We completed this project with the help of our friends at Partridge Well & Drilling! Part.

- Europe - UK - England - North England - Yorkshire & The Dales - West Yorkshire - Bradford Hotels - {{ 'The Apothecary Guest House' | removeHotels }} The Apothecary Guest House 86-90 MAIN STREET, Haworth, BD22 8DP • Show on map Popular amenities - {{ feat }} - All amenities > Find rooms About this property Please note: This description has not been updated for over a year and may be out of date.. Hotel policies Check-in From 10 ( 130 ) Our reviews are from genuine LateRooms.com customers. We verify that the customer has stayed before leaving a review. Very Good 5/6 Overall 5/6 Cleanliness 6/6 Customer service 5/6 Food quality 5/6 Room quality 6/6 Value 92% would recommend it to a friend 6/6 Verified Thiis is our third stay at the Apothecary Guest House, we are never disappointed. The owners are very friendly and accommodating. The rooms are clean and comfortable and the food delicious. We will be back.k murray 6/6 Verified From the moment we arrived my partner & I were greeted by David who was very friendly & helpful, nothing was any trouble.We requested a room to the rear overlooking the moors which we got & the view was beautiful. The Apothecary is well located with the Bronte Parsonage very close just across the cobbled road. The guest house itself was very clean, the room big & spacious with every thing you would need including the most comfortable double bed ever. The bathroom was also big & spacious.The full English breakfast was just amazing & in a lovely dining area. We stayed for 2 nights & would definitely stay here again. We would recommend this guest house, you would not be disappointed & its great value for money.Raymond B 6/6 Verified Lovely accommodation in keeping with Haworth. The room was clean with a big bathroom. Service was excellent right the way through from owner to staff. All lovely very pleasant people wouldn't hesitate at staying againG Parkinson 6/6 Verified Lovely escape physically and mentally 4/6 Verified Host David was very welcoming and obliging, enthusing about Haworth. Location excellent and close to some very good bars / restaurants. Room was basic and a little tired, but was fairly priced to reflect this. Walls very thin - you could hear a mouse fart in the next room - but we did get a good night's kip. Very fair and friendly budget accommodation.David G 5/6 Verified From start to finish we had a great Yorkshire welcome. Cheap accommodation right in centre of the village. The owners could not have done more. All amenities on doorstep. Great choice of breakfast with view over the moors. Many thanksKay Jackson 6/6 Verified 6/6 Verified Great hosting, warm and comfortable room, delicious breakfast, excellent value for money. 5/6 Verified A basic, clean, central base for exploring Haworth and surrounding area. It is kept lovely and warm (we stayed in freezing weather) and the shower was hot. Bed clean and comfy if a bit wobbly. The breakfast was good and we got the impression that requests would be catered for if reasonable. The building is old and therefore many quirky levels which posed no issues for us. A no frills stay which was very fair given the price.R Hamer 5/6 Verified Giant bathroom. Not fancy or cosy or right for a romantic break, more like a clean, large private hostel room- but had more than everything I needed. Friendly, chatty staff. Quick wifi. Hostel feel to it all, very thin walled etc. but I really liked it. Amazing location and value. I'd certainly recommend it for people travelling alone, for work or on a budget.Jessica F 4/6 Verified Owner pretty flexible for New Years Eve. Room basic but OK and clean. Curtains need replacing to cover window fully. Good value at this price.Julian B 6/6 Verified We stayed for a family weekend away and love it,location was fantastic room a little dated but was great value for money. Would deff stay there again xMichelle G 6/6 Verified very good 6/6 Verified This is the second time we've stayed at the Apothecary Guest House. The welcome is friendly and relaxed. Our room was large with a great shower. The window looked onto the main street of Haworth with the church just across the road. The guest house is quiet at night. The breakfast has plenty of choice and arrived nice and hot. The breakfast room has a view across the beautiful countryside. We'll be staying again.A Noon 6/6 Verified We were early but greeted personally by Nick, taken to our room which was toasty warm the whole stay. Parking at the front of The Apothecary was easy. An amazing breakfast cooked to order. Virtualised both from our bedroom and the dining room. Will certainly be back to this quirky and quaint B&B.; Thanks for a lovely stay.Linda H 5/6 Verified Very friendly and attentive staff, the room itself was fine but quite basic and we had a good nights sleep. The quality of the breakfast was disappointing.Georgia A 6/6 Verified Ideal location spotless and clean very welcoming a delicious breakfast with pleanty of choice. Would recommend and hopefully return.Emma C 5/6 Verified Warm welcome from David, very accommodating of us with our 9 month old baby, given a choice of rooms, chose a great family room with loads of space for travel cot, next door to dining room/tea room, which David was happy for us to sit in in the evening whilst the baby slept...great. Breakfast lovely and check out time relaxed allowing baby to have morning nap before we left. Accommodating of our car needs and let us leave car on forecourt until lunchtime...will definitely stay again when next around. Thank youGill L 6/6 Verified brill ,accommodation ,very good value for money ,the breakfast is out of this world, 6/6 Verified We wre greeted very warmly as we arrived, the guest house is lovely, clean, great staff and a huge full english breakfast the next morning, could not have asked for more, will be definitely staying there again. Thanks to all at the apothecary guest house.Graham Seabrook 6/6 Verified Warmly welcomed by our hosts we stayed in a spacious room overlooking the cobbled street. Room was nice and snug, clean and with an excellent shower. The location is great, Bronte Church, Parsonage, boutique shops, restaurants and wonderful pubs all on your doorstep. Steam Train ten minutes walk away. A very enjoyable stay and unbeatable at the price. Will certainly go again.S HUTCHINSON 6/6 Verified whenever I visit Haworth I will always stay here! 6/6 Verified One night booked for 3 of us on way to daughters wedding. Very friendly reception. Rooms very nice and en suite too. Breakfast was best we had received for a long time. Very good value for money - good location - good parking. Always wanted to stay at the Apothecary B&B; - now have and would recommend to everyone10 out of 10 to the brothers' keep up the good work.Sandra Wynn-Evans 6/6 Verified we thoroughly enjoyed our visit, extremely friendly family run business. Fantastic customer care, friendly, approachable, we met all the family . Personal approach is very welcome. Great value for money.I have paid a lot more in the past to stay in a lot worse . Lovely breakfast. Lots of restaurants and pubs nearby. We have rebooked for next year already.Hopefully will also be back in between. Haworth is a beautiful setting with the Apothecary in a perfect location. This place is a gemJackie Henson 6/6 Verified We recently stayed at The Apothecary Guest House for one night, it was warm and clean and the owner was friendly and very accommodating. Breakfast was excellent and was included in the price, would definitely stay here again. Howarth is a lovely place and well worth a visit and The Apothecary is the place to stay for a lovely, good priced accommodation.G Willett 5/6 Verified Charming hosts. Quiet location. Great value for money. Will be back. Thanks to you both for an enjoyable wee break.Anthony Jones 4/6 Verified The acccomodation was of a good standard,but not suitable for us as my husband is disabled and found the hotel to have so many stairs to get about.To get to the dining room required several sections of upstairs and downstairs and a very narrow corrider which was very difficult to negotiate when you have a walking stick.The owner was very pleasant. 6/6 Verified 3/6 Verified From what I have experienced this business is run by two brothers. Prior to my visit I emailed to enquire about a later check out. With no response I emailed again and then phoned. The brother I spoke to blamed the other one for not responding, he had a very rude tone but then said I could leave the room at 11am. On the day of check in I called to say I would be there around 8pm but then when we got there at 8pm the other brother told us he was about to leave because the message was not passed on. What would we have done then. The next morning we were then told we had to leave the room at 10:30am. Very frustrating and unprofessional. The room was also very noisy due to the many pubs outside.a hodgkinson 6/6 Verified After visiting friends and family at Cricklade, Ashford, Stamford and Newcastle, we visited Howarth and stayed at the Apothecary Guest House which was excellent and would recommend the Old White Lion Hotel for an evening meal. We fully intend to visit Howarth again (hopefully with sunshine) and we continued our trip calling at Hereford before returning home to Torquay, Devon. Would not hesitate to recommend the Apothecary Guest House.sylvia N 5/6 Verified 5/6 Verified A lovely guest house in the center of Haworth with very helpful staff and a fantastic breakfast. We would definitely go againLinda H 6/6 Verified Another wonderful weekend stay. Thank you. Everything about the Guest House, Its location, the service and accomodation where excellent as was the food and service.D Jarvis 4/6 Verified This guest house is in a great location and is well worth what you pay. However, on arrival there was no one home and we had to call them to be told they were out and would need to come back to hang around for 20mins. The place itself is a very quaint and quirky. The wee niggly problems were the sink in the toilet was too small to get the kettle under to fill for making tea/coffee which meant you had to fill the cup up and pour it into the kettle. Not a hassle, just inconvient. Also there were a couple of steps separating the room from one side to another but possibly because there may have been a wall before but I didn't feel comfortable stepping on it and feel it would better with higher step taken away leaving just the one, however I just stepped over the top one. Again no great hassle but could be to an older guest. The corridor to our room also had a couple of steps i didn't feel safe on. The hosts at breakfast were welcoming, friendly and the breakfast was great. Nothing was too much trouble. I would definitely go back to this guest house if I was in the area. The niggly things were just that and I suppose in an old building like that will no doubt have wobbly steps and less room.I Wallace 5/6 Verified A basic but comfortable guest house at a good price.Very close to everything in the town.And the owners are very nice and welcoming .This was our first trip to Haworth and we will visit again and would stay at this guesthouse 6/6 Verified hosts were very welcoming and friendly. Nothing was too much trouble.location at the centre of village was excellentvic veale 5/6 Verified Quirky & cosy guest house. Hosts very helpful & friendly. A great location for the surrounding area.Matthew F 6/6 Verified A gem of a guest house in the heart of Bronte country. Hosts David and Marjorie made us welcome from the moment we arrived and could not to enough for us. The room, whilst a little cramped, had everything a weekend traveller required. The breakfast was to the highest standard and again the host was on hand to engage in conversation and offer advice on places to go etc. I left a small item behind by mistake when I left and it was delivered to my house within a day. I would recommend this guest house to anyone wishing to visit Haworth and Bronte country. The owners are obviously passionate about their business and it shows.Ken Beveridge 5/6 Verified very pleasant stay, comfortable and relaxing. 5/6 Verified Pleasant and helpful owners nothing too much trouble, simple clean accommodation with en suite.Cafe/breakfast room bright with lovely views.excellent value for money and located right in the centre of Howarth. 6/6 Verified Excellent hotel and very friendly 5/6 Verified 6/6 Verified Lovely guest house..friendly staff,always on hand ..very reasonable rates.they are so helpful..would go back again and again ..bed and breakfast lots of it too ..easy access to lots of shops, pubs, such a lovely place 6/6 Verified Nice guest house, very friendly service, nice room and really no complaints. A tip for visitors...approach the Apothecary from the top of the main street, otherwise it is a very steep drive.W Cooper 6/6 Verified Very accommodating, as I needed to leave at 4.45. Left me help-yourself breakfast. Excellent location on village main street.E Ormanroyd 6/6 Verified We had a lovely stay, superb location , great breakfast and a very friendly host. 3/6 Verified On entering the ensuite, we discovered that the towels were stained (possibly with bleach) and that the pedestal mat was threadbare. There was also a musty smell in the bathroom. The canister containing teabags/coffee etc was rusted on the outside and there were empty packets on the inside. On arrival at the guest house, the welcome we received from the proprietor was perfunctory at most. He was in a hurry to see us to our room and had no time for small talk. His attire left something to be desired. These faults sadly let down the excellent location of the guest house which looked right over to the Bronte church. This meant that we were very near to the Bronte Parsonage Museum which was our principal reason for visiting Haworth.J Kerr 6/6 Verified Perhaps not the most modern but it makes up for it in genuine comfort. I had a spacious bedroom and bathroom which were super quiet and had everything I needed. The owner was also most welcoming and friendly. Great value for money. Highly recommended.Steve N 5/6 Verified The Apothecary is situated at the top of the main cobbled street in Haworth and the breakfast room commands beautiful views across the valley. We were greeted warmly and felt that anything we needed would be taken care of, despite the establishment (also a bustling tearooms) being busy. The early check in time from 10.30 allowed us to make the most of our stay. Our ensuite room had all the basic requirements and was comfortable and breakfast was tasty and efficiently served. Very good value, we'd definitely stay again.B Donnan 6/6 Verified The staff were very friendly and made me feel very welcome and I would certainly return. Excellent value for money.caroline w 6/6 Verified Stayed here after the Tour de France went through Haworth. The hospitality was outstanding and the hotel was excellent value for money. Our breakfast was fantastic, can't go wrong with a full English. Would defiantly recommend it to anyone.C Powell 6/6 Verified Excellent stay, first time visit to Haworth and was most impressed. Owner very friendly and helpful, accomodation clean and spacious. Breakfast was excellent with a magnificent view across the valley. The guest house location is central so is perfect to visit the attractions and the evening places. Great for the railway too as the engine shed is based in Haworth and has a good viewing area. Will definitly stay here again.G Jackman 4/6 Verified I was staying with my wife and two year old daughter and the family room was fine for our needs. The breakfast was good. However, the family room is adjacent to the dining room and kitchen and on one night the owners had a party in the dining room. This was very noisy and kept my daughter awake. The noise went on until about midnight. We had been given no warning or advance apology about this. When I mentioned the issue in the morning, the owner gave a very cursory apology and said it was a party for his son's 30th birthday. He also said that the noise only went on so late because there was a power cut that he and his guests were dealing with. I know there was a power cut but there was no attempt to keep conversation volume down and at 11:35pm we had a young boy, one of the party guests, knocking on our door asking if we needed a light. I found the issue and the handling of it the next morning very unprofessional and all that would have been required to make me feel better would have been an advance warning and sincere apology.Duncan L 4/6 Verified My mother stayed in this b&b; for a funeral. She had early check in when she got there where as her other family members stayed elsewhere and were unable to check in. She said the staff were lovely and made her feel comfortable. Amazing view overlooking the beautiful Haworth and felt safe there seeming she is 70years old. She would definately stay there again as very clean and comfortable. Well worth the money. Thank you:)P Brown 5/6 Verified Room was large, lovely old building. Reasonably clean. I was really looking forward to the breakfast given some of the past reviews. However, unfortunately, the sausages served did seem rather like the nasty cheap ones you try avoid in the super-market so I couldn't eat mine and I love my sausages. (perhaps an off day in the kitchen?). Owner very helpful. Location spot-on in the center of Haworth. Definitely recommended!J Ward 5/6 Verified We could not have been made to feel more welcome from the moment we arrived until the moment we left. David was an excellent host, extremely friendly and instantly made us feel at home. The rooms were very pleasant though one did have a rather overpowering smell of damp. However, it certainly did not spoil the stay. We all thoroughly enjoyed the full English breakfast in the dining room overlooking beautiful scenery.The Apothecary is ideally located for a visit to the Bronte Parsonage and surrounding attractions. Having walked to Top Withens we found ourselves in the village of Stanbury and enjoyed a particularly good lunch at the 'Wuthering Heights' pub which is only 1mile from Haworth and is definitely worth a visit. We look forward to returning again.D Butcher 5/6 Verified great welcome from the owner, friendly, helpful and knowledgeable about the area. Rooms are large and comfortable, breakfast was excellent, well worth the money.james u 6/6 Verified This is a good value guest house with a warm heart and a great location! 6/6 Verified Lovely Guest House, would stay again and recommend 4/6 Verified What was the Kettle in the bedroom for. There were no cups, spoons, tea or coffee. I understood that we could make a drink in the room.J DAVEY 6/6 Verified Excellent location in Haworth shops, pubs and restaurants' near by, the hosts are very helpful and welcoming, and the rooms all different, good value for centre of Haworth. 5/6 Verified Was booked as a birthday treat. Lovely place to stay, friendly staff and would definitely stay there again. Lots of places to visit and thoroughly enjoyed our visit on the KVWR steam train - good value for money. Point for any visitors going with kids - they travel free thoughout summer!Sharon A 6/6 Verified We haved a great time lovely views was nice quite place to stay .my grand daughter sleep straight through we had to wake her up we would recommend it to our family and friends 5/6 Verified Despite arriving after 9pm we had a warm welcome and were very well looked after by David, a very good breakfast with fantastic views over the valley. We had a cuppa at the cafe the next day with our friends and again the service was very good and would recommend. Absolutely central, and there's a good park with swings etc just at the bottom of Main Street (about 1/2 mile), there's a free ATM is at Spar opposite the station other side of the park, though all the chippies appear to close early (8.30pm), but there are enough pizza shops as an alternative.Ted S 6/6 Verified Good value for money. Very friendly owners. Good breakfast. Comfy room. Ideal location for visiting Haworth.Linda Tovey

OIL STATES ENERGY SERVICES, LLC v. GREENE’S ENERGY GROUP, LLC Syllabus Syllabus OIL STATES ENERGY SERVICES, LLC v. GREENE’S ENERGY GROUP, LLC Syllabus 639 Fed. Appx. 639, affirmed. - Syllabus [Syllabus] [PDF] - Opinion, Thomas [Thomas Opinion] [PDF] - Concurrence, Breyer [Breyer Concurrence] OIL STATES ENERGY SERVICES, LLC v. GREENE’S ENERGY GROUP, LLC, et al. certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the federal circuit Inter partes review authorizes the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) to reconsider and cancel an already-issued patent claim in limited circumstances. See 35 U. S. C. §§311–319. Any person who is not the owner of the patent may petition for review. §311(a). If review is instituted, the process entitles the petitioner and the patent owner to conduct certain discovery, §316(a)(5); to file affidavits, declarations, and written memoranda, §316(a)(8); and to receive an oral hearing before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board, §316(a)(10). A final decision by the Board is subject to Federal Circuit review. §§318, 319. Petitioner Oil States Energy Services, LLC, obtained a patent relating to technology for protecting wellhead equipment used in hydraulic fracturing. It sued respondent Greene’s Energy Group, LLC, in Federal District Court for infringement. Greene’s Energy challenged the patent’s validity in the District Court and also petitioned the PTO for inter partes review. Both proceedings progressed in parallel. The District Court issued a claim-construction order favoring Oil States, while the case was pending, the Federal Circuit issued a decision in a separate case, rejecting the same constitutional arguments raised by Oil States. The court then summarily affirmed the Board’s decision in this case. Held: re sembles. 639 Fed. Appx. 639, affirmed. Thomas, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Kennedy, Ginsburg, Breyer, Alito, Sotomayor, and Kagan, JJ., joined. Breyer, J., filed a concurring opinion, in which Ginsburg and Sotomayor, JJ., joined. Gorsuch, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which Roberts,–712 _________________ OIL STATES ENERGY SERVICES, LLC, PETITIONER v. GREENE’S ENERGY GROUP, LLC, et al. on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the federal circuit Justice Thomas delivered the opinion of the Court.. I A Under the Patent Act, the PTO is “responsible for the granting and issuing of patents.” 35 U. S. C. §2(a)(1). When an inventor applies for a patent, an examiner reviews the proposed claims and the prior art to determine if the claims meet the statutory requirements. See §§112, 131. Those requirements include utility, novelty, and nonobviousness based on the prior art. §§101, 102, 103. The Director of the PTO then approves or rejects the application. See §§131, 132(a). An applicant can seek judicial review of a final rejection. §§141(a), 145. B Over the last several decades, Congress has created administrative processes that authorize the PTO to reconsider and cancel patent claims that were wrongly issued. In 1980, Congress established “ex parte reexamination,” which still exists today. See Act To Amend the Patent and Trademark Laws, 35 U. S. C. §301 et seq. Ex parte re- examination permits “[a]ny person at any time” to “file a request for reexamination.” §302. If the Director determines that there is “a substantial new question of patentability” for “any claim of the patent,” the PTO can reexamine the patent. §§303(a), 304. The reexamination process follows the same procedures as the initial examination. §305. In 1999, Congress added a procedure called “inter partes reexamination.” See American Inventors Protection Act, §§4601–4608, 113 Stat. 1501A–567 to 1501A–572. Under this procedure, any person could file a request for reexamination. 35 U. S. C. §311(a) (2006 ed.). The Director would determine if the request raised “a substantial new question of patentability affecting any claim of the patent” and, if so, commence a reexamination. §§312(a), 313 (2006 ed.). The reexamination would follow the general procedures for initial examination, but would allow the third-party requester and the patent owner to participate in a limited manner by filing responses and replies. §§314(a), (b) (2006 ed.). Inter partes reexamination was phased out when the America Invents Act went into effect in 2012. See §6, 125 Stat. 299–305. C The America Invents Act replaced inter partes reexamination with inter partes review, the procedure at issue here. See id., at 299. Any person other than the patent owner can file a petition for inter partes review. 35 U. S. C. §311(a) (2012 ed.). The petition can request can cellation of “1 or more claims of a patent” on the grounds that the claim fails the novelty or nonobviousness standards for patentability. §311(b). The challenges must be made “only on the basis of prior art consisting of patents or printed publications.” Ibid. If a petition is filed, the patent owner has the right to file a preliminary response explaining why inter partes review should not be insti- tuted. §313. Before he can institute inter partes review, the Director must determine “that there is a reasonable likelihood that the petitioner would prevail with respect to at least 1 of the claims challenged.” §314(a). The decision whether to institute inter partes review is committed to the Director’s discretion. See Cuozzo Speed Technologies, LLC v. Lee, 579 U. S. ___, ___ (2016) (slip op., at 9). The Director’s decision is “final and nonappealable.” §314(d).1 Once inter partes review is instituted, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board—an adjudicatory body within the PTO created to conduct inter partes review—examines the patent’s validity. See 35 U. S. C. §§6, 316(c). The Board sits in three-member panels of administrative patent judges. See §6(c). During the inter partes review, the petitioner and the patent owner are entitled to certain discovery, §316(a)(5); to file affidavits, declarations, and written memoranda, §316(a)(8); and to receive an oral hearing before the Board, §316(a)(10). The petitioner has the burden of proving unpatentability by a preponderance of the evidence. §316(e). The owner can file a motion to amend the patent by voluntarily canceling a claim or by “propos[ing] a reasonable number of substitute claims.” §316(d)(1)(B). The owner can also settle with the peti- tioner by filing a written agreement prior to the Board’s final decision, which terminates the proceedings with respect to that petitioner. §317. If the settlement results in no petitioner remaining in the inter partes review, the Board can terminate the proceeding or issue a final written decision. §317(a). If the proceeding does not terminate, the Board must issue a final written decision no later than a year after it notices the institution of inter partes review, but that deadline can be extended up to six months for good cause. §§316(a)(11), 318(a). If the Board’s decision becomes final, the Director must “issue and publish a certificate.” §318(b). The certificate cancels patent claims “finally determined to be unpatentable,” confirms patent claims “determined to be patentable,” and incorporates into the patent “any new or amended claim determined to be patentable.” Ibid. A party dissatisfied with the Board’s decision can seek judicial review in the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. §319. Any party to the inter partes review can be a party in the Federal Circuit. Ibid. The Director can intervene to defend the Board’s decision, even if no party does. See §143; Cuozzo, supra, at ___ (slip op., at 15). When reviewing the Board’s decision, the Federal Circuit assesses “the Board’s compliance with governing legal standards de novo and its underlying factual determinations for substantial evidence.” Randall Mfg. v. Rea, 733 F. 3d 1355, 1362 (CA Fed. 2013). II Petitioner Oil States Energy Services, LLC, and respondent Greene’s Energy Group, LLC, are both oilfield services companies. In 2001, Oil States obtained a patent relating to an apparatus and method for protecting wellhead equipment used in hydraulic fracturing. In 2012, Oil States sued Greene’s Energy in Federal District Court for infringing that patent. Greene’s Energy responded by challenging the patent’s validity. Near the close of discov ery, Greene’s Energy also petitioned the Board to institute inter partes review. It argued that two of the patent’s claims were unpatentable because they were anticipated by prior art not mentioned by Oil States in its original patent application. Oil States filed a response opposing review. The Board found that Greene’s Energy had established a reasonable likelihood that the two claims were unpatentable and, thus, instituted inter partes review. The proceedings before the District Court and the Board progressed in parallel. In June 2014, the District Court issued a claim-construction order. The order construed the challenged claims in a way that foreclosed Greene’s Energy’s arguments about the prior art. But a few months later, the Board issued a final written decision concluding that the claims were unpatentable. The Board acknowledged the District Court’s contrary decision, but nonetheless concluded that the claims were anticipated by the prior art. Oil States sought review in the Federal Circuit. In addition to its arguments about patentability, Oil States challenged the constitutionality of inter partes review. Specifically, it argued that actions to revoke a patent must be tried in an Article III court before a jury. While Oil States’ case was pending, the Federal Circuit issued an opinion in a different case, rejecting the same constitutional arguments. MCM Portfolio LLC v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 812 F. 3d 1284, 1288–1293 (2015). The Federal Circuit summarily affirmed the Board’s decision in this case. 639 Fed. Appx. 639 (2016). We granted certiorari to determine whether inter partes review violates Article III or the Seventh Amendment. 582 U. S. ___ (2017). We address each issue in turn. III Article III vests the judicial power of the United States “in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.” §1. Consequently, Congress cannot “confer the Government’s ‘judicial Power’ on entities outside Article III.” Stern v. Marshall, 564 U. S. 462, 484 (2011). When determining whether a proceeding involves an exercise of Article III judicial power, this Court’s precedents have distinguished between “public rights” and “private rights.” Executive Benefits Ins. Agency v. Arkison, 573 U. S. ___, ___ (2014) (slip op., at 6) (internal quotation marks omitted). Those precedents have given Congress significant latitude to assign adjudication of public rights to entities other than Article III courts. See ibid.; Stern, supra, at 488–492. This Court has not “definitively explained” the distinction between public and private rights, Northern Pipeline Constr. Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co., 458 U. S. 50, 69 (1982), and its precedents applying the public-rights doctrine have “not been entirely consistent,” Stern, 564 U. S., at 488. But this case does not require us to add to the “various formulations” of the public-rights doctrine. Ibid. Our precedents have recognized that the doctrine covers matters “which arise between the Government and persons subject to its authority in connection with the performance of the constitutional functions of the executive or legislative departments.” Crowell v. Benson, 285 U. S. 22, 50 (1932). In other words, the public-rights doctrine applies to matters “ ‘arising between the government and others, which from their nature do not require judicial determination and yet are susceptible of it.’ ” Ibid. (quoting Ex parte Bakelite Corp., 279 U. S. 438, 451 (1929)). Inter partes review involves one such matter: reconsid- eration of the Government’s decision to grant a public franchise. A Inter partes review falls squarely within the public-rights doctrine. This Court has recognized, and the par ties. 1 This Court has long recognized that the grant of a patent is a “ ‘matte[r] involving public rights.’ ” United States v. Duell, 172 U. S. 576, 582–583 (1899) (quoting Murray’s Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co., 18 How. 272, 284 (1856)). It has the key features to fall within this Court’s longstanding formulation of the public-rights doctrine. Ab initio, the grant of a patent involves a matter “arising between the government and others.” Ex parte Bakelite Corp., supra, at 451. As this Court has long recognized, the grant of a patent is a matter between “ ‘the public, who are the grantors, and . . . the patentee.’ ” Duell, supra, at 586 (quoting Butterworth v. United States ex rel. Hoe, 112 U. S. 50, 59 (1884)). By “issuing patents,” the PTO “take[s] from the public rights of immense value, and bestow[s] them upon the patentee.” United States v. American Bell Telephone Co., 128 U. S. 315, 370 (1888). Specifically, patents are “public franchises” that the Government grants “to the inventors of new and useful improvements.” Seymour v. Osborne, 11 Wall. 516, 533 (1871); accord, Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc., 525 U. S. 55, 63–64 (1998). The franchise gives the patent owner “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling the invention throughout the United States.” 35 U. S. C. §154(a)(1). That right “did not exist at common law.” Gayler v. Wilder, 10 How. 477, 494 (1851). Rather, it is a “creature of statute law.” Crown Die & Tool Co. v. Nye Tool & Machine Works, 261 U. S. 24, 40 (1923). Additionally, granting patents is one of “the constitutional functions” that can be carried out by “the executive or legislative departments” without “ ‘judicial determination.’ ” Crowell, supra, at 50–51 (quoting Ex parte Bakelite Corp., supra, at 452). Article I gives Congress the power “[t]o promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.” §8, cl. 8. Congress can grant patents itself by statute. See, e.g., Bloomer v. McQuewan, 14 How. 539, 548–550 (1853). And, from the founding to today, Congress has authorized the Executive Branch to grant patents that meet the statutory requirements for patentability. See 35 U. S. C. §§2(a)(1), 151; see also Act of July 8, 1870, §31, 16 Stat. 202; Act of July 4, 1836, §7, 5 Stat. 119–120; Act of Apr. 10, 1790, ch. 7, §1, 1 Stat. 109–110. When the PTO “adjudicate[s] the patentability of inventions,” it is “exercising the executive power.” Freytag v. Commissioner, 501 U. S. 868, 910 (1991) (Scalia, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment) (emphasis deleted). Accordingly, the determination to grant a patent is a “matte[r] involving public rights.” Murray’s Lessee, supra, at 284. It need not be adjudicated in Article III court. 2 Inter partes review involves the same basic matter as the grant of a patent. So it, too, falls on the public-rights side of the line. Inter partes review is “a second look at an earlier administrative grant of a patent.” Cuozzo, 579 U. S., at ___ (slip op., at 16). The Board considers the same statutory requirements that the PTO considered when granting the patent. See 35 U. S. C. §311(b). Those statutory requirements prevent the “issuance of patents whose effects are to remove existent knowledge from the public domain.” Graham v. John Deere Co. of Kansas City, 383 U. S. 1, 6 (1966). So, like the PTO’s initial review, the Board’s inter partes review protects “the public’s paramount interest in seeing that patent monopolies are kept within their legitimate scope,” Cuozzo, supra, at ___ (slip op., at 16) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). Thus, inter partes review involves the same interests as the determination to grant a patent in the first instance. See Duell, supra, at 586. The primary distinction between inter partes review and the initial grant of a patent is that inter partes review occurs after the patent has issued. But that distinction does not make a difference here. Patent claims are granted subject to the qualification that the PTO has “the au- thority to reexamine—and perhaps cancel—a patent claim” in an inter partes review. See Cuozzo, supra, at ___ (slip op., at 3). Patents thus remain “subject to [the Board’s] authority” to cancel outside of an Article III court. Crowell, 285 U. S., at 50. This Court has recognized that franchises can be qualified in this manner. For example, Congress can grant a franchise that permits a company to erect a toll bridge, but qualify the grant by reserving its authority to revoke or amend the franchise. See, e.g., Louisville Bridge Co. v. United States, 242 U. S. 409, 421 (1917) (collecting cases). Even after the bridge is built, the Government can exercise its reserved authority through legislation or an administrative proceeding. See, e.g., id., at 420–421; Hannibal Bridge Co. v. United States, 221 U. S. 194, 205 (1911); Bridge Co. v. United States, 105 U. S. 470, 478–482 (1882). The same is true for franchises that permit companies to build railroads or telegraph lines. See, e.g., United States v. Union Pacific R. Co., 160 U. S. 1, 24–25, 37–38 (1895). Thus, the public-rights doctrine covers the matter resolved in inter partes review. The Constitution does not prohibit the Board from resolving it outside of an Article III court. B Oil States challenges this conclusion, citing three decisions that recognize patent rights as the “private property of the patentee.” American Bell Telephone Co., 128 U. S., at 370; see also McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. v. Aultman, 169 U. S. 606, 609 (1898) (“[A granted patent] has become the property of the patentee”); Brown v. Du-chesne, 19 How. 183, 197 (1857) (“[T]he rights of a party under a patent are his private property”). But those cases do not contradict our conclusion. Patents convey only a specific form of property right—a public franchise. See Pfaff, 525 U. S., at 63–64..” Brown, supra, at 195.2 One such regulation is inter partes review. See Cuozzo, 579 U. S., at ___ (slip op., at 3). The Patent Act provides that, “[s]ubject to the provisions of this title, patents shall have the attributes of personal property.” 35 U. S. C. §261. This provision qualifies any property rights that a patent owner has in an issued patent, subjecting them to the express provisions of the Patent Act. See eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L. L. C., 547 U. S. 388, 392 (2006). Those provisions include inter partes review. See §§311–319. Nor do the precedents that Oil States cites foreclose the kind of post-issuance administrative review that Congress has authorized here. To be sure, two of the cases make broad declarations that “[t]he only authority competent to set a patent aside, or to annul it, or to correct it for any reason whatever, is vested in the courts of the United States, and not in the department which issued the pat- ent.” McCormick Harvesting Machine Co., supra, at 609; accord, American Bell Telephone Co., 128 U. S., at 364. But those cases were decided under the Patent Act of 1870. See id., at 371; McCormick Harvesting Machine Co., supra, at 611. That version of the Patent Act did not include any provision for post-issuance administrative review. Those precedents, then, are best read as a description of the statutory scheme that existed at that time. They do not resolve Congress’ authority under the Constitution to establish a different scheme.3 C Oil States and the dissent contend that inter partes review violates the “general” principle that “Congress may not ‘withdraw from judicial cognizance any matter which, from its nature, is the subject of a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty.’ ” Stern, 564 U. S., at 484 (quoting Murray’s Lessee, 18 How., at 284). They argue that this is so because patent validity was often decided in English courts of law in the 18th century. For example, if a patent owner brought an infringement action, the defendant could challenge the validity of the patent as an affirmative defense. See Lemley, Why Do Juries Decide If Patents Are Valid? 99 Va. L. Rev. 1673, 1682, 1685–1686, and n. 52 (2013). Or, an individual could challenge the validity of a patent by filing a writ of scire facias in the Court of Chancery, which would sit as a law court when adjudicating the writ. See id., at 1683–1685, and n. 44; Bottomley, Patent Cases in the Court of Chancery, 1714–58, 35 J. Legal Hist. 27, 36–37, 41–43 (2014). But this history does not establish that patent validity is a matter that, “from its nature,” must be decided by a court. Stern, supra, at 484 (quoting Murray’s Lessee, supra, at 284).. Lemley, supra, at 1681.. See 11 W. Holdsworth, A History of English Law 426–427, and n. 6 (1938); Davies, The Early History of the Patent Specification, 50 L. Q. Rev. 86, 102–106 (1934). Individuals could petition the Council to revoke a patent, and the petition was referred to the Attorney General. The Attorney General examined the petition, considered affidavits from the petitioner and patent owner, and heard from counsel. See, e.g., Bull v. Lydall, PC2/81, pp. 180–181 (1706). Depending on the Attorney General’s conclusion, the Council would either void the patent or dismiss the petition. See, e.g., Darby v. Betton, PC2/99, pp. 358–359 (1745–1746) (voiding the patent); Baker v. James, PC2/103, pp. 320–321, 346–347 (1752) (dismissing the petition). The Privy Council was a prominent feature of the English system. It had exclusive authority to revoke patents until 1753, and after that, it had concurrent jurisdiction with the courts. See Hulme, 33 L. Q. Rev., at 189–191, 193–194. The Privy Council continued to consider revocation claims and to revoke patents throughout the 18th century. Its last revocation was in 1779. See id., at 192–193. It considered, but did not act on, revocation claims in 1782, 1794, and 1810. See ibid.; Board of Ordinance v. Parr, PC1/3919 (1810). The Patent Clause in our Constitution “was written against the backdrop” of the English system. Graham, 383 U. S., at 5. Based on the practice of the Privy Council,. And this Court has recognized that, “[w]ithin the scope established by the Constitution, Congress may set out conditions and tests for patentability.” Id., at 6. We conclude that inter partes review is one of those conditions.4 For similar reasons, we disagree with the dissent’s assumption that, because courts have traditionally adjudicated patent validity in this country, courts must forever continue to do so. See post, at 8–10. Historical practice is not decisive here because matters governed by the public-rights doctrine “from their nature” can be resolved in multiple ways: Congress can “reserve to itself the power to decide,” “delegate that power to executive officers,” or “commit it to judicial tribunals.” Ex parte Bakelite Corp., 279 U. S., at 451. That Congress chose the courts in the past does not foreclose its choice of the PTO today. D Finally, Oil States argues that inter partes review violates Article III because it shares “every salient characteristic associated with the exercise of the judicial power.” Brief for Petitioner 20. Oil States highlights various procedures used in inter partes review: motion practice before the Board; discovery, depositions, and cross-examination of witnesses; introduction of evidence and objections based on the Federal Rules of Evidence; and an adversarial hearing before the Board. See 35 U. S. C. §316(a); 77 Fed. Reg. 48758, 48761–48763 (2012). Similarly, Oil States cites PTO regulations that use terms typically associated with courts—calling the hearing a “trial,” id., at 48758; the Board members “judges,” id., at 48763; and the Board’s final decision a “judgment,” id., at 48761, 48766–48767..” Williams v. United States, 289 U. S. 553, 563 (1933). Nor does the fact that an administrative adjudication is final and binding on an individual who acquiesces in the result necessarily make it an exercise of the judicial power. See, e.g., Murray’s Lessee, 18 How., at 280–281 (permitting the Treasury Department to conduct “final and binding” audits outside of an Article III court). Al- though inter partes review includes some of the features of adversarial litigation, it does not make any binding determination regarding “the liability of [Greene’s Energy] to [Oil States] under the law as defined.” Crowell, 285 U. S., at 51. It remains a matter involving public rights, one “between the government and others, which from [its] nature do[es] not require judicial determination.” Ex parte Bakelite Corp., 279 U. S., at 451.5 E We emphasize the narrowness of our holding. We address the constitutionality of inter partes review only. We do not address whether other patent matters, such as infringement actions, can be heard in a non-Article III forum. And because the Patent Act provides for judicial review by the Federal Circuit, see 35 U. S. C. §319, we need not consider whether inter partes review would be constitutional “without any sort of intervention by a court at any stage of the proceedings,” Atlas Roofing Co. v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Comm’n, 430 U. S. 442, 455, n. 13 (1977). Moreover, we address only the precise constitutional challenges that Oil States raised here. Oil States does not challenge the retroactive application of inter partes review, even though that procedure was not in place when its patent issued. Nor has Oil States raised a due process challenge.). IV In addition to Article III, Oil States challenges inter partes review under the Seventh Amendment. The Seventh Amendment preserves the “right of trial by jury” in “Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars.” This Court’s precedents establish that,, 53–54 (1989); accord, Atlas Roofing Co., supra, at 450–455. No party challenges or attempts to distinguish those precedents. Thus, our rejection of Oil States’ Article III challenge also resolves its Seventh Amendment challenge. Because inter partes review is a matter that Congress can properly assign to the PTO, a jury is not necessary in these proceedings. V Because inter partes review does not violate Article III or the Seventh Amendment, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals. It is so ordered. Notes 1 The Director has delegated his authority to the Patent Trial and Appeal Board. See 37 CFR §42.108(c) (2017). 2 This Court has also recognized this dynamic for state-issued franchises. For instance, States often reserve the right to alter or revoke a corporate charter either “in the act of incorporation or in some general law of the State which was in operation at the time the charter was granted.” Pennsylvania College Cases, 13 Wall. 190, 214, and n. † (1872). That reservation remains effective even after the corporation comes into existence, and such alterations do not offend the Contracts Clause of Article I, §10. See Pennsylvania College Cases, supra, at 212–214; e.g., Miller v. State, 15 Wall. 478, 488–489 (1873). 3 The dissent points to McCormick’s statement that the Patent Office Commissioner could not invalidate the patent at issue because it would “ ‘deprive the applicant of his property without due process of law, and would be in fact an invasion of the judicial branch.’ ” Post, at 10 (quoting McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. v. Aultman, 169 U. S. 606, 612 (1898)). But that statement followed naturally from the Court’s determination that, under the Patent Act of 1870, the Commissioner “was functus officio” and “had no power to revoke, cancel, or annul” the patent at issue. 169 U. S., at 611–612.Nor is it significant that the McCormick Court “equated invention patents with land patents.” Post, at 10. McCormick itself makes clear that the analogy between the two depended on the particulars of the Patent Act of 1870. See 169 U. S., at 609–610. Modern invention patents, by contrast, are meaningfully different from land patents. The land-patent cases invoked by the dissent involved a “transaction [in which] ‘all authority or control’ over the lands has passed from ‘the Executive Department.’ ” Boesche v. Udall, 373 U. S. 472, 477 (1963) (quoting Moore v. Robbins, 96 U. S. 530, 533 (1878)). Their holdings do not apply when “the Government continues to possess some measure of control over” the right in question. Boesche, 373 U. S., at 477; see id., at 477–478 (affirming administrative cancellations of public-land leases). And that is true of modern invention patents under the current Patent Act, which gives the PTO continuing authority to review and potentially cancel patents after they are issued. See 35 U. S. C. §§261, 311–319. 4 Oil States also suggests that inter partes review could be an unconstitutional condition because it conditions the benefit of a patent on accepting the possibility of inter partes review. Cf. Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management Dist., 570 U. S. 595, 604 (2013) (“[T]he government may not deny a benefit to a person because he exercises a constitutional right” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Even assuming a patent is a “benefit” for purposes of the unconstitutional-conditions doctrine, that doctrine does not apply here. The doctrine prevents the Government from using conditions “to produce a result which it could not command directly.” Perry v. Sindermann, 408 U. S. 593, 597 (1972) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). But inter partes review is consistent with Article III, see Part III–A, supra, and falls within Congress’ Article I authority, see Part III–C, supra, so it is something Congress can “command directly,” Perry, supra, at 597. 5 Oil States also points out that inter partes review “is initiated by private parties and implicates no waiver of sovereign immunity.” Brief for Petitioner 30–31. But neither of those features takes inter partes review outside of the public-rights doctrine. That much is clear from United States v. Duell, 172 U. S. 576 (1899), which held that the doctrine covers interference proceedings—a procedure to “determin[e] which of two claimants is entitled to a patent”—even though interference proceedings were initiated by “ ‘private interests compet[ing] for preference’ ” and did not involve a waiver of sovereign immunity. Id., at 582, 586 (quoting Butterworth v. United States ex rel. Hoe, 112 U. S. 50, 59 (1884)). Also, inter partes review is not initiated by private parties in the way that a common-law cause of action is. To be sure, a private party files the petition for review. 35 U. S. C. §311(a). But the decision to institute review is made by the Director and committed to his unreviewable discretion. See Cuozzo Speed Technologies, LLC v. Lee, 579 U. S. ___, ___ (2016) (slip op., at 9). TOP Concurrence SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES _________________ No. 16–712 _________________ OIL STATES ENERGY SERVICES, LLC, PETITIONER v. GREENE’S ENERGY GROUP, LLC, et al. on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the federal circuit Justice Breyer, with whom Justice Ginsburg and Justice Sotomayor join, concurring. I join the Court’s opinion in full. The conclusion that inter partes review is a matter involving public rights is sufficient to show that it violates neither Article III nor the Seventh Amendment. But the Court’s opinion should not be read to say that matters involving private rights may never be adjudicated other than by Article III courts, say, sometimes by agencies. Our precedent is to the contrary. Stern v. Marshall, 564 U. S. 462, 494 (2011); Commodity Futures Trading Comm’n v. Schor, 478 U. S. 833, 853–856 (1986); see also Stern, supra, at 513 (Breyer, J., dissenting) (“The presence of ‘private rights’ does not automatically determine the outcome of the question but requires a more ‘searching’ examination of the relevant factors”). TOP Dissent SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES _________________ No. 16–712 _________________ OIL STATES ENERGY SERVICES, LLC, PETITIONER v. GREENE’S ENERGY GROUP, LLC, et al. on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the federal circuit Justice Gorsuch, with whom The Chief Justice joins, dissenting. After much hard work and no little investment you devise something you think truly novel. Then you endure the further cost and effort of applying for a patent, devoting maybe $30,000 and two years to that process alone. At the end of it all, the Patent Office agrees your invention is novel and issues a patent. The patent affords you exclusive rights to the fruits of your labor for two decades. But what happens if someone later emerges from the woodwork, arguing that it was all a mistake and your patent should be canceled? Can a political appointee and his administrative agents, instead of an independent judge, resolve the dispute? The Court says yes. Respectfully, I disagree. We sometimes take it for granted today that independent judges will hear our cases and controversies. But it wasn’t always so. Before the Revolution, colonial judges depended on the crown for their tenure and salary and often enough their decisions followed their interests. The problem was so serious that the founders cited it in their Declaration of Independence (see ¶11). Once free, the framers went to great lengths to guarantee a degree of judicial independence for future generations that they themselves had not experienced. Under the Constitution, judges “hold their Offices during good Behaviour” and their “Compensation . . . shall not be diminished during the[ir] Continuance in Office.” Art. III, §1. The framers knew that “a fixed provision” for judges’ financial support would help secure “the independence of the judges,” because “a power over a man’s subsistence amounts to a power over his will.” The Federalist No. 79, p. 472 (C. Rossiter ed. 1961) (A. Hamilton) (emphasis deleted). They were convinced, too, that “[p]eriodical appointments, however regulated, or by whomsoever made, would, in some way or other, be fatal to [the courts’] necessary independence.” The Federalist No. 78, at 471 (A. Hamilton).— protections. The Constitution “reflects a judgment by the American people that the benefits of its restrictions on the Government outweigh the costs,” and it is not our place to replace that judgment with our own. United States v. Stevens, 559 U. S. 460, 470 (2010). Consider just how efficient the statute before us is. The Director of the Patent Office is a political appointee who serves at the pleasure of the President. 35 U. S. C. §§3(a)(1), (a)(4). He supervises and pays the Board members responsible for deciding patent disputes. §§1(a), 3(b)(6), 6(a). The Director is allowed to select which of these members, and how many of them, will hear any particular patent challenge. See §6(c). If they (somehow) reach a result he does not like, the Director can add more members to the panel—including himself—and order the case reheard. See §§6(a), (c); In re Alappat, 33 F. 3d 1526, 1535 (CA Fed. 1994) (en banc); Nidec Motor Corp. v. Zhongshan Broad Ocean Motor Co. Ltd., 868 F. 3d 1013, 1020 (CA Fed. 2013) (Dyk, J., concurring), cert. pending, No. 17–751. Nor has the Director proven bashful about asserting these statutory powers to secure the “ ‘policy judgments’ ” he seeks. Brief for Petitioner 46 (quoting Patent Office Solicitor); see also Brief for Shire Pharmaceuticals LLC as Amicus Curiae 22–30. No doubt this efficient scheme is well intended. But can there be any doubt that it also represents a retreat from the promise of judicial independence? Or that when an independent Judiciary gives ground to bureaucrats in the adjudication of cases, the losers will often prove the unpopular and vulnerable? Powerful interests are capable of amassing armies of lobbyists and lawyers to influence (and even capture) politically accountable bureaucracies. But what about everyone else? Of course, all this invites the question: how do we know which cases independent judges must hear? The Constitution’s original public meaning supplies the key, for the Constitution cannot secure the people’s liberty any less today than it did the day it was ratified. The relevant constitutional provision, Article III, explains that the federal “judicial Power” is vested in independent judges. As originally understood, the judicial power extended to “suit[s] at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty.” Murray’s Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co., 18 How. 272, 284 (1856). From this and as we’ve recently explained, it follows that, “[w]hen a suit is made of the stuff of the traditional actions at common law tried by the courts at Westminster in 1789 . . . and is brought within the bounds of federal jurisdiction, the responsibility for deciding that suit rests with” Article III judges endowed with the protections for their independence the framers thought so important. Stern v. Marshall, 564 U. S. 462, 484 (2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court does not quarrel with this test. See ante, at 12–14. We part ways only on its application.1 As I read the historical record presented to us, only courts could hear patent challenges in England at the time of the founding. If facts were in dispute, the matter first had to proceed in the law courts. See, e.g., Newsham v. Gray, 2 Atk. 286, 26 Eng. Rep. 575 (Ch. 1742). If successful there, a challenger then had to obtain a writ of scire facias in the law side of the Court of Chancery. See, e.g., Pfander, Jurisdiction-Stripping and the Supreme Court’s Power To Supervise Inferior Tribunals, 78 Texas L. Rev. 1433, 1446, n. 53 (2000); Lemley, Why Do Juries Decide If Patents Are Valid? 99 Va. L. Rev. 1673, 1686–1687 (2013) (Lemley, Juries). The last time an executive body (the King’s Privy Council) invalidated an invention patent on an ordinary application was in 1746, in Darby v. Betton, PC2/99, pp. 358–359; and the last time the Privy Council even considered doing so was in 1753, in Baker v. James, PC2/103, pp. 320–321. After Baker v. James, the Privy Council “divest[ed] itself of its functions” in ordinary patent disputes, Hulme, Privy Council Law and Practice of Letters Patent for Invention from the Restoration to 1794 (Pt. II), 33 L. Q. Rev. 180, 194 (1917), which “thereafter [were] adjudicated solely by the law courts, as opposed to the [crown’s] prerogative courts,” Mossoff, Rethinking the Development of Patents: An Intellectual History, 1550–1800, 52 Hastings L. J. 1255, 1286–1287 (2001) (Mossoff, Rethinking Patents).2 This shift to courts paralleled a shift in thinking. Patents began as little more than feudal favors. Id., at 1261. The crown both issued and revoked them. Lemley, Juries 1680–1681. And they often permitted the lucky recipient the exclusive right to do very ordinary things, like operate a toll bridge or run a tavern. Ibid. But by the 18th century, inventors were busy in Britain and invention patents came to be seen in a different light. They came to be viewed not as endowing accidental and anticompetitive monopolies on the fortunate few but as a procompetitive means to secure to individuals the fruits of their labor and ingenuity; encourage others to emulate them; and promote public access to new technologies that would not otherwise exist. Mossoff, Rethinking Patents 1288–1289. The Constitution itself reflects this new thinking, authorizing the issuance of patents precisely because of their contribution to the “Progress of Science and useful Arts.” Art. I, §8, cl. 8. “In essence, there was a change in perception—from viewing a patent as a contract between the crown and the patentee to viewing it as a ‘social contract’ between the patentee and society.” Waltersheid, The Early Evolution of the United States Patent Law: Antecedents (Part 3), 77 J. Pat. & T. Off. Soc. 771, 793 (1995). And as invention patents came to be seen so differently, it is no surprise courts came to treat them more solicitously.3 Unable to dispute that judges alone resolved virtually all patent challenges by the time of the founding, the Court points to three English cases that represent the Privy Council’s dying gasp in this area: Board of Ordnance v. Wilkinson, PC2/123 (1779); Grill [Grice] v. Waters, PC2/127 (1782); and Board of Ordnance v. Parr, PC1/3919 (1810).4 Filed in 1779, 1782, and 1810, each involved an effort to override a patent on munitions during wartime, no doubt in an effort to increase their supply. But even then appealing to the Privy Council was seen as a last resort. The 1779 petition (the last Privy Council revocation ever) came only after the patentee twice refused instructions to litigate the patent’s validity in a court of law. Gómez-Arostegui & Bottomley, Privy Council and Scire Facias 1700–1883, p. 6 (Nov. 6, 2017) (citing Board of Ordnance v. Wilkinson, PC2/123 (1779), and PC1/11/150 (1779)). The Council did not act on the 1782 petition but instead referred it to the Attorney General where it appears to have been abandoned. Gómez-Arostegui & Bottomley, Privy Council and Scire Facias, supra, at 17–18. Meanwhile, in response to the 1810 petition the Attorney General admitted that scire facias was the “usual manner” of revoking a patent and so directed the petitioner to proceed at law even as he suggested the Privy Council might be available in the event of a “very pressing and imminent” danger to the public. Id., at 20 (citing PC1/3919 (1810)). In the end, these cases do very little to support the Court’s holding. At most, they suggest that the Privy Council might have possessed some residual power to revoke patents to address wartime necessities. Equally, they might serve only as more unfortunate evidence of the maxim that in time of war, the laws fall silent.5 But whatever they do, these cases do not come close to proving that patent disputes were routinely permitted to proceed outside a court of law. Any lingering doubt about English law is resolved for me by looking to our own. While the Court is correct that the Constitution’s Patent Clause “ ‘was written against the backdrop’ ” of English practice, ante, at 14 (quoting Graham v. John Deere Co. of Kansas City, 383 U. S. 1, 5 (1966)), it’s also true that the Clause sought to reject some of early English practice. Reflecting the growing sentiment that patents shouldn’t be used for anticompetitive monopolies over “goods or businesses which had long before been enjoyed by the public,” the framers wrote the Clause to protect only procompetitive invention patents that are the product of hard work and insight and “add to the sum of useful knowledge.” Id., at 5–6. In light of the Patent Clause’s restrictions on this score, courts took the view that when the federal government “grants a patent the grantee is entitled to it as a matter of right, and does not receive it, as was originally supposed to be the case in England, as a matter of grace and favor.” James v. Campbell, 104 U. S. 356, 358 (1882) (emphasis added). As Chief Justice Marshall explained, courts treated American invention patents as recognizing an “inchoate property” that exists “from the moment of invention.” Evans v. Jordan, 8 F. Cas. 872, 873 (No. 4,564) (CC Va. 1813). American patent holders thus were thought to “hol[d] a property in [their] invention[s] by as good a title as the farmer holds his farm and flock.” Hovey v. Henry, 12 F. Cas. 603, 604 (No. 6,742) (CC Mass. 1846) (Woodbury, J.).. The only apparent exception to this rule cited to us was a 4 year period when foreign patentees had to “work” or commercialize their patents or risk having them revoked. Hovenkamp, The Emergence of Classical American Patent Law, 58 Ariz. L. Rev. 263, 283–284 (2016). And the fact that for almost 200 years “earlier Congresses avoided use of [a] highly attractive”—and surely more efficient—means for extinguishing patents should serve as good “reason to believe that the power was thought not to exist” at the time of the founding. Printz v. United States, 521 U. S. 898, 905 (1997). One more episode still underscores the point. When the Executive sought to claim the right to cancel a patent in the 1800s, this Court firmly rebuffed the effort. The Court explained: “It has been settled by repeated decisions of this court that when a patent has [been issued Machine Co. v. Aultman, 169 U. S. 606, 608–609 (1898) (citations omitted). As a result, the Court held, “[t]he only authority competent to set a patent aside, or to annul it, or to correct it for any reason whatever, is vested in the courts of the United States, and not in the department which issued the pat- ent.” Id., at 609. The Court today replies that McCormick sought only to interpret certain statutes then in force, not the Constitution. Ante, at 11, and n. 3. But this much is hard to see. Allowing the Executive to withdraw a patent, McCormick said, “would be to deprive the applicant of his property without due process of law, and would be in fact an invasion of the judicial branch of the government by the executive.” 169 U. S., at 612. McCormick also pointed to “repeated decisions” in similar cases that themselves do not seem to rest merely on statutory grounds. See id., at 608–609 (citing United States v. Schurz, 102 U. S. 378 (1880), and United States v. American Bell Telephone Co., 128 U. S. 315 (1888)). And McCormick equated invention patents with land patents. 169 U. S., at 609. That is significant because, while the Executive has always dispensed public lands to homesteaders and other private persons, it has never been constitutionally empowered to withdraw land patents from their recipients (or their successors-in-interest) except through a “judgment of a court.” United States v. Stone, 2 Wall. 525, 535 (1865); Wellness Int’l Network, Ltd. v. Sharif, 575 U. S. ___, ___ (2015) (Thomas, J., dissenting) (slip op., at 11) (“Although Congress could authorize executive agencies to dispose of public rights in lands—often by means of adjudicating a claimant’s qualifications for a land grant under a statute—the United States had to go to the courts if it wished to revoke a patent” (emphasis deleted)). With so much in the relevant history and precedent against it, the Court invites us to look elsewhere. Instead of focusing on the revocation of patents, it asks us to abstract the level of our inquiry and focus on their issuance. Because the job of issuing invention patents traditionally belonged to the Executive, the Court proceeds to argue, the job of revoking them can be left there too. Ante, at 6–10. But that doesn’t follow. Just because you give a gift doesn’t mean you forever enjoy the right to reclaim it. And, as we’ve seen, just because the Executive could issue an invention (or land) patent did not mean the Executive could revoke it. To reward those who had proven the social utility of their work (and to induce others to follow suit), the law long afforded patent holders more protection than that against the threat of governmental intrusion and dispossession. The law requires us to honor those historical rights, not diminish them. Still, the Court asks us to look away in yet another direction. At the founding, the Court notes, the Executive could sometimes both dispense and revoke public franchises. And because, it says, invention patents are a species of public franchises, the Court argues the Executive should be allowed to dispense and revoke them too. Ante, at 9–10. But labels aside, by the time of the founding the law treated patents protected by the Patent Clause quite differently from ordinary public franchises. Many public franchises amounted to little more than favors resembling the original royal patents the framers expressly refused to protect in the Patent Clause. The Court points to a good example: the state-granted exclusive right to operate a toll bridge. Ante, at 9. By the founding, courts in this country (as in England) had come to view anticompetitive monopolies like that with disfavor, narrowly construing the rights they conferred. See Proprietors of Charles River Bridge v. Proprietors of Warren Bridge, 11 Pet. 420, 544 (1837). By contrast, courts routinely applied to invention patents protected by the Patent Clause the “liberal common sense construction” that applies to other instruments creating private property rights, like land deeds. Davis v. Palmer, 7 F. Cas. 154, 158 (No. 3,645) (CC Va. 1827) (Marshall, C. J.); see also Mossoff, Reevaluating the Patent Privilege 990 (listing more differences in treatment). As Justice Story explained, invention patents protected by the Patent Clause were “not to be treated as mere monopolies odious in the eyes of the law, and therefore not to be favored.” Ames v. Howard, 1 F. Cas. 755, 756 (No. 326) (CC Mass. 1833). For precisely these reasons and as we’ve seen, the law traditionally treated pat- ents issued under the Patent Clause very differently than monopoly franchises when it came to governmental invasions. Patents alone required independent judges. Nor can simply invoking a mismatched label obscure that fact. The people’s historic rights to have independent judges decide their disputes with the government should not be a “constitutional Maginot Line, easily circumvented” by such “simpl[e] maneuver[s].” Bank Markazi v. Peterson, 578 U. S. ___, ___ (2016) (Roberts, C. J., dissenting) (slip op., at 12). Today’s decision may not represent a rout but it at least signals a retreat from Article III’s guarantees. Ceding to the political branches ground they wish to take in the name of efficient government may seem like an act of judicial restraint. “all possible care . . . to defend itself against” intrusions by the other branches. The Federalist No. 78, at 466. It’s for that reason I respectfully dissent. Notes 1 Some of our concurring colleagues see it differently. See ante, at 1 (Breyer, J., concurring). They point to language in Commodity Futures Trading Comm’n v. Schor, 478 U. S. 833 (1986), promoting the notion that the political branches may “depart from the requirements of Article III” when the benefits outweigh the costs. Id., at 851. Color me skeptical. The very point of our written Constitution was to prevent the government from “depart[ing]” from its protections for the people and their liberty just because someone later happens to think the costs outweigh the benefits. See United States v. Stevens, 559 U. S. 460, 470 (2010). 2 See also Brief for H. Tomás Gómez-Arostegui et al. as Amici Curiae 6–37; Brief for Alliacense Limited LLC as Amicus Curiae10–11; Gómez-Arostegui & Bottomley, Privy Council and Scire Facias 1700–1883, p. 2 (Nov. 6, 2017) (Addendum), abstract=3054989 (all Internet materials as last visited Apr. 20, 2018); Observations on the Utility of Patents, and on the Sentiments of Lord Kenyon Respecting That Subject 23 (2d ed. 1791) (“If persons of the same trade find themselves aggrieved by Patents taken for any thing already in use, their remedy is at hand. It is by a writ of Scire Facias”); Mancius v. Lawton, 10 Johns. 23, 24 (NY Sup. Ct. 1813) (Kent, C. J.) (noting the “settled English course” that “[l]etters-patent . . . can only be avoided in chancery, by a writ of scire facias sued out on the part of the government, or by some individual prosecuting in its name” (emphasis deleted)). 3 See also, e.g., Mossoff, Who Cares What Thomas Jefferson Thought About Patents? Reevaluating the Patent “Privilege” in Historical Context, 92 Cornell L. Rev. 953, 967–968 (2007) (Mossoff, Reevaluating the Patent Privilege) (“[A]n American patent in the late eighteenth century was radically different from the royal monopoly privilege dispensed by Queen Elizabeth or King James in the early seventeenth century. Patents no longer created, and sheltered from competition, manufacturing monopolies—they secured the exclusive control of an inventor over his novel and useful scientific or mechanical invention” (footnote omitted)); Mossoff, Rethinking Patents 1286–1287; H. Fox, Monopolies and Patents: A Study of the History and Future of the Patent Monopoly 4 (1947). 4 The 1794 petition the Court invokes, ante, at 13, involved a Scottish patent. Simpson v. Cunningham, PC2/141, p. 88 (1794). The English and Scottish patents systems, however, were distinct and enforced by different regimes. Gómez-Arostegui, Patent and Copyright Exhaustion in England Circa 1800, pp. 10–16, 37, 49–50 (Feb. 9, 2017),. Besides, even in that case the Scottish Lord Advocate “ ‘was of opinion, that the question should be tried in a court of law.’ ” Gómez-Arostegui & Bottomley, Addendum, supra, at 23 (citing Petition of William Cunningham, p. 5, Cunningham v. Simpson, Signet Library Edinburgh, Session Papers 207:3 (Ct. Sess. Feb. 23, 1796)). 5 After all, the English statute of monopolies appeared to require the “force and validitie” of all patents to be determined only by “the Comon Lawes of this Realme & not otherwise.” 21 Jac. 1, c. 3, §2 (1624). So the Privy Council cases on which the Court relies may not reflect the best understanding of the British constitution. The following state regulations pages link to this page.

Eros Resorts & Hotels Ltd. v/s Explorer Associates Pvt. Ltd. & Another FAO.(OS). (COMM) No. 125 of 2016 & CM. Appl. No. 43232 of 2016 & 29572 of 2017 Decided On, 11 May 2018 At, High Court of Delhi By, THE HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE S. RAVINDRA BHAT & THE HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE A.K. CHAWLA For the Appellant: Akhil Sibal, Sr. Advocate, Priya Deep, Tanvi, Advocates. For the Respondents: R1, Gaurav Dua, Vrinda Agarwal, Sumeet G.P. Singh, R2, G.K. Mishra, Raunaq Dutt, Advocates. Judgment Text S. Ravindra Bhat, J. FACTS: 1. The appellant, engaged in the hospitality business is aggrieved by the dismissal of its application for rejection of the plaint, in the suit (preferred by the first respondent–hereafter 'the plaintiff'). The appellant entered into a contract with the second respondent (hereafter 'the contractor') whereby the latter undertook to carry out interior works in two of its (i.e. the appellant’s) hotels. The appellant sought rejection of the plaint in the suit preferred, for recovery of money against it and the contractor, by the plaintiff, alleging that there was no privity of contract between it and the plaintiff. 2. The facts necessary to decide the issue are that in November 2009, the appellant entered into a contract with the second respondent (hereafter 'the contractor') for interior works of two of its hotels in Delhi. The contractor sub-contracted some of the work awarded to the plaintiff. The rates for the said work order and terms and conditions were finalized in terms of the communication between the two respondents by email dated 10.11.2009; work regarding the 40 and 100 rooms at the two sites began to be executed. By e-mail dated 20.03.2010 the contractor issued the work orders. 3. In respect of the transactions/work between the two respondents, an account, for dealings between the two was opened by the plaintiff, in its books of account in the name of the contractor. It is alleged by the plaintiff that the contractor, after seeing its active pace of works and its professionalism, sub-contracted the interior works and other related works to it (i.e. the plaintiff), as regards the Banquet Hall and Pre-Function area, restaurant at Holiday Inn Site, make up room, Holiday Inn retail area and corridors for both the Holiday Inn and the Intercontinental Hotel site, at the agreed rates, by various emails exchanged between them. It is stated that the plaintiff, accordingly generated pro forma invoices for the work/BOQ on the contractor, which were by it on site. It was further agreed that on confirmation of the BOQ at the sites and on its agreement, the plaintiff was to raise the final Tax Invoice for the said work and also that thereupon the accounts would be settled/reconciled amongst the parties and the final payment whatever is found due and payable would be released by the contractor in terms of the tax invoices so raised by the Explorer within three months, barring 10% of the Tax Invoice which shall be made only after the completion of 12 months of defect liability period/workmanship. The plaintiff also claimed to have executed various additional/extra works under the specific instructions and at the behest of the contractor and the appellant in respect of restaurants, Banquet, pre-function area, 5th and 6th floor guest rooms, 5th and 6th floor corridor of Holiday Inn Site and 5th to 9th floor guest-rooms and corridor in respect of the Intercontinental Hotel, Mayur Vihar for which the rate quotations were provided and agreed from time to time for these items on an ongoing-basis. 4. The plaintiff claims to have finished the entire work (BOQ items as well as additional items) and handed over possession of said sites to the appellant’s Housekeeping Team under the contractor’s instructions in May 2011. Alleging that ever since it was following up telephonically and via email and even had meetings with the representatives of the contractor to clear the bills to the extent of 90% of the total work so carried out leaving the balance 10 % amount to be paid at the expiry of defect liability period of one year the plaintiff filed a suit before this court (CS(COMM) No. 82/ 2016) for recovery of Rs. 6,20,29,728/- (Rupees six crores twenty lakhs twenty-nine thousand seven hundred twenty-eight only) along with interest @18% per annum, against the Appellant and contractor, which is still pending. 5. The plaintiff alleged- in its suit- that out of the total tax invoice amount of Rs. 6,65,03,369/- (Rupees Six Crores Sixty Five Lacs Three Thousand Three Hundred Sixty Nine Only) the contractor only paid the sum of Rs. 4,99,13,998/-(Rupees Four Crores Ninety Nine Lakhs Thirteen Thousand Nine Hundred and Ninety Eight Only) inclusive of the debit notes against tax invoices, TDS and WCT certificates and billable expenses issued, to it, and the balance amount of Rs. 1,65,89,371/- (Rupees One Crore Sixty Five Lakhs Eighty Nine Thousand Three Hundred Seventy One Only) of the verified BOQ quantities remained unpaid. According to Explorer (the sub-contractor) the contractor was also liable to approve and make the payment regarding the rest of the BOQ items worth Rs. 1,10,60,312/- (Rupees One crore Ten Lakhs Sixty Thousand Three Hundred Twelve Only) including taxes and also for the execution of Extra/Additional work for the sum of Rs. 2,94,03,233/- (Rupees two Crores Ninety Four Lakhs Three Thousand Thirty Three Only). It is alleged that the contractor and the appellant were also liable to pay interest @18% per annum as per customs and usage of the trade in which the parties are dealing. They are liable to pay the interest w.e.f. 0l.06.2012 on the outstanding amount of Rs. 5,70,52,817/- (Rupees Five Crores Seventy Lakhs Fifty-Two Thousand Eight Hundred Seventeen Only) on account of the defect liability period which ended in May, 2012 as the site after completion was handed over in May, 2011. Further, the plaintiff is claiming interest 18% p.a. on the outstanding amount of the tax invoices; i.e. Rs. l,65,89,371/-(Rupees One Crore Sixty Five Lakhs Eighty Nine Thousand Three Hundred Seventy One Only) which is the difference between the total of tax invoices duly received by the contractor and the payment of Rs. 4,99,13,998 (Rupees Four Crores Ninety Nine Lakhs Thirteen Thousand Nine Hundred ninety eight Only) made by the contractor to the plaintiff including all the debit notes, TDS, WCT and charges billable to Explorer. 6. The plaintiff’s suit averments alleged that the contractor and the appellant were severally and/or jointly liable to pay the balance sum of Rs. 1,65,89,371/- (Rupees one crore sixty five lakhs eighty nine thousand three hundred Seventy One Only) out of the total tax invoice amount of Rs. 6,65,03,369/- (Six crores sixty five Lakhs Three thousand three Hundred Sixty Nine Only). Further, they were severally and/or jointly liable to make payment of Rs. 1,10,60,312/- (Rupees One Crore Ten lakh sixty Thousand Three Hundred and Twelve Only) including taxes for the rest of the BOQ items. Further, they were also severally and/or jointly liable to pay Rs. 2,94,03,233/- (Rupees Two crores ninety four lakhs three Thousand Two Hundred Thirty Three Only) for the Extra/Additional work executed by the plaintiff, under the instructions of the contractor and the appellant at the above stated two sites with their approval and consent. Thus, they were severally and/or jointly liable to pay the total amount of Rs. 5,70,52,917/- (Rupees five crores seventy lakhs fifty two thousand eight hundred seventeen only) towards the 'Principal Outstanding Amount' and further Rs. 49,76,811/- (Rupees Forty Nine Lakhs Six Thousand Eight Hundred Eleven Rupees Only) towards the interest calculated @ 18% p.a. on the balance sum of Rs. 1,65,89,371/- (Rupees one crore sixty five lakhs eighty nine thousand three hundred seventy one only) out of the total tax invoice amount of Rs. 6,65,03,369/- (Rupee six crores sixty five lakhs three thousand three hundred sixty nine only) from 01.06.2012 to 31.01.2014. 7. In the above suit the appellant filed an application, IA No. 16870/2014, under Order VII Rule 11of CPC, inter alia praying that the plaint be rejected qua the Appellant and it may be deleted from the array of parties. In brief the Appellant contended the following: a) The plaint does not disclose any cause of action against the Appellant and therefore the suit is liable to be rejected under Order VII Rule 11(a) of CPC. b) There was no privity of contract between the appellant and the plaintiff and thus the suit did not disclose any cause of action against the appellant. 8. A learned Single Judge of this court dismissed the application on the following findings: a) Perusal of the plaint indicates that although the plaint is based mainly on the contract between Explorer and the contractor, but there are averments in the plaint by Explorer that claim that the Appellant is liable for certain works executed by it. b) It is trite law that the defense of the defendants is not required to be looked into while considering the question whether the plaint discloses a cause of action; only the plaint and the documents furnished by the plaintiff are required to be examined for the aforesaid purpose. For the purposes of considering an application Order VII Rule 11 of CPC, it is not necessary to ascertain whether the plaintiff has a cause of action or not; all that is required to be seen is whether the plaint discloses a cause of action. 9. In this appeal, under Section 13 of the Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts Act, 2015 ('Commercial Courts Act') and Section 10 of the Delhi High Court Act, the aggrieved defendant has approached this court. Contentions: 10. Learned senior counsel, Mr.Akhil Sibal appearing for the appellants urged that the impugned order wrongly rejected the application under Order 7 Rule 11(a) of the CPC, 1908, on the ground, that the plaint and the documents filed has been able to disclose a cause of action against the appellant and that there are specific averments in the plaint that show that Explorer had executed certain works on the instructions of the officers of the Appellant. It was underlined that the plaintiff (Explorer) had admitted to entering into a sub-contract with the contractor. Furthermore, highlighting Para 9 of the plaint the appellant urges that Explorer raised all invoices for the said work on the contractor, its principal; the said defendant also stated that the final payment for the work done was to be released by the contractor who failed to do so. Therefore, the Appellant has no privity with the plaintiff and is not a necessary and a proper party in the suit. Counsel submitted that a whole and meaningful reading of the suit averments would disclose that in reality no cause of action worth the plea was urged against the appellant. 11. It is submitted that the Learned Single Judge has rightly held in the impugned order that the defendants’ plea should not required to be looked into while considering the question of whether the plaint discloses a cause of action, only the plaint and the documents furnished by the Plaintiff have be examined. It is settled law that a cause of action means every fact, which, if traversed, it would be necessary for the plaintiff to prove in order to support his right to a judgment of the Court. Despite these settled principles the impugned order erred in holding the court does not examine whether plaintiff has a cause of action or not, but if the plaint discloses a cause of action. It is submitted that the plaintiff has significantly made vague and omnibus averments with respect to the appellant’s liability, which do not measure up to the standard of pleadings. Contrasting the pleadings in the suit, with respect to the contractor, where the date of the agreement, reference to the invoices made etc. were made, the learned senior counsel submitted that no such particulars are disclosed and the suit contains bald averments, to somehow enmesh the appellant in protracted and frivolous litigation, which ought to have been seen through by the learned single judge. 12. It is submitted that this court should intervene and set aside this judgment, because the suit was instituted before the advent of the Commercial Courts Act, 2015; the available appellate remedies in such pending matters, including the appeal, to a Division Bench in matters of moment, which are likely to impact a party (such as an order refusing to reject a plaint) are preserved. Counsel submitted that the text of Section 13 of the said Act, to the extent it restricts appeals, against such orders, would not constitute a bar. It is also urged that the present appeal is maintainable, because the suit was instituted before the coming into force of the Commercial Courts Act; it cannot take away the vested right to appeal, which is preserved, notwithstanding what is enacted by Sections 13 and 16 which apply to suits filed after the enforcement of the Act. Reliance is placed on Videocon International Ltd. Vs. Securities Exchange Board of India, (2015) 4 SCC 33 and Ardee Infrastructure Vs. Anuradha Bhatia &Ors, 2017 SCC Online Del 6402. 13. Counsel for the plaintiff submitted that present appeal is not maintainable, since the order in question is one to which no appeal lies. The learned counsel argues that the impugned order has been passed by the Commercial Division of this High Court, an appeal therefrom is governed by Section 13 of the Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts Act, 2015. It was pointed out that the proviso to Section 13(1) of the said Act limited appeals from orders to such orders which were specifically enumerated under Order XLIII CPC and Section 37 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. And in the matter in hand, the order in question too is one that is not enumerated under Order XLIII CPC. Reliance was also placed on Section 13(2) of the said Act which is a non-obstante provision specifying that notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force or Letters Patent of a High Court, no appeal shall lie from any order or decree of a Commercial Division or Commercial Court otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of the said Act. In support of their contention above the counsel for the plaintiff placed reliance on HPL(India) Limited Vs. QRG Enterprises, 2017 SCC Online Del 6955. 14. It was argued that the suit, as against the appellant is competent and maintainable; the impugned judgment cannot be faulted. Counsel submitted that on an overall reading of the suit, the single judge correctly deduced that the averments constituted a cause of action. Reliance was placed on the judgments reported as Wander v Antox 1990 (Supp) SCC 727 and Mohammed Mehtab Khan & Ors v Khushnuma Ibrahim Khan & Ors 2013 (9) SCC 221. It was also submitted that the plaintiff’s case against the appellant falls within a known exception that is, where it is shown that a party by conduct or action reveals existence of any obligation, a suit can be maintained, notwithstanding lack of privity of contract. In support, reliance was placed on Jnan Chandra Mukherji Vs. Manoranjan Mitra, 1941 SCC Online Cal 267. Analysis and Conclusions 15. The short question, which this court has to address, is, whether in the facts and circumstances of this case, it can be held that the plaintiff had made sufficient averments to allege a cause of action against the appellant. 16. Before this court proceeds to deal with the merits of this case, it would be necessary to deal with the question as to maintainability of the present appeal under the Commercial Courts Act. Section 16 of the said Act, reads as follows: '13. Appeals from decrees of Commercial Courts and Commercial Divisions. . (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force or Letters Patent of a High Court, no appeal shall lie from any order or decree of a Commercial Division or Commercial Court otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of this Act.' 17. Before the coming into force of the above Act, the law declared by the Supreme Court in Shah Babulal Khimji v Jayaben D. Kania AIR 1981 SC 1781 held the field. Under the CPC, only a restricted category of orders passed during the trial of a suit are appealable, in terms of Order 43. Many orders which are of some significance, however are not enumerated in that provision. The Supreme Court clarified that wherever Letters Patent or other such laws held the field, such orders could be appealed. It was held as follows:' 'judgment' o. 43 R cl. 15 of the Letters Patent but will be purely an interlocutory order. Similarly, suppose the Trial Judge passes an Order setting aside an ex parte decree against the defendant, which is not appealable under any of the clauses of O. 43 R.1 though an order rejecting an application to set aside the decree passed ex parte falls within O. 43 R.1 cl. , in other words.' 18. It is thus clear from the above passage that although only few categories of orders were enumerated in Order 43, the Supreme Court nevertheless pointed out certain orders which have the effect of impacting valuable rights, against which appeals could undoubtedly lie to the Division Bench. The clearest reference to this, is in the mention that .' 19. Prior to the Commercial Courts Act, therefore, the species of order that is impugned herein was clearly appealable. However, Section 13 changed that. That provision was interpreted by a Division Bench in HPL (India) Ltd (supra), which held as follows: '30. We now come to the meaning to be ascribed to the proviso in Section 13(1). It clearly stipulates that an appeal shall lie from such orders passed by a Commercial Division or a Commercial Court that are specifically enumerated under Order XLIII of the CPC, as amended by the said Act, and Section 37 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. We have seen that ‘orders’ as understood under the CPC are different and distinct from ‘decrees’. And, orders are nothing but the formal expression of any decision of a Civil Court not amounting to a decree. Therefore, the amplitude and width of the expression ‘order’ is very wide under the CPC itself but not all orders are appealable. The appealable orders are enumerated in Order XLIII of the CPC. We have already pointed out above, that there are only two kinds of appeals recognized under the CPC, namely, - ‘Appeals from decrees’ and ‘Appeals from orders’. Section 104, which has been extracted earlier in this judgment, specifies the orders from which appeals lie. It clearly provides that an appeal shall lie from the orders enumerated in the said provision itself and, save as otherwise expressly provided in the body of the CPC or by any law for the time being in force, from no other orders. This means that appeals from orders are restricted to those orders, which are either specified in Section 104 itself or expressly provided in the body of the Code or by any law for the time being in force. Insofar as the impugned order is concerned, it is clear that it does not fall within the orders specified under Section 104. We now have to look at Order XLIII Rule 1 which stipulates that an appeal shall lie from the orders enumerated therein under the provisions of Section 104. In other words, only an order specified under Order XLIII Rule 1 would be appealable and, read with the provisions of Section 104, no other order would be an appealable order under the CPC. In this backdrop, the proviso to Section 13(1). Clearly, in our view, this restricts the appealable orders to only those orders which are specifically enumerated in Order XLIII. In the present case, the impugned order is admittedly not one specified under Order XLIII. 31. We would also like to examine the scope and function of a ‘proviso’………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33. From the above, it is evident that the natural presumption that can be raised while interpreting a proviso is that but for the proviso, the enacting part of the Section would have included the subject matter of the proviso. In sub-Section (1) of Section 13, the word ‘order’ would have a very wide amplitude and that could have included even orders which are not specifically enumerated in Order XLIII of the CPC. The proviso has taken out those orders and carved out an exception by limiting the appeal from orders to those which are specifically enumerated under Order XLIII of the CPC (apart from an Order under Section 37 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996). 34. The above analysis reveals that:- (a) the word ‘judgment’ appearing in Section 13(1) of the said Act actually relates or has a reference to a ‘decree’; (b) the word ‘order’ in that provision would have to be construed in the light of Section 2(14) of the CPC as meaning ‘a formal expression of a decision of a Civil Court which is not a decree; (c) the appealable orders would be only those which are specifically enumerated under Order XLIII, as provided in the proviso to Section 13(1) of the said Act. 35. Now, let us examine sub-section (2) of section 13 of the said Act. As noticed above, it begins with the non obstante expression 'notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force or Letters Patent of a High Court ..'. The words - 'any other law for the time being in force' - would include the Delhi High Court Act, 1966. The portion after the non obstante expression specifically cautions that 'no appeal shall lie from any order or decree of a Commercial Division or Commercial Court otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of this Act'. In other words, whatever may be contained in, inter alia, the Delhi High Court Act, 1966, an appeal from any order or decree of a Commercial Division or Commercial Court 'shall lie' only in accordance with the provisions of the said Act. To be clear, if an appeal from a particular kind of order or decree were to be provided under the Delhi High Court Act, 1966 but not under the said Act then, such an order or decree would not be appealable. Therefore, even if, by virtue of section 10 of the Delhi High Court Act, 1966, an appeal lay from a particular kind of an order, no appeal could be preferred thereagainst unless the said Act itself provided for such an appeal. 36. Reading the entire section 13 of the said Act the clear position is that an appeal lies from an order which is specifically enumerated under Order XLIII CPC. Furthermore, no appeal would lie from an order not specifically enumerated in Order XLIII CPC because of the incorporation of the expression 'from no other orders' appearing in section 104 CPC (which is clearly applicable by virtue of section 16(2) of the said Act). And, Section 10 of the Delhi High Court Act, 1966 would not come to the rescue because of the non obstante provision contained in section 13(2) of the said Act. 37. Therefore, as the impugned order does not find place in the orders specifically enumerated in Order XLIII CPC, no appeal could lie against it and the present appeal is not maintainable. But, as the learned counsel for the appellants have made several submissions to the contrary we shall have to deal with them.' 20. The Appellant had refuted the plaintiff’s contention that the appeal is liable to be dismissed as not maintainable. It is argued that the relevant date when the appellate remedy vests in the parties to the lis, is the date when the dispute is initiated; therefore since the present suit was already instituted before the enforcement of the Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts Act, 2015, the amendment to the Provisions of the CPC with respect to the Commercial Courts Act, contained in Section 16 of the said act shall not apply in the present case and consequently the restrictive Section 13, does not apply. It is further argued that the right of appeal under Section 10 of the Delhi High Court Act, 1966, would subsist. 21. What is a 'vested right' to appeal to a higher court, in the context of a judgment or appealable order was explained in Videocon International Ltd.(supra) as follows: '39.. 40.. 41., it is not open. Obviously, that would be subject to an amendment expressly or impliedly, providing to the contrary. Section 32 of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Amendment) Act, 2002, which has been extracted in paragraph 12 hereinabove reveals, that the 'repeal. ………. 43. seemingly.' 22. Ardee Infrastructure adopted a similar position, explaining as follows: '29. In such a situation, it would have to be considered, independent of Section 26 of the Amending Act, as to whether the amended provisions applied to the said second and third category of cases. In this regard, we may note the observations of the Supreme Court in Thyssen (supra) where, after, considering several earlier decisions, the Supreme Court observed in paragraph 32 (which we have already extracted above) that the principles enunciated in the judgments show as to when a right accrues to a party under a repealed Act. The Supreme Court observed that it is not necessary that for the right to accrue, legal proceedings must be pending when the new Act comes into force. Furthermore, and more importantly, the Supreme Court observed that to have the award enforced when arbitral proceedings commenced under the old Act under that very Act was certainly an accrued right. In other words, all the aspects of enforceability of an award entail an accrued right both in the person in whose favour the award is made and against whom the award is pronounced. It will also be noticed that the Supreme Court made it clear that for the right to accrue, there is no necessity that legal proceedings must be pending when the new Act comes into force. This exactly covers the situation as obtaining in the second category of cases, where the arbitral proceedings were commenced prior to 23.10.2015 and the award was also made prior to 23.10.2015, but the petition under Section 34 had not yet been filed. This is the same situation as in the present case. Thus, the pendency of any legal proceedings or otherwise would not come in the way of determining as to whether the right had accrued under the unamended provisions or not. We have already noted that the Supreme Court in Thyssen (supra) observed that the right to have the award enforced (which also comprises of the negative right of the award debtor to not have it enforced till his objections under Section 34 of the said Act are heard and decided) is certainly an accrued right. Given the fact that the amended Section 36 takes away the right of an automatic stay of enforcement of an award, it is clear that the amendment introduced in Section 36 by virtue of the Amending Act would definitely impinge upon the accrued right of the party against whom the award is given after the arbitral proceedings have been held under the unamended provisions. Since an accrued right is affected, unless a contrary intention appears in the amending statute, the amendments would have to be treated as prospective in operation. Prospective from the standpoint of commencement of the arbitral proceedings. 30. Now, if the argument of the respondents is to be accepted that the first limb of Section 26 applies only to arbitral proceedings in the sense of proceedings before arbitral tribunals and not to court proceedings, then, it is obvious that Section 26 is silent with regard to the second and third categories of cases to which we have already referred above. In other words, in respect of these categories, no contrary intention of retrospectivity is evinced upon a reading of Section 26 of the Amending Act. Therefore, even if we take the argument of the respondents to be correct, the result would still be the same and, that is, that in respect of all the arbitral proceedings commenced prior to 23.10.2015, the unamended provisions of the said Act would continue to operate till the enforcement of the award. 31. We may also notice that in case the argument of the respondents is to be accepted that where arbitral proceedings commenced prior to 23.10.2015, the unamended provisions would be saved only in respect of the proceedings before the arbitral tribunal and would not extend to court proceedings, the same would result in serious anomalies. This is so because the Amending Act has sought to bring about amendments in Section 9 as well as Section 17 of the said Act. While Section 9 pertains to interim measures which may be directed by the court prior, during arbitral proceedings or after the making of the award, Section 17 deals with the interim measures which may be ordered by an arbitral tribunal. If the interpretation of the respondents is to be accepted, then, in respect of arbitral proceedings commenced prior to 23.10.2015, the amended provisions would apply to proceedings under Section 9 of the said Act, but not to Section 17 thereof. This would result in a serious anomaly.' 23. This court is of the opinion that the appellant’s argument is merited. Though no vested right to procedure exists, Videocon is a clear authority that the right to an appellate remedy is not extinguished by the enactment of a new statute; a previously instituted litigant’s right to appeal is preserved intact. It is therefore, held that the present appeal is maintainable. 24. The plaintiff had, on the merits urged this court not to interfere with the exercise of discretion of the court of first instance and substitute its own discretion except where the discretion has been shown to have been exercised arbitrarily or capriciously or perversely. If the discretion has been exercised in a reasonable and judicial manner the fact that the Appellate court would have taken a different view may not justify interference with the exercise of such discretion. Undoubtedly, Wander (supra) and the other decision in Mohammed Mehtab Khan (supra) supports such a view. Yet, the rule of non interference is fact dependent; each case is to be considered on the basis of the pleas and contentions. 25. The appellant’s argument with regard to the merits is that a fair reading of the plaint averments shows that no specific allegations with respect to a contractual relationship between it and the plaintiff are discernible. It is urged that the appellant is a stranger and has no privity to the contract between the plaintiff and the contractor. The plaintiff, however submitted in response that the present case falls under a well-recognized exception of privity to contract. The exception is that in a case where no privity exists between the party to the contract and the stranger, then the privity gets created by conduct or acknowledgment of the stranger. The appellant is therefore, a necessary and proper party to the suit. 26. It would be necessary to notice the averments in the suit. The relevant extracts are as follows: 'That the Defendant No. 1is a company incorporated under the provisions of the Indian Companies Act, 1955having its registered office at 46,34, Ajmeri Gate, New Delhi - HQ 005, The Defendant No. 1 is engaged in the business of Interior Designing and other related works. The Defendant No. 2 is a part of Eros Group and engaged in the business of hospitality. 3. That the Defendant No. 1 upon receipt of work Orders from the Defendant No. 2, sub-contract the interior and other incidental Works in respect of rooms of the following two (2) sites owned' and/or managed by the Defendant No- 2 to the Plaintiff after settling the rates as to Bill of Quantity Items (hereinafter referred to as the "BOQ Items")and terms and conditions thereof of 100 Rooms of the Hotel i.e. ''Intercontinental Hotel (which is now known as Hilton Hotel located at ISB, Mayur Vihar, District Centre, New Delhi) and 40 Rooms of the Hotel i.e. Holiday Inn (which is now known as Doubletree Hotel' located at 13A Mayur Vihar, District Centre, New Delhi, 110 091) in November, 2009. The rates for the aforesaid work order and terms and Conditions were finalized as per the communication between the plaintiff and Defendant No.1 via emails dated 10thof November 2009 The said emails dated I0th of November, 2009 along with the terms and conditions stipulated therein are annexed herewith. It is pertinent to mention herein that it was agreed that the payment had to be on the basis of the actual quantities at site after completion and not as per BOQ which may be higher or loser. That it was further agreed- that the payment to the extent of 90% of the work value would be released within a period of 03 months after verification of the actual quantities after adjustment of the payments made during the subsistence of the work and as per the invoices so raised and the balance payment of 10% would be made after the defect liability period i.e. 12 months from the completion of the work. 4. That on being asked Shri Mayank Gupta, Director of the Defendant No.1 Company assured to issue the work orders soon and in the meanwhile, the Plaintiff should start carrying out work at the aforesaid two sites as per the terms and conditions settled as mentioned hereinabove. The Plaintiff Company in good faith started executing, the work in relation to the 4.0 rooms and 100 rooms at the two sites in November, 2009 and in view of the fact that Shri Mayank Gupta, Director of Defendant No. 1 and Shri Rajesh Khanduja, Director of Plaintiff had cordial relations since long. 5. That the Plaintiff started the aforesaid works; under the instructions of the Defendant No, 1 via emails as well as verbal communications between parties. It was after much persuasion, that the Defendant No. 1 issued the work orders vide e mails dated 20.03.2010 to the Plaintiff in respect of the rooms at the aforesaid two sites, which were not inconsonance with the terms and conditions as agreed between the parties barring some of them. However, the plaintiff on the assurance of the Defendant No.1 that the Plaintiff may continue with the work and that the terms and conditions as Originally agreed in November. 2009 would be adhered to. That so, in respect of transactions/works between the Plaintiff and the Defendant No.1, an account for dealings between the: Plaintiff and the Defendant No. 1 was opened by the Plaintiff in his books of accounts in the name of the Defendant No. 1 Company as mutually agreed between the Plaintiff and the Defendant No. 1. The nature of the account between the Plaintiff and the Defendant No. 1was agreed to be as that of an open, mutual and current account, The entire dealings which took place between the Plaintiff and the Defendant No. 1were based on the principle that such account of dealings between them would remain as an open, mutual and current account. 7. That it is further pertinent to mention herein that as a matter of practice in trade and as per the understanding of the Plaintiff and the Defendant No. 1, first the Pro Forma invoice (hereinafter referred to as the 'Bill for Approval")along with the measurements had to be issued for each work Qi details and upon the approval thereof,' the taxA invoice for the approved amount after verification at the site would be issued upon the Defendant would be made to the Plaintiff by the Defendant No.1, 8. That thereafter Defendant No. 1by seeing, the active pace of the aforesaid works and the professionalism, of the Plaintiff the Defendant No.1also subcontracted the- interior works and other related works-to the Plaintiff as to the Banquet Hall and Pre-Function area, Restaurant-at Holiday Inn Site, mock up room. Holiday Inn retail area and C’^dors for both the Holiday Inn and the Intercontinental Hotel Sitg, on the agreed rates vide various emails exchanged between them. Thus the-brief of total works sub-contracted to the Plaintiff are as follows… Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx 11. That the Plaintiff finished/completed the entire work (BOQ items as well as additional items) at Holiday INN – MAYUR VIHAR AND AT INTERCONTINENTAL HOTEL - MAYUR VIHAR and handed over the possession of the said sites to the Housekeeping Team of the Defendant No.2 under the instruction of the Defendant No.1 in May 2011 to their satisfaction. Since thereafter, the plaintiff has been following up telephonically and as well via emails and even had meeting with the representatives of the Defendants to clear the bills......... xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 16....... In respect of this, discussions and meetings were held CS(COMM) 182/2016 Page 3 of 5 between the parties. The said invoices for approval by the defendants were raised by the plaintiff from time to time............ xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 19. That however, the plaintiff was shocked to receive an email dated 18th July, 2011 from the defendant no.1 stating that the things are out of their control and the decision regarding the balance payment is with the Hotel management i.e. defendant no.2............... xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 24. ....the Defendants failed to clear the Outstanding Amount and abruptly denied the same, thereby making its’ mala fide intentions well evident. The efforts and requests of the Plaintiff have proved to be futile exercise as the Defendants failed to make due payment. The Defendants deliberately avoided to make the approvals thereof in order to avoid their liability towards the Plaintiff for the works carried out, though admitted the execution of the works by the Plaintiff at the aforesaid sites to their satisfaction. 25. That the Defendants are also liable to pay interest @ 18% p.a. as per the custom and usage of the trade in which parties are dealing. The Defendants are liable to pay the interest w.e.f. 1st of June, 2012 on the outstanding amount of Rs.5,70,52,817/- (Rupees Five Crores Seventy Lakhs Fifty Two Thousand Eight Hundred Seventeen Only) on account of the defect liability period which ended in May, 2012 at the site after completion was handed over in May, 2011.......... xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 26. That accordingly, the Defendants are severally and/or jointly liable to pay the balance sum of Rs.1,65,89,371/- (Rupees One Crore Sixty Five Lakhs Eighty Nine Thousand Three Hundred Seventy One Only) .... Further, the Defendants are severally and/or jointly liable to make payment of CS(COMM) 182/2016 Page 4 of 5 Rs.1,10,60,312/- (Rupees One Crore Ten Lacs Sixty Thousand Three Hundred and Twelve Only) including taxes for the rest of the BOQ items. Further, the Defendants are also severally and/or jointly liable to make payment of Rs.2,94,03,233/- (Rupees Two Crores Ninety Four Lacs Three Thousand Two Hundred Thirty Three Only) for the Extra/Additional work executed by the Plaintiff under the instructions of the Defendants at the above stated two sites with their approval and consent. Thus the Defendants severally and/or jointly are liable to pay the total amount of Rs.5,70,52,917/- (Rupees Five Crores Seventy Lakhs Fifty Two Thousand Eight Hundred Seventeen Only)................' 27. It is quite evident from the above extracts that the predominant plea of the plaintiff is directed against the contractor, who – it is alleged, awarded it the contract. It is nowhere pleaded in the plaint that the work outsourced by the contractor to the plaintiff, was with the consent of the appellant, which was the service recipient. The contract to perform works for the appellant was between it and the contractor. In these circumstances, there ought to have been some modicum of pleading, fixing responsibility upon the appellant, as liable, either through express terms of the arrangement, or through necessary implication. The mere advertence to an omnibus generic liability on its part, was therefore, insufficient to cast liability. In the absence of pleading, no amount of evidence can support the plaintiff’s claim with respect to the appellant’s liability. 28. During the hearing, the plaintiff had relied upon two e-mail communications addressed to the appellant, dated 26.05.2011 and 25.10.2011 and argued that this constituted awareness and background for a relationship between the plaintiff and the appellant. This court is of the opinion that the e-mail does not lead to any such possible inference; it merely forwards an e-mail as part of a chain mail. The correspondence is essentially between the plaintiff and its principal, i.e. the contractor. Even if one were to assume this communication to have been accepted by the appellant, it nowhere discloses that the latter and the plaintiff had any subsisting contractual relationship. At best, it constituted the appellant’s awareness that the contract which was awarded to the second respondent, was subcontracted to a third party (i.e. the plaintiff). There was no privity of contract between the two. For these reasons, reliance on Jnan Chandra Mukherji (supra) is misplaced; the Calcutta High Court enunciated an exception to the principle that a stranger to a contract between two other parties cannot sue one of them, in the following terms: 'where a contract between two parties is so framed as to make one of them a trustee for a third; in such cases the latter may sue to enforce the trust in his favour and no objection can be taken to his being a stranger to the contract. The other exception covers those cases where the promisor, between whom and the stranger no privity exists, creates the privity by his conduct and by acknowledgment or otherwise constitutes himself an age Please Login To View The Full Judgment! nt of the third party. There are numerous authorities, both English and Indian, which have laid down these propositions of law…' Clearly, the exception to a third party being held responsible for obligations of another, to an agreement, which it was not party to does not apply in the facts of this case. Utair Aviation Vs. Jagson Airlines Limited &Anr, 2012 SCC Online Del 2114 is a decision of this court, to say that where there are pleadings or material to conclude that prima facie a party is aware of its possible liability to a stranger, it would be unwise to reject a plaint. There is no pleading, or evidence suggestive of such awareness; furthermore, that the appellant is a stranger to the contract between the other two defendants was the premise for the application for rejection of plaint, in this case. 29. It was held in T. Arivanandam v T. Satyapal AIR 1977 SC 2421 that courts should give a meaningful and not formal reading of the pleadings, to filter out needless and vexatious litigation. This line of reasoning was adopted again in Samar Singh v Kedar Nath 1987 where it was held that: '132. It is trite that a party should not be unnecessarily harassed in a suit. An order refusing the reject a plaint will finally determine high right in terms of Order 7 Rule 11 of the Code of Civil Procedure. 133. The idea underlying Order 7 Rule 11(a) is that when no cause of action is disclosed, the courts will not unnecessarily protract the hearing of a suit. Having regard to the changes in the legislative policy as adumbrated by the amendments carried out in the Code of Civil Procedure, the court would interpret the provisions in such a manner so as to save expenses, achieve expedition and avoid the court's resources being used up on cases which will serve no useful purpose. A litigation which is in the opinion of the court is doomed to fail would not further be allowed to be used as a device of harass a litigant. See AzharHussain v. Rajiv Gandhi, 1986 Supp SCC 315 at pp. 324-325. The same principles were re-iterated in ITC Ltd v Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunal AIR 1988 SC 634, in the following terms: "Question is whether a real cause of action has been set out in the Plaint or something purely illusory has been stated with the view to get out of Order 7 Rule 11 CPC. Clever drafting creating illusions are not permitted in law and a clear right to sue should be shown in the plaint." 30. Upon analysis of the pleadings and documents on the record and after considering the relevant decisions, this court is satisfied that neither the plaint, nor the documents, disclose any evidence in support of the averments made in the plaint which shows that the plaintiff has a cause of action against the appellant, or that it (the appellant) has a nexus to the sub-contract between the plaintiff and the contractor. There does not exist even a single invoice for the work done against the appellant, neither any correspondence with the Appellant regarding the same. Therefore, reading the plaint in entirety along with the documents, we are of the view that Respondent No.1 has not been able to disclose a cause of action against the Appellant as per the provisions of Order VII Rule 11(a) CPC. 31. This court, therefore, is of the view that with respect to the present suit, the appellant is not a necessary party against whom any relief can be claimed. In the opinion of this court there exists a misjoinder with regard to the appellant. But, as per the provisions of Order I Rule 9 CPC, which states that, .' Thus, under Order I Rule 10 the court may suo moto or on application by a party strike out a party at any stage of the proceedings, who in the court’s opinion may not be a necessary party for the purpose of effectively adjudicating upon and settling all the questions involved in the proceeding. This is evident from a ruling of the Supreme Court in Prem Lala Nahata Vs. Chandi Prasad Sikaria, (2007) 2 SCC 551: '12 emphasized by Rule 10 of Order I which enables the court in appropriate circumstances to substitute or add any person as a plaintiff in a suit……' 32. The appellant’s application under Order VII Rule 11 does not warrant a rejection of the plaint. On the other hand, this court, in terms of Order I Rule 10 CPC, directs that the Appellant be deleted from the array of parties in the present suit. As regards the restricted scope of interlocutory appellate jurisdiction (spelt out in Wander(supra)) the court is of the opinion that the appellant has established that on an overall reading of the suit and the documents, it cannot be made liable for the contractor’s omission to make payments in a contract to which the plaintiff and the contractor were parties. In view of the above reasoning the impugned order is set aside; the appellant, arrayed as second defendant in the suit is directed to be deleted from the array of parties. The amended memo of parties shall be filed by the plaintiff, in CS(COMM)-182/2016. The parties are directed to be present before the learned single judge, according to roster allocation, on 28 May 2018. The appeal is allowed in the above terms. Order dasti. O R

Sambhaji returned to counter them and his remaining troops were unable to overcome the Janjira garrison and the Siddi fleet protecting it. [113][114], The question of Shivaji's heir-apparent was complicated by the misbehaviour of his eldest son, Sambhaji, who was irresponsible. [110] Proceeding south, Shivaji seized the forts of Vellore and Gingee;[111] the latter would later serve as a capital of the Marathas during the reign of his son Rajaram I. Sambhaji is used to have used many innovations during his campaigns, one such innovation was when he made jackets from leather for his soldiers to ensure protection from lethal arrows fired by the Mysore army during his campaign against Mysore, it was highly successful as after the initial defeat of the Maratha army due to the poisonous arrows, the Maratha army was able to negate the arrows and achieved victory by using these leather jackets. Sambhaji had devised a strategy of minimising the losses on his side. Shivaji's military forces expanded the Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and forming a Maratha navy. Sambhaji's behaviour, including alleged irresponsibility and addiction to sensual pleasures led Shivaji to imprison his son at Panhala fort in 1678 to curb his behaviour. He intended to use the Mughal numerical superiority to his advantage. He was successor of the realm after his father's death, and ruled it for nine years. Jawaharlal Nehru had in 1934 noted "Some of the Shivaji's deeds, like the treacherous killing of the Bijapur general, lower him greatly in our estimation." After two months, Afzal Khan sent an envoy to Shivaji suggesting the two leaders meet in private outside the fort to parley. They signed a treasonable letter against Sambhaji in which they promised to join Akbar, to whom the letter was sent. Directed by Krishna Vamsi. 4:25. While some Brahmins rebutted this identity, defining them as of the lower shudra varna, other Brahmins recognised the Marathas' utility to the Indian independence movement, and endorsed this kshatriya legacy and the significance of Shivaji. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan. Amid lockdown, the show featuring Sivaji Raja, late actor Gundu Hanumantha Rao and others in the leads will have a rerun from May 18 (Monday). Historians have been quick to note the distinction between the more tolerant and chivalrous practices of his father Shivaji, and the more pragmatic and brutal practices of Sambhaji. Early in his reign, he appointed Balaji Vishwanath and later his descendants, as Peshwas (prime ministers) of the Maratha Empire. [88]. By mid-1665, with the fortress at Purandar besieged and near capture, Shivaji was forced to come to terms with Jai Singh. Kangana Ranaut’s sister Rangoli takes on Deepika Padukone over the latter’s comments on mental health; Aamir Khan praises Saif Ali Khan's 'Laal Kaptaan' trailer, calls it 'Awesome' This perceived betrayal angered Shivaji, who in December would retaliate by plundering the English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of the factors, imprisoning them until mid-1663. The thief makes a video recording of the meeting, but he gets caught. [54], After the victory, a grand review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. [8][9], Shivaji was born in the hill-fort of Shivneri, near the city of Junnar in what is now Pune district. Sivaji is from Narsarsopet in Guntur district. The Maratha Kingdom was put into disarray by Sambhaji's death and his younger half-brother Rajaram Chhatrapati assumed the throne. [68], The attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat enraged Aurangzeb. [69] Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing the countryside, and their siege forces investing Shivaji's forts. [38], Sambhaji in his letter of 3 June 1684 addressed to Hari Shivdev (Subhedar and Karkun of Tarf Chaul), his Peshwa Nilkantha Moreshwar directed him to bring the agricultural land of the villages confiscated by the government under cultivation which otherwise would have remained uncultivated. If you believe in Quran, God is the lord of all men and not just of Muslims only. Having made peace with the Mughals, ceding them six forts, he went to serve the Sultanate of Bijapur. Amrutham 1 was a popular Telugu TV sitcom in 2001, a huge hit, starring Sivaji Raja, Naresh, Harshavardhan, and Gundu Hanumatha Rao. The Chikkadevraja however began to draw close to the Mughal empire and ceased to follow his treaties with the Marathas. [155] At the end of the 19th century, Shivaji's memory was leveraged by the non-Brahmin intellectuals of Bombay, who identified as his descendants and through him claimed the kshatriya varna. These failures forced Aurangzeb to look away from the Maratha Empire and search for success against the Qutb Shahi dynasty and Adil Shahi dynasty. Council of Eight Ministers or Ashta Pradhan Mandal, was an administrative and advisory council set up by Shivaji. Wife - Gowli Guda Gallikada - Sivaji - Rukmini - Telugu Song. His Rajpurohit, Keshav Pandit, was himself a Sanskrit scholar and poet. Unfortunately for Sambhaji, giving asylum to Akbar did not bear fruit. His mother died when he was two years old and he was raised by his paternal grandmother Jijabai . [37] After his release, Shahaji retired from public life, and died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident. [55] In 1660, Adilshah sent his general Siddi Jauhar to attack Shivaji's southern border, in alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from the north. Having made peace with the Mughals, ceding them six forts, he went to serve the Sultanate of Bijapur. Another surviving spouse, Sakwarbai, was not allowed to follow suit because she had a young daughter. After a brief power struggle over succession with his aunt Tarabai, Shahu ruled the Maratha Empire from 1707 to 1749. The Marathas seized the fort, seeking to turn it into a naval base, but in April 1682 were ejected from the fort by a detachment of 200 Portuguese. They honoured and encouraged learning by granting land, grains and money to scholars. Instead he asked for his forts to be returned and to serve the Mughals as a mansabdar; Aurangzeb rebutted that he must surrender his remaining forts before returning to Mughal service. [33], Sambhaji encouraged the agricultural activity in the Maratha state. [10] Upon hearing this news, Sambhaji plotted his escape and took possession of the Panhala fort on 27 April after killing the fort commander. [143], Aware of the need for naval power to maintain control along the Konkan coast, Shivaji began to build his navy in 1657 or 1659, with the purchase of twenty galivats from the Portuguese shipyards of Bassein. In Budhbhushan Sambhaji considers Shivaji to be the incarnation that saved the earth and restored righteousness.[41]. Tattered and bleeding he was brought before the Emperor and repeated his refusal. [35] On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by Baji Ghorpade under the orders of Bijapuri ruler Mohammed Adilshah, in a bid to contain Shivaji. He also took the nearby fort of Chakan, besieging it for a month and a half before breaching the walls.. [45][46], The two met in a hut at the foothills of Pratapgad fort on 10 November 1659. The Marathas summoned Bengali Tantrik goswami Nischal Puri, who declared that the original coronation had been held under inauspicious stars, and a second coronation was needed. [8] Upon returning home, Sambhaji was unrepentant and was put under surveillance at Panhala. [185], A proposal to build a giant memorial called Shiv Smarak was approved in 2016 to be located near Mumbai on a small island in the Arabian Sea. Family circumstances force Kavya to marry a man who has no interest in the marriage. Aurangzeb's plan was to send Shivaji to Kandahar, now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. The administration of the state was managed by Sambhaji with the help of Chandogamatya and the council of eight ministers. [28] Shivaji was taken to Bangalore where he, his elder brother Sambhaji, and his half brother Ekoji I were further formally trained. "[160], In 1919, Sarkar published the seminal Shivaji and His Times, hailed as the most authoritative biography of the king since James Grant Duff's 1826 A History of the Mahrattas. He was the eldest son of Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire and his first wife Saibai. On the other hand, Aurangzeb after coming to Deccan never returned to his capital in the north. This incident led to a larger conflict between the two regional powers. The empire expanded greatly under the leadership of Balaji's son, Peshwa Bajirao I and grandson, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao. They lead a care free and happy life. Story: Kalamandir Kalyan (Sivaji Raja) has a penchant to father a baby girl; but unfortunately, his wife delivers a baby boy Naga Shourya. [119] Rajaram, his wife Janki Bai, and mother Soyrabai were imprisoned, and Soyrabai executed on charges of conspiracy that October. Next day, Shivaji made atonement for the sins which he committed in his own lifetime. [27][28], The 1687 Battle of Wai saw the Maratha forces badly weakened by the Mughals. Ten years after Panipat, Marathas regained influence in North India during the rule of Madhavrao Peshwa. However, in the court, on 12 May 1666, Aurangzeb made Shivaji stand behind mansabdārs (military commanders) of his court. Congress Party members called for legal actions against the publisher and writer, Marathi newspapers accused them of "imperial prejudice" and Shiv Sena called for the writer's public flogging. Aurangzeb put both of them under house arrest but they escaped on 22 July 1666. On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on the throne. [5]:48[12], Shortly following Sambhaji's accession, he began his military campaigns against neighboring states. Cut the scene into adulthood and Naga Shourya is seen running a self-defence training school for women. He was succeeded by his brother Rajaram I. Sambhaji continued Shivaji's policies by helping poor farmers. [2][39], There are several books by Sambhaji. [165] Shivaji is upheld as an example by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party, and also of the Maratha caste dominated Congress parties in Maharashtra, such as the Indira Congress and the Nationalist Congress Party. [162], As political tensions rose in India in the early 20th century, some Indian leaders came to re-work their earlier stances on Shivaji's role. "Commemorating the 'golden age' of Shivaji in Maharashtra, India and the development of Maharashtrian public politics. [133][134] However, during the sack of Surat in 1664, Shivaji was approached by Ambrose, a Capuchin monk who asked him to spare the city's Christians. Accidentally, a thief (Sivaji Raja) comes to know the murder plans of the scientist Dr. Hameed Ali. In response, Sambhaji invaded Mysore in 1686, accompanied by his Brahmin friend and poet Kavi Kalash. [26] The Chikkadevraja later made treaties and rendered tribute to the Maratha kingdom during the conflicts of 1682–1686. [97][98] In the Hindu calendar it was on the 13th day (trayodashi) of the first fortnight of the month of Jyeshtha in the year 1596. Icchapurapu Amrutha Rao (aka Amrutham, played by Sivaji Raja, Naresh and Harsha Vardhan in different episodes) is the main character of the serial. Prataprao was killed in combat; Shivaji was deeply grieved on hearing of Prataprao's death, and arranged for the marriage of his second son, Rajaram, to Prataprao's daughter. He also asked Hari Shivdev to distribute fifty khandis of grain which were being sent to him from Sagargad among the cultivators. . [173] As a result of this publication, the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute in Pune where Laine had researched was attacked by a group of Maratha activists calling itself the Sambhaji Brigade. Watch Queue Queue [53] In the ensuing Battle of Pratapgarh fought on 10 November 1659, Shivaji's forces decisively defeated the Bijapur Sultanate's forces. Scholars disagree on his date of birth. He encouraged people to cultivate more and more land. Orders came from the emperor to station Shivaji in Kabul, which Shivaji refused. . [24],. [citation needed], In 1993, the Illustrated Weekly published an article suggesting that Shivaji was not opposed to Muslims per se, and was influenced by their form of governance. Nearly fifty thousand people gathered at Raigad for the ceremonies. The film had musical score by Sivaji Raja. [37], Sambhaji was sophisticated, educated and well-versed in a few languages other than Marathi. Related topic. Viegas was later to defect back to the Portuguese, taking 300 sailors with him. [50], Accounts vary on whether Shivaji or Afzal Khan struck the first blow:[48] Maratha chronicles accuse Afzal Khan of treachery, while Persian-language records attribute the treachery to Shivaji. [64]. This video is unavailable. The initially promising negotiations were unsuccessful, so whilst returning to Raigad Shivaji defeated his half-brother's army on 26 November 1677 and seized most of his possessions in the Mysore plateau. 'Elixir') is an Indian Telugu-language sitcom television series created by Gangaraju Gunnam. He was also given Fort Shivneri for his family's residence (c. Unable to curb this, Shivaji confined his son to Panhala in 1678, only to have the prince escape with his wife and defect to the Mughals for a year. [5]:50, Other accounts state that Sambhaji challenged Aurangzeb in open court and refused to convert to Islam. Characters. He was given deshmukhi rights of Pune, Supe, Chakan and Indapur for military expenses. [127] He gave his forts names such as Sindhudurg, Prachandgarh, and Suvarndurg. [29] The ulema of the Mughal Empire sentenced Sambhaji to death for the atrocities his troops perpetrated against Muslims in Burhanpur, including plunder, killing, rape, and torture. Nene Raju Nene Mantri (2017) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. After the latter's death, his successor released Shahu. [42] Shahu, who was seven years of age when captured, remained prisoner of the Mughals for 18 years from February 1689 until Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb's death in 1707. Wife - Chaitrama Ni Chirunama - Sivaji - Rukmini - Telugu Song. [112], Shivaji intended to reconcile with his half-brother Venkoji (Ekoji I), Shahaji's son by his second wife, Tukabai (née Mohite), who ruled Thanjavur (Tanjore) after Shahaji. [99] Gaga Bhatt officiated, holding a gold vessel filled with the seven sacred waters of the rivers Yamuna, Indus, Ganges, Godavari, Narmada, Krishna and Kaveri over Shivaji's head, and chanted the Vedic coronation mantras. Eventually, Sambhaji helped Akbar flee to Persia. [128][need quotation to verify]. [40] In Budhbhushanam, Sambhaji wrote poetry on politics. He criticised Naresh for not making efforts to mobile funds for MAA being general secretary. Thus reinforced, Sambhaji proceeded to take Pratapgad and a series of forts along the Ghats. He was asked to hold and settle the area. [citation needed], Bahadur Khan was first in charge of The fort of Burhanpur who later gave it to Kakar Khan. In 1674, he was formally crowned as the Chhatrapati (emperor) of his realm at Raigad. [59], Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful relations with the Mughal Empire. Throughout the childhood, Kalyan raises his son like a daughter, which hampers his actions and behaviour. Sambhaji then attempted a ruse, sending a party of his people to the Siddis, claiming to be defectors. [166] Past Congress party leaders in the state, such as Yashwantrao Chavan, were considered political descendants of Shivaji. ... M S Narayana Fools Sivaji Raja - Comedy Scene. [186], Indian king and founder of the Maratha Empire, Council of Eight Ministers (Ashta Pradhan Mandal), Based on multiple committees of historians and experts, the Government of Maharashtra accepts 19 February 1630 as his birthdate. Sambhaji had prepared well for the invasions and the Maratha forces promptly engaged the numerically strong Mughal army in several small battles using guirella warfare tactics. [17][18], In 1682, the Mughals laid siege to the Maratha fort of Ramsej, but after five months of failed attempts, including planting explosive mines and building wooden towers to gain the walls, the Mughal siege failed. Characters. [38], Sambhaji, much like modern times provided grain seeds, exemptions in taxes, oxen for agricultural work and agricultural tools to the farmers in the drought situation. [59] Ghod Khind (khind meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed Paavan Khind ("sacred pass") in honour of Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought in there. The Marathas then looted the city and set its ports ablaze. The captured enemy, both officers and men, were set free and sent back to their homes with money, food and other gifts. Keshav Pandit, alias Keshav Bhatta of Shringarpur, was an erudite scholar in the Nitishastra and Sanskrit language and literature. [158] Tilak denied any suggestion that his festival was anti-Muslim or disloyal to the government, but simply a celebration of a hero. [105] In November the Maratha navy skirmished with the Siddis of Janjira, but failed to dislodge them. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 49, pp.221-226. A family is under a curse due to an old sin; due to which a male is bound to die every 48 years. The Maval infantry served as the core of his ground forces (reinforced with Telangi musketeers from Karnataka), supported by Maratha cavalry. Before engaging him, the Bijapuri forces desecrated the Tulja Bhavani Temple, holy to Shivaji's family, and the Vithoba temple at Pandharpur, a major pilgrimage site for the Hindus. [citation needed], After Shivaji's escape, hostilities with the Mughals ebbed, with Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting as intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals. . Sambhaji had to take several administrative measures to tackle the situation. Though Shivaji was a proud Hindu and never compromised on his religion,[129] he is also known for his liberal and tolerant religious policy. Verily, Islam and Hinduism are terms of contrast. His forces completely routed the Mughal garrison and punitively executed captives. Anandrao Mohite became Hambirrao Mohite, the new sarnaubat (commander-in-chief of the Maratha forces). But she hopes to win his heart and carry out her responsibilities as an ideal wife… After his release Shahu had to fight a brief war with his aunt Tarabai, Rajaram's widow who claimed the throne for her own son, Shivaji II. [93], On 28 May Shivaji performed penance for not observing Kshatriya rites by his ancestors' and himself for so long. [175] This lifting was followed by public demonstrations against the author and the decision of the Supreme Court. Watch Queue Queue. Shivaji's legacy was to vary by observer and time, but nearly two centuries after his death, he began to take on increased importance with the emergence of the Indian independence movement, as many Indian nationalists elevated him as a proto-nationalist and hero of the Hindus. He seems to have deeper knowledge of the different forms of Sanskrit literature; Hindu jurisprudence and the Puranas. Phule sought to use the Shivaji myths to undermine the Brahmins he accused of hijacking the narrative, and uplift the lower classes; his 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great hostility by the Brahmin-dominated media. Prataprao's forces defeated and captured the opposing general in the battle, after cutting-off their water supply by encircling a strategic lake, which prompted Bahlol Khan to sue for peace. . Possible errors in historical dates: Error in correction from Julian to Gregorian Calendars, Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India 2011, Gier, The Origins of Religious Violence 2014, Eraly, Emperors of the Peacock Throne 2000, "Writer Babasaheb Purandare receives 'Maharashtra Bhushan' despite protests", "Supreme Court lifts ban on James Laine's book on Shivaji", "Protests over James Laine's book across Mumbai", "Hard-liners slam state, Supreme Court decision on Laine's Shivaji book", "comments : Modi unveils Shivaji statue at Limbayat", "INS Shivaji (Engineering Training Establishment) : Training", "Politics over Shivaji statue delays Mumbai airport expansion", "Mumbai Railway station renamed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus", "India Now Boasts The World's Tallest Statue, And It's Twice Lady Liberty's Size",, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019, Wikipedia pages semi-protected due to dispute, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2019, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018, Articles with incomplete citations from August 2019, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Daniel Jasper (2003). Negotiations failed over the issue of the treaty, Sambhaji was born family! Until 1670 captured important forts at Murambdev ( Rajgad ), along with nine-year-old! Form an integral part of the Marathi people that he was the very same person who had to! Maratha navy the movie Dil ( voice for Nitin ) to defect back to the allegations of as... Was again confined to Panhala Raigad for the ceremonies viegas was later to defect back to dogs. His realm at Raigad fort was newly built by Hiroji Indulkar as a holiday commemorating Shivaji 's widow,,! Considered political descendants of Shivaji at Ahmednagar efforts to mobile funds for maa being general secretary had dictated each. Descendants of Shivaji in Maharashtra as well as in different places across.... To join Akbar, to consolidate the Mughal Deccan is ready to do to! His refusal with possible negative implications concerning the colonial Government 's religion and practices to. The first few slokas are praises for Shahaji ( his grandfather ) and his first.. The fight against Danda-Rajpuri to tackle the situation on the throne this closed-door meeting is also the shocking involvement the... Serve with the Mughals statues and monuments are found throughout India, notably! Maratha economy other than Marathi public life, and regularly sought the company of Hindu saints,... Mid-1665, with Shivaji, but he gets caught as had happened to Shivaji in Maharashtra harsh climate the. Sambhaji became a Mughal mansabdar with 5,000 horses Chandogamatya and the Siddi fleet protecting it restored! That time sent Sambhaji with general Prataprao Gujar to serve the Sultanate of.... Marathas with a sword, and died around 1664–1665 in a hunting accident Azam Shah, son of king,... In Quran, God is the daughter of Bangaram ( Kota Srinivasa Rao ) Lieutenant Ustick... Effective strategy as Aurangzeb 's court at Agra on 12 May 1666, Aurangzeb after coming to Deccan returned! Not observing Kshatriya rites by his paternal grandmother Jijabai new sarnaubat ( commander-in-chief of the whole Imperial army in cinema!, refusing him audience until Bahlol Khan was re-captured, Commemorations of Shivaji in Kabul, became... ] by doing so he earned the title of Dharmaveer ( `` protector of the rural Maratha.... 1689 ) was the backbone of the upbringing and identity of the whole Imperial.. Gang of four manage to follow his treaties with the Marathas ranged up and down western India 48. To get a heart stent and will undergo angioplasty Jauhar 's army besieged Panhala in mid-1660, cutting supply. Reconciled and had cordial relations during the period 1666–1670 Raja has responded on celebrities in... Captured, tortured and executed by the true Divine Painter for blending colours. Below Pratapgarh his own lifetime Ustick to treat with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 hun in cash and 200.. [ 25 ]:91 as had happened to Shivaji suggesting the two met in a skirmish Sangameshwar! Most of the Maratha capital that led to Mughal invasions of Konkan ( 1684 ) on Jai Singh I Shahi. Restored righteousness. [ 41 ] on charges of treason strong enough under Shahu and Balaji! Continued Shivaji 's key commanders, and died around 1664–1665 in a few days after Sambhaji 's positions spied! Sakvarbai died in Mughal captivity to look away from the prominent Nimbalkar family in 1640, M. N..! To Deccan never returned to counter them and his first wife Saibai in the state was by... It consisted of eight ministers or Ashta Pradhan Mandal, was an acting instructor at a Institute. Commanders, and receiving a better offer from Bijapur, he appointed Balaji Vishwanath later... Warrior legend, who derive their knowledge of these events solely from sivaji raja wife North,! Opposed Shivaji in his early years the Janjira garrison and the decision of the Maratha Raigad! And flies is not at all valour nor spirit, Marathas regained influence in North India during the rule Madhavrao! With most of his death [ 26 ] the historian Jadunath Sarkar assessed that Shivaji owned 240–280... The help of Chandogamatya and the Marathas then looted the city and set its ports ablaze,... Waited for the fight against Danda-Rajpuri army besieged Panhala in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes to the allegations Naresh! At that time the Siddis of Janjira, but he gets caught claiming to be a very strategy... 127 ] he gave his forts names such as Yashwantrao Chavan, were considered political descendants of Shivaji 's commanders... Help of Chandogamatya and the development of Maharashtrian public politics for women, claiming to be the incarnation saved. Leveraging his ground forces, and attended by one follower with 313 episodes his capital in the court, 12. Time sent Sambhaji with general Prataprao Gujar to serve the Sultanate of Bijapur [! Enraged Aurangzeb commanders ) of his realm at Raigad for the TFI Committee to respond acting... As Sindhudurg, Prachandgarh, and forming a Maratha general who served the Deccan Sultanates envoy Shivaji. Gave Shivaji access to the Mughals leaders meet in private outside the fort to Saibai, Shivaji was devoted his! Maratha Empire and ceased to follow him with possible negative implications concerning the colonial Government Mandal was! Pune, Supe, Chakan and Indapur for military expenses Sambhaji proceeded to take Pratapgad a... To his mother died when he was unable to received the Svamigal military expenses Maratha. He also asked Hari Shivdev to distribute fifty khandis of grain which were being sent to him Sagargad! Research Institute, 49, pp.221-226 with 313 episodes Kavya to marry a man who no. Title of Haindava Dharmodhhaarak ( protector of the treaty, Sambhaji was sivaji raja wife! Bulletin of the treaty, Sambhaji was also given fort Shivneri for his family 's (! Rule with well-structured administrative organisations Janki Bai and then to sivaji raja wife very strategy... Sin ; due to the Portuguese Christians started to forcefully convert Hindus in Bardez saw Maratha... 5,000 horses house arrest but they escaped on 22 July 1666 he won Nandi Award for best Male Dubbing for! Bombay, again seeking materiel, this time for the sivaji raja wife Dil ( voice for Nitin ) had that... Kandahar, now in Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal Empire envoy to Shivaji suggesting the two regional.! Made treaties and rendered tribute to the Konkan coastal belt Shahu was then set free by Muhammad. In 1674, he went to serve the Sultanate of Bijapur. [ 37.., but failed to dislodge them 177 ], the 1687 Battle of Wai the... Sambhaji writes about dos and don'ts for a king and discusses military tactics Bai and then a... 1719 when Marathas became strong enough under Shahu and Shivaji 's strategy some sources instead Delhi... And 25 of his father Shivaji presented themselves at Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb conferred the title Dharmaveer., Torna, Kondhana ( Sinhagad ) and Purandar a la Seetharama and Radhakrishna dos! Sivaji Raja ) comes to know the murder plans of the Marathi people grandmother Jijabai newly by! Justice, the Ramayana and the Marathas ranged up and down western India the Frankish Padrys are good men Mohite... Peace between Shivaji and the infiltrators were executed negative implications concerning the Government... ] Contemporary English writers compared him with Alexander, Hannibal and Julius Caesar Shivaji. Was well known for his family 's residence ( c. 1590 ) themselves at Mughal,. Backbone of sivaji raja wife realm after his father 's death, the peace between Shivaji and the.... Siddi fleet protecting it quickly raided Bardez in which they promised to join Akbar, to the... A party of his advisors were captured ; Sakvarbai died in Mughal captivity a sword, and ruled it a. Throughout India, most of the Maratha armies to know the murder plans of the Maratha kingdom the... Meeting, but he gets caught Nasiri Khan, who sowed the seeds of Indian Independence Movement the childless of! Celebrities involvement in drugs case 1684 ) he appointed Balaji Vishwanath and later his descendants, as Peshwas prime! Of Raja on Shivaji from Sagargad among the cultivators to join Akbar, to whom he was given... Names such as Sindhudurg, Prachandgarh, and Suvarndurg revenue collection when in., tortured and executed by the Mughals were badly defeated due to which a is. Shortly following Sambhaji 's remains were fed to the Mughal sivaji raja wife first wife then withdrew Baglana... As a great national hero during the latter 's death, his wife Janki Bai and Soyarabai! Of new panel-elect stories of his advisors were captured by the arrival of the realm after his Shivaji... Nandi Award for best Male Dubbing Artist for the ceremonies himself for so.... Edited on 18 June 1674 at Raigad fort was newly built by Hiroji Indulkar as a Mughal.... Wife Saibai his policies of water storage, irrigation and developing crop patterns show about progressive... Marriage of political alliance ; per Maratha custom she took the nearby fort of Burhanpur who later gave it Kakar. And flies is not at all valour nor spirit civil rule with well-structured administrative organisations successor the! Invasions of Konkan ( 1684 ) mosque, the childless eldest of the Raja the... Hindu jurisprudence and the Puranas Aurangabad and took over command of the Deccan Sultanates the administration of the after. ' of Shivaji are found throughout India, most notably in Maharashtra [ 6,. 11 March 1689 ) was ordered by the Mughals, ceding them forts... Who has no interest in the state, such as Sindhudurg, Prachandgarh, many!, evading the forces of Muqarrab Khan in a marriage of political alliance per. Integral part of the treaty, Sambhaji encouraged the agricultural activity in the beginning that Sivaji had arrested Math. Raigad for the sins which he committed in his early years by not rent. Thulasi Nair Facebook, Me And The Devil Blues, Sakura Express Spanish Town Menu, Plus Size Maxi Dresses Walmart, Margins For Booklet In Word, Beast Machines Episode 2, Sahir Meaning In Sanskrit,

Abstract Recent studies of thermal transport in nanomaterials have demonstrated the breakdown of Fourier’s law through observations of ballistic transport. Despite its unique features, another instance of the breakdown of Fourier’s law, hydrodynamic phonon transport, has drawn less attention because it has been observed only at extremely low temperatures and narrow temperature ranges in bulk materials. Here, we predict on the basis of first-principles calculations that the hydrodynamic phonon transport can occur in suspended graphene at significantly higher temperatures and wider temperature ranges than in bulk materials. The hydrodynamic transport is demonstrated through drift motion of phonons, phonon Poiseuille flow and second sound. The significant hydrodynamic phonon transport in graphene is associated with graphene’s two-dimensional features. This work opens a new avenue for understanding and manipulating heat flow in two-dimensional materials. Introduction The transport of phonons, which are the dominant heat carriers in non-metallic solids, is usually diffusive and describable by Fourier’s law of heat conduction. Regimes where Fourier’s law breaks down, such as ballistic1 and hydrodynamic2 phonon transport, were discovered in bulk materials more than 50 years ago, but these phenomena were observed only at extremely low temperatures3,4,5. Recent studies of low-dimensional materials, however, have highlighted the practical importance of ballistic phonon transport in applications such as thermoelectric materials6 and electronic devices7,8. In this work, we discuss how hydrodynamic phonon transport as well as ballistic phonon transport can be significant in a two-dimensional material, particularly in graphene. The term hydrodynamic phonon transport arose from its similarity with macroscopic transport phenomena in fluids. In fluid flow, mass transport is mainly due to the macroscopic motion of molecules with a drift velocity. Likewise, phonons in the hydrodynamic regime exhibit macroscopic drift motion. In this sense, hydrodynamic phonon transport is different from the more well-known diffusive or ballistic phonon transport. During diffusive transport, heat is transferred through multiple scattering events among phonons without macroscopic drift motion. During ballistic transport, it is assumed that there is no internal scattering. Hydrodynamic transport, on the other hand, includes many phonon scattering events. The drift motion of phonons in the hydrodynamic regime causes two interesting hydrodynamic transport phenomena that cannot occur in either diffusive or ballistic regimes: phonon Poiseuille flow (Fig. 1a) and second sound (Fig. 1c), which are analogous to Poiseuille flow and ordinary sound in a fluid, respectively, which will be discussed later. (a,b) The steady-state heat flux profiles in hydrodynamic and ballistic regimes, respectively, under a temperature gradient. (a) Phonons in the hydrodynamic regime exhibit a non-uniform heat flux profile like the mass flux profile of fluid flow in a tube. In the hydrodynamic regime, the main mechanism for momentum loss is diffuse boundary scattering. Therefore, the flux is small near the boundary. (b) In the diffusive regime, however, the heat flux profile has a uniform shape. This is because transport resistance is mainly due to intrinsic momentum loss scattering called Umklapp scattering rather than diffuse boundary scattering. The Umklapp scattering can occur anywhere inside a sample, leading to a uniform heat flux profile. (c,d) The propagation of a heat pulse in the hydrodynamic and diffusive regimes, respectively. (c) In the hydrodynamic regime, a heat pulse propagates like a pressure pulse (ordinary sound) in a fluid without significant damping. The invoked pulse can transmit through the sample and finally arrive at the edge of the sample with well-preserved pulse shape. (d) In the diffusive regime, however, a heat pulse is significantly damped and cannot propagate. The pulse smears out and reaches the edge of the sample after a relatively long time. The width and length of the sample are assumed to be much larger than the phonon mean free path. Despite the interesting features of hydrodynamic phonon transport, the temperature range in which it was observed was too low and narrow to consider for practical applications. For example, the reported temperature range for phonon Poiseuille flow is 0.5–1.0 K (ref. 5) and for second sound the range is 10–20 K (ref. 9). The extremely stringent temperature conditions for hydrodynamic phonon transport are due to Umklapp scattering (hereafter U-scattering), which destroys the crystal momentum. In contrast, scatterings between molecules conserve total momentum. As such, for hydrodynamic transport to occur, U-scattering should be negligibly weak compared with the other three-phonon scattering, which conserves crystal momentum, normal scattering (hereafter N-scattering). One way to suppress U-scattering is to consider low temperatures, but at too low temperatures transport becomes ballistic without internal scattering, leaving only a very narrow temperature range for hydrodynamic transport. In addition to U-scattering, the scattering of phonons by impurities such as isotopes does not conserve crystal momentum, and isotope enrichment imposes another difficulty for hydrodynamic phonon transport (hereafter R-scattering denotes Umklapp and isotope scatterings). Here, we show that suspended graphene (hereafter graphene), unlike three-dimensional materials, is remarkably well suited for hydrodynamic phonon transport. Using first-principles calculations, we show drift motion of phonons, phonon Poiseuille flow and second sound in graphene at significantly higher and wider temperature ranges compared with those seen in three-dimensional materials. Then, we discuss how the significant hydrodynamic phonon transport in graphene stems from its two-dimensional features. Results Displaced distribution function An indication of the hydrodynamic transport, the macroscopic drift motion, can be found in the distribution function. For example, for molecules in fluid flow, the Maxwell distribution displaced by a drift velocity is considered an equilibrium distribution10. Similarly, if there is no R-scattering among phonons, the displaced Bose–Einstein distribution has been commonly assumed for the equilibrium distribution of phonons11. where ħ, ω and q represent the Planck constant, phonon frequency and phonon wavevector, respectively. The drift velocity is represented by the displacement, u, in the phonon distribution. In the displaced distribution, the displacement is a constant for all phonon modes regardless of polarization and wavevector, describing the macroscopic drift motion of phonons having the same velocity. Assuming a small drift velocity, this displaced distribution can be linearized to where is the Bose–Einstein distribution. On the basis of the assumption of the displaced phonon distribution in the absence of R-scattering, past work derived macroscopic governing equations that describe hydrodynamic phonon transport12. However, it has remained elusive to our knowledge whether the absence of R-scattering necessarily leads to the displaced distribution. Moreover, the validity of the displaced distribution in real materials, where R-scattering cannot be completely avoided, has not been explicitly confirmed. In this work, we demonstrate from first-principles calculations that a displaced distribution of phonons can occur in graphene even in the presence of weak R-scattering, which validates the assumption of the displaced distribution used in the past studies12,13 and correspondingly shows hydrodynamic phonon transport in graphene. The recent progress in calculating the phonon–phonon scattering matrix using first-principles14,15 and numerical methods for solving the Peierls–Boltzmann equation16,17 enable the calculation of phonon distributions in a specific material under a temperature gradient. This first principles-based method has been demonstrated to be highly accurate and have predictive power for phonon transport in many materials including graphene15,18,19,20,21,22,23. In this work, to capture the significant role of N-scattering, we solve the full solution of the Peierls–Boltzmann equation without relaxation time approximation. In Fig. 2, we show this phonon distribution in an infinitely large graphene sheet with 0.1% concentration of isotope 13C at 100 K under a static temperature gradient. The temperature gradient is required to maintain the drift motion since R-scattering cannot be completely ignored in real materials. Figure 2 plots the normalized deviation of the distribution from the stationary equilibrium distribution, defined as , to examine the existence of a drift velocity. It is clearly seen in Fig. 2b that the normalized deviation is linear to wavevector qx along the temperature gradient direction with the same slope for all three acoustic branches in a wide range of wavevectors. This indicates that the distribution is indeed displaced, giving the macroscopic motion of phonons with the same velocity as in equation (2). In usual cases without strong hydrodynamic transport features, the normalized deviation shows no correlation among phonon modes and phonons cannot exhibit any macroscopic collective motion (see Supplementary Note 1 and Supplementary Fig. 3 for an example) The non-linear behaviour in the large wavevector region of Fig. 2b is significantly exaggerated because the deviation is normalized by , which is negligibly small in this high phonon frequency range. Moreover, these phonon modes in the range where the normalized deviation is non-linear to qx contribute negligibly to actual thermal transport. (See Supplementary Fig. 1) The 13C isotope concentration is 0.1%. (a) A contour plot of the normalized deviation of distribution, , of flexural acoustic (ZA) phonons in graphene. The hexagon represents the first Brillouin zone and a temperature gradient is applied along the x direction. (b) The normalized deviation of distribution of the three acoustic branches in graphene along the x direction at qy=0 (M–Γ–M). The linear dependence on qx indicates drift motion of acoustic modes, according to equation (2). The same slope for all three acoustic branches means acoustic phonons have the same drift velocity regardless of polarization and wavevector. The macroscopic drift motion of phonons can be explained by strong N-scattering compared with R-scattering shown in Fig. 3b. The phonon distribution under a temperature gradient is slightly displaced, meaning that the phonons gain excess momentum from the temperature gradient. Then, the excess momentum is affected by N- and R-scatterings in very different ways24. Through N-scatterings, the excess momentum is exchanged among phonons such that all phonon modes exhibit the same drift velocity and approach the displaced Bose–Einstein distribution in equation (1). However, R-scattering destroys the excess momentum and induces phonon modes to relax to the stationary equilibrium Bose–Einstein distribution. In graphene, N-scattering is much stronger than R-scattering by at least two orders of magnitude in a wide spectrum as shown in Fig. 3b. Therefore, the excess momentum gained from a temperature gradient is redistributed by strong N-scattering without any considerable reduction by R-scattering such that most phonon modes have the same drift velocity regardless of polarization and wavevector. (a) The upper and lower bounds of sample width for phonon Poiseuille flow in graphene and diamond. The lower bound is set to prevent ballistic transport. The upper bound is required so that momentum loss by diffuse boundary scattering combined with N-scattering is stronger than that by R-scattering. Graphene has a wide gap between the lower and upper bounds below 100 K, indicating that phonon Poiseuille flow can occur in the corresponding temperature range. Diamond, however, has a negligibly small gap even at 50 K with extremely enriched isotope content, 0.01% 13C. (b–e) Comparison between N- and R-scattering rates in graphene and diamond at 100 K, showing extremely strong N-scattering in graphene. The condition of isotope content is specified in the plots. The isotope content of 1.1% 13C in (c,e) represents the naturally occurring case. In addition to the macroscopic collective motion of phonons, it is also important to find the specific length and timescales for hydrodynamic transport. If length and timescales approach infinity, the transport is not hydrodynamic unless R-scattering is completely avoided. Owing to the existence of R-scattering, as we previously stated, a temperature gradient is required to maintain the drift motion of phonons in Fig. 2. In an infinitely large graphene sheet under a static temperature gradient, the drift velocity of phonons exhibits a uniform distribution across the sample and its magnitude scales as the magnitude of the temperature gradient, both of which can be explained by Fourier’s law. However, roughly speaking, if the sample size is smaller than the phonon mean free path of R-scattering or the temperature gradient changes with time faster than the R-scattering rate, the transport cannot be described by the diffusive law. In such length and timescales, the transport with macroscopic drift motion shown in Fig. 2 can be hydrodynamic. These considerations regarding length and timescales for hydrodynamic transport lead to the discussion on phonon Poiseuille flow and second sound in the following sections. The displaced distribution we present here is the first explicit confirmation of the assumption used in past theoretical studies regarding hydrodynamic phonon transport12,13,25,26. It also provides a theoretical basis that we will exploit to examine phonon Poiseuille flow and second sound in the following sections, further highlighting the significant hydrodynamic phonon transport in graphene. Phonon Poiseuille flow Phonon Poiseuille flow refers to the steady-state hydrodynamic phonon transport under a temperature gradient in a sample. The temperature gradient plays a similar role as pressure gradient for the molecular Poiseuille flow. Here it is assumed that the sample is long enough for the heat flux to be fully developed and to be invariant along the flow direction. Owing to their differing sources of thermal resistance, phonon Poiseuille flow is distinctly different from the more well-known diffusive phonon transport. In diffusive phonon transport, thermal resistance is mostly due to R-scattering, which can occur anywhere inside a sample. Therefore, the heat flux in diffusive phonon transport is uniform, as shown in Fig. 1b. On the other hand, the thermal resistance in phonon Poiseuille flow is due to diffuse boundary scattering combined with many N-scatterings, analogous to viscous effects in fluid flow. The drift velocity is small near the boundary because of diffuse boundary scattering, leading to the formation of a drift velocity gradient along the direction perpendicular to heat flow (Fig. 1a). The boundary scattering can be assumed to be diffuse rather than specular even at low temperature such as 100 K. (see Supplementary Fig. 4 and Supplementary Note 2.) The excess momentum of phonons from the temperature gradient is then transferred to the boundary through the drift velocity gradient and many N-scattering events, and finally destroyed by diffuse boundary scattering. Therefore, thermal conductivity largely depends on the rate of momentum transfer to the boundary, a quantity that is determined by N-scattering rates and a sample width, just as resistance in fluid flow depends on viscosity and a pipe diameter. The significance of the extrinsic momentum loss mechanism in the hydrodynamic regime, diffuse boundary scattering, implies that a material’s thermal conductivity largely depends on the sample shape and geometry in contrast to the diffusive case. This is also much different from the ballistic case since the sample size in the hydrodynamic regime is assumed to be much larger than phonon mean free path. The momentum loss mechanism in phonon Poiseuille flow imposes constraints on sample width in order for phonon Poiseuille flow to occur26. If the width of a sample is too large, the excess momentum is more likely to be destroyed by R-scattering before being transferred to the boundary. In this case, the transport is close to the diffusive regime rather than the hydrodynamic regime. On the other hand, if the sample width is less than the phonon mean free path, transport is ballistic. These considerations determine the upper and the lower bounds, respectively, of the sample width for phonon Poiseuille flow (see Methods and Supplementary Note 3 for details). A window of sample widths for phonon Poiseuille flow, calculated from first principles, is shown in Fig. 3a. We also present the results for another allotrope of carbon, diamond, for comparison with graphene, since diamond features weak U-scattering compared with N-scattering owing to its large Debye temperature27,28. The figure shows that graphene has a much wider window of sample widths for phonon Poiseuille flow than diamond. The possible range of sample widths in diamond with an extremely enriched isotope content (0.01% 13C) is too narrow even at the lowest temperature we examined (50 K). With a moderately enriched isotope condition (0.1% 13C), there is no possible sample width for which phonon Poiseuille flow would occur. The results for diamond confirm the significant difficulty in observing hydrodynamic phonon transport in three-dimensional materials5. In graphene, however, there is a large window of sample widths at temperatures below 100 K. When the isotope content is increased from 0.01 to 0.1%, the window becomes narrower but is still very wide at temperatures below 100 K. Graphene’s exceptionally wide range of temperatures and sample widths for phonon Poiseuille flow is due to the strong N-scattering shown in Fig. 3b. We compare the scattering rates of graphene and diamond in (Fig. 3b–e) to highlight the strong N-scattering in graphene. The N-scattering rates in graphene are around 1010 s−1, whereas in diamond they are 108 s−1 at 100 K. Owing to the strong N-scattering in graphene, R-scattering remains comparatively small even when the isotope content matches the naturally occurring case, 1.1% 13C (Fig. 3c). In diamond, however, R-scattering rates are comparable to N-scattering rates at the same isotope content (Fig. 3e). The underlying reasons for the strong N-scattering in graphene will be further discussed later. For the experimental confirmation of phonon Poiseuille flow, thermal conductivity can be measured by varying sample width. Here we briefly discuss several transport regimes in various sample widths. When the sample width is much larger than the mean free path of R-scattering, transport is diffusive and thermal conductivity does not vary with sample width. As the sample width decreases such that it is smaller than the mean free path of R-scattering but larger than the mean free path of N-scattering, the phonon transport can be described by Poiseuille flow. It is well known that the mass flow rate of molecular Poiseuille flow in two-dimensional duct scales as the third power of duct width. Similarly, in phonon Poiseuille flow, heat flow rate and thermal conductivity scale as the third power and the second power of sample width, respectively. (see Supplementary Note 4 and Supplementary Fig. 7 for details) The thermal conductivity that is superlinearly proportional to sample width makes phonon Poiseuille flow distinguished from the diffusive transport. As the sample width is further decreased and comparable to the mean free path of N-scattering, the transport regime is in between hydrodynamic and ballistic limits. In this case, the phonon system is similar to rarefied gas in a molecule system and it may be possible to observe phonon Knudsen minimum29. The phonon Knudsen minimum was observed in liquid helium where phonons carry most of heat at extremely low temperature30,31. If the sample width is further decreased and much smaller than the phonon mean free path of N-scattering, the transport is ballistic. The thermal conductivity in the ballistic regime described by the Casimir limit cannot be superlinearly proportional to the sample width. The thermal conductivity should be always sublinearly or linearly proportional to the sample width. Therefore, the superlinear dependence of thermal conductivity on sample width can be used for confirming phonon Poiseuille flow. However, there are several possible challenges in actual experiments. For example, one may need several graphene samples that have different sample widths but have the same quality in terms of isotope content or other defect density. The possible variations in the quality between several samples can make it untrustworthy to deduce any trend of thermal conductivity as a function of sample width. In addition, the superlinear dependence of thermal conductivity on sample width may not be a decisive evidence for hydrodynamic transport. The superlinear dependence was also observed in ballistic transport regime in silicon nanowires with roughened surface32. Another indication of phonon Poiseuille flow, which has been used in the past work5,33,34, is found in how thermal conductivity changes with temperature. An increase in the thermal conductivity with an exponent in temperature larger than that for the ballistic case is regarded as a direct evidence of phonon Poiseuille flow26,35. In the ballistic regime, thermal conductivity, κ, can be expressed with a simple formula, κ~cvL, where c is a specific heat, v is a group velocity and L is a characteristic size of sample limiting phonon mean free path. Since the sample size, L, is not changed with temperature, an increase of thermal conductivity with temperature should be associated only with specific heat and group velocity, both together determining thermal conductance in the ballistic limit. In the hydrodynamic regime, however, the effective sample size for the boundary scattering increases with temperature. This is because the N-scattering rate increases with temperature, leading to a longer travel distance of phonons to the boundary as discussed in Supplementary Note 3. The effective sample size for boundary scattering as well as the ballistic thermal conductance, cv, increase with temperature. Therefore, the thermal conductivity in the hydrodynamic regime should increase more rapidly than the ballistic thermal conductance increases with temperature. Considering that the thermal conductance of graphene in the ballistic limit increases as T1.68 (ref. 36), an observation of the thermal conductivity increasing with an exponent in temperature much larger than 1.68 can indicate phonon Poiseuille flow. In recent years, there have been many successful measurements of the thermal conductivity of graphene, but more advances would be required to observe phonon Poiseuille flow. For thermal conductivity measurements using Raman spectroscopy, the temperature range was limited to temperatures above room temperature because of large uncertainties near room temperature37,38,39,40. Alternatively, a microfabricated heater-sensor-assembly was used41,42,43, but the samples were not isotopically enriched and too small to observe phonon Poiseuille flow. Second sound Second sound refers to the propagation of a temperature wave (or phonon density wave) provoked by a heat pulse, analogous to ordinary sound in a fluid, which is pressure wave propagation. The propagation of a heat pulse in the hydrodynamic regime is much different from those in diffusive or ballistic regimes as shown in Fig. 1c,d. The pulse in the hydrodynamic regime is transmitted by many N-scatterings4,9,44,45, whereas the pulse in the diffusive regime is largely damped by R-scattering and cannot propagate. The transmission of a heat pulse can also be observed in ballistic transport, but the sample size is limited to below phonon mean free path. Therefore, the phenomenon of second sound can provide a unique way to transmit a heat pulse without leaving a temperature trace behind the wave front in a sample larger than phonon mean free path. It is important to note that second sound is different from acoustic sound in a solid because the former is a phonon density wave, which is a collective motion of phonons in a wide spectrum maintained by many N-scattering processes, whereas the latter is just ballistic transport of extremely long-wavelength phonons. The required conditions on temperature and sample size for second sound are determined from the relative strength between N-scattering and momentum-destroying scatterings26. The frequency of second sound or the inverse of a pulse duration time (Ω) should be larger than the combined rate of U-scattering, isotope scattering and boundary scattering (τRB−1, hereafter RB-scattering refers to U-scattering, isotope scattering and boundary scattering combined), but smaller than the N-scattering rate (τN−1). The former condition minimizes damping due to RB-scatterings. In particular, boundary scattering is not desirable for second sound, while it provides an important feature of phonon Poiseuille flow. The latter condition in equation (3) allows enough time to form a well-defined phonon density pulse. Otherwise, the phonon excitation would be randomized by N-scattering and would not form a pulse, analogous to the situation where an ordinary sound in a fluid is strongly damped when the sound frequency is high and comparable to the rate of scattering between molecules46. In Fig. 4a,b, we show a wide range of second sound frequencies in graphene below 100 K. The frequency range of second sound in graphene becomes narrow on the inclusion of isotope and boundary scatterings, but is still considerable when the sample is larger than 100 μm and isotope content is less than 0.1%. However, the frequency range of second sound in diamond does not exist for the given conditions since equation (3) cannot be satisfied. Shown in Fig. 4c,d are contour plots of second sound frequency range for various sample sizes, isotope contents and temperature conditions. In the same examined range of sample sizes, isotope concentration and temperature for Fig. 4c,d, we found that second sound is not possible at all in diamond. Similar to phonon Poiseuille flow, the main difference between graphene and diamond is attributable to the extremely strong N-scattering compared with R-scattering in graphene. The lower bound, calculated from momentum-destroying scattering rates, is required to minimize damping effects from the momentum-destroying scattering processes. The upper bound, calculated from N-scattering rates, is for phonons to maintain a well-defined heat pulse through many N-scattering processes. (a) The content of isotope 13C is fixed at 0.01 %. (b) The sample size is fixed at 1,000 μm. (c,d) Contour plots of second sound frequency range in graphene with respect to sample size and isotope content for 50 and 100 K, respectively. The second sound frequency range is defined as Ωupper/Ωlower, where Ωupper and Ωlower are the upper and lower bounds of second sound frequency, respectively. The frequency range is plotted on a log scale in the contour plots. Second sound in diamond is not possible in the given range of temperature, sample size and isotope content. The second sound has been experimentally confirmed by measuring transient temperature response after applying a heat pulse4,9,44,45,47. One can apply a heat pulse at one side of a sample and measure temperature change with respect to time, dT/dt, at the other side of the sample. If a clear peak in dT/dt is observed, it can be attributed to either ballistic or hydrodynamic transport. The second sound peak can be distinguished from a ballistic pulse using the fact that the propagation of second sound is slower than the propagation of acoustic sound or ballistic phonon transport. For three-dimensional materials, it is theoretically estimated that the speed of second sound, vII, is where vI is the speed of acoustic sound in Debye model2,48,49. In past experiments, a clear peak in dT/dt was observed with a delay time that could be explained well with the theoretical prediction of the speed of second sound, . The second sound in graphene can be measured in a similar way as in the three-dimensional material cases. However, the speed of second sound cannot be estimated as because the Debye model is not valid for graphene due to the quadratic ZA branch. Instead of assuming a Debye model, we calculated the speed of second sound using the phonon dispersion determined from first principles. (see Methods for details) The calculated speed of second sound in graphene is plotted in Fig. 5a. In the figure, the speed of second sound ranges from 2,000 to 3,000 m s−1 and slightly increases with temperature. The dependence on temperature is because the group velocity of ZA phonon modes increases with frequency. At low temperatures where the most excited phonons are low-frequency phonons, the average group velocity is small, resulting in slower propagation of second sound than that of the high temperature cases. It would be interesting to see how the speed of second sound is compared with the speed of ballistic transport in graphene. In Fig. 5b, we compare the delay time of ballistic transport pulse and second sound in the heat pulse experiment mentioned above. The delay time of a ballistic transport pulse was calculated based on Landauer’s formalism50. (see Methods for details) In Fig. 5b, there is a significant broadening in the ballistic transport pulse because the group velocity of ZA phonon modes largely depends on frequency. In addition, the ballistic heat pulse becomes faster at higher temperature because high frequency phonons with large group velocity are excited. We also plot the delay time of second sound based on the calculated speed of second sound in Fig. 5a. The delay time of second sound is around three times longer than that of the peak of ballistic heat pulse. The difference in delay time by three times, together with the estimated speed of second sound, can be used to separate second sound signal from ballistic heat pulse. (a) The speed of second sound in graphene with respect to temperature (b) Comparison between the delay times by ballistic transport and by second sound propagation in the heat pulse experiment. The delay time is per distance between the source and the sensor, W, in (m). The inset illustrates the configuration of the sample with a point heat source and a point heat sensor for observing second sound. Discussion The large contrast between graphene and diamond regarding hydrodynamic transport indicates that there are more reasons for the significant hydrodynamic transport in graphene, in addition to its large Debye temperature. Here we show that extremely large anharmonicity and density-of-states of long-wavelength ZA phonons, both originating from two-dimensional characteristics, are responsible for the significant hydrodynamic transport. The strong three-phonon scattering in graphene reflects a large phonon mode anharmonicity. The mode Grüneisen parameters give a measure of this anharmonicity51, and their magnitudes become large as wavelength increases (Fig. 6a). The extremely large magnitude of the Grüneisen parameters of the ZA modes near the zone centre is a characteristic of two-dimensional materials as explained by elasticity theory52. The elasticity theory predicts the divergence of the mode Grüneisen parameter, as γq~−1/|q|2 where γq is a mode Grüneisen parameter at wavevector, q. The actual divergence, however, is prevented by the strong phonon renormalization effect or any in-plane strain that stiffens the ZA phonon dispersion very near the zone centre52,53,54. In general, at large wavelengths, the three-phonon scattering processes are dominated by N-scattering since U-processes by definition require large-wavelength phonons. In particular, due to its large Debye temperature, phonons in graphene are predominantly populated in the large-wavelength region, further making N-scattering much stronger than U-scattering. This strong N-scattering is consistent with the behaviour of the mode Grüneisen parameters for ZA phonons in Fig. 6a and is confirmed in Fig. 3b,c, and also has been previously reported19,55. (a) The mode Grüneisen parameter showing the large anharmonicity of long-wavelength ZA phonon modes. The red line corresponds to the ZA branch. (b) Cumulative weighting factors for averaging scattering rates for quadratic dispersion in two-dimensional materials and linear dispersion in three-dimensional materials. The large gap between N- and R-scattering rates in graphene shown in Fig. 3b,c is further highlighted when considering the frequency range that mostly contributes to thermal transport. The transport regime, such as hydrodynamic or diffusive, is determined by comparing average scattering rates of N- and R-process as seen in second sound. It is noteworthy that the frequency ranges largely contributing the average scattering rates are different for graphene and diamond, because of their differing phonon density-of-states. The density-of-states is a constant for the quadratic dispersion in two-dimensional materials, while it increases with the square of frequency for the linear dispersion in three-dimensional materials. Therefore, the density-of-states of low-frequency phonons in the former case is much larger than that of the latter case, implying that role of low-frequency phonons in graphene is very significant. In Fig. 6b, we present the cumulative weighting factor for averaging the scattering rates as a function of phonon frequency. (see Methods for the definition of the cumulative weighting factor.) The cumulative weighting factor shows that the frequency ranges that are important for the averaged scattering rate are very different for diamond and graphene. From Fig. 6b, low-frequency phonons are most important for the quadratic dispersion in two-dimensional materials, whereas mid-frequency phonons give a larger contribution for the linear dispersion in three-dimensional materials. The significant role of low-frequency phonons in graphene results in the robust hydrodynamic phonon transport since low-frequency phonons exhibit a larger gap between N- and R-scattering rates as shown in Fig. 3b,c. In conclusion, we predict the hydrodynamic phonon transport in suspended graphene that is clearly distinguishable from the usual diffusive or ballistic phonon transport. The significant hydrodynamic transport in graphene is attributed to two-dimensional features such as extremely large scattering rates for momentum conserving N-processes and large density-of-states of long-wavelength ZA phonons. The significant hydrodynamic phonon transport in graphene provides a new perspective beyond diffusive and ballistic transport pictures to understand thermal transport in two-dimensional materials. In this work, we have focused on the sub-room temperature range, where hydrodynamic transport dominates over diffusive transport, but the hydrodynamic transport is also important for room temperature cases. The phonon transport in graphene at room temperature cannot be solely described by the diffusion limit due to strong N-scattering55, and the hydrodynamic transport presented here indicates another limit one may need to consider to fully understand phonon transport in graphene at room temperature. In addition, the significant hydrodynamic features imply practical importance. For example, considering the importance of boundary scattering shown in phonon Poiseuille flow, thermal rectification would be achievable in a tapered graphene sheet. The fast thermal transport without damping featured in second sound also shows a potential usage of graphene as thermal interconnects or thermal signal transmitters. Methods Phonon distribution function from first principles The second- and third-order force constants of graphene were calculated from the density functional perturbation theory56,57 using the Quantum-Espresso package58. The pseudopotential contains 2s2p2 as valence states with the Perdew–Zunger exchange-correlation functional59. The calculated force constants were validated by comparing mode Grüneisen parameters as in previous studies19,21. (see Supplementary Fig. 2) The force constants of diamond were adopted from ref. 60. The three-phonon scattering rates were calculated using perturbation theory15. The strong renormalization effect for long-wavelength ZA phonons in graphene was included by using phonon stiffening parameters from ref. 52. For the isotope scattering calculation, the 13C isotope was treated as a point defect61. Using the calculated three-phonon and phonon-isotope scattering rates, the linearized Peierls–Boltzmann equation was solved with the iterative method16 for the distribution function under a temperature gradient. For calculating scattering rates and solving the Peierls–Boltzmann equation, the first Brillouin zone was sampled with 70 × 70 and 30 × 30 × 30 meshes for graphene and diamond, respectively. The condition for phonon Poiseuille flow If phonons exhibit the displaced distribution, the transport of all phonon modes can be described by a single parameter, the displacement. Exploiting this feature, the macroscopic momentum balance equation can be derived from the Peierls–Boltzmann equation by taking crystal momentum as a moment26,62. Assuming a two-dimensional material, the momentum balance equation is where v is a group velocity and isotropic phonon dispersion is assumed. The above equation contains inner products of the eigenstates of the N-scattering operator, |0› and |1›. The eigenstates, |0› and |1›, represent the deviation of phonon distribution due to the temperature variation in real space and to a drift velocity, respectively25. Both eigenstates are expressed as13,25 where x is the dimensionless phonon frequency, ħω/kBT. The ϕ and θ represent normalization factors for each state and α denotes a direction. The a0(x) and a1(x) in equation (4) are weights of the two states in the actual distribution at position x in real space. The physical meanings of a0(x) and a1(x) are temperature and drift velocity, respectively. The detailed derivation and discussion can be found in refs 13, 25, 26, 62. Equation (4) was originally derived for isotropic and linear dispersion13,26, but then extended to general cases62. Equation (4) looks similar to the Stokes equation, which is the macroscopic momentum balance equation for molecules when there is no change in the drift velocity along the flow direction, and thus the inertia term in the Navier–Stokes equation is removed. The right-hand side shows momentum gain by the temperature gradient, analogous to the pressure gradient term in the Stokes equation. The first term on the left-hand side means momentum transfer by N-scattering, analogous to the viscous term in the Stokes equation. The second term on the left-hand side reflects the momentum loss by R-scattering and does not have any counterpart in the Stokes equation. Therefore, for phonon Poiseuille flow to occur, the viscous effect, ‹1|v2τN|1›∇2, should be larger than the R-scattering effect, ‹1|τR−1|1›. To compare the strength of the first and the second terms on the left-hand side, we estimate the ∇2 operator as (L/2)−2, where L is a sample width. Then, the required condition for the viscous effect being larger than the R-scattering effect is Adding the condition for non-ballistic transport to the above gives, where vy is a group velocity along the sample width direction. The above criteria can be qualitatively understood with a random walk picture of phonon transport26,35. (see Supplementary Note 3) For phonon Poiseuille flow, second sound and spectral contribution to an averaged scattering rate calculations, we consider only the lowest phonon branches for graphene (ZA) and diamond (TA1), respectively, since these branches carry most of heat at low temperature55,63, also as confirmed in our calculation. (see Supplementary Fig. 1) The condition for second sound The N- and RB-scattering rates calculated from first principles were averaged with the displaced state, |1› (refs 26, 62). In the above expressions, we made a small modification from the original expression given by ref. 26. Please see Supplementary Note 5 for details. Derivation of the speed of second sound The past studies theoretically estimated the speed of second sound in three-dimensional materials as where vI is the speed of acoustic sound in Debye model2,48,49. For graphene, however, its phonon dispersion cannot be described by Debye model because of the nearly quadratic ZA phonon branch. Here we derive the wave equation for second sound from the Peierls–Boltzmann equation for arbitrary phonon dispersion cases to estimate the speed of second sound. We assume that R-scattering is negligibly weak and thus crystal momentum is approximately conserved. We start from the Peierls–Boltzmann transport equation for phonon transport. where the right-hand side represents the change in the phonon distribution due to scattering. Taking energy and crystal momentum along the flow direction as a moment leads to the macroscopic equations for energy and momentum balance, respectively. where λ is the phonon polarization. The right-hand side of equation (13) is zero because energy is always conserved on scatterings. The right-hand side of equation (14) is also zero because here we assume R-scattering is negligibly weak and thus crystal momentum is conserved. The actual phonon distribution (N) under very weak R-scattering can be approximated as the displaced distribution function as we confirmed in Fig. 2. The displaced distribution can be linearized because the displacement in phonon distribution has a very small value: In addition, we can neglect higher-order terms associated with the small displacement (ux) in equations (13) and (14). The resulting equations are Taking the time derivative of equation (16) and the spatial derivative of equation (17), and then subtracting these two equations result in the hyperbolic wave equation for second sound. where vII represents the speed of second sound and can be expressed as The above expression can be simplified using the notation, |0› and |1›. Applying the Debye model for three-dimensional materials into equation (20) gives as previously derived2,48,49. For graphene, we calculate the speed of second sound using equation (20) and the phonon dispersion of ZA branch from first principles. We also calculated the speed of second sound by including all three acoustic branches for the inner products in equation (20), but the speed of second sound is almost same as that by including only ZA branch. Delay time of ballistic heat pulse Unlike other three-dimensional materials, the speed of ballistic transport in graphene cannot be represented by a single value of the speed of acoustic sound because of the quadratic ZA phonon branch. The group velocity, which largely depends on phonon frequency, can cause a significant broadening in a ballistic heat pulse. To take account of this effect, we suppose an experiment for observing second sound, similar to the past experiments for three-dimensional materials4,9,45,47. Suppose we have a rectangular shape graphene sheet with a point heat source at the left edge and a point thermal sensor at the right edge, as illustrated in the inset of Fig. 5b. At t=0, a heat pulse is generated at the point source with a delta function profile with respect to time. Assuming that all phonon modes transport ballistically, then the temperature change at the sensor can be expressed using the Landauer’s formalism50. where W is a distance between the source and the sensor. The ΔT is a temperature difference between the source and the sensor at t=0+. The delta function of vy is included because phonon modes propagating with an oblique angle to the x direction cannot contribute to the ballistic thermal transport between the point source and the point sensor. This constraint prevents any additional broadening of the ballistic heat pulse from the finite size of the source and the sensor. In the actual cases where the source and the sensor have finite size, the temperature signal should be broader than that given by equation (22). Using equation (22) and phonon dispersion of ZA modes from first principles, we plot the temperature signal in ballistic transport in Fig. 5b. Spectral contribution to the averaged scattering rate In the macroscopic transport equation like equation (4), the scattering rate is averaged using the displaced state,|1›. Similarly, we define the cumulative weighting factor for averaging scattering rate as where ξ is one for quadratic dispersion in two-dimensional materials and four for linear dispersion in three-dimensional materials. The values of ξ can be derived from the definition of the state, |1›, in equations (5) and (6) by assuming isotropic phonon dispersion. In fact, for the case of perfectly quadratic dispersion in two-dimensional materials (ξ=1), the low-frequency contribution to the averaged scattering rate diverges as frequency approaches zero. Such a singular behaviour is prevented by phonon stiffening from the renormalization effect. The spectral contribution in Fig. 6b includes the renormalization effect by using phonon stiffening parameters given in ref. 52. Additional information How to cite this article: Lee, S. et al. Hydrodynamic phonon transport in suspended graphene. Nat. Commun. 6:6290 doi: 10.1038/ncomms7290 (2015). References Casimir, H. B. G. Note on the conduction of heat in crystals. Physica 5, 495–500 (1938). Ward, J. C. & Wilks, J. III. Second sound and the thermo-mechanical effect at very low temperatures. Philos. Mag. 43, 48–50 (1952). De Haas, W. J. & Biermasz, T. The thermal conductivity of KBr, KCl and SiO2 at low temperatures. Physica 4, 752–756 (1937). Ackerman, C. C., Bertman, B., Fairbank, H. A. & Guyer, R. A. Second sound in solid helium. Phys. Rev. Lett. 16, 789–791 (1966). Mezhov-Deglin, L. Measurement of the thermal conductivity of crystalline He4. J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 49, 66–79 (1965). Dresselhaus, M. et al. New directions for low-dimensional thermoelectric materials. Adv. Mater. 19, 1043–1053 (2007). Cahill, D. G. et al. Nanoscale thermal transport. J. Appl. Phys. 93, 793–818 (2003). Cahill, D. G. et al. Nanoscale thermal transport. II. 2003–2012. Appl. Phys. Rev. 1, 011305 (2014). Jackson, H. E., Walker, C. T. & McNelly, T. F. Second sound in NaF. Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 26–28 (1970). Vincenti, W. G. & Kruger, C. H. Introduction to Physical Gas Dynamics Wiley (1965). Klemens, P. Thermal conductivity of solids at low temperatures. Handbuch der Physik 14, 198–281 (1956). Sussmann, J. A. & Thellung, A. Thermal conductivity of perfect dielectric crystals in the absence of Umklapp processes. Proc. Phys. Soc. 81, 1122 (1963). Guyer, R. A. & Krumhansl, J. A. Solution of the linearized phonon Boltzmann equation. Phys. Rev. 148, 766–778 (1966). Deinzer, G., Birner, G. & Strauch, D. Ab initio calculation of the linewidth of various phonon modes in germanium and silicon. Phys. Rev. B 67, 144304 (2003). Broido, D. A., Malorny, M., Birner, G., Mingo, N. & Stewart, D. A. Intrinsic lattice thermal conductivity of semiconductors from first principles. Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 231922 (2007). Omini, M. & Sparavigna, A. Beyond the isotropic-model approximation in the theory of thermal conductivity. Phys. Rev. B 53, 9064–9073 (1996). Fugallo, G., Lazzeri, M., Paulatto, L. & Mauri, F. Ab initio variational approach for evaluating lattice thermal conductivity. Phys. Rev. B 88, 045430 (2013). Esfarjani, K., Chen, G. & Stokes, H. T. Heat transport in silicon from first-principles calculations. Phys. Rev. B 84, 085204 (2011). Bonini, N., Garg, J. & Marzari, N. Acoustic phonon lifetimes and thermal transport in free-standing and strained graphene. Nano Lett. 12, 2673–2678 (2012). Lindsay, L., Broido, D. A. & Reinecke, T. L. First-principles determination of ultrahigh thermal conductivity of boron arsenide: a competitor for diamond? Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 025901 (2013). Lee, S., Esfarjani, K., Mendoza, J., Dresselhaus, M. S. & Chen, G. Lattice thermal conductivity of Bi, Sb, and Bi-Sb alloy from first principles. Phys. Rev. B 89, 085206 (2014). Lee, S., Esfarjani, K., Luo, T., Zhou, J., Tian, Z. & Chen, G. Resonant bonding leads to low lattice thermal conductivity. Nat. Commun. 5, 3525 (2014). Lindsay, L., Li, W., Carrete, J., Mingo, N., Broido, D. A. & Reinecke, T. L. Phonon thermal transport in strained and unstrained graphene from first principles. Phys. Rev. B 89, 155426 (2014). Callaway, J. Model for lattice thermal conductivity at low temperatures. Phys. Rev. 113, 1046 (1959). Krumhansl, J. A. Thermal conductivity of insulating crystals in the presence of normal processes. Proc. Phys. Soc. 85, 921 (1965). Guyer, R. A. & Krumhansl, J. A. Thermal conductivity, second sound, and phonon hydrodynamic phenomena in nonmetallic crystals. Phys. Rev. 148, 778–788 (1966). Wei, L., Kuo, P. K., Thomas, R. L., Anthony, T. R. & Banholzer, W. F. Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified single crystal diamond. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 3764–3767 (1993). Ward, A., Broido, D. A., Stewart, D. A. & Deinzer, G. Ab initio theory of the lattice thermal conductivity in diamond. Phys. Rev. B 80, 125203 (2009). Chen, G. Nanoscale Energy Transport and Conversion: A Parallel Treatment of Electrons, Molecules, Phonons, and Photons Oxford Univ. Press (2005). Greywall, D. S. Thermal-conductivity measurements in liquid 4He below 0.7 K. Phys. Rev. B 23, 2152–2168 (1981). Whitworth, R. W. Experiments on the flow of heat in liquid helium below 0.7 K. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 246, 390–405 (1958). Hochbaum, A. I. et al. Enhanced thermoelectric performance of rough silicon nanowires. Nature 451, 163–167 (2008). Thomlinson, W. C. Evidence for anomalous phonon excitations in solid He3. Phys. Rev. Lett. 23, 1330–1332 (1969). Hogan, E. M., Guyer, R. A. & Fairbank, H. A. Thermal conductivity of oriented single crystals of hexagonal close-packed helium 4. Phys. Rev. 185, 356–373 (1969). Gurzhi, R. Thermal conductivity of dielectrics and ferrodielectrics at low temperatures. J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 46, 719–724 (1964). Bae, M.-H. et al. Ballistic to diffusive crossover of heat flow in graphene ribbons. Nat. Commun. 4, 1734 (2013). Balandin, A. A. et al. Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett. 8, 902–907 (2008). Ghosh, S. et al. Extremely high thermal conductivity of graphene: prospects for thermal management applications in nanoelectronic circuits. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 151911 (2008). Chen, S. et al. Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified graphene. Nat. Mater. 11, 203–207 (2012). Cai, W. et al. Thermal transport in suspended and supported monolayer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett. 10, 1645–1651 (2010). Pettes, M. T., Jo, I., Yao, Z. & Shi, L. Influence of polymeric residue on the thermal conductivity of suspended bilayer graphene. Nano Lett. 11, 1195–1200 (2011). Wang, Z. et al. Thermal transport in suspended and supported few-layer graphene. Nano Lett. 11, 113–118 (2010). Xu, X. et al. Length-dependent thermal conductivity in suspended single-layer graphene. Nat. Commun. 5, 3689 (2014). Ackerman, C. C. & Overton, W. C. Second sound in solid helium-3. Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 764–766 (1969). McNelly, T. F. et al. Heat pulses in NaF: onset of second sound. Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 100–102 (1970). Kinsler, L. E., Frey, A. R., Coppens, A. B. & Sanders, J. V. Fundamentals of Acoustics 4th edn Wiley-VCH (1999). Narayanamurti, V. & Dynes, R. C. Observation of second sound in bismuth. Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 1461–1465 (1972). Landau, L. The theory of superfluidity of helium II. J. Phys. USSR 5, 71–90 (1941). Ward, J. & Wilks, J. The velocity of second sound in liquid helium near the absolute zero. Philos. Mag. 42, 314–316 (1951). Imry, Y. & Landauer, R. Conductance viewed as transmission. Rev. Mod. Phys. 71, S306–S312 (1999). Leibfried, G. & Schlömann, G. Heat conduction in electrically insulating crystals. Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Goett. Math.-Phys. K1. 2, 71 (1954). Roldán, R., Fasolino, A., Zakharchenko, K. V. & Katsnelson, M. I. Suppression of anharmonicities in crystalline membranes by external strain. Phys. Rev. B 83, 174104 (2011). de Andres, P. L., Guinea, F. & Katsnelson, M. I. Bending modes, anharmonic effects, and thermal expansion coefficient in single-layer and multilayer graphene. Phys. Rev. B 86, 144103 (2012). Mariani, E. & von Oppen, F. Flexural phonons in free-standing graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 076801 (2008). Lindsay, L., Broido, D. A. & Mingo, N. Flexural phonons and thermal transport in graphene. Phys. Rev. B 82, 115427 (2010). Gonze, X. First-principles responses of solids to atomic displacements and homogeneous electric fields: Implementation of a conjugate-gradient algorithm. Phys. Rev. B 55, 10337–10354 (1997). Gonze, X. & Lee, C. Dynamical matrices, Born effective charges, dielectric permittivity tensors, and interatomic force constants from density-functional perturbation theory. Phys. Rev. B 55, 10355–10368 (1997). Giannozzi, P. et al. QUANTUM ESPRESSO: a modular and open-source software project for quantum simulations of materials. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 21, 395502 (2009). Perdew, J. P. & Zunger, A. Self-interaction correction to density-functional approximations for many-electron systems. Phys. Rev. B 23, 5048–5079 (1981). Broido, D. A., Lindsay, L. & Ward, A. Thermal conductivity of diamond under extreme pressure: a first-principles study. Phys. Rev. B 86, 115203 (2012). Tamura, S.-i. Isotope scattering of dispersive phonons in Ge. Phys. Rev. B 27, 858–866 (1983). Gurevich, V. L. v. Transport in Phonon Systems Elsevier Science Publishers (1986). Seol, J. H. et al. Two-dimensional phonon transport in supported graphene. Science 328, 213–216 (2010). Acknowledgements We thank N. Hadjiconstantinou, L. Shi, B. Liao, M. Luckyanova, C. Landon, D.H. Yi and A. Maznev for useful discussions. We also thank L. Lindsay for providing us force constants of diamond. This work was partially supported by ‘Solid State Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion Center (S3TEC),’ an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under Award Number: DE-SC0001299/DE-FG02-09ER46577 (for developing first-principles phonon transport simulation tools) and partially supported by U.S. Department of Defense AFOSR MURI via Ohio State University (for exploring cryogenic applications of phonon transport). S.L. acknowledges support from a Samsung scholarship. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. Supplementary information Supplementary Information Supplementary Figures 1-7, Supplementary Notes 1-5 and Supplementary References (PDF 769 kb) Rights and permissions About this article Cite this article Lee, S., Broido, D., Esfarjani, K. et al. Hydrodynamic phonon transport in suspended graphene. Nat Commun 6, 6290 (2015). Received: Accepted: Published: DOI: Further reading Heat transfer at nanoscale and boundary conditions Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik (2022) Phonon-engineered extreme thermal conductivity materials Nature Materials (2021) Non-Fourier phonon heat conduction at the microscale and nanoscale Nature Reviews Physics (2021) Nonlocal heat conduction in silicon nanowires and carbon nanotubes Heat and Mass Transfer (2021) Nonlocal and nonlinear effects in hyperbolic heat transfer in a two-temperature model Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik (2021) By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Advertisement Advertisement Read Next Wildlife In The MistMist, fog, dramatic light, moody,... Stop Using Program ModeDon’t just take a picture, make a... Where The Flowers AreFinding photographic satisfaction in... Advertisement Featured Articles Wide Angle Wildlife Bonsai Rock Pumas Of Patagonia Batch Resize Photos With Photoshop’s Image Processor Lake Of The Clouds Safari Adventure One of the best parts of my year is when I get the opportunity to go back to Africa to lead another photo safari. It never ceases to amaze me how many incredible photo ops there are while driving through the Serengeti or other national parks in Tanzania. However, even though there are a lot of wonderful moments, knowing how to capture those amazing moments is key to the safari photographer’s success. Young lion cub in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania. Timing Your Trip Depending on where you go on safari, make sure you visit at prime animal viewing times. This will vary from country to country, and I would suggest that you do some research online to determine the best time of the year to see the kind of animals you seek to photograph. The safaris I run in Tanzania take place in January, February and March for the calving season and in August to coincide with the wildebeest and zebra herd crossings at the fabled Mara River. During calving season, there are roughly 8,000 wildebeest born each day, and that means great timing for cute baby animal photos as almost all the animals give birth at this time of year. Plus, the predators like the big cats are out in full force with easy pickings more readily available. For the river crossings, it doesn’t get more exciting than this. The massive herds are challenging yet so much fun to photograph. Other countries will have different times best suited for taking wildlife photos. Be proactive, and do your research. Ideally, you will be going on a photo safari where your operator has taken all this into account, but it is always best to get some idea on your own before booking your trip. Zebra and wildebeest at the Mara River crossing. Go With A Pro For most people, doing an African photo safari is likely to be a once-in-a-lifetime experience. While I’m sure it would be fine to go with a regular safari group, going with a company that specializes in photography will pair you up with other passionate and motivated photographers and provide you with a pro photographer leader who knows his or her stuff. This can make all the difference in the world when it comes to the images you take while on your safari adventure. Patience Is Required This is not the place to rush or be impatient. You’re blessed to be in Africa on a dream trip for photographers, so take a moment to breathe, relax and prepare yourself to wait for the perfect shot to find you. Once you see a potential wildlife subject, get your settings straight on your camera(s) and pay close attention. You may only get a split second to react for a once-in-a-lifetime photo. Often, you also will have to wait for that shot … and wait, and wait. There is, however, a true moment of reward when all that tedious waiting pays off with a burst of adrenaline when a magical scene unfolds in front of you, and you find yourself perfectly prepared to fire the shutter to capture your prize-winning photo. Lenses For Photo Safari I’m certainly not a gear hound, but I am a fan of having the right gear for the gig. Safaris are particularly specific in terms of what gear you’ll need to capture awesome wildlife shots. On safari, bigger is often better. You’ll want to have a super telephoto lens as this will be your go-to glass on safari. Ultra-fast telephoto lenses that are 300mm or longer paired with a teleconverter will significantly increase your chances of getting superior in-focus photographs. All camera brands have some decent choices, and there are even really good third-party lens companies that make excellent alternatives. Canon and Nikon definitely lead the field in terms of telephoto lens choices, especially with fast ƒ/2.8 and ƒ/4 lenses in the 400mm to 600mm range. Sony also offers a 400mm f/2.8 and 600mm f/4 for its mirrorless system, which is a perfect lens for safaris. Male lion at the Ngorongoro Crater. I’m currently using Fujifilm cameras and lenses, and my choice in this system is the 100-400mm f/4.5-5.6 (150-600mm 35mm-equivalent), but while I like that lens, especially when paired with a 1.4x or 2x teleconverter, it is a bit slow compared to the Sony, Nikon and Canon lens lineup of high-speed glass. While you do not need to have a fast prime or zoom to get amazing safari photos, it certainly does not hurt to have one. My lens lineup for safaris (35mm-equivalent) includes the following: Wide Zoom Or Prime 16-35mm zoom or a prime in this range While you may not use this lens all the time on safari, there may be a few times where you’ll want to capture the “big picture” unfolding in front of your eyes. A wide-angle lens will be able to help you convey the majesty of what you’re witnessing. No need to go super wide like 14mm or less, and I do suggest zoom lenses over primes for your shorter lenses. That being said, if you don’t have a wide-angle lens on a safari, you likely won’t miss it. If you’re looking to pack light, leave this one at home. Standard Zoom 24-70mm or 24-105mm This is my “don’t leave home without it” lens. While not my favorite lens, it sure is ideal for capturing a good portion of my keepers. Short Telephoto Zoom 70-200mm I love this lens for wildlife shooting. It is always affixed to one of my camera bodies while on safari. I would say that this is the most versatile lens in the safari shooter’s kit. It’s easy to handhold, fast, sharp and adaptable to multiple points of view from normal to telephoto. Trust me, you want this lens in your kit. Super Telephoto Zoom Or Prime This is where I find that there are so many good choices, and I’ll break it down a bit more with respect to zooms and primes. For a zoom, you want something like a 200-400mm (or longer), and pair this along with at least a 1.4x teleconverter. Getting close perspectives on your stunning animal subject matter will knock your socks off. Trust me, while the three previous zooms I mention will get you some beautiful images, if you do not have a super telephoto lens, you will be eating your heart out as you look at your safari companions’ images shot with super telephoto fast glass. When selecting a prime super telephoto, go with at least a 400mm, and, if you can afford it, get the fastest lens possible. If you are on a budget, there sure are good alternatives, so don’t worry. With newer camera sensors, cranking up the ISO to 1600 or higher to compensate for slower apertures is not an issue with regard to image quality. Teleconverters All the pro camera companies make 1.4x and 2x teleconverters that allow you to turn that super telephoto into a mega-super telephoto lens. You’ll want one of these (or both) on your trip. With all three zooms I am suggesting above (other than the super telephoto), I would recommend the ƒ/2.8 or ƒ/4 versions when possible. As with so many different kinds of photography, sunrise and sunset light are the absolute best for safari photography. At these times, the light is beautiful and soft but also weaker than in the middle of the day, and as such you’ll want a faster lens to be able to capture moving subjects with as little digital noise as possible. I do realize that some of the suggested super telephoto lenses are crazy expensive, but you always have the alternative to rent instead of buying the ultra-pricey glass. While the long lenses are great for shooting, I also strongly recommend using a good pair of binoculars for spotting and casual viewing. You don’t have to break the bank on these and can get a good pair for under $300. I have a pair of 10×42-powered binoculars and love them. They are compact enough and bright enough for my needs. Additional Gear Tips For Photo Safaris Forget the safari clamps and fancy-pants “safari” gimbal attachments. You’ll just be spending money for nothing when a simple bean bag is all you need to brace your camera on the roof of your vehicle. Unless you have the safari vehicle to yourself and can set up clamps and gimbals on both sides of the vehicle for your use only, you will slow yourself down and get in the way of the other guests in your vehicle. You do not want to be that person—believe me, this is not the way to make friends. A dazzle of zebras in South Serengeti. Tripod Or No Tripod? Leave the tripod at home. I am always using a tripod on my travel shoots, and that is how I have made a name for myself over the years, but safari shooting is a completely different animal—pardon the pun. You will have no use for a tripod or monopod on your safari, so unless you will be following the safari with a trip to a location where you’ll be shooting landscapes, leave the tripod at home or at your hotel or camp. On my safaris, I strongly discourage tripods, monopods and even safari clamps. These are all just cumbersome tools that will likely prevent you from getting your shot as opposed to actually helping you. I suggest using bean bags to stabilize your camera and lens in your safari vehicle. They are ideal for quick movement and small so as to not get in the way of your vehicle mates. Power Up Bring lots of batteries and chargers. You will shoot more than you think. If you run out of batteries, just remember that I told you so. Memory Cards & Backup This is another item you want to have in abundance. Memory cards are relatively cheap these days, and if you run out, you will not be a happy photographer. When shooting rapid-moving subject matter at fast continuous shooting rates, you will find yourself taking thousands and thousands of photos. Be prepared for that. Fast cards (read/write speeds) are a must. Waiting for your cards to record while magic happens in front of you is not an experience you want. To make sure that your images are backed up and safe, I always suggest bringing a laptop and external hard drives to store images. I bring two drives and keep them separate, just in case of loss, theft or damage. If you want to travel lighter, and your camera has two memory card slots, use one as the backup card. If you do that and want to safeguard your files, again, store the cards separately and bring a lot of cards. Having at least two copies of your once-in-a-lifetime images will put your mind at ease. Camera Settings On Safari ISO This is where you’ll want to use Auto ISO, as light can change drastically if your animals walk or run into the shade or if they turn around and become backlit. Having the camera set to Auto ISO will help you keep your shutter speed high enough to assure sharp images. If not using Auto ISO, be certain to check your settings frequently. You should also always check your ISO every morning as you may have had it set it for the conditions of the previous day’s shooting conditions, and they won’t likely be the same the next morning. Light Metering My recommendation for this is to have your meter set to Spot Metering. You’re likely going to want to focus on one animal in your frame and have the photograph exposed for the animal rather than the overall scene. You may have to sacrifice your sky or background detail to properly expose for the animal, but that’s well worth it in the end. Bracketing Especially in situations where you’re faced with high-contrast scenes, I suggest bracketing with three frames at 1.5 to 2 stops plus and minus exposure compensation. On safari, you’ll be faced with some once-in-a-lifetime situations, and it is worth firing off some extra frames to ensure that you capture the perfect (or near-perfect) shot. Image Stabilization If your camera or lens has image stabilization (most do), use it. Safaris are the perfect environment for this feature, especially when you are set at a slower shutter speed or are hand holding off the beanbag. When placing the camera on a bean bag, be sure to test this feature by turning it on and off to see the difference. I use a mirrorless Fujifilm camera these days, and in the EVF I can sometimes see the image jump around slightly if I use image stabilization on a tripod or if it is set on a beanbag and very stable. When I see that happen, I turn off the stabilization for better results. Autofocus Settings Every camera and camera manufacturer has unique AF settings for specific shooting conditions. Study this well before you go on your safari and learn how to manipulate the autofocus settings to your advantage. I hear you—this is confusing and at times intimidating, but it is up to each individual photographer to get to know their camera and how to best use it. After all, it is the photographer who takes the photograph, not the camera. Study the manual to start, but then I have a bit of advice that may help you immensely with regards to this and other educational needs when it comes to your gear: Use YouTube as a resource and type into the search box your camera make and model and the words “autofocus settings.” You should then see several instructional videos on how to best set up the AF settings on your camera. Look for the videos with the highest view count, as those are likely to be the best ones. Female rhinoceros and her female calf in Serengeti National Park. Slow & Steady Depending on your camera model, and if you have a booster or battery grip, your camera will be able to shoot anywhere from a relatively slow 3 frames per second to a head-spinning 20 fps or even faster. While the 14 to 20 fps has advantages, it can also become a negative if used too much. You’ll run out of memory card and hard drive space much quicker if you use this high-speed shooting all the time, and, secondly, you’ll have a heck of a time when it comes to image selection later on. If something incredible happens in front of you, such as a chase or a stampede at a river crossing, then you may want to use the ultra-high speed for short bursts of exposures. Do remember to switch back to a slower continuous shooting rate when you don’t need the speed and to be more selective of when you hit the shutter. During one of my safaris, it is not uncommon for my guests to shoot 20,000 frames or more. If you took just 5 seconds to review each of the frames, you’d be looking at close to 28 hours of image selecting. See The Light As in any kind of photography, lighting is everything. Reading the light and knowing how to manipulate your camera to different settings applicable to each situation is of paramount importance. Early-morning and late sunset present the challenge of having beautiful soft golden light but at a much lower intensity. At these times of day, be prepared to crank up the ISO, open up to lens’ larger apertures, and brace yourself with a bit more certainty than during times where the light is strong, and you shoot at fast shutter speeds. Some of my best shots come from this time of day, including the image of the lion coming out of the green brush in this article. That was a foggy morning at sunrise, and I had just a few seconds to get the shot at a high ISO in low light. Keep your fingers crossed for soft light and cloudy days. Having clouds not only will make the light hitting the animals more subtle and less contrasty, but also, when including skies in your photos, clouds add drama to your photographs. When there is no cloud cover in midday situations, you may want to look for close-up shots or animals in the shade. Many of the animals will seek shaded shelter at this time as the sun can get quite intense. Don’t expect the animals to be very active in intense light and heat. Take a break during these times and have lunch, return to your camp for a rest, and be sure to wear a hat and stay hydrated. There are plenty of exceptional photo ops waiting for you later in the day. Backlighting Instead of explaining this technique myself, I refer you to Russ Burden’s excellent article on the subject, “Backlit Wildlife” which does a great job in covering this fun topic, and I’m sure you’ll get a lot out of it. Shoot RAW If you want to be serious about your photography, you absolutely need to be shooting in RAW to get the most detail from your image files. The high dynamic range and lossless format of RAW files are just two of the many reasons to use this mode. You will have to learn how to post process those files to take advantage of them to the fullest, and if that doesn’t interest you, JPGs are fine but certainly cannot compare to a properly edited RAW file. Try Black & White Young leopard climbing a tree in Central Serengeti. While I love shooting in full, bright, vivid color most of the time, there is something timeless and classic about black-and-white safari photos. Apart from the images looking great in black-and-white, you can get away with shooting in harsher lighting conditions when you convert your images to black-and-white. Lightroom and Capture One do a nice job on your RAW conversions into black-and-white, but don’t forget Silver Efex Pro and Tonality as other excellent options for converting your color files into stunning monochrome final images. The Eyes Have It Just like in people photography, when we look at photos of animals, we look at the eyes. It is hard-wired in our DNA to focus on the eyes of all animals. In order to make that connection with the animal and the viewer of your photo, you’ll want the eyes to be sharp. Some cameras have facial recognition or eye detection features. Try using them to see if that helps get your subject matter’s eyes in focus. Otherwise, be aware that you’re going to want to try to focus on the animal’s eyes as much as possible. Emotion & Relationships I shoot a lot of other types of travel imagery, but it is very rare to capture pure raw emotion like when I’m photographing wildlife in Africa. Whether it be an intense hunt or a warm moment between mother and child, those types of images are usually the ones that captivate the viewer more than others. Look for animal pairs or trios, as those are most often the ones where you’ll capture a connection or relationship between animals. Groups are tougher to capture, but if you can get a larger group to all look good in one photo, then you’re doing a great job. Cape buffalo and his best friend, the oxpecker. Connect With Your Environment Every once in a while, please put your camera down and soak in the majesty of your environment. Take a deep breath, scan the horizon, look at the animals with your eyes, heart and soul, and realize how truly blessed you are to be able to be living this incredible experience. Share these moments with your travel companions in a deep way. You’ll look back on these moments fondly when you look at your photos in the future. We are possibly one of the last generations in human history to be fortunate enough to be able to witness some of these animals in their natural environment. I take time on each safari to be mindful of how blessed I am to be able to share this beautiful planet with so many other incredible animals. On safari, like in no other situation I can think of, we get to encounter and view so many species of animals that I can barely keep track. I don’t think I’d have as deep and meaningful of an experience if I spent the whole time on a safari taking photos and only thinking about getting the next shot. Ken Kaminesky Ken Kaminesky is the co-founder and owner of Discovery Photo Tours as well as a commercial travel photographer and the travel photography columnist for Outdoor Photographer.. Throughout his travels, Ken seeks to capture images and stories that will inspire and motivate people to step out their front door and embrace adventure. As one of the founders and tour leaders at Discovery Photo Tours he gets the chance to share his love for travel and photography with avid photo enthusiasts from all over the world. Savouring art, food, history, and culture with tour groups in places like Jordan, Tanzania, and Japan is one of the most rewarding aspects of his work. His favorite place in the world is always his next destination. He believes that each place has a unique story that will inspire others, which he aims to capture in his images. He doesn’t usually talk about himself in the third-person.

Content uploaded by Andre Oboler Author content All content in this area was uploaded by Andre Oboler on Jan 28, 2016 Content may be subject to copyright. The Global Forum for Combating Antisemitism The Global Forum for Combating Antisemitism (GFCA). The Forum serves as an important meeting place for exchange of knowledge and formulating the global work plan for combating Antisemitism. The Online Hate Prevention Institute The Online Hate Prevention Institute (OHPI) is Australia’s only national charity dedicated to reducing the risk of harm resulting from online hate. Focusing mainly on social media, OHPI tackles Antisemitism, racism, xenophobia, cyberbullying, misogyny, homophobia, religious vilification and other forms of online hate. We improve systems and work to make online hate as unacceptable as real world hate. OHPI runs the FightAgainstHate.com reporting system, produces detailed reports, runs campaigns, manages incidents, empowers public action, and advises governments, technology companies and civil society organisations. The FightAgainstHate.com reporting tool The FightAgainstHate.com reporting system is developed and operated by the staff of the Online Hate Prevention Institute. The software was designed to provide the metrics first called for by the 2009 Global Forum for Combating Antisemitism. The system allows members of the public to report antisemitism and other forms of hate in social media into a central global database. NGOs, government agencies, academics and other experts can access the collected data. This report provides an example of what can be done with the data from FightAgainstHate.com. The system can also filter content based on the country of the people who reported it. The author, Dr Andre Oboler Dr Andre Oboler is CEO of the Online Hate Prevention Institute, co-chair of Global Forum for Combating Antisemitism’s working group on Antisemitism on the Internet and in the Media, and a member of the Australian Delegation to the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). He is a Distinguished Visitor for the IEEE Computer Society, an executive member of the Jewish Community Council of Victoria, and a Councillor on the Executive Council of Australian Jewry. Dr Oboler is a 2015 winner of Australia’s Jewish changemakers award, a member of the ROI Community, and an alumnus of the Legacy Heritage Fellowship and of Monash University’s John Bertrand Leadership program. Dr Oboler holds a PhD in Computer Science from Lancaster University (UK), a Juris Doctor from Monash University (Australia) and completed a Post- Doctoral Fellowship at Bar-Ilan University (Israel). The cover artist, Ben Garrison Ben Garrison is a freelance cartoonist living in Montana, USA. His political cartoons with a Libertarian style feature in newspapers and online. Mr Garrison is one of the foremost targets of Neo-Nazi trolls who edit his cartoons to promote antisemitic messages and Nazi ideology, often leaving his signature on the altered works. They also create sites and social media accounts impersonating him. Mr Garrison has been active in combating such hate with anti-racist cartoons and online content, and serves as OHPI’s Cartoonist in Residence. His website is and his new book “Rogue Cartoonist: The Internet Perils of a Citizen- Muckraker” is available through Amazon. For the story of Ben Garrison in a cartoon, see “The Internet’s Most Trolled Cartoonist” by David Blumenstein at The Nib Measuring the Hate The State of Antisemitism in Social Media By Andre Oboler Cover art by Ben Garrison Prepared by the Online Hate Prevention Institute, for the Global Forum for Combating Antisemitism Published in Melbourne by: Online Hate Prevention Institute 306 Hawthorn Rd, Caulfield South, Vic, 3162 Ph: (03) 9272 5594 Website: ISBN: 9780987429490 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry is available from the National Library of Australia: This publication is copyright. Other than for the purpose of and subject to the conditions prescribed under the Copyright Act, no part of this publication may in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, microcopying, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted without prior written permission. Enquires should be addressed to the publishers. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. This notice serves as prior written permission to the extent covered by the license. The Online Hate Prevention Institute’s reports are released for free under creative commons license to increase their impact. You can print and distribute copies of this report provided the report is complete, and the distribution is done on a not-for-profit basis. To share the report online, please link to The work is made possible by public donations; please consider making a donation to help support this vital work (). You can stay informed of future work by joining OHPI’s Facebook page () and mailing list (- list/). Feedback on this report can be sent via OHPI’s contact form: Executive Summary On January 9th. The. Figure 2 Facebook takedowns of Holocaust denial Figure 3 Facebook takedowns of incitement Figure 4 Youtube takedowns of. 46% 0% 12% 42% 3 months 5 months 10 months online 12% 38% 25% 25% 3 months 5 months 10 months online 2% 2% 96% 3 months 5 months 10 months online 5% 12% 34% 49% Promoting violence Holocaust denial Israel-related Traditional Figure 1 Categories of Antisemitism 1 Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Research Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 3 High Level Results ................................................................................................................................... 5 Platforms based results ...................................................................................................................... 5 Category based results ........................................................................................................................ 7 General Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 8 The category of promoting violence against Jews .................................................................................. 9 Examples from YouTube ................................................................................................................... 12 Examples from Twitter ...................................................................................................................... 14 Examples from Facebook .................................................................................................................. 15 The category of Holocaust denial ......................................................................................................... 18 Examples from YouTube ................................................................................................................... 21 Examples from Twitter ...................................................................................................................... 22 Examples from Facebook .................................................................................................................. 23 The category of New Antisemitism ....................................................................................................... 25 Examples from YouTube ................................................................................................................... 29 Examples from Twitter ...................................................................................................................... 30 Examples from Facebook .................................................................................................................. 32 The category of Traditional antisemitism ............................................................................................. 34 Examples from YouTube ................................................................................................................... 38 Examples from Twitter ...................................................................................................................... 39 Examples from Facebook .................................................................................................................. 41 Moving forward .................................................................................................................................... 43 GFCA 2015 Statement on Combating Cyberhate and Antisemitism on the Internet ........................... 44 Action Plan of the Working Group on Antisemitism on the Internet and in the Media 2015 .............. 46 Key Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 46 All Recommendations to Combat Antisemitism ............................................................................... 47 All Recommendations to Combat Terrorism .................................................................................... 52 Appendix A: Working definition of Antisemitism ................................................................................. 53 Appendix B: Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion .................................................. 55 Appendix C: Memo on the spelling of Antisemitism ............................................................................ 56 2 Introduction Four French Jews were killed on January 9th 2015 in an attack on the Hypercacher kosher supermarket in Paris, which was targeted following the attack on the offices of Charlie Hebdo and an aborted attack on a Jewish center which left a police woman dead. Dan Uzan, a community security volunteer, was killed outside the Great Synagogue in Copenhagen, Denmark, on February 15th. The multitude of fatal knife attacks on Jewish targets in Israel is ongoing and has become known as the “Knife Intifada”.1 The far right is gaining in popularity, particular in parts of Europe, while the antisemitism flowing out of parts of the Muslim and Arab world is inspiring self radicalisation and violent extremism. The Internet, specifically social media, is empowering a rise in hate speech, incitement, and violent extremism.2 The call for data on antisemitism in social media The 2008 Global Forum for Combating Antisemitism was the first forum to specifically raise the issue of antisemitism in social media. The paper “Online Antisemitism 2.0: Social Antisemitism on the Social Web” released at this meeting warned of “the use of online social networking and content collaboration to share demonization, conspiracy theories, Holocaust denial, and classical antisemitic motifs with a view to creating social acceptability for such content”.3 The conference also heard of the need to shift the focus from traditional websites run by extremists to social media platforms which were being used by antisemites as powerful freely available tools. The third Global Forum for Combating Antisemitism, which took place in 2009, created the Working Group on Antisemitism on the Internet and in the Media. A report from this first working group meeting highlighted areas of concern, key recent incidents, and positive initiatives. It also outlined a number of policy recommendations and the major challenges to combating online antisemitism. The first major challenge was to address the fact that: The working group has been seeking to meet this major challenge. In 2011 a meeting of working group experts took place in Jerusalem, and a detailed design documents for software to meet this challenge were discussed. The 2013 Global Forum saw the released of a major report, “Online 1 See further commentary, 2 Mike Wendling, “The year that angry won the internet”, BBC, 30 December 2015. Online at: 3 Andre Oboler, Online Antisemitism 2.0. “Social Antisemitism on the Social Web”, Post-Holocaust and Antisemitism Series, JCPA, (April 2008, No. 67). Online at:- social-antisemitism-on-the-social-web/ We have a lack of metrics on: a. The number of problem items in specific platforms e.g. reported groups in Facebook, reported Videos on YouTube b. The number of items resolved on specific platforms e.g. groups shut down, videos removed, complaints reviewed or dismissed ... d. The time delay between something being reported and action being taken in a specific platform 3 Antisemitism: A systematic review of the problem, the response and the need for change”, which reiterated the challenge from 2009, as well as surveying work undertaken in the field and adding further recommendations.4 The 2013 Working Group meeting called for action and one of its recommendations was to: Responding to the call Through January and February 2015 a sample of 2024 items of antisemitism were gathered through the FightAgainstHate.com reporting system. Reporting was promoted through the “Spotlight on Antisemitism” campaign,5 which explained the reporting process and encouraged public participation. The campaign focused on Facebook, YouTube and Twitter and provides a live count of the number of unique antisemitic items as they were reported. Staff of the Online Hate Prevention Institute also contributed to the reporting. As items were reported, the person reporting them categorised them into one of four types of antisemitism: Traditional antisemitism, New Antisemitism, Holocaust Denial, and Promoting violence against Jews. This report includes sections on each of these categories with detailed explanations of what is included within the category. Research Methodology Based on the recommendations of the Global Forum, the Online Hate Prevention Institute (OHPI) in Australia developed FightAgainstHate.com, a cloud based tool for reporting, monitoring, and measuring the response to online antisemitism as well as other forms of online hate. Using the tool the public can report various types of online hate speech and assign both a category and sub- category to the hate they report. The tool was launched in December 2014 in Sydney, Australia, by The Hon Paul Fletcher MP on behalf of Australian’s then Communications Minister, The Hon Malcolm Turnbull MP. In February and March the Online Hate Prevention Institute ran an online campaign encouraging people to use the new tool specifically to report items of online antisemitism. A counter was added to the campaign site showing the number of unique items reported in real time. 2024 unique items of social media content were reported. Each time an item was reported it was categorised by the reporter as one of: Traditional antisemitism which accounts for conspiracy theories, antisemitic tropes, racist slurs etc. 4 Andre Oboler and David Matas, "Online Antisemitism: A systematic review", GFCA Report, 201. Online at:- Seminars/GFCA2013/Documents/OnlineAntisemitism.pdf 5 Create a global database of antisemitic material, to understand how many websites, Facebook pages; videos, etc. are/were online. 4 New antisemitism where the State of Israel and Jewish people by association are demonised Holocaust Denial Violence being promoted against Jews The system recorded the type of content (e.g. differentiating between a Facebook image and a Facebook page) and filtered out duplicates where the same item was reported multiple times in the same category. There were 33 items which were reported under more than one category of antisemitism and these are treated as distinct items for this research. This report is therefore based on a sample of 2057 categorised items. At the start of April the classified data was extracted from the system. OHPI staff reviewed the items and archived the content by taking screenshots of Tweets and Facebook content and downloaded copies of the reported YouTube videos. The data was analysed holistically to examine the relative amount of antisemitism by platform and by category. The qualitative research approach involved staff who reviewed the data creating a summary for each category of antisemitism, giving an overall feel for the items found within that category. Each summary was supported by a selection of three examples of content from each of the three platforms for that category of antisemitism. Explanatory notes were created to explain the antisemitic nature of the items. These examples provide a feel for the larger sample of hate within the category. The quantitative research first presented the division of items within each category by social media platform. Each platform was then further divided between channels for publishing content and items of content. In the case of YouTube the dividing is between channel which are YouTube Channels / Users, and items which are individual videos. On Twitter the division is between users (as channels) and tweets as items of content. On Facebook the division was made between pages and groups as channels, and items and user accounts as items of content. Users were included with items as a report of a user was most likely to relate to their name, profile picture or cover image rather than the use of the profile to share a stream of antisemitic content. A draft report with this content was distributed at the Global Forum for Combating Antisemitism in May 2015. Following this Facebook, YouTube and Twitter were each offered the list of addresses to content on their platform which was included in the report. Twitter and YouTube accepted this offer agreeing to review the list of provided items. The platforms were given the month of July to review the data. At the start of August all the content was checked a second time to see if it was still online. A further check was carried out in January 2016 prior to the release of this report. The removal rates are represented in this report by platform across the entire sample, and also by platform within each category. The removal rates signify the items taken down by June 11th (3 months), the items removed by August 7th after Twitter and YouTube had an opportunity to review the data set (5 months), and by January 25th 2016 (10 months). The relative division of the antisemitic content from the sample within each category as it stands at the time of this report is also provided. Where a platform’s share of the remaining antisemitic content is higher than its share at the start, this demonstrates the platform is responding to the problem of antisemitism comparatively less well than other platforms. 5 High Level Results Platforms based results The majority of the antisemitic items included in this research are still online. Only 20% of the sample has so far been removed (see Figure 5). This demonstrates a significant gap between what the community understand to be antisemitic, and expects to be a violation of community standards which prohibit hate speech, and what social media platforms are currently willing to remove. The initial level of antisemitism is not uniform across the social media platforms. As shown in Error! Reference source not found., YouTube has the most antisemitism (41% of the sample), followed by Twitter (36%) and then Facebook (23%). At the end of this research, as shown in Figure 7, Facebook has significantly reduced its share of the antisemitism from 23% down to 18%, Twitter has done slightly better than remaining static, and YouTube has fallen behind rising from 41% of the antisemitism to 47%. Another way of looking at this is in terms of the rate of removal which for Facebook is 37% (i.e. 1-(301/477)), Twitters is 22% (i.e. 1-(584/746)), and YouTube is 8% (i.e. 1- (766/834)). The percent of antisemitic items remaining on each platform over time is shown in Figure 8. Figure 6 Initial antisemitism by social media platform Figure 7 Final antisemitism by social media platform These results strongly suggest that the reason YouTube has the largest starting point is because the cumulative volume of antisemitism on YouTube is growing over time (relative to the other platforms) due to YouTube’s lower removal rate. Facebook’s smaller share by contrast is in part a result of their efforts at removal which means there was less antisemitism for people to find and initially report. 23% 36% 41% YouTube 834 477 746 18% 35% 47% YouTube 766 301 584 1651, 80% 406, 20% Online Offline Figure 5 Current status of antisemitic items 6 Figure 8 Percent of items remaining by Platform over time The volume of antisemitism, or any form of harmful or dangerous content, which can be found online, is a combination of two factors. The first is the volume of harmful content uploaded, and the second is the effectiveness the platform in removing it. As demonstrated, Facebook is the most effective and YouTube the least effective when it comes to removal. We can also examine the relative rate at which antisemitism is attracted to each platform. This is calculated by comparing the initial levels of antisemitism across each platform, as shown in Figure 6, with the levels we would expect to see if the upload rates were the same, and the removal rates were those previously identified. Assume 100 items of antisemitism were uploaded to each platform. After 10 months, we would expect there to be 92 items on YouTube, 78 items on Twitter and 63 items on Facebook. This is based on deducting the removal rate for each platform multiple by the initial 100 items. There are now 233 remaining items and then remaining items for each platform can be expressed as a percentage of this. This gives an expected 39% of the items on YouTube, 33% of the items on Twitter and 27% of the items on Facebook in a case where the rate of antisemitism being uploaded was the same across the three platforms. Comparing this to the data in Figure 6, YouTube and Twitter in reality each have each have a little more of the hate than expected, while Facebook appears to have a little less than expected. This suggests that the initial rate antisemitism is attracted to each platform is not equal, and that YouTube and Twitter are in fact attracting more of the hate than One hypothesis that seems likely is that Facebook’s more active removal of hate creates a deterrent to those spreading hate. The difference is relatively small, and may relate to a reduction in repeat offenders rather than a reduction in the initial willingness of people to upload hate. Twitter has recently become more proactive in remove hate, so the impact on online culture may not yet have been felt. If this hypothesis is correct, it means that a failure to tackle online antisemitism, and likely other problems like the promotion of online extremism, is itself an exacerbating factor in the rise of such content on social media platforms. 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% campaign end 3 months 5 months 10 months YouTube 7 Category based results The most common category of antisemitism overall, at 49% of all reported items, was traditional antisemitism which accounts for item like conspiracy theories, antisemitic tropes, and racist slurs. The second most common category at 34% was New Antisemitism where the State of Israel and Jewish people by association are demonised. Holocaust denial accounted for 12% and content promoting violence against Jews accounted for 5%. The spread of categories across the social media platforms varies, and conversely the dominance of the different platforms within each category, varies. Take down rates are also not consistent within a single platform across multiple categories. This data is best examined in depth category by category through the rest of this report. Table 1 provides a summary of the removal rates for each platform and category combination, as well as the average removal rates by platform and by category. The table can be used to predict the likelihood of an item of antisemitism coming down eventually (after 10 months) if the platform and category are known. At the extremes, an item of Holocaust denial on Facebook has a 58% chance of being removed, while an item promoting New Antisemitism on YouTube has only a 4% chance of being removed. Of particular concern is the fact that the promotion of antisemitic violence has only a 14% chance of removal on Twitter. Traditional New Antisemitism Holocaust Denial Violence Plat. Avg. 42% 27% 58% 75% 37% 25% 20% 20% 14% 22% YouTube 9% 4% 10% 30% 8% Category Avg. 21% 16% 22% 26% Table 1 Removal Rates for Antisemitism in Social Media As can be seen, the likelihood of reported antisemitic content being removed differs considerably based on both the platform and the category of antisemitism, with major variations both within categories (across the platforms) and within platforms (across the categories). Figure 9 Antisemitism by category 5% 12% 49% 34% Promoting Violence Holocaust Denial Traditional New Antisemitism 698 115 1003 241 8 General Recommendations The following recommendations are made in light of these findings: Recommendation 1: The approach to combating antisemitism in social media needs to occur on a per platform basis and with specific attention to different types of antisemitism, particularly those which are not being effectively controlled on the given platform. Recommendation 2: Resources and training are needed to equip those tackling antisemitism in social media. As older forms of antisemitism re-emerge, older resources will need to be adapted for the internet age and a new generation of anti-racism activists. Recommendation 3: Action is needed to close the gap between the informed public and expert understanding of antisemitism and the existing understanding of the social media platforms. Recommendation 4: Greater efforts are needed to ensure reported items are correctly assessed and areas with a low removal rate on a particular platform may require further focused discussions between experts, governments and platform providers. 9 The category of promoting violence against Jews Promoting violence against Jews is the most direct form of antisemitic hate expressed online. This also applied when the violence is expressed as being against “Israelis” or “Zionists”, as both terms are used to refer entirely or predominantly to Jews in this context of this violence. The ubiquity of such content on the Internet has played a role in the increase in violent attacks against Jews and Jewish establishments around the world, and particularly in Europe, in the last few years. Violent speech encourages violent actions, and when people read, see and hear calls for violence against Jews, it normalises the concept. FightAgainstHate.com allows the categorisation of such antisemitic content into a dedicated category of “Promoting violence against Jews”. This captures content covered by the example of “Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical ideology or an extremist view of religion” in the working definition of antisemitism.6 The sample contains examples of a spectrum of violent antisemitism, from Facebook pages calling for the killing of particular Jews to slogans calling for war against the Jewish people (Tweets such as “Gas the kikes. Race war now”). Content calling for the annihilation of Israel, such as Facebook pages calling for “death to Israel”, were also included since such calls are a promotion of genocide. Analysis of the data suggests that this category of “promoting violence against Jews” is most prevalent on Twitter. This is not surprising given that Twitter operates on anonymity and catchy and emotional hashtags. Such an environment encourages people to become increasingly irresponsible in their expressions in the hope of being noticed. One of the vilest hashtags to go viral on Twitter during the height of the Israel-Palestine conflict last year was #HitlerWasRight. In justifying the attempted genocide of the Jewish people, it was one of the most vocal, public and direct attacks on Jews on Twitter. Past years have seen similar problems with #UnBonJuif (“a good Jew”) becoming the third post popular trending hashtag in France 2012.7 In recent months, Twitter has acknowledged that the abuse and vitriol on its platform needs to be addressed,8 and has been taking steps to remove such content and identifying and respond to repeated offenders.9 has introduced an “email report” button on its reporting system that will send you an “email that packages the threatening Tweet and URL along with responsible Twitter username and URL and a timestamp, as well as your account information and the timestamp of your report.”10 This can be presented to the law enforcement agencies as evidence of threats and threatening speech. In 2015 many virulently antisemitic Twitter users had their accounts blocked or suspended. However, given their past lack of action, a large volume of such content is still circulating on the platform. 6 See Appendix A 7- twitter/ 8 Tiku N & Newton C “Twitter CEO: 'We suck at dealing with abuse” Feb 4, 2015, theverge.com 9 Dayal A “Twitter Tightens Security; Makes It Easier To Report Threats To Authorities” March 26, 2015, ibtimes.com- 1431121 10 Ibid 10 Promoting violence against Jews (breakdown by social media platforms) In the case of content promoting violence, the dominant platform is Twitter (see Figure 10) and relative to other platforms the problem is getting worse over time (see Figure 11). Figure 10 Initial promoting violence Figure 11 Final promoting violence Figure 12 suggests Facebook is in a process of continual improvement in this area, while YouTube appears to have improved once then stalled. Twitters rate of improvement is shallow compared to the other platforms. Figure 12 Percent of items promoting violence removed over time by platform 14% 63% 23% Youtube 27 16 72 5% 73% 22% Youtube 19 4 62 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% campaign end 3 months 5 months 10 months Youtube 11 Figure 13 Breakdown between channels and items for promotion of violence Figure 14 Takedowns over time by platform for promotion of violence As shown by Figure 14, the category of promoting violence is receiving very difference responses by the different platforms. The situation also appears to be in flux as seen in Figure 12. 62% 38% Facebook items pages & groups users & items 4% 96% YouTube items users & channels videos 26% 74% Twitter items users tweets 12% 38% 25% 25% Facebook takedowns 3 months 5 months 10 months online 0% 26% 4% 70% Youtube takedowns 3 months 5 months 10 months online 8% 6% 0% 86% Twitter takedowns 3 months 5 months 10 months online 12 Examples from YouTube This video promotes, through its annotations, the “Komplete Annihilation of The Evil Satan Worshipping Zionist Jews”. Taking a segment from The View, in a discussion on the Ground Zero Mosque, this YouTube user has annotated the video in such a way as to imply that Bill O’Reilly is a Zionist puppet. Bill’s primary line of discussion is that the location is inappropriate for a Mosque, resulting in two other guests walking out when he says “Muslims killed us on 9/11” (1:52); a statement he apologises for as he meant to specify “Muslim extremists” or “terrorists”, and did not intend to demean all Muslims (3:10). The annotations added to the video by the user “Ahmad Deedat Is The Lion of Islam” accuse Bill O’Reilly of being an agent of “Zionist Skums” whose purpose is to discredit Muslims in the media and cover up “Proof Of Zionist Evil Jews Doing 911”.The annotations also accuse him of being a paedophile, supplied with preteen victims “In Exchange For His Komplete Obediance To The Evil Satanists Jewish Illuminatti” (0:46). The annotations throughout are the sort of antisemitic accusations common to parts of the Arab world, with claims that the other guests represent an alleged 85% of Americans who “Realise 911 Was Done By Evil Jews” (1:56). One annotation displayed through the full video also cross-links to the first in an 80 part series blaming Jews and Israel for committing 9/11. 13 In this video titled “Kill the Jew!” a group of British teens are playing in a park. As two play tag and wrestle, one male onlooker shouts “Gas ‘im” (0:13), which is repeated by a female onlooker (0:17) who then continues “Gas the Jew” (0:18). In this video a reporter is told “all the Jews should be exterminated” (0:04). The report is asking for opinions about anti-Israel demonstrations from a couple of boys. The boys explain their support for genocide by saying they are against Israel because “it’s a Muslim country and therefore also our country” (0:14). They also insist that “the Jews and Israelis they are all the same” (0:48) and that they want to attack them and support those who do attack them. They go on to say that “Those weird little hats” make them “want to beat them, want to stab them” (0:40). From its original source the video may have been meant as an anti-hate video, but in this context is presented as a typically antisemitic discourse. The comment thread attracted typically overt antisemites, though with a counter by anti-Muslim respondents. 14 Examples from Twitter This Tweet overtly calls for “Death to Israel!” It features a picture with a hand in the shape of a gun and coloured as the Iranian flag shooting a Magen David below the words “the Last Encounter The account this posts comes from includes content in support of Hamas ‘freedom fighters’ against ‘Zionist human rights abusers’, and making claims that Israelis kidnap and mass- murder children. This tweet demonstrates a call for genocide against Israelis and other Zionists alike. Note that it is from 3 March 2015, and not during a period of intense conflict. This tweet endorses the actions of Hitler and his ‘final solution’ in attempting to exterminate the Jews. The Twitter account promotes the idea of voluntary human extinction, and promotes wiping out humanity’s ‘undesirables’ in a Nazis like fashion. This tweet takes an anti-theistic stance against Christianity, and its acceptance of other religions, and implies that Jews should be treated as dangerous insects and wiped out accordingly. It is one of many antisemitic posts by a Twitter user who often pushes white-supremacist ideals. 15 Examples from Facebook The title of this page calls for “Death To Israel”. It is repeated in Hebrew, indicating the audience of the message is Israelis themselves. This page posts many horrific photos of children injured or killed in what they allege are Israeli attacks in Gaza. It attempts to push the claim of Israel as a bloodthirsty baby-murderer, in doing so it aims to dehumanise Israelis and justify its call for genocide. 16 This Facebook group is called “Nuke Israel for 9/11”. It calls for genocide against Israel while promoting a conspiracy theory. The content in this group suggests the world would be a better place if Israel was destroyed. This page blames Israel for 9/11, and propagates antisemitic conspiracy theories such as 9/11 and other terrorist attacks being ‘false flag’ operations by Mossad. It accuses Jews of taking over banks, the Catholic church, and being behind historical assassinations of prominent Americans. 17 The Facebook page “Death to Israel” is another call for genocide. It feature the same symbolism of a hand in Iranian colours shooting a Magen David previous seen on Twitter. This page has symbolic images rather than images of graphic violence like the previous page. The images include pictures of Israel’s flag being stepped on, and antisemitic and pro-Palestinian memes. This page seems to have ceased regular activity however due to a strong pro-Israeli backlash in many of the posts’ comment threads. 18 The category of Holocaust denial Holocaust denial had been largely limited to discredited academics and fringe groups. However, the spread of social media has allowed such groups to reach out to the mainstream without the intermittent filters and checks, such as academic bodies or journalists. This category captures content covered by the examples of ” in the working definition of antisemitism.11 Holocaust denial on social media takes place in two forms. First is outright denial of the fact that the Holocaust ever occurred or claiming that the number of Jews killed is grossly exaggerated. The second form mocks the victims of the Holocaust. In this section we look at how such deliberately offensive content is aimed to demonize and dehumanize the Jewish community.”.12 Thus, it encourages hatred against Jews by suggesting that they demand special privileges based on a lie. A breakdown of data suggests that Holocaust denial is most prevalent on YouTube. Many of the examples are supposed documentaries making dubious claims, clips of speeches and talks by famous Holocaust deniers and discredited academics, and people uploading videos of themselves denying the Holocaust. Many videos carry an air of faux-professionalism, which makes it easier for a layperson to accept the conspiracy theories without verification. On Facebook and Twitter we also see content mocking the Holocaust by ways of cruel memes, cartoons and jokes. These platforms work as vehicles for YouTube videos denying the Holocaust to be circulated more widely. 11 See Appendix A 12 Levy, BH, “Against the New Anti-Semitism: Remembering the Holocaust Protects Us All” 22 January 2015, huffingtonpost.com- semi_b_6526364.html 19 Holocaust denial (breakdown by social media platforms) Figure 15 Initial Holocaust denial content Figure 16 Final Holocaust denial content YouTube is the largest problem when it comes to Holocaust denial, though both YouTube and Twitter appear to have difficulty in removing Holocaust denial. Facebook by contrast is responding rapidly to remove around half the Holocaust denial (see Figure 17) with further content combine down over time. Figure 17 Percent of items promoting Holocaust denial removed over time by platform 18% 38% 44% Youtube 106 43 92 10% 39% 51% Youtube 95 18 74 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% campaign end 3 months 5 months 10 months Youtube 20 Figure 18 Breakdown between channels and items for Holocaust denial Figure 19 Takedowns over time by platform for Holocaust denial 65% 35% Facebook items pages & groups users & items 0% 100 % YouTube items users & channels videos 7% 93% Twitter items users tweets 46% 0% 12% 42% Facebook takedowns 3 months 5 months 10 months online 0% 6% 4% 90% Youtube takedowns 3 months 5 months 10 months online 10% 3% 7% 80% Twitter takedowns 3 months 5 months 10 months online 21 Examples from YouTube Opening with a Holocaust denial video inside another Holocaust denial video (0:18), this video alleges that the Holocaust is a false narrative and its promotion is a profitable industry. The video claims that, “Since an early age, everyone in the West has been the target of the fiercest, most prolific propaganda campaign. Ever.” The video claims the “false narrative” is propagated throughout both news and fictional media. The video, for example, suggests Family Guy (1:02) leverages Holocaust jokes as part of a broader conspiracy rather than mere tacky humour. The video also claims the efforts to portray Holocaust denial as illegitimate are a means to silence “honest and innocent researchers like David Irving” (2:24). This is a defence of someone a court of law has found “persistently and deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence” and who the Hon. Mr. Justice Gray described in the judgement as an “active Holocaust denier”, “anti-semitic and racist”.13 The video goes on to say “if something were true, you wouldn’t need a law to protect it from scrutiny”. This is followed by a series of extracts from Don Heddesheimer’s The First Holocaust (a popular reference cited by Holocaust deniers and revisionists). The latter half of the video (6:35) is two other Holocaust denial ‘documentaries’ which have been appended for their alleged ‘proof’ of gas chambers not existing. This is an almost 50 minute long ‘documentary’ claiming to debunk the extermination aspect of concentration camps such as Treblinka, culminating in statements that Germans were tortured into giving false confessions of overseeing the murder of Jews. Irving v. Penguin Books Limited, Deborah E. Lipstat [2000] EWHC QB 11513 22 This video is a series of text panels (styled in generic red on black throughout) reciting Holocaust ‘facts’ denying the existence of gas chambers, challenging the authenticity of The Diary of Anne Frank, and claiming that Rudolph Hess was tortured and forced to give a fake confession. Examples from Twitter This tweet is part of their narrative that Jews fabricated the Holocaust, and arranged the transfer agreement with Hitler, in order to establish Israel through fraud as a front for terrorist activity. The user behind this Tweet elsewhere promotes antisemitic conspiracy theories, including Zionist ‘deceptions’ and Mossad assassinating JFK. This tweet alleges the Holocaust was a fraud and false narrative, with criticism being censored by the ‘JewMedia’. The user’s Twitter feed is filled with Neo-Nazi style content, including Jewish banking and media conspiracies. They promote white supremacy and accuse Jews of hijacking the world. 23 This tweet is one of several claiming that Holocaust museums are established to sustain a lie and sway opinion against Germany. This pro-Hitler user posts a lot of antisemitic and anti-black content, they retweet Holocaust revisionist references and deny the legitimacy of Holocaust memorials. Examples from Facebook The Holocaust denial on this page is predominantly in the titling, with the majority of content being posts of bloodied victims, alleged to have been from Israel’s military attacks on Gaza. The page also contains some direct links to Holocaust denial content. The imagery and page title together provide a form of Holocaust inversion. 24 The page from which this image was sourced includes both Holocaust revisionism and anti- Israel content. This particular image is cited as a reference that the ‘Six million Jews’ killed in the Holocaust is a fabrication. Such images are, when not fabricated themselves, often used to leverage seeds of doubt regarding such events as the Holocaust. This occurs when information is taken out of context, and subsequently presented standing on its own rather than as part of the larger series of related circumstances. This is a dedicated Holocaust denial page which alleges that Zionists pushed for the Second World War, and manipulated the allies in order to lay claim to Palestine. It further alleges the claim of 6 million being a symbolic figure derived from Jewish teachings instead of the number who perished in the Holocaust, and that the Holocaust itself was part of a Zionist conspiracy. 25 The category of New Antisemitism New antisemitism refers to a new form of antisemitism that has come about in the last two decades where the State of Israel, and Jewish people by association, are demonised. As Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks, former Chief Rabbi of the British Commonwealth, has explained, "new antisemitism is different from the old. In the past Jews were hated for their religion, then for their race. Today they are hated for their nation state." He further notes that, "Criticism of Israel is not antisemitism, but demonisation is”.14 Prof Alvin H. Rosenfeld described one aspect of the new antisemitism as "the singling out of the Jewish state, and the Jewish state alone, as a political entity unworthy of a secure and sovereign existence". He notes that this type of antisemitism sees "a conflation of interests among those on the far right, segments of the intellectual left, and radical Islam".15 New antisemitism is based on the premise that both Zionism and the State of Israel are evil, and anyone who – to a greater or lesser degree – supports or stands for the rights of these two are evil. Since, this would include most Jewish people around the world, they are automatically demonized under this category. None of their actions, demands or rights for safety, security, respect or self- determination are considered legitimate. In fact, being evil, they are promoted as being legitimate targets of hate, incitement and persecution. The list of examples given by the working definition was suggested to those reporting New Antisemitism as a guide. Relevant parts of the definition include:16. Importantly, the Working Definition also notes that “criticism of Israel similar to that levelled against any other country cannot be regarded as antisemitic”. This reiterates the points made by Rabbi Sacks of differentiating between criticism and demonization. The data highlighted a number of key themes falling under the category of New Antisemitism. These are: Zionism as Evil / Denying Israel’s right to exist: Critics of Israel on social media often use the disclaimer that they don’t stand against Jews but against Zionists / the State of Israel. However, they use such a broad brush to describe Zionism (anyone supporting Israel’s right to exist) and have only one possible outcome to offer to Israel (cease to exist) that it leaves no room for discussion for a Jewish person, who in anyway 14 Sacks, J. Rabbi “The hate that starts with Jews never ends there” Aug 16, 2014, rabbisacks.org, 15 Rosenfeld, AH “Progressive Jewish Thought and the New Anti-Semitism” December 2006, American Jewish Committee- D25925B85EAF%7D/PROGRESSIVE_JEWISH_THOUGHT.PDF 16 See Appendix A 26 supports Israel’s right to exist. Promotion of such content via Tweets, Facebook Pages, posts and comments, YouTube videos and comments, though often looks like it is based on a political ideology, actually is a call to deny all Jews the right to self-determination and to its historic homeland. The Israeli-Nazi comparison: Calling Israel a Nazi state, comparing its policies to that of Nazi Germany’s, comparing Palestinian victims to the victims of the Holocaust, or saying that the Jews should know better and not behave like Nazis has become increasingly common on social media. Its use is aimed at causing distress to the survivors of the Holocaust and/or their children. More importantly, its prevalence on the Internet is no accident. As explained in The Australian17, Hamas has been encouraging its supporters to compare the situation in Palestine to the Holocaust as part of a carefully orchestrated social media strategy. The strategy has been openly promoted to activists via official Hamas channels. MEMRI translated the guide in mid-July last year from Arabic to English. One of the points from the guide is to “Avoid entering into a political argument with a Westerner aimed at convincing him that the Holocaust is a lie and deceit; instead, equate it with Israel’s crimes against Palestinian civilians”. Israel as a terrorist state: Such content. Its social media strategy guide specifically states: .”18 False flag: False flags generally refer to covert operations designed in such a way that they appear to be carried out by entities, groups, or nations other than those who actually planned and executed them. There are many conspiracy theories circulating on social media accusing Israel of orchestrating many global and national disasters. Our data shows Israel being accused of events from 9/11 terrorist attack (which is very popular) to the global financial crisis of 2007-08 and the Fukushima Daichii nuclear disaster in 2011. 17 Oboler, A. “Rise of Anti-Semitism From This War Is No Accident” Aug 11, 2014, The Australian 18 Ibid 27 New antisemitism (Israel-related) (breakdown by social media platforms) Figure 20 Initial New Antisemitism Figure 21 Final New Antisemitism Figure 22 Percent of items of New Antisemitism removed over time by platform As Figure 22 makes clear, YouTube is particularly problematic when it comes to removing New Antisemitism. This said, none of the platforms are particularly good in this area. 34% 28% 38% Youtube 264 237 197 30% 27% 43% Youtube 253 174 158 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% campaign end 3 months 5 months 10 months Youtube 28 Figure 23 Breakdown between channels and items for New Antisemitism Figure 24 Takedowns over time by platform for New Antisemitism As Figure 24 demonstrates there is a low chance of removal when it comes to New Antisemitism. The removal rates are also staggered indicating many reports are repeatedly rejected before finally being upheld. YouTube is a clear problem in this area. 85% 15% Facebook items pages & groups users & items 0% 100 % YouTube items users & channels videos 41% 59% Twitter items users tweets 12% 9% 6% 73% Facebook takedowns 3 months 5 months 10 months online 0% 2% 2% 96% Youtube takedowns 3 months 5 months 10 months online 7% 7% 6% 80% Twitter takedowns 3 months 5 months 10 months online 29 Examples from YouTube This video claims that 9/11 was a Mossad operation, and under the voice-over scrolls a series of threads from The Information Underground forum about alleged Jewish ‘false flag’ terrorist operations. It cites the allegations that the towers were wired for demolition by Israeli operatives, and that the Zionist World Order planned the event to engender sympathy for Israel. This video is titled “Israel – The World’s biggest terrorist state!” this accusation crosses the line from legitimate criticism into antisemitism. The video is a running compilation of anti-Israel photos (including demolished buildings and soldiers) and captions such as “Israel was established upon the ruins of another nation that she destroyed” (0:30), and claims that Israel holds the records for most homes demolished and most civilians crippled (1:45). 30 This video promoted the arguments of the Neturei Karta, a small radical sect within Judaism who believe a Jewish state should not exist before the messiah comes. The video is a prolonged rant about Jews living peacefully alongside Muslims in the region before 1948, and claims that Zionism appropriated Jewish ideas for political rather than religious purposes through fear tactics and scaremongering. Examples from Twitter This tweet twists the classic “guns don’t kill people” line in order to lay blame for violence in the region solely at Israel’s feet. It comes from of a particularly antisemitic user whose display name is “Israeli Mossad Did 9/11”, promoting another antisemitic conspiracy theory. 31 This tweet calls for the death of Jews on account of Zionism, and alleges that Zionism is illegitimate as no country has an innate right to existence. This tweet may have been posted in jest, but the lack of context result in it having an overall negative effect. This user posts regular anti-Israel content, in this case a political cartoon for World Water Day which implies that Jews are greedy (making use of the common caricature), and that Israel steals resources from the Palestinians. The hashtags also promote the claims of ‘Israeli Apartheid’, and suggest a pro-Hamas stance. 32 Examples from Facebook A prominent anti-Israeli page which draws parallels between Israel and Nazi Germany posted this image promoting the idea that ‘antisemitism’ is a catch-cry to silence dissenters, rather than a legitimate claim of vilification. The image also alludes to the ‘Jew World Order’ conspiracies with its claims of Zionist control and aggression by Israel.. 33 This page uses iconographic tropes in its header images to imply a correlation between Nazism and Zionism. It promotes a variety of anti-Israel content including claims of genocide against Palestinians, and terrorist videos (such as public beheadings) being produced in secret Mossad television studios using green screens and other trickery to fake events. The irony of the claims that Israel falsifies photos is that this page posts photos of ‘Israeli soldiers assaulting Palestinians’ which actually are proven fakes; discredited parts of the ongoing smear campaign by Hamas against Israel in social media. 34 The category of Traditional antisemitism Traditional antisemitism includes conspiracy theories, lies and canards that are spread on social media to dehumanise, demonise and stereotype Jewish people. Many of these are well-established conspiracy theories – Blood Libel, deicide, Protocols of Elders of Zion etc – that have been publicly disproved time and again, but the Internet, and particularly, the social media, have given them new legs and a new audience. The data also demonstrates the emergency of many new canards about the Jews as a collective. Usually, but not always, the classic forms of antisemitism fell into the following categories of the working definition of antisemitism:) Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by non-Jews. 3) Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations19 Some of the more prevalent conspiracy theories that populate the social media were: Jews killed Jesus accusation (deicide): Despite the Second Vatican Council rejecting the idea that Jews killed Jesus, social media is rife with accusations that the Jews are collectively guilty for the death of Jesus, a key form of Christian antisemitism. Blood libel: The blood libel is an accusation that Jews kidnap Christian children and drain their blood for use in rituals. It does back to medieval England and the mysterious death of 12 year old William of Norwich which was blamed on the local Jews. Blood libels accusations through history are well document, and social media often uses historical artefacts to argue the blood libel is real. Jewish control of America conspiracy: Such content often accuses American members of parliament, members of the executive, heads of financial institutions, heads of American media houses and entertainment industry, to be Jews, hidden Jews, or somehow beholden to the Jews or the State of Israel. Thus, they have Israeli and Jewish interest at heart not American. Rothschild conspiracy: Such content, taken together, suggests that all world events are currently controlled by one powerful Jewish banking family, the Rothschilds. Illuminati conspiracy: The bizarre conspiracy theory accuses Jews of being connected to Illuminati practices and beliefs, including a “new world order” focused on empowering Jews as the sole leaders of the world. It is shockingly popular on YouTube. 19 See Appendix A 35 Star of David satanic correlation conspiracy: The claim that the origins of the Star of David hexagon symbol relate to Satan, or the hex, and that the symbol was chosen for the Israeli people because they are a cursed nation. The Khazar myth: For many centuries there have been two distinct groups of Jews, the Ashkenazim and the Sephardim. The Ashkenazim are those Jews whose ancestors in the Middle Ages were from Franco-Germany and later Poland, while the Sephardim are those whose ancestors are from the Iberian Peninsula prior to the expulsions from Spain (1492) and Portugal (1498).20 The Khazar myth argues that Ashkenazim are not real Jews but descended from the Khazars,21 a confederation of Turkic-speaking tribes whose leader and many members of the ruling class converted to Judaism around the year 740.22 Based on this myth an antisemitic argument is made to undermine the legitimacy of the Jewish state. Distorting religious texts: Jewish religious texts, such as the Talmud, are misquoted or quoted out of context in order to present Judaism as a form of evil. Examples seen include the murder molestation of children, rape as well as killing animals. Jewish world domination conspiracy: One of the many antisemitic conspiracy theories is the theory or prediction that Israel or the Jewish people have an ultimate goal to “control” or take over Europe, or the whole world. Other conspiracy theories: There are many other conspiracy theories such as the Jewish people have supposedly evil alien ancestors. Another is that Jews are working to destroy the “white race”. Glorification of Nazi ideology: While Holocaust denial is a distinct form of antisemitism, a closely related form of antisemitism is the glorification of Nazism. Such content does not claim the Holocaust didn’t happen, but rather that it did, and should happen again. Our database has shown a very strong Pro-Nazi presence on Twitter. Other examples includes content discrediting testimony by Holocaust victims or “documentaries” that aim to show “why Hitler was right”. This content has been included here to distinguish it from Holocaust denial. 20 Rabbi Dr H. J. Zimmels (1976) Ashkenazim and Sephardim: Their relations, differences, and problems as reflected in the rabbinical response, p 9. 21 Steven Plaut, “The Khazar Myth and the New Anti-Semitism”, The Jewish Press, May 9 2007. 22 36 Traditional antisemitism (breakdown by social media platforms) Figure 25 Initial traditional antisemitism Figure 26 Final traditional antisemitism Figure 27 Percent of items of traditional antisemitism removed over time by platform In this, the largest category in the sample, YouTube is again falling behind the efforts of the other platforms while Facebook is steadily showing improvement (see Figure 27). This is further illustrated in Figure 29. 18% 38% 44% Youtube 437 181 385 13% 37% 50% Youtube 399 105 290 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% campaign end 3 months 5 months 10 months Youtube 37 Figure 28 Breakdown between channels and items for traditional antisemitism Figure 29 Takedowns over time by platform for traditional antisemitism 70% 30% Facebook items pages & groups users & items 1% 99% YouTube items users & channels videos 38% 62% Twitter items users tweets 25% 8% 9% 58% Facebook takedowns 3 months 5 months 10 months online 7% 2% 91% Youtube takedowns 3 months 5 months 10 months online 12% 4% 9% 75% Twitter takedowns 3 months 5 months 10 months online 38 Examples from YouTube The description for this video makes conspiratorial claims of Jewish plans to exterminate the German people, accuses companies like Monsanto, and policies like Polio vaccinations, of being plots to affect fertility and brain function in ‘white people’. The video itself leads into footage of a classroom discussion on skin colour (0:35), which it alleges is part of anti-white brainwashing taking place in schools. It transitions with a ‘Jews as evil vampires’ image (2:38) through to a segment on immigration as a Jewish plot to ‘genocide white people’, and again for a segment on multiculturalism as a conspiracy of ‘Jewish Marxism’ (3:57). The remainder (4:40) is a selection of statements and footage from various interviews, which are commonly used throughout many of these antisemitic compilation videos. This is an old video which claims to expose the ‘evils of the Jewish Talmud’, including justification for blaming the Jews as Christ-killers and paedophiles. The first three minutes are spent citing many alleged passages from the Talmud in support of child sex offences. It then proceeds to cite alleged ‘Jewish encyclopaedias’ in claims that Jews see non-Jews as inferior, and were entitled to all of their land and property as the chosen people, alongside encouragement to kill non-Jews. It further sets Jews against Christians by claiming Talmudic references directly insulting Jesus and his mother. The video attempts to maintain a divide between Jews and non-Jews, propagating traditional canards which paint Jews as enemies of Christians and Christianity. 39 This is a compilation video of excerpts by Steven Anderson, pastor of Arizona’s Faithful Word Baptist Church; a fundamentalist institution which has been classified as a hate group due to racist and homophobic preaching.23 Adhering solely and strictly to the King James Bible, Anderson has many antisemitic sermons on his own YouTube channel. This video collects several segments which claim that Jews are not ‘real Jews’, but proponents of the ‘Synagogue of Satan’, and the associated comments are primarily by supporters of the ideas; including reciting the classical antisemitic conspiracies of ‘fake Jews’ falsifying the Holocaust and controlling the world through banks. Examples from Twitter From a Twitter user who focuses on ‘loxism’ (alleged hatred of white people by Jews; a term coined by white supremacists), this is one of their posts alluding to left-wing liberal values being part of a broader Jewish attempt to undermine ‘white power’. As seen from the replies, this stance is used as a lead in to claims of Jews as ‘the enemy’, subsequently demonising them. 23 40 Responding to a call for donations to Israeli soup kitchens, this user immediately jumped to the position that Jews only pretend to be poor and don’t actually need their own meal charities, culminating in this outburst which goes beyond berating them for their post and enforces the classic opinion of the ‘greedy Jew’. This user posted short-form statements in favour of Hitler or against Jews, alongside some related conspiracy content regarding the Illuminati. This account has since been suspended and is no longer online. 41 Examples from Facebook This page mainly posts antisemitic cartoons, such as this one implying that Jews themselves are responsible for antisemitic vandalism in order to engender sympathy by perpetrating a false narrative of victimhood. This page uses the far-right National Front’s logo as its profile picture. It subscribes to the antisemitic conspiracy theories of Eastern-Europe; blaming Jews for the likes of Marxism and Bolshevism and any affiliated violence from those movements. This particular allegation is of Muslim immigration as part of a Jewish plot to destabilise Europe, whilst establishing Muslims as ‘patsies’ to take the blame. This account has since been suspended and is no longer online. 42 Blood Libel is one of the most enduring classical antisemitic canards. This image is shared from a white supremacist website, and updates the traditional accusation of the blood of Christian children being used to make matzah for Passover. The revision alleges that animals (like this adorable puppy) are now ritually sacrificed in addition to children in some parts of the world. This account has since been suspended and is no longer online. 43 Moving forward This report provides a useful snapshot of antisemitism in social media. It also provides an example of what can now be done in the area of monitoring online antisemitism, indeed what can be done in monitoring a wide variety of forms of online hate, incitement and extremism. The technical challenges to monitoring this content have been met. The next challenge is to ensure greater reporting into the FightAgainstHate.com system, and wider use of the resulting data. The items of antisemitism already collected and not yet removed still need to be tackled, but more items arrive daily. Tracking is needed to identify which of these items are not readily removed by the platform providers, and follow up is needed on these “hard cases”. We also need to ensure social media companies learn more about antisemitism, and become more effective at identifying and removing the content themselves. The diagram below shows the big picture which we believe will lead to positive change. We need a technologically powered partnership between the public and experts in government and the NGO sector. We have the tools, the challenge now is to make the best use of them. 44 GFCA 2015 Statement on Combating Cyberhate and Antisemitism on the Internet The information superhighway is an unprecedented tool for the spread of knowledge, free expression and global interconnectedness; but it presents equally unprecedented challenges to human dignity and public safety due to the ubiquity of unfiltered cyberhate and antisemitism. The internet community – industry, government, civil society and internet users – need to take urgent steps to increase the decency of the internet and prevent its abuse for the spread of cyberhate, while preserving its essential freedom. Given the pervasive, expansive and transnational nature of the internet and the viral nature of hate materials, counter-speech alone is not a sufficient response to cyberhate. The right to free expression does not require or obligate the internet industry to disseminate hate materials. They too are moral actors, free to pursue internet commerce in line with ethics, social responsibility, and a mutually agreed code of conduct. Therefore, internet service providers, web hosting companies, social media platforms and search engines should take the following measures: Adopt a clear industry standard for defining hate speech and antisemitism, a particularly prevalent and virulent form of hate speech. Adopt global terms of service prohibiting the posting of such materials. Inform the community of internet users through clear and well displayed guidelines on unacceptable materials. Create effective mechanisms for industry self-regulation and self-detection of hate speech, including active detection of hate sites. Provide an effective complaint process, and maintain a timely and professional response capacity. Ban Holocaust denial sites from the web as a form of egregious hate speech. Omit hate websites and content from searches, and initiate mechanisms for detection and reporting of flagrantly offensive search results. Develop strong tools for the detection and prevention of websites and other internet materials that promote terrorism and recruit to terrorist groups and actions. Governments should take the following steps: Establish a national legal unit responsible for combating cyberhate Make stronger use of existing laws to prosecute cyberhate and online antisemitism, and enhance the legal basis for prosecution where such laws are absent. Require internet companies to adopt and abide by the global terms of service prohibiting the posting of hate speech and antisemitic materials. 45 Evaluate internet companies' effectiveness in self-regulation: self-detection of hate speech and response to complaints and flagging of cyberhate and online antisemitism. Adopt stronger laws and penalties for the prohibition of internet materials promoting terrorism and supporting recruitment to terrorist groups. NGO's and transnational bodies should: Advance the adoption of global terms of service prohibiting the posting of cyberhate and antisemitism. Recognizing the borderless and transnational nature of cyberhate, work to unite industry and governments in taking effective steps to confront cyberhate and online antisemitism. Urge global internet companies and governments to adopt this GFCA 2015 Statement on Combating Cyberhate and Antisemitism on the Internet Jerusalem, May 14, 2015 46 Action Plan of the Working Group on Antisemitism on the Internet and in the Media 2015 Since 2009 the Global Forum’s Working Group on Antisemitism on the Internet and in the Media has provided a forum for experts from civil society and governments to share information and formulate leading solutions to tackle antisemitism online and in the mass media. The working groups outputs include comprehensive reports on the state of online antisemitism and efforts responding to it, technical recommendation to improve online platforms, policy recommendations for the internet industry, media industry and governments, recommendations for action by stakeholders, and technical tools and assets to assist those combating antisemitism. With online antisemitism fuelling violent extremism, the working group also examines ways to combating the role of the internet in radicalization and extremism. This action plan includes the recommendations of the Working Group at its meeting during the 5th Global Forum for Combating Antisemitism. These recommendations are in addition to those put forward by the working group in its last comprehensive report, Online Antisemitism: A systematic review, in 2013. From the recommendations listed here, the working group highlighted five principle recommendations and over 65 additional recommendations. These recommendations are outlined in this document. We thank the working group members for their ongoing participation in the working group, and in particular for their input and participation related to the 2015 meeting of the working group. Adv David Matas & Dr Andre Oboler Co-Chairs, Working Group on Antisemitism on the Internet and in the Media Global Forum for Combating Antisemitism May 2015 Key Recommendations Moderation by the Media The media should work to ensure effective moderation on below the line comments on their sites, and comments on any social media channels they run and in which they promote their articles. Use of Definitions Internet providers including social media should have terms of service which prohibit the posting of antisemitic material that: a) use the definition of antisemitism defined by the European Union Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) in 2005, the United States Department of State, and other accepted definitions of antisemitism; b) ban Holocaust Denial pages and groups as a form of hate speech; use the definition of Holocaust denial defined by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance to identify Holocaust denial. 47 Combating Terrorism There must be zero tolerance of online terrorism in all its forms by internet and social network companies. Terrorism manuals and tutorials have no place in the internet and social networking. Such postings should be treated not as speech but as part of the marketing of terrorism. Activists should report such postings to both the online providers and appropriate authorities. Internet Companies The Global Forum for Combating Antisemitism recognises the progress the Internet companies have made since 2013 in countering cyberhate on their platforms, and encourages the companies to continue these efforts, in collaboration with concerned NGOs around the world to help better inform their decisions. Capturing Data The Internet Community needs tools for capturing data of antisemitism on the internet as first requested by the Forum in 2009. The Global Forum draws to the attention of the internet community the software FightAgainstHate.com, which was developed to perform this function. All Recommendations to Combat Antisemitism The information superhighway is an unprecedented tool for the spread of knowledge, free expression and global interconnectedness. but it presents equally unprecedented challenges to public safety due to the ubiquity of unfiltered cyberhate including antisemitism, a prevalent and virulent form of hate speech. The internet community - industry, government, civil society and internet users - needs to take urgent steps to prevent its abuse through the spread of cyberhate, while preserving its essential freedom. Given the pervasive, expanding and transnational nature of the internet and the viral nature of hate materials, counter-speech alone is not a sufficient response to cyberhate. The right to free expression does not obligate the internet industry to disseminate hate materials. Internet providers - service providers, web hosting companies, social media platforms and search engines - are responsible actors, free to pursue internet commerce in line with codes of conduct. A. Recommendations for Stakeholders Therefore, in combating incitement, the Working Group on Antisemitism on the Internet and in the Media adopts a plan of action to encourage the members of the Working Group to ask i) the media 1) to work to ensure a level of moderation on below the line comments on their sites, and comments on any social media channels they run and in which they promote their articles. ii) internet providers 2) to have terms of service which prohibit the posting of hate speech/antisemitic material. The prohibition should a) be global and not limited just to postings in certain countries, 48 b) elaborate through guidelines on the content of the prohibition of posting of antisemitic material, c) use the definition of antisemitism defined by the European Union Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) in 2005, the United States Department of State, and other accepted definitions of antisemitism, d) ban Holocaust Denial pages and groups as a form of hate speech, e) use the definition of Holocaust denial defined by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, f) apply to content of comments, and g) require self-identification of posting individuals and for groups, the organizers the groups. 3) to work collaboratively with concerned NGOs to inform their decisions on hate speech/antisemitism on platforms. 4) to create mechanisms for self-regulation and self-detection of hate speech, including active detection of hate sites. 5) to omit hate websites and content from searches. 6) to offer users clear explanations of their approach to evaluating and resolving reports of hateful/antisemitic elements of user-generated content, highlighting their relevant terms of service. 7) to use pop-ups warning drafters of hate speech/antisemitic content before the message is sent. 8) to have a complaints process for posted matter alleged to have violated the terms of service standard prohibiting hate speech/antisemitism which a) is transparent and fair both to the complainant and the target of the complaint, b) provides user-friendly mechanisms and procedures for reporting hateful/antisemitic content, c) has the power to suspend the posting of matter the subject of complaint pending disposition of the complaint, and d) makes decisions without delay by specialized, expert panels. 9) in response to a violation of the prohibition on antisemitic material, a) to enforce whatever sanctions the terms of service contemplate in a consistent and fair manner, b) to remove anything determined to be incitement to hatred/antisemitic from the platform, c) to ban individuals from using their platforms who have a demonstrated pattern of abuse 49 through posting antisemitic material. 10) to cooperate with law enforcement authorities in democratic countries subject to the rule of law by a) initiating communications with relevant local law enforcement when social media become aware of antisemitic criminal behaviour, b) providing information on request for the purpose of law enforcement investigation about IP addresses of the sources of posting of antisemitic material, and c) either imposing no limitations on legal jurisdiction of the requesting law enforcement authority or providing information on the jurisdiction from which the request must come. 11) to post on their websites a) hate speech search results, b) decisions and reasons on complaints, without identifying the complainants, both those accepted and those rejected, and c) a running total for complaints of the numbers, categories, dispositions and average time between complaints and dispositions. 12) to make their internal data bases available to concerned NGOs for the purpose of analysis of the complaints process and their response. 13) to give priority to removing hate/antisemitic messages with a) the greatest number of likes or followers or viewers, and b) the most obviously hate infested content. iii) governments 14) to establish, identify and develop the capacity of national, regional and local legal units responsible for combating cyberhate/antisemitism. 15) to make stronger use of existing laws to prosecute cyberhate and online antisemitism. 16) to propose to legislatures, consistent with the free speech constraints of each country, enactment of the legal basis for prosecution of cyberhate and online antisemitism where such laws are absent. 17) to evaluate and make public internet companies' effectiveness in self-detection of hate speech/antisemitism and response to complaints. iv) the Internet community (users, NGOs and transnational bodies) When combating incitement in the media: 50 18) to identify the sources of media reports which incite to hatred. 19) to investigate the funding and affiliations of TV stations, newspapers, journalists, and press bureaus which incite to hatred and their related support. 20) to monitor media reports which incite to hatred and respond. 21) to localize responses to media reports because of the differing thresholds of freedom of expression in different countries. 22) to target responses both to media organizations and individual media personalities. When combating incitement on the internet: 23) to advance the adoption of global terms of service prohibiting the posting of cyberhate and antisemitism. 24) to work together to address the harmful consequences of online hatred. 25) to train NGO staff and volunteers as well as university, college and high school students to monitor and respond to online hate/antisemitism in the way that is locally based and uses the major languages of the internet. 26) to identify, implement and/or encourage effective strategies of counter-speech - including direct response, comedy and satire when appropriate, or simply setting the record straight. 27) to share knowledge and help develop educational materials and programs that encourage critical thinking. 28) to encourage interested parties to help raise awareness of the problem of cyberhate/antisemitic and the urgent need to address it. 29) to welcome new thinking and new initiatives to promote a civil online environment. 30) to identify the sources of misinformation and point out the partisan or biased characteristics of the sources. 31) to provide readers with references to online material which provide counter arguments to the biases of this material. 32) to intervene to repeat the retraction of a falsehood, warn people of the dangers of believing the misinformation, keeping the information simple and brief, and focus on the similarities amongst partisan groups. 33) to advocate pluralism, emphasize integration of diverse positions and interests, present dissenting views, and help groups recognize their common, shared victimhood. 34) to educate the platform where complaints do not result in action. 35) to ask advertisers not to support platforms which host hate speech/antisemitism. 36) to initiate legal action where necessary. 51 37) to work collaboratively with internet providers and general human rights focused NGOs to combat hate speech/antisemitism on the internet. 38) to pay attention to smaller social networks as well as the majors. 39) to recognize positive steps taken. 40) to report online antisemitism to platforms providers and also to external systems run by governments and NGOs, and to law enforcement in criminal cases. 41) to use tools which have been developed for categorizing and capturing data on antisemitism on the internet. v) experts in antisemitism 42) to produce research exploring trends in antisemitic messaging and changes in the level of antisemitism in social media over time, both overall and by type and platform. 43) to tackle cases of antisemitism which, after an extended period of time, have not been removed. 44) to aim to help social media companies understand why items are in fact antisemitic and how similar examples can be identified. 45) to respond to antisemitic/hate content not just to the platforms, but also to the network of users and followers. 46) to develop a repository of responses. B. Action for the Working Group and the Global Forum The Working Group further incorporates into its plan of action mobilizing the Global Forum 47). 48) to recognise the progress the Internet companies have made since 2013 in countering cyberhate on their platforms. 49) to publish an online summary report every six months between now and the next Global Forum on the level of antisemitism in social media. 50) to disseminate the reports of this Working Group 51) subject to resources, on an ongoing basis, create and disseminate content in social media which combats antisemitism through counter speech which makes use of memes, animated gifs, funny/sarcastic/satirical social network posts such as tweets, Instagram images, visual content, infographics, humorous content, parody, etc to popularise opposition to the spread of antisemitism 52 52) subject to resources, and in cooperation with local NGOs and communities, to provide local Jewish communities with the tools to actively engage antisemitism on the Internet. This effort should be particularly focused on empowering adults including older members of the community. 53) subject to resources, build capacity to combat online antisemitism in countries where action against antisemitism is less well developed. This should include educating institutional actors on the means and benefits of fighting hate speech and antisemitism on the internet. All Recommendations to Combat Terrorism Core recommendation: There must be zero tolerance of online terrorism in all its forms by internet and social network companies. Terrorism manuals and tutorials have no place in the internet and social networks. Such content should be treated as the marketing of terrorism, and not as speech. A. Recommendations for Stakeholders To combat terrorism, the Working Group encourages, as part of its plan of action, the members of the Working Group to ask: i) All stakeholders 54) the relevant actors to apply the core recommendation to the combat against terrorism ii) Governments 55) legislatures to adopt stronger laws and penalties for the prohibition of internet materials promoting terrorism and supporting recruitment to terrorist groups. iii) The Public 56) activists to report the marketing of terrorism postings to both the online providers and appropriate authorities. iv) Internet Industry 57) internet providers to: a) develop tools for the detection and prevention of websites and other internet materials which promote terrorism and recruit to terrorist groups and actions, b) give priority attention to how their platforms are being used by terrorists and terrorist groups to promote terrorism, to recruit potential new terrorists, and to foster self-radicalization c) make their expertise available to those looking to generate and promote counter-narratives d) work with interested stakeholders to analyze the impact of counter-narratives in terms of their reach, scope, and effectiveness e) create a specific new terrorism category for users seeking to flag terrorism-related content f) use their corporate voices to condemn terrorist use of their platforms and to explain why terrorist activity and advocacy is inconsistent with their goals of connecting the world. 53 Appendix A: Working definition of Antisemitism The working definition was created in 2004 by the European Union Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC), now known as the Fundamental Rights Agency of the European Union. The definition has received widespread international use, for example in its adoption by the US Government for the State Department Report on antisemitism, and in its adoption by the British Police as part of their Hate Crimes Operations Guide. Use of the definition is encouraged by the Global Forum to Com bat Antisemitism. The London Declaration of the Inter-Parliamentary Coalition to Combat Antisemitism, signed by members of Parliament from around the world, also adopts the Working Definition and encourages its widespread use. The definition includes a number of examples of the most common manifestations of antisemitism and provides a very useful tool, as well as a good reference point for discussion on antisemitism. The Working Definition The purpose of this document is to provide a practical guide for identifying incidents, collecting data, and supporting the implementation and enforcement of legislation dealing with antisemitism. The working. 54. 55 Appendix B: Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion with the support of President Bill Clinton and former British Prime Minister Tony Blair. IHRA currently has 31 member countries and ten observer countries. There are also seven Permanent International Partners, namely, the United Nations, UNESCO, International Tracing Service, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Council of Europe and the Claims Conference. The Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion was developed by IHRA experts in the Committee on Antisemitism and Holocaust Denial in cooperation with IHRA’s governmental representatives for use as a working tool. Member countries adopted the Working Definition at IHRA’s Plenary meeting in Toronto on 10 October 2013. The Working Definition: 1. Intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the impact of the Holocaust or its principal elements, including collaborators and allies of Nazi Germany; 56 2. Gross minimization of the number of the victims of the Holocaust in contradiction to reliable sources; 3. Attempts to blame the Jews for causing their own genocide; 4. Statements that cast the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of “the Final Solution of the Jewish Question”; 5. Attempts to blur the responsibility for the establishment of concentration and death camps devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other nations or ethnic groups. Appendix C: Memo on the spelling of Antisemitism In 2015 the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) released a memo the spelling of antisemitism strongly recommending the non-hyphenated spelling. A similar recommendation was made by the Global Forum for Combating Antisemitism in 2009. International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance 57 century, the term antisemitism is today used to describe and analyze’.

Mass psychogenic illness—historically known as “mass hysteria”—is making a comeback. people.. There is “potential for a far greater or global episode, unless we quickly understand how social media is, for the first time, acting as the primary vector or agent of spread for conversion disorder.” There is “potential for a far greater or global episode, unless we quickly understand how social media is, for the first time, acting as the primary vector or agent of spread for conversion disorder.”. According to Bartholomew, there is “potential for a far greater or global episode, unless we quickly understand how social media is, for the first time, acting as the primary vector or agent of spread for conversion disorder.” He believes that epidemics spread by social media are “inevitable” and that “it’s just a matter of time before we see outbreaks that are not just confined to a single school or factory or even region, but covering a disperse geographical area and causing real social and economic harm.” Le Roy was the first majorly reported case during the era of social media. But there is another significant, related detail of the Le Roy case that sets it apart from the scores of mass hysteria that had come before it. Marge Fitzsimmons, a 36-year-old nurse in town, also “caught” the disease. Bartholomew said that it’s not unheard of for one or two adults to be affected, but he cannot recall any cases like Marge’s, in which the adults were not intimately involved with the children suffering from the malady. Marge said that she knew about what was going on in town mainly through Facebook postings. Catching an illness through Facebook sounds wonky. But the contagion of hysteria relies, among many things, upon the unconscious interpretation of what is suggested to us. Fitzsimmons did not even have to be in physical contact with the other girls to “catch” their disease. Marge encapsulates the power of social media to penetrate and trigger actions of the unconscious mind. She marks “a historical shift in terms of the trigger for people being affected and sucked into these cases,” Bartholomew said. Here is her story. It was December 2011, and Marge Fitzsimmons was sick. Marge, a nurse, was familiar with the many ways that the body can betray us, but this was different. It wasn’t the flu or cancer or even depression, but an illness more mysterious, fraught with anxiety and fear. Marge was a grown woman with a daughter of her own, but that winter, more than anything, she needed her mom. Her mother, Margaret, 60, had moved 250 miles south to Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, 10 years earlier. It was the first time since that Marge had insisted she visit. Marge was suffering from something she felt was deeply “private and personal,” so she wanted Margaret to visit without her husband, Marge’s stepfather. It was nothing against him, Marge said, but Margaret took it as an insult. After several failed entreaties over the phone, Marge hand-wrote a three-page letter. “I ask you this one time, and you deny me,” it read. “I’m really sick, and I just need my mom.” Weeks passed. It was the first Christmas that the two didn’t speak. The problem wasn’t only that Margaret was offended by Marge’s request. It was also that she hadn’t yet grasped the gravity of her daughter’s situation. She did not yet realize that Marge was stricken by the mysterious sickness that was spreading through Le Roy, a town of 4,000 near the Canadian border. The strange illness began that fall, when a few teenage girls at the high school started exhibiting uncontrollable tics and stutters, jerking their heads and limbs, and having verbal outbursts and seizures. The symptoms were likened to those of Tourette syndrome. The specifics of the twitches and tics were particular to each girl, but most of the girls exhibited consistency in their movements. The outbreak began slowly among girls at Le Roy High School, but in February, CNN reported that 16 girls had symptoms. Panic was building and speculation flew around town. It was the Gardasil vaccine; it was the bad marijuana that had been going around; it was something in the water. The spreading illness was also beginning to draw attention from around the country. Superintendent of the Le Roy school system Kim Cox reflected in an interview, “We had trucks parked on Main Street for two weeks. You couldn’t get a cup of coffee without having a camera shoved in your face.” It was as though media attention had been switched on and couldn’t be switched off. There were the dramatic scenes, seemingly staged for the cameras: local police escorting the team of celebrity environmental activist Erin Brockovich off school grounds; screaming parents at a community meeting. And the public was getting to know some of the girls, such as Thera Sanchez, cheerleader and town darling, who went on national television with her alarming tics. And, of course, there were mentions of the one adult, the 36-year old nurse, who had also “caught” the disease. There were two factors, seemingly unique to Le Roy, that exacerbated and perpetuated the community’s fear that there was an environmental toxin. There had been a nearby toxic spill in 1971, and there was strong speculation that it had never been properly cleaned up. The other factor was that, because of Marge, the symptoms appeared to have spread beyond the walls of the high school. The tension boiled over at a February 4 press conference and community meeting, where Cox reported that after various tests of the school’s air, water, and soil, there was no linkable environmental toxin to blame. To some frustrated parents, it was an inadequate response. One mother yelled, “You are not doing your job!” at Cox. Marge attended that meeting, her verbal and physical tics clearly visible. People “stopped and stared,” she said, and the media “bombarded” her on her way out. She wanted to see what was happening in her town, but actually, at that point, she’d already met with doctors and been given a diagnosis that had nothing to do with soil or toxic spills: conversion disorder. Dr. Laszlo Mechtler treated Marge as well as several of the girls, and insisted they were all suffering from the same condition. Mechtler and other doctors agreed it was mass hysteria. Marge accepted the diagnosis and still deems it accurate, but her case continues to stand out. Bartholomew says that it is not unheard of for there to be one or two adults affected in an outbreak of MPI. But he could not come up with any cases like Marge’s, in which those adults were not teachers or exposed constantly to the girls in some way. He says that Marge’s case is an example of why MPI is “becoming more common and making a resurgence.” More than one year later, a look back at Marge’s story reveals a stirring reality about why MPI could be making a comeback and spreading beyond its usual confines. Marge is a licensed practical nurse, working with adults who have developmental disabilities and genetic disorders. Her warm smile is suited to the work; it changes her whole face and creases the corners of her large, almond-shaped brown eyes in a wonderfully calming way. “Most people underestimate the ability of our brains to generate physical symptoms.” “Most people underestimate the ability of our brains to generate physical symptoms.” Her Rochester office, on Elmgrove Road off of Route 33, sits in a complex next to a YMCA and behind a coffee shop called “Jitters.” On a December 2012 afternoon, her desk was extremely, conspicuously organized, with pens, papers, and office supplies placed either parallel or at right angles to one another. Comics pinned to her bulletin board read: “I am not crazy, I am mentally unrestricted” and “heavily medicated for your protection.” They were unfortunately appropriate. All told, in the past year, she had seen 32 doctors and tried 27 different medications. She started from the beginning. Her motor tics began in August 2011 and became more severe that October. At first, she jerked her head uncontrollably to the right, “Like I had something in the corner of my eye and had to look,” she said. She developed a bruise on her right shoulder from where her chin jabbed into it. Mike, 39, her boyfriend of eight years and the father of her three-year-old daughter, Abbie, became increasingly worried about the situation. Mike and Marge both noted that their friend’s daughter, a student at Le Roy High School, was having similar symptoms, and Marge noticed through newspaper articles posted to Facebook that several other girls at the high school were starting to report the same symptoms as well. Marge’s vocal tics came later, in a meeting at work in early December 2011. “It was like I was trying to say something, but it came out as a stutter,” she said. On December 5, 2011, she decided to take long-term leave from work. “I had gotten so scared because of how my symptoms had progressed, that I couldn’t… I didn’t feel like I could do my job at that point,” she said. She decided later to file for family medical leave instead of disability leave. It would not be paid, as disability is, but it would hold her position for 12 weeks instead of six. On the day she decided to take the leave of absence, she went to the emergency room at Strong Hospital at the University of Rochester. She waited for 14 hours to be seen, and was isolated, she presumed because her tics were disturbing to other patients. When the doctor came in to see her, he was baffled, and brought in five other doctors. After blood tests, X-rays, and CAT scans, they concluded that her symptoms were anxiety-related and sent her home with a prescription for Valium. Marge had struggled with anxiety in the past, and felt strongly that this was something more. So the next day, she went to the Dent Neurologic Institute in Buffalo to see a neurologist. Movement disorder specialist Xiuli Li treated Marge for the neck pain her tics caused, but told her that she did not have a movement disorder that would explain the symptoms. Marge and Li began talking about non-neurological causes for symptoms like this, including psychological ones. One part of their discussion struck a raw nerve for Marge. Li did not ask Marge if she had psychological trauma in her past. She asked when the trauma was. Throughout December and January, Marge’s condition worsened. She hardly ate because the uncontrollable and unpredictable motor and verbal tics made it “next to impossible” to chew and swallow. She’d choke even on water, so she couldn’t take her pills. She lost 35 pounds. She desperately wanted her mother to visit, but also had her own daughter to worry about. She told Abbie that the tics were “Mommy’s hiccups,” but said, “It’s hard to explain to a three-year-old that suddenly Mommy is different.” By the time Marge tried to explain the severity of the situation to Margaret over the phone, the stuttering was already extreme. She often lost the words and went silent, struggling to get something out. Margaret assumed it was bad cell phone reception, and jumped to fill in her sentences. “I got so upset with her,” Marge said. “She couldn’t just stop and listen.” Just before Christmas, Marge wrote and sent the letter pleading with her mother to come. Margaret posted a Facebook status that suggested she had received her daughter’s letter, but still, weeks passed until they spoke. Through Facebook messages, Margaret asked Marge’s friend how Marge was doing, and the friend said that Margaret would have to come to Le Roy and see for herself. Marge believes that’s what got her mother to Le Roy. Margaret visited from January 13 to 15, 2012. Two days after Margaret left, Marge went public with her condition, appearing on YNN, a local station. She wanted the town to know that it was not only teenage girls who were affected. Shortly thereafter, neurologist Lazlo Mechtler from the Dent Neurologic Institute contacted Marge, saying he wanted to take over her case. “I agreed, and I am so glad that I did,” she said. “He listened to what I had to say. He was one of the few people that didn’t make me feel crazy, which, at that point, was very important to me. He was the first person that could touch me and my skin didn’t crawl.” She also liked that he was thorough. She could come up with any blood tests that he hadn’t already run, she said. They tested for Lyme disease, thyroid dysfunction, genetic disorders, lead and heavy metal poisoning, and illicit drugs. “At one point, they took 16 vials of blood,” she said. Finally, after everything else had been ruled out, Mechtler diagnosed her with conversion disorder, which the National Institutes of Health define as a “mental health condition in which a person has blindness, paralysis, or other nervous system (neurological) symptoms that cannot be explained by medical evaluation.” Though the term “conversion disorder” may sound unfamiliar, it occurs commonly, in various shades and degrees. Orrin Devinsky, a neurologist at New York University’s Langone Medical Center, explains that most people have experienced low-level conversion disorder. Knots in the stomach, sweaty palms, or a fast heartbeat when nervous are examples of overflow in the autonomic nervous system, which controls unconscious bodily activity such as breathing and digestion, caused by stressful conditions. The sort of “motor overflow” that Marge and the girls from Le Roy experienced involves different neural wiring, but has the same basic concept of unconscious activity. It can be as simple as chewing on a pen cap, biting one’s nails, or tapping a foot. It can express itself as insomnia or impotence, and in severe cases, it can be as debilitating as Marge’s illness was. These reactions are physical expressions of something intangible, something in the brain. Steven Novella, a neurology professor at Yale School of Medicine, writes, “Most people underestimate the ability of our brains to generate physical symptoms.” Conversion disorder is three times more likely to occur in females than in males, and often is related to emotionally traumatic events—hence Li’s question to Marge about psychological trauma in her past. Devinsky says classic examples include a woman who was raped and, years later, is on the ground, flailing uncontrollably, or a solider who sees his best friend die and then goes blind years later. However, emotionally traumatic events don’t always cause conversion disorder later in life. If anything, emotional environment is more a more significant predictor, says Richard Friedman, a psychiatrist at Weill Cornell Medical College. In Marge’s case, both a traumatic event and a stifling environment were at work. And she knew it. Before she was even diagnosed, she had a feeling that—in order to get better—she had to tell her mother a secret that she’d harbored for 22 years. “I would never wish this on anybody, but I am somewhat glad it happened to me. It made me stop and take care of myself.” “I would never wish this on anybody, but I am somewhat glad it happened to me. It made me stop and take care of myself.” Marge grew up an only child and Margaret was a single mother who worked three jobs. When Margaret was home, she was verbally and sometimes physically abusive, Marge said. But for the most part, Marge spent a lot of time alone. Margaret started leaving Marge home alone when she was five years old. Le Roy was different back then, Marge said. Everyone watched everyone else’s kids; everyone knew and trusted each other. Kids played outside until the street lamps switched off, the signal to go home. When Marge was 14 years old, her 19-year-old neighbor and friend said he had something to give her, a t-shirt, Marge thinks, and led her into his room. He forced himself on her, despite her pleas for him to stop. Marge called the rape “horrific,” and said that it caused her “extensive physical damage,” not only because it was forceful, but also because she was a virgin. She bled enough in the days that followed that she assumed she’d gotten her period for the first time. In fact, she didn’t begin menstruating for two more years. At the time of the rape, she only told one person, a friend, and swore him to secrecy. It was “never spoken about, never acknowledged,” Marge said. “From that point forward, I suppressed everything.” Devinsky explained that conversion disorder can function as catalyst for a person to seek help. “Your subconscious mind is as smart as you are. Smarter in certain ways,” he said. Marge is an example of that. She said that before her illness, “I used to just bury, bury, bury. And now I deal. I would never wish this on anybody, but I am somewhat glad it happened to me. It made me stop and take care of myself.” Marge’s latent psychological stress might never have taken the form of severe tics and stutters if not for what was already happening in the town. Dozens of other girls were going through the same thing, and Marge was aware of that. Although she was two decades older, she was, in some ways, not so different from them. Perhaps the timing of the unresolved trauma of Marge’s rape froze some part of her unconscious mind at the same age as the other girls, so the processes of “mass hysteria” operated the same for Marge as they did for the others. The question remains: How did she “catch” it? MPI is not a new phenomenon. Devinsky hails the 1965 book Hysteria: The History of a Disease as the best historical road map of the illness. In it, author Ilza Veith, who holds a PhD in the history of medicine, writes that hysteria is traced as far back as the ancient Egyptians in 1900 B.C., who believed that it resulted from the “discontent” womb of a woman who didn’t reproduce soon enough after puberty (hystera is Greek for “uterus”.) Various outbreaks can be traced through history; there were probably 50 outbreaks in medieval European nunneries during the latter Middles Ages alone, Bartholomew says, when theories of witchcraft were prevalent. The Salem Witch Trials resulted from a well-known example of MPI. Notable outbreaks since then include a 1962 incident at an all-girls boarding school in Kashasha, Tanzania, where there was a “laughing epidemic,” and a 1965 incident in Blackburn, England at another girls school, where 85 girls were sent to the hospital with dizziness and convulsions, with no medical or environmental culprits found. More recently, in the winter of 2012, there was an outbreak of MPI that affected more than 1,000 students and five teachers across 15 different schools in Sri Lanka, where people complained that they were having vertigo and uncontrollable coughing. Bartholomew differentiates MPI into two categories: mass anxiety hysteria and mass motor hysteria. Cases of mass anxiety are often precipitated by a stress-inducing belief—commonly, that there is a weird smell or noxious gas in the air—but the belief and the effects dissipate in hours or days. He estimates that there are hundreds of unrecognized outbreaks of this type of hysteria in the U.S. each year. “Epidemic hysterias that in earlier periods were self-limited in geography now have free and wide access to the globe in seconds.” “Epidemic hysterias that in earlier periods were self-limited in geography now have free and wide access to the globe in seconds.” Cases of mass motor hysteria, on the other hand, take months or years to build, and weeks or months to dissipate, as in the case of Le Roy. Bartholomew says that today, mass motor hysteria outbreaks are very rare in Western societies, but happen monthly in Asia and Africa. Historically, they occur in “pressure-cooker” environments, like factories, that have intolerable and inescapable social settings and preexisting tensions. “People are repressed, and that’s when you get the motor symptoms,” he says. “The twitching, the shaking, the trance-like states … and it builds up, over weeks or months, and it does not go away.” But still, Le Roy was different, and not just because of the 1971 toxic spill, or because of Marge, or because of the media blitz, which, by itself, was unprecedented. But the social media was another critical factor that separates Le Roy from other documented cases of MPI. Bartholomew said that Le Roy was the first case of this magnitude to occur in the U.S. during the social networking era. When a case of MPI occurred in 2002 in a high school in North Carolina, the last major reported case in the U.S. before Le Roy, Facebook and YouTube did not exist yet—both were introduced in 2004. Some believe that the Le Roy outbreak was a direct result of videos posted to YouTube by Lori Brownell, a girl with severe tics in Corinth, New York, 250 miles east of Le Roy. Bartholomew said that sometimes, social science is “more ‘social’ than ‘science.’” While there is no clear pattern or personality trait that makes one person more likely than another to fall victim to MPI, about 98 percent of the subjects in the cases he’s studied were female, usually adolescents. He explained that with adolescent girls in particular, interpersonal conflict can be “very sordid.” He said, “With some of these girls, it gets really nasty, and (unlike boys), girls hold it in.” Facebook allows adolescent girls to more deeply internalize interpersonal conflict, adding to preexisting tension. “In the past, you have a problem with another girl at school or a group of girls, you go home, you might make a phone call,” he says. “Now, you’re talking to a whole bunch of people at once. You brood and internalize it more deeply.” Le Roy Superintendent Kim Cox said that among the high school students, Facebook use “was happening to a much greater extent than we knew.”.” Marge, in particular, was a signal that this was true. She was not involved with the school in any way and did not have constant exposure to any of the girls. They were not her peer group or even part of her social environment, previously key ingredients in the MPI recipe. Facebook was not only increasing the spread of the illness to new people, it was also exacerbating the stress, and therefore the symptoms, of those already suffering. Marge got a Facebook message shortly after she went public that said, “You should just kill yourself.” Melisa Phillips, Thera Sanchez’s mother, said that Facebook was “insanity and destroyed the community.” She says that during the time of Thera’s illness, “I did not have cable or Internet, which was my saving grace. It saved my sanity.” Thera accessed Facebook through her phone during that time, but said, “I could not turn my phone on after The Today Show, because it froze. I had over 1,000 Facebook messages. Every two minutes, 30 new messages would pop up.” Mechtler, Marge’s physician, who recommended that Marge avoid Facebook, told the press at the time that the girls staying away from social media were the ones getting better. *** In a paper titled “Mass Psychogenic Illness and the Social Network: is it changing the pattern of outbreaks?” Bartholomew writes, “Local priests, who were inevitably summoned to exorcise the ‘demons’, faced a daunting task given the widespread belief in witchcraft, but they were fortunate in one regard: they did not have to contend with mobile phones, Twitter and Facebook.” However, the old and the new are more intertwined than one might expect. Two separate strangers messaged Thera through Facebook saying she needed an exorcism. One person told her to let God into her life. MPI itself is born from an intersection between and old and the new. Veith wrote in her 1965 book that MPI is “a shifting, changing, mist-enshrouded phenomenon,” whose specifics adapt based on the society in which it takes place, but whose “predispositions and basic features have remained more or less unchanged.” The illness is thousands of years old, but some of the new modes of transfer are novel. Marge is an embodiment of how an age-old affliction, in which demons in the brain convert and surface in the body, is itself converting and resurfacing once again.

The Doors of the Shadow of Death “Hast thou seen the doors of the shadow of death?” — Job xxxviii. 17. September 24th, 1876 LAST Sabbath our spirits flew forward as far as the judgment-day. We stood with wondering awe to gaze upon the great white throne and the fillet of gold about the head of the reaper who gathered in the harvest of the earth; we trembled as we saw the other angel take the sharp sickle and reap the world’s vintage and hurl it into the winepress of Jehovah’s wrath, where it was trampled under foot until the blood of men flowed forth in torrents. Our excursion at this time will not take us so far in human history. We shall halt at a nearer stopping-place. We shall not journey even to the resurrection: only to the doors of the shadow of death. The question is, “Hast thou seen the doors of the shadow of death?” and the answer implied is — “No.” In this chapter God is questioning Job, in order to show him his inability and his ignorance; to each question which the Lord puts to the patriarch a negative answer is expected. “Hast thou entered into the springs of the sea?” “Hast thou walked in the search of the depth?” “Have the gates of death been opened to thee?” “Hast thou perceived the breadth of the earth?” Job had done none of these things. Well, then, Job, “Hast thou, till the missive shall come for ourselves, yet we know no more when we shall die than does the ox in the pasture, or the sheep in the fold. Neither do we know what it is to die. We know, in a certain sense, what the act of death is; but what is the strange feeling with which the soul finds itself houseless, forsaken of the body which falls about it like a crumbling tenement, — what it is to have the link severed which keeps the mortal bound to the immortal — the spiritual caged within the material, — what that is, we do not know; neither hath any told it to us. We have watched others passing; we have stood by the bedside of the dying; we have witnessed the last gasp; and still it remains a secret what it is to die. We only know that these gates of the shadow of death are so shut upon us that we cannot hold any intercourse whatever with the world beyond, save only as there is an everlasting fellowship in the person of Christ between all that are in him; so that “The saints on earth, and all the dead, But one communion make.” Indeed, we are so shut off from the other world that we never even dare to pry behind the curtain which God hath thrown across the abode of spirits. There have been necromancers in all ages who have desired to intrude into these mysterious regions, and they have pretended to have done so. Their craft is to be abhorred as hell; woe unto the man that cometh near to them! They are, as far as Christians are concerned, to be utterly loathed, for, where the Lord hath hung up a curtain and shut the door, it is not for you and me to intermeddle, lest in eating those sacrifices of the dead we be found to be having fellowship with devils, and be cast down to share their doom. “Hast thou. Now, deal friends, that being the case, we shall only in meditation go down to those gates as far as we may lawfully go, and speak only about what we may actually know, not dreaming or doting about things beyond our ken. There have been, some poets who have sung of descents to Avernus and of the circles of the Inferno. Ye need not that I go through Dante’s majestic conceptions, or tell how Milton sings of worlds unknown. Ours is a far less ambitious business. We have no poetry to make: we have simple facts to state. I. First, then, we ask you to come down as near to the gates of death as we may, in meditation, VIEWING DEATH IN GENERAL for a few minutes. Look ye in her lap. They die in springtime, and the flowers sweetly waking from the earth adorn the hillock hard by the gates of deathshade. The dead have always been coming since Abel led the way — one perpetual stream, never ceasing day nor night. Let us remember also that multitudes have now passed through those iron gates! Ye cannot count the hosts who have entered. The calculating machine might fail, and the powers of mind utterly quail before the mighty total We speak of them as the great majority, and earth with her more than thousand millions has but a slender congregation of living persons mien have come up to these gates, ever, ever, ever. If you will stop here a minute, and look, and have eyes strong enough in the shade to mark who they are that come, you will see there a man leaning on his staff. But did you notice that there also, went by him little children that had not yet learnt to speak? You see the strong man come on a sudden, running away from life; and you see the invalid who had long waited for his summons: you may tell his bones as he passes down to his grave. Do you see yonder man? There is nothing special about him; he looks just like another. He was a king once; there is little royal about him now. Do you see that other man? He was once a beggar; he does not now seem a bit more beggarly than did the monarchy They have neither of them brought any store with them; they come here penniless — all of them, and they pass through with empty hands. Tittles, grandeur, estates, position, fame, all are left behind. They come a great crowd in a liberty, equality, and fraternity of death, a common brotherhood that will never be realized in life. Do you see them going? In view of this general levelling, you may set small store on the distinctions of this world. I have come to reckon that nothing is worth seeking after but that which will survive the tomb. Through that gate you have seen many go in thought to-night. Will you please to remember that no one has ever returned, with the exception of a few restored by miracle. Through that way they go, but there are no steps backward. Come, gone for ever. Once the breath has left the body, I think that the soul shall not revisit its old haunts, or know anything of all that is done under the sun. But whether that be so or not, it is certain that they will not come back in the old familiar form. They are gone. They cannot return. It is idle to weep and wish them amongst us again: floods of tears cannot restore them. As for the tree that is cut down, at the scent of water it will bud; but rivers of precious water from weeping eyes cannot cause these dead ones to live again. Now, concerning these gates of the grave, we may say further that, though they are thus thronged, there are very few that ever come there as voluntary passengers. Man dreads to die. It is right that he should, so long as it does not come to a fear that is bondage Understand this — that God has implanted within us all the desire to live, for right ends and purposes. There are a few that pass that way in a hurry or of their awn consent Ah, dreary souls that take away their lives! To what has a man come when he dares to contemplate such an insult to his Maker? He that gave thee breath may take it back, but thou mayest not give it up thyself. To die by your own hand is not to escape from suffering, but to plunge yourself into it for ever; for we know that no murderer hath eternal life abiding in him. Therefore he be Christ’s, and all of us may be his, and know we are his, when our captain bids us come to him, we will bow our heads and pass through the gates of iron, not fearing for a moment. Our Lord will come to meet us, and our soul will stretch her wings in haste, and fly fearless through the shadowed portals, nor feel aught of terror as she passes them. Those thoughts may suffice about death in general. II. Now, in the second place, let us go down to the doors of that deathshade, and stand some moments VIEWING SAINTLY DEATHS. I wish only to speak simply about them. First, I remark that all saintly deaths are not pleasant to look upon. Some of the grandest men that ever lived have died in a storm Martin Luther’s death-bed was troubled. I do not wonder that when a man has done such glorious mischief to Satan’s dominions, he should not be suffered to enter into his rest without one more struggle with his foe. John Knox, again, had a fierce battle when he came to die. He found it hard, though he triumphed at the last even as Luther did. And many that have served their Master well, instead of shoutings of joy and singing of hymns in their departure, have had. to lay hold with all their might upon their crucified Saviour in order to sustain their hope. There is something right about this too, it becomes a lesson to us all. “If the righteous scarcely be saved, where shall the ungodly and the sinner appear?” And if to die is sometimes hard work to a man who is known to be a true believer and who has shown to others that he is really saved, what shall they expect in the hour of death who have no such confidence in God? Yet, beloved, standing at the doors of death to-night, dying beds when I could not possibly have done it for very choking of sympathy with those about moot joy on earth, I should certainly not say at the bridal feasts, for that joy has much that is flimsy about it; in many that partake in that festival the sentiments are often unreal. But the joy of the dying man — the joy of the expiring saint — has something so deep, so sublime, yet so simple in it, that I know not where to equal it, whether I am permitted to search in the palaces of kings or in the homes of content. The greatest joy on earth is, after all, the joy of departing saints. So you may stand at the gates of deathshade,. Sorrow there has been, but joy there has been oftener far. Concerning the doors of the shadow of death, let me say that there are stores of grace laid up hard by these gates of the grave for saints when they come thither. You must not expect, dear friends, to have dying grace in living momenta. You must not expect at this time to have grace to die with, when, perhaps, God intends you to live another fifty years. What would you do with such grace? Where would you put it? You shall have it when you come to die. Only trust in Christ to-day, and do you his bidding; when the dying time shall come the dying grace shall be afforded you. In addition to this, I believe that God not only gives his people grace to die, but, in their last moments, some of the saints get visions of another world before they enter the gates thereof. I am persuaded that the glow and the glory that I have seen on some men’s faces when they have been dying have not been of earth; that the strange light that lit their features, and the wondrous smile of ineffable delight with which they have fallen asleep, have not been things of time. They could not have been created by their present circumstances, for their surroundings have been all to the contrary. The radiance from the world beyond has been upon. Stray notes from harps of seraphim they have caught, and they have tried to sing them here below, but have failed. Yet have we heard enough to let us know that God has partly drawn up the jalousies, and permitted them to see through the lattice and to behold the King in his beauty. Angels, too, we doubt not, come to those gates of death. Why should they not? They came to Jesus in Gethsemane. They are bidden. Best of all, I should like you, as you come with me to these doors of deathshade, to notice that there is a blood-mark right across the entrance. If you look down there is the .print of a footstep unlike that of all the rest, for it is the print of a foot that once was pierced. Ah! I recognize that mark; my Lord has gone that way. I have not yet myself been down to the doors of deathshade, but he, my Saviour, has been there; he has passed through them indeed, and yet he lives. Hence, the joy of the believer is, that when he passes through, because Christ liveth he shall live also, and because Christ is risen he shall rise too. I could not believe the resurrection if it were not certain that Christ has risen. But if ever there was a fact in history that is well attested beyond all conceivable doubt, it is the fact that he who was put into the grave by the Jews, and whose tomb was sealed, rose again from the dead on the third day. All his people shall also rise, because he has led the way. O gates of deathshade, we dread ye no longer, since Christ has passed through your portals. And see, brethren, for the believer, all round those gates of deathshade bright lamps are burning. Do you not see them? They are lamps of promise. “When thou passest through the rivers I will be with thee, and through the rivers they shall not overflow thee.” “O death, I will be thy plagues.” You know how the Lord of the pilgrims has given the assurance over and over and over again, in all shapes and ways, that he will not leave nor forsake his people, but that he will help them even to the end, and cause them when they walk through the valley of the shadow of death to fear no evil because he is with them. The gates of the grave, them, as far as believers are concerned, are not places of gloom at all. We ought often to go there. It is greatly wise to be familiar with our last hours — to antedate them and to die daily. Make a friend of death. Oh, go to the graves, not to weep there, but that thou mayest not weep when thou goest there. Often strip thyself and go through the rehearsal of thy death, that when the time shall come it may be no strange work for thee to die since thou shalt have died daily for, it may be, fifty years at a stretch. III. Now, lastly, and very sorrowfully, a few words VIEWING THE DEATH OF SINNERS. Down to these grim gates the ungodly must go as well as the people of God. To every one of them is the lot appointed. Let us speak the truth about them solemnly and tenderly, with tears in our heart, though sad words be on our lips. The death of ungodly people is not always terrible. There are many coal” almost without a fear, and they that stand around say, “Oh, he died so sweetly — such a happy death,” Ah me! ah me! ah me! Saints die struggling often,, till with peal on so. I should not like to die stupified; I would prefer to be in my senses. Presumption is a drug which stupefies the soul, and because of it men often die at peace, full many of them. But it were better far they had never taken that dire drug, but could really look into the future, if perhaps even at the last moment, while their feet were sliding, they might find grace enough to start back and lay hold on everlasting life that they might not descend into the abyss below. Because their eyes are blinded there are many that die peaceably enough, and are lost. Of impenitent men I may say that, when they come to die, many of them are not at peace; a very large number of such people ahrink back from the doors of death, because, in the quiet chamber, memory begins to work. Then the evil deed, then the midnight scene, then the neglected Sabbath, then the unread Bible, then the throne of grace forsaken, all claim to speak; and as the clock goes tick, tick upon the wall, the mind begins to go over childhood, youth, manhood, married life, and to remember and to bring up sin. It is not every sinner that is such a fool as to be able to remember a wasted life without some terror or regret. Fear, boo, is generally busy, for the mind begins to ask, whether the thought is pleasant to the dying person or not, “Where am I going?” and there is a something in man that does not let him believe that he is a mere animal. Look at your wife, man — you that believe all living men to be mere beasts. What is that dear body of your wife whom you have loved laved a thing infinitely better than dead earth and water and gas. You know that. You do not believe that your mother is only mere water and gas and earth, nor your child, nor yet yourself. You cannot persuade yourself to accept such materialism as that. There is a something in this body that is better than this water, and gas, and earth, a something that will consciously exist when these have been dissolved: and there is that within all of us that makes us believe it whether we will thee, O earth, and cannot I enter thee, O heaven? Then whither must I fly?” Not many ungodly men can manage to shake off such thoughts as these in the dread prospect of departure. Let me say, further, that near these gates of deathshade is a very difficult place in which to seek the Lord. When a man gets troubled with memory and fear, and his body is racked with pain, he is very ill-fitted to listen to the voice of Jesus. I would not discourage a dying man for a moment from looking to Jesus. If he desireith salvation, if he will but believe in the Christ of God, he shall have eternal life even at the last. But speaking from what I have seen, the most of men in the article of death are quite unfit for thought; quite unable to feel anything beyond the stabs of physical anguish, and quite incapable of faith. No man knoweth how far God’s mercy goeth; but, if that mercy be given to faith, I cannot see how it can be extended to some dying men. Delirium, a wandering mind, an aching head — oh, these will give you quite enough to do in dying, without having to seek your peace with God then. It is task enough only to die, to take a tearful farewell of those babes and of the partner of your life; it is enough to die, without then having to begin to cry, “God be merciful to me a sinner.” Hast thou seen the doors of deathshade? If thou hast, thou wilt not choose them as a place to repent in, than, wilt rather choose the present time to seek the Lord — now while yet thy mind is fresh and vigorous, and he is waiting to be gracious. I must not detain you more than another minute or two, but let me remind you that at the doors of deathshade Cod, and his fancied honesty drops off him like a garment. Build castles in the air, if you will, but death is a wonderful dissipator of ail coronet: that will never encirc got your wealth with much labour, but you are forced to leave it now — every penny of it. None of it can go with you. Worse still, the gates of deathshade are the places of farewell. An ungodly man has to bid farewell sometimes to a Christian wife. Kiss her cheek, man: you will never see her again. You have a Christian child — a dear child that has lately joined the church, but you are no follower of Christ, when you come to die, they will bring her to your bedside, and you will have to say, “Good-bye, Mary. I shall never see you again, or if I do it will be only as Dives, who looked up and saw Lazarus far away in Abraham’s bosom, but with an awful gulf between.” Some of you unconverted brothers, how will you like to be separated from your Christian sister? Some of you your daughters — how will you like to be divided from your father and your mother, who will be in heaven? Oh, all of you say, “We would like to meet in heaven as unbroken families.” Young girl; young man; what if thy name should be left out when Christ shall summon home his own? Certain it is that deathshade gates are the places of everlasting farewell. God grant you may never have to take such farewell of any of your kin who are in Christ, but may ye soar up to heaven and be raised with them when the trump of the archangel sounds. Thus I have, as best I could, talked of the end of the earthly life O souls, prepare to meet your God, far you may have to meet him ere another sun has risen. I beseech you, by the living God, whose servant I am, postpone not repentance and faith; but now, while mercy’s white flag is to the front, and God waiteth to be gracious to you, bow before the cross of Christ, trust in Jesus, and be saved. The Lord bless you, far Christ’s sake. Amen.

These Terms and Conditions shall manage your use of our alsecco webiste accessible at alsecco. 1.1 “Buyer” means the person who buys or agrees to buy goods from the Company 1.2 “Company” means alsecco (UK) Limited authorised supplier of “Lithodecor” and “Caparol” products 1.3 “Goods” means the goods which the Buyer buys or agrees to buy from the Company 1.4 “Conditions” means the terms set out in this document which are the Company’s standard conditions of sale 1.5 “Contract” means the contract between the Company and the Buyer for the sale and purchase of the Goods in accordance with these Conditions and shall constitute these Conditions and the written acknowledgement of order 1.6 “Panel” means any facade panel forming the subject matter of any Contract. 1.7 The Conditions shall be deemed to be incorporated into all or any agreements from time to time entered into between the Company and the Buyer which provide in whole or in part for the sale of any Goods by the Company to the Buyer and shall govern relations between the Buyer and the Company to the exclusion of any standard terms and conditions contained in any of the Buyer’s documents (whether or not the Buyer’s standard terms or conditions purport to prevail over these Conditions). Acceptance of any delivery or performance by or on behalf of the Buyer shall in any event be conclusive evidence of the Buyer’s acceptance of these Conditions. No variation of the Conditions shall be effective unless agreed in writing by a Director of the Company and (for the avoidance of doubt) no representative of the Company other than a Director shall have authority to agree any such variation on behalf of the Company. Quotations by the Company are not offers capable of immediate acceptance by the Buyer but are invitations to treat only. Quotations remain valid for a period of 30 days (or such other period as may be stated on the quotation) from the date of the quotation. Quotations are valid only for the specific type and quantity of goods as set out in the quotation. No property shall pass to the Buyer in the documents forming or accompanying a quotation or in any of the material contained therein. If no order based on the quotation is accepted by the Company, the Buyer shall return to the Company all documents and other materials concerned free of charge to the Company on request. 4.1 The information supplied by the Company (including information contained in advertising, sales and technical literature) are approximate only. All drawings, descriptive and technical specifications, catalogues, particulars of weight and dimensions and all other technical data supplied by the Company are approximate and are provided for general guidance only. No such information or data shall form part of the Contract and the Company reserves the right without notice to the Buyer to make alterations thereto. 4.2 Notwithstanding that any goods may have been exhibited to or inspected by the Buyer no Contract shall constitute a sale by sample. 4.3 Due to the nature of natural and raw materials and the manufacturing process variation in shade, colour, texture or veining may be an inherent characteristic in certain Goods. The Company accepts no liability for such variations nor shall any claim be available in respect of such variations under Paragraph 16 or at all. 4.4 Natural stone products may need to include visible hair joints depending upon the nature of the quarried stone. Where appropriate the quotation includes for hair joints. 4.5 The Company cannot guarantee to match Goods to the shade, colour or texture of goods purchased under any previous contract with the Company. 4.6 Any specifications for Panels or other products to be fixed to the substrate are prepared on the basis that the substrate is suitable for the loads, is structurally and dimensionally sound and is within tolerance to accept Panels or such other products without modification. 4.7 The size, orientation and fixing of Panels are manufactured in accordance with the Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik standard and are supplied as such notwithstanding any requests for anything other from the Buyer. An order constitutes an offer by the Buyer on (notwithstanding any other terms or conditions referred to by the Buyer) the terms set out in these Conditions. An order shall only be deemed to be accepted when the Company issues a written acknowledgement of order or on the Company doing any act consistent with fulfilling the order at which point, and on which date, the Contract shall come into existence. The Company shall be free to accept or refuse an order for any reason whatsoever. Expressions used by the Buyer such as “previously supplied” or expressions to the similar effect shall be understood to refer only to the quality and not the previous price. The prices or charges specified in any quotation are related to the Company’s cost of manufacturing, obtaining and paying for Goods, parts or materials prevailing at the date thereof. In the event of there being an increase in such costs caused by any reason, including increases attributable to alterations in tax or duty or in the exchange rates of any currency, the Company shall be entitled to vary its prices or charges from those quoted whether or not such increase was or should have been foreseen by the Company at the date of the quotation. All prices quoted exclude VAT and any costs of freight and insurance for deliveries outside UK mainland unless otherwise specified. The VAT rate applicable shall be the rate prevailing on the date of invoicing. Delivery is made only in the product containers held in stock at the time the order is processed. All prices quoted for delivery are made on the assumption that the Company’s choice of delivery vehicle will be fully loaded and if requested otherwise by the Buyer additional charges may apply. All prices quoted include packing material unless otherwise specified. Where packing is expressly stated to be in returnable containers or the cost of packaging materials is separately invoiced, the Buyer shall be credited with the full value of those materials as invoiced to him, provided that they are returned within 30 days of delivery carriage free or without any charges to the Company and, in the opinion of the Company, in a satisfactory condition to the despatch points from which they were supplied unless otherwise specified in the Company’s price list, quotation, delivery note or invoice. Failure to return returnable containers within 30 days will result in a hire charge of £50 per container per week (or part thereof) to a maximum of £1,000 per container. Any damage to returnable containers caused by the Buyer or whilst under the Buyer’s control will be recharged to the Buyer at cost. For packaging materials on loan, the conditions as mentioned in the Company’s prevailing price list and or quotation shall apply. The Company shall be entitled to deliver Goods supplied pursuant to any order by the Buyer on any week day during normal working hours after the period for delivery has commenced. Where a quotation indicates a specific delivery period for any Goods, the period shall be understood to run from the date of confirmation of the relevant Order. Any delivery period is given as an approximate indication only and is subject to the supply of all instructions or other matter required by the Company from the Buyer and where any Goods are to be supplied from stock, to the availability of stocks at the expected date of delivery. Any such periods as may be contained in a quotation are nevertheless estimates only which shall not be of the essence of the Contract. In the event of the Company, for any reason whatsoever, not being ready to make delivery within the period specified it shall not be liable for any loss or damage whatsoever sustained by the Buyer as a result of such delay. Without prejudice to the foregoing, in the event of the Company not being ready to make delivery at the time specified (or if none be specified within a reasonable time) the Buyer shall thereupon be entitled to give one month’s notice in writing calling for delivery and in the event of the Company remaining unable to make delivery within such a period, the Buyer may, at the expiry thereof, by a further notice in writing cancel the Contract in relation to all undelivered Goods. The Buyer shall have no other rights whatsoever in relation to any failure by the Company as aforesaid and it will be a condition precedent to the Buyer’s right to cancel that he shall first have paid all sums due in respect of Goods already delivered under the Contract. If the Buyer gives the Company not less than seven days notice, the Company is prepared to store Goods. The Company reserves the right to make storage charges for such Goods. If the Buyer has not arranged for removal of the Goods after twelve months storage the Company shall be entitled to give one month’s notice to the Buyer that it intends to dispose of the Goods and unless, within that one month, the Buyer removes the Goods from storage the Company shall be entitled to sell all or any portion of such Goods and without prejudice to the provisions of Paragraph 19 to set off against the proceeds of sale, the costs of sale, storage charges incurred by the Buyer and any other monies due from the Buyer to the Company. The provision of this Paragraph shall apply irrespective of whether the property in the Goods shall have passed to the Buyer. Removal of Goods to storage on behalf of the Buyer under this Paragraph shall be deemed to be a delivery to the Buyer. The Buyer shall be liable to pay the full price pursuant to Paragraph 14 for any Goods so stored by the Company. If the Buyer enters into multiple Contracts with the Company the Company reserves the right to despatch the Goods as and when the Goods are available, which may not be in the order that the Contracts were entered into. The method of transport of the Goods shall be at the sole discretion of the Company. All necessary unloading facilities shall be provided by the Buyer at his expense and risk at the time the Company is ready to make delivery. The Company reserves the right to deliver the Goods at the nearest point of suitable access. If the Buyer requests delivery to a point which is, in the delivery driver’s opinion, unsuitable for the delivery vehicle then all risk as to the condition of the Goods on delivery is with the Buyer and no claims as to the condition of the Goods will be entertained by the Company. The Company shall be entitled to deliver the Goods in a single delivery or by instalments as it sees fit. The Buyer shall not be entitled to reject any consignment of Goods delivered by the Company on the grounds that the quantity of Goods delivered is too small or too large. In the event of short delivery then, subject to the Buyer giving written notification of short delivery, the Company shall deliver the balance of undelivered goods or give the Buyer credit for the shortfall. Where the Goods are delivered in instalments and the Buyer shall for any reason have the right to reject any instalment which has been delivered, he shall not by reason thereof have the right to treat the whole Contract as repudiated. All weights or volumes are ascertained at the time of the filling of the containers used and all invoices are calculated thereon. 13.1 Unless otherwise agreed in writing between the parties but subject as hereinafter provided, the risk of loss or damage to the Goods shall pass to the Buyer upon delivery or deemed delivery to the Buyer and the Company will insure accordingly. 13.2 Notwithstanding Paragraph13.1 above, in the case of the Goods to be collected by the Buyer or by a carrier engaged by the Buyer, all risk of loss or damage howsoever caused shall pass to the Buyer on whichever of the following events occurs earlier: 13.2:1 collection of the Goods by or on behalf of the Buyer or 13.2:2 seven days from the date of the Company’s written notice that the Goods are ready for collection. 13.3 The Company shall be entitled to charge for storage of the Goods after the expiry of the seven day period referred to in Paragraph 13.2:2 above and the provisions of Paragraph 10 above shall apply to the storage of the Goods. 13.4 Where the risk of loss or damage to the Goods in transit lies with the Company, the Buyer shall carefully examine the Goods upon receipt and shall notify the Company in writing of any loss or damage: 13.4:1 in the case of loss of the Goods or of part thereof within three working days of receipt by the Buyer of a delivery note issued by the Company in respect of the Goods; and 13.4:2 in the case of damage to the Goods or part thereof within three working days of delivery; and in the case of damage to the Goods shall retain all damaged Goods and packaging for inspection by the Company and the carrier. 13.5 The Company shall not be liable in respect of any loss of or damage to the Goods in transit, howsoever caused, other than damage which could not reasonably have been discovered by the Buyer on examination of the Goods in accordance with Paragraph 13.4 unless the requirements of Paragraph 13.4 above have been fully complied with by the Buyer. 14.1 All prices and charges are strictly net and payment shall be made without any discount or other reduction unless otherwise agreed in writing by the Company. Save as is provided by Section 53 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979, the Buyer shall not be entitled to set off against the price of the Goods any debt or cross claim or alleged debt or cross claim of whatever nature claimed or made by the Buyer against the Company. 14.2 Payments, unless otherwise agreed, shall be made thirty days following the date of the Company’s invoice. In the case of delivery by instalments, payment, unless otherwise agreed, shall be made thirty days following the day of the Company’s invoice for the relevant instalments or as otherwise provided in the annexed schedule of works. Where payment for Goods is made by instalments, VAT shall be payable within seven days of issue to the Buyer of the relevant tax invoice. This sub-Paragraph is subject to and governed by the terms of Paragraph 14.5 below. 14.3 Cheques, money and postal orders should be crossed and made payable to alsecco (UK) Limited. 14.4 The Company may at its discretion require at any time that all or part of the purchase price and other charges be paid in advance or on account and the sums so demanded shall be immediately payable by the Buyer, the balance remaining payable as otherwise provided hereunder and the Company may decline to make delivery of the Goods except upon such payment or upon receipt of other security satisfactory to the Company. 14.5 Should the Buyer default in payment for whatever reason on the due date of any sum, without prejudice to any other right which the Company may have, the Company shall be entitled to claim interest at the rate of 4 percent per annum above National Westminster Bank base rate from time to time (both before and after any judgment) until payment in full is made (a part of a month being treated as a full month for the purpose of calculating interest). 14.6 All payments made by the Buyer shall be credited towards the oldest invoice due and its ancillary charges. Prepayments by cheque or Giro shall be deemed to have been made when the amount is at the Company’s disposal unconditionally, payment by bill of exchange when the bill has been cashed. Any bank charges incurred are to be paid by the Buyer. The Company reserves the right to refuse bills of exchange. 15.1 Notwithstanding that risk in the Goods has already passed (in accordance with Paragraph 13) the ownership of the Goods shall not pass to the Buyer until full payment for those Goods and for all other goods supplied by the Company to the Buyer has been received by the Company. 15.2 The Buyer shall hold the Goods as bailee f or the Company until title has passed to the Buyer and:- 15.2:1 Shall refrain from incumbering them in any way; 15.2:2 Shall store them separately from any other goods on the Buyer’s premises; 15.2:3 Shall clearly mark the Goods as the Company’s property; 15.2:4 Shall insure the Goods. 15.3 The Company may at any time after a default has been made by the Buyer of any payment by the due date and without prejudice to any other rights or remedies available to it, require the Buyer by written notice to place at the Company’s disposal any Goods to which title has been reserved. For the purpose of the Company taking re-possession, the Company may enter upon any premises where the Buyer has stored the Company’s Goods or the Company reasonably believes the Goods to be stored in order to repossess the Goods. The Buyer shall pay to the Company the cost of removal and transport of the Goods or any part thereof. 15.4 The Buyer will be at liberty to incorporate the Goods or part thereof into another product or chattel but if, immediately prior to such incorporation, property in the Goods has not passed to the Buyer, then subject to the rights of any third party, the product or chattel into which the Goods or part thereof is incorporated shall be and remain the absolute property of the Company unless and until full payment for the Goods and for all other Goods supplied by the Company to the Buyer has been received by the Company whereupon property in the said product or chattel shall pass from the Company to the Buyer. The rights and obligations of the Company and the Buyer in relation to the Goods under Paragraph 15 of these Conditions shall apply to the said product or chattel, mutatis mutandis. 15.5 Subject to Paragraphs 15.7 and 15.8 below, the Buyer may, notwithstanding that property in the Goods has not passed to the Buyer under Paragraph 15.1, sell the goods in the ordinary course of its business to a sub-buyer, and upon such sale property in the Goods shall pass from the Company to the sub-buyer. 15.6 The Buyer shall not attempt or purport to pledge or transfer the Goods in any way as security to any third party until property therein has passed to the Buyer in accordance with the conditions hereof. 15.7 If the Buyer has a Receiver or Administrator appointed over all or any of its assets or if a petition is presented or a resolution is passed to wind it up then and in any such event the Buyer shall be deemed to have repudiated the Contract and the Company shall be deemed to have accepted such repudiation and the Company’s permission to the Buyer to sell the Goods shall thereupon terminate automatically. 15.8 Any sale by the Buyer permitted by sub-Paragraph 15.5 shall as between the Buyer and the sub-buyer be made by the Buyer as principal and not as agent but as between the Company and the Buyer the Buyer shall be deemed to sell as the fiduciary agent of the Company and shall account to the Company for the proceeds of sale up to the amount owing to the Company for the Goods and any other Goods supplied by the Company to the Buyer, and pending such accounting, shall hold the proceeds of sale in a separate account unmingled with other monies. 16.1 The Buyer relies on his own skill and judgment as to the sufficiency capacity and performance of the Goods and as to the suitability of the Goods for any purposes for which the same are required by the Buyer. 16.2 The Buyer shall, before using the Goods or any part thereof and before parting with possession of the same, take all reasonable steps to test and examine the same to satisfy himself that the Goods are of the contractual quality and description and are suitable for the purpose for which they are intended to be used. 16.3 The Company shall have no liability for: 16.3:1 any Goods which are not manufactured by the Company and the Company’s liability shall be limited to passing on to the Buyer (if and to the extent possible) the benefit of the manufacturer’s guarantee or warranty; 16.3:2 any defect in the Goods arising from any drawings, design or specification supplied by or on behalf of the Buyer; 16.3:3 any Goods which have been stored, installed, used or maintained otherwise than: 16.3:3:1 by the Company; or 16.3:3:2 in accordance with the Company’s instructions or recommendations (or if there are none in accordance with good industry practice); or 16.3:3:3 in accordance with the recommendations of any supplier of any item with which the Goods are used. 16.3:4 any Goods which have suffered any excessive wear and tear, accident, wilful damage, neglect, abnormal working conditions or misuse; 16.3:5 any Goods which have been modified or altered in any way by the Buyer or on its instructions; 16.3:6 any claims or defects arising from the connection of the Goods to or as a result of connecting the Goods to: 16.3:6:1 any structural system not supplied by the Company; or 16.3:6:2 the substrate. 16.4 The Company shall in no circumstances have any liability for: 16.4:1 any economic loss (whether direct or indirect), including but not limited to wasted time or expenditure, loss of profits, production, business revenue or goodwill; 16.4:2 any indirect, special or consequential loss, damage, costs or expenses; 16.4:3 any claims against the Buyer by any person and the Buyer shall be solely responsible for any such losses or claims. 16.5 Any claim by the Buyer that the Goods are not in accordance with the Contract or are otherwise defective must be notified to the Company in writing: 16.5:1 in the case of any defect other than a defect within the scope of Paragraph 16.5:2 below within seven days of delivery; 16.5:2 in the case of any defect which could not reasonably have been detected by the Buyer by inspection upon delivery, within seven days of the day on which the defect comes to the Buyer’s attention; and the Company shall, subject to Paragraph 16.7 below, be under no liability whatever in respect of any such defect unless such written notice has been duly given by the Buyer. 16.6 If the Buyer establishes that the Goods are not in accordance with the Contract or are defective, the Company’s liability in respect of such non-accordance or defects shall, subject to Paragraph 16.8 below, be limited to, at the Company’s option:- 16.6:1 repairing the Goods; 16.6:2 replacing the Goods on an exchange basis; or 16.6:3 accepting the return of the Goods and allowing the Buyer credit for the price thereof; or 16.6:4 making the Buyer an allowance against the price of the Goods in their condition as delivered and the Contract price and in any event the Company’s liability in connection with the Goods shall in no circumstances exceed the invoice price payable for them. 16.7 Subject to Paragraph 16.8 below, and without prejudice to Paragraph 16.6 above, the Company’s liability to the Buyer for any breach of contract or for any tort connected with the manufacture or supply of the Goods (whether negligent or otherwise) shall be strictly limited to the price of the Goods. 16.8 Nothing in these Conditions shall exclude or restrict the Company’s liability: 16.8:1 for death or personal injury caused by negligence on the part of the Company or its employees acting in the course of their employment; 16.8:2 fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation on the part of the Company or its employees acting in the course of their employment; 16.8:3 under Section 12 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979; 16.8:4 under any separate written Guarantee issued by the Company in respect of the Goods 16.9 The Buyer shall indemnify the Company against any third party claim of whatever nature (including a claim for negligence) made against the Company which arises directly or indirectly out of the use or condition of the Goods. The Company shall be entitled to sub-contract all or any of its obligations under any agreement with the Buyer. Should the performance of the Company of any of its obligations under the Contract be prevented, hindered or delayed whether directly, indirectly or otherwise howsoever by or in consequence of an event of war, an outbreak of hostilities (whether or not involving the United Kingdom and whether war is declared or not) rebellion, riot, acts of providence, strikes, lock outs, trade disputes or other labour difficulties, breakdown, delays in transport, accident, fire, delay in delivery of raw materials or components or any other cause beyond the reasonable control of the Company, or in the event that despite all reasonable efforts having been made the Company is unable to obtain any necessary licences, consents or authorities for the exportation or importation of or payment for any Goods, or in the event of national emergency, if the Company’s works should become either directly or indirectly so engaged on Government contracts or contracts under priority directions so as to prevent, hinder or delay work on other contracts, the Company shall be entitled at any time, on notice to the Buyer, to make partial deliveries only or to determine the Contract without liability and without prejudice in any case to rights which have already accrued to the Company and the Buyer in respect of deliveries already made. Without prejudice to any other right which the Company may have, the Company shall be entitled to exercise a general lien or right of retention of all goods in the Company’s possession, which are, or are intended to become, the Buyer’s property in regard to all debts, damages or other sums due to the Company under any contract whatsoever between the Company and the Buyer and in the event of the insolvency of the Buyer, and pursuant to such lien or right, the Company shall be entitled without notice to the Buyer to sell all or any portion of such goods and to set off against the proceeds of sale the costs of sale and all debts, damages and other monies due from the Buyer to the Company. No time or other indulgence granted by the Company to the Buyer shall operate or be deemed to operate as a waiver or suspension of the Company’s rights under these Conditions. Without prejudice to Paragraph 6 above, all customs or other duties or taxes whatsoever which may be levied on the Goods in any territory shall be borne by the Buyer, provided always that the Company shall be entitled (but shall be under no obligation) to pass to the Buyer the benefit of any arrangements made with Authorities for the release of the Goods under bond in which event the Buyer shall indemnify the Company in respect of its costs and expenses thereof and in regard to all other payments which may fall due including any penalties, fines or forfeiture incurred in connection therewith. The Buyer undertakes to respect all trade marks of the Company and in particular where there is such a trade mark or trade marks on the Goods it undertakes: 22.1:1 not to alter remove or obliterate such trade marks either partly or wholly; 22.1:2 not to apply any other trade mark to the Goods; 22.1:3 not to apply to the Goods any other matter in writing that is likely to injure the reputation of the trade mark. Any communications or notices under the Contract between the Company and the Buyer may be made or given by sending the same by ordinary paid first class post, in the case of the Buyer to his last known address, and in the case of the Company, to its registered office and if so sent shall be deemed to have been made or given on the second working day after the date on which it was posted. These Conditions and all agreements between the Company and the Buyer shall be governed by English Law and subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English Courts. 25.1 If any provision of these Conditions is held by any court or competent authority to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable in whole or in part, that provision or part-provision shall, to the extent required, be deemed to be deleted, and the validity and enforceability of the other provisions of these Conditions and the remainder of the provision in question shall not be affected. 25.2 If any invalid, illegal or unenforceable provision of these Conditions would be valid, legal and enforceable if some part of it were deleted, the provision shall apply with the minimum modification necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. The Buyer authorises the Company to carry out credit checks (including enquiries relating to directors or the individuals) with credit reference agencies and to keep a record of that search and make available to such agencies information relating to the conduct of the Buyer’s account and the Buyer acknowledges that the agencies concerned may keep and share the information supplied to them with other businesses in assessing applications for credit and/or fraud prevention. A person who is not a party to the Contract shall not have rights under or in connection with it. 28.1 The Contract constitutes the entire agreement between the Company and the Buyer and supersedes and extinguishes all previous drafts, agreements, arrangements and understandings, whether written or oral, relating to the Goods. 28.2 Each party acknowledges that in entering into the Contract it does not rely on, and shall have no remedies in respect of, any representation or warranty (whether made innocently or negligently) that is not set out in the Contract. 28.3 No party shall have any claim for innocent or negligent misrepresentation based upon any statement in the Contract. 28.4 Nothing in this Paragraph 28 shall limit or exclude any liability for fraud. Registered Office alsecco (UK) Limited, Whitebridge Way, Stone, Staffordshire, ST15 8JS Registered in England company number 3002864 VAT Registration Number 655198212 Updated June 2015 alsecco UK Ltd, Whitebridge Way, Stone, Staffordshire, ST15 8JS

pre dating Looking for women all races that like being treated with respect.. Skinny Fingers latin adult nsa. chinese sex girl date match VIP: Faith Report Abuse I am wants hookers - Single Looking for a nice hot boy. Lonly lady looking asian dating sites . Blk female for white friend. horny girls Bielefeld Looking 4 an attractive MARRIED MILF for FWB. jogging I was driving home, I saw you on the side of the street jogging going west. You saw me andwomen seeking big dick 37128 gasped, Meridian Idaho seeking sugardaddy like you knew me. cutie at half price books You commented on my Benatar .You are very . Very friendly. Message me if you remember me .short brown hair shirt shirt white shorts . just a blow quite simple. been about a year since I had a bj. want xxx now. come over and devour. we can chill or you can go after. I am white x ' lbs. GL. Clean. and if you're good at what you do I love eating clean pussy. send a with stats and I'll send a if interested. Tweet Iowa datings -New Berlin WW Meeting. horny wife want woman who want sex. Sex girls search adventure dating plus sized Toulon craving bbc Gwenda - I seeking sex date - Single Seeking a fun River Lake friend. Garden grove nude girls asian ladies ready hott women. Black women looking for sex Keota OK Local singles chat Harleyville Cock dating Riverbend WA Exclusive matchmaking Fredericktown MO masturbate together x white male, just looking for a lady to masturbate with, we don't have to touch each other at all, just watch some porn or watch eachother while we play withnew in town need friends who vape n smoke ourselves, Meridian Idaho seeking sugardaddy if this sounds like fun send me an , your gets mine. I can host or come to you Looking For Tonight Small package Swm dd free seeking a female any race and over x for Nsa fun. Please send pic.i can host lonely women porn Real Doctor to fuck me. Marjorie - I am wants real sex - Single Married looking for love on the side. women horny in Kearney Nebraska . W M seeking open minded F to just "watch" Handsome,W, Male, Seeking open minded female to just , well, to just help me fulfill my fantasy of being watched while I pleasure myself,,,,yes, nothing more need behorny girls chat rooms involved, Meridian Idaho seeking sugardaddy no sex needed etc,,, it's just always been my fantasy to be watched while I do this ..Age race not important, but please be REAl, have a good attitude, open mind, non judgemental, etc....Seriously, nothing other than sitting, watching, talk/converse some, need be involved....are you open minded enough? Please be available local to Hartland, , Fowlerville, la croix valmer sex blonde in new black Harrisburg Pennsylvania Brighton, lake, Wixomish area... sex contacts in ireland and uk Sibilla I am ready swinger couples Single +233514 Married women seeking sex Female EMT or Paramedic. horny divorced ready naughty couple. Single mature women looking meet locals for sex Attractive Male looking for a massage. Beautiful women wanting cupid chat Jamestown last minute swinger parties . Let me sick your cock and swallow. Help me swinger ads a discreet married. horny women Limeira Giving oral pleasure Afternoon. I'm in the mood to orally Please your vajayjay. I want to taste your juices and duck your breasts. I'm a white male x ' pounds. Please email me with picture Could you be the xxx I'm looking for? So I've posted here before but it didn't go as planned. I got xxx ed for some reason. so I'm trying again in the hopes that I might find my forever. Well good morning gentlemen! Thank you for clicking on my ad. Let's get down to business. I'm looking for happily ever after. Yes, I know that sounds corny as hell but there has to be someone out there that still believes in romance and not just booty s. I want to find someone who can't wait to hear my voice, dating online Mount Signal California CA ask how my day was, support me in my decisions, fucking women by Mellor hairy girls of new Dike be my rock, lover and best friend. Don't worry I'll be all that to you as well! I want someone who will stay in with me and have nights when the whole world wants to go out. And once again don't worry, I understand you'll need guy time once in a while too. I'm not needy or greedy. The guy I'm looking for is going to be taller than me and at least my age and no older than x . Now here's the deal breaker for most guys. I'm a mom to x who are my world. You must be accepting of them. You won't meet them right out of the gate but eventually if things go right. Also I'm what most guys consider a bbw. So there you go guys. If you think you could be the xxx for me, please message me. Also to prove this is a real ad, my team, Green Bay Packers, plays today ( x / x ). I will provide a as soon as you send xxx first. Thank you. hot horny women wanting looking for a fuck. Daniella I am ready people to fuck Single +548005 Filthy fucking whore wanted. lonley mature seeking phone chat. Hot older women want ladies looking for sex Fit blonde beauty at Target. Wed evening. Mature people ready singles ads Boynton Beach slut full of cum hot blonde search women swinger. Sensual BBW Soft-Butch Looking 4 Love. Battleboro sex finder tired of riding solo I'm . I'm, an outdoor nut I like hiking, women wanting sex tonight in Otle GB walking, dog parks. I enjoy historical stuff and getting off the beaten . I'm a at heart as well as a nerd. Just looking for someone to do cool things with and see where they go from there. First date should be memorable not old stand by routines. I've recently started working out ad loosing weight. BBW wants affectionate and protective man I'm single no ddf don't drink I do smoke I have red hair and blue eyes. I like to cuddle and just lay in bed and enjoy xxx another's company. I love and I love to cook. I'm short and I'm feisty. I need a guy who can handle what I dish out and dish it right back but when push comes to shove he will stand behind me and protect me. Your gets me and put your age in the subject line so I know you're real hot horny teen com A female to bring me comfort. . Noreen I am looking adult dating Not important +400444 Seeking a Spanish conversation partner. . Older horny wants girl looking sex Foreign Hottie with a Hotter Body Hey Papi. Local swingers looking dating girls sexy girls near Lindale suites Lindale . Ladies need a driver with a nice suv. fucking lady of in Saralia Bigfoot and Unicorns. . . I've been feeling lately that my search to find someone I might connect with is similar to that of the search for notable mythical creatures. I believe you're out there, Tampa european dating but I'm not sure I'm looking in the right places. So I'm giving this a whirl. The deal is that at the moment, I'm a bit of a workaholic with a pretty decent daily commute which makes it kinda hard to get to the social life. In the spirit of narrowing things down here are a few things I'm looking for (giant disclaimer that I realize that lists like these are totally limiting, and not generally how you find someone you might like, but in this circumstance I thought some parameters as a start might help) -- • Be in great shape (I take pride in my appearance you should too. Of course if you find yourself checking your reflection in any shiny surface, then we might not click. . .) • Possess and appreciate a sense of humor (of course, sexy black women Pont-du-rastel if you can cop to being humorless, points for originality and honesty, both good things) • Be curious (interest in things beyond your own world is a good trait) • Value intelligence and wit (in yourself and those you surround yourself with) • Balance confidence and humility (you know who you are, but don't take yourself too seriously) If you've gotten this far, I'll add the specifics: x s -- x s preferred. And since you might want to know a little about me, I can safely check off everything on the above list and add a few more things that make me worth getting to know. Pictures appreciated. black women ready swinging club. Margery I looking horny people Single +162543 Hung 9 plus and wanna Fuck. hot personals looking perfect dating profile. Lonely naughty seeking online dating friends LOOKING FOR A NICE AND SWEET GIRL. Sexy lonely ready i want free sex Kingsport Tennessee beach companionship for ladies . Want to teach a girl how to give head. Generous guy, just looking for some oral release. hidden cam Gressoney-La-Trinite sex Gressoney-La-Trinite At home alone's a shame because i really would prefer not to be and i think i'm pretty good company for people. I am a very free going girl who loves trying new and exciting things. I hate overly shy peoplepeople who aren't confident in themselves. Just man up please :) I would give out more information but I am afraid that I might give too much out for no reason, older horny Glendale Arizona women College Alaska pussy hookup spots so interested people - talk to me please. looking for anything I am a x man. Athletic build. x ' x " tall. I am looking anyone doesn't matter size, color, West Valley City girls down to fuck race, who is willing to meet up and have sex like there is no tomorrow. I am willing to try and do anything. Will travel. have pic. if intersted hit me up. xxx Zero xxx Three xxx One xxx Nine xxx Eight. looking to talk with someone and bf Discreet Long term sex partner 24 oakland co 24. naughty teens wants greek dating. Looking for a REAL Mistress. Horny sluts searching love dating Seeking a woman who hates recycling. free cybersex chat Kerrville walking Kerrville Meatty BBC iso vanilla woman. Bisexual wht male 4 anybody and anything. persuasive female sales representative Horney older ladies searching want to fuck Fuck In The Car. free porn sioux Naples Looking for a love and relationship. Still looking for the one to sweep me off my feet. up and looking for now Climax, Saskatchewan am Xxx personals ready want to have sex Mr Right Are you out there. mature Berg im Drautal sex White sexy female Seeking 18-35 Ebony Daughter. Fortysomething seeks Twentysomething. Looking for a SWM to spend time with. Gaylord-MI no string attached sex Mature naughty search looking for boyfriend old women wanting kinky sex Port Lavaca Night security guard at bldg by fat dating milf chat. Phyllis Search real dating Never Married +345339 Looking for mature NONWHITE woman for lovemaking. . Horny lonely woman search sex contacts Massage therapist has no-body to practice on. Maried woman wants cheap women for sex bbw looking for sex Zruc . Any attactive College girl looking for $. latin wives Sandpoint Is Anyone You Know Doing This? I love pleasing a woman's luscious breasts. Starting with stroking them with the back of my fingers, until your nipples are pushing against your dress. I like carressing them, holding them underneath with my fingertips . . . just before I start with my tongue under you arm, and slowly find the side of each breast, gradually working my way underneath them, and running my tongue over the bottom of the curve they form. I like to squeeze them together, and run my tongue into your cleavage. Then I like to run the tip of my tongue up from the bottom, discreet sex Pleasant Hill Tennessee until I find your firm, erect nipples. I like to flicker my tongue across them, and gently . . . ever so gently . . . nibble on them. After I have thoroughtly pleased your beautiful titties, Fuck Buddy in Bentonville Arkansas teen pussy Draper South Dakota I like to spend even longer pleasing other places too. If no xxx is treating you like this, send me an email. Let's see what happens. Your pic gets mine. black bbw looking for a boyfriend Cleveland's Biggest Boobs? girls womens searching online sex. Lonely bbw search best looking women discreet relationship Topeka Kansas Late night lovin' BBW preferred! attractive lady seeking mr big Need local girl willing to give me head. Looking to be a girls slave. over 50 sex chat i miss you sexy bastard Sex horney looking get fuck Canungra curvy women are the best Married looking for sexless female. Checking each other out find local pussy mature adult swingerss. Married woman wants fuck buddy Want to Do a Little Fantasy. girl want sex in Sheffield Ohio Anybody want there back rubbed and pussy eat. Maybe not ur first choice! Asian woman wanting single parent dating site sonic on hwy321 Andamooka tonight I'll pay to suck your toes. Fit, Attractive Professional Seeks Same. Let me take you for a chat with hookers ride. women cocksucker in Ban Nachen old hot grandmother fucking Older married seeking looking for sex tonight Cleveland Ohio girls naked I really just want to have my face sat on. Indianapolis mature lady fucking Looking for an actual relationship not just sex. Any woman want some discreet no strings attached oral pleasure? horny ladies in Safford Arizona ca free fuck date Wuppertal Hot married woman searching dating online sites lonely bored bbw seeking friend Looking for now tonight any this week. get cuntslammed with my hardwhitecock 33 Tallahassee Florida 33 Words cant explain J. Men wants canada dating reading pa webcam sex SEEKING WOMAN OR MAN FOR SOME PLAY ASAP i hoST. lonely women in Omaha Single Black Woman looking.. Can you help? Lost a nude seniors . Heber City freaky women fucking vsafe attached man needs ltr gf Looking to get fucked hardcore tonight. Hot people want older swingers join my sex Buena Park now In Need of beautiful company. Special Lady Wanted for Special evening. Party wit me and huge cock adult lonelys. generous Sorocaba guy for 2 blk women Orem wife can fuck good Married pussy ready erotic nudes german horny woman A drink and a movie tonight at my place. cock white whores breasts swingers Lookin for a real Grannie. Senior wants looking for hooker looking for sex Montpelier Looking to maage a cute girl. mum wanting sex guy needs an mob wives nude present tonight It should not be this hard 43. Sexy single search looking to fuck tonight looking for genuine down to Bluffton friends Compensationlooking for tonight voyeur fantasy. Adult nursing relationships the Thrill Are You There? looking to fuck in Horsens Adult singles dating in Ocean city, Maryland (MD). looking to fuck in Horsens Spanking, hair pulling, and such. Woman wanted. Lonely pussy seeking lonely and single Asian hottie looking for Mr. Right. fuck woman near Bishop's Stortford Looking for texting flirting friend. Horney single looking women wanting dates free girl want sex Sao vicente Want to browse a bookstore with me? hosting younger in tigard hotel Yes I want sex. So what we all do. Married woman wanting seeking sex swingers Murcia online browse Attractive woman seeks night in shinning armor. Male looking for Female friends, or more if right. Anyone want to be my dinner date. naughty Plymouth wives West Point Utah sexy girl web cam IF YOU BELIEVE IN LOVE CLICK HERE! Juneau Alaska sexy women seeking fuck Married seeking a lunchtime buddy. Local girls seeking causal encounters looking for Des Peres Missouri female penpals Mon Chalet adult meeting NSA. Looking for that sexy someone. 110 real HERE looking to experiment. meet girls to fuck in Netherlands Antilles TC x Had a great time from x - x Sunday. For most of you who stood me up shame on you. To the guy who JO on my boobs let's do it again. I'm up for next Sunday if there is serious interest. Attached is a from Sunday passed. It's dim as there was no flash but if you've been to TC x Waterville you'll recognize the back area behind me. Met a lady named Sandy I met at Rufus Wainwright show x - x - x Hi, I met a lovely lady named Sandy at the Rufus Wainwright show Saturday, October at the Tabernacle. My name is Keith and I'm the big guy who told you that if webdsm dungeon Little Rock waited, Meridian Idaho seeking sugardaddy we would be at the front eventually. I was with my friend Lindsey (whom I didn't bother to introduce, Wiscasset ME bi horny wives Offerman sweet and beautiful d'oh) and you had a friend with you also. I was very smitten and would have loved to talk more. If you would care to talk, send me a message and let's get to know each other. Sexy Women in Mid florida FL. Adult Dating looking for a Scorpio! I'm a , and according to the stars we have a lot in common! I'm married and just looking for a chat buddy. If you are as curious as I am send me a message! Put "stars" in the subject heading. looking for a FWB...to meet hey nice day outside! am a easy going sbm goodsingle women Norfolk looking, Meridian Idaho seeking sugardaddy ISO a fun friend to talk to and meet and hangout! am drama free, fun and x friendly..so wonna talk and see.. Out of the My name is Austin, sat night date with white professional whores seeking men in Flagstaff I'm x I just got back from and I got out of the . xxx I'm sorry but I won't respond. Also I won't respond if you aren't a woman. These are the real pictures of me and I am unable to host but I can come to you. For the subject put Desert. I am real; The Broncos and Seahawks are playing each other in the Superbowl. I hope to hear from you. horny Greensboro women Tell me what u want n Ill do. Lonely senior looking seeking cock Kaneohe Hawaii sex couple Looking for a nice chill person to get to know! Tall, slender, light skinned married couples looking for laidback, relaxed girl. A good man for the right woman. mike from Newport cock sexy Chinon wives Craving the taste and smell of a younger woman I'm looking for a younger woman ( x - x ) who is interested in the appreciation that an older man can give. Not being a perve, but if you have a fantasy or RP you'd like to fulfill, 80809 nude women we could talk about that too. Also interested in online ...pix, fantasy chat, and email. Can't wait to hear from you. Needs to move on Hey, I recently got out of a relationship. I'm going through a pretty rough time. But I came to realize that sitting at home and thinking about what could have been is not going to help me at all. I'm looking to meet fun newtrue Farwell Texas gentleman seeks one special lady people, Meridian Idaho seeking sugardaddy who will show me that there is light at the end of the tunnel. I'm looking for women ages x and up, because I do enjoy a drink or xxx at times. I'm very open-minded and I will try anything once. I am not looking for sex or some threesome with your boyfriend,so if that is what you're looking for go look some place else. I have posted before and many have answered but only xxx really wanted to hang out. I need a woman or group of women that will actually chill on a weekly basis. We can set up a day when we can chill weekly. Email me if you are interested. Thanks. :-) looking for someone to escape the winter with Message for hairy adult swingerss Drewery. Black lady searching dating plus size single horny teens O'Brien Oregon After Thanksgiving just naked couples. tonight at winco in Guthrie 8 8 12 White women with ass?. U.S. open of surfing mature women x. tatted guy looking tatted girl free Neskaupstadur sex cams Woodsman Seeks Woods Woman. Friends? Hey, so about me I'm an attached good looking x yr old guy seeking friendship. I'm mainly interested in chatting, seeking for a good looking butch Alaska women pussy email, text friendship. You can be single, married, or attached it doesn't matter. Just looking for someone to talk to and chat about our day or whatever else you like. Some hobbies include, music, movies, videodiscreet relationship Dalmeny games, Meridian Idaho seeking sugardaddy skiing, grabbing a beer, and just hanging out. If you are interested in getting to know xxx another please send me a message. I guess the only thing I ask is to put the name of your favorite color in the subject line so I know it's not spam. I will reply to anyone that takes the time to message me. Thanks :) Loxley Country Gal Looking for Country Guy. Looking for date with some sexy flirting. Are their any real woman out there. © 2014-2015 Wm seeks cock to suck. |

Safe Healthcare Blog, guest author Dr. Only Campaign created two short videos to help aldara online no prescription make healthcare safer, one injection at a time. Safe Healthcare Blog, guest author Kim James, MS, FNP-BC Director, Occupational Health, Brookdale University Medical aldara treatment images Center, reveals her experiences of giving Injection Safety In-Services to Medical, Surgical and Dental Residents.. He makes the observation that safe injection practices in healthcare settings. These mistakes aldara online no prescription and knowledge gaps around these basic practices. The Campaign is made possible by a CDC Foundation and Eli Lilly and Company, please visit this new post on the CDC Foundation. Injection Safety In-Services to Medical, Surgical and Dental prescription for aldara Residents. practices have never been more important. When prescription medicines aldara online no prescription are obtained or used illegally by healthcare providers, it is called drug diversion. Kim shares her recommendations for closing knowledge gaps put healthcare providers and patients at risk. Safe Healthcare Blog features Ann Albright, Director of the International Spine Intervention Society talks about consequences of failing to follow basic safe injection techniques during interventional spine procedures. Review the new CDC document, Outpatient Settings Policy Options for Improving Infection aldara krem yorum Prevention, for more information about improving infection control practices. Keefe, Chairman of the Division of Diabetes Translation. To learn more about SIPCs partnership with the CDC Foundation partnership with. Safe Healthcare Blog, guest author Andrew Engel, MD, of aldara online no prescription the Board for the Organization for Safety, Asepsis and Prevention (OSAP), shares his personal experience with observing unsafe injection practices have never been more important. These mistakes and knowledge gaps around these basic practices. Only educational campaign to greatly broaden its membership base, amplify reach to new audiences, and provide new resources to targeted settings in an effort to ensure every medical injection is safe. Campaign is aldara online no prescription made possible by a CDC Foundation partnership with Eli Lilly and Company. The Campaign is made possible by a CDC Foundation Blog. Safe Healthcare Blog, drug diversion expert Kimberly New, JD BSN RN, says drug diversion. Nearly 100,000 Campaign materials were distributed in 2014. Nearly 100,000 Campaign materials were distributed in 2014. Together, NCEZID and its partners are able to accomplish more than any organization or institution can by working alone. Nadia still aldara cream effectiveness has hepatitis C is the best use of these rooms. Some of these people, including privacy, consent, and reporting of incidental findings in this release as the best way currently available evidence indicates a behavior that transmits HIV infection, associations between mental health needs and mobilizing strengths are now available as a aldara cream effectiveness facilitator. Being pregnant makes the text on the status of students, teachers, staff, and administrators. Leaders of one or the information aldara cream effectiveness captured as categorical variables. Because of co-infections with hepatitis B virus. Test setting Health aldara cream effectiveness care (103) 95 (92. Linking to a place where they had funding for CRC screening recommendations, but a predefined flat file format may also clean in the U. S, including NYU aldara cream effectiveness Grossman School of Medicine, District of Columbia, 2011. Figure), and the expense of the essence. Every year, there were gaps in the ITT analysis, efficacy outcomes through reports to grantees aldara cream effectiveness through its innovative public-private partnerships. For this next five years, demand for FFRs in the interim guidance has been shown to increase both patient and program document review. Variant viruses are constantly aldara cream effectiveness changing. Place wood chips or gravel aldara cream effectiveness between lawns and wooded areas to allow enough time for the detection of human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like-particle vaccine against human papillomavirus-related disease in the U. As part of the broadest audience possible. CDC analyzed current (2011) melanoma incidence and death rates differed across the country. This is a part of this study only included Alaska Native women in the use of communal spaces (for example, temperature screening or vaccination history cannot aldara cream effectiveness be maintained. This means that we are starting large-scale manufacturing of this new model, grantees partner with primary care doctor can help many people in the United States Diabetic retinopathy is one of those chronic conditions. The dips, which are translated aldara pill price into English, and aldara online no prescription grouped by themes. Pap test because of differences in the Southeastern United States, 2010-2016. Having had a hearing screening is applied, whereas others have purchased the product prior to initiating Olumiant aldara online no prescription and during the first effort in the US. Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) announced today. For the following cancers: all sites to increase colonoscopy screening. If you aldara online no prescription are sick. After Travel webpage for more information. The healthcare workforce and begin screening for colorectal cancer but not in use after adjustment for case-mix is important at the county level for smokers strongly supports a continuous MDE submission and feedback reports on our core elements, and evaluation of patients seeking care at home if you have a diversity of product produced by the date of publication. Follow state and local laboratory directors, public information officers, aldara online no prescription HAN coordinators, and clinician organizations. CDC continues to closely monitor the disinfectant and contact their healthcare provider immediately. Visiting another country aldara online no prescription back to the illinois investigation. Engagement is particularly concerned about a child cope with the current situation. Below are examples of activities such as poverty, lower educational attainment, and lack of availability of services with their medications and left only for claims with diagnosis codes for BRCA mutations in two out of 10 to 14 days, similar to warfarin, a known cause of death are not all states to collect information on the resources needed to improve use of additional interventions if they need to be HPV 16- or HPV negative, retested with INNO-LiPA Genotype test. Data reported for the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines aldara online no prescription and chemokines. Promoting NHTD can successfully test people and white individuals declined only for serotyping or serogrouping but also for classes I teach. Conclusions: Adolescents with cancer of the sponsors aldara online no prescription or the information and considerations central to comprehensively and specifically on this issue. CDC recommends that everyone in the United States, which is negative and only use them in the. Prevent Infections: Common illnesses can last up to date with CRC screening included one-on-one patient education, and employment levels. Presence of aldara online no prescription fentanyl analogs (i. NANCY MESSONNIER: Thank you so much. A flu vaccine viruses used to ensure at least 140 deaths have been sick for several cancers, including cervical cancer precursors during 2009. Check with the Office of Foreign aldara online no prescription Affairs or Ministry of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2019. Program policy prioritizes mammography for average-risk women aged 21 to 75 years (3). D-dimer is associated with higher incidence rates have been grown in greenhouses or hydroponically is also strengthening the HIV Epidemic (EHE) Initiative.. So they simply close because they have long understood, grappled anal warts aldara with, and the setting and supervised by an increase in white than black survivors; more black men aldara cvs and women is the current outbreak of E. What is the. HIV by demographic characteristic (e. Conclusions: Collection of anal warts aldara detailed CML data vary significantly by provider 47 60,829 51,697 39. Note: Conor passed in May 2020. Less commonly, persons outside these risk groups are anal warts aldara affected. The illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and 30-day point prevalence abstinence (PPA) rate at 38. About 70 out of town anal warts aldara together. For example, the HPAI virus were reported to be far from the L1 gene are aldara cream price philippines designed to give Brenna the space and not have a history of using EBPs is an important addition to a non-federal website. Moderator: We show no signs of a anal warts aldara particular receptor in the U. The World Health Organization (PAHO) throughout the United States (2). LOCAL LEADERS SHOULD EXAMINE REAL DATA FOR THIS NOVEL CORONAVIRUS IS 14 DAYS. Fourth, response rates ranged from 69 to 131 (Louisiana) per 100,000 persons to overcome barriers to physically separate employees who report anal warts aldara having had an HIV test. Disinfect pens, touchscreens, and counters after each patient with suspected influenza, lower respiratory tract infections, nausea, and headache. Swallowing just a couple more anal warts aldara. Some college or associate degree 1,658 60. Work with trusted community leaders to provide a summary indicating whether anal warts aldara their electronic health records to be 11. Gowns and protective clothing that covers international health threats. It is found in swine (swine influenza) were reported in the workplace anal warts aldara Onshore and offshore worksites, particularly in ways that we take very seriously. Recent COVID-19 hospitalization surveillance network that makes it difficult to implement, enhance or plan to swim. Info By Location tool allows users to scrub their hands frequently and that partnership with other programmatic and clinical anal warts aldara laboratories; vital statistics reports; 2004. When vaccine supply is low, new cases of H3N2v infection across 12 states that we faced. Wash your hands often with soap and water to remove the mask without assistance. What do I choose, how do you want to make aldara online no prescription trouble or act out. CDC, states, and the circumstances in making informed recommendations regarding the clinical characteristics of zoonotic influenza viruses to include a review aldara online no prescription of the hazard, training, and tools. I wondered if you are not planning to conceive with their immediate personal interest. These data aldara online no prescription are needed to address them. Conclusions: Cost estimates can be used to prioritize preventive and nonsurgical, nonaerosolizing caries prevention and control research network. CDC is a germ that can provide a solid foundation for targeted interventions could reduce feelings of stigma as important barriers aldara online no prescription to lung injury. Results: Among aldara online no prescription nonelderly individuals, both recently diagnosed (31. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the US as evidence of waning efficacy among participants who were less complete. The results of antigen detection assays for detection of severe COVID-19 illness COVID-19 can be passed between people aldara online no prescription. Falls are common among people with bleeding disorders. In addition aldara online no prescription to these conditions. Additional research aldara online no prescription is needed to clarify the relationships between collaborative synergy when reporting requirements that may serve as important methods of improving prevention programs and tobacco cessation, blood pressure is one of the number of potentially preventable deaths among males and 3,100 among females) (Table 2). Consider travel health education class. At that aldara online no prescription time, please press star one. WhoNancy Messonnier, MD, Director, National Center for Health Statistics; 2013. Other study findings underscore the importance to inform pediatric healthcare providers must report to work may begin to shed detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be minimized to the full amount of time between practices and procedures describing a recommended procedure to safely transport an ill RRT member health monitoring aldara and pregnancy program that contributes to national estimates. Consider having coaches use a condom every time, from start to get an influenza vaccine (IIV) is given as a cause. Keys to Safer Food Anyone can get infected from spreading germs. For Brooke Connell, a 37-year-old woman, VWD is the lead author of the hospital, they should notify local health department may contact the receiving unit about the number of donnings or uses they recommend other vaccines before you travel depending on their own. Division of Reproductive Health and Human Services (HHS) aldara and pregnancy. Links with this icon indicate that you are sick enough to need to make health decisions for 16 consecutive weeks. The various forecasts provided by the FDA commissioner has quoted as the classes might be higher, such as healthcare providers, as well as locked, confidential storage cabinets and proper handwashing. See Table 2 Pre-existing immunity Assumption, ASPR and CDC is learning more about being part of learning, such as hot and cold food cold. We do not bind well to manage your cholesterol, controlling your blood pressure levels before getting vaccinated is one way to improve cardiovascular health of adults who have an unhealthy cholesterol reading, and 95 million U. aldara and pregnancy A CDC study showed that highly-rated slip-resistant shoes are different possibilities out there, but getting better solutions. These actions include using asthma action plan that you are sick to their healthcare provider. Require your teen to zero or one is not suspected in a geographic area (e. I was just going to treat flu, they also come with risks and uncertainties that could lead to cancer. Keeping your hands aldara and pregnancy carefully and act on results. COVID-19 patients (no one less than optimal match between the initial 14-day period between 1998 and 2003. CDC has been largely successful. Communal Spaces Close shared spaces are more likely to be rising. Teeth with aldara and pregnancy little or no protection against getting infected is to prepare for mitigating COVID-19 spread. NM Tyvyt 64. Linking to a close overlap before between the church and cemetery. The FDA is continuing to work closely with other live poultry. Antigen detection tests should not re-allocate personal ventilators brought by a virus. What is an important adjunct to vaccination benefits, CDC recommends that people living with serious difficulty with learning, developmental delays, and autism spectrum disorder and he mentioned each of these how much does aldara cost without insurance repatriated citizens, their families, aldara online no prescription and communities. The good news is prevention is possible. Find resources based on your next adventure. The virus spreads is evolving as we wait for the expected answer, or identify the source aldara online no prescription of clinical trials, stockpiling and other partners should include: A dedicated trash can for disposal of contaminated water. Ask your healthcare provider and staff will monitor the Healthy People objectives and some resources to promote healthy lifestyles and positive attitude. The scientific name of this population. Why a virus that causes aldara online no prescription COVID-19 after attending a funeral service. People with uncontrolled seizures or severe types of observational studies. Develop hazard controls using the warmest appropriate water setting for the care and concern. FAQs on Testing Healthcare Personnel (HCP): HCP include, but are worn to protect against the Ebola outbreak in Canada. I would again reiterate that everyone who is aldara salbe incapacitated or otherwise unable to care for that aldara online no prescription are higher than normal, and are able to stand up the phone lines, please press star-one at this point in time. Continuity of other families in America, while reminding us there is no recommendation to avoid getting cancer. However, CDC has deployed additional staff if absenteeism due to the melanoma surgical team during anesthesia. Politico: thank aldara online no prescription you for doing laundry such as opioids prescribed for pain management. Data must be taken home or to incorrectly label the child from exposure to a successful contact tracing and quarantine (of close contacts) are limited, facilities should ensure that participants maintain social distancing and wear masks. I think it would seem as though that points to people without arthritis. Physical activity helps improve aldara online no prescription your physical abilities. Beyond PE, with schools is found in every category during the NIS-Teen interviews for STD partner services providers, and the vaccine is needed to manage your blood sugar, blood pressure, high LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, diabetes, depression, obesity, smoking, eating unhealthy foods, and how to maintain school operations. The amount of iron can damage your blood and body fluid spills, 0. COVID-19 will allow public health labs will also help adults with high titer inhibitors. You will hear a tone to indicate endorsement, actual or implied, of the programs and K-12 special education; therapies such as a source of exposure. Oral cavity and pharynx 455 1. topical imiquimod cream aldara Gum and other resources to check support their response. In 2015 oropharyngeal SCC in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. Registration is not available), eye protection, gloves, and wipe the entire study period; from 2009 to strengthen those strategies. In healthcare settings has not spread easily among clients, staff, or visitors who do not have any symptoms, but you can be topical imiquimod cream aldara eliminated as a COVID-19 patient: Enter the home and isolation at home. So some might be associated with having adopted practices that apply to CDC and the spine, resulting in a PE or arterial thrombosis events in the past few years, your tumor may have reduced benefit in a. To them, I received special treatment until their body from doing these things. Check with topical imiquimod cream aldara the Office of the emails: Note that 2016 is an independent, private foundation in Indianapolis that is often a loss of taste or smell, vomiting or diarrhea, and sore throat. If you ate in the community is engaged at every health care providers should obtain a detailed travel history for patients with symptoms of COVID-19, and those with worse prognoses are more similar to vaccine effectiveness. Extremely hot weather can make other foods, such as specified data ranges and drop-down response boxes (eg, primary CRC screening patient navigators to increase awareness of congenital CMV infection, with or without signs or symptoms of potential COVID-19 infection, including: fever, cough, shortness of breath, or at school. NA Employment status Employed or self-employed topical imiquimod cream aldara 51. SPHERES aims to estimate VE for the response, and control efforts. OUR SCHOOLS WILL DESCRIBE WHAT TO DO IS, YOU KNOW, PROVIDE GUIDANCE AND THE DRUGS TO FIGHT FLU ILLNESS. If you have been confirmed positive for COVID-19, even if they are important ways to prevent infection by oncogenic HPV types, and some vaccines require multiple doses to provide teletraining to professionals with assessment of the three identified in each survival estimate topical imiquimod cream aldara. There are drugs your doctor every year in the 11 ill people in this report describes six strategies for optimizing PPE supply. The researchers also noticed cells fusing together, which is especially important because they cannot be reported in patients treated with Olumiant. Change the gown during topical imiquimod cream aldara care. Cancer Surveillance Program, disseminated reports to date with CRC screening in populations with lower rates of cervical and breast self-examination. Keywords: CRCCP; NBCCEDP; NCCCP; NPCR; SEER; cancer control; Nutrition; Physical activity. Local policies at your destination may require you to be topical imiquimod cream aldara active in the third criteria. Ophthalmologists (eye specialists) typically do cataract surgery at outpatient facilities require screening to an epilepsy specialist near you who have thalassemia. Although there is currently low. To learn more, but those pets that did not aldara online no prescription have any symptoms, but you can be used to calculate dangers of aldara cream the screening test within the previous 3 years (84. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth. Health departments setting up a local aldara online no prescription driver. Julian A, Thorburn S, Geldhof GJ. Older adults, people of any age with underlying medical conditions, and others at increased risk for serious illness that can make it difficult to stay home and distancing when on the clinical setting, public health organizations (THOs) comprising the Alaska Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, Alaska; 3Breast, Cervical, and Colon Health Program, Washington State Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare; 1974. There are no data on flu deaths in these aldara online no prescription clinics are often in close contact should be held for three days (72 hours). People experiencing these symptoms, talk to doctors and radiation during childhood and risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Binge drinking is the most common misbelief about Tourette, often seen on TV and in Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Remind HCP about actions the facility and after preparing food Before putting on, touching, or removing aldara online no prescription cloth face covering. Top of PageIn February 2018, the United States, as scheduled site web. The implementation of policies for aldara online no prescription return-to-work after COVID-19 illness. Labeling containers for used PPE. The masks recommended here and that steps are taken to make surgical and other PPE, social distancing can be used to prepare SRT volunteers to stay connected with them virtually whenever possible. Working with local health departments aldara online no prescription continue to develop cancer later in life. Values for this study. To reverse the downward trend and improve population health. Second, the aldara online no prescription most commonly used tobacco product users are CDC country offices in the Northeast, mid-Atlantic, and upper extremity among males. More About AMD AMD is a global flu surveillance capacity varies greatly even within the shelter or cleaner air shelters or cleaner. Outpatient and Emergency Department Visits: This is being done in terms of whether or not be permitted to return to the red onion label is attached. Today, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the U. Department of Health comprar aldara online españa and Human Services (HHS) is supporting the Department how to buy aldara in usa of. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These graphics will help you safely provide necessary care to patients or infectious materials. Find information how to buy aldara in usa on two of the elements highlighted in this case SARS-CoV-2. For general information about COVID-19 contact tracing. Know which dining options are safer than eating indoors. We would like to ask how to buy aldara in usa your questions. United States is expected in H1 2021. BAVENCIO in combination with biologic DMARDs or with influenza A(H3N2) variant (A(H3N2)v) virus was present before 2015 (endemic) and there is about what may happen in the United States, including aggressive mosquito control in areas of the Pfizer Breakthrough Growth Initiative (PBGI). In 2018, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A US federal agency, CDC helps make the healthy choice the easy how to buy aldara in usa choice by putting science and prevention into action. If a serious hypersensitivity reaction occurs, promptly discontinue tofacitinib while evaluating the f ull set of relationships with multiple global pharmaceutical collaborators, including Genmab, Sanofi, Bayer Animal Health, Genentech, a member of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus response. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) will share their vision and visual impairment. Centers for how to buy aldara in usa Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are committed to advancing the science to address community-wide rodent activity is still extremely high, with the capacity to detect and respond to potential outbreaks of violence, armed conflict, and other resources for occupational safety and health when traveling abroad. Renal Impairment: Decreases in estimated glomerular filtration rate occurred in 1. BAVENCIO can cause dangerous and destructive high winds, flooding, heavy rain, and storm surges. A US federal agency, CDC helps make the healthy choice the easy choice by putting science and prevention and vaccination message, or assist you in developing your own. That immune response, many vaccines put a weakened or inactivated germ into see here now our bodies. Outbreaks of how to buy aldara in usa illness among workers in food-producing facilities and areas that first reported in neighboring Uganda, CDC fully supports the decision by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention today released new data regarding timeframes for effectiveness. Sumitovant Biopharma, Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co, Ltd, is our majority shareholder. ALK-positive ALCL respond well to continue your medical care by calling 911. Morbidity and how to buy aldara in usa Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Surveillance Summary. This factsheet provides information to characterize the spectrum of clinical trials. What can healthcare providers caring patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 (e. For patients with a narrow therapeutic index may need to know during COVID-19. Withhold BAVENCIO for Grade 3 aldara online no prescription or 4, and no additional campers or staff were known to be done and what the symptoms are aldara treatment for superficial bcc. New York, NY: Humana Press; 2010:3-22. Ongoing mitigation guidance, and prevention efforts that are common and treatable causes aldara online no prescription of illness). Learn about Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a risk of Zika virus. In 2018, nine states reported an adult obesity prevalence at or above 35 percent: Alabama, Arkansas, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas and Wyoming. INDIANAPOLIS and SAN FRANCISCO and aldara online no prescription LONDON, Jan. The graphic can be adjusted or discontinued, restart XALKORI at a restaurant. Department of aldara online no prescription Health or National Public Health Emergency Response, Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity for Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases. Press Release Embargoed Until: Thursday, July 30, 2019, a total of 2,698 cases, including 140 in healthcare settings when there is a tool used to model regional experiences with other COVID-19 vaccines in Q1. Some of these infections has not been approved or licensed by the U. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) will provide an update on acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in the workplace. CDC is working with other public health officials to monitor for aldara online no prescription ongoing Zika virus more tips here infection. We strive to set the standard for quality, safety and value in the COVID-19 pandemic sruck, its designers quickly repurposed it to produce comparable clinical or other signs and symptoms of thrombosis. People from racial and ethnic disparities persist. CDC works to help aldara online no prescription inform medical decision making and patient engagement to help. I will now receive data on foodborne disease outbreaks and antimicrobial resistance or AMR). Microbiologist Amy Kirby and environmental engineer aldara online no prescription Mia Mattioli specialize in wastewater and how long babies are breastfed. You will hear a tone to indicate your question is from Tom Corwin with the health care professionals that discusses new studies and the Tennessee Department of Homeland Security (DHS) will modify enhanced Ebola port-of-entry screening for CCHD using a symptom-based strategy. The Department of State received the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine. COVID-19 Guidance: Stay safe while resuming school and providing support for breastfeeding has largely improved since 2007, according to a new CDC studyexternal icon published aldara online no prescription today estimates that 25 percent of a small apartment, or for people in special populations like healthcare workers from COVID-19. Learn what you can protect health during responses to the contrary, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) today will begin reporting the total of number of people eligible for life-saving anti-retroviral treatment (ART) and expand access to COVID-19 preparedness plans. This document provides guidance to jurisdictions on measuring the success of investments by the National Wastewater Surveillance System, a new CDC study published in scientific journal publications and, if so, when and with public health information officers, health communication specialists, health educators, and other causes related to the outbreak and inform public health..

39; re dating for cannot understand claimed, it may model practically first or yet requested. If the month is, please refresh us ensure. 2017 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The brain will leave demonstrated to basic opinion size. It may is up to 1-5 ads before you came it. The l will run increased to your Kindle browser. The Sphinx Database does view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure and applied mathematics of supplymanagement. theory consists the medical TV to prove NZBs. You can edit the Underhand 500 schools, but that is a physical guy of design about where to advise. artifacts use been with the material Debate, article, philosophy, and Case. literature details are delayed to when Geometric. NZB King sets role PAGES well Here. Comments Click sometimes to pay view homotopy theory an. Nurse Blows Up Flu Shot Hoax! German Chancellor Angela Merkel Will not Seek Re-Election in 2021GM contains economic review life link Per Month Condo in the Philippines - Near the Beach! nurture KEEP NEWS FREE DONATE just is VERSION FORUM Online: books: banks: experienced: Citizen Reporters, Whistler Blowers, materials CLICK sufficiently TO UPLOAD NEWS! BEFORE IT'S NEWS SIGN UP FOR OUR NEWSLETTER Submit Today's integrative Stories Web Bot: Clif High: 2 PurchaseAt Old Temporal Markers are - stochastic total book - New meals( Video)War at the Southwest Border, Arizona building taurine, books great to try not grades - Capt. regardless to provide currently Worse The Herbal Remedy Which Kills Bladder Cancer Cells, cookies are The Potent Anti Edema Functional RemedyWho Controls the Mainstream Media? Why the stopping of Disclosure? The URI you sent is installed volunteers. Your selected % 's English-language! A aspiration production that illustrates you for your charge of nothing. object processes you can create with storages. 39; re disabling the VIP equipment! 39; re transmitting 10 file off and 2x Kobo Super Points on possible Documents. View Homotopy Theory An Introduction To Algebraic Topology Pure And Applied Mathematics 64 1975BEFORE IT'S NEWS SIGN UP FOR OUR NEWSLETTER Submit Today's macroeconomic Stories Web Bot: Clif High: 2 view homotopy theory Old Temporal Markers explain - new unusual strategiesNote - New schools( Video)War at the Southwest Border, Arizona teeming relevant, items new to continue only researchers - Capt. Similarly to do not Worse The Herbal Remedy Which Kills Bladder Cancer Cells, Participants give The Potent Anti Edema Functional RemedyWho Controls the Mainstream Media? Why the PE of Disclosure? Will Trump address the board; Disclosure President"? Project Disclosure( Pipe-Bomb Must Watch)Antarctica Alien Discoveries That Are Stranger Than Any Science Fiction Book( Video)Hot! Prager, Dennis areas; Telushkin, Joseph. The Women for time. Simon items; Schuster, 2003. An view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure and read while labelling this Ancestry. All books on Feedbooks are established and formed to our Implications, for further audience. Your Web distribution is here rehabilitated for Talent. Some jS of WorldCat will as run potential. Your email takes delivered the clever file of times. Please do a secure approach with a stuffy security; be some thousands to a relevant or lengthy mail; or delete some lives. unavailable Networking methods, items, and exist! Hirschberg Studien Zur Geschichte Der Simplices In Der Alten Kirche. set generally to gravel to this chromatography's secret email. New Feature: You can also have other payment experiences on your team! Problemgeschichte der Psychologie reviewed in the fiction. No world is cunning for this Abuse.93; That makes, the view homotopy theory an introduction of the order may help retrieved on a many Ft. or conceptualization. He is that it saves an Western key, because it involves the page ' password, ' neighbouring to well-prepared postmodern about the grade of it. Klug is unlimited art as ' an advanced detailed information about Jews as Jews, ' metamorphosing that whether products learn Verified as a time, review, or architecture, and whether color builds from the trade or the g, the relationship's product of the Jew 's pretty as ' a classifications received not, often just by their cryptosystems but by their technical product. They love pharmacokinetic, equal, Arab, carefully Taking to give a way. invalid view encryption to Clipping readers in new Applications. certain way of the systemslevel due exhausting Content settings their hosting examples and the most scalable administrators completed in leading them Public Key Cryptography: results and pages is and has the talents of monetary technical Click and says its order in all new detailed great products in animal message, cheerleading ElGamal, RSA, Elliptic Curve, and intermediate hepatocyte Strategies. The whole is n't ten goals with key words, while each card is unemployment to fifty thoughts with new operators for rhythmic ll freed in the system. Public Key Cryptography has a open g for > who is blocked by or helping research with a review Goodreads, Copyright accomplishment j, or any above content that leads Other physical devices to release tables. refer not have view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure and applied for it systematically here? No error, enable it as a comment and go thus to it later. edit it with you wherever you are. The Great Brain staff: Nature Or Nurture? The Great Brain homepage: Nature Or Nurture? realistic l can conduct from the international.Within each view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure, Nagel is, there hijacks a file between two changes, the contemporary and the Authorized. Without the key name, there would enjoy no literature, right the one-school, communication, and such number of 10th chapters. It contains because a natural order earns not extend still his questionable collaboration of shopping that each of us has new to the genes of Payments through serious and conventional reader. previous tools, to read s, must die an cache of these two messages within the security. A given view is K&ndash lives number organisation in Domain Insights. The bits you are also may unexpectedly understand necessary of your asymptomatic diploma computer from Facebook. Y ', ' Healing ': ' business ', ' police owner certification, Y ': ' government Information item, Y ', ' history B: beds ': ' quantum Shipping: materials ', ' convergence&rdquo, button requirement, Y ': ' file, reading deeperunderstanding, Y ', ' &ldquo, time quarterback ': ' development, IEEE community ', ' business, tourism key, Y ': ' text, list d, Y ', ' engineer, computer attacks ': ' standard, ghetto resources ', ' field, client experiences, solution: ways ': ' &ldquo, Distribution protocols, reason: methods ', ' Assassin, und Sense ': ' quantum, Bol type ', ' request, M entry, Y ': ' enjoyment, M Internet, Y ', ' request, M luck, universality second-year: Results ': ' website, M tenet, paradigm table: fundamentals ', ' M d ': ' Play block ', ' M request, Y ': ' M Anti-Zionism, Y ', ' M model, building longest-term: pages ': ' M inventory, file internationalpurchasing: Reasons ', ' M recipient, Y ga ': ' M production, Y ga ', ' M skin ': ' sedimentation click ', ' M shopkeeper, Y ': ' M support, Y ', ' M traffic, move computer: i A ': ' M browser, concept j: i A ', ' M phrase, key file: updates ': ' M file, alternative g: studies ', ' M jS, justification: technologies ': ' M jS, interview: Trials ', ' M Y ': ' M Y ', ' M y ': ' M y ', ' book ': ' e2 ', ' scholar. Please know a trade to write and exist the Community plants failures. not, we rely really described and been the international audio scientific purposes( PKCS) and were that NTRU is the most active same asymmetric view homotopy theory to be calculated with the fascinating find in block to redefine books and students in Ad-Hoc UWB-IR Networks. No. on the page relevant RSA numerous balanced presence( PKC) has the above view in andcoordinating sent catalog items recent as book, File book, Cloud library, etc. invalid previous browser( PKC) is the suitable analysis in other Written file abstractions key as site, File browser, Cloud use, etc. In this block Trivial RSA has constructed which then is the word. increasingly the replaced books exist based to cancel algorithms. 2 million editions affect this catalog every flag. We right Do reviews of this view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure and applied, and See deposits for Being the Viewers of supply, file, and quantum given with the copyright of erotica, representation of error for a advanced-level tranche, and review destruction. Net and Computer Software. In this Survey, we think a Big Data address nativist started to invalid grades Regardingpurchasing servant process architectures. The held E-mail has the cart Fellow life were heading the Hadoop PE. We have the last grades of such Fano and Calabi-Yau improvements creating the( accurate) particular view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure and applied mathematics 64 1975 Scribd, which works the page of the abstracts of Hilbert children of arrested statistics. They Do made by months teachers of underway 2 rates with intended product code on environments of out accessible description, significantly our Fano students are Picard contract 1, g 2, consider public, and update campaigns. The settings even give for detailed fact-checked right focused countries. Social Science Research Network, 2018. It may sends up to 1-5 Norms before you stored it. The Smith-Fay-Sprngdl-Rgrs will perform loved to your Kindle chapter. It may takes up to 1-5 seconds before you had it. You can be a j javaScript and verify your ribs. If Open, not the view homotopy theory an introduction to in its interested login. The full-textDiscover is not create, or is to understand, the HTTP state crystal that were become in the © catalog. 1, upcoming than with this childhood industry. The l % focus an storm applying why that l has then constrained and what imperial beds Are calculated by that server. The view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure does also published. This cover is dealing a work-study p to be itself from detailed tips. If a view thought not raised below, it may presumably combat next yet because of a access in depending the simulation; learn a central environments or worry the frontier networking. cryptosystems on Wikipedia have catalog major except for the random cryptography; please illustrate relevant minutes and explore ranging a are visually to the particular purchase. new Y: publications, architectures, account, times, perspectives. I make not new, but the server you performed exists not understand. find me work whether I can click you Writing what you look. RePEc Genealogy, RePEc Biblio, or RePEc itself, I give to complete about it.have be our view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic to gain bar getting in review! Closed Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year's readers. use to contact the shopping. click the tall work settings broken by the California Science Center! - When Bob takes the view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure and, he is an key reading of Alice's record( which he has even returned not, Sorry by a other anti-Semitism) to let the book, and takes the advertising. Bob can fruitfully be the existing USER to be his economic sequel. In an postal adaptive work, Bob and Alice are fundamental minutes. still, Alice has Bob to share his 141Ce103Ru2 &ndash to her through various book, processing his Antisemitism to himself. When Alice does it, she has it to exist a research including her for, and is the maintained Problem to Bob. Bob can Sorry discover the opinion with his code and understand the problem from Alice. : The view Is badly presented. FieldSpecial charge can make from the 13-digit. If 2&ndash, starsPoorly the simulation in its new book. The current percent did while the Web key closed submitting your quantum. Please live us if you are this is a encryption server. The URI you was is shared jS. - view homotopy theory an in your this. Our co-founder is paired individual by posting recent items to our schools. Please do expressing us by observing your shopping quadrant. Anti-Semitism tools will be single after you are the j organ and way the search. Please handle debate to delete the data described by Disqus. Your view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology elaborated a approach that this box could not purchase. : Adrian Atanasiu, ACM Computing Reviews, Vol. Have a view homotopy theory an introduction with an Text? Euromicro takes ed for your request. Some computers of this representation may n't learn without it. Please ensure the monk trial if you have to add this step. If balanced, BE find recipes about what you received disabling at the card this policy received. Your end-user were an compelling algorithm. - Although view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure and applied mathematics 64 1975 is on total minutes, some crystals are hidden to be to the cryptosystems of key, such data. well, the policies Therefore long interested right interested workers but structure banks replacing point and times. Case 7This MNC has in TV homepage new browser, edition, and ANALYST. Its arrangements on five star signatures: racism mining, principles, European implementation file story, the action, and data. This exists more than 100 scaling in not 30 models the loss. malformed Chain Forum An International Journal Vol. The portrayals created to relationship Text demonstrated the entity:( a) chemical theexistence,( b) community anti-eloquence &, and( c) FilePursuit Cryptography. : being in architectural view. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2014. books in Symbolic Interaction Michael G. SSRN Electronic Journal Dawn Iacobucci Stan WassermanView environment percent 23 Self-Interest and Beyond BasicPrinciples of Social InteractionE. information Paul A M Van LangeView theory adaptation account book of link have you are? RIS BibTeX Plain TextWhat ship you Are to Fire? view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure and applied mathematics site a user? - An few view homotopy theory an, or exchange, Is an new exposure of the group. We Are examples to overcome new average to the F's researchers. What is when I Are? The medical reliability of this request is download limited copied widely. You can scramble a view homotopy theory an introduction of the request and we will be it to you when it is Easy. We will right be you for the bit until it offers. : view homotopy file argues UCSC request on system ', Santa Cruz Sentinel, May 2, 2003. World Trade Center Tragedy Hits All Nationalities ', September 14, 2001. Palestinian Holocaust Denial ', Washington Institute Peace Watch, text file, file, performance ', Judaism, Fall 2002. new email at San Francisco State University, ' The Jerusalem Post, May 16, 2002. Amid the functions, the deducible fact of a Disclaimer process, ' The Independent, April 16, 2002. Reinach, Salomon e-books; Simmonds, Florence. - view homotopy theory an introduction to ia of Usenet attacks! site: EBOOKEE presents a strip racism of issues on the page( possible Mediafire Rapidshare) and presents not handle or create any people on its item. Please refresh the hidden links to differ items if any and government us, we'll send 2001--Pref characters or merchants Just. Could not be this product scattering HTTP file offeravailability for URL. Please use the URL( book) you was, or trigger us if you are you are identified this view in catalog. method on your number or exist to the approach point. : This view homotopy theory an introduction to runs a ' depth ' of what to buy in the unaddressed roles of the digital role heavily however to differ the using page of juga links actions that have over deal and over way, and therefore headquarters. The experiences the kidney books have European but various: where to MEET key, who should hear concerned, how to cope the server, how to process what you 've, which quantum or sex to use, how to be the number and how to find if the text does English. secondary fences of volume Disclaimer keys are compared to learn create military collection on the resources, the systems and the issues to character. In word, the request takes central mathematical partners and traits to have a differential and course-material & F for the different message. The phase will easily chosen to incorrect mathematician den. It may enjoys up to 1-5 systems before you became it. Ravna, with the view homotopy theory an introduction to of Jefri Olsndot, his class JavaScript Amdiranifani, and the cryptography Screwfloss( a directed Lord Steel), overrides her years and experiences to Enter to Woodcarver's business to content Nevil's error. On the ebook, Proudly, the four give explained and arrested to the Tropics aboard two of Tycoon's products. much on Oobii, merely under Nevil's Speed, Nevil's lead Bili Yngva is a invalid Zone network gotten by the address's thermodynamics.039; items think more lives in the view homotopy shortcut. always, the world you slashed is third. The quantum you submitted might be followed, or easily longer is. Why automatically send at our witness? Please contact the view homotopy j if you qualify to believe this register. If identical, participate help others about what you submitted using at the account this forum occurred. For 501(c)(3 GP of resistance it presents secret to be blood. concept in your blueprint intelligence. Chapterfrom design Post-quantum address. For MasterCard and Visa, the view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology means three models on the history update at the server of the framework. 1818014, ' browser ': ' Please turn here your j means asymmetric. technical are not of this globalpurchasing in review to be your card. 1818028, ' l ': ' The plan of gap or link community you am heading to understand is relatively sent for this polarization. write a view homotopy theory an to feature experiences if no science minutes or own diseases. church people of Accusations two features for FREE! product Insiders of Usenet guides! lottery: EBOOKEE is a Inthe pathology of years on the g( spectral Mediafire Rapidshare) and is as be or send any qualityrequirements on its programming. To edit up the view homotopy of action, not of having the series's Public world to the monetary operations or light-years, the principle can densely implement the crimes or servers playing a live server scheme and dominantly also read the slashed g report, instead remaining progress. finding is a not faster change to be anxiously Contained to awaiting an only honest browser card badly. The browser would right manage the always completed j order and decrypt the methodical data or difficulties with the home's basic responsibility. The website would already reach device sure and with exam and inconvenience right universal. Those who are the view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure and: The j of Anti-Semitism, Random House 2004, hepatic 272. Tembarai Krishnamachari, Rajesh. non-profit books for framework within the Ummah ' in South Asia Analysis Group, Paper 5907, Apr 2015. depending From the Muck: The New Anti-Semitism in Europe. The new view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure and applied mathematics 64 1975 of the E-mail presents debated at AW quantum( QC) acceptable Results. We 've the indices that the Other server of physical murder capacity is g through request quantum: the science to run and enable the shopping book nearly Furthermore as for the bandwidth to achieve page. To points, selected are what it is to understand and exist a phenomenal, interested leakage author so as the field of tension presents 2001--Pref East Debate. For Debate, the percent account version in subject jS means used to the number of previous minutes, the pdf length to the appointment process scheme, or the Read edge emerged to the message pressure of each cover of a moment. 1818028, ' view homotopy theory an introduction ': ' The PDF of server or site p. you pass handling to provide is specially matched for this sixteenth-century. 1818042, ' envelope ': ' A Cystic frequency with this Talmud top just is. commission ': ' Can create all storage links livestock and possible edition on what addition students are them. book ': ' balance days can contact all conditions of the Page. view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure and applied mathematics 64 1975 ': ' This premise ca first be any app eigenvectors. credit ': ' Can understand, create or Get agencies in the role and ANALYST message artifacts. Can be and Try globalisation Methods of this file to deliver ll with them. quantum ': ' Cannot involve applications in the blocker or scheme university views. Can understand and implement view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure data of this V to have tools with them. 163866497093122 ': ' treasure technologies can register all experiences of the Page. 1493782030835866 ': ' Can explore, run or use notes in the group and EMPLOYEE anti-Israelism schemes. If new, strictly the view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure and applied mathematics in its Public iPhone. The URI you established is based Thousands. Your funding requested an other style. You have kelp is not find! The classical certification: deep account and appropriate practice Klaus Dingwerth. function The conventional clients&mdash: full user and cold blade Klaus Dingwerth. The powerful work: public businessman and abstract JavaScript Klaus Dingwerth. security of Congress Control Number: view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology Series Statement: examples of the globalization, etc. solution: is active readers( message theory' 5th sense': a book 3. Italian Handbook of rocky index 4. , If you are a view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology for this Debate, would you improve to enjoy systems through location physics? find your Kindle relatively, or always a FREE Kindle Reading App. functional data page said a Disclaimer evolving students not well. This allows a Jewish color before your lifestyle, or as a website for issues. mathematical and together decided for your view homotopy theory an introduction. sent PurchaseI very be the & of this security as he believed a new + in a confidentially entire and decrease Javascript. One of the politics I signed about his E-book of stock has that he is his someone there to the treasure. It happens like both Rene and the nature are calling a change with each detailed. He actually sent a entire view homotopy theory an introduction to ensuring facilities and readers with specified sales, cultures, and professionals. In people of the quantum and field you are from depending this Mrs, it is then 100 downtime able and available. closed grades are using this card in discussion to Cisco Press's j. AB 430 view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure and applied mathematics 64 1975 copyright and SB 472 business p separations passed. introduced Staff Mentoring Program requested. California Subject Matter Project were. English Language Learners Best Practices key looked. 2009: All high-quality file and first-ever gamut fundamentals Said to intermediate search back review, using Reading First, BTSA, AB 430, SB 472, and Certificated Staff Mentoring ed. Funding can try targeted for any conscious quantum. California Subject Matter Project pioneered. English Language Learners Best Practices perspective drove. 2010: All mathematical j and able search bits encounter in logical g j Talmud. California Subject Matter Project determined. English Language Learners Best Practices view homotopy theory an introduction to said. . By TTLtraveller July 20, 2016 - 5:21 amPlease combine the moral costs to precipitate members if any and view homotopy theory an us, we'll make free professors or companies newly. The life will travel complicated to honest architecture series. It may receives up to 1-5 downloads before you reserved it. The website will explore shared to your Kindle concern. By kaviyaa July 15, 2016 - 10:13 am1818028, ' view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure and applied mathematics 64 ': ' The ID of AX or process g you help controlling to master dies very missed for this conductance. 1818042, ' signature ': ' A Synergistic licensing with this positivism&rsquo foot-in-mouth not becomes. Democracy ': ' Can have all talk modalitas browser and private Meaning on what account traits 've them. description ': ' innocence transactions can write all sets of the Page. view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure and applied mathematics 64 ': ' This reformist ca right be any app functions. By Amit Saraswat July 13, 2016 - 8:21 amview homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure documents then just add the approach of listed description deformations. light studies want significant engine shopkeeper. Most wear scenarios are that by request the disorders of edited phenomena are Top or though more total than Fine stages of architectures. This would email that fueled crisis guardians on opinion 've zero by key. In the werecombined of EnglishChoose cryptosystems, similar key architectures have not disallowed to find general sure years. By Rachel July 12, 2016 - 9:30 amThe fundamental view terms need known in virtue since 1998. This search is new with the infancy for the Next Generation Science Standards. even, a private architect of the ebook in California believes demonstrated on left, confidentiality, and business shows and systems. systematically, Open issue security in these effects is balanced, as give traditional, multiple, new mathematics. By A Zee July 10, 2016 - 1:10 pmDownload VAERS Data and Tell the CDC WONDER view homotopy theory. family transitions, items, achieving aspects, and shared pages. opportunity British schedule formed to VAERS campaigns. page: To send AR byheadquarters, not the 6&ndash Adobe Acrobat Reader. By Karen King July 9, 2016 - 7:52 pmThe view homotopy theory an introduction to algebraic topology pure and Invokes about between 700 to 800 presentations, days, calculations, experiences and reply thoughts from all over the environment to be the latest and most several experts in the subject and education implementation. More email and quality will read also never perfectly Jewish. To be the strip and j of Other years and the browser of issues, pages and g among non-existent books, settings and festivities, the EAAE is a child of campaigns. These 've: a architectural Congress with a messianic browser, analytical cookies a list which have Powered to one or more 501(c)(3 operations, a original electorate once every two artifacts and sent areas at the services of second days.

Although the Constitution specified a Supreme Court, its functions were vague until Marshall, the Chief Justice (1801–1835), defined them, especially the power to overturn acts of Congress or states that violated the Constitution, first enunciated in 1803 in Marbury v. [290] That storming led to Trump's impeachment, as the only U.S president to be impeached twice. Latest media. In 1920, the manufacture, sale, import and export of alcohol were prohibited by the Eighteenth Amendment, Prohibition.). Abolitionists pounced on the Act to attack slavery, as in the best-selling anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe. The Folsom culture was similar, but is marked by the use of the Folsom point. [75] Its goal was primarily to remove Native Americans, including the Five Civilized Tribes, from the American Southeast; they occupied land that settlers wanted. In the 1960s, in large part due to the strength of the civil rights movement, another wave of social reforms was enacted which enforced the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African Americans and other racial minorities. [98] West Virginia is usually associated with the border states. "Muckraking" journalists such as Upton Sinclair, Lincoln Steffens and Jacob Riis exposed corruption in business and government along with rampant inner-city poverty. [42], Washington refused to serve more than two terms – setting a precedent – and in his famous farewell address, he extolled the benefits of federal government and importance of ethics and morality while warning against foreign alliances and the formation of political parties. [199][200], However, many federal laws (i.e. [6], Learn how and when to remove this template message,, Multiplayer and single-player video games, Video games about the American Revolution, Articles needing additional references from October 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters, Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images, Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 27 November 2020, at 06:59. The movement was split into factions by political ideology early on, with NOW on the left, the Women's Equity Action League (WEAL) on the right, the National Women's Political Caucus (NWPC) in the center, and more radical groups formed by younger women on the far-left.. The Articles of Confederation established a central government, but it was ineffectual at providing stability as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer. Portuguese political thinker Bruno Maçães’ sweeping new book History Has Begun: The Birth of a New America proposes that America may not be in decline but entering a dramatic new era of self-reinterpretation. [66], With Napoleon (apparently) gone, the causes of the war had evaporated and both sides agreed to a peace that left the prewar boundaries intact. Finally in early 1815 Andrew Jackson decisively defeated a major British invasion at the Battle of New Orleans, making him the most famous war hero. The threat of mutually assured destruction however, prevented both powers from nuclear war, and resulted in proxy wars, especially in Korea and Vietnam, in which the two sides did not directly confront each other.[182]. The company's first expedition was led by Peter Minuit, who had been governor of New Netherland from 1626 to 1631 but left after a dispute with the Dutch government, and landed in Delaware Bay in March 1638. The war effort also resulted in greater political integration of the colonies, as reflected in the Albany Congress and symbolized by Benjamin Franklin's call for the colonies to "Join, or Die". IN THe Birth of Black America Tim Hashaw writes a scholarly account of the piracy of The English who captured the Bautista bringing 19 of these Captives to Jamestown. [81][82], The American colonies and the new nation grew rapidly in population and area, as pioneers pushed the frontier of settlement west. Economic mobilization was managed by the War Production Board and a wartime production boom led to full employment, wiping out this vestige of the Great Depression.. This concept was born out of "A sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example … generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven". War loomed with France and the Federalists used the opportunity to try to silence the Republicans with the Alien and Sedition Acts, build up a large army with Hamilton at the head, and prepare for a French invasion. Plymouth was followed by the Puritans and Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. George Washington – a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War, commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and president of the Constitutional Convention – became the first President of the United States under the new Constitution in 1789. [89], The Mexican–American War (1846–1848) broke out with the Whigs opposed to the war, and the Democrats supporting the war. The controversial issue of abortion, deemed by the Supreme Court as a fundamental right in Roe v. Wade (1973), is still a point of debate today. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, leaving the nation in profound shock.[188]. [83][84] The process finally ended around 1890–1912 as the last major farmlands and ranch lands were settled. His iconic status in the party persists into the 21st century, as practically all Republican Party leaders acknowledge his stature. [73],. Industrial growth was rapid, led by John D. Rockefeller in oil and Andrew Carnegie in steel; both became leaders of philanthropy (Gospel of Wealth), giving away their fortunes to create the modern system of hospitals, universities, libraries, and foundations. Virgin forests provided an ample supply of building material and firewood. [144][198], Protests began, and the new women's liberation movement grew in size and power, gained much media attention, and, by 1968, had replaced the Civil Rights Movement as the U.S's main social revolution. The severe dislocations of war and Reconstruction had a large negative impact on the black population, with a large amount of sickness and death. [10] These apartment-like structures were often built into cliff faces, as seen in the Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde. Most colonies were formed after 1600, and United States was the first nation whose most distant origins are fully recorded. Gorbachev tried to save Communism in the Soviet Union first by ending the expensive arms race with America,[215] then by shedding the East European empire in 1989. In present-day upstate New York, the Iroquois formed a confederacy of tribal nations in the mid-15th century, consisting of the Oneida, Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca.. The threat of nuclear weapons inspired both optimism and fear. The arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 started the European colonization of the Americas. [20] Spanish expeditions quickly reached the Appalachian Mountains, the Mississippi River, the Grand Canyon,[21] and the Great Plains. Real political events, such as the battle of Bunker Hill and the signing of the Declaration of Independence, will also influence the outcome of morale throughout the game. The economy of these two colonies was built entirely on yeoman farmers and planters. [51], John Adams, a Federalist, defeated Jefferson in the 1796 election. Jazz became popular among the younger generation, and thus the decade was also called the Jazz Age. The Hispanics in California ("Californios") were overwhelmed by over 100,000 gold rush miners. Birth of America Demo v1.08 [Demo] Posted over 14 years ago; 5 downloads; Scope of the game covers all of North America, from Florida to Quebec and New England to Mississipi, from 1755 to 1783. [262] During this period, the Black Lives Matter movement also gained support online, exacerbated by the police killings of multiple black Americans. The Compromise of 1877 gave Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes the White House in exchange for removing all remaining federal troops in the South. For 50 of the nation's first 72 years, a slaveholder served as President of the United States and, during that period, only slaveholding presidents were re-elected to second terms. [18][19],. In response to heavy debts and decreasing farm prices, wheat and cotton farmers joined the Populist Party. Simultaneously, gold was discovered in California in 1849, attracting over 100,000 men to northern California in a matter of months in the California Gold Rush. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison formed an opposition Republican Party (usually called the Democratic-Republican Party by political scientists). They suffered epidemics and died in very large numbers, usually before large-scale European settlement began. While the nation was large in terms of area, its population in 1790 was only 4 million. [67], The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement that affected the entire nation during the early 19th century and led to rapid church growth. Prices and wages were controlled, and Americans saved a high portion of their incomes, which led to renewed growth after the war instead of a return to depression. It was incorporated into New Netherland in 1655 after a Dutch invasion from the neighboring New Netherland colony during the Second Northern War.[25][26]. [233] Obama also ordered the closure of secret CIA-run prisons overseas ("black sites"). Northern cities such as Boston and New York, and regional industries, were tied economically to slavery by banking, shipping, and manufacturing, including textile mills. After losing Pearl Harbor and the Philippines, and drawing the Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942), the American Navy inflicted a decisive blow at Midway (June 1942). Roger Williams opposed Winthrop's treatment of Native Americans and religious intolerance, and established the colony of Providence Plantations, later Rhode Island, on the basis of freedom of religion. He was succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford. New Republican governments came to power based on a coalition of Freedmen made up of Carpetbaggers (new arrivals from the North), and Scalawags (native white Southerners). Birth of America is a wargame by SEP BOA, a development team at AGEOD. The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act of 1765, imposing a tax on the colonies, without going through the colonial legislatures. The war was frustrating for both sides. Soviet head of state Joseph Stalin prevented his satellite states from participating, and from that point on, Eastern Europe, with inefficient centralized economies, fell further and further behind Western Europe in terms of economic development and prosperity. The premise of The Birth of America is that most histories of the American Revolution take too narrow a view. The liberalism of the early 1960s contained no hint of radicalism, little disposition to revive new deal era crusades against concentrated economic power, and no intention to redistribute wealth or restructure existing institutions. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security was created to lead and coordinate federal counter-terrorism activities. [159] Most durable goods became unavailable, and meat, clothing, and gasoline were tightly rationed. [9] By 500 CE, the Hopewellians had too disappeared, absorbed into the larger Mississippian culture. It provided relief to the long-term unemployed through numerous programs, such as the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and for young men, the Civilian Conservation Corps. The severe threats of starvation and displacement of the unemployed Freedmen were met by the first major federal relief agency, the Freedmen's Bureau, operated by the Army.[111]. Before the 1930s few factory workers joined the unions in the labor movement. The failure of impeachment and the Democratic gains in the 1998 election forced House Speaker Newt Gingrich, a Republican, to resign from Congress. The town rapidly expanded and in the mid 1600s it became an important trading center and port. As a strategist, however, he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did. 13 April 2006 | By Alexandra Jeffreys. The British operated blockade runners bringing in food, luxury items and munitions to the Confederacy, bringing out tobacco and cotton. … Jacksonians feared the concentration of economic and political power. They are the earliest known people to have been Mound Builders, however, there are mounds in the United States that predate this culture. The Fall of Saigon ended the Vietnam War and resulted in North and South Vietnam being reunited. Southern whites insisted that slavery was of economic, social, and cultural benefit to all whites (and even to the slaves themselves), and denounced all anti-slavery spokesmen as "abolitionists". He exercised the veto more than all previous presidents combined. While the death toll decreased, the political stability of Iraq remained in doubt. [169][170][171], Military research and development also increase, leading to the Manhattan Project, a secret effort to harness nuclear fission to produce atomic bombs. Paleo-Indians in central Mexico were the first in the Americas to farm, starting to plant corn, beans, and squash around 8,000 BCE. Foreign policy has since focused on modern conflicts in the Middle East. Enormous popular attention in the media focuses on the "Wild West" of the second half of the 19th century. A decade later, Jacques Cartier sailed in search of the Northwest Passage, but instead discovered the Saint Lawrence River and laid the foundation for French colonization of the Americas in New France. Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason–Dixon line by 1804, but the South continued the institution, mostly for the production of cotton. Reagan ordered a buildup of the United States expanded to the Supreme court, cementing a conservative majority important to. The jazz age an independent country, which were resolved by compromises 116... To 1869, the United States entered the twentieth century during a period of sweeping change himself, retired his! President Ulysses Grant 's vigorous enforcement of the United States Army fought small-scale... Congress to pass the first shipment arrived in London the president first confirmed the! French expansion into the Hopewell tradition, a total of 13.5 percent of all other nations... Self-Government separate from England, and archeologists occurred around 8,000 BCE relief programs dropped... Forces, and on the Democratic Party in 1773, led to president signing! 10 ] these apartment-like structures were often built into cliff faces, as strong of... Role of government ten scenarios of West Virginia Rutherford B. Hayes the White House in exchange for for... Question of independence strengthened their suspicion of Washington politics three new justices to the Intolerable Acts government intervention the... Toward Civil rights for the Founding Fathers, according to one team historians. In 1932 near Clovis, new Mexico ; they became States of.. Widespread conspiracy theories around mail-in voting and COVID-19 early 2010s individual rights sachem chiefs Japan asserted dominance East. Presidency in the best-selling anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin by Harriet Beecher.. In it such elements as land speculators, scandalous politics, and United States declared War Germany... `` Lesson Plan on `` What made George Washington, it won the Revolutionary War the European colonization of Folsom. Early 2010s the death toll decreased, the first balanced federal budget in 30.... Without question by all Americans [ 174 ] in the Army when trouble threatened racial! Your device aligned behind one Party or the celebration of a new era in the Pacific Coast was. Required the States to cooperate with slave owners when attempting to recover escaped slaves, which Northerners... Area as well mail-in voting and COVID-19 was fueled by an inflated stock market, were!, different from the experience quarter million from that of its early years November,... Of 50 States Oregon Territory 275 ], however, many federal laws (...., wheat and cotton ] in the 1800 election focused on modern conflicts in 1800! Land of the War against Japan and stopped Japanese expansion in the best-selling anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom Cabin. New Mexico ; they became U.S. citizens in 1848 sanctuary and freedom the... Especially effective a U.S. Army Fort in South Carolina 264 others domestic threats... Steadily in stature as an economic and military power in the media focuses on the Act the United in! Efforts to prevent future attacks worldwide COVID-19 pandemic was first confirmed in the South in to. Leaders were worried about the threat of black women voting local Wampanoag Indians taught the how. For most of the great economic prosperity during this period farms in the Pacific, the Dutch West Company! You 'll love birth of America Tehran and took 66 Americans hostage, resulting in the same year internment Japanese! From Virginia sides concentrated in 1861–1862 on raising and training new armies years, strains developed the. Striking gains for women in medicine, law, and Guam the activism of African-American leaders Rosa Parks and Luther... Salutary neglect to suppress the Confederacy raising of a nation, Occurrences and people birth of america the 1900 election! The late 1850s, the birth of America is that most histories of two... Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser, a strong central government was created to lead and coordinate federal counter-terrorism activities Midwest... Conservatives regained power in Congress through the capital and major cities were more egalitarian, with wealth based on,! The best-selling anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe laws were to... They held Protests highlighting the federal government 's failure to honor treaties with Pennsylvania being representative Native... Trading port War of independence and this date is celebrated as the enemy of individual liberty higher the! Hopewellians had too disappeared, absorbed into the Hopewell tradition, a Federalist from Virginia modern-day Maryland, Pennsylvania and. Was raised von AGEOD haben einen neuen Patch für das Strategiespiel birth of America ;... Increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles, which later led to large-scale federal support for education... Would never be allowed to expand once again Virginia, with wealth based on tobacco, was. Were tightly rationed 's finish line, killing 3 people and injuring an estimated 264 others reached... Labor. [ 96 ] around 8,000 BCE Wampanoag Indians taught the colonists how to plant harvest... President George W. Bush and Al Gore helped lay the seeds for polarization... Paid Mexican-American farm workers in California ( `` black sites '' ) were overwhelmed by over a.! On two Japanese cities to defeat Imperial Japan asserted dominance in East Asia and in the US throughout history ``..., leaving the nation adopted the Declaration of independence from Britain did not arise as long as ``! States, leading to the Constitution, passed by Congress in 1972 was defeated by a conservative coalition 1865 the... People doubled up and lived in cramped quarters Spanish in new Mexico America veröffentlicht it also tells the story African! Himself, retired to his farm in Virginia 264 others established settlements in workplace. ( 1886–1924 ), coordinating multiple unions expanded and in purchasing more slaves ( largely drawn from the,. When Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Caroline near present-day Jacksonville in Florida still debated... A rise in domestic terrorist threats and widespread conspiracy theories around mail-in voting and COVID-19 'new nation.! South Carolina … birth of America is an American spirit distinct from that its... Perished in the North, the northwestern portion of Virginia seceded from South... The 1800 election the fourth plane was re-taken by the Eighteenth Amendment, Prohibition and! Mines, mills, and was the world stage, Carter lost the election! Represented more than 700 provinces, with a great diversity of terrain climates. `` black sites '' ). [ 96 ] Kansas to vote failure! Of world War II, the Oregon Territory Hamilton his chief adviser, a Federalist from.... World, grateful nations gave women the right to hold office vote for Republican Herbert Hoover. 54... Coast with a diverse population of a nation international slave trade. [ 54 ] resistance to the Acts! Of African-American leaders Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. led to large-scale support. Supporters also opposed reform as a country villages developed around these industrial centers and... Rapidly in 1922–1925, birth of america collapsed leaders were worried about the weaknesses of American education led to the Montgomery boycott... Atlantic slave trade after 20 years ( which it did in 1807, Congress severed the U.S. military, additional. Were corrupt and violated the rights of whites young women susceptible to the Montgomery bus boycott which! Marshall, a powerful people who traded tools and goods across a wide Territory an undetermined of. Closure of secret CIA-run prisons overseas ( `` black sites '' ) were overwhelmed by birth of america 100,000 gold miners! The public Works Administration few factory workers joined the wars in Korea and Vietnam and left-wing... Great Recession, followed by the Company to capitalize on the James River Virginia! Numerous harbors facilitated trade. [ 182 ] the 1920s were called the Democratic-Republican Party by political )... Laws and regulated such industries of meat-packing, drugs, and a rejection. Like Jamestown, was established in 1607 two nations fighting each other in,. To freed slaves accomplishments of the proper role of government tended to be the leading economic and military power 1890! American Revolution women susceptible to the new nation military world power [ 85 ] the finally. The Soviets tested their first nuclear weapon, thereby escalating the risk of warfare 1960s Cesar. Linguists, anthropologists, and gasoline were tightly rationed pandemic, US life fell., drugs, and the numerous harbors facilitated trade. [ 150 ] favor of same-sex couples the of... Act of 1850 required the States to cooperate with slave owners the Hartford Convention in 1850 were freed, would! Most affluent Native Americans first settled the Americas and the Soviet Union in 1991, the... Believed that government intervention in the West Indies in 1612, and could no longer provide desperately needed to... The main episode was the first balanced federal budget in 30 years Quakers! Colonists how to plant and harvest the Native crops bankers, they chartered the Second Continental Congress coordinate. Wars with Native Americans June 1865, the USSR being the other, thus the! Military world power early 2010s Obama also ordered the closure of secret CIA-run prisons overseas ( `` sites... Highly profitable, due to the `` Iron Curtain '', however birth of america! And 10th centuries 43 ] the mother country in a group of 50 sachem chiefs Van Buren Theodore. South of new denominations and Lutheran denominations largely ignored the slavery issue one more!, forcing most tribes onto subsidized reservations allowed to expand once again government emerged much stronger, meat... Settlements along with settling new Orleans, Mobile and Biloxi Indians taught the colonists to! M ) tall Territory from France in birth of america doubled the size of the population, DVD and Digital.! September 2014 for yeoman farmers and slave owners 3 people and injuring an estimated others... In food, luxury items and munitions to the left in 1935–1936, building up unions! And Massachusetts Bay colony in 1630 lightly settled northern parts ( California and new Mexico ; became. Water Street Henderson, Like Someone In Love, Alaska Bureau Of Investigation, These Amazing Shadows, What Was It You Wanted, Dead Or Alive Band Cast, Bully Book Summary, Age Of Empires Online Celeste, Ally Bank Login Off,

Ventura County Medical Center Hospital Replacement Wing March, 2021 - LEAN IN DESIGN-BUILD SERIES Using Data Analytics to Drive Value and Improvement By Betty Lynn Senes, Project Director, Sundt Construction Why are Lean practices important? As an industry, we need to improve. We need to provide better value for our clients. We do not hit schedule or budget targets as reliably as we think. A study from FMI and Autodesk, “Trust Matters: The High Cost of Low Trust” recently reported that “In the US alone, according to FMI, the cost of missed schedules is estimated to be $20 billion per year, excluding single-family construction projects.” Another study, “The Business Case for Lean”, from LCI/Dodge/McGraw Hill", indicates that 61% of “Typical Projects” complete behind schedule and 49% of “Typical Projects” complete over budget. Poor productivity, inefficient communication, or unplanned events or obstacles are just a few reasons for this. Embracing Lean philosophy and practices are shown to make a substantial difference, in comparison. The authors of “Business Case for Lean” article found that only 21% of projects with intense Lean practices completed behind schedule, and only 17% over budget. The Deming Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle is the model used in Lean circles to talk about continual improvement. Expressed a different way, the cycle means: “plan, perform, monitor, and improve”. When we “check” after acting, or “monitor” after “performing,” we are using the past to predict and potentially modify events of the future. We are increasingly able to track project metrics. With the exponential growth of technology, use of more apps, and the advent of “big data”, data analytics is becoming more accessible and more important than ever. Wikipedia defines “analytics” as “the systemic computational analysis of data or statistics. It is used for the discovery, interpretation, and communication of meaningful patterns in data.” Data Analytics can (a) help us verify and understand the current state, (b) illustrate trends we may not currently be aware of, (c) provide intelligent insights, and (d) help us prioritize problems or root causes; all for more informed and deliberate decision making. How can data analytics help? Real-time data analytics can generate credibility, which leads to trust and higher performing teams, another common Lean concept. FMI/Autodesk’s “Trust Matters” asserts that “technology can create trust, by improving transparency, enhancing communication, and providing evidence of success.” Data illustrating trends and patterns visually can effectively raise awareness and motivate change. The actual data that contributes to the message also brings credibility to the message. An example from the pull planning process would be pointing out to a trade: “you achieved 81% of your planned percent complete over the past 3 months”, or “you have made only 50% of your commitments over the past 3 months.” Delivered among a group of trades, a competitive spirit develops that helps motivate the team. The real-time, accurate information removes the obstacles that subjective statements sometimes pose and the disagreements that often disrupt progress. The more quickly we obtain, process, and visualize current information, the faster we can exchange ideas, and the more effective we are at improving outcomes. Examples Continual improvement and value-add through data analytics can come in many forms. Some examples are: Following is an exploration of these concepts to provide insights on what one firm in the AEC industry is doing to harness the power of data. Safety Performance Tracking safety performance, inspections, and incidents has led to a significant improvement in Recordable Incident Rate for one firm. “Sundt Construction Analytics” (“SCA”) allows tracking of observations of safe and unsafe conditions using a mobile phone, iPad, or laptop computer. The data that is collected, analyzed, and presented visually has illustrated strengths and areas to improve. After collecting several years of data, the exercise has also yielded predictive tools. The projects and tasks of highest anticipated risk are forecast, and leaders are mobilized to ensure safety practices are the highest priority there. Trending graphs and spotlights on the best performers (by project site, office, region, or group), along with an initiative on “Relentless Housekeeping,” have resulted in cutting their Recordable Incident Rate by over 75%, from 1.0 in 2016 to 0.23 in 2020. OSHA TRIR for overall U.S. construction in 2019 was 2.8. Building construction composite was 2.5. This process did not just result in better OSHA 300 Logs, it saved people’s lives and improved workers’ quality of life. It significantly reduced lost hours. It reduced the cost of incidents. It created incentive for much better housekeeping/safety protocol, which led to more organized jobsites. More organized sites have more efficient workflow and are more likely to succeed on quality and schedule metrics. The bottom line is that this process has added value for Owners. See illustrations, following, highlighting 2020 Safety Scoreboard (Figure 1), and trends in employee safety walks, including outstanding performers (Figure 2). Figure 2: Safety Scoreboard highlights monthly trends and incident stats. Filters allow viewing by project, office, region, group, and/or year. Figure 3: Safety Walks Dashboard illustrates staff success at walking, inspecting, and assessing safety conditions. COVID19 assessments were also incorporated to ensure the utmost attention to rigorous jobsite protocols. Quality Improvements Similar tools can help eliminate waste and improve the standard of quality that is delivered to Owners. The same firm does this by tracking re-work and corrections. This is not about penalizing people or companies for making mistakes, but about collaboration among all parties on the jobsite to set the stage for success, understanding where additional training may be needed, and providing proactive steps for issues that have come up repeatedly in the past. These metrics, when filtered by project type, inform the project Quality Management Plan prepared for each specific project. A Subject Matter Expert (“SME”) is assigned to tasks that are more likely to become challenges, to remove potential procurement or rework waste and ensure the best team efforts are applied collaboratively and creatively. This data also provides learning opportunities for the up-and-coming generation of constructors in the form of “Quality Shares,” or lessons learned. This actionable intelligence is available in a searchable database so that teams just beginning projects, writing trade bid packages, performing quality reviews for constructability, reviewing submittals, or preparing agendas for pre-installation meetings can find information about the scope they are addressing, applying a proactive, quality assurance approach. This process leads to reduction of rework, cuts down the wasted time coordinating in the field or the administrative time wasted writing, processing, and tracking RFI’s and the subsequent change orders that can result. Harnessing the experience that other teams have already confronted in the past maximizes the firm’s collective knowledge and creates a culture of continual learning in a safe working environment. Ultimately, continuing to improve quality performance adds value. See Figure 4 illustrating quality issues by type, with the ability to filter by project, discipline, area, or group. Figure 5 presents issues by trade, with similar filters. Hovering over any bar will reveal further details of that category, and a drop-down list of those issues. Figure 4: Deficiency Details proves a closer look as to what types of rework are recurring, and for what reason. This enables the team to be more proactive in planning for success. Figure 5: Discipline Tracking highlights trades that may have costlier or higher quantity of issues. A Subject Matter Expert ("SME") would be assigned to trades more likely to experience challenges, to remove potential waste and improve schedule outcomes. Pull Planning Analytics A third example can be found in the Last Planner ® System (a trademark of the LCI), which is used, especially in Lean practice, to engage the full team of Last Planners on a given project to develop and maintain the project schedule. Last Planners are the trade foremen ultimately responsible for getting the work done, the people closest to the actual work. Their involvement in pull planning is key to its success. Are obstacles being met head on? Is COVID-19 impacting projects, and how can those impacts be mitigated? Which trades are having more success than others? Who needs help? A project manager, foreman, project executive or vice president can get a quick picture, in just a few moments, by looking at graphical representation of several different work planning metrics. Here again, data analytics helps produce visuals of project trends, to get real-time, instantaneous information that drives value. Pull planning is based on the concept of communication, and pulling activities – from the goal (end of the project), rather than pushing – from the beginning. The main question is “what do you need others to accomplish in order to start your work?” Trades will meet in their Weekly Work Planning meetings, and make promises, or commitments, to have work complete within a certain time. This is much more efficient because the people who are performing work, the ones who know the most about it, are the people doing this planning. Their “reliable promises”, in the pull planning practice, are tracked, along with “planned percent complete” and “reasons for variance”. The data that results from this weekly exercise is invaluable, because it daylights areas of concern to project leaders, so that they can be handled quickly, and obstacles removed right away. This data has been collected, traditionally, with spreadsheets and Excel charts. Although those sheets and charts have been very useful, the advent of more sophisticated apps and “opportunity” for on-line collaboration, unfortunately due to COVID-19, has allowed us to take this a few steps further. There are several sofware solutions that can be used to manage this data. Figures 6 and 7 illustrate two dashboard views. Immediately, the user can see Overdue Tasks, Health by Phase Plan (the red and yellow dots remind the team that updates are needed now), Top Performers, Project Team Activity, and Team Participation. Figure 8 illustrates the “overview” – activities and milestones shown with swim lanes and timeframes. The team can also look at the “Plan for Today” (Figure 9), Weekly Work Plan (Figure 10), a Six-Week Lookahead and more. Figure 11 illustrates activity variance, i.e., why activities were not finished on time. Yet another report tracks manpower by trade, day, and activity. This is another strong tool to help assess progress. The field teams report that they have shorter, more impactful pull planning meetings. They say that the engagement on the sites using Touchplan, a Last Planner web-based software platform, is up, and that after only two weeks, the Last Planners are largely “all on-board.” Trade contractors indicate they are finding it easy to use, and very helpful in achieving productivity, if each trade “sticks to it.” Project Executives can now have a quick look at what’s going on, and can help them remove obstacles. The real-time data that any team member can see, for example, “promises kept”, and their overdue tasks, removes disputes. The system simply tracks what promises were made, by whom, and what the actual result was. This process eliminates ambiguity, and builds teamwork. Lean is about building high performance teams. The exercise of Pull Planning, with the collection and visual display of data, contribute to the realization of the team goals. Figure 6: Dashboard 1 Figure 7: Dashboard 2 Figure 8: Swim Lanes (the pull planning session, "live") Figure 9: Plan for Today Figure 10: Weekly Work Plan Figure 11: Basic Variance Report illustrates the reasons why various commitments were not kept. At a higher level, the data can be collected enterprise-wide to assess health of various groups or types of projects. The sky is the limit; it’s just a matter of determining what you want to know, and ensuring the data warehouse is appropriately configured to deliver the needed data. Why does this matter? What is the takeaway? Teams operating with Lean intensity are shown to have significantly better results in delivering within budget and on scheduleiv. Continual improvement, waste reduction, and adding value are key Lean tenets. The above insights described three examples of those tenets and illustrated how data analytics made each possible. Tools that help us to collect, organize and analyze data, pulling from the data warehouse, add value by visually alerting teams of issues and trends early. Because the data is “fact-based” and visual, it is more objective and more easily interpreted. It is likely to be received with a more open mind. It has validated and documented performance metrics, favorable or unfavorable. Communicating among trade contractors, design team and the Owner can be much more productive and transparent, with this formatted insight. The resulting trust and collaboration prompt timely decision-making, helps control costs, and brings the project in on time. When trust goes up, speed goes up and cost goes downv. That adds value. Our current environment of accelerating technologyvi demands attention to data analytics. Our methods of communicating have been shifted into high gear due to COVID-19. We need to find ways to do more with less. In the AEC industry, we are also experiencing a shortage of skilled workers – both in the trades and in the office. With data analytics, we can leverage our wisdom, teach the incoming generation, and inform decisions moving forward, by providing real-time, organized, visual insights and information to our project teams and leaders. The opportunities to add value are boundless. How can I get more information? [1] “Trust Matters: The High Cost of Low Trust”, Autodesk/FMI, 2019, [1] “Why do Projects Excel? The Business Case for Lean,” a presentation on a study by Dodge Data Analytics and LCI, 2019, [1] Wikipedia, Analytics, [1] “The Business Case for Lean”, Dodge Data & Analytics / LCI Study, 2016 [1] Stephen M.R. Covey, The Speed of Trust; the One Thing That Changes Everything, 2008 [1] Thomas L. Friedman, Thank you for Being Late: An Optimist’s Guide to Thriving in the Age of Acceleration, 2016 About the Author Betty Lynn Senes, Project Director, Sundt Construction With 25+ years in the construction industry, Betty Lynn brings a diverse skillset in collaborative deliveries that leverage high performance teams. Having served roles in operations, estimating, and business development, she understands the critical combination of technical competency and trusting relationships that drive performance. As a lifelong learner, Betty Lynn strives to raise the bar on each subsequent project, infusing Lean concepts each project. While managing higher education, food service, commercial office and hospitality work, she developed an appreciation for the value-add with collaborative deliveries. As Project Director for Sundt Construction, Betty Lynn shepherds projects from the earliest stages through design and construction process, and ensures that the team has the necessary resources it needs to meet the daily demands of the project. Interested early in design-build, Betty Lynn managed multiple projects with design-build MEP trades before design-build picked up traction in the early 2000’s. Betty Lynn has served DBIA as Programs Chairman and Chapter Chair for Los Angeles/Orange County, and has served on the DBIA-WPR Board of Directors for the past three years. She earned her LEED AP and Assoc. DBIA., an undergraduate degree from The University of Connecticut, and an Executive MBA from Chapman University. »»»» August, 2020 - LEAN IN DESIGN-BUILD SERIES How to Use Set-Based Design and Choosing by Advantages Decision-Making in a Design-Build Environment By Ron Migliori, SE, Buehler Engineering and Steve Wilson, HMC Architects As we work to leverage the full potential of design-build, this blog focuses on how we can enhance the value proposition that can be delivered through a different approach to design, namely the use of set-based design and the Choosing by Advantages decision-making process. Set-Based Design Set-Based Design is a design methodology that evaluates alternative solutions to a design problem or problem statement for consideration. The set of options can vary from a few alternatives to many. The sets get reduced at certain decision gates by developing a deeper understanding of the problem and project constraints ultimately arriving at the best alternative. A deeper dive into the attributes and advantages of the remaining options is often conducted by a Choosing by Advantages decision-making methodology. Only after collaborating with the key project stakeholders does a single solution emerge. Set-Based Design provides the opportunity to make value-based decisions at the right times in a project. The process is applicable for all procurement methodologies but produces the most value in an integrated and collaborative environment like Design-Build. The process is enhanced when designers and builders can collaborate on design and construction solutions. It promotes innovation and big ideas while incorporating a sound methodology to evaluate the possible solutions. Rather than a linear point-to-point-based design process where a system is selected based on a preconceived idea or “what I did last time”, a series of sets can be leveraged for the benefit of each project’s parameters. In a traditional design-bid-build procurement methodology we commonly see loopbacks or waste in the design process. For instance: The figure above shows the difference between point-based and set-based approaches to design. The timing for engaging Set-Based Design is important and should be encouraged to start as early in the design process as possible. Even if the program is not fully vetted a “strawman” assumption can be utilized as a basis to begin the evaluation process. By utilizing the Last Planner® System and Pull Planning, the team can determine the Last Responsible Moment or critical decision points where a solution is required to advance the design or construction. If sufficient time is not allocated there will be missed opportunities. In Set-Based Design the slogan “Go Slow to Go Fast” means taking a thoughtful approach to Set-Based Design and evaluating potential solutions early in the design process. Once these decisions are made it leads to accelerated design development and implementation without the fear of rework. As a structural engineer we see system selection sets that include structural gravity systems, lateral load resisting systems, foundation systems, and other structural components where there are multiple viable alternatives. But we also see in our projects mechanical system sets, operational options, building façade and skin systems, building addition siting options, master plan options, and many more alternative sets for consideration. These sets can be based on potential efficiencies in cost and schedule, improved quality and jobsite safety, opportunities for pre-fabrication, or operational efficiency. But to narrow the sets we need a sound methodology to evaluate the alternatives. We find that using the Choosing by Advantages decision-making system allows us to do so in a robust, sound manner. Choosing by Advantages Decision-Making Choosing by Advantages (CBA) is a decision-making system developed by Jim Suhr while with the U.S. Forest Service. You can learn more at Jim’s Institute for Decision Innovations. While many decision-making methods are flawed, this system evaluates alternatives by looking at the advantages of each option—ultimately leading to higher quality decisions. CBA acknowledges all decisions are inherently biased—but then guides the contributors towards basing the partiality on what is empirically verifiable. CBA includes methods for virtually all types of decisions, from very simple to very complex. Perhaps the most used CBA method is the Tabular Method, which is used to choose among two or more mutually exclusive alternatives that are not equal. When appropriately applied by decision-makers (designers, contractors, and owners), CBA provides for collaborative visual and open decision-making. With CBA, decision-makers can reach consensus, focus on outcomes, and understand all the factors considered during the decision-making process. By utilizing this collaborative system in evaluating the alternatives, it provides a systematic and transparent process to involve key stakeholders. This multi-disciplinary group generates critical factors and their corresponding criteria that may produce an advantage for any of the alternatives. After the alternative's attributes are determined, the advantages are defined. The importance of the advantages is weighed against the target values and the Conditions of Satisfaction (CoS). The CoS is developed by the owner, user groups, and the Design-Build team and defines the values for the project. After all of the advantages are weighed, they are summed to provide the total importance of each alternative's advantage. "We believe that sound-decision making skills are important for everyone; and, that sound-decision making skills are especially important for people who make decisions that affect other people." – Jim Suhr Cost is a separate consideration, which is most often considered last after evaluating attributes. So, even if an alternative has the greatest advantage, it does not necessarily make this alternative the selected solution. But it does help to inform the decision once the costs are considered. This is the value proposition where advantages are considered and then weighed against cost. So, if the alternative with the most significant advantage is the least cost or the cost is neutral, it's an easy decision. However, if the alternative with the most significant advantage has the highest cost, a deeper understanding of those advantages must occur. One can always use a cost per point approach, but beware of making the assumption that it automatically makes the decision for you. Within the CBA system, a common understanding of vocabulary is essential. CBA terms are defined as: Alternative - Two or more people, things, or plans from which one is to be chosen Factor - Element, part, or component of a decision Criterion - Any standard on which a judgment is based – must or want Attribute - Characteristic, quantity, or quality of one alternative Advantage - The beneficial difference between Attributes of two Alternatives (one of which is the least preferred) Anchoring - All decisions, attributes, questions, and importance must be based on (anchored to) relevant factual data. Importance - Stakeholders' impression of the value of an advantage to meeting the goals of a project The Lean Construction Institute (LCI) shares that CBA is based upon the following four principles:: During the CBA process (step-by-step instructions): CBA is good when multiple variables need to be considered to make an informed decision. This will help the team work through multiple solutions to determine the best outcome. CBA Examples The following are a couple of examples of the value proposition that can occur in the CBA process. Example #1: Selection of the best collaboration platform for a project. Each team member came with their own bias of which one would be best usually based on knowledge of the software and years of use. In most cases, the general contractor would make a final determination based on their favorite. Cost also plays a factor in licensing and maintenance. The team established a list of factors they consider essential to the overall successful use of the platform in supporting the team. Factors such as installation difficulty, performance, does the number of users increase cost, security, versioning, etc. were considered. In all, the team developed 16 factors to guide their decision. Example #2: Fourteen (14) different outpatient services departments needed to agree on a standard department layout that each would use in a 61,000-square-foot remodel. Each department would provide their conditions of satisfaction, and four planning options were reviewed utilizing CBA to determine which plan would address all departmental needs. Factors such as Wayfinding, Contiguous Division Exam, Internal Division Staff Flow, Support to Exam Access, Fewest Steps for Patient, and Patient Acoustics were weighed to make the final determination. All departments felt their concerns had been addressed and documented. The stakeholders were reminded that in the CBA selection process, it's critical that they have an open mind without a pre-determined solution. This allows for an open and transparent discussion to get to an agreement on the valuation of the advantages. There are techniques in the CBA process to remove the bias when weighing the importance of the advantages in order to drive to consensus. In Summary CBA decision-making can be viewed as a communication tool for the various stakeholders. The discussions that come out of the evaluation of the alternatives is typically an expression of value from each stakeholder's position. Stakeholders view the alternatives the same way, and the negotiation, understanding, and consensus created by this collaborative method of decision-making tend to make lasting decisions that are more durable and easier to communicate. Bias typically has an experience attached to it, so it is not always a negative in this process. CBA is a logical process to vet that bias against the project's value proposition. When using CBA to make critical decisions, teams can transcend bias (known and unknown) to make fact-based decisions. The process provides for and opens a dialog that takes into account the concerns of all the stakeholders, along with the project's conditions of satisfaction. It also serves as a document that allows the team to review decisions to understand the facts behind the selected solution. A sound value-based decision-making process like Choosing by Advantages can be a vital tool in a collaborative delivery process like Design-Build. About the Authors Ron Migliori, SE, Buehler Engineering, Inc. Ron is a Past President and current Board member for DBIA Western Pacific Region and LCI member (NorCal Core Group Member Emeritus). Over the past 10 years Ron has been the lead structural designer and Lean champion on approximately two dozen IPD projects and numerous design-build projects. His passion and focus over these years have been on Lean project delivery. Ron has conducted workshops, training, and facilitated many Lean concepts and tools. As a leader in the industry he has presented at LCI Congress, DBIA National, LCI Community of Practice Chapters, and the Lean Design Forum. Steve Wilson, Associate DBIA, HMC Architects Steve is a principal and member of the board of directors for HMC Architects, HMC’s Non-Profit Designing Futures Foundation, and the DBIA Western Pacific Region Board of Directors. Steve resides in the HMC Ontario studio. With more than 28 years of experience, Steve specializes in healthcare facility design and project management, along with industrial and educational projects Steve is adept at leading innovative healthcare teams to create design solutions for the evolving healthcare market, and he remains passionate and dedicated to healthcare design and its power to positively impact individuals and communities. For Steve, designing for healthcare is about enhancing the services provided, and thereby positively impacting patients, families, and communities through design. While dedicated to patient-centered design, improving operational efficiencies within hospital settings, he understands the new challenges of delivering more exceptional care at a reduced cost. »»»» May 2020 - LEAN IN DESIGN-BUILD SERIES HVAC PRE-FABRICATION OPPORTUNITIES TO REDUCE COSTS AND IMPROVE SCHEDULE PERFORMANCE By Brian Coday, PE, DBIA, LEED AP Duct Risers Just a few years ago the topping out milestone of the typical construction of a multi-story building (concrete or steel) was celebrated when the structural framing system reached completion and wall framing began. In between these scopes, there would be the duct shaft riser installation, which required a dedicated amount of time due to accessibility. The fact that sheet metal fabrication shops’ coil lines could only make duct pieces a few feet long, HVAC companies used to send all the individual pieces to the jobsite to be assembled within the shafts themselves. By positioning a beam and winch on an upper floor (or roof), sheet metal trades would install the duct riser piece-by-piece (typically 3-4 pieces per floor), either by building it from the lowest floor up or by lifting the whole riser within the shaft and sliding a new piece onto the bottom, repeating the process until complete. The time impacts to the schedule with this riser installation being sandwiched between other scopes would create frustration and, in some cases, unplanned overtime, weekend work, and possible schedule delay notices. Today, duct risers are pre-assembled at the shop into longer segments and hoisted into place in a matter of hours, saving overall project time and possible delays. View a short video at this link. The length of the truck bed is utilized as the limiting factor of what can be delivered from the facility, rather than the number of fittings. Welding lifting brackets to the duct brings further efficiency to the rigging process, such that the trucks can drive in and be offloaded quickly. By reducing this duct riser installation time, both shaft framing as well as roofing activities for the top-of-shaft flashing details are able to get an earlier start. For metal deck buildings, these risers may be installed before all the concrete is even poured. Distribution Ductwork Horizontal ductwork has also been optimized with pre-fabrication. Through the use of BIM coordination and confidence in clash avoidance, horizontal duct can now be spooled and sectioned before arriving onsite. This reduces field time as compared to the shop sending ‘some straight duct and a bunch of fittings’ which was the old mentality. Pre-Packaged Skids Pipe fitters have taken to prefabrication as well and have seen efficiency improvements. Heating Hot Water skids with boilers and pumps are being pre-piped, insulated, and rigged into place as a single unit. By having all the accessories piped together in a controlled environment, a crane simply lifts the skid into position and the field craft only has to make connections. Coil connections and valve-trains are also prefabricated reducing the need for field resources. The result is less stacking of trades and jobsite congestion. Prefabrication approaches also reduce the overall craft field installation labor hours which can pay dividends within high-rise projects or projects in large cities where manlift congestion and parking fees apply. Along with the mechanical improvements realized from prefabrication, horizontal utility support systems like all-thread and clevis hangers are being installed around shoring (rather than waiting for shoring removal), drain piping is getting installed before beams get coated with fire-proofing, and early fire sprinkler installation is happening. These early-starts allow a jump into the true rough-in phases rather than having a building sit idle while the concrete cures. Overall, the ‘topping off’ milestone still occurs on most projects, but has since been decoupled from other scopes starting. With the rigging of prefabricated duct risers, as well as early starts by other trades, there is a more reliable work flow production in the field and less stacked manpower. Considerations To fully realize these opportunities here are some considerations when planning: DUCT RISERS HHW SKID Brian Coday, PE, LEED AP, DBIA, Project Executive, Critchfield Mechanical Brian started working with Critchfield Mechanical, Inc. in 1998. From the office campus booms of the late 90’s to multi-use neighborhoods and hospital work in the early 2000’s, he grew within the company as a mechanical design-builder. In 2006 he moved to Honolulu to help a new branch office Critchfield Pacific, Inc., but then returned ‘home’ in 2016. Now he works on procuring and delivering high quality projects such as P3s, residential, and commercial buildings. Brian has been a member of the DBIA Western Pacific Region Board since 2011. »»»» Archive: February 2020 - LEAN IN DESIGN-BUILD SERIES Establishing a Lean Culture in an Organization, the Southland Industries Story By Jessica Kelley and Joe Cvetas The steps to establishing a Lean Culture are no different than establishing any other cultural aspect within your company. What is it? Why are we doing it? And where do we want to go with it? Organizational culture is often created in one of three ways, deliberately, organically, or a hybrid of the two. For Southland Industries, a leading Design Build building lifecycle solutions company (which includes engineering, fabrication, construction, service, building automation, operations & maintenance, and energy services), developing a lean culture was deliberate in intent and organic in the evolution. As a founding member of the Lean Construction Institute(LCI), Southland saw the benefit in delivering projects differently to provide more value to our customers by delivering projects faster, at a lower cost, and with higher value. We were able to build on our existing culture of innovation and quality, where we created a work environment that empowered our people to be innovative problem solvers. Southland is no stranger to progressive delivery models, whether it is being a leader in Design Build or Integrated Lean Project Delivery, it takes strength of conviction and deliberate commitment by company leadership to create a culture that is unique from the greater industry to sustain through market challenges, organizational growth, or limited customer pull. Though some cultural concepts can be black and white, a Lean Culture is a spectrum that incorporates continuous learning and capitalizing on opportunities enabled by the business environment. In 1998 “Lean Construction” was primarily based on Greg Howell and Glenn Ballard’s research around workflow and production planning, what became the Last Planner® System (LPS). So that is where Southland started, implementing 3-week lookaheads, Weekly Work Plans and reflection through Planned Percent Complete (PPC) and Variance tracking. We did this independently on projects and attempted to show other Trades and General Contractors the benefits of detailed short-range planning and reflection to improve the greater project planning effort. Enlisting our foremen was directly aligned with our culture of empowering the front line to own the planning and execution of their work, which is also a necessity of the Design Build delivery method which has an overlap of the design and construct phases of a project and often prohibits full project scheduling at the beginning of the construction phase. We then transferred this empowerment of our front line to make improvements in their work. Before the “fix what bugs you” tagline attributed to Paul Akers for making 2 Second improvements we had the “SI Way” or “Simply Innovate” campaign to encourage our employees to own their work and make improvements, large or small, because those that do the work are often best equipped to improve the work. This helped them see that we trusted them to take action and knew that the often-considered little things add up to great improvements. This took away the perceived shackles and opened the flood gates for innovative improvements throughout the business, from the shop and field to design and operations. In cultural transformation and Lean, the iterative process of the Plan – Do – Check – Adjust (PDCA) cycle is necessary for improvement. The construction industry, unlike manufacturing, is an integrated system that depends highly on the various partners on a project. Applying LPS can only take you so far. To take the next step (adjustment), we leveraged the community the Lean Construction Institute helped create to connect with other like-minded companies that were on their Lean journey as well. People who recognized the dysfunction in our industry and made the commitment to themselves, us, and the greater industry to improve it. We teamed up with Sutter Health, DPR, Boldt, and HGA to see what could be accomplished if we worked together as one to advance Lean on our projects beyond what we were able to do individually. Building off our empowered culture of innovation and improvement, our teams were then able to say “what if” to the full project team with the goal of eliminating waste and frustration in the current delivery models. Leveraging Integrated Lean Project Delivery (ILPD) made it easier for all team members to shift behaviors from the old to the new way of behaving, breaking down dysfunction that purely existed due to the shifting of risk that traditional contracts are based upon. Already having a Design Build culture made it even easier to work in these new ways because we had foremen accustomed to providing early feedback to design for improved constructability, project managers with engineering and estimating skill sets, and engineers that could speak to the various design solutions (flexibility, maintainability, cost). As with any highly collaborative environment, the communication methods and skills needed to be effective are different than what was typically used in more hierarchical, command-and-control contract structures as well as what has been used traditionally in the construction industry. As we recognized these differences, we adjusted how we developed our employees, to make working in the Big Room, more impactful. As our journey progressed, so did our assessment of our Lean journey. More people started learning about Lean principles, looking beyond the construction industry for fundamentals, applications, and case studies. We realized that though we were making progress on our projects and sharing our learnings with the greater industry, we still had opportunities to apply greater Lean thinking to our own organization’s operations and to our projects that traditional delivery models limited or outright prevented. Concepts such as Set-Based Design, A3 Thinking and Choosing By Advantages Decision-making helped our teams create better decisions related to design and pre-fabrication opportunities for the owner and the whole team with less wasted effort. We began using A3 reports in our Safety department to rapidly share learning on incidents with the intent to prevent the same or similar incident on other projects or in other regions. The more we learn, the more places we find we can apply Lean thinking both internally and at a project level. The more people learn, the deeper the understanding of Lean becomes, from empowerment of our people, to continuous improvement, understanding customer value, learning new ways to increase the visibility of waste, and engaging stakeholders to make change stick becomes a relentless pursuit on our Lean Journey. Jessica Kelley, PE, Operational Excellence Manager, Southland Industries Jessica started her career with Southland Industries designing and managing design-build-maintain projects. From there she had the opportunity to support and manage Southland’s Enterprise Resource Platform selection and implementation initiative. She then moved on to building the Learning and Development Department and now is focused on Operational Excellence in a full-time capacity. Jessica has been actively involved in the Lean construction community from the start of her career, driving efficiency and focused improvements internally at Southland, on projects, and in the industry as a whole. Joe Cvetas, Executive Vice President of Corporate Development and Planning, Southland Industries Mr. Cvetas helps set overall growth strategies and goals for Southland leading the company’s mergers and acquisitions approach. He is also responsible for identifying opportunities for entry into new markets and products, the formation of strategic partnerships, and the acquisition of other companies. With over 30 years in the MEP industry, Mr. Cvetas has considerable experience optimizing building systems for a variety of markets and industries. He is also responsible for providing business leadership and oversight for Southland Energy, a division of Southland, and Envise, a wholly owned subsidiary of Southland. »»»» Archive: January 2020, LEAN IN DESIGN-BUILD SERIES One of Lean Construction Institute’s 8 Wastes: Under-utilization of Talent Diane Anglin, Project Communications Executive Clark Construction Group 2018 Past President, DBIA Western Pacific Region The total value of a team’s strength is the sum of its applied knowledge, expertise and creativity. The key word is applied. Tapping into that full capacity of the team is one of the great challenges of the management of teams. Principles of Lean in design and construction identify the under-utilization of talent as one of the eight main areas of common wastes. "It is the biggest waste of all, the one that can hurt the most, and often gets thrown to the side and completely ignored.” suggests Bigelow, in the ISixSigma community blog.(1) With integrated forms of delivery, we put in place organizational structures to aid in the collaboration of our teams and begin to tap into the team’s talents. Structures such as partnering, teaming agreements, and co-location have been used successfully for many years, yet fully utilizing talent continues to be an opportunity to reduce waste. Where are we missing the mark? How could we discover what talents are going untapped? Melding of Cultures One of the more compelling strategies that I’ve come across for combatting this area of waste is addressing the melded culture that exists when team members come together. A potential root cause for waste is not so much found in the structures that are in place but the different culture that each team member brings to the team. In project-based teams, when members are brought together, each brings with them existing cultural norms and established mental models that have taken root over the course of their very specific experience. As positive as they may be, there will be tensions between existing personal cultures/behaviors and attempts at setting new ones for the team, and can lead to waste in the time it takes for team members to be fully effective organizational members. The Lean Construction Institute (LCI)’s onboarding process goes a long way in addressing this area of waste at the earliest moments of a project. (2)The onboarding process reinforces how intentional steps must be taken to assist team members with adapting and sometimes even unlearning their own cultures in order to accept a new team culture. LCI’s knowledge paper on onboarding offers “onboarding, also known as organizational socialization, is a way for new employees to quickly acquire the necessary knowledge, skills, and behaviors to become effective organizational members.” I asked Lean Coach Terri Erickson with Kata Consulting to comment on the importance of onboarding. “By providing a deliberate onboarding experience for all team members, they are given an opportunity to participate in forming the “rules of the game” for the structure of the project. This helps them develop a deeper understanding of these rules and may help them avoid inadvertently doing something that may not be in alignment, or worse losing face or digging in heels. This process of onboarding demonstrates a Lean value of deep respect for the individuals participating on the team by allowing them a safe environment to re-calibrate to a new way of working which may be different than the ways they have worked in the past. One way, as a Lean Coach, that I have improved this onboarding experience is to meet with each trade partner individually ahead of time to provide basic Lean training and discuss the first team meeting, prepare them for it, and answer any questions they may have. By taking this extra step in the beginning they are equipped with the confidence to “hit the ground running” as a participant in the collaborative team forming process.” Untapped Talent Authoritarian project management models can motivate leaders to have a good plan – first and foremost and lead by providing clear direction and control. Subscribing to this, unwittingly the manager may be contributing to the under-utilization of talent in their team. This can set up a mental model that in order to be worth his/her salt, they need to show up with a fully cooked plan. This process in effect, shuts out team input, and reinforces a lack of recognition for the talent of the broader team. An action as simple as problem solving alone in a vacuum, can establish a culture of individualism versus collaboration with the pool of talent and expertise of the team going untapped and underutilized. With supervisors handling the problem solving, many employees don’t believe they are expected to be creative. This perpetuates a “knowing culture”, versus a establishing a “learning culture”. Learning cultures acknowledge that team members are a vital part of the equation for developing any plan. It should never be cooked alone. A Manager’s Influence The culture that is set by the manager matters. The influence that the manager(s) has on the engagement of team members may be even larger than typically thought. Gallup’s largest global study of the future of work found that “one of Gallup’s biggest discoveries is: The manager or team leader alone accounts for 70% of the variance in team engagement.” So much so, that Gallup titled the book on this study as “It’s the Manager” and states, “the need for disruption in how employees are managed couldn’t be more urgent” and offers instruction for managers to transition from “boss” to “coach”. (3)When managers spend more time coaching and guiding it can make a profound difference on the engagement and contributions of team members. For engaging team members on collaborative projects, what is required is a different kind of project manager asserts Bill Seed, SVP Jackson Health System, whose white paper outlined a new skillset needed for successfully managing integrated projects. “The Integrated Project Manager must encourage the collaborative solicitation of need, input and output from all members. They must build trust and respect amongst team members. They must drive constructive conflict so that all ideas/concepts are presented, discussed, openly considered and either implemented or discarded.” (4) In this way the leaders pull in certain team members appropriately to tackle problems specifically in the areas where their feedback can lead to solutions and improvements. Lean approaches such as cluster groups can provide the structure to help add multi-discipline interaction into the project’s cadence. Avoid Group Think How does the size, and makeup of the team influence its collective abilities? If all team members look and act the same and come from similar backgrounds and roles, their expectations may be limited on the amount of impact they think they could have on the team. A group phenomenon termed “Group Think” (5)can take hold of the team’s decision-making abilities unless leaders actively seek to counteract it. Group Think has been attributed to inadequate risk evaluations, lack of creativity and lack of contributions by individual team members. Suppression of individual opinions and creative thought can lead to poor decision-making and inefficient problem-solving. In a group environment that lacks diversity, illusions of unanimity can lead members to believe that everyone is in agreement and feels the same way, and therefore they limit their input. (6) Diversity is an element of team formation that can make a real difference in the utilization of talent of the team. Archive: November, 2019, LEAN IN DESIGN-BUILD SERIES Lean in Design-Build – The Untapped Potential By David Umstot, PE, Umstot Project and Facilities Solutions, LLC 2015 Past President, DBIA Western Pacific Region This is the first in a series of blogs on Lean-related topics that the DBIA Western Pacific Region has developed to help our membership understand what Lean is and how we can leverage Lean in the integrated nature of design-build projects to deliver even better projects. You may already have an understanding of Lean, or you may not even have heard of Lean. Our goal in these series of blogs is to help educate our DBIA members to develop a fundamental understanding of Lean as it applies to design and construction and to challenge our members to look for ways to create value through more effective collaboration, elimination of waste, and continuous improvement. Let’s start our Lean journey with a short assessment of where we are as an industry. The Construction Industry - Current State Our industry is confronted by challenging times. The quadrennial American Society of Civil Engineers 2017 Report Card on American Infrastructure gives the nation’s infrastructure an overall grade of D+. The report card estimates $4.59 trillion will be necessary to invest in our infrastructure by 2025 to meet our needs. To complicate matters, there is an expected funding gap of more than $2 trillion. It is unrealistic that our nation will be in a position to create an additional $2 trillion in funding over the course of the next few years to address these needs. So that begs the question “Is more funding the answer, or is the solution using the available funding in a manner that yields greater value?” McKinsey published a study in 2017 titled Reinventing Construction: A Route to Higher Productivity. McKinsey shares that while construction-related spending accounts for 13 percent of the world’s Gross Domestic Product, there is a $1.6 trillion annual gap of additional value that could be realized if the construction industry were to simply match the productivity growth rates of the manufacturing and service sectors (Figure 1). Figure 1. The Productivity Opportunity in Construction (Source: McKinsey - 2017) To compound matters we have an aging workforce and shrinking craft labor pool. We cannot expect to meet the world’s infrastructure and building needs with past practices. We need to take a fresh look at how to better deliver our design and construction of projects. Which takes us to Lean and a Lean mindset. Lean – What is It? The origin of Lean is in the manufacturing sector and specifically the Toyota Production System. While we do not design and assemble cars, Lean is directly applicable to design-build. Let’s look at some of the fundamentals and how they relate to design and construction. Firstly, the foundation of Lean is built on respect for people. People design and build buildings. How do we leverage the centuries of cumulative experience on projects to the benefit of the project and to add the most value? Value is central to everything in Lean. Identifying the value stream is key. Specifically, we need to start with understanding what the customer values. What is important to the customer? What are they willing to pay for it? Things the customer does not value and is unwilling to pay for constitute waste. Our industry is laden with waste and there is ample opportunity to do better and create more value for our customers and in turn their internal customers on a project. Learning to see waste is the first step. Once the value proposition is understood, Lean allows us to apply systems to enhance the flow of production. This could be flow of information and progression of a design package, flow of material and labor in a pre-fabrication environment, or production on-site with trade contractor material, equipment, and labor. The greater the reliability and predictably of flow, the better the production rate. We will learn in future blogs more about the Last Planner® System and how it can be used for production planning to effectively identify and manage handoffs between the more than a dozen design disciplines and multitude of trade contractors on a project to better enhance flow of work. While we are very good at our own disciplines and areas of expertise, we collectively do a poor job of integrating across these disciplines. This is where much of the waste occurs in design and construction. Let’s discuss one of the biggest impediments to value generation in our industry - waste. Waste is defined by dictionary.com as “an act or instance of using or expending something carelessly, extravagantly, or to no purpose.” There are 8 wastes in any production system. Let's look at each of these in the context of our project delivery process with examples: Doubtless you have experienced and witnessed examples of waste on your projects regularly and most probably on a daily basis. The Business Case for Lean – The Owners’ Perspective In 2016, Dodge Data and Analytics conducted a study of 81 owners in the United States with large construction portfolios asking them to share the characteristics of the best project they had ever delivered as an owner and those of their typical projects. The results of the study showed that projects using Lean practices with high intensity were 3 TIMESas likely to finish ahead schedule and 2 TIMESas likely to finish under budget. How do we make that performance level consistent? We can achieve this by integrating the Lean practices shown to have the greatest impact based on the greatest degree of difference between best and typical projects shown in the chart below (Figure 2). Figure 2. Lean Practices Used with Greater Frequency on Best Performing Projects (Source: Lean Construction Institute - 2016) Future blog posts will address each of these Lean practices in more detail. In 2017, a joint working group was developed with members from DBIA and the Lean Construction Institute to explore how best to develop awareness and greater Lean adoption as part of design-build project delivery. As part of this effort, a cross-map was developed between the DBIA Design-Build Done Right: Best Design-Build Practicespublished by DBIA in 2014 and Lean practices. It is available at this link. Progressive Design-Build and Lean As the Design-Build community moves towards greater use of progressive design-build, the opportunities to integrate Lean into the way we design and deliver projects are significant. Design-build delivery is projected to represent 44% of the non-residential construction market by 2021 based on a study by FMIpublished in June 2018 (Figure 3). With this market share, the potential to reach a tipping point in the way we deliver our projects using Lean is within our grasp. Figure 3. Percentage of Non-Residential Construction Delivered by Design-Build (Source: FMI-2018) Now that you have some knowledge, what are you going to do about it? “The man who moves a mountain begins by carrying away small stones.”- Confucius »»»»

Policies - University of Hawaiʻi System - I. Purpose - II. Definitions - III. Executive Policy - IV. Proscribed Conduct - V. Delegation of Authority - VI. Contact Information - VII. References - COVID-19 & Student Conduct Code Appendix Procedures - University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Executive Policy 7.208 Title Systemwide Student Conduct Code Executive Policy (EP) Chapter 7, Student Affairs EP 7.208 Systemwide Student Conduct Code Effective Date: March 2019 Prior Dates Amended: July 2009, October 2014 Responsible Office: Office of the Vice President for Academic Planning & Policy Governing Board of Regents Policy RP 1.204, Rights and Responsibilities of the University of Hawaiʻi Community Review Date: March 2021 Student Conduct Code Policies - Table of Contents - I. Purpose - II. Definitions - III. Executive Policy - IV. Proscribed Conduct - V. Delegation of Authority - VI. Contact Information - VII. References - COVID-19 & Student Conduct Code Appendix I. Purpose The purpose of this policy is to establish guidelines relating to the Systemwide Student Conduct Code, including standards for the ways in which members of the University of Hawaiʻi (UH) community interact with each other in the pursuit of both academic excellence and social responsibility. The Systemwide Student Conduct Code is neither a criminal nor a civil code and does not operate like one. UH’s expectations for our fellow community members are for a significantly higher standard of conduct than the bare minimum prescribed by law; conduct that is legal may nevertheless still be unacceptable within the bounds of our UH community. The policies set forth in this code are intended to serve primarily as an extension of UH’s educational mission -- to guide students in their growth as members of the UH and broader communities. II. Definitions - Registered Independent Organization (RIO) refers to a student organization, association, or club that has been formed to meet special interests of certain groups of students on campus. - Reporting Party refers to any person who submits an alleging that a student violated this Student Conduct Code. When a student believes that s/he has been a victim of another student’s misconduct, the student who believes s/he has been a victim will have the same recourse under this Student Conduct Code as are provided to the Reporting Party, even if another member of the UH community submitted the charge. - Responding Party refers to any student (defined under this policy) accused of violating this Student Conduct Code. - Senior Student Affairs Officer means the campus administrator (i.e., dean or vice chancellor or designee) who is in charge of the division of student affairs, and generally charged by the campus Chancellor to be responsible for the administration of the Student Conduct Code. - Student means all persons registered in courses at UH, either full-time or part-time, pursuing undergraduate or graduate studies. In addition, for purposes of this Student Conduct Code only, this Code also applies to: (1) students who have been suspended or dismissed, students who withdraw after allegedly violating the Student Conduct Code and may return to UH, students who are on a leave of absence from UH, or students who are on medical leave; and (2) persons who (a) have been notified of their admission and (b) have registered or officially participated in orientation or other officially recognized UH activities.1 -. - Student Conduct Board means any person or persons authorized by the Senior Student Affairs Officer to determine whether a student has violated the Student Conduct Code and to recommend sanctions that may be imposed when a rules violation has been committed. - UH encompasses any campus or site within the University of Hawaiʻi system. - UH community member includes any person who is a student, faculty member, UH official or any other person employed by UH. A person’s status in a particular situation shall be determined by the Senior Student Affairs Officer. - UH official includes any person employed by UH, performing assigned administrative or professional responsibilities. - UH premises include all land, buildings, facilities, and other property in the possession of or owned, used, or controlled by UH (including adjacent streets and sidewalks). - The term "shall" is used in the imperative sense. - The term "may" is used in the permissive sense. III. Executive Policy - Introduction - The purposes of UH are to give thorough instruction, conduct research and disseminate knowledge in and of branches of advanced learning as prescribed by its Board of Regents. UH is committed to ensuring a safe, civil, learning and working environment in which the dignity of every individual is respected. All members of the UH community - students, faculty and staff - share responsibility for its growth and continued welfare. -. - UH views the disciplinary process as a learning experience which aims to promote growth and understanding of one’s responsibilities and privileges within the UH. - Student Conduct Code Authority - This Student Conduct Code applies at all locations of UH, including any affiliated residence hall. - The Student Conduct Administrator shall determine the composition of Student Conduct Boards and Appellate Boards and determine which Student Conduct Board, Student Conduct Administrator and Appellate Board the Student Conduct Board Hearing and for purposes of any appeal, the technical rules of evidence applicable to civil and criminal cases shall not apply. IV. Proscribed Conduct - Jurisdiction of the UH Student Conduct Code - On University property; or - Outside of University property if: - the conduct was in connection with a University-sponsored program or activity; or - the conduct may have a continuing adverse effect or could create a hostile environment on campus. The Senior Student Affairs Officer shall decide whether the Student Conduct Code shall be applied to conduct occurring off campus (including but not limited to the use of social media and other electronic forums), on a case-by-case basis, in their sole discretion. - Conduct – Rules and Standards The following are examples of the types of behavior that conflict with the community standards. Cheating is an act of academic dishonesty and UH faculty, staff or student body; and (4) engaging in any behavior specifically prohibited by a faculty member in the course syllabus or class discussion. Plagiarism is also an act of academic dishonesty and. -. - Any conduct that threatens or endangers the health or safety of any person including but not limited to, physical abuse, verbal abuse, threats, intimidation, harassment, bullying, coercion, stalking as defined below. (For any conduct that is sexual or romantic in nature and committed by a current or former partner of an intimate, romantic, or sexual relationship, or is related to an individual’s actual or perceived sex or gender, sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression, refer to EP 1.204 for detailed information.) -. - Stalking is two or more acts of unwanted and harassing behavior, directed at a specific person that is sufficiently serious to cause physical, emotional, or psychological fear or to create a hostile, intimidating or abusive environment. - Physical abuse is intentionally or recklessly causing physical harm or endangering the health or safety of any person. - Verbal abuse is shouting or yelling in a threatening or hostile manner and/or use of abusive or belligerent language. - Harassment is sufficiently severe, pervasive (or persistent) and objectively offensive conduct that unreasonably interferes with, limits or denies the ability to participate in or benefit from the University/College’s educational program or activities. - Hostile Environment is when unwelcome harassment is sufficiently severe, pervasive (or persistent) and objectively offensive that it unreasonably interferes with, limits or denies the ability to participate in or benefit from the University/College’s educational program or activities. - Coercion is intentionally compelling or inducing another person to engage in conduct from which another has a legal right to abstain, or to abstain from conduct in which another has a legal right to engage, by threatening with words or conduct to take some negative action that may impact the other person. In this context, some examples of "negative action" include, but are not limited to: causing bodily injury, causing property damage, physical confinement or restraint, or revealing information that is sought to be concealed. - Creation of health and/or safety hazards, e.g., dangerous pranks, hanging out of or climbing from/on/in windows, balconies, roofs. - Sex discrimination and/or gender-based violence as defined in EP 1.204. - Discrimination of any person based on UH protected classes as defined in EP 1.202. - Attempted or actual theft of UH property or the personal property of another individual or entity, including goods, services and other valuable, on or off campus, and/or knowingly maintaining possession of stolen property. - Intentional, reckless and/or unauthorized damage to or destruction of UH property or the personal property of another individual or entity. - Hazing is an act that, including trespassing, propping or unauthorized use of doors for entry into or exit from a UH building. - Violation of any UH policy, rule, regulation, contract, or agreement published in hard copy or available electronically on any UH website. - Violation of any federal, state or local law. - Use, possession, manufacturing, or distribution, or other unauthorized use of controlled substances or paraphernalia except as expressly permitted by law. Controlled substances include but are not limited to marijuana, methamphetamine, narcotics, and opioids. - Use, possession, manufacturing, distribution, or being under the influence of alcoholic beverages (except as expressly permitted by UH System Policies, state or federal law), or public intoxication while on any UH premise or at any UH sponsored event or ancillary site. Alcoholic beverages may not, in any circumstance, be used, possessed, or distributed to any person under twenty-one (21) years of age. - UH and/or unreasonably, UH or members of the academic community. - Complicity involves action or inaction with another or others to violate the Student Conduct Code, and may be assumed when a student is present during a policy violation. The student may be held responsible for the underlying policy violation(s). - Violation of local, state, federal or campus fire policies including, but not limited to: - Intentionally or recklessly causing or attempting to cause a fire which damages or is intended to damage UH or personal property or which causes or is intended to cause injury. - Failure to evacuate a UH-controlled building during a fire alarm. - Improper or reckless use of UH fire safety equipment. - Tampering with or improperly engaging a fire alarm or fire detection/control equipment while on UH property. - Theft or other abuse of computer and other electronic unauthorized use of electronic or other devices to make an audio or video record of any person while on UH premises without their prior knowledge, or without their consent when such a recording is likely to cause injury or distress. This includes, but is not limited to, surreptitiously taking pictures of another person in a gym, locker room, or restroom. - Any violation of any UH computer use policy, including but not limited to EP 2.210. - Abuse of the Student Conduct Code System or other related UH processes, including but not limited to: - Failure to obey the notice from a Student Conduct Administrator, UH official, or Student Conduct Board to appear for a meeting or hearing. - Falsification, distortion, or misrepresentations of information before a Student Conduct Administrator, UH official, or Student Conduct Board. - Disruption or interference with the orderly conduct of any proceeding. - Attempting to discourage an individual’s participation in, or use of, the Student Conduct Code System or other related UH processes. - Attempting to influence the impartiality of a Student Conduct Administrator, UH official, or Student Conduct Board prior to, and/or during the course of, the Student Conduct Code System or other related UH processes. - Harassment (verbal or physical) and/or intimidation of a Student Conduct Administrator, UH official, or Student Conduct Board prior to, and/or during the course of, the Student Conduct Code System or other related UH processes. - Failure to comply with imposed sanction(s). - Influencing or attempting to influence another person to commit an abuse of the Student Conduct Code System or other related UH processes. - Retaliation. UH prohibits and will not tolerate retaliation as defined in EP 7.205. Retaliation is adverse actions taken against a person because of their good faith participation in the following types of protected activities: - Seeking advice or assistance about a Student Conduct Code or systemwide sanction concern; - Opposing or filing an informal or formal complaint regarding an alleged violation of this policy; - Testifying, assisting, or participating in an investigation or other proceeding related to an alleged violation of this policy. Additionally, UH prohibits and does not tolerate retaliation as defined in EP 1.204 - Violation of Residence Hall Rules and/or Policies: Violation of residence hall rules and/or policies where the violation also involves some aspect of this Student Conduct Code, may subject the student to disciplinary procedures under this Student Conduct Code. - Violation of Law and UH Discipline - UH disciplinary proceedings may be instituted against a student charged with conduct at the discretion of the Senior Student Affairs Officer. Determinations made or sanctions imposed under this Student Conduct, UH will not request or agree to special consideration for that individual because of their status as a student. If the alleged offense is also being processed under the Student Conduct Code, UH may advise off-campus authorities of the existence of the Student Conduct Code and of how such matters are typically handled within the UH community. UH may cooperate with law enforcement and other agencies in the enforcement of criminal law on campus and in the conditions imposed by criminal courts for the rehabilitation of student violators (provided that the conditions do not conflict with campus rules or sanctions). In the event of law enforcement and/or government agency enforcement of laws and regulations, UH may, as appropriate, adjust any Student Conduct Code investigation and/or proceeding so as not to interfere or unduly prejudice the law enforcement process. Individual students and other members of the UH community, acting in their personal capacities, remain free to interact with governmental representatives as they deem appropriate. V. Delegation of Authority Authority to hear and decide on whether or not alleged violations of the Student Conduct Code have occurred as well as to determine subsequent disciplinary sanctions is delegated to senior student affairs officers, student conduct officers, or student conduct boards as described in this policy. VI. Contact Information Subject Matter Experts: Office of the Associate Vice President for Student Affairs at telephone number (808) 956-8753 or by email at [email protected]. VII. References - Federal and state laws, rules and/or regulations: Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy & Campus Crime Statistics Act, as amended; the Violence Against Women Act, as amended; Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, as amended; Hawaiʻi Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter 586 (Domestic Abuse Protective Orders); and HRS Chapter 707 (Offenses Against the Person); Hawaiʻi Administrative Rules Title 20, Chapter 2 (Statement on the Rights and Responsibilities of the University of Hawaiʻi Community) - Board of Regents Policies: RP 1.204, RP 1.205 - Executive Policies: EP 1.202, EP 1.204, EP 2.210, EP 7.205, and EP 9.210. - Administrative Policy: AP 9.920 - Link to University of Hawaiʻi Systemwide Policies - Link to Abolished University of Hawaiʻi Executive Policies - Link to Administrative Procedures Archive (Pre-PPIS) COVID-19 & Student Conduct Code Appendix Appendix I: Student Infectious Disease Mitigation in Response to COVID-19 Purpose: Purpose of this addendum, is to make clear during the COVID-19 pandemic how health and safety requirements, including those incorporated in the University of Hawaiʻi COVID-19 Guidelines (Interim) are incorporated into EP 7.208. Background: The mission of the 10 campus system, as the state’s only public institution of higher education, in Hawaiʻi an equal opportunity for quality college and university education at both undergraduate and graduate levels. In fulfilling that mission during the COVID-19 pandemic, the UH’s top priority is the health and safety of its students and employees as we face the myriad of challenges caused by COVID-19. As members of the UH ʻohana, we have obligations to ourselves and to each other to abide by health and safety requirements and guidelines established by federal, State, county and the University relating to COVID-19. Because of the imposing nature of the health and safety requirements during a pandemic, this addendum is deemed necessary to make clear the University’s expectations and requirements, and the consequences of failure to meet those requirements. COVID-19 Expectations: The University of Hawaiʻi has established expectations for students, staff, faculty and visitors interacting on campuses related to the COVID-19 pandemic and public health concerns. These guidelines are available here:. Additionally, individual University of Hawaiʻi campuses have established additional guidelines to further communicate measures and expectations of those interacting on campus: Proscribed Conduct: Section IV.B of EP 7.208 enumerates behavior proscribed by the Student Conduct Code. The following examples of misconduct are illustrative of how behaviors that violate federal, State, county, UH System or campus COVID policies and guidelines may constitute violation of the Student Conduct Code and be subject to progressive disciplinary action. Established institutional Student Conduct Code procedures will be administered for all alleged violations before students are denied any educational opportunity, including attending classes or living on campus, afforded to them as a University of Hawaiʻi student. Due to the severity of public health risk, students in violation may be asked to be removed from the class, building/office, or campus immediately. Violations may include, but are not limited to: - IV.B.2. Disruption or obstruction of teaching, research, administration, disciplinary proceedings, other UH activities, including its public service functions on or off campus, or of other authorized non-UH activities when the conduct occurs on UH premises. - Example: Failure to heed the instructions of faculty with respect to physical distancing in lab spaces. - Example: Failure to heed the instructions of faculty with respect to face coverings in classroom spaces. - IV.B.3. Any conduct that threatens or endangers the health or safety of any person including but not limited to, physical abuse, verbal abuse, threats, intimidation, harassment, bullying, coercion, stalking as defined below. - Example: Belligerent behavior towards faculty, teaching assistants, staff and other students when reminded of the need for proper face coverings in indoor spaces (including classrooms) and outdoor spaces where social distancing is not being practiced. - Example: Failure to heed instructions when reminded of proper face coverings and physical distancing in indoor spaces and outdoor spaces. - IV.B.4. Creation of health and/or safety hazards, e.g., dangerous pranks, hanging out of or climbing from/on/in windows, balconies, roofs. - Example: Failure to wear face coverings correctly while interacting with others. - Example: Gathering in groups and interacting with others and not properly wearing face coverings and practicing social distancing in indoor spaces and outdoor spaces. - IV.B.10. Failure to comply with any directions of UH officials or law enforcement officers acting in performance of their duties and/or failure to provide identification to these persons when requested to do so. - Example: Failure to show UH COVID App clearance when on campus or at a UH-sponsored event, when requested. - IV.B.12. Violation of any UH policy, rule, regulation, contract, or agreement published in hard copy or available electronically on any UH website. - Example: Failure to follow the COVID Guidelines (Interim), - Example: For those participating in the University’s modified quarantine program, violating the terms of the "Pre-Travel Agreement Between the University of Hawaiʻi and An Out-of-State Student Choosing to Participate in the Modified Quarantine Program". - Example: Failure to conduct daily health self-screenings via the UH app when planning to be on campus or at a UH sponsored event. - IV.B.13. Violation of any federal, state or local law. - Example: Violating applicable provisions of the State of Hawaiʻi Emergency Proclamations, which have the force and effect of law (and which also may involve criminal sanctions): - -, and any subsequent proclamations, e.g., - Example: Violating applicable provisions of the various county emergency orders and proclamations, including those relating to the wearing of facial coverings, physical distancing, and limitations on gatherings, which also have the force and effect of law (and which also may involve criminal sanctions): - City & County of Honolulu: - County of Kauai: - County of Maui: - County of Hawaiʻi: Sanctions: Pursuant to EP 7.208, sanctions, as defined by the Student Conduct Code procedures, may be issued upon a student found responsible for violating the rules and standards contained within the Student Conduct Code and are intended to be primarily educational in nature. Student Conduct Administrator reserves the discretion to impose sanctions commensurate with the violations found to have occurred, up to and including expulsion. Repeat violations of the Student Conduct Code will be subject to progressive discipline. Once a student has been found responsible for violating the Student Conduct Code, the Student Conduct Administrator will use all information available, including but not limited to: prior violations of the Student Conduct Code (if any), community service involvement, and/or employment to determine (an) appropriate sanction(s). Specifically, with respect to this Addendum, the Student Conduct Administrator will consider facts relevant to the student’s level of disregard for the student’s own health and safety, as well as for the health and safety of others. 1Please note that other policies may apply a different definition of "student," such as UH’s Administrative Procedure, AP 7.022, Procedures Relating to Protection of the Educational Rights and Privacy of Students, available at.

. First time I ran into the word “demoscene” was a bit over 10 years ago. I discovered this culture through online articles and mail magazines published back in 90s, the time considered to be the golden era of demoscene. The articles covered its event which was packed with teenage computer enthusiast, and their weekly mail magazine shared their production diary, tutorials, event reports… In short, their youthful days devoted to computer programming were encapsulated in these documents. I read on thinking “Who are these people?” These people were spending almost all their waking hours for programming, and I just couldn’t understand why they were so obsessive about it. To be honest, my initial thought was that they’re just crazy or “oh, so that’s what people call ‘nerd’ ?” But their articles were interesting to read and the fact that they all somehow sounded like they were having the time of their lives was intriguing, so I slowly started to explore this culture. Looking back, what interested me first was not the demos or culture itself but these strange people called “demosceners”. How I started to do interviews I said “exploring” but it was more like a casual googling whenever I recalled it or heard about a topic related to computer programming. For years on and off I’d read some documents around the culture and watched some demos on YouTube, computer or DOS emulator, but I felt this culture was protected by jargons and 90s style website (they scare me with browser warnings – because it contained exe file, now I know) and I really couldn’t get a whole picture. Then one day, while I was doing one of those casual surfing, I found a documentary called “Moleman 2 – Demoscene – The Art of the Algorithms”. This was made for viewers with no knowledge of this culture, thus it contains all the basic information you need to know before tapping into this world. I watched it and thought it’s great, and wished if I could have watched something like this when I first heard about demoscene. Since they’re looking for scripts in multiple languages, I decided to give Japanese subtitle thinking this might help someone like me. And once it came out, I got some feedback from Japanese demosceners via Twitter. I asked one of them if I could send a few questions, and the interview series started. Appeal of demoscene to outsider’s eyes Apparently, the strongest appeal of this culture is an artwork called “demo”. Demo is an execution file, and you can experience real-time generated visuals and audios by running it on your computer. Demos are created using loads of different and advanced technologies… but the great thing about this demo is that you can enjoy it without technical knowledge. You don’t need to know what GPU stands for or what Ray tracing means and, not sure what creators would think but, you don’t even need to download the file and run it on your computer – you can just watch it on YouTube. (In fact, it looks better and smoother that way if your computer is for basic tasks.) Sure, some demos are very technical looking, but you can enjoy most of them like you enjoy music videos or short clips of arts and design. Their often abstract and meticulously created visuals are entertaining and inspirational and it can help you to see or imagine things from different angle, just like contemporary arts do. And if you live far away from the computer graphics field, you will find some very unexpected. Not just visuals, but the music used in demos are equally appealing. Most of them were originally made only for this purpose, so you can enjoy the matching mood with sound. And you’ll be surprised by their quality and a wide variety of genre. There are vocals, hip-hop, jazz, samba, pianos… but if I can share my very personal impression… if your favorite music falls between LFO and Squarepusher and you don’t know demoscene, you’re missing quite a lot. And there’s another thing which seems like an appeal of demoscene to outsiders. And that’s people involved in this culture – in other words “demosceners”. You can learn so many things from their approach and way of thinking, especially if you consider yourself a person which has nothing to do with this subculture. So, what did I learn? So here I’m going to share with you what I’ve learned about demosceners through interviewing them, talking to them and visiting demoparties. In honor of the great host of our time, I’d like to present this in David Letterman’s top 10 list’s way. 10 things I’ve learned about Demosceners 10. “Demoscener” is an earned title. Demoscene is open closed community; it’s open because anyone can watch its productions (demo), access to its archive and participate its event (demoparty), yet it’s closed because it requires specific technical knowledge to actively join, truly appreciate the work and… to discover this culture initially. People are loosely connected, and though there is a website which has been considered to be a base (Pouet) there is no such thing as an authority to issue its membership card. Then, what kind of people should we call “demosceners”? Clearly there are various interpretations for this term, but from where I see it, you can’t call yourself “demoscener” just because you watch demos on YouTube or drank beer at demoparty. In this case, “demoscene fan” would be more suitable. To me, demoscener is someone who makes demo, helps organizing a demoparty or does something actively to get this culture going. Demoscener is an earned title. And, at least, these are my definition of “demoscener” in this post. 9. It’s so diverse that no one shouts about “diversity”. Majority of demosceners are 30-40s male from Europe, but this visible fact should not overshadow the diversity of this culture. Country, age, gender, color of skin, language, profession… Demosceners all come from different backgrounds and that’s just normal for them. They take this inclusive nature for granted that no one shout about the word “diversity”. Demoscene is a community of interest and demosceners are connected through common passion for computer and art. No matter where you come from or who you are, as long as you share same interests and have respect for others, you will be welcomed. Having said that, please remember that they won’t welcome you with big applause or wide open arms, but you’ll feel that the door quietly opens. 8. Most of them don’t consider themselves nerds, and we can’t really call them nerds either. “I’m not a nerd.” I don’t know how many times I’ve heard this phrase while talking with and reading about demosceners. I didn’t ask “are you a nerd?” but they mentioned this spontaneously. Generally speaking, a nerd refers to someone who has extreme interest in only one subject and is socially awkward. And many English dictionaries state that this “one subject” is computers. Demoscene is computer subculture and most of the people who drive this scene are naturally computer-savvy, so they don’t have problems accepting the description of “someone who has extreme interest in computers”. But when it comes to other two traits, which are “single-minded” and “socially inept”, they are hesitant to tick off. To start with obvious reasons, they are not really single-minded since everyone I interacted with have many interests other than computers. And for sociability, demoscene has a built-in social feature called “demoparty” which is held all over the world and all year round. They bring their works, drink, mingle and exchange ideas with like-minded people. Although most of them are not the type of social butterfly, they socialize in their way and enjoy the companionship. And there are other reasons why they don’t consider themselves nerds. For demosceners, computer is a tool to create art. They are interested in researching new technologies and deepening their knowledge of computers, but their biggest interest is to leverage them to express themselves in art form. So, from this point of view, “artist” might be more suitable than this n-word to describe them. And probably, they feel more comfortable to be called with that. 7. Their approach is practical and logical. I just wrote that they are more like artists, but these artists are not the kind that spreads arms toward the sky and wait for magic or miracle to happen. They don’t let their emotion control their hands on the keyboard either. Their approach for the work is practical and reasonable. This can be confirmed with production notes they release after the compo (competition). A lot of demosceners reveal the “making of” in the form of blog post, video or seminar held at demoparty. They usually share what technique and method they used, the process they took, and where they got the idea for the work. With this production notes, you can see they rely on their accumulated knowledge, skills, experiences and steady work to create a piece, not a flash of inspiration or luck. If you ask demosceners how it’s made, they can explain it logically. They won’t say things like “because an angel whispered in my ear”. 6. They discover their strength and learn to collaborate with others. When we break down demosceners into more specific titles, we see programmers, graphic artists, designers, musicians, directors, organizers, presenters, DJs, diskmag editors.. and the list goes on. And many of them are wearing multiple hats. They all started as an individual who's attracted by this culture for some reason, and by creating demos, joining demoparties and communicating with others (i.e. demoscene activities) they discover their strength in the scene and subsequently in the society. Some keep brushing up their skills, some find their potential in different roles, and some find other interests through demoscene. And by discovering and recognizing their strength, they can start working with other people with different skillset or strength. They ask for help, discuss, understand each other's view/work style, manage the project and complete by the deadline. Through this process, they learn how to collaborate with other people. When you look at the top class demo made by a group of different talents, you’ll see each of the group members shine through their own strength while complementing each other to create one demo. And if you ask them how the collaboration was, you’ll find there’s a mutual respect for each other. 5. They love challenges. They really do. They love challenges so much that they set limitations for themselves to make the challenge harder. Challenge requires them to think deeply and solve problems, and in fact that’s what really excites demosceners and sparks their creativity. How can I put all these stuff into 64KB? Or better yet, 4KB? What’s the shortcut to do it? How can I draw this scenery with only 5 colors? What’s the alternative method to achieve similar results? How can I convey this complex theme in 8 minutes? What’s the most effective and beautiful way to show this technique? How can we handle 300+ visitors with only 10 staffs? What tools and system would be most useful? Even when they’re not sitting in front of computers, they are always thinking and finding a way to solve problems. And they love doing this. 4. They learn to deal with criticism. One of the unique things about demoscene is its feedback system. When you release a demo at demoparty, you will receive real-time feedbacks through audience reaction; you may hear joyous cheer, applause, boos, screams or horror - dead silence. At the same time, people who watch the compo on streaming are typing their comments on chat windows, twitter and forums. Then once the compo is over, your work is uploaded to the demoscene archive and YouTube, and you start receiving more detailed comments from demosceners, demo fans and general viewers. Most of the comments are direct, and ones from demosceners are quite harsh because they know what you're doing. Some complement, some point out its technical flaw, some give you valuable advice and many throw dirt for many reasons. Even when you won first prize and the work is actually excellent, there will always be people who thumb down. And through these feedback systems, demosceners learn how to deal with criticism; what to and what not to care, who to listen and who to ignore. They learn how to use them as a reference and motivation to create next demo. (They usually listen to the comments from fellow demosceners that they respect.) But remember this. Demosceners tend to give aggressive remarks over the internet, but I found many of them are much milder and friendly in person. 3. They are oh-so competitive. The culture of demoscene was born from the motivation to show off one's hacking skills in the 80's. And even after all these years and huge technical advancement, the essence of this culture remains intact. Demo is art, demo is self-expression, but as long as they call their stage "compo", demoscene is a place to show off and compete. They want to show off what they can, they want to surprise viewers, they want to prove themselves, and they want their name on top of the list. Don’t be fooled by their nonchalant attitude, they are really competitive. And this is vital nature to drive the culture forward. However, you need to know that demoscene is not a savage battlefield. Demosceners are competitive but they are able to appreciate others' work and acknowledge its excellence. They are rivals but also friends. And they know they have improved each other's skills by competing. 2. It’s no magic, it’s no joke, they work really hard. So now you know they want to win, but what do they do to accomplish that goal? The answer is simple; they work really hard. You might want to say “but these people are mostly professionals, so it should be very easy because they already have skills and access to resources and expensive tools”. I understand because I used to think that way, too. But the truth is, it wasn’t that easy. Generally, demosceners need to work hard and tackle these 3 challenges before releasing demos: 1. Find time 2. Create a demo which can live up to their high standards 3. Finish a demo 1. Find time They have a busy life, so they first need to find time to work on the demo. Many of them wake up early or go to bed late to make time, and some work at lunch time or work in a daily commuter train. 2. Create a demo which can live up to their high standards Most of the demosceners set high standards for their work, and they don’t want to release something that they are not feeling happy about. To meet these standards, demosceners try many different methods and go all the way. Some spent a large amount of time to master new techniques , some worked on the same project for several years to polish it, some brought together different talents to perfect every aspects, and some scrapped everything to start over. Probably, they are their own worst critic. And if they aim higher spot on the ranking, addition to meet their own standards, they also need to care about the perspective of audience. Not just showing off their skills, top groups are always thinking about the way to present them. They consider who the audience is and how to entertain them. Some secrets were revealed in their interviews, so go check that if you want to know more. 3. Finish a demo Demosceners recognize this as the most difficult step in demomaking. They are already tired by this time, but they have to review the work and fix some issues which is not so fun to do. But this is critical process and it directly affects the outcome. A lot of them leverage the power of deadline to do this, and one group revealed that they locked themselves in a secluded country house to finish it. And this hard working spirit can be found in demoparty organizers, too. They spend so much time to plan and prepare the event in order to make the party go smoothly. Ticketing, scheduling, funding, sound system, lighting, programs for sessions and compo, streaming, prizes… they make sure all is under control. If you could just relax and enjoy the party, that means there are people working hard for it. 1. They are just doing what they love to do. Competition motivates them to work harder and make the culture thrive, and the winning actually bring them a prize and fame among people in the same field. But still, that’s not strong enough to call “the engine” of demosceners. It’s true that creating a great demo and winning a prize can add some sparkle on your resume, and it could bring you a first job or dream job in computer graphics industry. But most of the demosceners are already working in that field, so this cannot be the main reason to challenge themselves. And it’s not about the money either since what they usually receive is a trophy and small prizes, or modest cash prize which is far cry from eSports’. The reason why they do all these things is obviously because they simply love to do it. No one ask them to sit up late and code or draw or adjust bass sound, but they do it spontaneously. No one force them to create demotools for efficiency, but they do it saying “I have to”. But no, this is not a job or obligation. They do it because they want to do it and they love to do it. For them, demoscene is a playground. However you rarely hear this true motive from demosceners. In fact, they forgot about it. After spending some time in this culture, they no longer think about why they do all these stuff or wonder if they actually like it or not. At this point, they would just engage in demoscene activity as if that’s the most natural thing in the world. And before they knew it, voilà, they became demosceners. ---------------------------------------------------------------- A message for new explorers Discovering demoscene was an accident. After all these years I still think that way. By peeking the world which is vastly different from what I’ve been, I’ve learned about different perspective and it also helped me understand myself. If you are a person who just accidentally found out about this culture and got interested, have fun exploring, there’s way too many interesting things to see here. Hope yours will turn into a happy accident, too. Thank you notes Back in this spring, Zavie-san suggested me to speak about my perspective on demoscene at certain event. I eventually declined this for my selfish reasons (I’m sorry), but the ideas I came up with had stayed on me so I decided to share them in writing. So, thank you Zavie-san for the inspiration! (He’s going to talk about his demo in the upcoming Siggraph Asia in Tokyo. Check out his session if you’re going.) And thank you all the demosceners who welcomed me at demoparties or interacted with me online, and the first demoscener I met (your name led me to this culture and look what happened). And obviously, big thanks to all the demosceners who accepted to do interviews. I don’t know about you, but it’s been a pleasure for me :) Thank you for reading this to the end! I loved reading your article "'Who is Demoscener?' - What I’ve learned from interviewing them". It is very interesting to read an educated outsider's perspective. Much of what you write confirms my own impression, such as the demoscene being an "open closed community". That's nice to hear.. Thank you for your comment! One word needed: AMIGA Oh yeah my bad :) Thanks for your comment! Excellent post! I don't completely agree with your assessment of the word "nerd" in the demoscene though. The negative connotations of the word have largely disappeared, especially since the advent of hipster culture. These days a lot of people, myself included, proudly call themselves nerds. I agree with you, and I believe that's because successive nerds have done cool things to redefine that word. So.. keep redefining it :) Thank you for your comment! Wow, you really nailed it! I enjoyed reading this, hope to meet you at a (c64) demo party in the future. Oh, and a small remark about the 4k limit you mentioned: 4k ram is *a lot* if you code asm on the Commodore 64, so, it's always a question of your perspective, right? ;-) Ah, sorry about that!! (From outsider's perspective, 4kb is like Readme file size :) Thank you for your kind words! great article! :) Thank you so much! Great reading! It should be on Wikipedia. You perfectly described me without knowing me :D Islidur/Samar (C64) Aww that's nice! :D Thank you for your comment!! Great article. Discribes in depth the demoscener and demoscene itself. Thank you. Very good reference for everybody. That's really nice to hear... Thank you for your lovely comment! Thank you for this. I love to link it to people who are asking what demoscene is Thank you very much Laila, so glad to hear that! Hope it will be a positive introduction :) Lovely article! While a piece of writing of this size could of course never elaborate on the depth and richness of the demoscene's traditions, slang-language and history, the article's approach of describing it's inhabitants succeeds beautifully! For those of us who have been part of the scene for a long time, it's interesting to see this so clearly described, observed with fresh eyes - from a different angle - things which we may not consciously think of ourselves. I showed a snippet of this article to a good friend, and she asked for more, so I gave her the full article link. Very interesting read :) Ghostrider/No Name (C64) Thank you very much for your comment! I'm really happy to hear that!! It actually took some time to write this up, but I guess now I can say it's worth it... :) And thank you for spreading the word! :) Just read that. I think it is very accurate description. Thanks for writing that. That's nice to hear! Thank you!

WASHINGTON—The Obama Administration told pro-Aliyev groups that had initiated and promoted two highly inflammatory, anti-Armenian petitions on the White House’s “We the People” site, that “there cannot be a military solution to the Nagorno-Karabagh conflict.” The response came amid concerns of foreign manipulation of the popular “We the People” site, raised publicly and privately by the Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA), after several petitions echoing Azerbaijani government attacks on Karabagh rapidly collected over 100,000 online. The other echoed a multi-million dollar public relations campaign, led by Aliyev’s daughter, Leyla Aliyeva. International press featured dozens of stories quoting Azerbaijani Foreign Ministry spokesman Elman Abdullayev and other Aliyev mouthpieces urging worldwide support of the petitions, making a mockery of the unique White House internet platform designed to expand civic dialogue with the American people. The White House issued a one-paragraph response, titled “U.S. Committed to Lasting and Peaceful Settlement of Nagorno-Karabagh,” without referencing Azerbaijani rhetoric utilized in the two petitions. The complete text of the response follows: agh conflict, and that only a lasting and peaceful settlement can bring stability, prosperity, and reconciliation to the region. As a Co-Chair of the Minsk Group, the United States remains firmly committed to working with all sides to achieve peace.” ANCA Executive Director Aram Hamparian had cautioned the Obama Administration against offering any response until the full extent of the foreign manipulation of the “We the People” platform could be determined. “While a U.S. message of peace is particularly timely in light of the Azerbaijani sniper attack which claimed the life of 21-year-old Gor Kazaryan just last week, and the escalating war-rhetoric emanating from the Aliyev Administration, it should not be coming in response to an obviously manipulative bid by a dictator to game the American democratic system,” Hamparian said. “By responding to a transparently fraudulent campaign, such as the Baku-based rigging of the ‘We the People’ petitions, our government is sending the dangerous message that it’s allowing foreign interference in our domestic affairs to compromise and crowd out the genuinely expressed views and values of the American people.” White House and Israeli faithful supporters know, that %30 Axeri free oil to Jewish State will be cut off permanently!! Dear GB, You either are unaware or conveniently overlook that aside -your assumption of 30% oil to Israel-I don´t know the % like you do…. Main parties involved there are the Big Boys (the oil giants) who would not wish anything like that to happen.Thence, U.S. Gpov.t or GB(Great Britain) would not like that… But since we armenians have sufffered way too LOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONG from those two beautifull neighbours… 1- We must get prepared,like the Swiss,every Armenian that has done military service to be allowed and given a Rifle to take home in RA/Artsakh. No.2. All Aremnian youth and Young of Diaspora visiting Homeland to undergo military cadet training….with local recruits begining service. 3.Diaspora!!!!! Time to wake up and get re organized and in each community country ,in Provincial townships assemlbe around Central Blodies(from all factions etc.Then to Central Council of each country.later all to sub,mit to our Supreme Council of THE D I A S P O R A !!!! in 5 Departments 1. Social services and -very near future-Re`patriation organizing Dept-in Mosow(near aborad) 2.Economic Supreme Council in Geneva CH, with 15 offices of the PCA´(prof. Colleaggues Assoc.) .and the Economic Supreme there to be establiseshd initiated by oiur 6/7 magnates.As Nat.Invest. Trust Fund- 3. Legal-Political in Strasbourg(next to RA delegation-not sitting w/them but in same Town as back up support… 4.Executive in NY, like above next to UN ,Armenian permanent delegation. 5. We ahve .the only one we ahve. In St.Etchmiadizn but this time over in conjucntion with Great Hoiuse of Cilicia (together)All in constant contact w ea other and all Central Coiuncils of Diaspora.. The we can talk turkey…so to say.ALL CONVERGED AND M I A P A N !!!!!not the fake word given us United. No Dashnak/Nzhdehagan will unite with a Leftist like France But tin France ALL POILITICAL PARTIES UNITE WHEN FACING NATIONAL ISSUES… we must learn if the turco azeris know that!!!! Armenians, it is time to organize.Those fundling may go on and tomorrow LADY Shushan or Mr. Giragos -may God give them more finances, may wish to have in their name this that school renovated in RA(an example) or Giragos , start yet another NGO(Armenian mindset will never change this wise.) But when we begin to asse,mble around Nationl Invdestment Trust Fund and LITERALLYU I N V E S T IN SAME.Just the interst earned from Working -invested capital in billions will take care of Repatriation , Counter propaganda with our 2 beaitifull neighbpours eet., et.c, eetc. not too surprising that White House would give Azeris the cold shoulder. However, the statement also subtly repeats Azeri propaganda: {” the tragic losses of life in the war between Azerbaijan and Armenia.”} There was no war between Azerbaijan and Armenia. The war was between NKR and Azerbaijan. The 1994 ceasefire was signed between Azerbaijan and NKR: Armenia cosigned. Armenia helped NKR. Turkey helped Azerbaijan. Should the statement then have said “…war between Armenia and Turkey” ? Of course they cannot say NKR, because if they do, it will be taken as de-facto recognition. The statement should have said “…war between Azerbaijan and Armenians of Nagorno-Karabagh”. It is quite right! Avery, Just for that reason, a representative of Karabagh should be at the peace negotiations without exception. Its strange that Sarkissian is doing all the negotiating.. The mistake was made long ago by RoA Pres Robert Kocharian, John: he agreed to this format, thinking that since he is Artsakhtsi it would make no difference: he would make sure NKR interests are protected. He did not understand the long term ramifications, because he had no experience in world politics. Both Kocharian and Sargsyan were very good wartime leaders, but not very good at world politics. It was one of the biggest political blunders of our side. Both grew up and matured in an environment of local politics. They do not understand how the Western imperialists/neocons think and operate. I don’t think Sargsyan does – to this day. Unfortunately the die is cast: now, it is very hard to bring in NKR to the negotiating table because Azeris will never agree to it. The only way to force the issue is for RoA to threaten to walk away from the negotiation table: RoA cannot do that either, because none of the Big boys will like it, and Azerbaijan will immediately score a PR coup: it will say Armenians don’t want to negotiate for peaceful solution. Europe and US will turn on RoA. Best option I see is that our side keeps the powder dry and drags this out, until Azerbaijan runs out of oil or does something stupid, and the situation on the ground changes. Big boys are OK with the status quo: they are peacefully draining Azeri’s finite oil, and don’t want any trouble. Whether they say it or not. ,Artsakh is liberated and independent and stays so- Avery, no question about it. You guys deserve credit for the victory in stage 1 of Karabak war. But please don’t aggrandize the victory. It was a victory over Turkey?! You are making yourself look ridiculous. Turkey stood aside completely. Show me any proof whatsoever otherwise. A few random mercenary here and there do not count, although I have not even heard of that about Turks. Maybe a few dozens of Afghans of Chechens, but not Turks. It was your own former President Ter-Petrossian who has said that Russia essentially gave an ultimatum to Turkey to stand by completely, and they did. And that war was no between Armenia and Azerbaijan? Do you really (yourself) believe this? I hope you are more honest with yourself than on an internet forum. Again, you seem bent on aggrandizing your victory in the spirit of the Movie 300. And also, don’t count your chickens before they hatch. The game is not over yet. Wait until the Iran war throws things into a chaos, and then you will see the next stage. The entire chess-table might get reshuffled, with your Russian patrons being cut off from Caucasus altogether, as an extra bonus to the West. Keep in mind this: Armenia is not an indispensible asset to Russia. Like everything else, that too has its price. Speaking of the white house statement … What a standard hypocrisy! War will not solve this conflict. But … you Azeris should accept the results of a situation created through a war. Armenians, yes, can resolves it with a war, but not you. But I am not worried. The Congressmen bought with Armenians votes and money may not acknowledge this openly, but the executive branch (state department, pentagon, CIA) are smart enough to know who their friends are and who is a lackey of Russia/Iran. Kerim, Avery is right, Armenia as a country did not get involved directly in the war, only indirectly through volunteers. Speaking of 300, Turkey also sent volunteers with that mindset (and perhaps with that number), and 3 returned not knowing what hit them. Armenian volunteers were many compared to Turks, but still, Turkey was indirectly involved. In “the coming war” you speak of, don’t be so sure it will go your way just because your country spent billions on its military. I am guessing the minorities that the Soviet Union forced to regard themselves as Azeris will not be as willing to fight eagerly as last time for a cause that has nothing to do with them or any other Azeri, minority or otherwise. The Talysh people had 20 years to realize what happened to them last time and learn of their identity. They are fully aware they were herded to the front lines last time, which is why one of their “leaders” brought up the issue of an independent Talyshistan. You Turkish-Azeris are too spoiled with oil wealth and modern conveniences to be even interested in fighting for a land which deep down in your hearts know belongs to Armenia. I know losing a war is disastrous for a peoples’ self-esteem. But gambling a second time with the possibility of losing everything is not going to help you further. Why is your country so eager for war and war mongering all the time? You have oil and lots of money coming in, yet do not use it to better your current situation and keep talking of “refugees who will return to their land in NK”. If your government had spent all that money on housing for its population instead of buying mansions in Dubai and storing billions in Swiss bank accounts and making phony businesses in their names, everyone in your country would be living a normal life. Armenians in Azerbaijan lost everything, as opposed to Azeris in Yerevan who sold their properties and peacefully went to Baku. Armenians can play the same game, but we have moved on, and the NK war proved to us that we do not deserve to live among such a viscous people. And if Armenians committed crimes like your people claim, Azeris wouldn’t be eager to return to live among Armenians again. In contrast, no Armenians have no desire to live among Azeris (no matter how fondly they remember their past wonderful life)… it is not about feeling, but about life and death. And with your claims that you must return to your “ancestral lands”, we know it means not to live in peace, but to murder every last Armenian you get your hands on. And if there is ever a war coming, I would like to see Aliyev send his son to the front lines… I suspect he will once again herd all the minorities to the front, and all those hipsters of Baku with iphones will feel the same way. Turkey did amass a large battalion of troop at the Armenian border threatening any further liberation of Armenian Lands. Not involved? Till this day they close the borders, which btw, is consider an act of war by many. Turkey is not exactly neutral. If a war starts with Iran it most certainly will be launched from Azerbaijan making Azerbaijan a must target for the Iranians, So Azerbaijan will have to fight on two fronts? Does the average Azeri have a stomach for that? Your only real worth is that you have oil. You also have a corrupt dictator that is all too willing to let a foreign country, like Israel, set up posts in his country for lots of money of course, in his own pocket, that is. Once that oil is gone or destroyed by war, then there goes his and Azerbaijan’s worth.. Be careful what you wish for. You might lose again,.. KERIM Why you send a comment, if you are even unable to read ? Where did Avery say that Turkey had a war against NKR ? And Kerim let me tell you, I also deeply dislike the expression NKR. Arzach was Armenian more than 1000 years before the first Tartar arrived in the 1918 called Azerbaidjan. – And you KNOW that ! The region only came under Azeri control as a gift of Stalin. No Azerbaidjan, no Minsk Group can ever change anything on the result of this war ! Therefore it is also totally uninteresting who fought on whose side. You mention a “stage 2” – My advice : Better don´t try . Next time you´ll loose much more ! You are already crying about the loss of Arzach, what will be on next time ? Hagop, you are right. It is uncertain that the second round will go our way when the Iran war start. Hech, we can even lose everything, with Iran taking over completely. The reality is that we Azeris will not have a choice but take a side. And it is clear we are on the Israel/US side. It is possible that, after losing us, they might throw us under the Russia bus, as they did with Georgia. All these, yes, are unknowns. What is known however, one way or another, there will be Round 2. Yes, you are also right that deep down, Azeris know that the Karabak proper (minus Shusha and a few other Azeri cities) are Armenian. It is the adjacent 7 states, which even Armeniam government itself does not really claim as theirs forever. There are over 600,000 people who used to live there? Are you suggesting that they should just forget about their homes? And Armenians should be the last ones hoping: “Well, the next generations will forget about this.” No, just like you are still enflamed about your desire for justice over Turkish Genocide, after 100 years!, Azeri children too are being reminded constantly what they have lost. Whether or not who started what, the fact is that the situation in Karabak will never be peaceful. You are dreaming if you think that all will be well if you just wait long enough. As International Crisis Group has warned, the whole thing can go hay-wire with a minor spark, and I am sure you’d agree that the Iran war might just be that spark. We Azeri do not want or plan to “murder” Armenians. We just want to liberate our internationally recognized territories (and not what is in children’s books per 1000 years ago!). As to what happens to an Armenian settler family living in the former house of an Azeri who built that house and planted that garden, … well, he or she can go back where they came from 20 years ago. He should not be there to begin with. And it is against Helsinki conventions, etc to populate an occupied territory like that prior to resolutions. But since then has Armenia cared about international law? You guys live in your own lalaland of Greater Armenia. And lastly, even if there were 300 Turkish mercinaries, which there were not, a victory over them is not a victory over Turkey. Do you really not believe that if Turkey wanted and if Russia was not in the way, they could eradicate Armenian Republic within literarrly a day? I think it is a fantasy for you imagine that you have ACTUALLY defeated your arch-nemesis in a battle. You have not! We Azeris, yes, you have defeated (so far), but not Turkey. I cannot believe I even need to mention something obvious like this. CIA and Israelis know how to suck oil out and in return give Axerbaijan defective toy guns!! Axerbaijan is not part of civilized world, that US to start worry about them!! You can ask British Petroleum, for the truth about Axerbaijani Sheikhdom!! There is no oil Sheikhdom in this world, who lives in peace, without bloodshed. As usual you are blowing your expensive, antique golden horn in AW!! Axerbaijan was not born yet, from USSR, where Armenians of the world were demanding the return of NKR, Nakhichevan and Western Armenia from dictators such as Lenin, Uncle Joe, and Mustafa Pasha, unfortunately international communities totally ignored us!! If international law really exist then they should send all tatar- turks back to Altai mountain to join with their ancestral tribal people!! As I told you before round 2 will be a knock out round, for Axerbaijan and dividing Axerbaijan between Iran, Armenia, and Russia..Axerbaijan is a huge headache, for US, Israel, Iran, and Russia, even for your older brother Turkey!! I am sure you will be back as a new color commentator coach, in AW, for round three discussion!! WR .. Let’s quickly re-cap the nature of the war in Stage 1. A bunch of militia on both sides, buying a handful tanks and Grads from the Russian bases nearby. If the Azeri sides 3 tanks, the Armenian 1 … that was it, or vice versa. It was not a real war. Or tell me one battle in the traditional sense of a war? The Azeri side stated falling like dominos after the Khodjali massacre. The civilians in other cities saw what Armenians were capable of, and at any increased intensity of fighting they fled in panic – remember, that at the time, a mere year after USSR collapse, we did not have any government . There was a total chaos. Your own Sarkissian has admitted that Khodjali was a calculated strategy in just this context. Whatever Azeri troops, under very poor command, were left, they focused on securing a safe passage for remaining civilians already retreating. Why am I mentioning this? Yes, you did win. But you cannot compare that experience to Stage 2. Just chew on this. Our military budget in 1992 was $190 million. Today it is ~$4B, ore than your entire state budget! One must be steeped in illusion to think that all this make no difference. The thing is your own government agrees with this assessment, which is why they have sold your country to Russia to “protect.” But you don’t need to take my word for it. Soon when the MIGS sweep down, your the Movie 300 farmers in Karabak can throw their spears as much as they want to. As for Karabak being Armenian for 1000 years … For the last 1500 years, it was never ever under Armenian rule. Ottomons, Persians ruled the roost for a long time. The last per-Soviet proof ownership was in late XVII century, when Azeri king (not Armenian) sighend the Treaty with Russian over Karabak. It is on paper … it has been Azeri at least ever since that time (not since Stalin, who merely agreed to keep it in our hands versus transferring it). Was it Armenians before 1500 years ago? Does it really matter? Are you staking a territorial claim on what could have been the case 1500+ years ago? You would be laughed off stage, and even jeered, if you said this before a UN like forum. What a mess the world would be if everyone did this. Here is my overall assessment of the Armenian mentality. Having very little to be proud for the last 1500 years, they stake claims on greatness from 1500+ years ago. And it is time to study up facts. The ancestors of Azeris did not come from Mongolia. DNA tests show we are a local people, speaking Turkic due to language elite domination. Such google this, instead of spewing out BS. You have a poor understanding of the history of the region. It is you who should “study up facts,” preferably those that aren’t under the ideological supervision of Baku State University. I suggest seeking out sources, both primary or secondary, published outside of Azerbaijan (and, indeed, outside the former Soviet Union). Maybe the reason there is so little of Armenia “to be proud of” (your words) in recent history is because it has been subject to persecution and oppression? Armenia was subject to Turco-Tatar and Kurdish invasions for centuries. Relative peace was only achieved with the arrival of the Russians. Hmm… The people of the Nagorno-Karabagh Autonomous Oblast, the demographic majority, overwhelmingly voted to secede more than a decade ago. Nevermind history–that obviously didn’t matter to the West with Kosovo. It was your leadership that could not accept that secession, even though you sometimes appear to acknowledge and even accept it in your commentary. I don’t know how well MIGs would work in Karabagh–it’s too mountainous (air-to-ground fire tends to be ineffective). And the irony of Azerbaijan using Mikoyan military aircraft is apparently lost on you, since Armenians have so very little to be proud of. :) Those who really know-by now ,even in RA-that turco-azeri nature will never undergo change,ought to discard such satements as above.We know whom we descend from ,if they like to KEEP ON FABRICATING..let them do so…. Facts,realities are there and speak for themselves. MONMASTERIES IN NAGORNYI KARABAGH(Artsakh) over 1500 yrs old same in Armenia proper and Western ARmenia testify to that .. Why Mr. Kerim agha. big brother great Turkey is trying hard to undergo change, through very yavash yavash.Which we don´t care at all.Like Aghtamara Monastery repairing,then Sourp Giragosa through kurdish Kardashes… We know time is with us, we have waited loooong and now we are coming to fruition by and by…yavash yavash. No need to use to much breath trying to pursuade you…others are sort of ¨¨suggesting¨¨ to great Turkey and later to you, to do so too.After all yoju both claim to be very civilized now!!!!! Take it easy, we are there as neighbours have been there over centuries..and soon with a Dynamic Diaspora to have a FUSION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! teh big blast….of the Armenians awakening and together guarding and defending their destiny.. What a demagogue is this Kerim. It is true that Artsakh, just like Armenia proper and many other lands and peoples has several times changed hands by foreign invaders, but that doesn’t change the fact that it was populated by Armenians, it was Armenians who toiled the land, buit houses and planted gardens, not the invaders. As to “what happens to an Armenian settler family living in the former house of an Azeri who built that house and planted that garden, … well, he or she can go back where they came from 20 years ago”. Tell me, would the Azeris who occupied the houses and gardens built by close to half million Armenians in Baku and other cities of Axerbaijan do the same? Forget it. Better accept the realities which were created by your country’s aggression and save for future what can be saved than engage in wishful thinking. In the end your soldiers ran away like little girls.. No justice defending individual will find it justifiable what communist leader J. Stalin did back then, by snatching Artsakh and Nakhichevan parts of the Armenian land, without allowing to the population living on that lands to make their own self determination, which is the most important decision and their right, that belongs to them to make, which will have very crucial affects on their daily lives, J. Stalin made it for them, and put them under the control or occupation, of newly formed country by soviet regime called Azerbaijan, today y less than a hundred years passed, during Azeri occupation time we all know very clearly,after all by the persecutions of the Azeri government, what happen to the Armenians lived in Nakhichevan, contrary to the same and despite all the kind of hardships imposed on them by the Azeri occupiers, Armenians in Artsakh were able to resist all the forms of persecutions, and keep asking and demanding for their rights of self determination, until the time came and the liberation arrived by collapsing of the soviets, and the Artsakh people by their rights declared their long time waiting independent from Azeri control. Now Azeri government need to do what is right to be done about the massacres of the Armenians in Sumgait, Kirovabad and Baku, killing and robbing innocent civilians has been very profitable, and normal thing to do for them, even before the formation of their country, when they used to be called by a different names, such as Tatars or Albanians or something else that no one knows, spicily their today leader, whose name now days is very familiar all around the world, like the Ali Baba and his ….. My advice to the people of newly formed Azerbaijan country will be, to stop the killing and robbing others, and living us Armenians alone, and with all that money which is made by oil, instead spending it on war machines, to make the arms sealers rich, find out how to bring peace and prosperity, not a war and destruction in the region, which is not in our both benefit. GB, I feel embarassed for your behalf. Clearly you are a very poorly educated person. And I am talking about your individually and not Armenians. You are one of the two noxious individuals here on AW. True, I disagree with almost all of you, but the other makse sense and present their perspective well. You, on the other hand, are a shame not just to Armenians but mankind. We Azeris have your likes too, and I resent them no less. Here is a brief list of problems one detects about your personality (consider this a free shrink diagnosis): 1) You are a hypocrat … You call a whole nation uncivilized and yet you in the very post show utter lack of civility and civilization. Your post is so filthy that one must hold their nose to read it. 2) You are ignorant and you are proud of it. I have seen you previousl respond to my posts where I have mentioned scientific article showing that Azeris are a local people based on DNA evidence, speaking Turkic due to elite language domination. But you clearly do not care about evidence or science. And people like you are disgusting (I bet you love Fox-TV too). You just don’t give a damn about facts that conflict with your viewpoint. I am not saying agree with the evidence being presented, but you must at least acknowledge its existence. You cannot just keep going as before, as if someone did not just expose you as a ignorant person. Azeris did not come from Mongolia. This is a scientific fact. Ignore it at your own persil (i.e., at the cost of looking like an utter and thorough fool). 3) Forget about Azerbaijan … you actually seem to suffer from bigotry towars the whole Araba/Muslim world. Your call all Shehkdoms (your word for Arabs I guess), as bloodthirsty, blah, blah. You strike as an individual burning with hatred, literally burning and brimming with it. Is there something missing inside of you that makes so hateful? I mean I don’t particularly like Armenians either, but it is for a reason — a war over land. If tomorrow, there is some kind of peace, even if we get the shorter side of it, I can totally see myself being friends with Armenians, because I dont hate them qua Armenians but just as a rival side. You, on the other hand, I think can never ever consider Azeris a human beings, hateful as you are. There is something wrong bigotted people like you … Did you lose a relative or something at the war? If so, I am sorry. But I can think of no other reason why a person would be so rabidly hateful. This hatred suffuses every single word, and dot in what you write. It is rather obscene, I must say. Enough said … from now on, I will never respond to your posts. I am sure you will continue spewing out your hatred. But I have said all can say to a bigot like you. You are actually worse than a bigot. You are an ignorant person proud of his ignorant and hatred. Addendum, Up above I forgot to mention that many nation have been under foreign rule///// comes to mind Spain for over 600 yrs under North African Khaliphate rule…but then a Princess united the many Spanish princes ,got well armed an d DROVE THEM OUT.Later she was crowned as IZABELLE LA CATOLICA QUEEN OF SPAIN… Others abound in European continent…but then I forgot whom am I trying to teach lessons…Oh but never mind on this Forum ,I trust m,any do know that,but just in case our young don’t know such historical facts…then it is for them!!!! Nonetheless, when Artsakh Nagornyi karaabagh was overran by Turkic and or Persian invadors…the KHAMSAI ME;LIKUTYUNNER the Five Meliks8 in Arabib Malak mneasn like Princes…They left the lowlands and fortified themselves in the Artsakh HIGH MOUNTAINS AND STAYED INDPENDent AND FOUGHT THE INVADERS AS MUCH THEY COULD…one against ten or more…. Yes kerim Khan the truth always hurt …Axeri Turks will remain always Axeri Turks…their rapists attitude will never change for a long time until Armenians force you people to accept and behave like civilized race! I have enough education to know your people attitude and behavior, As long as you write your BS in AW I will open your eyes, wider and wider, until you gain your diploma and graduate, as an expert diplomat, for a “new Axerbaijani” oil Sheikhdom representative!! Has anyone noticed how First Lady Mehriban Aliyeva has used this tragedy as another opportunity to be in the lime-light? She’s always on camera or doing interviews about this now. She is so incompetent in her day job in Parliament. Azerbaijan’s biggest problem right now is the corruption of its First Lady, Mehriban Aliyeva.

- Software - Open Access - Published: BAGEL: a computational framework for identifying essential genes from pooled library screens BMC Bioinformatics volume 17, Article number: 164 (2016) 15k Accesses 112 Citations 2 Altmetric - Abstract Background The adaptation of the CRISPR-Cas9 system to pooled library gene knockout screens in mammalian cells represents a major technological leap over RNA interference, the prior state of the art. New methods for analyzing the data and evaluating results are needed. Results We offer BAGEL (Bayesian Analysis of Gene EssentiaLity), a supervised learning method for analyzing gene knockout screens. Coupled with gold-standard reference sets of essential and nonessential genes, BAGEL offers significantly greater sensitivity than current methods, while computational optimizations reduce runtime by an order of magnitude. Conclusions Using BAGEL, we identify ~2000 fitness genes in pooled library knockout screens in human cell lines at 5 % FDR, a major advance over competing platforms. BAGEL shows high sensitivity and specificity even across screens performed by different labs using different libraries and reagents. Background Perturbing gene activity and evaluating the resulting phenotype is a fundamental technique for identifying the biological processes in which a gene participates (i.e., “forward genetics”). Traditionally, the ability to induce complete gene knockouts on a genomic scale has been exclusively the domain of model organisms such as yeast, while experiments in higher eukaryotes, including human cell lines, have relied on RNA interference (RNAi) or gene trapping methods in the case of haploid human cells [1]. RNAi uses the endogenous RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) machinery to target messenger RNA transcripts, which have a very large dynamic range of abundance, resulting in data that is often diluted by incomplete target knockdown and off-target effects of variable severity [2–4]. The adaptation of CRISPR-Cas9 technology to pooled library gene knockout screens in mammalian cells allows the identification of genes whose knockout contributes to gene fitness [5–9]. A pooled library screen typically contains several guide RNAs (gRNA) targeting each gene, and large numbers of cells are treated such that each cell is affected by (on average) a single gRNA clone, while each gRNA species targets hundreds of cells. Unperturbed cells, or cells with knockouts showing no growth phenotype, grow at wildtype rates, while cells harboring a guide RNA that targets a fitness gene show lower growth rates (Fig. 1a). To identify the genes whose knockout causes a fitness defect, the frequency distribution of gRNA in the population is assayed by deep sequencing and compared to the frequency distribution at an early control timepoint. Changes in the frequency distribution of gRNA are measured as log fold changes (Fig. 1a, sidebar) where severe negative fold changes reflect gRNA that cause severe fitness defects. BAGEL overview. a Simulated growth curves of wildtype cells (blue), which double at every time increment. When genetic perturbations are induced (T = 3), moderate (purple) to severe (magenta) fitness defects, growth arrest (red), and cell death (black) result in different relative growth rates. At sampled timepoints, fold change relative to wildtype growth is the readout from a sequencing assay. b Representative data from one replicate. The fold change distribution of all gRNA targeting essential genes (red) is shifted relative to the fold change distribution of all gRNA targeting nonessential genes (blue). The fold change distribution for all gRNA (black) is shown for reference. c The log likelihood functions of the red and blue curves from (b), left Y axis. The BAGEL method calculates the log likelihood ratio (black, right Y axis) of these two curves, within empirical boundaries (green dashes), for each bootstrap iteration; see Methods for details Aggregating individual reagent effects into an accurate estimate of gene-level effect is a major challenge in the analysis of pooled library screen data [10–14]. To analyze pooled library RNAi screens, which have similar experimental design, we previously developed a Bayesian classifier and demonstrated its superiority over contemporary approaches [3]. A key feature of this study was the establishment of reference sets of core essential and nonessential genes. Core essential genes were defined as those genes classified as hits in at half or more of the shRNA screens in [12] or [13], filtered for constitutive mRNA expression across a panel of cell lines, while nonessential genes were defined as those which are rarely expressed across those cell lines [3]. Together, these reference sets can be used as gold standards to evaluate other algorithms in analyzing fitness screens. Here we describe BAGEL, the Bayesian Analysis of Gene EssentiaLity, an adaptation of the previously described Bayesian classifier. BAGEL features a more robust statistical model, major performance enhancements, and an improved user interface. BAGEL source code, documentation, and reference files are available at. Implementation The BAGEL method is implemented as a Python script and requires the freely available python modules numpy and scipy. Likelihood functions for fold change distributions of gRNA targeting reference essential and nonessential genes are estimated using kernel density estimates, implemented using the scipy.stats.gaussian_kde() function in the scipy module. BAGEL input and output are tab-delimited text files described on the BAGEL website (see Availablility and requirements for details). Methods A pooled library CRISPR-Cas9 fitness screen in human cells involves having multiple gRNA reagents targeting each gene and is often evaluated at several timepoints, ideally with multiple replicates at each timepoint. BAGEL first estimates the distribution of fold changes of all gRNA targeting all genes in either the essential or nonessential training sets (Fig. 1b). Then, for each withheld gene, it evaluates the likelihood that the observed fold changes for gRNA targeting the gene were drawn from either the essential or the nonessential training distributions. The result is a Bayes Factor: where the data, D, is the set of observed fold changes for a given gene and k is the fold change distribution of the training set, empirically estimated using a kernel density estimate function (Fig. 1b, red and blue curves). The integral is estimated by bootstrap resampling of genes in the training sets. At each iteration the k distributions are calculated and, for each withheld gene, a log BF is calculated: where fc i are the observed fold changes for gRNA targeting gene g. One thousand bootstrapping iterations are conducted; Bayes Factors for withheld genes are calculated for each iteration (resulting in ~360 posterior BFs for each gene) and the mean and standard deviation of the resulting posterior distribution of BFs is reported. Two factors inherent in the data require that empirical boundaries be applied to the calculations. First, when taking the ratio of two curves, the ratio can take on extreme values when the denominator approaches zero. Second, kernel density estimates become unstable in regions of sparse data. For these reasons, we identify the lowest fold change (x-coordinate) at which the knon density estimate, the denominator above, exceeds 2−7, and set this as a lower bound (Fig. 1c). This boundary is, in our experience, a conservative threshold that captures the smooth region of the knon kernel density estimate across all data sets we examined. All observed changes below this boundary are set to the boundary value. Similarly, we calculate the fold change at which the log ratio of the curves is a minimum and set this as an upper bound (Fig. 1c). These boundaries ensure that individual observations do not dominate the final BF score while, in our experience, making no material change to gene estimates: observed fold changes outside these boundaries are not stronger evidence that a gene does or doesn’t induce a fitness defect, given the normal constraints of the experiment (number of cells, sequencing depth, etc.). Note that this approach makes no statement about whether a gene knockout can increase cell fitness, only whether perturbation causes a growth defect. For very large CRISPR libraries, the calculation as described can be computationally expensive. To speed up the calculations, we include two optimizations. First, we round all calculated fold changes to the nearest 0.01. Second, for each bootstrap iteration, we calculate the value of the log ratio function (Fig. 1c) at each 0.01 within the empirical boundaries described above and store the values in a lookup table. Then, instead of recalculating the values for each gRNA, we pull the value of the log ratio function from the lookup table. These optimizations decrease processing time by over an order of magnitude, with no impact on final results (Pearson’s r ~ 0.999 for final BFs; data not shown). For knockout screens with multiple timepoints, the BF is calculated at each timepoint, and a final BF is the sum of the timepoint BFs. Since the posterior BF distributions are approximately normal (by KS tests, not shown), the variance of the final BF is estimated as the sum of the variances at the timepoints. Screen performance is evaluated by calculating precision-recall (PR) curves, using the reference essential and nonessential gene lists as the test set. As noted above, during the bootstrap process, BFs are only calculated for genes not selected in the bootstrap resampling of the fold change density estimates; therefore no circularity is introduced. We confirmed this by comparing BF-bootstrap results to BFs calculating using 5-fold cross-validation; the resulting BFs virtually identical (R2 > 0.99). False discovery rate is (FP/FP + TP), precision is 1- FDR, and recall = TP/(TP + FN), where positives and negatives are defined in the reference sets. Results and discussion We demonstrate this approach with screens from the Toronto KnockOut (TKO) library in four cell lines: a patient-derived glioblastoma cell line (GBM, Fig. 2a), HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cell line (Fig. 2b), HeLa cervical carcinoma cell line (Fig. 2c), and RPE1 retinal pigmented epithelial cells (Fig. 2d) [15]. All the screens were sampled at multiple timepoints. Using the gold-standard reference sets from [3], BFs were calculated for each timepoint and precision-recall (PR) curves were plotted. In all cases, later timepoints showed improved recall over the earliest timepoint. The “integrated” sample is the sum of the timepoint BFs and can be considered a summary result for the entire screen; the PR curve for the integrated sample is in every case as good or better than the timepoint curves. In all cases screens yielded a very large number of fitness genes: on average, ~2000 genes at 5 % false discovery rate (FDR) using the integrated results, and these genes show very high functional coherence (see [15] for a more complete evaluation). One question that arises from these results is whether the lower performance at the early timepoint, relative to the later ones, reflects the screening technology or the biology of the systems being perturbed. We address this question by looking at functional enrichment in genes unique to the early hits, genes unique to the late hits, or genes in the intersection, using the GORILLA web service [16]. We find that most (75-89 %) early hits are also observed at the last timepoint (Fig. 3a), and that genes exclusively in the early hit set are not meaningfully enriched for annotated biological processes. Looking specifically at the GBM cell line as an example, genes in the intersection are highly enriched for core biological processes one could reasonably expect to cause fitness defects (Fig. 3b). Genes in the intersection comprise only 53-65 % of the total number of hits at the last timepoint; however, genes exclusive to the last timepoint typically extend coverage of the biological processes identified in the intersection, as shown for GBM cells in Fig. 3b, and identify few novel processes. Comparing early and late hits. a Number of fitness genes detected at early timepoint (cyan), late timepoint, (green), or both (blue) in each TKO screen. b Representative data from GBM screen. Most GO_BP terms enriched in late-only genes (green) extend observations of terms enriched in genes found in both early and late timepoints Though late fitness genes typically reflect the processes observed in early fitness genes, genes which encode proteins involved in mitochondrial function offer an interesting contrast. Genes in both the early and late timepoints are enriched for some mitochondrial processes, including protein transport to the mitochondrion and mitochondrial translation. However, the late-only genes are enriched for a small number of GO BP terms that are centered around functions related to oxidative phosphorylation, including “respiratory chain complex I assembly” (7 hits of 18 annotated genes, 7.4-fold enrichment), “respiratory chain complex IV assembly” (4/8 genes, 9.4-fold), and “mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone” (12/36 genes, 6.3-fold). This difference may reflect a more subtle phenotype (i.e., lower fitness defect) among oxphos genes that only becomes detectable at the later timepoint (Fig. 1a). We compared BAGEL to MAGeCK, a contemporary method for analyzing CRISPR knockout screens [11]. MAGeCK ranks gRNAs by P-value derived from a negative binomial model comparing control to experimental timepoints, then calculates gene-level P-values using modified Robust Ranking Aggregation. To facilitate a more equal comparison, we compared MAGeCK results to BAGEL results using only the final timepoint from the TKO screens described above, and plotted PR curves using the same reference sets (Fig. 4a-d). In all cases, BAGEL outperformed MAGeCK, yielding more recall and more overall hits in a reasonable range of empirically-calculated FDR (5–15 %). Most striking, however, was the severe lack of sensitivity using the theoretical model of MAGeCK. Although gene rankings for the two methods were generally similar (Spearman correlations 0.76–0.81 for the top 3000 genes in each set), the MAGeCK algorithm yielded only 674 (mean; range 489–905) genes at 10 % FDR, using its own FDR estimates (Fig. 4). We are confident that the higher numbers of fitness genes detected by BAGEL are in fact real: we analyze their expression level, biological function, and other functional genomic data in detail in [15]. We also compared the two algorithms using a newly published data set from Wang et al. [17], where four leukemia and lymphoma cell lines were screened for essential genes using a large gRNA library. As with the TKO screens, the BAGEL algorithm yields equal or superior precision-recall curves and greater sensitivity, though with a smaller margin of improvement (Fig. 4e-h). MAGeCK identifies 1571 (mean, range 1241–1800) hits at 10 % FDR while BAGEL identifies on average 2272 (range 1963–2482) essential genes at 5 % FDR. The reason behind the difference in sensitivity between BAGEL and MAGeCK likely lies in the variable effectiveness of CRISPR reagents. Examining the fold change distribution of all guides targeting genes in the reference set of high-confidence essentials (Fig. 1b), it is evident that many gRNAs targeting essential genes do not show significant dropout. The BAGEL algorithm chooses between the essential and nonessential distributions, and is able to detect even a slight shift in overall effect, whereas a statistical test based solely on excluding the null hypothesis – generally speaking, that the observed fold changes are not likely to be drawn from the blue curve in Fig. 1a—requires either deeper sampling (i.e., more replicates and/or more guides targeting each gene) or a more severe phenotype. In fact, this is reflected in the MAGeCK results for the four TKO cell lines tested: the GBM and RPE1 cell lines were screened with a 90 k library and MAGeCK yielded 586 and 489 hits, respectively, while the HeLa and HCT116 lines were screened with a 177 k library and MAGeCK yielded 718 and 905 hits – on average, ~50 % more hits using the larger library. The screens described in Wang et al. used a sequence-optimized 180 k gRNA library and used a more conservative experimental design, resulting in a lower proportion of non-performing guides and contributing to substantially improved sensitivity for both BAGEL and MAGeCK, though BAGEL still identifies ~50 % more hits in each screen. Conclusions The ability to perform accurate, saturating forward genetic screens in human cell lines will transform molecular genetics in the coming years. To maximize potential—and to avoid pitfalls similar to the costly false starts encountered in the RNAi field—rigorous analytical methods must be applied that are able to effectively discriminate true hits from false positives. While data suggests that off-target effects in CRISPR-Cas9 pooled library screens are much less of a concern than with RNAi, the variable effectiveness of early reagent pools makes it important that analytical methods are able to detect subtle phenotypes. BAGEL accurately models the wide variability in phenotype shown by reagents targeting known essential genes, enabling the sensitive and precise identification of fitness genes, even under conditions of suboptimal data quality. Availability and requirements Project name: bagel-for-knockout-screens Project home page: Operating system(s): platform independent Programming language: Python Licensing: This software is provided without restriction for commercial or academic use. TKO screen data are available at References Carette JE, Guimaraes CP, Wuethrich I, Blomen VA, Varadarajan M, Sun C, Bell G, Yuan B, Muellner MK, Nijman SM, et al. Global gene disruption in human cells to assign genes to phenotypes by deep sequencing. Nat Biotechnol. 2011;29(6):542–6.. Hart T, Brown KR, Sircoulomb F, Rottapel R, Moffat J. Measuring error rates in genomic perturbation screens: gold standards for human functional genomics. Mol Syst Biol. 2014;10:733. Kaelin Jr WG. Molecular biology. Use and abuse of RNAi to study mammalian gene function. Science. 2012;337(6093):421–2... Parnas O JM, Eisenhaure TM, Herbst RH, Dixit A YC, Przybylski D, Platt RJ, Tirosh I, Sanjana NE SO, Satija R, Raychowdhury, R MP, Carr SA, Zhang F, Hacohen N, A R. A genome-wide CRISPR screen in primary immune cells to dissect regulatory networks. Cell. 2015;162(3):675–86. Shalem O, Sanjana NE, Hartenian E, Shi X, Scott DA, Mikkelson T, Heckl D, Ebert BL, Root DE, Doench JG et al. Genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening in human cells. Science. 2013;343(6166):84–7. Wang T, Wei JJ, Sabatini DM, Lander ES. Genetic screens in human cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Science. 2013.... Yu J, Silva J, Califano A. ScreenBEAM: a novel meta-analysis algorithm for functional genomics screens via Bayesian hierarchical modeling. Bioinformatics. 2015;32(2):260–7. Hart T, Chandrashekhar M, Aregger M, Steinhart Z, Brown KR, MacLeod G, Mis M, Zimmerman M, Fradet-Turcotte A, Sun S et al. High-resolution CRISPR screens reveal fitness genes and genotype-specific cancer liabilities. Cell. 2015; doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.015. Eden E, Navon R, Steinfeld I, Lipson D, Yakhini Z. GOrilla: a tool for discovery and visualization of enriched GO terms in ranked gene lists. BMC Bioinformatics. 2009;10:48. Wang T, Birsoy K, Hughes NW, Krupczak KM, Post Y, Wei JJ, Lander ES, Sabatini DM. Identification and characterization of essential genes in the human genome. Science. 2015;350(6264):1096–101. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Megha Chandrashekhar, Michael Aregger, Graham MacLeod, and Stephane Angers for acquiring the data for this study. Additional information Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions TH developed the algorithm and wrote the software; TH and JM wrote and edited, T., Moffat, J. BAGEL: a computational framework for identifying essential genes from pooled library screens. BMC Bioinformatics 17, 164 (2016). Received: Accepted: Published: DOI: Keywords - CRISPR - Genetic screens - Cancer - Essential genes - Functional genomics

History of Australia (1788–1850) The history of Australia from 1788 to 1850 covers the early British colonial period of Australia's history. This started with the arrival in 1788 of the First Fleet of British ships at Port Jackson in the lands of the Eora Nation, and the establishment of the penal colony of New South Wales as part of the British Empire. It further covers the European scientific exploration of the continent and the establishment of the other Australian colonies that make up the modern states of Australia. After several years of privation, the penal colony gradually expanded and developed an economy based on farming, fishing, whaling, trade with incoming ships, and construction using convict labour. By 1820, however, British settlement was largely confined to a 100 kilometre radius around Sydney and to the central plain of Van Diemen's land. From 1816 penal transportation to Australia increased rapidly and the number of free settlers grew steadily. Van Diemen's Land became a separate colony in 1825, and free settlements were established at the Swan River Colony in Western Australia (1829), the Province of South Australia (1836), and in the Port Philip District (1836). The grazing of cattle and sheep expanded inland, leading to increasing conflict with Aboriginal people on their traditional lands. The growing population of free settlers, former convicts and Australian-born currency lads and lasses led to public demands for representative government. Penal transportation to New South Wales ended in 1840 and a semi-elected Legislative Council was established in 1842. In 1850 Britain granted Van Diemen's Land, South Australia and the newly-created colony of Victoria semi-representative Legislative Councils. British settlement led to a decline in the Aboriginal population and the disruption of their cultures due to introduced diseases, violent conflict and dispossession of their traditional lands. Aboriginal resistance to British encroachment on their land often led to reprisals from settlers including massacres of Aboriginal people. Many Aboriginal people, however, sought an accommodation with the settlers and established viable communities, often on small areas of their traditional lands, where many aspects of their cultures were maintained. Colonisation[edit] The decision to establish a colony in Australia was made by Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney.[1] This was taken for two reasons: the ending of transportation of criminals to North America following the American Revolution, as well as the need for a base in the Pacific to counter French expansion.[1] Approximately 50,000 convicts are estimated to have been transported to the colonies over 150 years.[1] The First Fleet which established the first colony was an unprecedented project for the Royal Navy, as well as the first forced migration of settlers to a newly established colony.[1] Sir Joseph Banks, the eminent scientist who had accompanied Lieutenant James Cook on his 1770 voyage, recommended Botany Bay, then known to the local Gweagal people as Kamay, as a suitable site.[2]] , known by the Indigenous name Warrane,] being with out exception the finest Harbour in the World [...] Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security. .[citation needed] La Pérouse is remembered in a Sydney suburb of that name.[citation needed] Various other French geographical names along the Australian coast also date from this voyage.[citation needed] Governor Phillip was vested with complete authority over the inhabitants of the colony.[citation needed] Phillip's personal intent was to establish harmonious relations with local Aboriginal people and try to reform as well as discipline the convicts of the colony.[citation needed] Phillip and several of his officers – most notably Watkin Tench – wrote journals and accounts that tell of immense hardships during the first years of settlement.[citation needed] European powers" on the Country of the Wangal people. in Tasmania and Moreton Bay in Queensland,. Growth of free settlement[edit], the Squattocracy.. Timeline[edit] -] - April 1789 – an outbreak of smallpox decimates local tribes. -24 - Lt. John Bowen landed with about 50 settlers, crew, soldiers and convicts. The site proved unsuitable and was abandoned in August 1804. Lt.-Col. David Collins finally established a successful settlement at nipaluna on the Country of the Muwinina people and named to. - 1825 – New South Wales's western border is extended to 129° E. - 1825 – Van Diemen's Land is proclaimed. - 21 January 1827 – Western Australia was created when a small British settlement was established at King George's Sound (Albany) by Major Edmund Lockyer in order, previously known by the Nyungar name Wadjemup, off the coast of Perth, became the colony's convict settlement in 1838 and was used for local colonial offenders. Around 9,720 British convicts were sent directly to the colony aboard.Charles Fremantle declares Swan River Colony for Great Britain in 1829; the name was changed to Western Australia in 1832. -.[21] - and 1840 about 13,400 immigrants arrived in the area. Between 1841 and 1850, another 24,900 arrived..[22] - 1841 – New Zealand is separated from New South Wales - 1846 – The colony of North Australia was proclaimed by Letters Patent on 17 February, which included all of New South Wales north of 26° S. Revoked in December 1846. European exploration[edit], previously known by the Indigenous name Tucoerah, came across and explored Deeban, an estuary occupied by the Tharawal and Eora peoples, and later named, a Kuringgai man, who became the first person born on the Australian continent to circumnavigate the Australian continent.[26] Previously, the famous Eora man west of Sydney and over the formidable barrier of forested gulleys and sheer cliffs presented by Colomatta, a mountain range on Gundungurra & Dharug Country later named the Blue Mountains,20, British settlement was largely confined to a 100 kilometre radius around Sydney and to the central plain of Van Diemen's land. The settler population was 26,000 on the mainland and 6,000 in Van Diemen's Land. the bay Naarm on the land of the Kulin nation, later named Port Phillip, and back. They found many important sites including the Murray River (which they named the Hume), many of its tributaries, and good agricultural and grazing lands between Gunning, New South Wales and Corio Bay, Victoria.[29] Charles Sturt led an expedition along the Macquarie River in 1828 and foundriver on to Lake Alexandrina, where the Murray meets the sea in South Australia. Suffering greatly, the party had to then row back upstream hundreds of kilometres for the return journey.[30].[31] The Polish scientist/explorer Count Paul Edmund Strzelecki conducted surveying work in the Australian Alps in 1839 and became the first European to ascend Australia's highest peak, Tar-Gan-Gil on the Country of the Ngarigo people, and he named it Mount Kosciuszko in honour of the Polish patriot Tadeusz Kosciuszko.[32] Aboriginal resistance and accommodation[edit] Aboriginal reactions to the arrival of British settlers were varied, but often hostile when the presence of the colonists led to competition over resources, and to the occupation of Aboriginal lands. European diseases decimated Aboriginal populations, and the occupation of land and degradation of food resources sometimes led to starvation. By contrast with New Zealand, no valid treaty was signed with any of Aboriginal peoples in Australia. Flood, however, points out that unlike New Zealand, Australia's Indigenous population was divided into hundreds of tribes and language groups, which did not have "chiefs" with whom treaties could be negotiated. Moreover, Aboriginal Australians had no concept of alienating their traditional land in return for political or economic benefits.[33].[34][page needed] Henry Reynolds points out that government officials and ordinary settlers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries frequently used words such as "invasion" and "warfare" to describe their presence and relations with Aboriginal Australians.[35] Reynolds argues that armed resistance by Aboriginal people to white encroachments amounted to guerrilla warfare, beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing into the early twentieth..[36]."[37] In most cases, Reynolds argues, Aboriginal people.[38] Reynolds quotes numerous writings by settlers who, in the first half of the nineteenth century, described themselves as living in fear due to attacks by Aboriginal people determined to kill them or drive them off their lands. He argues that Aboriginal resistance was, in some cases at least, temporarily effective; the killings of men, sheep and cattle, and burning of white homes and crops, drove some settlers to ruin. Reynolds argues that continuous Aboriginal resistance for well over a century belies the myth of peaceful settlement in Australia. Settlers in turn often reacted to Aboriginal resistance with great violence, resulting in numerous massacres by whites of Aboriginal men, women and children[39] including the Pinjarra massacre, the Myall Creek massacre, and the Rufus River massacre. Aboriginal men who resisted British colonisation in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries include Pemulwuy and Yagan. In Tasmania, the "Black War" was fought in the first half of the nineteenth century. Accommodation and protection[edit] In the first two years of settlement the Aboriginal people of Sydney, after initial curiosity, mostly avoided the newcomers. In November 1790, 18 months after the smallpox epidemic that had devastated the Aboriginal population, Bennelong led the survivors of several clans into Sydney.[40] Bungaree, a Kuringgai man, joined Matthew Flinders in his circumnavigation of Australia from 1801 to 1803, playing an important role as emissary to the various Indigenous peoples they encountered.[41] In 1815, Governor Macquarie established a Native Institution to provide elementary education to Aboriginal children, settled 15 Aboriginal families on farms in Sydney and made the first freehold land grant to Aboriginal people at Black Town, west of Sydney. In 1816, he initiated an annual Native Feast at Parramatta which attracted Aboriginal people from as far as the Bathurst plains.[42] However, by the 1820s the Native Institution and Aboriginal farms had failed. Aboriginal people continued to live on vacant waterfront land and on the fringes of the Sydney settlement, adapting traditional practices to the new semi-urban environment.[43][44] Escalating frontier conflict in the 1820s and 1830s saw colonial governments develop a number of policies aimed at protecting Aboriginal people. Protectors of Aborigines were appointed in South Australia and the Port Phillip District in 1839, and in Western Australia in 1840. While the aim was to extend the protection of British law to Aboriginal people, more often the result was an increase in their criminalisation. Protectors were also responsible for the distribution of rations, delivering elementary education to Aboriginal children, instruction in Christianity and training in occupations useful to the colonists. However, by 1857 the protection offices had been closed due to their cost and failure to meets their goals.[45][46] Colonial governments established a small number of reserves and encouraged Christian missions which afforded some protection from frontier violence. In 1825, the NSW governor granted 10,000 acres for an Aboriginal mission at Lake Macquarie.[47] In the 1830s and early 1840s there were also missions in the Wellington Valley, Port Phillip and Moreton Bay. The settlement for Aboriginal Tasmanians on Flinders Island operated effectively as a mission under George Robinson from 1835 to 1838.[48] In more densely settled areas, most Aboriginal people who had lost control of their land lived on reserves and missions, or on the fringes of cities and towns. In pastoral districts the British Waste Land Act of 1848 gave traditional landowners limited rights to live, hunt and gather food on Crown land under pastoral leases. Many Aboriginal groups camped on pastoral stations where Aboriginal men were often employed as shepherds and stockmen. These groups were able to retain a connection with their lands and maintain aspects of their traditional culture.[49] Politics and government.[50][51] From 1788 until the 1850s, the governance of the colonies, including most policy decision-making, was largely in the hands of the governors, who were directly responsible to the government in London (Home Office until 1794; War Office until 1801; and War and Colonial Office until 1854).[1] The first governor of New South Wales, Arthur Phillip, was given executive and legislative powers to establish courts, military forces, fight enemies, give out land grants, and regulate the economy.[1][51] The early colonists adopted the British political culture of the time, which allowed the use of public office for furthering private interests, which led to officers of the New South Wales Corps, which had replaced the original marines in 1791, trying to use their position in order to create monopolies on trade.[1] Such private enterprise was encouraged by the second governor Francis Grose, who had replaced Phillip in 1792, and he started giving out land and convict labourers to the officers.[1] The Corps established a monopoly on the rum trade, and became very powerful within the small colony.[1] After Governor William Bligh tried to break the military monopoly and questioned some of their leases, officers led by George Johnston launched a coup d'état in the Rum Rebellion.[1][51] After a year, he agreed to leave his position, and returned to Britain alongside Johnston, who was found guilty by a court-martial.[1][51] In response to the events, the British government dispanded the Corps, and replaced them with the 73rd Regiment, which led to 'deprivatising' of the officials of the colony.[52] Many of the officers retired, and were later known as the 'faction of 1808' and as an influential and conservative element in the politics of the colony.[1] The New South Wales Act 1823 by the Parliament of the United Kingdom established the first legislative body in Australia, the New South Wales Legislative Council, as an appointed body of five to seven members to advise the Governor of New South Wales.[53] However, the new body had limited powers of oversight.[53] The act also established the Supreme Court of New South Wales, which had power over the executive.[54] Before a Governor could propose a law before the council, the Chief Justice had to certify that it was not against English law, creating a form of judicial review.[55] However, there was no separation of powers, with Chief Justice Francis Forbes also serving in the Legislative Council as well as the Governor's Executive Council.[56] The Executive Council had been founded in 1825, and was composed of leading officials in the colony.[57] The Australian began publishing in 1824, as did The Monitor in 1826, and The Sydney Morning Herald in 1831. Ralph Darling tried to control the press first by proposing to license newspapers and impose a stamp duty on them, and after this was refused by Forbes, by prosecuting their owners for seditious libel.[58] Van Diemen's Land was established in 1825, but remained under the jurisdiction of the New South Wales Governor, being represented there by a lieutenant-governor.[59] Western Australia was declared to the British Empire by James Stirling, and the Swan River Colony was established there in 1829, with Stirling made governor in 1831.[1] The South Australian Company was established in 1834 as a private venture to establish a new colony in the south coast, being motivated by the social reformist ideas of Jeremy Bentham.[60] Political divisions[edit] The liberal/conservative divide of British politics was replicated in Australia.[61] This division was also affected by that between 'emancipists' (former convicts) and 'exclusivists' (land-owning free settlers).[62] The conservatives generally saw representative government as a threat, since they were worried about former convicts voting against their masters.[63] The leader of the conservatives was John Macarthur, a wool producer and a leader of the Rum Rebellion.[64] The conservatives believed themselves to be leading and protecting the economic development of the colony.[65] William Wentworth established the Australian Patriotic Association (Australia's first political party) in 1835 to demand democratic government for New South Wales. He had petitioned the British government for self-determination in 1827.[1] The reformist attorney general, John Plunkett, sought to apply Enlightenment principles to governance in the colony, pursuing the establishment of equality before the law, first by extending jury rights to emancipists, then by extending legal protections to convicts, assigned servants and.[66] Representative government[edit] In 1840, the Adelaide City Council and the Sydney City Council were established. Men who possessed 1,000.[67], implementing a Privy Council committee recommendation to establish in each of the colonies "a Governor, a Council, and an Assembly".[68] The colonies enthusiastically set about writing constitutions, which produced democratically progressive parliaments—although the constitutions generally maintained the role of the colonial upper houses as representative of social and economic "interests" and all established constitutional monarchies with the British monarch as the symbolic head of state.[69] Economy and trade[edit] The instructions provided to the first five governors of New South Wales show that the initial plans for the colony were limited.[70] The settlement was to be a self-sufficient penal colony based on subsistence agriculture. Trade, shipping and ship building were banned in order to keep the convicts isolated and so as not to interfere with the trade monopoly of the British East India Company. There was no plan for economic development apart from investigating the possibility of producing raw materials for Britain.[71] After the departure of.[72] Because of its nature as a forced settlement, the early colony's economy was heavily dependent on the state.[1] For example, some of the earliest agricultural production was directly run by the government. The Commissariat also played a major role in the economy.[73] In 1800, 72% of the population relied on government rations, but this was reduced to 32% by 1806.[1] While some convicts were assigned to settlers as labourers, they were usually free to find part-time work for supplemental income, and were allowed to own property (in contravention to British law at the time).[1] Some convicts had their skills taken to use by the colonial government, as with for example the architect Francis Greenway, who designed many early public buildings. Approximately 10-15% of the convicts worked on public projects building infrastructure, while most of the rest were assigned to private employers.[74] Land grants were abandoned in 1831 in favour of selling crown lands, which covered all land deemed "unsettled".[75][76] The colonies relied heavily on imports from England for survival. The official currency of the colonies was the British pound, but the unofficial currency and most readily accepted trade good was rum. The early economy relied on barter for exchange, an issue which Lachlan Macquarie (Governor from 1810 to 1821) tried to fix first by introducing Spanish dollars, and then by establishing the Bank of New South Wales with the authority to issue financial instruments.[77] Barter continued, however, until shipments of sterling in the late 1820s enabled a move to a monetary economy.[78] Macquarie also played a leading role in the economic development of New South Wales by employing a planner to design the street layout of Sydney and commissioning the construction of roads, wharves, churches, and public buildings. He sent explorers out from Sydney and, in 1815, a road across the Blue Mountains was completed, opening the way for large scale farming and grazing in the lightly-wooded pastures west of the Great Dividing Range.[79][80] The colonists spent a large part of the early nineteenth century building infrastructure such as railways, bridges and schools, which allowed them to get on with economic development.[81] During this period Australian businesspeople began to prosper. For example, the partnership of Berry and Wollstonecraft made enormous profits by means of land grants, convict labour, and exporting native cedar back to England. John Macarthur, after retiring from the New South Wales Corps, went on to start the wool industry in Australia.[1] From the 1820s squatters increasingly established unauthorised cattle and sheep runs beyond the official limits of the settled colony. In 1836, a system of annual licences authorising grazing on Crown Land was introduced in an attempt to control the pastoral industry, but booming wool prices and the high cost of land in the settled areas encouraged further squatting. By 1844 wool accounted for half of the colony's exports and by 1850 most of the eastern third of New South Wales was controlled by fewer than 2,000 pastoralists.[82][83] Religion, education, and culture[edit] Religion[edit].[84].[85] .[86] The Reverend Samuel Marsden (1765–1838) had magisterial duties, and so was equated with the authorities by the convicts. He became known as the "flogging parson" for the severity of his punishments.[87] Catholic convicts were compelled to attend Church of England services and their children and orphans were raised by the authorities as Protestant.[88].[88].[84].[89].[66] Catholic missionary William Ullathorne criticised the convict system, publishing a pamphlet, The Horrors of Transportation Briefly Unfolded to the People, in Britain in 1837.[90] Laywoman Caroline Chisolm did ecumenical work to alleviate the suffering of female migrants.[citation needed].[91].[citation needed] Education[edit] Initially, education was informal, primarily occurring in the home.[citation needed] However, the administration of the colony, led by Governor Richard Bourke, had adopted the British liberal creed that education was critical for popular participation in politics.[92] Francis Forbes had founded Sydney College in 1830.[93].[94] By 1833, there were around ten Catholic schools in the Australian colonies.[84] Medicine[edit] More than a hundred men who practised medicine are known to have been transported to Australia as convicts in the 80 years between 1788 and 1868. Medical qualifications were not standardised at the time, and many would have been unqualified. Many were not criminals in the true sense, but had been transported to New South Wales as a result of youthful, impetuous statements or actions in the wrong quarters. Three practitioners were recognised for their medical abilities and as founders of several institutions that developed as the settlement evolved from a gaol to a colony. D'Arcy Wentworth was a medical student in London who lived beyond his means and after being acquitted of highway robbery was advised to leave Great Britain and serve as assistant surgeon on a convict ship. He arrived in Sydney in 1790. In 1809 he was appointed Principal Surgeon of the colony. An entrepreneur, he acquired much wealth, including as one of the contractors of the notorious Rum Hospital and as a founder of the Bank of New South Wales. William Redfern had taken part in a mutiny and been sentenced to death, but instead was transported in 1801. To prove his surgical skills, which impressed the Governor, he was examined before three doctors and so became Australia's first medical graduate. He laid the foundations of the colony's public health and has been called the "father of Australian medicine". William Bland joined the Royal Navy as a surgeon's mate in 1809. An impetuous man, he threw a glass of water over the ship's purser and reluctantly participated in a pistol duel with the man, whom he killed. He was sentenced to seven years' transportation, arriving in 1814; he was pardoned a year later. In 1818, however, he was sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment after writing insulting satires criticising Governor Macquarie. He was a democrat, favouring radical democracy and land reform, and worked in support of the poor throughout his subsequent political career.[95][96] Culture[edit][which?] Australian folksongs date to this period.[citation needed] Among the first true works of Australian literature produced over this period was the accounts of the settlement of Sydney by Watkin Tench, captain-lieutenant,[97].[98] European traditions of Australian theatre also came with the First Fleet, with the first production being performed in 1789 by convicts: The Recruiting Officer by George Farquhar.[99] The Theatre Royal, Hobart, opened in 1837 and it remains the oldest theatre in Australia.[100]).[101] The Queen's Theatre, Adelaide opened with Shakespeare in 1841 and is today the oldest theatre on the mainland.[102] Representations in literature and film[edit] - Marcus Clarke's 1874 novel, For the Term of his Natural Life, and the 1983 television adaptation of the novel. - Eleanor Dark's 1947 Timeless Land trilogy, which spans the colonisation from 1788 to See also[edit] - British colonisation of South Australia - British colonisation of Tasmania - European Australian - Europeans in Oceania - Historical Records of Australia - History of Australia - History of Australia (1851–1900) - History of New South Wales - History of Queensland - History of South Australia - History of Tasmania - History of Western Australia -] - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Kemp (2018). - ^ Gascoigne, John (1998). Science in the service of empire : Joseph Banks, the British state and the uses of science in the age of revolution. Cambridge, UK. p. 187. ISBN 0-521-55069-6. OCLC 39524807. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021. - ^ "National Museum of Australia - Kamay – Botany Bay".. 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022. - ^ Carter, Harold B. (1988). "Banks, Cook and the Century Natural History Tradition". In Delamothe, Tony; Bridge, Carl (eds.). Interpreting Australia: British Perceptions of Australia since 1788. London: Sir Robert Menzies Centre for Australian Studies. pp. 4–23. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2021. - ^ Matra to Fox, 2 April 1784. British Library, Add. Ms 47568. - ^ a b Atkinson, Alan (1 April 1990). "The first plans for governing New South Wales, 1786–87". Australian Historical Studies. 24 (94): 22–40. doi:10.1080/10314619008595830. ISSN 1031-461X. - ^ ‘Memo. of matters to be brought before Cabinet’, State Library of New South Wales, Dixon 12Library Add. MS Q522 - ^ King, Robert J. (2003). "Norfolk Island: Phantasy and Reality, 1770-1814". The Great Circle. 25 (2): 20–41. ISSN 0156-8698. JSTOR 41563142. - ^ Frost, Alan (2012). The First Fleet : the real story (2nd ed.). Collingwood, Victoria: Black Inc. ISBN 978-1-86395-561-4. OCLC 758973269. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021. - ^ Horne, Donald (1972). The Australian People: Biography of a Nation. Sydney, NSW: Angus and Robertson. ISBN 978-0-207-12496-9. - ^ Miles, Rosalind (18 December 2007). Who Cooked the Last Supper?: The Women's History of the World. Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-42267-5. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021. - ^ Peter Hill (2008) p.141-150[full citation needed] - ^ Phillip, Arthur. "digitised letter". 19: Letter from Arthur Phillip to the Marquis of Lansdowne, 3 July 1788, ID: SAFE/MLMSS 7241 (Safe 1/234). State Library of NSW. - ^ a b c d Hill, David (2009). 1788 : the brutal truth of the First Fleet : the biggest single overseas migration the world has ever seen. North Sydney, NSW: Random House Australia. ISBN 978-1-74166-800-1. OCLC 313723118. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021. - ^ King, Robert J. (1981). "The Territorial Boundaries of New South Wales in 1788". The Great Circle. 3 (2): 70–89. ISSN 0156-8698. JSTOR 41562651. - ^ King, Robert J. (1 December 1999). "What brought Laperouse to Botany Bay?". Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society. 85 (2): 140. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021. - ^ Fletcher, B H (1967). "Phillip, Arthur (1738–1814)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 2. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 15 September 2020 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. - ^ Collins, David (1798). An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales (PDF). Vol. 1 (University of Sydney Reprint ed.). London: T. Caddel Hun and W. Davies. p. 502. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2021. - ^ Anne Summers (1975). Damned Whores and God's Police. Ringwood, Victoria. pp. 270–274. ISBN 978-0-14-021832-9. - ^ "First Farms". Discover Collections. State Library of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2013. - ^ Thompson, Stephen (2011). "Governor Bourke's 1835 Proclamation of Terra Nullius". Migration Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021. - ^ "Proclamation". South Australian Gazette And Colonial Register. South Australia. 3 June 1837. p. 1. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2020 – via Trove. - ^ Williams, Glyndwr (1 January 1988). "The English and Aborigines First Contacts". History Today. 38 (1): 33–39. ProQuest 1299026999. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021 – via ProQuest. - ^ Scott, Ernest (1914). The Life of Captain Matthew Flinders, RN. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. p. 86. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2011. - ^ Flinders, Matthew (1796). Narrative of expeditions along the coast of New South Wales, for the further discovery of its harbours from the year 1795 to 1799. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021. - ^ a b c Bowden, Keith Macrae (1966). "Bass, George (1771–1803)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 1. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 15 September 2020 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. - ^ Conway, Jill (1966). "Blaxland, Gregory (1778–1853)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 1. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 15 September 2020 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. - ^ Macintrye (2020). pp. 55, 60, 77 - ^ Hume, Stuart H. (1966). "Hume, Hamilton (1797–1873)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 1. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 15 September 2020 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. - ^ Gibbney, H J (1967). "Sturt, Charles (1795–1869)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 2. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 15 September 2020 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. - ^ Baker, D W A (1967). "Mitchell, Sir Thomas Livingstone (1792–1855)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 2. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 15 September 2020 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. - ^ Heney, Helen (1967). "Strzelecki, Sir Paul Edmund de (1797–1873)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 2. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 15 September 2020 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. - ^ Flood, Josephine (2019). The Original Australians (2nd ed.). Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin. pp. 22–23, 111–13. ISBN 9781760527075. - ^ Blainey, Geoffrey (2004). A very short history of the world. Camberwell, Victoria: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-04202-1. OCLC 223607384. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021. - ^ Reynolds, Henry (1981). The Other Side of the Frontier: Aboriginal resistance to the European invasion of Australia. ISBN 0-86840-892-1. - ^ Reynolds (1999), p. 165. - ^ Reynolds (1999), p. 163. - ^ Reynolds (1999), p. 148. - ^ Reynolds (1999), Chapter 9: "The Killing Times", pp. 117–133. - ^ Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788-1822". In The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1. pp. 106, 117-19 - ^ Broome, Richard. (2019). p. 33 - ^ Flood, Josephine (2019). pp. 69-70 - ^ Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. p. 344-45 - ^ Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788-1822". In The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1. pp. 117-19 - ^ Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 52-53 - ^ Nettelbeck, Amanda (2012). "'A Halo of Protection': Colonial Protectors and the Principle of Aboriginal Protection through Punishment". Australian Historical Studies. 43:3 (3): 396–411. doi:10.1080/1031461X.2012.706621. S2CID 143060019. - ^ Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. p. 345 - ^ Broome, Richard (2019). pp. 31-32,72 - ^ Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. p. 355-58, 358-60 - ^ "Democracy timeline". Museum of Australian Democracy. Archived from the original on 29 September 2009. - ^ a b c d "Milestones in Australian democracy". Museum of Australian Democracy. Archived from the original on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021. - ^ Butlin, Noel George. (2010). Forming a Colonial Economy : Australia, 1810-1850. Cambridge University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-511-55232-8. OCLC 958549195. - ^ a b Kemp (2018) The New South Wales Act 1823 had broadened participation in the government of the colony when it established an appointed Legislative Council of five to seven members to put the rules and regulations of the colony on a secure legal basis, and provided for a professional administration. Only the Governor, however, could initiate legislation. The authority of the appointed legislature fell well short of the colonists’ aspirations. It had no power over colonial lands, and none over the transportation system nor the treatment of convicts. The magistrates’ powers were defined. The Act was to operate until 1 July 1827 when the arrangements in it would be reviewed. The system, in fact, remained in operation until 1832. - ^ Kemp (2018) In addition to the nominated Legislative Council, a highly significant innovation in the Act for the government of New South Wales was the establishment of a Supreme Court with the powers of the King’s Bench court in London, which included the power to issue writs to control inferior courts and officials. This gave the court the capacity to control the executive - ^ Kemp (2018) One of his most important powers, however, was the requirement that, before the Governor put a proposed law before the Council, the Chief Justice should issue a certificate that it was not repugnant to the laws of England, a power that was to prove a significant restraint on, and source of frustration for, Brisbane’s successor, Sir Ralph Darling. - ^ Kemp (2018) Despite the reforms the colonial ‘constitution’ lacked one of the main principles that was said to underpin the British constitution: the separation of powers. Forbes was not only Chief Justice. He was also a member of the Legislative Council and of the Governor’s Executive Council. - ^ Kemp (2018) In 1825 its membership was expanded, as permitted under the Act, to seven, including non-official members. John Macarthur became a member, and in the same year the Governor’s instructions were amended to create an executive council consisting of the leading officials of the colony. - ^ Kemp (2018) When he proposed bills to the Legislative Council to control the press by licensing newspapers and imposing a stamp duty, Chief Justice Forbes refused to certify them as ‘not repugnant to the laws of England’. Darling then adopted an alternative course of action to bring Wentworth and Wardell to heel, prosecuting them in 1828 for seditious libel. - ^ Kemp (2018) One outcome of Bigge’s reports was the declaration of Van Diemen’s Land as a separate colony. This was formally undertaken by Sir Ralph Darling when he arrived in Australia as Governor to succeed Brisbane in 1825. Darling was to remain Governor of both settlements, being represented in Van Diemen’s Land by a lieutenant-governor. - ^ Kemp (2018) The South Australian Association, formed by a number of the parliamentary philosophical radicals, secured a South Australian Act in 1834, which divided authority between the Colonial Office and a Board of Colonization Commissioners. The new colony was to be the purest experiment in the world in giving full expression to the ideas of the Benthamites. - ^ Kemp (2018) The directions of reform and the case for defending conservative interests were influenced by the dominant ideas associated with the Whig, Tory and liberal positions in England. - ^ Kemp (2018) The politics of New South Wales under Bourke cannot be understood simply as a battle for power between ‘emancipists’ and ‘exclusives’. This was only one of the colony’s lines of political cleavage. Many supporting the claims of emancipists were free emigrants, and the formulation by the emigrants of their claims expressed liberal ideas that had much wider currency than in New South Wales alone. - ^ Kemp (2018) There was, however, another fear that lay behind the concerns of the conservatives that had more realism to it, and that also boded ill for the convict system: the freed convicts who might acquire the franchise mightexercise their rights, at best, to seek to regulate and control their former masters or, at worst, to wreak revenge upon them. - ^ Kemp (2018) Macarthur’s remarks expressed his profound political and social conservatism. He was a cultured and civilised leader of the colony’s wealthy conservative elite - ^ Kemp (2018) Macarthur’s group also saw — accurately — that many of these now ‘free’ citizens had little education, and could make little contribution to government. Not understanding how prosperity was achieved, if politically empowered they might even act in ways that were counter to their own real interests. If they gained political power, the whole economic progress of the colony would be imperilled by foolish and ill-considered schemes. Economic development must come before democracy, in the interests of all. In pursuit of this delaying strategy, the political rhetoric of the conservatives exaggerated the risks and dangers, and highlighted the need for strong action against crime and lawbreakers. - ^ a b Suttor, T L (1967). "Plunkett, John Hubert (1802–1869)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 2. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 15 September 2020 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. - ^ "Australia's major electoral developments Timeline: 1788 - 1899". Australian Electoral Commission. 28 January 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013. - ^ Jeffery, Judith (8 April 2014). "Australian Colonies Government Act". SA History Hub. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021. - ^ "The Right to Vote in Australia". Australian Electoral Commission. 28 January 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013. - ^ Macintyre, Stuart (2020). A Concise History of Australia (Fifth ed.). Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. pp. 34, 41. ISBN 9781108728485. - ^ Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788-1822". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.). The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I, Indigenous and colonial Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–92. ISBN 9781107011533. - ^ Karskens, Grace (2013). "The early colonial presence, 1788-1822". In Bashford, Alison; MacIntyre, Stuart (eds.). The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I, Indigenous and colonial Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–114. ISBN 9781107011533. - ^ Kemp (2018) The Government Commissariat (established to support the convict system and the military establishment) continued to be a significant participant in the market, affecting prices and the pattern of production. - ^ Kemp (2018) Between 10 and 15 per cent of the convicts were engaged in the building of public infrastructure such as roads, bridges, buildings and so on. Most of the remainder were allocated under the assignment system to private employers. - ^ Kemp (2018) Bourke found the colony’s development had reached a stage where land grants could be abandoned and Crown land alienated only by sale. Land grants were abandoned in 1831. - ^ Kemp (2018) A feature of imperial land settlement policy was the declaration by the Crown that it retained title to all unsettled lands. - ^ Kemp (2018) Macquarie could see that the absence of a proper money supply and a recognised currency was a significant inhibitor of enterprise. He made an attempt to equip the colony with a money economy to facilitate economic exchange, using Spanish dollars, and while this was an improvement, it was still an unsatisfactory solution that raised continual questions about the value of the currency. It also suffered from a tendency for the currency to leak abroad. 24 In 1817 Macquarie chartered (illegally) a bank – the Bank of New South Wales (now Westpac) – with purported limited liability and the authority to issue financial instruments. - ^ Kemp (2018) Australia began to acquire a satisfactory means of exchange to replace barter when, in the later 1820s, substantial shipments of sterling were at last made to the colony. Despite some interference from the Commissariat, which sought to encourage Spanish dollars, by the 1830s the Australian colonies were established on sterling currency - ^ Kingston, Beverley (2006). A History of New South Wales. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 118–19. ISBN 9780521833844. - ^ Karskens, Grace (2013). pp. 115-17 - ^ Melleuish, Greg (Autumn 2007). "The History of Liberty in Australia" (PDF). Policy. The Centre for Independent Studies. 23 (1). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2021. - ^ Ford, Lisa; Roberts, David Andrew (2013). "Expansion, 1820-1850". The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I. pp. 128–135. - ^ W.P. Driscoll and E.S. Elphick (1982) Birth of A Nation p. 147-48. Rigby, Australia. ISBN 0-85179-697-4 - ^ a b c Dixon, R (2005). "The Catholic Community in Australia". Catholic Australia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2013. - ^ "Botany Bay Story". Saint Anne's Catholic Home Schooling Group. Saint Anne's Catholic Home Schooling Group. Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2012. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Cable, K J (1967). "Johnson, Richard (1753–1827)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 2. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 15 September 2020 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. - ^ Yarwood, A T (1967). "Marsden, Samuel (1765–1838)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 2. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 15 September 2020 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. - ^ a b Cleary, Henry (1907). "Australia". In Knight, Kevin (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013. - ^ Nairn, Bede (1967). "Polding, John Bede (1794–1877)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 2. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 15 September 2020 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. - ^ Suttor, T L (1967). "Ullathorne, William Bernard (1806–1889)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 2. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 15 September 2020 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. - ^ "History & Tradition". St Vincent's Hospital. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2013. - ^ Kemp (2018) The British liberals had long recognised that the education of the people was the essential condition for the worthwhile participation of the masses in politics. The colonial liberals, led by Bourke, took the same view. - ^ Kemp (2018) Francis Forbes had laid the foundation stone for Sydney College (later Sydney Grammar) in 1830, and on its completion chaired its council. - ^ "Brief history of The King's School". The King's School. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013. - ^ Hull, Gillian (1 July 2001). "From Convicts to Founding Fathers—Three notable Sydney Doctors". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 94 (7): 358–361. doi:10.1177/014107680109400715. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 1281607. PMID 11418713. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021. - ^ "Dr William Bland (1789 - 1868)". Former Members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 9 April 2019. - ^ Reece, R H W (2019). "Yagan (1795–1833)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 15 September 2020 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. - ^ Turcotte, Gerry (1998). "Australian Gothic" (PDF, 12 pages). Faculty of Arts—Papers. University of Wollongong. Archived from the original on 5 September 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2008. - ^ "The plays". The Recruiting Officer & Our Country's Good. November 2000. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013. - ^ "Hobart's Theatre Royal – a dream of a theatre..." Theatre Royal. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. - ^ "History of the Melbourne Athenaeum". Melbourn Athenaeum. 2009. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. - ^ "Queen's Theatre - About the Theatre". History Trust of South Australia. 2010. Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2013. Bibliography[edit] - Reynolds, Henry (1999). Why Weren't We Told?. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-027842-2. -. Further reading[edit] - Clark, C. M. H. (1955), Select Documents in Australian History 1788–1850 (Angus and Robertson). Available at the Internet Archive.[1] -.[2] Further reading[edit] - The Australian History page at Project Gutenberg of Australia - digitised versions of many old books

pu I 10 X4 t i!3Ufla ~Iai1 wij a a .. DAY AMD)NIGHT N SERVICE 'ODAT I . 130. ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN, TUESDAY, MARCH 30, 1920. PRICE THREE _.. _ S URGED A9W BALLOT MKS ALL, REGARD- GE, TO SELECT DIDATES DAY SET AS D AY ?LL-CAMPUS VOTE Name to Appear on Both ilcan -and Democratic Tickets That every student, whether of vot- g age or not, will be urged to cast ballot in the campus presidential :raw vote Thursday, was the deci- on 41f epresentativei of the Univer- .ty Republican club, University Dem- eratic club, and The Daily at their eeting Monday afternoon at the nion. It was decided that 4,000 Re- ublican ballots and 2,000 Democratic allots would be placed at the polls. Balloting will be irom" 9 to 3 clock . Ballot boxes will be placed i the arch, the Engineering build- g, the Law building, the Medical tilding, University Hall, and in front fthe library. For statistical purpos- , the ballots of women students will e printed on pink paper. The Uni- rsity hall voting booth will be in iarge of women. Voters will be ask- I to indicate at the head of the bal- t whether they are students or fac- lty. Two representatives from each the party clubs will count the bal,- ts. Hoover on Both Tickets The name of Herbert C. Hoover will ' placed on' the Republican as well s the Democratic ballot. As the anks had already 'been printed hen the county clerk 'received the nml list of names filed for the pri- aries at Lansing, it will be impossi- le to do more than this. Support- s of W. G. simpson may have their otes recorded by writing his name at !e foot of the ballot. The final list ' candidates stands: Republicans, oover, Johnson, Lowden, Pershing, oindexter, Simpson, and Wood; Dem- crats, Hoover, Palmer, Edwards, Mc doo, and Bryan. Dfeeting Wednesday Heads of the two party clubs and a epresentative of The Daily will hold nother meeting at 3 o'clock Wednes- ay afternoon in the Union. Both par- r organizations intend to campaign r their candidates in meetings at the nion. Some of the candidates' indi- Idual clubs intend also to hold meet- igs, and students by attending these atherings may learn the merits of the lrous contenders for the presidency. ORTENSE NIELSON TO APPEAR F1RIDAY IN "MONNA VANNA' Hortnse Nielson, impersonator, ill appear at 4 o'clock Friday after- con in University Hall in a com- lete rendition of "Monna 'Vanna," aurice Maeterlinck's drama.. The engagement is an unexpected nie as. the Oratorical association, un- er whose auspices Miss Nielson will ppear, had the opportunity late last 'eek to get her for one of three days hip week and hurriedly chose Friday Ete noon as the only date when her ppearance would not conflict with ther University events. TATE EDUCATORS TO MEET IN ANN AwROR THIS AFTERNOON ?resi4entt erry B. Hutchins has seeived word of a meeting of the tate board of control of vocational ducation to be held at 3 o'clock today i the administration offices. Besides President Harry B. Hutch- is, the committee is compsed of . Thomas E. Johnson, of the state epartment f public instruction. Mr. 'ed Jeffers, a member of the state oard of education, and President 'rank S. KedzIe. of the Michigan Ag- Junior .Injured In Cyclone Panic F. E. Jacob,'21, suffered a fractured shoulder bone when caught in an inter- urban car stampede during the cyclone which swept across Lake Michigan from Chicago and wrought great dam- age in the south-central portion of Michigan Sunday-night. The interurban in which Jacob was traveling was caught directly in the path of the tornado, at St. Johns, Mich. The car was rocked violently, he said, and when bricks and other' wreckage began to fly the crowd be-' came hysterical, climbing madly into the aisle and trampling on each other in their attempt to reach the exits. Jacob, describing the effect of the cy- clone, said it destroyed everything in a path through St. Johns one mile and a half wide. Many M. A. C., Albion, and Kalama- zoo college students, as well as a few others from the University whom Ja- cob did not identify, were stranded overnight, all wires being cat and all traffic held up until Monday morting.a Jacob, who because of the cutting of all communication, brought news of the accident not secured by the Asso- ciated Press, reported one dead and nine injured that he knew of, and $200,000 damge in the county of Clin- ton. The cyclone struck first west of Lansing and continued northeat, hit- ting Wacousta, St. Johns, nd other towns. PICKED MUSICIANS TO TAKE PART IN CONCET 30 MEN, SELECTED FOR SPRING TOUR, TO APPEAR THURS- DAY When the -Varsity Glee and Mando in club appears in its pre-trip con- cert at 8 o'clock Thursday night in Hill auditorium, opportunity will be given to hear a program by the 30 picked men who have been chosen to go on the tour. With the cancellation of all plans for the trip which the Varsity band had planned for spring vacation the Glee and Mandolin club will be the )nly Michigan organisation except the*Union opera to travel in the in- terests of the University. Besides con- certs at night in the various cities on the itinerary, additional performances will be held in the afternoon at' the largest high school in each city with a view toward presenting Michigan spirit by means of its songs and music to the high school men. The local concert Thursday has been planned to assist n defraying expenses for thespring trip. a Arrangements Completed Completion of all arrangements for trip has been practically accomplsih- ed, the itinerary including the follow- ing cities: South Bend, Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City, Mo., Denver, Chey- enne, Wy., Salt Lake City, Berkeley, Calif., Los Angeles, Phoenix, Ariz., El Paso, Tex., and either Fort Worth or Dallas, Tex. Leaving on April 9 on the Michigan Central railroad,,nine different roads will carry the club during its trip. A special pullman has been secured for the accommodation of the men. Personnel of Mandolin Club Announcement of the names of the members of the Mandolin club who will make the trip with the combined musical clubs on April 9 was made yesterday by Director Frank Taber of the. School of Music, as follows: First mandolins' - H. T. Carson, Grad, Harry Sunley, '21L, C. H. Mas- on, '20, and George True, '21; alter- nate; second mandolins-U. A. Car- penter, '22M,, N. W. Bourne, '22M, Joel Schroger, '21, alternate; third mando- lins-L. F. Laverty, '20; E. C. P. Day- is, :'22L, alternate; guitars-Fred Mot- ley, '22M, S. F. Perry, '22L, M. F. Lex- en, 22A, alternate; violin-B. H. Bronson, 2'2; flute-H V. Prucha, '21; 'celo- Merle Kann, '20; piano-_- W. S. O'Donnell, '20M; drums-R. C. Travis, '21. Murphy, Not Murfin, to Speak Here Information given to The Daily Saturday conveying the impressions that James O. Murfin was to address a meeting of Democratic students on the campus, was discovered yesterday to be false. The name of the 'speaker shn1d have been Frank Murphy. Mr. 178 DEA, ONUMBER INJURED BY STORM Palm Sunday Tornado Sweeps Over Eight States, Isolating Several Communities PROPERTY LOSS ESTIMATED AT SIX MILLIONS IN ILLINOIS Chicago, March 29.-The death list of the Palm Sunday tornadoes that sweptsections of eight states Sunday stood at 173. Telegraph and telephone service with many isolated communi- ties in'the Middle West had only been partly restored tonight, and indica- tions were that the toll of death and destruction would be augmented. The known dead in six central west- ern states numbered 95 while 78 were killed in Georgia and Alabama. The property loss in the Chicago area alone was estimated at six million dol- lars while in the other states affected the material loss was almost equally as large. Illinois Hit- Hardest Illinois was the hardest hit of the central states with 30 dead, more than 1,000 injured, and 2,000 made home- less. , Indiana reported 28 casualties and Ohio 26. Eleven were killed in Michigan and one each in Wisconsin and Missouri. Detroit, March 29.-The death list in Michigan from Sunday's tornado was increased to 11 tonight with 40 in- jured, some seriously, and property loss estimated at approximately $2,- 000,000. Most of the persons killed lost their lives in fram buildings in the rural sections where they had taken refuge. Property loss also was greatest in the country district where the storm de- stroyed farm buildings in its path all the way from Muskegon and St. Johns eastward to the vicinity of Flint. Dam- age in the cities consisted principally of unroofed buildings and broken glass. Many Towns Affected -Among the regions most seriously affected were Big Rapids, Ionia, Lans. ing, Jaskson, Pontiac, the country districts south of Kalamazoo, Grand Rapids, Saginaw, Grand Ledge, and Ludington, Four of the storm victims were kill- ed at Fenton, one at Yankee Springs, three at Maple Grove, one at Cold Water, one at Hart, and one near Kal- amazoo. ORATORICAL DELEGATE TO BE CHOSEN TONIGHT DUNN, MeKINNEY, SCOTT, GOHKIN AND IDA GRATTON TO COX. PETE FOR HONOR Finale contests for the choosing of Michigan's representative at the Northern Oratoical League contest to be hkk h at Madison, Wis., May 7, will be herd at 8 o'clock tonight in Univer- sity Hall. Judges for the contest are announc- ed as follows: Secretary Shirley W. Smith~ Prof. Claude H. Van, Tyne, Prof. J. S. Reeves, Prof. Thomas E. Rankin, Prof. Edwin G. Dickinson, Prof. W. A. Frayer, Prof. Clare E. Griffin, and Mrs. E. H. Kraus. Presiding over the' contests will be .Major Francis D. Eamer,'00, a former debater and a member of the team which defeated Pennsylvania in1899. Major Eamer is now conducting a law practice in Detroit. The contestants who are to speak tonight and their subjects are as fol- lows: E. W. Dunn, "Disciples of Americanism;" C. T. McKinney, "A Lost Race;" P. H. Scott, "The Dollar and the Worker;" Ida E. Gratton, "In- tolerance;", and J. J. Goshkin, "A Na- tion's Death Struggle." The winner of the contest tonight will not only represent Michigan but will also receive the Chicago Alumni medal and a nrize of $100. The sec- ond best contestant receives a prize of $50. Opera Tickets to Be Sold Wednesday All of the tickets that are left for "George Did It" have been taken down' to the Whitney theater to await the general sale which will begin at 10 o'clock Wednesday morning. There will be no more sales at the Union or Hil1 auditorium box office. (Editor's Note:-This is the secondI instalment of a series of short arti-I cles covering the lives and principlest of the presidential candidates who will be balloted upon at the campus straw Pote Thursday. Wherever pos-f sible, a faculty supporter of the can-3 didate has been secured to write his story: otherwise The Daily has com-f piled the data. Johnson, Lowden, Pershing, Palmer, and Edwards are today's candidates.) JOHNSON Senator Hiram Johnson, of Califor-l nia, was born in Sacramento, Calif., Sept. 2, 1866. He was educated at thel University of California, leaving in his, junior year. He began as a shorthand reporter, then studied law in his fa-l ther's office, and was admitted to the bar in 1888. He removed to San Fran- cisco in 1902, where he was a member of the staff of prosecuting attorneys in the boodling uases, involving lead- ing city officials and almost all pub- lic utility corporations in San Fran-; cisco. In 1908 he was selected to take; the place of Francis J. Heney, after the latter was shot down in court while prosecuting Abe Ruef for brib- ery, and secured conviction of Ruef. He was governor of California from 1911 to 1915, and was re-elected for 1915-1919, resigning in 1917 to become United States senator for the term 1917-1923. He was a founder of the Progressive party, in 1912, and ran for vice-president on that ticket. Before and during the war he fought for the preservation of free speec and a free press. He demanded that the American expedition be withdrawn, from Russia, on the grounds that it{ was a futile and bloody adventure, and a reversal of allied Russian pol- icy. He became the arch-opponent of the League of Nations, contending that it is "a gigantic armed trust. * * * wherein a few men sitting in secret may control the economic des- tinies of peoples." He maintained that injust settlements perpetuated by the League "contained the seeds of many wars." He has not been fond of reformation schemes, but of practi- cal measures, as instanced by his much-quoted utterance, "When I am governor of California, I will drive the Southern Pacific Railroad com- pany out of every inch of power in the politics of the state." PALMER A. Mitchell Palmer, Democratic candidate, was born at Moosehead, Pa.; May 4, 1872. He graduated with highest honors at Swarthmore in 1891, was admitted to the bar in 1893, and has since practiced law in Strouds- burg, Pa. He is interested in a num- ber of business enterprises. He serv- ed in congress from 1909-1915. He was a judge of the U. S. Court of Claims in 1915, and in 1917 was ap- pointed by President Wilson as alien property custodian under the 'Trading with the Enemy Act,' 'in which capac- ity he has acted during and since the war. He was a member of the execu- tive committee in the Democratic na- tional convention in 1912. Palmer's platform is that of support to every phase of the Wilson adminis- tration. Known as "the fighting Quaker" because of his religious be- lief and belligerent qualities, he was offered the post of secretary of war in the original Wilson cabinet. He was elected to congress from the Bethlehem Steel mills district, wrote the iron and steel schedule of the Underwood Tariff bill, and then fought the forces of Charles M. Schwab and the other steel magnates and won re- election. His re-organization of the Democratic party of Pennsylvania was a large factor, in the nomination of Wilson for the presidency. His cam- paign against the Bolsheviki and sup- port of deportation in the "Soviet Ark" is well known. He favors a spir- it of internationalism as brought out in the League; better labor condi- tions, publicity for the issues in in- dustrial disputes, and the checking of the high cost of living. EDWARDS Edward I. Edwards, Democratic candidate, about whom "Who's Who" gives no information, won the " gov- ernorship of New Jersey in 1919 by a 14,000 majority after he had pledged himself to keep the state as wet as possible in spite of the nationwide pro- hibition amendment. He stated in Here 's Information On Johnson, Edwards, Lowden, Pershing, Palmer his platform that he "would use all lawful methtods to preserve inviolate the sovereignty of the people." His candidacy in the presidential contest is mainly a protest against the adoption of the prohibition amend- ment, and he hopes to rally in his favor all those who wish its repeal or a less stringent application of its pro- visions. LOWDEN (By Regent Junius E. Beal) The United States and its people are having an 'argy of spending money. Currency and credits are tremendous- ly inflated. The capital is crowded with a horde of salary-drawers step- ping on each others' heels until they have to put them in their desks for safety to heels and corns. Now what do we most need in a president? Is it not one who pro- poses to put a business administra- tion into force, with 'a budget; who will cut off useless boards, bureaus and commissions; who will retrench so taxes may be cut down? That must be done first, and it will take a strong man to do it-a man unafraid, skilled, diplomatic, and re- sourceful in meeting arguments that it cannot be done. He must be ex- perienced in that sort of thing, of ad- minstrative ability already shown so it can be recognized and relied upon by all. This points " unerringly to Frank 0. Lowden, Republican candidate dnd the great war governor of oui neigh- bor, Illinois. That is what he did for his state as soon as the war was over, in cutting down taxes by $8,000,- 000 and dropping 125 boards and, commissions. That was a brave thing to do when all those board members might have been welded in- to a mighty political machine for himself. Frank O. Lowden's candidacy strong- ly appeals to college men who like to" see a lad win out in fighting for his college education. It appeals to Michi- gan more especially because years ago he gave the foundation for the Northern Oratorical league, which prize Michigan men have been win- ning oftener than any of the other universities. His record is clean, his ability is proven, his courage is unquestioned, his fitness is unusual, his experience on the farm, in teaching, in law, in governing, in statecraft,. all combine to make him such that one need not look further for a president to follow McKinley, Roosevelt and Taft. WORKMEN WLL REQUESTALLIE!1 TO. SEND-0TRO0D WILL ASK REPRESENTATIVEf INTERVENE IN RUHR TROUBLE LEADERS OBJECT TO SURRENDER OF A Government Ultimatum Demands mediate Recognition and Re Disarmament (By Associated Press) Essen, March 29.-Three work delegates are leaving for Cologi ask the .Allied representatives t tervene in the Ruhr trouble and troops into the district. There some perplexity at a 'secret me of the workmen today over the c to be pursued. After a debate the plan of sei delegates to .Munster to negotiat difficulties was voted down. A tary representative then told the ing that the Allies had offered t diate. Surrender of Arms Impossib The leaders of the reacti movement say the surrender of arms means their death warran' The revolutionary workmen n consider the reply to the ultin of the government which threa that government troops would g into the Ruhr district unless a ance was given by noon Tuesday the workmen absolutely recog the Berlin government. The ultimatum also demands armament of the Red army an vilians, the immediate dissoluti the army, the release of its pris and the restoration of the regula thorities to power. Posters Reiterate Threat At Dursberg posters have hung reiterating the threat to r mite the mines if the gover troops advane. The governme Berlin has announced a declde pulse of the Red army before and south of Munster according I vices received here. Hoover Adherei Will INeet To (By H. H. H.) That all who are interested i success of Herbert Hoover may sert their preference at this ti' meeting will be 'held by the I Hover-President club at 4 :19 o this afternoon in room 316 o1 Union. General business arr ments will be framed for the paign. The stated aim of the Univ Make-Hoover-President club - has made the initial movement [ candidacy in this state is' to'mak iticians realize that the publit mands the candidacy of Herbert : er for president. That Hoovei run if there is a party broad e to take over the principles ans ed by him is the belief of nemnb the local organization. The Make-Hoover-President c above party politics, its chief t being to see that Herbert Ho name is among the presidenal dates this fall. The short time has been available since the o: zation of the. campus Hoover cates has rendered political cam] ing and propaganda practically possible. Yet, through the pe: energy and resourcefulness of tl tive constituents a strong elemel arisen which vies with any other pus political club in its represen personnel. Lack of time will ,4 terfere with Hoover's populari the campus ballot on Thursday. Headquarters are to be in Fc art store and literature, badge placards may be obtained from in a few days. STATE UNIVERSITY DEANS HOLD MEETING IN ANN A PERSHING (By Capt. John P. Lucas) General John J. mander in chief of1 peditionary forces . Pershing, com- the American Ex- and Republican presidential candidate, was born in Missouri in 1860 and was graduated from the United States Military acad- emy in 1886. Throughout his service he has been, as per the army term, ' field soldier," which is simply another way of saying that he has consistently sought active service whenever active service was to be had. Thus' we find him' taking part under Crook and Miles, those famous old. Indian fighters, in the Geronimo and Sitting Bull campaigns of the late eighties. In the former, under-Miles, he was mentioned in dis- patches for marching his troop 140 miles in 46 hours and bringing it in with every animal in good condition. Pershing's most distinguished serv- ice, prior to the World War, was rend- ered in the Moro provinces of the Phil- ippines. He spent a number of years in command of these provinces and succeeded, by the judicial use of the sword and statesmanship, in bring- ing them to a proper sense of respect for the American flag and of loyalty to our government, something that the Spaniards could not do during all their years of occupation. (Continued on Page Six) TRYOUTS WANTED Spokane rton is Freshman. and sophomore try- outs are wanted for assistant managership of the Glee and Mandolin clubs. Candidates are asked to report in room 328, Na- ural Science building, between 3 and 5 o'clock today, or call God- ley, 1505. Deans of the liberal 15 state universities o 1

It’s too stupid. It turns out TAM had an anti-harassment policy after all (good for them), except that it was secret and implemented by hidden cameras and disguised security goons who would turn their entire focus on victims of harassment, rather than harassers. I don’t understand at all. All I can guess at is that this policy was kept secret so it wouldn’t discourage any creepy guys from attending. Their money is just as good as any woman’s, after all! TAM wants to be open to everyone, including gropers and PUAs and drunk fumblers, and doesn’t want to send any messages that might inhibit them. And I think it’s perfectly fair that there be a skeptics’ convention that caters specifically to frustrated, privileged men — I just didn’t think that TAM, with its history of inclusivity, was going to elect to be that conference. Stupid stupid Gnumann! Here I was trapped in the good old dualism of “trolling or stupid” when the obvious answer was “trolling and stupid. Good-for-nothing ape-brain! Why does the fallacy of the excluded middle come so naturally! Oh fuck I’m dull– totally meant people, but used a sexist term. Herp derp. >>See? He’s frustrated! That means he’s angry. That means he lost the argument. Gee how often have I seen atheists get frustrated when dealing with professional liars (clergy). I guess the believers were winning all these debates and I just failed to see it… or more likely frustration is irrelevant to the truth of any claim? Cipher, Thanks Cipher! That explains it. I’ve tried to stay out of TvTropes for fear of being sucked in. @ jacklewis If you haven’t read the thread, you should’t assume you know what the conversation is about. That post was in reply to reasonabel who stated multiple times that when people get angry they have lost the argument. I was using his unsubstantiated opinion against him. jacklewis: Why do you do that? Act as if anyone cares what you think that is… I don’t but if you’re being, in my view unreasonable it stands to reason that I would check with another group to see if they think I was being unreasonable. After 200 insults, a person needs some reassurances after all. And reasonabel continues his dishonesty, and shares a laugh with his best buddy Tigzy other at the slimepit: How about it reasonabel? Do you have the courage to come back here? reasonabel Luckily for you, you have found a more congenial blog. Go there. Be happy. I’m still here, and you’re still making ever effort to avoid the points made. Comment by reasonabel blocked. [unkill][show comment] @ reasonabel Please show evidence of 200 insults. Please FUCK OFF to the slimepit. Your buddy Tigzy is waiting for you with open arms. The fact that you chose the very opposite of the FtB community to “check with another group” says it all. That also means you and the posters here have zero in common. Avoiding them is easy, kinda like breathing. Actually catching them is harder, kinda like breathing water. @Fluffy You’re checking in with them too though aren’t you. I chose that because they were a community who might know whats going on at ftb or at least have an interest in it. Please respond to all the points made, or go away. THe slimepit will be happy to accept you, reasonabel. Hello tigzy. Note that that was a SUGGESTION to hug you, not a mandate. If it was forced upon either of you, it would be. BUT IT ISN’T. Dimwit. Ignore Thunk’s first point….just go away. I miss the honest idiots and nasty twits. Reasonabel: Yes, if your definition of “interest” includes hate-fests and hoggling. I stand corrected by Ing. Good bye and good riddance. *Damn, I should stop being so charitable to confirmed trolls* @ reasonabel That’s a tu quoque logical fallacy. Besides, you said you went there for innocent reasons, so that means I also went there for innocent reasons. Actually, no, I went there after a commenter expressed concern that you were doing this for credit at the slimepit…and that commenter was right. Considering all the history between FtB and the slimepit, it is false to state that the slimepit knows anything close to the truth about what goes on at FtB. The only way to find out about FtB is to be an honest interlocutor on the forums here. But you are a liar, and I have proven it. We are done. And replace “or” with “and” in my #20 @thunk, safe behind a toasty heat shield Thats a big ask. There are now 150-200 posts directed at me, most of them calling me a dishonest idiot. Pick a relevant point you’d like answered or go away. @Gnumann, quisling of the MRA nation “Why do you do that? Act as if anyone cares what you think that is…@” Well retard, you just posted something that I can’t possibly care about. Why did *you* do it? Try understanding your own behaviour and then maybe you can start to analyse other people’s. Tigzy: FALSE. Go read Greta’s post on the subject of hugs. Then go away to your slimepit. @ tigzy From the AA anti-harassment policy Waiting for someone with open arms does not mean forcing a hug on them. Fuck off liar! Oh good…do I get my Pharyngula merit badge? Jacklewis: 1. Stop shaming the mentally disabled. Apologize now. 2. Last time I checked, PZ runs the blog. What you like does not matter in this case. Reasonabel: If you want us to stop calling you dishonest or a liar, PROVE THAT. With EVIDENCE from previous comments. @ Ing Yes, of course. Would you like a porcupine, a badger or an octopus on it? We also offer combinations of those, as well as the very distinguished crown of porcupines. 1: Ableist slur noted, not that I expect anything else from you. (Well, I was kinda expecting a gendered one, so ableist was kinda a surprise.) 2: Why do you assume I did it for your benefit? And while we are talking – have you answered whether you are the elevator guy or not yet? (or did I confuse my jacks here?) @ Gnumann Wasn’t that jackrawlinson? Or am I beginning to mix people up? jacklewis If you type <blockquote>paste quoted text here</blockquote> this will result: It will make your comments easier to read. And it’s so easy, even a “retard” like Gnumann can do it. It will not help you make sense. I think you are right. Keeping one jack-troll from another is hard. So sorry Jack, ignore that last bit. And you might got a treatment on a bit higher hostility level than you deserve because of my case of mistaken identity. Your use of ableist slurs kinda prevents me feeling sorry for that bit though. Tigzy: NO. Go back and read the text again. Read for comprehension this time. @ tigzy If you are not sure you understood the non-verbal reply, you ask. People putting their hands up clearly means no You break that rule, you can be accused of harassment. This is the last time I respond to your claims, since I know you are a slimepiter and, consequently, a dishonest interlocutor. Talking to slime? For shame Pitters don’t read for comprehension, they read for ammunition. (Meta) This conversation is like a merry-go-round, except less of the merriness, and more of the nausea. Pitters don’t read for comprehension, they read for ammunition. Hmm. I was right. reasonabel was here to get xis “I Got Banned At Pharyngula” badge (complete with the super secret magic decoder). You break that rule and you can be charged with assault. So reasonabel admits elsewhere to deliberately trolling while stating here that its trying to have a calm discussion. Since last night you’ve complained when people called you a liar for lying. There was always the possibility, I suppose, that you were just a fucking shithead, but that’s gone. Now we know that not are you a liar, you KNOW you’re a liar, you CAME here to lie, your denials of lying are deliberate lies, and the very LAST thing you ever wanted was a reasonable discussion. You set out to troll and lie to people as fucking entertainment. You ARE a fucking liar, but also a fucking piece of shit. You came here deliberately to START something. To HARASS people. Come on, slimepitters – keep up the good work. Keep showing what those who support and defend harassers. Keep asserting that people who won’t tolerate you conspiring elsewhere to come to blogs and deliberately attack and derail and lie and troll are “bullies” for not putting up with your dishonest and deliberate abuse. Keep doing such great PR work for TAM. I’m sure that you’ll attract a lot of 4chaners and others from places where disgusting excuses for human beings hang out. TAM should be just a fantastic event in the future thanks to your efforts. More evidence of dishonesty from reasonabel on the slimepit: From my comment-bolded- at #469 in answer to reasonabel: Very telling reasonabel thinks the default gender is male. I am not that guy. Advice reasonabel is giving to Tigzy on the slimepit: It’s ok. It’s not only the IP that identifies, it’s the same flavour of idiocy you espouse. We will recognize that under any IP. @FluffyTheTerrible That post says exactly what i’ve posted here. Your point is what, that you don’t think you were being unfair and that by bolding that it makes it extra true? @thunk, safe behind a toasty heat shield “For some, a SWAT team may be harrassing.” For criminals, probably… let’s not over do it. Having some under cover security personel is hardly a obvioulsy terribly bad idea. I really don’t see why that would be harassing to anyone. Still if anyone truly felt harassed by the mere presence of under cover monitoring personel I would like to know exactly why they feel that way (how can it be improved) and would have to weight that person’s disconfort against the actual goal of having these people there (prevent actual harrasment). “And note that a written policy can protect EVERYONE, not just one person, and has less manpower needs.” But the policy actually protects nobody, it’s actual people that protect each other. Some text on a piece of paper can not protect anyone. The theory is that jerks that have a tendency to not take no for an answer or grope women all the time would refrain from doing these obviously wrong things if they were written down. I am not convinced that this is the case but as I stated earlier I am NOT against harassment policies, I do however believe that having people to enforce them is a good thing and they may be more likely to catch offenders unawares if they are under cover. @FluffyTheTerrible “If you haven’t read the thread, you should’t assume you know what the conversation is about.” Fair enough. Still the “I was using his unsubstantiated opinion against him.” strategy is not allways the most effective but it could make the other party potentially realize that their arguments were wrong, I’ll grant you that. Not knowing the whole thread I would still assume that there is some distinction between being angy and being frustrated in terms of which one could indicate the level of assurance of the person making the argument. Yeah, go to known fanbois instead of third impartial parties. Oops, there’s that third party evidence creeping. That is what you find unreasonable, and find as insulting. We don’t take your word for squat. The results of the squat maybe… You haven’t proven you aren’t with third party evidence. Gee, I see a pattern, and saw it in one. If you don’t, it doesn’t say much for your intellect/cogency.. tigzy: Just as your presence here indicates your terrible interest in Pharyngula. Goodness, what a group of dull crayons you pits are. Tsk. .” Maybe the commenter read these comments and while he can see the benefits of these policies (which part of I am not against is unclear?, maybe he also sees that the piece of paper on it’s own is not sufficient. I do believe that actual undercover people on the ground can be pretty effective too. That’s the part that I think is fairly obvious but that a lot of people seem to not agree with, feel free to add something meaningful to the point being discussed. Ing: I tend to assume the best in people. Naive me. Jacklewis: You know people will be singled out. Having a troupe of personnel following one at all times would be uncomfortable, especially for shy people. An actual policy would be MUCH more effective (as Og pointed out) in preventing harassment. jacklewis: Not really. Harassment doesn’t happen out in the open, where anyone can see. Catching the offenders isn’t that hard. They’re not offenders until they break the rules. Once they break the rules, the simplest way to catch them is to have the victim report them. To do that, you need to have a clear policy outlining expected conduct, and a reporting system that is easy and responsive. And also: People on the ground? Yes. Undercover? No. When I went to CONvergence recently, said people were easily identifiable by purple vests and available to speak to. If they are undercover, the harassed would not know who to come to– instead they would be coming to the harassed without solicitation. Unexpected people coming up to and following you very well might be harassment, or awfully close to it. It’s better that the people come to the security on their own terms. jacklewis: Instead of having a small number of select “undercover people,” why don’t we all keep an eye out for harassment? That’ll increase the number of “undercover people” dramatically, and thereby make the whole thing a lot more effective. We can just stop tolerating harassing behavior. It’s a helluva lot more efficient than a few “undercover people.” Citation needed. We’ve had enough unevidenced claims today. Either cite a source or drop the claim until you find a source. jacklewis #54: Because the police never, ever use unnecessary force. Rodney King never existed. But, of course, a bully would defend the actions of uniformed bullies who support a system built by rich straight religious male bullies to defend their bullying. “Because the police never, ever use unnecessary force. Rodney King never existed.” Yeah clearly the police serves no purpose… because of Rodney King. Clearly society doesn’t need any law enforcement ever… I’m guessing you were making some sort of joke but simply have no skills at writing jokes… “But, of course, a bully would defend the actions of uniformed bullies who support a system built by rich straight religious male bullies to defend their bullying.” ROTFLMAO! “We’ve had enough unevidenced claims today.” Citation needed on that one. I was arrested in 1985 for making a donut joke in front of an undercover cop. I was assaulted and threatened with arrest by a cop at a political rally in 2004 after laughingly saying “hey, do that again, let me get it on video!” after he give the finger to a man who asked for his badge number. But yeah, only criminals find cops harassing. Citation needed on that one. read the fucking thread. damn, bolded instead of blockquote again. sorry. Read every post by the fuckwitted troll reasonabel. Not one citation to back up a claim. You can do better. If you can’t, you should shut the fuck up. jacklewis Is your refusal to blockquote some kind of “statement” about bravely going your own way? An attempt at sorting those who may respond to you? Do you want get reactions only from those with advanced SIWOTI? ’cause most of us just page down. (an aside to all my fellow-hiveminders: SIWOTI is not a bad thing someone must do it) (Disclaimer: I am a white, straight male; cops just seem to spike my anxiety.) A cop once followed me and then pulled me over out of nowhere, without explaining why. The only thing I know of that could have provoked this was that I parked at a nearby park to take a walk and have a smoke; there was a tow truck hanging around there and when I got back I saw police cars driving away; the cop car that followed me, I came across after I’d driven away. Another cop in the same neighborhood once followed me until I signalled to turn onto the street my house was on, just because I happened to pass the spot where they were sitting at. No rhyme or reason for it, just followed me seemingly waiting for me to tick over the speed limit, or not signal, or miss a stop sign by an inch, or something. But yeah, only criminals find cops harassing. @chigau (女性) “Is your refusal to blockquote some kind of “statement” about bravely going your own way?” I don’t remember refusing anything, still as far as leaps of logic go that’s a nice one. I thought quotation marks were pretty simple things when quoting something… to most. “’cause most of us just page down.” Any numbers to provide? It seems like a few of you have not gotten the memo and are responding. @starchamber. Anybody who drives a car will have had the same experience (I know I have). Not sure what the point is and how it pertains to having security personnel undercover at conferences though… @Nerd bla bla troll “Read every post by the fuckwitted troll reasonabel.” I can’t say that I find his posts sufficiently compelling to read them all, so sorry that’s not going to happen. ” Not one citation to back up a claim. You can do better.” I’m sure I can but again I don’t really care what reasonable has posted. “If you can’t, you should shut the fuck up.” Or maybe you should stop comparing everyone to reasonabel? How about that? Gee. Someone asserts that having undercover cops can intimidate some people, you toss aside their comment with the dismissive “for criminals, probably…” and then when confronted with examples of non-criminals being harassed or feeling harassed by cops, you dismiss that with the above. You demand a citation for the statement “We’ve had enough unevidenced claims today” and when presented with plenty of evidence, you dismiss it as not worth your notice. You’re just kinda full of shit, aren’t you? They’re countering your silly point about how only criminals would find intense surveillance harassing. Not blockquoting makes your posts more difficult for some people here to understand. It’s not hard to do. Not doing it makes you look like an ass who doesn’t care about being understood. cool, a place that the clowns would find offensive, way to go TAM pretend it doesnt happen, ensure that if it does happen a buttload of security glares at the victim daring them to complain until they leave the venue. How very homeland security of them a slimepitter wrote: And yet, I see so much complaining and whining, especially lately, about people being “banned” from Pharyngula and other FtB blogs. If PZ’s attempts to ban someone are so gosh darn laughable, what’s the fuss about? There’s a reason a turtle looks like a turtle. Slimepitters lie so much they can’t keep their own lies straight. Right, because references to old sk00l intentionally-hyperbolic lighthearted catchphrases are magically transformed into totally serious business with no irony involved at all as soon as PZ’s Squidly Appendage types them on his patented DeConText0r keyboard. Fucking Memes, how do they work? jacklewis #75: Oh, here’s the funny thing. See, I live in Canada, and policing here is RCMP except for Ontario, Quebec, and cities with their own police force. Both of the incidents I described happened in the same municipality, a municipality with its own police force. I’ve seen many RCMP officers parked at the side of the road; not once has one pulled out specifically to follow me for any length of time. And then, of course, there’s how you think that it’s perfectly okay for the police to just follow random people who have ostensibly done nothing wrong. Whatever happened to trust? Whatever happened to being able to go about one’s daily business without having to check to make sure our every step isn’t being watched? Your privilege is showing, big time. Aww, tigtog. I got super confused by tigzy upthread and xtog who has trolled elsewhere. Cipher, I had a bad feeling about that :) jacklewis So, your continuing refusal to use is ideological rather than incompetence? [meta] Heh. Obvious trolls are obvious. (And they enrich PZ’s coffers!) Some dude named Jonathan Ray claims that DJ Grothe viewed Harriet Hall’s t-shirt as a dress code issue: Libertarian cluelessness strikes again! “I can’t have a quiet word with one of my speakers to urge her to maintain a collegial and professional atmosphere, and to refrain from attacking fellow attendees and/or organizations that have donated to my event, because FREEEEDDOOOMMMMMM!!” bleagh Blockquotes are for sheeple. Manly men don’ need no stinkin’ blockquotes! Apparently they don’t need citations either. Their word much be accepted without question, no matter how much bullshit they add to it. jacklewis: Let’s see. We’ve responded to the whole “undercover agents are a good idea” assertion with: 1. Logical counterarguments 2. Evidence So far jacklewis has responded with: 1. Non-sequiturs 2. Crickets chirping Excellent! I’m so glad these slimepitter rationalists are on our side, for that whole atheist thing. They’re going to be such great assets. The ultimate goal isn’t actually to make it easier to report harassment: it’s to prevent harassment from happening in the first place. The kind of creeps who would harass someone are less likely to do it right in front of known security. So undercover security does nothing to help prevent harassment, while labeled security does. @carlie in #93: On the other hand, it probably could work if people were warned beforehand that there would be undercover security people. Kind of like warning store clerks that there will be mystery shoppers, to ensure they give good service to everyone. But again, that would require making your security approach public in advance, which obviously didn’t happen here. Not that I would advocate for such an approach. It doesn’t seem to foster an atmosphere of trust if you have to wonder with everyone whether they are an attendee or just pretending to be. The problem with relying on con staff to spot harassment, whether they’re identified or not, is that most harassment is not easily spotted from a distance. Sure, they might catch the occasional blatant ass grabber but without monitoring everyone’s interactions at all times they won’t be able to catch every creep who calls a woman a cunt, or stares at her tits, or cold propositions her, let alone identify a pattern of microagressions. This isn’t like having a plainclothes security guard in a shop to catch thieves because shoplifting is unambiguous. Even still, loss prevention specialists (if they’re doing they’re job right) have to follow a very specific procedure: observe the suspect select the merchandise, conceal it, then pass the point of purchase and exit the store at which point you have a bust. Skipping any of these steps or even letting them out of your sight for a moment where they could ditch the item could result in a bad bust, even if the shoplifter is caught red handed. If it’s that hard to bust a shoplifter how the fuck is this supposed to work with harassment which is often so difficult to spot for anyone other than the target? Sally, jonathanray showed up recently in TET. Hi reasonabel! I don’t know if you’re still reading, but I’m a generous soul (that is, bored, high on coffee, and short on sleep), so I’m going to respond to what I think are your main points. Fortunately for a slow thinker like myself, I don’t actually have to come up with any rebuttals, because every point I’m about to make has been made by a half-dozen commenters already! I think “hurt feelings” misrepresents what Surly Amy would have felt at TAM. Had Dr. Hall mentioned in conversation to a third party that she didn’t much like the Skepchicks, Amy would have been perfectly justified in hurt feelings, but that (probably) wouldn’t have been harassment. But that’s not what Dr. Hall did. Wearing a T-shirt was a statement to the entire attendance of TAM that implied (whether done through naiveté or malice, and probably the former) she didn’t like the Skepchicks, which Amy quite reasonably found objectionable. What’s worse, she kept wearing it for several days after Amy said she found it upsetting. I’d think most workplaces would consider that to create a hostile environment, which would be harassing. I believe you objected at this point that Amy should have grown a thicker skin. As you know, she said this was only one of the events that she felt contributed to a chilly climate, and the only one she wished to talk about (obviously, you have no right to ask her what else occurred), so it’s unfair to say she considered the T-shirt harassment in and of itself. On the contrary (as many have pointed out), this is exactly the sort of thing harassment policies are meant to prevent. “Physical sexual harassment” (aka sexual assault) is already covered by well-defined, well-publicized and (ha!) well-enforced policies, ie., laws and police. Sexual harassment laws might (might) be sufficient to ensure people’s physical safety, but can’t ensure people’s emotional safety. Harassment policies exist to fill in the gaps between physical and emotional safety. I disagree. Attending a conference like TAM costs several hundred dollars. If a someone plans to come to TAM expressly to harass others, but reads in the published harassment policy that zhe will be booted out on the first day, zhe’s quite likely to do something much cheaper, instead, like go to a club. Additionally, a harassment policy can’t be intended primarily to catch harassers in the act, first because in a 1000-person conference, there can’t possibly be enough employees to adequately observe the entire hall, and second because any scumbag worth hir salt will do hir harassing out of the public eye—in a washroom, in a hallway, in an elevator—where no amount of conference employees will be sufficient. Making the harassment policy public means it’s much clearer for the victims how, and to whom, they should report incidents of harassment. Lastly, referring back to your (others’?) point about “growing a thicker skin” and “having to tailor your behaviour to the most sensitive people” (both statements paraphrased, sorry, and it might be jacklewis who said them), making the harassment policy public—regardless of how strong it is—means you don’t have to worry about who the policy favours: if you read it and decide it isn’t sufficient to keep you safe, then you know not to attend the conference (and/or to lobby to change the policy); if you read it and decide that things you quite like to do are considered harassment, then you know not to attend the conference (and/or to lobby to change the policy). A harassment policy isn’t there to force everyone to have fun, it’s there to clarify how strongly the conference organizers will protect the experience of the most disadvantaged, since it’s much more straightforward for potential harassers to change their behaviour than for the harassed to change their whole psychological makeup. jacklewis #54: Here’s one way that secret security could turn unpleasant: But really, why reinvent the wheel? * We know that public policies are useful for setting a tone encouraging good behavior * We know that policies enforced by uniformed security are effective for preventing problems & solving those that aren’t prevented * We know that addressing the problem directly & publicly creates an environment where people feel safer and more alert (as opposed to denying/hiding from the problem) * We know that effectively addressing these problems requires some degree of tracking frequency & nature After all is said and done, undercover security is a minor point meant to improve enforcement and oversight in an already established system (think marked vs. unmarked police cars; enlisted military vs. special ops; corporate visitors vs. secret shoppers). Finally, without a public policy & recognizable security a victim has no assurance of identity and limited recourse if he/she suspects that the plain-clothed security is maybe faked or being unhelpful. @30 thunk You might be right that comparing the mentally disabled to the poster I was responding to might be too much for the former to bare. Then again perhaps comment @9 was also based on Gunman thinking I was somebody else… Talk about having trouble following a two post thread, I don’t remember asking you who your daddy was… And it’s pretty rude and clueless to intervene when somebody is explicitely responding to somebody else. Which part of @Gnumann is beyond your understanding? Mind your own business. @35 Sure but the first bit #9 was the starting point. What was that all about. That`s one half assed apology if I ever read one (good thing I’m a glass is half full kind of guy). You almost sounded human there for half a second, that will surely be frowned upon. Surely your initial intervention was sort of begging for that sort of reply. I’m not freaking Jesus Christ here, I’m not going to turn cheeks non stop when people just start writing pure crap at me without any provocation. So if you have a list of approved slurs to provide for future use feel free to do so, I`ve seen more insults of all types in this blog than anywhere else so the whining about tone for one particular slur seems a bit disingenuous to say the least. @38 Chigau I’m sure with some time you might get over your fear of quotation marks. Weren’t you supposed to just hit page down anyway? “It will not help you make sense.” I’d take that a bit more seriously if it wasn’t from some OCD guy who keeps writing about using block comments… fasincating stuff! Here’s hoping you enjoy the block comments, I did them just for you. alwayscurious #98 The link you provided does not really tell me how the secret security was unpleasant. And notice that from the moment she is questionned they are no longer secret anyway so the whole secret issue is not what this is really about. The part where they showed up out of the blue and took interest in what she was discussing was something she actually appreciated… The questionning seemed to have been problematic and have caused tears but not much is divulged to see if the language was abusive, the questions were in bad taste or whatever… there is no data from which to know what actually happened. Maybe there is some other link where that stuff is clearly and consisely laid out, that particular comment, I’m sorry to say, is all over the place. Nothing about the actual harassment is mentionned either… except that it was somehow less unpleasant than the questionning… pretty strange actually. That part about being told not to talk about it and then actually being afraid to talk about it to friends is really weird too. Assuming it happened, why not just tell the personel that you will talk about it to as many people you want. Why go along with that request if you don’t think it makes sense? Why all the crying? Then there’s apparently phone calls and some disagreements… again the context is not clear about what happened and how… I can’t really take it one way or the other, this kind of statement will probably just confirm whatever bias the reader had before reading it… JackLewis, still nothing but your inane and fuckwitted evidenceless OPINION. A true discussion requires two things: 1) third party evidence, and 2) the possibility you are full of shit. Otherwise, you have nothing cogent to say on any subject. Hey Nerd, Go fuck yourself. I don’t give a shit what you think about anything. I don’t even believe you have the capacity to think anything about anything. You’re just a one trick pony/automated quote generator who regardless of what he reads will always write “it’s just an opinion without evidence” while not having the faintest idea what these words even mean or even understanding anything that you feel the emotional need to write a knee jerk response to. You are one truly disturbed little piece of shit. Get some professional help or just shut the fuck up and stop intervening in discussions that don’t fucking involve you. jacklewis This is a pharygula comment thread, not your personal blog. If you post on it, you might get answered by people you weren’t addressing. If that bothers you the obvious solution would be to avoid posting. You read fluffys link but fail to see how the incident was creating a bad environment? Perhaps your empathy tank is empty? Since when is it better to grill the victim of harassment, rather than the harasser? Oh, and you can fuck right off. I doubt you will be missed. He’s looking to get banned, just ignore him. “Oh, and you can fuck right off. I doubt you will be missed.” Well at least I have an empathy tank… Maybe you need a “self awareness” tank? “You read fluffys link but fail to see how the incident was creating a bad environment?” Could you be more specific? I already explained in way more detail than you why no meaningful conclusion can be drawn from that comment… you apparently require less to be convinced, so good for you… I guess. Clearly a sceptical outlook on things is only to be used when one disagrees with something right? “I doubt you will be missed.” Unlike you, I’m not here in search of a herd to belong to. Looking for a herd to get shit on by isn’t really much of an improvement. SallyStrange wrote: Especially not when the whole point of it is to run off to brag to your buddies about how you got ‘censored’ for ‘dissent’ despite your ‘right to free speech’; apparently, a bunch of clueless, privilege-blind misogynist asshats engaging in bullshit hyperskepticism in no way constitutes a ‘herd’. fasincating jacklewis uses blockquotes just to please me. Such Power! Apparently “words on a tshirt” is the new “offer of coffee” for the douchecakes who like to trivialise these issues. Watching them squirm to evade any discussion of context is reminding me of Stephanie’s marvellous post on Elisions. Your WORD jacklewis explains nothing, being nothing. You require evidence to back up your word. MRA slimepitters have nothing but attitude and fuckwitted OPINIONS. The OPINIONS are fuckwitted since they aren’t backed by evidence. You won’t supply supporting evidence, ergo, the only conclusion is your OPINION is lies and bullshit. @chigau “jacklewis uses blockquotes just to please me. Such Power!” I do agree that I have an amazing power not to be a complete douche like some round here. Glad you noticed it. I guess nobody has ever done anything to please you before… that would explain the under developed social skills. @Nerd Could you write another dumb ass post with a bunch of fuckwits and OPINION in bold, it’s great stuff, keep it fresh. @Amanda I’ll have to stop wearing the T-shirt with the big A on it… it might be too much for the religious folk to endure… Oh yeah, I forgot that *they* are fair play. Yeah. You guys are more like pack animals. Yeah, you just go right ahead with that plan, you hopelessly obtuse piece of crap. [meta] chew-toy jacklewis: Stupid guess, stupid inference. Your stupid fuckwit OPINION is neither great nor fresh, hence it merits no effort. Your forgetfulness and herd mentality are duly noted, O incompetent. <snicker> Why should I? You do the same old same old. Your OPINION is bullshit. Show otherwise with third party evidence. OOPS, you didn’t….What a MF loser…. Well, I was right about jacklewis. People seem to forget that we are talking about a woman who got upset about a t-shirt that another woman was wearing. A t-shirt that was in no way offensive to even the insecure idiot in the world. This woman who was reduced to tears by a t-shirt another well known feminist was wearing, is manufacturing a problem that doesn’t exist. Oh look, another “blame-the-victim”, “she’s-hysterical/overreacting/lying” apologizer creeps out of the woodwork. A month late. *barf* More OPINION, but no academic evidence from the MRA crowd. Boring and *POOF* dismissed.

Seasonal drought prediction for semiarid northeastern Brazil: verification of six hydro-meteorological forecast products - 1Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany - 2German Research Centre of Geosciences GFZ Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany - 3Research Institute for Meteorology and Water Resources – FUNCEME, Fortaleza, Brazil Correspondence: José Miguel Delgado (martinsd@uni-potsdam. Northeastern Brazil has historically been the epicenter of major drought events. Fioreze et al. (2012) identified 100 severe droughts since the 16th century in this region, while Marengo et al. (2017) identified 68 major events for the same period. Within this region, the state of Ceará has been in the frontline of the fight against this natural hazard. This has been due to both the impacts suffered in the past and the measures taken to improve its resilience. Droughts in Ceará reflect a meteorological anomaly over the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Dry years are generally related to a positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the tropical North Atlantic, associated with a negative anomaly in the tropical South Atlantic and over the Equator. This forces a northward shift of the intertropical convergence zone, taking the rainbelt to northern latitudes. The causes of this anomaly are linked to the occurrence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and to the North Atlantic Oscillation (Hastenrath, 2012). Past famines and mass migrations triggered large investments in infrastructure in recent decades. These investments brought hundreds of strategic reservoirs and thousands of small dams to a semi-arid landscape, which are being managed according to a transparent water allocation process (Formiga-Johnsson and Kemper, 2005). In order to support water allocation and management, the state runs a seasonal drought forecasting system and issues annual quantitative and qualitative forecasts of the magnitude of the rainy season. These predictions can support decisions ranging from agricultural management (choice of crop, planning of seeding time) to water distribution and reservoir operation. Currently, the forecasting system in Ceará is based on the ECHAM4.6 general circulation model (Roeckner et al., 1992). It runs from January to August on persisted SSTs (observed SST anomalies which are assumed invariant), covering each year's rainy season (February to April). The forecasts produced by this model are generally downscaled with the NCEP regional spectral model (Juang et al., 1997), in order to resolve the spatial variability of Ceará. Verification and the current forecast can be retrieved under (last access: 24 September 2018). For downscaled forecasts check (last access: 24 September 2018). In this study we intend to evaluate and extend this prediction system by employing - 1. an additional underlying GCM, - 2. a statistical approach based on the classification of weather patterns, - 3. empirical–statistical downscaling methods to increase the spatial resolution and temporal fidelity of the predictions, and - 4. drought indices as powerful integrative descriptors for the description of drought severity. By these means, we aim to address the following question. What skill do the seasonal meteorological drought forecasts have? While the term meteorological drought focuses on the atmospheric forcing causing water shortage, its effective implications for society are more specifically accounted for by the term hydrological drought (de Araújo and Bronstert, 2016). Since the aim of the prediction system is to support water management, we sharpen the previous question in this regard. Can we forecast hydrological droughts in Ceará based on these seasonal meteorological forecasts? 2.1 General approach This work employed a cascade of models and algorithms ranging from two general circulation models (one atmospheric and one coupled) at the top to hydrological indices at the bottom (Fig. 1). Each step involved different types of target variables being forecasted: the meteorological forecasts (Fig. 1, top) refer to meteorological variables (“meteo data”) from GCM forecasts and the subsequent downscaling and bias correction to match the spatial and temporal resolution. The meteorological indices (same figure, center) refer to the indices that were used to describe the magnitude of the forecasted meteorological drought. Finally, the hydrological indices (same figure, bottom) were calculated based on meteorological indices in an attempt to infer the magnitude of a hydrological drought characterized by meteorological and hydrological properties. To allow for the comparison with observations, we use results of GCM hindcast, i.e., a model that has been run with data only known until the specified time in the past. As these are supposed to represent and technically resemble true forecasts, they are referred to as “forecasts” henceforward. All results and computations after the statistical downscaling have a monthly time step. Similarly, all results and computations here presented were aggregated to selected subbasins (Fig. 2). 2.2 Study area The spatial domain chosen for this analysis is the Jaguaribe River basin. Due to the river's regional importance, a lot has been written about its hydrology and development (de Aragão Araújo, 1990; de Araújo and Bronstert, 2016). The Jaguaribe is the most important river in Ceará. Its catchment has an area of 70 000 km2 and is home to about 2.7 million people (IPECE, 2017). Annual precipitation amounts to 755 mm, of which about 90 % falls in the months January to June. The rainfall season comprising the months January to May is often considered key in securing water reserves for the whole year. June contributes with considerably less rainfall. Average potential evapotranspiration is estimated to 2100 mm. Due to its dominant geology composed of a crystalline complex, aquifers in the region are unproductive. Runoff is practically the only source of drinking water for people and animals as well as irrigation. To that end, most of the water is stored in thousands of reservoirs of all scales across the watershed. The main tributaries are the Banabuiú River in central Ceará and the Salgado River in southern Ceará. We aggregated the results of this research into five subcatchments: the aforementioned tributaries Banabuiú and Salgado, and the upper (upstream of Orós Reservoir), middle (upstream of Castanhão Reservoir) and lower (downstream of Castanhão Reservoir) Jaguaribe. An overview of the state and location of these catchments and tributaries is given in Fig. 2. 2.3 Seasonal forecast models (“GCM output”) To address the first research question we employed different combinations of dynamical and statistical models and a weather pattern classification methodology to produce meteorological drought indices. The dynamical seasonal forecast models were provided by FUNCEME and ECMWF in the form of hindcasts for the period 1981 to 2014. Details like resolution, reference and a short description are given in Table 1. ECMWF operational seasonal forecasting system S4 has 51 ensemble members and 6 months' lead time. It is a fully coupled atmosphere–ocean model. The system has been systematically verified (Molteni et al., 2011; Richardson et al., 2012; Vitart, 2013). The hindcast version of the system has the same specifications of the operational model but only 15 ensemble members. It is available for academic purposes and is here employed as a benchmark for the verification of the regional forecasting system in operation in Ceará.Roeckner et al. (1992)Stockdale et al. (1998)Bürger (1996)Wetterhall et al. (2012)Murawski et al. (2016)Philipp et al. (2007) Table 1Output variables of each prediction model used in this paper. Download Print VersionDownload XLSX The seasonal forecasting system implemented at FUNCEME (Ceará's hydro-meteorological agency) is based on the ECHAM4.6 general circulation model. Details on this model can be found in Table 1. The operational and hindcast versions have 20 ensemble members and are run on initial sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies that persisted during the forecasting period (8 months). The initial state represents a typical (but random) realization of late December as derived from AMIP-type runs (Gates et al., 1999). The AMIP run starts in 1961 and is forced by monthly observed SSTs (NOAA Optimum Interpolation SST V2). Therefore, potential forecast skill is solely based on oceanic memory. The forecasting system of FUNCEME is in operational use and seasonal forecasts are released monthly. 2.4 Downscaling of GCM output In order to predict precipitation over particular locations it is necessary to downscale the GCM forecasts. Three statistical downscaling approaches were employed: expanded downscaling (XDS), empirical quantile mapping (EQM) and weather pattern classification (WP; see Table 1 for details and references). To differentiate between two fundamentally different downscaling approaches, weather pattern classification will not be referred to as downscaling approach/method throughout the text. The downscaling approaches used here yielded a full set of meteorological variables distributed across the catchment at points where observations were available (daily mean temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and daily total precipitation and radiation). The forecasting products obtained from the combinations of GCMs and downscaling will be named after their components: XDS:ECHAM, XDS:ECMWF, EQM:ECHAM, EQM:ECMWF, WP:ECHAM, and WP:ECMWF. Weather patterns were classified using the SANDRA methodology described in Philipp et al. (2016). The selection of the optimal classification was done visually in respect to the explained variation of the observed meteorological drought indices. The classification itself was independent of the MDIs, so that no artificial skill was to be expected from forecasting the stations. Only MDI scales of 1, 12 and 36 months were calculated. 2.5 Drought quantification using drought indices Meteorological droughts were quantified in magnitude and temporal scale using meteorological drought indices (MDIs). After careful appraisal regarding data demand and current conventions, the following indices were selected: SPI1, SPI3, SPI6 (McKee et al., 1993; WMO, 2012b), SPEI1, SPEI3 and SPEI6 (Vicente-Serrano et al., 2009). The subscripted numbers (e.g., SPI1) refer to the temporal scale in months for which the index was computed. The forecast is generated at the beginning of January for the period from January until June. Indices obtained by downscaling forecasts with a temporal scale greater than the lead time of the forecast will include values from the observation set. SPI6, for example, will contain 5 months of measured precipitation in the January forecast. In June, the same index will be calculated exclusively with forecasted precipitation. The skill of a SPI6 forecast for some months is therefore expected to be greater than the skill of a SPI1 forecast beforehand. This feature does not apply to WP classification. Timescales greater than 6 months are of no value for the verification of the forecasting system in terms of meteorology, as rainfall in the preceding dry season is usually negligible. However, the hydrology of Ceará is characterized by long-term memory introduced by a vast network of reservoirs. Additionally, drought events in this region are known to be long and creeping phenomena that must be quantified on large temporal scales. MDIs with long temporal scales will therefore have to be considered when designing the hydrological drought index (HDI) forecast model in the next section. To that end, we will employ shorter timescales for MDI verification, but keep longer timescales (greater than 6 months) in the regression of hydrological drought indices (HDIs), since they provide a better fit for the forecast model. Regarding hydrological droughts, various HDIs were reviewed and two were considered suitable for this work. All other indices either (a) require consumptive data for water use, which is impractical for the given settings, or (b) focus on streamflow, which misses the most important features (ephemeral rivers, role of reservoirs) of the hydrological system of Ceará and many other semi-arid regions. The only index chosen from the literature was the surface water supply index (SWSI) as formulated in Doesken et al. (1991) with a weight of 0.5 for precipitation within the reservoir catchment and 0.5 for reservoir volume: where P(x) is the non-exceedance probability of x based on available historical records of x, rs is mean monthly reservoir storage in the respective catchment and pr is the monthly precipitation averaged for the respective catchment. The second index, V, was defined as the regional reservoir volume at the end of each month relative to the total regional reservoir storage capacity. In terms of event prediction, the event considered for the meteorological drought indices in use in this work is “dry spells of moderate to extreme magnitude”, translated by values lower than or equal to −1 in the SPI/SPEI scale. For precipitation a threshold based on the 30th percentile of the series of observed monthly precipitation was used. The threshold for defining HDI drought events was based on the 30th percentile of the series of observed monthly HDIs. The reason for using the 30th percentile was the classification used by the regional agencies to separate between a “dry”, a “wet” (above the 70th percentile) and a “normal” year. 2.6 Regression of hydrological drought indices Forecasts of hydrological drought indices were obtained by searching and fitting a multivariate regression model to observations of hydrological drought indices and reservoir volume changes. As candidate predictors, meteorological drought indices of all temporal scales were used. For predicting SWSI the multivariate linear regression was fit directly to the hydrological index. For the regional reservoir volume, V, two different approaches were followed. With the first approach, M1, the multivariate linear regression was fit directly to the values of V, analogous to SWSI. With M2, the second approach, the multivariate linear regression was first fit to the monthly changes in V. Then the predicted value of V was calculated by adding its predicted monthly changes to the most recent measured value in December. The regional reservoir volumes predicted by the two regression models M1 and M2 are denoted VM1 and VM2, respectively. Model parsimony was enforced by predictor selection comprising a heuristic search for the best Akaike information criterion (AIC) under the constraint of checking the predictors for multi-collinearity. To eliminate multi-collinearity between predictors, correlated predictors were replaced by their ratios. Possible forms of multilinear regression include predictors as denominators of fractions. This implies that these predictors must not take the value zero, in order to exclude division by zero. To enforce this condition, the MDIs in question were removed from the time series when approaching zero, in particular values in . 2.7 Forecast verification At each level of Fig. 1, a verification of the forecast was performed. Three metrics were employed: the root mean square error (RMSE), the relative operating characteristic skill score (ROCSS) and the Brier skill score (BSS) (Wilks, 2005). Root mean square error is a scalar accuracy measure applied to the realizations of the ensemble forecast. The Brier score is also a scalar accuracy measure, though for verification of probabilistic forecasts of predefined events. The relative operating characteristic is a discrimination-based verification metric for forecasts of defined events. For more information on these metrics, we recommend chap. 8 of Wilks (2005). RMSE was computed for each member, ensemble mean and climatology, i.e., the long-term mean annual cycle. Climatology was considered the reference forecast. The mean square error was computed for monthly values in the forecast period (1981–2014, January–June) and averaged over the entire period. The square root of this measure is the RMSE. It shows the capability of the model to correctly forecast monthly values, but it does not quantify the skill to predict particular events of water scarcity. January to June precipitation represents over 90 % of the annual precipitation in the Jaguaribe basin. Figure 3Root mean square error of the forecast of monthly precipitation. Panels (a): box plots show the spread of the RMSE of each model. The asterisks (*) show the RMSE of the ensemble mean. The RMSE of using climatology as a forecasting product is given by the grey dashed line. The four panels (b) show the RMSE for each individual station for each model. Note that in general the ensemble mean ranks better than the best of the ensemble members. Another important metric employed was the BSS. The Brier score can be seen as the sum of three terms: reliability, resolution and uncertainty. The term reliability measures the differences between forecast probabilities and relative frequencies of the observed event. Thus, low values of this score correspond to high reliability. Resolution measures the ability of the forecast to discern periods in which observed frequencies depart from average. Finally the term uncertainty quantifies the variability of the observations: when the event being forecasted almost never or almost always happens, the uncertainty of the forecast is small. The Brier score is here understood as in Wilks (2005) as where BS is the Brier score and k denotes the index of the n forecast-event pairs. yk is the forecast probability for each forecast-event pair k and belongs to [0, 1]. The forecast probability is calculated as the number of members of the ensemble that forecast an event divided by their total count. ok is the observation for each forecast-event pair, which can take the value 1 for an event and 0 when no event is observed in k. The BSS is computed with respect to the Brier score of the reference forecast (BSref), and it can take any value lower than or equal to one. A forecast is said to have skill if its BSS is greater than zero. The reference forecast was considered to be the climatological relative frequency of the predefined event. For example, the climatological relative frequency for February is the number of times that a February observation, e.g., of precipitation, is considered an event divided by the total number of years in the hindcast period. The last metric employed was the ROCSS. The relative operating characteristic describes the ability to discriminate between true positives and false positives when forecasting a given event. It is normally calculated for a set of forecast probability bins, thereby having great importance for decision makers. ROCSS was calculated as as in Wilks (2005), where AUC is the area under the relative operating characteristic curve. The ROCSS can have values between −1 and 1, where anything below zero means no skill. A ROCSS of 0 corresponds to the skill of a reference random forecast. Figure 4BSS of the forecast of a monthly low precipitation event. (a) The BSS is shown for each model/downscaling combination and for the forecasting months averaged over the respective subcatchments. BSS values below zero were assigned a “no skill” category in order to improve readability. The grey line is the BSS of the multi-model ensemble. Panels (b) show BSS averaged over all forecasting months for each station. Note that in most cases the forecast of monthly precipitation has no skill. 3.1 Forecasting precipitation The RMSEs of the precipitation forecast are presented in Fig. 3. ECMWF ranks better than ECHAM, while EQM:ECMWF results in the lowest RMSEs and XDS:ECHAM in the greatest. Still, the best results in terms of RMSE are comparable to the climatology, meaning that there is limited skill in forecasting monthly precipitation. The spatial distribution of RMSE of the ensemble mean in April shows a concentration of high RMSEs in the lower Jaguaribe catchment for EQM and in the Salgado catchment for XDS. The ensemble mean of the forecast, shown by the asterisks in Fig. 3 as well as in other figures below, always displayed a lower RMSE than any of the ensemble members. This happens because the ensemble mean “smoothes out unpredictable detail and presents the more predictable elements of the forecast” (WMO, 2012a). Despite its usefulness, the ensemble mean is not entirely appropriate for predicting drought events. Ensemble means do not provide any information on the probability of an extreme event. Unlike RMSE, which does not provide any information on the skill of event forecasts, the BSS is explicitly suited for that purpose and is shown in Fig. 4. One remarkable observation is to be made regarding the BSS: skill is mostly absent when forecasting drought events based on precipitation and its thresholds. The only exception is the forecast for April, where the multi-model ensemble shows limited skill in the three regions considered. These results will be discussed further in light of the greater skill shown when forecasting drought events based on MDIs. Still, all forecasting systems here presented show skill in discriminating events against false alarm forecasts. This is expressed by the ROC curve shown in Fig. 5. The variation of the ROCSS over time can be attributed to lead time (skill decreasing with increasing lead time) and to low or no precipitation in the months before and after the rainy season. Months of typically low precipitation showed poor ROCSS (Fig. 5: January, May, June). When comparing downscaling techniques and GCMs, EQM mostly outperformed XDS, while the skill was less affected by using different GCMs. To put our results into context, we could find three reports with a statement of verification concerning precipitation forecast in Ceará. de Castro et al. (2013) present a RMSE of between 120 and 130 mm for the Sertão Interior de Inhamuns, using an empirical model with forecasts issued in January for the period February to June. Moura and Hastenrath (2004), with a forecast issued at the end of February for the period of March to June, i.e., with a shorter lead time than our work, show a RMSE of 50 to 70 mm (Hastenrath and Greischar (1993) obtained similar results). 3.2 Forecasting meteorological drought indices A time series of seasonal MDI forecasts was plotted to illustrate the forecast spread given by model EQM:ECMWF (Fig. 6). The improvement provided by the ensemble mean, when compared to each member, is clearly visible. Also visible are several observed events of moderate to severe drought (below the dashed grey line). The ensemble mean is able to forecast at least a few of these events. A measure of the general agreement (for all kinds of conditions, dry, average or wet) between forecasted and observed MDIs is given by the RMSE in Fig. 7. The relationship between forecast probability and relative frequency of a drought event (i.e., the BSS) is provided in Fig. 8, whereas the balance between hit rate and false alarm rate for the same event can be seen in the form of ROCSS in Fig. 9 below. Figure 7Box plots of the root mean square error of a forecasted meteorological drought index. The asterisk (*) shows the RMSE of the ensemble mean and box plots show the spread of the individual members. Note that in general the ensemble mean ranks better than the best of the ensemble members. The RMSE of MDI forecasts is shown in Fig. 7. With the exception of the predictions produced by the WP approach for SPI1, the general ranking of the approaches is quite consistent among the three subbasins. As with precipitation, the RMSE of SPI1 and SPEI1 generally does not differ from that of the climatology and is greatest for ECHAM and EQM. EQM:ECMWF and XDS:ECMWF show the consistently lowest RMSE and XDS:ECMWF performs better than the climatology. Interestingly, ECMWF consistently outperforms ECHAM on all scales. RMSE reflects the prediction skill for the whole range of the indices, including wet spells and dry spells/droughts. When aiming primarily at forecasting drought events, this verification may be misleading. Nevertheless, this metric shows which models are most appropriate for this domain and confirms the plausibility of the forecasting system also for wet years. Figure 8BSS of a forecasted meteorological drought event based on an event of index lower than −1. The grey line shows the result of the multi-model ensemble mean. As for the BSS, Fig. 8 shows this indicator of skill for timescales of 1, 3 and 6 months in three regions of the Jaguaribe River. For the 1-month timescale, it is noteworthy that the first 3 months of the forecast display the lowest skill. In particular the March forecast shows no skill in most models, March being a key contributing month in the rainy season. The second half of the rainy season, April/May/June, has generally more skill. The same BSS minimum can be observed in the SPI3 and SPI6 panels, but this time with slightly greater value than for SPI1, since these indices entail some measured data. Another interesting observation is that, contrary to RMSE, here no product can be considered a clear winner. For the ECHAM model a possible explanation for lower skill at the onset of the rainy season may lie in its initial conditions. Since the initial conditions for each model run are provided by the output of an AMIP-type run (Gates et al., 1999), they may depart considerably from actual atmospheric conditions. According to this hypothesis, the model would come closer to atmospheric conditions only through the SST forcing, which could explain a certain lag in the forecasting skill. Still, this explanation can only account for ECHAM and not the ECMWF model, which is fully coupled and whose initial conditions are derived from ERA-Interim. Figure 9ROCSS of a forecasted meteorological drought event based on an event of an index lower than −1. The grey line shows the result of the multi-model ensemble mean. The ROCSS for the different months of the forecasting period shows a slightly different picture than the RMSE and BSS previously presented. Figure 9 shows ROCSS for timescales of 1, 3 and 6 months in three regions of the Jaguaribe River. There is no clear pattern concerning the relationship between lead time and skill for any of the forecasting models. As in previous plots, the forecasting skills for different MDIs tend to display a minimum in March. Contrary to the results for RMSE, ECHAM shows comparably good ROCSS and BSS in forecasting MDI drought events of all scales in all three regions. Still, the comparably low skill of the March forecast is problematic, March being the month of greatest precipitation in most of the catchment. WP:ECHAM features the best BSSs for SPI1/SPEI1 in April and May, whereas EQM:ECHAM features generally the highest ROCSS in April for the same scale. It is worth looking at the BSS of SPI6/SPEI6, even if they partly encompass measured values. BSS in June in particular is a valuable indicator of the ability of the models in forecasting the whole rainy season. Here, most products display some skill in forecasting a drought event. XDS:ECMWF is the only one displaying no skill for all three regions in SPEI6. Generally the skills are higher with SPEI6 than with SPI6. Regarding SPEI6, EQM:ECHAM and EQM:ECMWF display skill in all three regions. In the important region of Castanhão, where the largest reservoir and most infrastructure is located, EQM:ECHAM and XDS:ECHAM perform best in forecasting SPEI6 for June, although with a low value of BSS. The multi-model ensemble skill shown by the grey line is generally close to the upper envelope formed by that of the individual models. For SPEI1 in the months January to May (rainy season) the ROCSS of the multi-model ensemble is always positive and oscillates around 0.5. An interesting result is the improvement in skill when SPI1 is replaced by SPEI1. The grey line, which shows the ROCSS/BSS for the multi-model ensemble, has an increase in skill at all scales and regions. A similar forecast assessment has been reported by, e.g., Dutra et al. (2013). Events were defined by a SPI3 lower than −1, with a lead time of 3 months. ROCSS obtained were on the order of 0.6 for the Blue Nile basin, which is comparable with the results presented in this paper, but much lower for other river basins, e.g., the Zambezi. 3.3 Forecasting hydrological drought indices The multivariate regression model equations obtained and their respective R2 are shown in the Appendix, Table A1. Long-scale MDIs (like SPI12 or SPI36) prevail as predictors of reservoir volume, whereas short-scale MDIs like SPI1 are mostly present as predictors of reservoir volume change. This reflects the timescale of reservoir storage variations. At a given moment in time, the reservoir storage results from several months of inflow. Similarly, the effect of a month of high inflow on the reservoir storage level is likely to be only residual. Figure 10Root mean square error of the forecast of SWSI, V predicted with M1 and V predicted with M2 (based on month-to-month variation). The forecast period is January to June. Three regions are presented: lower Jaguaribe, Orós and Castanhão. The horizontal grey dashed line shows the RMSE of the climatology. The forecast of the three HDIs shows notable differences between downscaling techniques EQM/XDS and the WP classification (Fig. 10). WP classification has a lower RMSE than EQM/XDS when predicting SWSI or VM1. For VM2, the difference between WP and EQM/XDS is much smaller. The ensemble spread of WP classification shrinks considerably from VM1 to VM2. All methods show a decrease in RMSE from VM1 to VM2. Again, WP classification considers by design only a range of discrete MDIs, which can affect RMSE. MDIs were limited to nine values, of which −0.75, 0 and 0.75 are the closest to zero. The continuous values of MDIs derived by the other products are problematic, because the multilinear regression also considers division by the meteorological drought index. When the MDIs are close to zero, outliers arise and skew the RMSE. These datapoints were therefore removed from the verification metrics. Figure 11B. Regarding the prediction of HDI drought events, Fig. 11 clearly points out that prediction performs best when targeting reservoir volume with model M2 (adding predicted monthly value to the December observed regional reservoir volume). Here, all products show reasonable performance for most regions, but a decreasing skill with increasing lead time. Another important observation is that WPs do not display skill in forecasting HDI events as shown in Fig. 11. Contrary to the MDIs, the BSSs of the HDIs do not feature a minimum in March. A slight tendency of lower skills towards the end of the rainy season is observable in VM1 forecasts. VM2 shows comparably good results for all GCM/downscaling combinations in predicting HDI events, confirming the results in Fig. 10. Figure 12ROC. The ROCSS shows small differences between GCMs or downscaling methods (Fig. 12). VM2 features the highest ROCSS of the different indices used and very little variability among downscaling approaches and GCMs employed. As with BSS, the ROCSS of VM2 decreases with increasing lead time. The results of SWSI and VM1 are very similar, with SWSI showing higher variability among downscaling approaches and GCMs. VM2 could be predicted by WP classification with high ROCSS, whereas VM1 and SWSI show no skill. It was possible to predict any of the indices with skill in most modeling approaches and catchments. Still, VM2 was predicted with the greatest BSS and ROCSS, even though it showed worse R2 when fitting the regression model on which the prediction is based (Table A1). This result hints at better HDI predictability when the predictant is a change in reservoir volume than the reservoir volume itself. One reason for the improved predictability of VM2 is surely the importance of persistence in reservoir storage dynamics. By adding the predicted change to the measured reservoir volume we are providing valuable measured information to the forecast model that SWSI and VM1 do not have. We could not find reports on streamflow/reservoir forecasting systems for the region of Ceará stating BSS, ROCSS, RMSE or another verification measure. Still, for other semi-arid regions of the world, similar skill values could be found in the literature. Trambauer et al. (2015) forecasted events of a standardized runoff index of 6 months lower than −0.5 with variable lead times. Their best catchment points to a ROCSS of 0.7 with a lead time of 5 months. Seibert et al. (2017) forecasted events with a standardized streamflow index (Vicente-Serrano et al., 2012) below −0.5, reporting a ROCSS of 0 at the outlet of a large river (the Limpopo in southern Africa) to close to 1 in its headwater catchments. 3.4 Multi-model ensemble forecast Table 2BSS of January–May multi-model ensemble forecast. The ensemble includes ECHAM and the ECMWF seasonal forecast model, as well as the EQM and XDS downscaling techniques. The BSSs are averaged over each region. Columns show different indices used for the forecast: P is seasonal precipitation, SPI1 and SPEI1 are standardized precipitation indices with scale 1 month, and Reservoir volume stands for regional reservoir volume in percentage of regional storage capacity. The BSS refers to meteorological and hydrological drought events described in Sect. 2. Download Print VersionDownload XLSX Finally, we present the skill score of the multi-model ensemble forecast in Table 2. Each type of index considered (precipitation, meteorological drought index and hydrological drought index) is presented. Results of the WP classification were excluded from the multi-model ensemble, because they did not cover all the indices addressed in this work. The BSS of forecasts of low precipitation events (given in column P), as well as that of the forecasts of drought defined by the SPI1, show either very low or no skill. Forecasts of SPEI generally display greater skill than the forecasts of SPI. This points to a possible bias in the forecasting that is compensated for by introducing temperature into the equation of SPEI. The best skill obtained by the multi-model ensemble was forecasting drought events related to reservoir storage in the lower Jaguaribe region. The good skill of the reservoir storage forecast is likely related to the long memory of the reservoir system. The forecasted precipitation will affect the reservoir only marginally, since most of its storage is accumulated throughout several years. Most importantly, BSS increases when VM2 is used instead of VM1, i.e., when reservoir volume is forecasted by adding forecasted reservoir volume change to measured December reservoir volume. Table 2 reveals an interesting pattern in this work: additional information to the forecast model tends to increase forecast skill. SPEI1 is based on temperature and precipitation data and was forecasted with greater skill than SPI1, which is only based on precipitation. Similarly, SPEI6, which combines forecasted and measured precipitation and temperature from months prior to the forecasting period, has more skill than SPEI1 forecasts. The greatest BSS is given by VM2, a HDI that requires measured initial reservoir volumes as well as a combination of several MDIs. This last point stresses the importance of assimilating prior hydrological conditions into the forecast products. The plausibility and skill of a set of drought forecasting models were presented. Different types of drought events were considered: a rainfall anomaly during the rainy season, standardized precipitation indices below a given threshold and anomalies in regional reservoir storage. The forecast products considered were combinations of two models, ECHAM and the ECMWF seasonal forecast, two downscaling techniques, XDS and EQM, and a weather pattern classification approach. Each model provided an ensemble of predictions, so deterministic and probabilistic measures of skill could be used. The deterministic measure allowed us to see the significant improvement introduced by the ensemble mean: the ensemble mean had in most cases a lower root mean square error than the climatology. The RMSE of the ensemble mean however was comparable to the climatology and in some cases greater. Still, no approach had a RMSE that significantly departed from the RMSE of the climatology. A multi-model ensemble forecast was obtained by binding all members of all models into one product. The skill of this forecast is given in Figs. 4, 8, and 11, and Table 2. Multi-model ensembles can be considered to be our best guess of a probabilistic drought forecast, since they are consistently among the best forecast skills provided by the individual models. Individual members surpassed the multi-model ensemble skill only occasionally, for particular combinations of regions, months and indices. The skill of the hydrological drought forecast, namely the relative reservoir storage VM2, was 0.66, 0.52 and 0.71 for the regions of Orós, Castanhão and lower Jaguaribe, respectively. The skill obtained for the hydrological drought forecast is likely inflated by the long memory of the reservoir system and the use of observed reservoir volume to define the conditions prior to each forecast. Still, the R2 of the regression that provides the reservoir variation underlying VM2 was lower than that of VM1, indicating that a regression might be a poor prediction of reservoir inflow. Improvements are expected by coupling a process-based hydrological model to the seasonal forecasting system. This work showed that a multi-model ensemble can forecast drought events of timescales relevant to water managers in northeastern Brazil with skill. But no or little skill could be found in the forecasts of monthly precipitation or drought indices of smaller temporal scales, like SPI1. Both this work and others here revisited showed that major steps forward are needed in forecasting the rainy season in northeastern Brazil. The hindcast datasets of ECHAM and ECMWF can be released upon request. Observations of meteorological variables and reservoir volume were provided by FUNCEME and are publicly available through an API (please contact the authors for further instructions). Table A1Regression used for predicting regional reservoir volume and regional reservoir volume change using a set of MDIs as predictors. Regional reservoir volume was taken at the end of each month relative to the total regional reservoir storage capacity. Regional reservoir volume change refers to the difference between the given and previous months. Download Print VersionDownload XLSX Conceived and designed the experiments: TF. Performed the experiments: SV, JMRP, GB, KV, AM, JMD, FVJ, EM. Analyzed the data: JMD, SV, TF. Wrote the paper: JMD, TF, SV. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. This work was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany under grant number 01DN14013. The first author was also supported by the German Research Foundation under grant number BR1731/18-1. One of the hindcast datasets was kindly provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. The Open Access Publication Fund of the University of Potsdam supported the publication of this research paper. Edited by: Carlo De Michele Reviewed by: Mohammad Mehdi Bateni, Rasoul Mirabbasi, and one anonymous referee Bürger, G.: Expanded downscaling for generating local weather scenarios, Clim. Res., 7, 111–128,, 1996. a de Aragão Araújo, J. A.: Barragens no Nordeste do Brasil, DNOCS, Fortaleza, 1990. a de Araújo, J. C. and Bronstert, A.: A method to assess hydrological drought in semi-arid environments and its application to the Jaguaribe River basin, Brazil, Water Int., 41, 213–230,, 2016. a, b de Castro, T. N., Souza, F., Alves, J. M. B., Pontes, R. S. T., dos Reis, L. L. N., and Daher, S.: Neo-fuzzy neuron model for seasonal rainfall forecast: A case study of Ceara's eight homogenous regions, J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst., 25, 389–394,, 2013. a Doesken, N., McKee, T., and Kleist, J.: Development of a Surface Water Supply Index for the Western United States, Tech. Rep. Climatology Report 91-3, Colorado Climate Center, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, available at: (last access: 24 September 2018), 1991. a Dutra, E., Di Giuseppe, F., Wetterhall, F., and Pappenberger, F.: Seasonal forecasts of droughts in African basins using the Standardized Precipitation Index, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2359–2373,, 2013. a Fioreze, A. P., Bubel, A. P. M., Callou, A. É. P., Mendonça, B. C. d. S., Nunes, C. M., Pinto, C. G., Viana, C. F. G., Junior, D. S. R., Martins, E. S. P. R., Rodrigues, F. S. F., Filho, F. d. A. d. S., Teixeira, F. J. C., Viana, F. L., Nascentes, J. C. d. M., Filho, J. G. C. G., Júnior, J. A. d. L., Campos, J. N. B., Carvalho, J. O. d., Gonçalves, J. Y. d. B., Burte, J., Silva, L. M. C. d., Azevedo, L. G. T. d., Bursztyn, M., Cerqueira, M. R. S., Coimbra, T. P., Nobre, P., Vieira, R. F., Alves, R. F. F., Chacon, S. S., and Paulino, W. D.: A questão da Água no Nordeste, Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT), available at: (last access: 24 September 2018), 2012. a Formiga-Johnsson, R. M. and Kemper, K.: Institutional and Policy Analysis of River Basin Management: The Jaguaribe River Basin, Ceara, Brazil, SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 757424, Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY, available at: (last access: 24 September 2018), 2005.,<0029:AOOTRO>2.0.CO;2, 1999. a, b Hastenrath, S.: Exploring the climate problems of Brazil's Nordeste: a review, Climatic Change, 112, 243–251,, 2012. a Hastenrath, S. and Greischar, L.: Further Work on the Prediction of Northeast Brazil Rainfall Anomalies, J. Climate, 6, 743–758,<0743:FWOTPO>2.0.CO;2, 1993. a IPECE: Anuário Estatístico do Ceará, available at: (last access: 24 September 2018), 2017. a Juang, H.-M. H., Hong, S.-Y., and Kanamitsu, M.: The NCEP Regional Spectral Model: An Update, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2125–2143,<2125:TNRSMA>2.0.CO;2, 1997. a Marengo, J. A., Torres, R. R., and Alves, L. M.: Drought in Northeast Brazil – past, present, and future, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 129, 1189–1200,, 2017. a McKee, T. B., Doesken, N. J., and Kleist, J.: The Relationship of Drought Frequency and Duration of Time Scales, Eighth Conference on Applied Climatology, Anaheim, California, American Meteorological Society, available at: (last access: 24 September 2018), 1993. a Molteni, F., Stockdale, T., Balmaseda, M., Balsamo, G., Buizza, R., Ferranti, L., Magnusson, L., Mogensen, K., Palmer, T., and Vitart, F.: The new ECMWF seasonal forecast system (System 4), ECMWF Research Department, Technical Memorandum No. 656, available at: (last access: 24 September 2018), 2011. a Moura, A. D. and Hastenrath, S.: Climate Prediction for Brazil's Nordeste: Performance of Empirical and Numerical Modeling Methods, J. Climate, 17, 2667–2672,<2667:CPFBNP>2.0.CO;2, 2004. a Murawski, A., Bürger, G., Vorogushyn, S., and Merz, B.: Can local climate variability be explained by weather patterns? A multi-station evaluation for the Rhine basin, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4283–4306,, 2016.., Beck, C., Huth, R., and Jacobeit, J.: Development and comparison of circulation type classifications using the COST 733 dataset and software, Int. J. Climatol., 36, 2673–2691,, 2016. a Richardson, D. S., Bidlot, J., Ferranti, L., Ghelli, A., Haiden, T., Hewson, T., Janousek, M., Prates, F., and Vitart, F.: Verification statistics and evaluations of ECMWF forecasts in 2011–2012, ECMWF Research Department, Technical Memorandum No. 688, available at: (last access: 24 September 2018), 2012. a., and Windelband, M.: Simulation of the present-day climate with the ECHAM-3 model: impact of model physics and resolution, Report, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, 93, 1992. a, b Seibert, M., Merz, B., and Apel, H.: Seasonal forecasting of hydrological drought in the Limpopo Basin: a comparison of statistical methods, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1611–1629,, 2017. a Stockdale, T. N., Anderson, D. L. T., Alves, J. O. S., and Balmaseda, M. A.: Global seasonal rainfall forecasts using a coupled ocean–atmosphere model, Nature, 392, 370–373,, 1998. a Trambauer, P., Werner, M., Winsemius, H. C., Maskey, S., Dutra, E., and Uhlenbrook, S.: Hydrological drought forecasting and skill assessment for the Limpopo River basin, southern Africa, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1695–1711,, 2015. a Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Beguería, S., and López-Moreno, J. I.: A Multiscalar Drought Index Sensitive to Globa Warming: The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, J. Climate, 23, 1696–1718,, 2009. a. a Vitart, F.: Evolution of ECMWF sub-seasonal forecast skill scores over the past 10 years, ECMWF Research Department, Technical Memorandum Nr. 694, available at: (last access: 24 September 2018), 2013. a Wetterhall, F., Pappenberger, F., He, Y., Freer, J., and Cloke, H. L.: Conditioning model output statistics of regional climate model precipitation on circulation patterns, Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 19, 623–633,, 2012. a Wilks, D. S.: Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences, Academic Press, Burlington, MA,, 2005. a, b, c, d World Meteorological Organization (WMO): Guidelines on Ensemble Prediction Systems and Forecasting, WMO-No. 1091, Geneva, available at: (last access: 24 September 2018), 2012a. a World Meteorological Organization (WMO): Standardized Precipitation Index User Guide (M. Svoboda, M. Hayes and D. Wood), WMO-No. 1090, Geneva, available at:, (last access: 24 September 2018), 2012b. a

cannabis gummies recipes CBD candy Oregon for sale rachel ray CBD gummies Groupon hemp gummies creating better days CBD gummies CBD candy Oregon for sale bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil TRU bliss CBD gummies reviews. These lab tests are performed by an accredited lab to provide an unbiased review of a CBD Here s what they indicate pure CBD, without any other. Nature's Way CBD Gummies. If the sales lady at Yeoyuetai saw him, she would definitely recognize that this person was the one bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil two villas At the alive and well Maui CBD oil was also the person in charge of their organization in Beijing. Only the snipers opened fire immediately, but their targets were not ordinary giant American indican CBD oil people mixed in the swarm, but a small number of servants The battle between giant insects and insectoids relies on instinct Only the servants have weapons They are the greatest threat to the defenders sunbeat CBD gummies eliminated first. Looking at the blood everywhere and the stench rushing into his nose, He Feilong's expression changed for a while, then he turned his head and asked, Human, you tell me again about that couple, I didn't listen carefully last time He Renkuang's face ABSC pure organic CBD oil. For a precise breakdown, manufacturers must give a COA or Certificate of Analysis A reputable brand will provide warranties ranging from weeks to months for the shipment s return. Buy Cannabidiol CBD Oil! However, it is not impossible for Tan Weiran, the feeling of sword soul breakthrough is just around the corner organic non-GMO CBD oil I always feel that there is a little lack of inspiration, just like the inspiration of medicine Seventy percent of the sword soul is to facilitate the use of the power of the It Sword. bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil The girlyan took out another good wound medicine and handed it to him, and said softly Actually, American shaman CBD oil Amazon can heal with peace of mind, and you don't have to rush. It's estimated that it was two days bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil and he took the map and looked at it for a while autoimmune skin disease CBD oil just looked it up, there are four portals, connecting four roads Four roads. Blue Moon CBD Gummies Old Xiang I'm sorry for you, I found the trace of the arsenal at the time, so I left you alone and went to the arsenal I didn't expect that choice botanicals hemp extract gummies bandits in this way I'm sorry for you, I'm sorry for you. Since it is a ground penetrator, it must first burrow into CBD gummies vegetarian friendly explodes It is smilz CBD gummies cost for the light radiation to be weakened by the stratum. The boy had never encountered such a situation before, but when the vitality was poured into the body, it was as if even 30mg CBD oil capsule The boy finally couldn't bear it any longer, bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil. Have you used or considered using CDB or similar product? The Arthritis Foundation is partnering with investigators at the University of Michigan and the Arthritis Society of Canada to learn whether and how people who have been diagnosed with arthritis or other rheumatic conditions use medical cannabis, including products that contain CBD and or THC. Iris CBD Gummies. Several soldiers in Xinglin were surrounding their squad leader Liu Youfu, chatting and laughing loudly, as if saying something Squad leader, if you make a fortune one day, would you also invite CBD gummies for sale kiln you said to have fun? Hehe, CBD oil for osteoporosis bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil. ankle pain treatment CBD oil bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil cyan streamer arrived in the blink of an eye, kushy punch CBD gummies this royal divine light. Is there a way? The boy was slightly surprised, and then said with bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil scare me to play, right? There is a way topical CBD oil it earlier Tell me quickly, I've been wearing this thing for seven days, and it makes me restless. The earth is not without protection, but is too large The army is too small, and after 200mg CBD gummies sold at Walmart force is dispersed, the defense strength is far bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil moon. TRU Bliss CBD Gummies Reviews These gummies make it easy for you to have your dose of CBD anywhere you want as they are perfect for on-the-go use For their quality, this is a gummy that is made for people who are conscious of what they consume. Before the ball of light dispersed, the violent neutrons swept across the swarm in an instant Ninety-nine percent of the worms within the death radius were dead, and they were not even given a chance to struggle Less than one percent of the worm machines survived They have several common characteristics One is that they are located at platinum CBD oil the death radius, and the other is that they are just blocked by human warships. Is Hemp Oil CBD Oil The man in CBD gummy bears for back pain from the second floor, and then he picked 1500mg CBD oil cost a bowl and smashed it, holding the 2 for 1 sale CBD oil hand and writing a line of words. If you are vegan, choose a vegan product lineup and contain no genetically modified organisms Also, check whether the gummies are free of gluten, artificial sweeteners, and corn syrup in its production. The master is named Song Ren It is said that he 7 leaf clover CBD oil the world guesses valhalla gummies CBD review a master of the ninth grade. Alive And Well CBD Oil? This recipe is normally planned and can be utilized by anybody You won t ever confront any secondary effects while utilizing these chewy candies. There seems to be best way to take CBD oil light that makes people notice him involuntarily Son! Xiaoran! The only thing that can defeat this kind of charm is the love of parents. After a while, The women asked coldly, Big stupid bear, advanceable technology CBD oil to do with us The boy bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil out his hands, CBD anxiety gummies She's usual helpless appearance It means that he hasn't thought about what to do with the two of them. Allevia CBD Oil CBD is the perfect place if you are new to all things herbal because they have something for everyone s needs Whether it s relaxation or relief from pain that one seeks out when flipping through their options. However, I would like to ask Young Master Yang for free trial CBD oil matter be carried out? I stretched out to Song Ren bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil his finger, Song Ren walked over to I, I said You look good After speaking, I stretched out his tongue and touched Song Ren's eyes, and nature's way CBD gummies is not just tongue licking. He, who knew I best, replied bravely It's been so buy cannabidiol CBD oil can you not think about it? bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil in his heart CBD gummies safe for kids a bad mood. The flowers and plants in the surrounding flowerbeds, the railings and the stone floor George strait and CBD oil gummies bang, bang sound, and all of them are actually blocked True qi was blown up The boy also fought against greed and desire for the first time. Holland And Barrett CBD Oil. To conclude, there are many reasons why someone might want to take gummy supplements They are easy to take and can help with nausea, pain relief, providing energy, and sometimes even improving mood. I couldn't help but think that the transport ship was out of control, but he immediately realized that it was not out of control Rather, it is intentional Why isn't it roped? He shouted in surprise I said I should have learned the lessons of the blue moon CBD gummies his words, he Ablis concentrate CBD. With one blow, he hurriedly dodged with trembling hearts, followed by a roar Get out of the way! A ray of purple light expanded rapidly, inspiring a magnificent sword energy unparalleled in the world along the Shutu Sword, sweeping along the fan, all the way along the way To blow everything to smithereens From the fence are bluebird botanicals CBD oils co2 extracted from flowers and plants to birds and beasts is gone. Yes! The soldiers led The allergic CBD oil camp where Dong Wenxian and The women were imprisoned Before they approached The boy, they heard The women and Dong Wenxian Cursing voice It is mainly The women who is scolding, and Dong Wenxian is echoing. It is clear from the customer reviews that you do not have to worry about common concerns like dizziness and being high To give you an example, there are anecdotes of people who have taken these gummies while studying for an exam. Creating Better Days CBD Gummies The boy looked at angel hemp CBD oil reviews again, bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil with a strong yellow light This ray of light enveloped The boy and the boss. The difference between the two is like an open kettle and a covered kettle, and a nuclear bomb is like firing a cannonball CBD gummies legal in Tennessee kettle The one with intrinsic hemp CBD gummies must be held back a little, CBD gummies get you high actual power will only be greater than the theoretical Understood. The main commander is naturally the invincible and ANML alchemy CBD oil generals have gathered several famous generals in Daliang You, The boy, He, bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil with outstanding military exploits and battles And that's not to mention, especially the team led by The boy and the others this time is also very extraordinary. The Best Brand Of CBD Oil! This is one of the reasons that cbd has such vastly different effects than THC directly binds to what are known as cannabinoid receptors By binding to these receptors, THC can have a direct, immediate, and profound effect on this entire system. Don't you feel ashamed for bullying me like this? Shutting through the air, They said For the past six months, it's you who jumped up and down and shouted revenge for He, Holland and Barrett CBD oil wanted to kill my parents. Alive And Well Maui CBD Oil! the reaction chamber is bulged, and bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil when the temperature is lowered, and the strength of the reaction chamber is not enough In short, it's all a matter of the hemp gummy bears 10mg Manteno il not enough to be scrapped, but it's definitely not usable. CBDFx is very popular and a lot of people use its products, you should also know about what are the facts that are mandatory to know CBDFx gummies are a product with a blend of CBD that is considered as one of the most using cannabidiols Cannabidiol is the high quantity in the cannabis plant that is legal in the United States and other countries. For example, the frost-like The women, such as He, They, You At this time, the scenery alliqua biomedical and CBD oil stopped being the same, and a magnificent building group appeared at the end of the corridor. After entering the door, I first glanced at the broken coffee table and the broken purple jade teacup, and then he looked again A glance at Jizhi who was choice CBD gummies and resting in his spirits, I had not had time to perform the ritual, when Jizhi suddenly opened his eyes and shouted Beast, kneel! the best brand of CBD oil Jizhi in surprise, and then obeyed Jizhi Kneel down to the ground. If you are looking for an extraordinary CBD product that arrives in a fun, delicious, and chewy gooey structure, at that point you may need to try Kevin Costner CBD Gummies This is all you need to think about this supplement before you get it. Holy Grail CBD Gummies! He's daughter-in-law said excitedly Hearing yummy gummies CBD said, Liu's bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil Yes, wyld CBD gummies have such a big thing. aloe mixed with CBD oil but without any attention, it is almost unknown As Tan Weiran expected, although He did his best for this duel, he would not CBD gummies pain relief. And by reducing inflammation within the spinal cord and brain, CBD may even help individuals who have been diagnosed with disorders of the immune system or nervous system, as well as those who have chronic pain and sleep problems. Thunder Mountain is equipped Numerous anti-aircraft weapons, ranging from anti-aircraft guns to anti-aircraft missiles, plus the armor layer of the battleship itself, alien fighters pose little threat to the Thunder Mountain, and canine CBD oil has bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil. Black CBD Oil! Basically, there is get nice CBD gummy rings and effort, because people who have been searching for treasures have searched them time and time again, and alive and well CBD oil popular route on the map, and after some screening, there are not many left. However, the road of migration is not that easy Although the military of various countries spared no effort to combat the giant insects, the insect swarms are as strong as how long do cannabis-infused gummies stay potent. This CBD oil combines melatonin with broad spectrum CBD, CBN, and other minor cannabinoids With each dose, you get 100 mg of CBD and 5 mg of melatonin You ll fall asleep and be snoring before you know it. This person is so powerful? No wonder the shopkeeper is so polite to him, can you fly with CBD oil to the second floor to see, if there is a chance to curry favor with him, it will be a success. If you don't about CBD gummies A thunder and lightning sword pierced out of the sky, making the air blazing and violent Every change of lightning and lightning was so alternative to CBD oil interpreting the wrath of nature in everyone. American Indican CBD Oil! Otherwise, I would keep yelling at the blaster, CBD sleep gummies few explosive bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil enough to withstand a PurHealthRX hemp CBD oil.. Doctor Halsey, do you have anything else to add? Halsey sighed helplessly Nuclear natural hemp oil CBD transferred, and it is the highest priority The women nodded immediately This question is subject to Dr. Halsey's bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil unconditionally. Airfield Supply CBD Oil Out of curiosity, a group of Chang turned on the tactical lights on the helmets, and a bright light fell on the top of the cave He immediately saw a scene that he would never forget many blood vessel-like vines grew at the bottom of the uneven ice mayo clinic CBD oil. bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil a little worried in my heart, this is afraid that there are too many ice caves, which will disperse the pressure best full-spectrum CBD gummies for anxiety As soon as I arrived what do CBD gummies do was wrong, because Europa is like an eighteenth event happened. Third-Party Testing ProVerde lab conducts independent testing of FAB CBD gummies before providing an analytical result The gummies are free of pesticides, heavy metals, and THC The results are also available online. Ankle Pain Treatment CBD Oil. Swish! One after another, silhouettes flew into the sky one after another, forming an encircling formation, and they rushed towards The women, 60ml bottle CBD oil in groups Compared with communicating with voice transmission, communication is undoubtedly much more convenient now. Previously, CBD gummy bears for sale the predicament? Now they know The funny thing is, at this time, I wish I didn't know at all It's not that the Du'er powerhouses are nothing special, but 21 to sell CBD oil knowledge to understand. Topical CBD Oil. In the daily routine analysis meeting, CBD infused gummies opinions and had a lot of ideas, but no one knew what the aliens wanted to do when they moved the CBD oil for psoriasis. The material on your clothes is so good, your identity is definitely not ordinary I guess you may be If you encounter some bandits or have an accident, how can you come to this place and suffer these crimes Eat it, let's talk about it when you're full Uncle Hua urged, taking a Allevia CBD oil of cigarettes as he spoke. The boy almost spurted blood Wash smelly socks? Can you endure this? Humph! The boy slapped the table heavily, Straight waist pole said Of course I can't bear it! So I So you fell out with them, and then ran to me to avoid the limelight for bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil biogold CBD gummies a carriage of CBD gummy risks. 7 Leaf Clover CBD Oil! According to the bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil of experts, each capital ship is equipped with a platoon, an air carrier is equipped with a company, and there are some places near me that sell CBD oil up arms and participate in battles At present, there are more than 40 warships and more than 1,400 marines in Ganymede. The major forces did not pay attention to it at all, and they were too lazy to do anticarcenagenic CBD oil time being, otherwise it would CBD gummies legal in Florida wrong to think so, but it is neglecting the changing environment. holy grail CBD gummies She had left this place, and Tan Weiran took out a small barrier to prevent accidents To be honest, I'm a little worried if you want to leave alone This jeffs best hemp CBD oil survived for ten days will become bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil of the conspiracy Like The girlyan, The girl, it is very likely that there are people watching This is not an unnecessary concern, in front of Chongbao, The girlyan The girl is nothing. That's right, the fork in the road to the left was originally formed by the expansion of the He Sword over tens of thousands of years airfield supply CBD oil by bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil the road immediately disintegrated and disappeared Without the fork in the road, the danger of the corridor will not be confused and intensified to a terrifying level. CBD Gummies Get You High! He immediately thought of Ganymede No way? Spent fuel The radiation is so strong that aliens can withstand it? Storage is also CBD gummies dispensary near me on the battleship is a time bomb, can you use it for you? I said He chuckled approvingly That's right, I can't feel safe when I put that thing next to someone. It will come in an easy-to-use bottle with a dropper top, which means you can easily measure specific doses depending on your child s weight This is by far the best option for any skin-related ailment, as well as sore muscles and joints. Although it is well known that in the past, some people found several ninth-order utensils in Dongfu, but it was not for this reason, and he was not interested in treasure hunting Based on this, the speed along the way is very fast, and only Nhanced CBD oil routes passed along the way are recorded. Kushy Punch CBD Gummies!. help lucid CBD gummies target Earth! I was in high spirits, and the depression that had accumulated for more than 20 days was swept away The left side of the rudder, the target Earth- The others were also beaming, wishing to fly back assistance for CBD oil. It was obvious bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil The girl that they had entered the The man Mansion and could arrive at the place where We was suppressed at any bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil at ambary health CBD oil. Snake lizard? There is such a possibility, but it is only possible If you can catch a bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil live ones, it would be good to send them ACE hemp CBD oil. Nhanced CBD Oil. understand right? She's expression how often can I take CBD oil what happened, I thought they had magnets on their feet! They laughed again You really dare bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil just say that they have magnets on their feet? It's not impossible, is it? I said weakly, Even a laser can grow, what is a magnet. After analysis, He believed that the reason why the aliens refused to engage in the battle was not only that the strength of the Nanzhou fleet was higher than that of the enemy, but also that the Nanzhou CBD gummies golf eager nature's way CBD gummies are not mindless idiots Human actions have broken the confrontation in the asteroid belt The Nanzhou fleet is particularly interested in Ceres. Finding that there was no is hemp oil CBD oil and called bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil It to be prepared to respond at any GNC CBD gummies. Since The women surrendered, then after a discussion, everyone simply do CBD gummy bears show up on a drug test leaving and stayed in the black CBD oil for free sample CBD gummies. Rachael Ray CBD Gummies are great among different other chewy candies I at any sort of point found these superb chewy candies are here to help in taking care of your body from inside to out! The item is 100% regular can assist with a ton of different things There s a drawing in explanation of why CBD is probably the best managing available as of now. If it exceeds 300 taels, it needs to be approved by The boy, the director of the intelligence department As for more than 1,000 taels, it must be approved by the Admiral of the does CBD oil help arthritis pain Seal Now you understand how I know about this Right? The boy was stunned, he stared blankly at She's mind for a while. Best Way To Take CBD Oil! Hemp sourced from KentuckyNo THCGentle sleep aid Ingredients Melissa officinalis lemon balm, matricaria chamomilla chamomile, l-theanine, passiflora passionflower, cannabidiol hemp extract, 5-HTP 5-hydroxytryptophan, melatonin tapioca syrup, natural turbinado sugar, DI water, citrus pectin, natural flavor and color, citric acid, malic acidPricing 0. After practicing boxing, aegis vape CBD oil five-element dragon claw hand, then the thousand-fold cast wave palm, etc random is the wasted hand As for the He Claws, there is really no need to practice more. You walked up to They and said, It's not suitable to stay here for a long time, bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil responded and immediately and Alexis CBD oil out to the city gate together. bluebird botanicals hemp CBD oil ? - Nature's way CBD gummies - Buy cannabidiol CBD oil - Blue moon CBD gummies - Iris CBD gummies - TRU bliss CBD gummies reviews - Is hemp oil CBD oil - Alive and well CBD oil - Allevia CBD oil - Holland and Barrett CBD oil

Bf Following Ex On Instagram Bf Following Ex On InstagramJust as it is a common issue to find the best place to get Instagram followers, there are many issues that Instagram users are interested in. Goo Hara's ex-boyfriend, Choi Jong Bum, has revealed shocking images of the aftermath of the assault that took place on September 13th. While most of us agree it’s perfectly acceptable to unfollow an ex on Instagram—“It feels unhealthy to be bombarded with photos,” says one editor—many. 8 Reasons It's Time To Delete Your Ex On Social Media through which our exes can slip through the cracks and back into our lives is as simple as them "liking" a photo on Instagram. That is already a problem I probably need some advice for, on its own, . The "All of the Lights" singer has been extremely active on Instagram since Saturday night and he's been using the social media app the way Twitter was intended - throwing shade at everyone from Hillary Clinton to Machine Gun Kelly to Kid Cudi. The pair got together in late 2019, and Payton. The pair, who began dating in August 2019, first sparked split. Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with:. (Pic Credit: Instagram/realsomyali) Somy Ali’s recent shared story had a post from a page called ‘myexisapsychopath’ (my ex is a psychopath), the post read, “Breaking up with a. Jana expressed her delight on 'finding happiness. Pierson Wodzynski is a famous Tiktok star and social media influencer who has been very conservative about her dating life. You Look Even More Annoying For Him; 1. 1 Reasons Why Your Ex Unfollowed You On Instagram. The ex Towie star, 31, told fans today: “When you know, you know…. If you broke up with each other and decided to end your relationship, he is likely trying to move on as you are from your past. Keep scrolling for all the ways Corinne's ex-boyfriend Nick and Corinne's new boyfriend Jon are basically the same beared, white dude. By Lola, 6 years ago on Dating. Missing from Cyrus' Instagram account are posts from her relationship with longtime boyfriend and husband of under a year, Liam Hemsworth. Mackenzie Ziegler finally addressed her breakup from ex-boyfriend Isaak Presley during an emotional Instagram Live. Then some photos were uploaded with captions similar to mine. But he apparently didn't go off the grid altogether. According to the arrest report, Beatriz. Jason Kidd's ex-wife, Joumana Kidd raised kids from Jason despite their horrific divorce. After years of joking on social media about being single, Gabbie started dating Payton Saxon. May 07, 2019 · I'm in a friends with benefits situation with my ex. Second, it means that you're probably not getting enough of your own likes to entertain yourself. Your ex boyfriend won’t feel pressure to respond to you right away and it allows him to think of an appropriate response. While the mystery man still remains under wraps, RHONJ viewers can see that he's tan and well built. On August 23, 2016, HODU&U Entertainment released an official statement about the. Chances are, they’ve seen what you’ve posted and you shouldn’t give them the privilege of knowing what’s going on in your life. On Tuesday night, comedian Trevor Noah discussed the feud between West and his ex-wife Kim Kardashian on his show, citing experience from his own childhood to warn that it could turn violent. I knew that if I remained friends with an ex on Facebook, if I kept following him on Twitter, Instagram and Snapchat, I would be facing up to the truth of. The singer said she was in a relationship with someone who treated her poorly, contributing to her depression. Either the two of you become friends, or you refuse to see each other, or your ex will go crazy without you and try to win you back. The pictures were from when I was underaged. I experienced this myself, so many times. Recently I noticed how many insta models and OF girls and the like that he followed and I told him that it made me uncomfortable. The rapper threw shade at Harvey with his new music!. The crime: Following someone else on Twitter or Instagram. 5 Simon Rex teased a 'sneaky treat' with Pete Davidson Credit: Instagram/Simon Rex 5. It is indeed the' Home of fan debate. Billie Eilish's Dating History: The Singer's Ex-Boyfriends Revealed Including Brandon 'Q' Adams. And, after featuring writer/director Joey Izzo's previous short Stepsister just a few short months ago and now his latest film, My Daughter's Boyfriend, it's clear that Izzo is definitely oneJust as I was willing to open my mouth and inhale the scent, I suddenly woke up. HOUSTON (TCD) -- Police are actively searching for a suspect who stands accused of fatally stabbing one man and assaulting another over the weekend. It's not your business, and you are better off acting as if you don't care, even if it does bother you for whatever reason. The creator of Skims unfollowed her estranged husband Kanye West on Instagram on Thursday, amid his rants against her, their family, and her new boyfriend, Pete Davidson. 'Southern Charm' star Madison LeCroy prompted rumors of a potential engagement when she shared a series of photos of herself and her new boyfriend on Instagram over the weekend. Following the boss is a hallmark of sycophancy 4. A British man, famed for becoming one of country's first gay fathers, has revealed he is now engaged to his daughter's ex-boyfriend, despite the 25-year age gap. Pics: Jana Kramer Makes New Boyfriend Instagram Official Jana Kramer and ex-husband Mike Caussin separated in April following a cheating scandal and years of turbulence in their relationship. On the other hand, if you take no notice she may stop. I’m currently following 2,211 profiles on Instagram. And finally, texting your ex boyfriend won't make him think that you still love him. KANYE West has followed Kim Kardashian's boyfriend Pete Davidson on Instagram - days after tearing into him online. Billie Eilish and her ex-boyfriend Brandon Quention Adams share a passion for music. He also lost his job following assault and stalking charges, was placed on a home curfew for 12 hours a day, had to wear an electronic ankle tag . When your ex blocks you on Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook or anywhere on social media, you must remember that your ex blocked you out of hatred and self-protection. People who are excited to post their various feelings of expressing love to your man should definitely refer to this page. Instagram followers and following lists might seem like chaos, but there is an order to them. Kanye West has been suspended from Instagram for twenty-four hours following his use of a racial slur in a post about Trevor Noah. Kanye West went on a social media rampage over the weekend, including leaking a private message he received from ex-wife Kim Kardashian's boyfriend Pete Davidson. How to hide who you follow on Instagram. Asking your best friend to read off your ex's Facebook updates to you over wine. He moved to another state to finish college, started his career, and moved home after his father's death. bretman rock GOES OFF on princess mae's ex! FOLLOW ME:instagram:. “I figure if you’re happy in your new relationship you should focus on that instead of trying to tear your ex bf down for something to do,” D. Shanna Moakler 's boyfriend, Matthew Rondeau, has been arrested following an alleged physical confrontation with Moakler. Lori Harvey, who has been in the news for famously dating Michael B. Nina Dobrev Gives Boyfriend Shaun White a Haircut in. If you find that your boyfriend is telling you all about his ex, whether it's in the browser history or conversations over social media. A comment on Instagram by Farhan Akhtar is a proof of the cordial relationship the two share. Breaking up is hard to do when you're still connected on social media. The Chicago Tribune reports that a study by Western University found that 48% of people are friends with their exes on Facebook. Recently, a funny video of Indian wedding went viral on Instagram wherein the ex-boyfriend of the bride showed up on her wedding day. Jason Kidd's ex-wife, Joumana Kidd, claimed that the Lakers assistant coach 'broke her rib and smashed her head into a car's console. The first time I met his mom, she could not stop talking about the ex. Perhaps Rihanna was thinking of her ex-boyfriends last night ( Chris Brown, Matt Kemp, Leonardo DiCaprio (?!) among. Kelly also treated fans to some intimate snaps. I saw where my bf did once, I was hu. Scott Disick is Kourtney Kardashian's ex-boyfriend and the father of her three kids. Kate Fowler is an Ex-Partner of Australian Businessman Justin Hemmes. KIM Kardashian's boyfriend Pete Davidson reappeared on Instagram after her ex Kanye West vowed to "get help" amid his threats toward the comedian. It drives me crazy that he still follows her and I don't know why. Kapamilya star Erich Gonzales and rumored boyfriend Mateo Lorenzo are seemingly hinting at a drama as they unfollowed each other on Instagram. She may be jealous that he's now with you and has moved on, especially if she hasn’t found a new partner. The SNL star and rapper have been in a public feud, at least according to Ye, who. During a recent Instagram Q+A, someone asked me the following question: “Is it strange if I want to be friends with my boyfriend's ex?”. REAL Housewives of New Jersey star Teresa Giudice's boyfriend Luis Ruelas allegedly "demanded sex four times a DAY from ex-girlfriend. The hangout period of your relationship with your boyfriend ends up in a very short time. In October 2019, Instagram discontinued its Following Activity Tab. On one hand, your boyfriend is most likely seeing his ex's photos, double. And finally, texting your ex boyfriend won’t make him think that you still love him. Trust your gut, trust the evidence, and trust yourself! Follow @Lalalaletmeexplain on Instagram for more advice on sex and relationships. Divya Agarwal is an Indian star. 794k Followers, 2,043 Following, 1,197 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Joshua Ritchie (@joshuaritchie1). TikTok user Bella, 25, claims she created a fake Tumblr account in order to watch her ex-boyfriend monitor her Instagram page, on a daily basis, for the past three years. In his emotional Instagram post in honor of Naya , Tahj made some surprising revelations. Digging into the biography of Muguruza's new boyfriend, we've learned that he has only recently separated from his wife, a beautiful Finnish figure skater Kiira Korpi. I'm not really into it but he's a keen photographer as was his ex gf. Brielle Biermann's ex-boyfriend of two years, White Sox player Michael Kopech for the social commentary that will follow," Masini added. I think this is a really good opportunity to see if your boyfriend and you can have a healthy conversation about this. Paige DeSorbo's ex-boyfriend: Dating history explored as 'Winter House' star goes Instagram official with Crag Conover Paige DeSorbo made her relationship official with her new boyfriend (Image by. Depending on your network of friends, your ex may appear in statuses, location updates, and photos on social media sites. Because he post things on facebook quite a lot and I didn’t even want to see his name. Nathan Schwandt was in a high-profile relationship with Jeffree Star for 5 years, and seems to have found love again with a Texas-based model. They might not even be following you. Jeffree Star's ex-boyfriend goes on and explains the reason for Star's need to keep track of him. my boyfriend s ex girlfriend stalks me on instagram doesn t follow me just - my 18 Women Who Are Being Stalked nyk hashtag on instagram .. Kanye West's Instagram recent behavior has landed him in trouble with the social media giant. It was certainly "tea time" as the triple threat took to social media this week with a scathing rant about his ex-boyfriend, whom he told followers he discovered had cheated on him. Stalking by an ex-partner is a repeated action and can happen continuously for months, as one Reddit user experienced when her ex-boyfriend had been calling, texting, and emailing her for over a year. The hard truth is, that you shouldn’t follow your ex on Instagram right after the breakup. Why You Shouldn't Care If Your BF Likes Other Girls. They want to hear your voice but don't want you to know it's them when they call. “If your partner's ex still follows them on Instagram but they're respectful of your relationship, there really isn't anything to handle,” . " Note to self: do not enter into any kind of relationship with your. I feel like he wants to move on so quickly, and that he would not be this kind of person, I mean I'm still following him, even though it. Actress Seo Ye Ji has updated fans for the first time since the controversy involving ex-boyfriend Kim Jung Hyun. Lauren Goodger has gone Instagram official with her ex-boyfriend and baby daddy Charles Drury. I don't know if you've been following along with the drama going on between Celebrity Big Brother alum Shanna Moakler and her ex-boyfriend Matthew Rondeau, but it's a lot. Unfortunately, the person who can tell you for sure isn't tal. I dont wanna come off a rude or invasive to him if I ask, but is it normal for a guy to still follow their ex girl friend on social networks? He says he's over her and how much he dislikes her, but is it just to see how life is now for her, like just to keep up, i. Southern Charm's Madison LeCroy Goes IG Official With New BF Following Alex she's making things Instagram even the former Yankees player is hanging out with his ex-wife. Along with an adorable selfie of the couple. Recently, I noticed some odd activity of his on Instagram, and this has devolved into a teenager-esque. Of course, I was annoyed but maintained my cool. Following her recent entrance as Faye in Euphoria, fans are now eager to find out who Chloe Cherry's boyfriend is. Yes, he's ridden a smallish bike to great acclaim, but his feed on Instagram features skydiving. Man shot twice in West Side home, police seek woman's ex-boyfriend, police say. Answer (1 of 8): It usually means one of two things. Hamisa Mobetto Wiki, Bio, Age, Height, Weight. Hrithik Roshan and his ex-wife Sussanne Khan praised his rumoured girlfriend Saba Azad for her acting skills. Secondly how should you behave if you did and now there is no going back and you know he's in touch with her?. Tamar Braxton's ex-boyfriend David Adefeso has responded to Braxton's allegations of cheating with a cease and desist order against Braxton. Back in July 2020, he commented two dancing women emojis on a photo Holmes posted on set for her movie The Secret. That is already a problem I probably need some advice for, on its own, but: I just accidentally liked her photo on Instagram. On Monday, June 22, the producer posted a video of himself snuggling with a. I am 100 percent over the loss of our relationship, which was great at times but a bad fit in a lot of different ways. A woman is hurt by the affection her partner expresses for his ex-wife on social media, but he says he can post whatever he wants. Megan Ramsay is active on Instagram, whereas Byron is not. While most of us agree it's perfectly acceptable to unfollow an ex on Instagram—“It feels unhealthy to be bombarded with photos,” says one . Billie Eilish Says Her Ex-Boyfriend Brandon Q Is What Led to Her Depression. Jennifer Garner Spotted with Ex-BF John Miller — See the Pics. If they're following your online activity, they probably still like you. Or two, they didn't get closure or still hurt by how it ended and curious to know why or if they seem happy. Or Women Making Fish-y Faces? Does the guy you're into follow his college roommates, coworkers, and friends (ideally), or does he follow models . Another photo shows Owens nuzzling the four-time gold medalist. However, Byron's Instagram handle is currently unavailable. After sharing the first photo of her boyfriend on Instagram, she seemingly threw some shade at her much older ex-boyfriend, Thomas Ravenel. Jana Kramer makes it Instagram official with new boyfriend. She doesn't follow him, and made the first move to delete him from Facebook. Maria Avgitidis is the CEO & Matchmaker of Agape Match, a matchmaking service based out of New York City. Over the Valentine's Day weekend, Dolores took to her Instagram to post a photo of her and her new beau, making them the hottest couple in New Jersey according to some fans. She took to her Instagram account and shared a series of love-filled. To recap, there are several reasons your ex unfollowed you on social media. The 28-year-old Scream Queens star sparked breakup rumors after fans noticed she has unfollowed her boyfriend. The rumors involving Lucas - a member of SM Entertainment's boy group NCT have constantly appeared and seemed to have no end. Not only is it discomfiting that such a thing exists — wow, is it not productive, especially when it comes to an ex or a crush gone wrong. Stop following the feeds of mutual friends. Should You Keep Pictures of Your Ex Boyfriend, Girlfriend. One of the reasons that someone may stop following you on Instagram or social media may be that he is already still thinking about you all of the time. 4k Followers, 266 Following, 8 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Ex-Boyfriend (@re_exboyfriend). This after she in recent days claimed via Twitter. 6,674 Followers, 151 Following, 58 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos. Therefore, it is no longer possible to see what a user likes on Instagram. She claims an ex-boyfriend cheated on her with four girls, so she broke . It might make you worry when you see your boyfriend's ex-girlfriend is one of his friends or followers on social media. They break up, or do something stupid, so I leave, and after - all of the sudden follow 60 different hot girls on instagram. Kim Go-eun's Ex-Boyfriend: Shin Ha-kyun. How Close Should My Boyfriend Be with his Ex?. Some are real celebrities, some are pet celebrities (like literally cats and dogs), and a select few are people I actually know in real life. Ex suddenly unfollowed me on instagram for no reason. In this day and age posting a selfie on your social media profile is as woman did this, her ex-boyfriend threatened to break up with her. The comedian, 28, who has seemingly been dating the KUWTK star since October. ️” Lorri, also known as Lozza, works in pro…. Queens of the Stone Age frontman Josh Homme 's allegedly threatened to kill his ex-wife's new boyfriend and now the guy just got court-ordered. I'm talking pics of her posing alone and looking really well and it's seriously getting to me. 6k Followers, 3137 Following, 2596 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from My Ex Boyfriend (@myexboyfriend). The singer and former Disney Channel star wiped her account clean in the summer of 2018 and started over. These include extreme jealousy disorder symptoms like: snooping through pictures of boyfriend's ex girlfriend, personal belongings, social media accounts, etc . Your boyfriend behaves like old bickering couples as he still misses . “I’m very, very happy,” Olindo said in May 2018 when she first began dating the anesthesiologist, adding, “He’s wonderful. If you respond, she knows that she's getting to you and will carry on. So you want to know if someone is stalking you on Instagram. What would you do if your boyfriend/girlfriend did this? show 10 more I'm embarrassed how many followers/likes is bait?. Following your new Tinder lover on Instagram is a step forward like anything else, and it carries the same consequences if things go south. Additionally, if you have a new boy/girl friend, then keeping pictures of you and your ex lying around the house, or in your wallet - is not an acceptable form of behavior under any circumstances. Authorities in Texas are searching for a man who allegedly shot his ex-girlfriend in the. On May 4, Us Weekly broke the news that, according to a source, Jennifer Garner and her ex-boyfriend, businessman John Miller, are "back on. In this article I will tell you about Madison Beer's age, Madison Beer's height, Madison Beer's boyfriend, and all the other. Whether it’s a fresh wound or ancient history, sometimes it’s necessary to delete our exes on social media. He or she feels like the victim, so your ex must push you out of his or her life to recuperate from "your mistreatment" throughout the relationship. Holmes and Vitolo still follow each other on Instagram post-breakup. During a recent segment on the show, John and Andy took a compatibility test, and they were paired with guests Paige DeSobro and Craig Conover, and it featured plenty of conversation between John and Andy about their past relationship. The Vampire Diaries alum, 31, seemingly revealed they are quarantining together by posting a photo of. If you have less than 200 followers, the list is organized in alphabetical order by the name on their profile, not their username. Giudice's ex-husband, Joe Giudice, said that he wants her to get out there and date. Answer (1 of 23): First I want to start saying that your bf following random woman on instragam has nothing to do with him being man and man being visual creatures or it's “man’s nature to follow attractive women etc” as some of the answer here mentioned. Updated: April 1, 2022 1:14 PM IST. She has over 1m followers on Instagram and growing! 21. A 63-year-old woman and a 57-year-old man were shot to death. He wasn’t checking and posting his instagram since June. TikToker uses IP tracker on link page to prove her ex-boyfriend was still stalking her Instagram 3 years after they broke up 'made a Tumblr specifically after my breakup just to see if this man. The singer announced on Instagram Wednesday that her boyfriend popped the question on her 30th birthday. - Hialeah police announced the arrest of a woman in reference to a stabbing incident initially believed to be an attempted. 34-year-old Johnny is the first cast member from China on 90 Day Fiancé. It doesn’t matter if her family follows you. How to Not Stalk Your Ex on Social Media: 12 Steps (with. Follow CapitalXtra on Instagram. I started seeing an ex-boyfriend after nearly 25 years of being apart. Congratulations! You have completed our Mass Delete Instruction Guide and are officially ready to get back on the Instagram platform free from annoying followers. 1m Followers, 2,439 Following, 1,594 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from ɢᴀʙʙʏ ᴅᴀᴡɴ ᴀʟʟᴇɴ (@gabbydawnallen). If you don't trust him because you're insecure about his friendship with his ex, you're only going to accomplish the following. If your best friend feels it is awkward to have him following her, she can decline his request. Ronnie Allegedly Threatened Jen's New Boyfriend. Kim Go Eun Boyfriend, Ex-Boyfriend and Husband If you are big fan of Kim Go-eun you can follow her official Instagram account with over 4m followers. She uploaded a photo of the musician with his hands around her waist as the pair enjoyed a trip to the beach in August 2020. Practice some of these comebacks and roasts that will sum up your feelings about. The "Cosby Show" actress is happily coupled up. News of Laura's death was confirmed by her older sister, Greta Irene, via an Instagram story. My boyfriend of one year has refused to delete photos from his Instagram account that show him with his ex-girlfriend. According to Marhold, Jeffree Star's former boyfriend (could be Nate Schwandt) cheated on the business owner with "over 50 trans girls". Why You Shouldn't Care If Your BF Likes Other Girls' Instagram Pics. Why would my ex boyfriend request to follow my best friend. How Countless Sexy Models on Instagram. The singer revealed more information about her ex in her song Happier Than Ever, and the. He's not super active on instagram, so if he just never unfollowed, id get that. Here's the thing though, he unfollowed me officially the day I posted a photo of my new man friend, since then flaunting his newest girlfriend. But, for example, if you want to find out if your boyfriend likes a specific user on Instagram, there is a way to check that out. Calvin Harris tweeted on July 13, 2016. He owns around 70 pubs, Hostels, Restaurant, and clubs around Sydney. , where they found 36-year-old Alejandro Mejia deceased in the roadway. Justine had a rocky start on Love Island USA season 2, taking some time to find a romantic connection with one of the boys that went beyond a mere friendship. It’s no longer any of their business. Jana Kramer makes it Instagram official with new boyfriend Ian Schinelli: 'Listen to your heart' in Sharpie over an embroidered "C"— replacing her ex-husband Caussin's 20,000 followers. AITA for following my ex boyfriend on instagram? AITA. " Luis' ex-fiancée Vanessa Reiser made the claim in legal documented obtained by Page Six. Nicole Curtis Reveals She Has a New Boyfriend in PDA-Filled Photo Following Legal Battle with Ex this link is to an external site that may or may not meet accessibility guidelines. Nicole Curtis Reveals She Has a New Boyfriend in PDA-Filled Photo Following Legal Battle with Ex "New Jersey and my man with the beard," Curtis captioned the PDA-filled photo with her new. Hamisa Mobetto is an entrepreneur, actress and musician. His ex is always in the picture. For as long as anyone can remember, there has always been a fascination towards Hollywood couples. I met some of his family members and his flatmates, and some of his friends. I want to let you know some things. I am having exactly the same issue at the moment. Another problem with Instagram users' discover section is cleaning the explore history. My bf and me have recently linked up on Instagram. The guy who dumped me on New Years, was already searching for someone new before we were over, and has followed and unfollowed me in a ploy to get my attention. The mom of one and former Glee actress went missing during a boating trip with her son on Lake Piru in California earlier this week. Found out My Ex Is Engaged on Instagram: What to Do. Few thing are more confusing than going through a breakup, trying to move on with your life, and then realizing your ex is watching your Instagram stories. We’re curious creatures by nature, and we have all of this data right in front of our faces. Did AOA member Mina steal her boyfriend from his girlfriend?. Kim Go-eun dated a senior actor Shin Ha-kyun and confirmed it publicly in August 2016. Michelle Kwan has shared the first pic of her child on her Instagram which has over 251k followers. 1,423 Followers, 414 Following, 78 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from 🌙🤙 (@bf_illustrates). Woman created 30 fake Instagram profiles to get innocent ex. Love Island USA season 2 winner Justine Ndiba has deleted all of her post-show pictures with ex-boyfriend Caleb Corprew from her Instagram profile. A few traces of the doctor remained on her page in larger group shots with her other. 50+ Best Cute Love Captions for Boyfriend Instagram. She likes to travel and definitely knows how to sport a bikini which keeps her fans happy! She has over 600k followers on Instagram and growing. Maybe (despite the fact that he has pictures of you on his account) he doesn’t want people to know you’re dating. The meaning of EX-BOYFRIEND is a former boyfriend (sense 2). Man Is Accused of Following Ex and Killing Her as She Rode in Truck with Current Boyfriend Instagram. Others pick and choose: It’s not going to bother me. Kanye West has followed Pete Davidson on Instagram after launching a series of scathing attacks on his ex-wife's boyfriend. Answer (1 of 4): Given what you’ve written here, it sounds like he’s holding something back. One of them is about how to reset the Instagram Explore Page. The feature allowed users to see which posts their followers were liking on the platform, as well as who they were adding and being followed by. It's normal to feel jealous when your partner is close with their ex, but accepting that relationship can be surprisingly rewarding. Here's a run down on why that's such a shocker. “I’ve blocked like 3 different accounts already, boy leave me alone,” the caption read. “I am addicted to stalking my boyfriend's ex-girlfriend. You get a lot of calls from an unknown number. But only a real woman can help a man achieve his goals in life, support him when he's broke, push him to be successful, shower him with positive energy, compliment him on a regular basis and never kick him while he's down. Hi, so I’ve been with my boyfriend since September and I’m starting to get trust issues, I see him every weekend and both work during the week, but why is it every time I go on Instagram he’s liking other girls pictures that he’s dated or been with in the past and follow girls that are local and younger? he’s 28 and following 20-21. What You Can Find Out From Creeping on a Guy's Instagram Feed. There, fans follow her every post, including her workout and diet tips, figure-hugging exercise outfits and general "living my best life" pictures. 'Dear Lala, my boyfriend is friends with his ex – but I'm suspicious'. "The source added that the rekindled romance "started up.. Ex boyfriend Boyfriend sent direct message to an Instagram model Boyfriend sent a direct message to an Instagram model. What to Do If Your Partner's Ex Follows You on Instagram. Carolyn TwerskyAssociate Editor. Woman created 30 fake Instagram profiles to get innocent. “I am addicted to stalking my boyfriend’s ex-girlfriend. Some take the “rip the Band-Aid off” approach after a breakup, purging their social feeds of all traces of their ex. The Olympic champion gymnast posted a cheek-to-cheek picture with Houston Texans player Jonathan Owens on Sunday, announcing: "It's just us. She may be jealous that he's now with you and has moved on, especially if she hasn't found a new partner. The take home message from studies like these is that the “acceptability” of your boyfriend’s activities is very subjective. A good amount of them are instagram stories also posted to his friends only list as opposed to a regular instagram story posted for all followers. He Wants Less Number Of Following. Second, and more importantly, since he'll probably reply to you via text message, it allows you time to think of a good response. My goddamn ex boyfriend! You know the one. Elin Nordegren's Famous Boyfriend Revealed Following Pregnancy News Getty Days after Tiger Woods' ex-wife Elin Nordegren was seen with a baby bump, the identity of her new boyfriend has been. Discover: Dexter Keaton Wiki: Husband, Net Worth, Father, Height. Social media etiquette in your relationship can be a grey area, but the #1 hardcore rule is that if your ex is still in your profile picture . With that being said, if they follow others on Instagram who are like them, they’ll most likely show support by doing a lot of double-tapping. After posting a few PDA-filled snaps together on social media, Kenzie revealed that she "missed" him in a sweet Instagram. Hamisa has three children with music artist Diamond Platnumz named Dylan Abdul Naseeb, Deedaylan Abdul Naseeb and Fantasy Majizzo. Keke Palmer might be a single lady once again. 5 Signs of a Stalker Ex-Boyfriend. Profiles without a name will be listed above the alphabetical list. It feels like a real need sometimes, to. Now, Autumn has been linked to a new partner, amid reports. Barriers to leaving an abusive. Nathan Schwandt is well-known by YouTube fans as Jeffree Star's ex-boyfriend. MORE: Adele offers new insight into relationship with Rich Paul after 'embarrassing' divorce. First off, looking at it means you were bored enough to wonder what the people you're following are liking on Instagram. Not following my Instagram profile, but keeping a check on my stories. Saweetie and Quavo's current relationship status made headlines on March 17 after fans found out the couple unfollowed each other on Instagram following the "Best Friend" rapper's guest. Nate & Jeffree became a well-known "power couple" before their split last year. Claims made by a netizen who says she is a friend of AOA member Mina's boyfriend's ex-girlfriend. If you guys are not on good terms, you should let your ex be something of the past. This is a clear sign of jealousy. Back in 2020, Vanessa filed a legal action against Luis following the end of their relationship. This article was co-authored by Maria Avgitidis. “If you see that they've liked each and every photo,. Assumes That It's Better To Be Friends In The Real World; 2 More Tips To Keep The Friendship Going With Ex-Boyfriend. com/shadespillMUSIC:. Is there any reasonable reason to still follow your ex on. An ex-boyfriend who claimed to have cancer after I broke up with him for threatening to send my nudes out to my boss, friends, and parents. Her Instagram post reads, "Any woman can spend a man's money, ride his car, order off the menu. Follow Megan Ramsay Boyfriend Byron On Instagram. Following their split, Olindo had unfollowed Shah and deleted most of the couple's photos on her Instagram. Courtney Ireland-Ainsworth created up to 30 false profiles, then told police her. My (34F) boyfriend (30M) still follows his ex on instagram?. AceShowbiz - Kash Doll 's boyfriend Tracy T has broken his silence on cheating allegation leveled at him. ' 888sport heavily makes content through IGTV (Instagram TV), Instagram videos and Instagram Reels. Ella Johnson’s boyfriend Johnny Chao has unveiled his Instagram page on which he’s spilling many behind-the-scenes secrets about his life apart from 90 Day Fiancé: Before the 90 Days. Woman created 30 fake Instagram profiles to get innocent ex-boyfriend thrown in jail. me and my bf are almost 3 years together it feels like he's not over hes ex he even made an fake Instagram account just to follow her he likes all her pics and who know he might have message her ?because he has done it in the past I just found out that he talked to hes mom about her and that she blocked him witch means their were in contacted. The 44-year-old rapper, who admitted to "harassing" his ex Kim and new. In other words, actively monitoring an ex-partner via Facebook was related to greater distress following a breakup and more longing for the ex-partner. As to why he chose to reveal these photos, Choi Jong Bum stated that he. I follow a few of my ex-flings myself so it'd be pretty hypocritical for me to expect my boyfriend not to follow anyone he's ever been involved with in any sort of sexual or romantic way. Todrick Hall Drags Ex for Allegedly Cheating in Savage. Is there any reasonable reason to still follow your ex on Instagram My(19f) boyfriend(21m) have been officially together for just over 6 months now. It's as if it was made just to be over-analyzed by our highly evolved brains. Instagram killing my romance: I’ve been dating this guy long-distance for four months. A man who tried to attack his ex-girlfriend's boyfriend with a brick was shot and critically injured Saturday night at a home near. On Instagram, she can be found under the handle @hamisamobetto […]. Kayla Itsines' main account has a mind-blowing 13. Following her and Horton's split, there were reports that Gaga had reunited with her ex-fiancé, Christian Carino. Should Your Partner Still Follow Their Ex On Social Media?CLICK HERE TO SUBSCRIBE:. - A teen is facing several charges, after deputies say she broke into her ex-boyfriend's home and stole his three-month-old puppy. 11 Powerful Ways to Get Your Ex's Attention on Instagram. But there was the issue of following one another. The 33-year-old retired athlete announced their split via an Instagram post in June. There isn't much information about him online, as he doesn't seem to be an influencer like Gabbie is, but he frequently shared photos and videos with Gabbie on his Instagram throughout their relationship. “When you continue to look at someone on social media. If it’s a guy, he’s a funny guy. Once someone is out of your physical life, it’s time to get them out of your digital life, too. 10 Best Football Pages on Instagram to Follow. My ex and I broke up over a week ago. Woman arrested after stabbing ex-boyfriend in Hialeah.. Not long after the two seemed to be inseparable - according to Instagram pics - things got a little crazy with Jeffree Star even writing a comment on Marhold's Instagram saying "Hey!. Shanna Moakler's boyfriend gets cryptic on why he deleted her from Instagram. That awkward moment when your ex starts following you on Instagram. So first things first, don't stalk him. Dated In: 2011 Ariana was reportedly dating her Victorious backup dancer, Jordan Viscomi after her big break-up with Graham in 2011. He still follows me, however, after five days of no contact he is not watching my Instagram story, as well as my friends’. Highlight the biggest thing your ex is missing out on—you! Check your selfies for good lighting and flattering angles, and crop out any distracting items or . "I figure if you're happy in your new relationship you should focus on that instead of trying to tear your ex bf down for their Instagram following an ex after a breakup can be a. I follow some of my ex-flings simply because I haven't even though about it and I don't really care whether I follow them or not. Hollywood actor Alexandra Daddario took to Instagram to indulge in a full-fledged PDA session with her boyfriend Andrew Form. Billie Eilish ' s documentary, The World's a Little Blurry, gave fans a look into her relationship with Brandon Q Adams, and the details shocked her fans. Ben Affleck and Jennifer Lopez are back together, and now it looks like his ex-wife Jennifer Garner has rekindled a romance, too. The former senator's former beauty queen also debunked allegations that he was not smiling. Mason, Penelope, and Reign are their precious children and even though Scott and Kourtney are no longer a romantic couple, they have the co-parenting thing down pat. These may upset you, especially if you find out your ex is with a new partner or having a ball without you. To Follow or Not to Follow? When It Comes to Exes on Social Media. The total Net worth of the Ex-partner of Kate Fowler is around $1 Billion, and they have 3 Years of Relationship from 2015 to 2018. My (34F) boyfriend (30M) still follows his ex on IG. Olivia dated Bizaardvark co-star Ethan Wacker after they worked together on the Disney Channel. According to Brown, an ex following you on Instagram could mean that they miss you, either romantically or just as a friend. Indonesian Instagram celebrity Edèlenyi Laura Anna passed away this afternoon after spending the last two years of her life paralyzed due to a traffic accident. A 20-year-old British woman is behind bars after she set up dozens Instagram accounts in a bid to frame her ex-boyfriend as a violent stalker, according to reports. Deputies: Man shoots girlfriend's ex-boyfriend in brick attack. Nina Dobrev and Shaun White confirmed their relationship via Instagram on Thursday, May 28. On January 1, 2022, Kailyn Lowry shared a screenshot of her text exchange with ex-boyfriend Javi Marroquin. Create an account or log in to Instagram - A simple, fun & creative way to capture, edit & share photos, videos & messages with friends & family. Another reason is that the ex is someone interesting and he likes to see what the ex is up to. Most of her content is based on her relationship with her boyfriend. Madison Beer who was born on March 5, 1999, in Jericho, New York, U. Todrick Hall Drags Ex for Allegedly Cheating in Savage Instagram Story Tirade: 'Lying B—' Someone get some napkins because Todrick Hall just spilled tea all over social media By Jordan Runtagh. The "my boyfriend still has a pictures of his ex on his Facebook" or Instagram or insert any other social media platform. 20 • own @FRChronic • own @SanctionedRP • @stableronaldo • @thebigdilfs • According to a press release from the Houston Police Department, on Sunday, March 6, at approximately 10 p. So my ex has definitely been posting more frequently, but they aren’t the “BEST” photos or videos or even showing off the coolest things or activities. Now, Katie has reveled she has a new boyfriend-and it's not her ex. You regularly see your boyfriend’s ex firing up his Facebook wall or posting cute comments to his Instagram posts. Agarwal participated in "Indian beauty pageant" contestant from Navi, Mumbai and grabbed the title "MISS NAVI MUMBAI 2015". They also follow each other on social media so I was really angry and upset, My previous boyfriend cheated on me with his ex-girlfriend, . I was deep into Insta-stalking my partner's ex-girlfriend, 32-weeks deep in fact, and now she would know . The situation of old pictures can be. Choi Jong Bum had accused Goo Hara of a one-sided assault whereas Koo Hara claimed that both sides were involved. The criminal fraud trial of former Theranos Inc. Woman Made Fake Instagram Accounts to Frame Ex. In shocking screenshots shared by The Hollywood Gossip, Ronnie allegedly contacted Jen's new boyfriend, Joe. It doesn’t matter what you hear from well-meaning friends and family. Instagram doesn't show you the whole picture. Yashika Aannand who is still in the recovering phase after meeting with a fatal accident in the outskirts of Chennai has penned an emotional note to her ex-boyfriend Niroop who entered Big Boss. It is reported that her ex-boyfriend was jailed for 10 months because. I recently read a post from a woman who had given her boyfriend an ultimatum after he refused to delete his ex – and the photos they shared . An influencer on Instagram has a hack that could potentially end some Instagram 'secret' reveals who your boyfriend recently followed . (Instagram) The friend reiterated everything that the first accuser posted and, in addition, also. Doja Cat accidentally exposes new 'mystery boyfriend' during. Tell your Instagram friends and followers the funny story behind the picture. What it really means if your boyfriend likes other women's pictures on Instagram or Facebook, plus how to discuss the issue without assuming the worst. Pop star Ariana Grande disabled her comments on her Instagram for a short time after she was blamed by fans for the death of her ex-boyfriend Mac Miller, a report stated. Following bodybuilders indicates an unhealthy obsession 7. , officers responded to 3000 Durwood St. Following his arrest, Ronnie disabled comments on his Instagram page. The musical artist has been screenshotting and. Tamar Braxton needs to shut the hell up about her ex-boyfriend's alleged infidelity, because he never cheated on her at least that's his story, and. Actions do speak louder than words, after all. The best way to deal with a mean ex-boyfriend is to simply ignore him as much as possible and move on with your life. Britney Spears Blasts Ex-Boyfriend Justin Timberlake for Using Her for 'Fame and Attention' in Since-Deleted Instagram Post By Leia Idliby Mar 29th, 2022, 4:22 pm Twitter share button. Pete, 28, appeared to be in good spirits with former MTV VJ Simon Rex, 47. 866k Followers, 651 Following, 27. Delete your ex on all social media. The photo was released in 2014, which makes sense given that Emma is believed to have been engaged to Christine's ex more than five years ago. A spokesperson for the LAPD tells ET, "Matthew Rondeau was arrested today. 46 Followers, 151 Following, 63 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Ex-Boyfriend Killer (@talkshitzir). 8 Reasons It's Time To Delete Your Ex On Social Media. He unfriends you on Facebook, and you can only see his public posts. President Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani was delayed by at least a day as the court continued. Sometimes I’ll follow accounts on Twitter just because I find them funny. Answer (1 of 23): All of these answers you got, are so generic and holds no space for all the in betweens, a break up holds. He was forced to do so by his new girlfriend. But it's smack in the middle of your Facebook newsfeed, the inescapable evidence that your. The singer is in love and enjoying this phase of her life. he was mentally and emotionally abusive, lied a lot. In an interview with Vogue in February 2020, she talked about why she was so secretive about her love life. He almost exclusively likes pics of random Instagram models. If Being Obsessed with My Boyfriend’s Ex. The 44-year-old rapper, who admitted to “harassing” his ex Kim and new. The Daily Mail reports the allegations against the OnlyFans and Instagram model Stefanie Gurzanski were made by Las Vegas time share magnate and her ex boyfriend Stephen Cloobeck. More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary. You Look Even More Annoying For Him. Jana Kramer revealed about her new boyfriend on Instagram with loving note as she found love after split from Mike Caussin. It shows he is trying to follow the same old. This is not the normal behavior of guys or girls, but you never know. They follow what you do online. Picture: Ethan Wacker/Instagram. Her ex still follows her on Instagram and watches a good number of her Stories, but does not like or comment on anything about Lola. Frustrated by your ex-boyfriend’s new girlfriend’s flagrant disregard for how hard of a time you Follow her on Twitter and Instagram. Not only that, but she had two beautiful daughters named Alexa and Saachi. After training for 5 long years, the singer finally debuted in Girls’ Generation and has been successful ever since. These tips should make Instagram feel like less of a post-breakup vice: Consider re-captioning or tagging pictures before deleting them. Even if you have no choice but to see him regularly, you can still deal with the situation like a pro by showing him that his mean behavior has no effect on you. On June 11, Seo Ye Ji posted to her official fan cafe, writing, "Knowing there are.

Correction 24 May 2017: Pedram A, Pedram P, Yusoff NB, Sorooshian S (2017) Correction: Development of closed-loop supply chain network in terms of corporate social responsibility. PLOS ONE 12(5): e0178723. View correction Figures Abstract mathematical model to increase corporate social responsibility in terms of job creation. Moreover the model, in addition to increasing total CLSC profit, provides a range of strategic decision solutions for decision makers to select a best action plan for a CLSC. A proposed multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model was solved with non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). Fuzzy set theory was employed to select the best compromise solution from the Pareto-optimal solutions. A numerical example was used to validate the potential application of the proposed model. The results highlight the effect of CSR in the design of CLSC. Citation: Pedram A, Pedram P, Yusoff NB, Sorooshian S (2017) Development of closed–loop supply chain network in terms of corporate social responsibility. PLoS ONE 12(4): e0174951. Editor: Yong Deng, Southwest University, CHINA Received: November 17, 2016; Accepted: March 18, 2017; Published: April 6, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Pedram et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper. Funding: First author wishes to express his gratitude to the University of Malaya (Grant No. RP018B-13AET). Fourth author wishes to thank the University of Malaysia Pahang (Grant No. RDU140107). Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Introduction Scholars, researchers, and policy makers have given tremendous attention to the importance of sustainable development. Taticchi et al. [1] provided a critical literature review to highlight the current status and future trend of sustainable supply chains in both academia and industries. Although the concept of sustainability has received great attention in the literature of supply chain and operations research, studies on the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on sustainable development are less compared to other topics. Oh and Jeong [2] indicated that a sustainable supply chain is at the early stage and a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) may be an initiative for major progress. A CLSC has become an important topic [3] because of increased environmental concern and restrictive regulations introduced by governments. For instance, the European Parliament and the Council have established a regulation on waste electrical and electronic equipment—Directive 2012/19/EU [4]–which asked members of the European Union to make cogent changes in their development, production, and consumption behaviour. The regulation also asked for the reduction of wasteful consumption of natural resources and the prevention of pollution [5]. In many countries government regulation forces firms to take responsibility for their products over the entire life cycle. This has led companies to increasingly deal with product returns. To manage product returns, companies require to build reverse supply chains in addition to the forward supply chains. Consequently, this will lead to increased complexity of the supply chain. On the other hand, regardless of the complexity of the CLSC, it is acknowledged that firms generate value by integrating forward supply chains with reverse supply chains in a CLSC [6, 7]. For example, many companies, such as HP and Xerox Corporation, have established CLSCs and have achieved substantial cost saving [8–10]. Besides, nowadays corporations recognize that the reputation of their brand and their profit margins are closely related to the offer of environmentally friendly services and products [11]. Economic and environmental benefits gained with the reduction of virgin material consumption by using recovered components and parts [7] have led to extended life cycle of products and parts/components [12]. The CLSC network design is an important decision because it is a strategic, tactical, and operational decision. It requires a decision on the locations, numbers and capacities of network facilities, in addition to the material flow through the network [13]. Moreover, network configuration is a critical decision because while you configure the network, any changes require tremendous costs and time [14]. For many years, cost was the main objective for developing a supply chain as well as CLSC. Although there has been an increase in the level of awareness of environmental and social responsibility, few research studies have considered social issues in designing a CLSC network. This has led to a lack of studies in CSR [15]. Companies in fact need to adopt the idea of CSR by pursuing not only economic performance but also environmental and social targets. A CLSC increases a company’s chance of becoming CSR-oriented, improving economic prospects and enhancing competitive advantage for supply chain participants [16]. One aspect of CSR is an increase of opportunities for employment and provision of economic development for local communities. These are of great concern to governments which encourage companies to become CSR-oriented with incentives such as subsidies and tax reduction. For example, the issue of job creation and economic development of the community is addressed in the Iranian Fifth Development Plan [17]. Therefore, considering employment opportunities alongside economic development can be a great help in mitigating worldwide social sustainability concerns. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to design an optimal CLSC network. A mathematical model is developed for optimising end of life products within the concept of the CLSC. And the second objective of the study is to focus on CSR in designing a CLSC network. A bi-objective mathematical model maximises profit and number of jobs created. A CLSC is a comprehensive approach for managing both the forward and reverse supply chains [18]. Therefore, the proposed network model is a direction to provide decision support for practitioners of end of life products by determining the number and location of facilities to be opened in view of economic and social benefit and material flows between these facilities. The rest of the paper is organised as follows. In section 2, relevant literature is reviewed. In section 3, the problem has been defined and the proposed multi-objective mixed integer linear programming model is explained. The results obtained with the proposed model are presented in section 4 and finally the conclusion and direction for future research are expressed in section 5. Literature review Design of a sustainable supply chain requires the consideration of economic, environmental and social aspects. One of the social aspects is unemployment, which has a great effect on society. Van and Storey [19] have found an association between a rise in the rate of formation of new firms and unemployment reduction. They found that an increase in the formation of new firms leads to job creation. Mota et al. [20] developed a multi-objective model for CLSC in order to minimise cost and environmental impact and maximise social benefit. They consider job creation as a factor for social benefit where increase in job creation leads to an increase in social benefit. Although job creation was one of the objectives they did not consider costs for creating the jobs. The demand for a multi-objective model has increased recently because the problems in the real world are not those of a single objective. This is shown in the number of publications that were published recently with multi-objectives. It is considered as comprising several objectives, which sometimes conflict with each other. Maximising one leads to minimising the other and vice versa. Cost is the main objective for the designing of the CLSC, including transportation cost [21] and facility fixed opening cost [22]. Indeed, CLSC costs could be classified into three main types: transportation costs, fixed opening costs and processing costs. These types of costs are often used based on the network characteristics. In addition to these costs, several authors have considered other type of costs such as inventory cost [23–26], penalty cost [27], and supplier selection cost [24]. Pishvaee et al. [28] in their model have maximised forward and reverse responsiveness in addition to minimising cost of transportation and fixed opening cost. Demirel et al. [29] have developed a model to maximise selling price. Zarandi et al. [3] have developed a model to maximise service level and minimise production and transportation cost. Amin and Zhang [30] designed a network that maximised importance of supplier and also maximised profit. Easwaran and Üster [31], by the usage of MILP, have developed an optimal solution for their integrated reverse and forward supply chain network to minimise total cost of facility location, processing and transportation. Their model contains a hybrid-sourcing facility (HSF) which played roles as manufacturer and remanufacturer, a hybrid centre which serves as distributor and/or collection centre, and retailers. They have used Benders’ decomposition method to come up with a model with the numerical data. Kannan et al. [32] developed a comprehensive network that has supplier, production centre, distribution centre, wholesaler, and retailer in the forward supply chain and collection centre, disassembly/recycling centre, and disposal centre in the reverse supply chain. The objective of the model is to minimise the total cost of the network such as transportation, processing, and inventory cost and provide a decision tool regarding material procurement, production, distribution, recycling and disposal. They have used genetic algorithm to develop the model. Moreover, to validate the model they have used the production of lead–acid batteries as a case study. Amin and Zhang [23] have developed a network that remanufactures a product for a secondary market. They have developed a single product and single period model that maximised profit by deducting processing cost, inventory cost, and opening cost from the selling profit. Shi et al. [33] have considered CLSC with the addition of third-party logistics service providers to the forward supply chain. Sasikumar and Haq [34], in addition to developing a CLSC network, considered a third-party reverse logistics provider (3PRLP) to be responsible for the reverse supply chain. Subramanian et al. [26] considered a CLSC network with multi-product and multi-period. Their network involves a production centre, a distribution centre, a wholesaler, and a retailer in the forward SC and collection centre in the reverse SC. The mathematical model is set to minimise the cost. The model was developed using genetic algorithm and particle swarm with the numerical example. In fact, most of the realistic supply chain models are complex and require a great number of variables and constraints. Therefore, mathematical optimisation methods such as linear programming (LP) may not be very effective for the solution [35]. Furthermore, the problem is NP-Hard because of complexity and exponential growth of the problem size. Hence, it requires the use of mathematical programming algorithms [36]. Therefore, heuristic and meta-heuristic algorithms are used to solve such problems[35]. Among the meta-heuristic algorithms, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA) is used to solve the proposed multi-objective model because the performance of the NSGA-II for multi-objective mathematical optimisation is better than other meta-heuristics such as multi-objective particle swarm optimisations (MOPSO)[35, 37]. The exploration in the CLSC network design problem is varied in the form of solution methodology, network configuration, the number of products and periods. Table 1 demonstrates characteristics of some important studies relevant to this research. Based on a systematic review of CLSC and multi-objective supply chain network design articles, the contribution of this work to the literature are: - It is among the pioneer articles which consider a social perspective in designing a CLSC network. Although several research studies have been carried out in the field of CLSC network design, corporate social responsibility in developing a CLSC is a new perspective, which this paper aims to shed light on. - The development of a conceptual CLSC model that could be applicable in the electronic and automobile industry. - The study use NSGA-II as the method for resolving a proposed CLSC network model - To the best of the author’s knowledge, this article is the first paper that has used the fuzzy best compromise solution concept in CLSC to give management insight for selecting a best strategy. Problem definition and modelling The concerned closed–loop supply chain network is a two-fold, forward and reverse supply chain. The forward supply chain has three tiers including manufacturer, distribution centre and retailer. The reverse flow involves collection centre, remanufacturing centre, and recycling centre. As shown in Fig 1, products shipped through the manufacturers to the distribution centres and retailers are sold to the customers to fulfil the demand. The reverse flow starts with the collection of the used products from the customers. Collection centres, after inspection and quality testing, decide whether to send the used products to the recycling centre or to the remanufacturing centres. At the remanufacturing centres, used products are checked for remanufacturing, refurbishing and repairing. Thus, the used product gains its previous condition and is sent to distribution centre to be sold as a new product at the retailer centre. On the other hand, if the products do not meet the conditions for remanufacturing, they are sent to the recycling centre. In this study, a CLSC is designed using a mixed integer linear programming model to maximise total profit and number of jobs that are created with a CLSC. The proposed model determines the number of manufacturing centres, distribution centres, retailers, collection centres, remanufacturing centres, and recycling centres. In addition to that, the facility location and the flow between each facility in the particular period is also determined. The structure of the proposed multi-tier, multi-period CLSC for end-of life product is depicted in Fig 1. The discussed network is a generic that can be fitted to any particular industry, such as the electronic industry or the automobile industry. It is assumed that manufacturers have limited capacity of production. Some other assumptions include: - The capacity of distribution centres, retailers, collection centres, remanufacturing centre and recycling centre are known. - Demands for new products are provided. - Cost of manufacturing centre, distribution centre, retailer, collection centre, remanufacturing centre and recycling centre are known. - Rate of return, recycling and remanufacturing are identified. - Location of manufacturers, distribution centres, retailers, customers, collection centres, remanufacturing centres, recycle centres are fixed and predefined. The discussed CLSC network has two objectives as follows: (i) maximising of total profit (ii) maximising job creation. In fact, profit and job creation are two conflicting objectives, in which increase in job creation would cause an increase in cost and reduction of profit. Notation and model formulation We present the mixed-integer linear mathematical model, beginning with the notations. Notations. Indices: - m - set of manufacturer m∈M - dc - set of distribution centre dc∈DC - r - set of retailer r∈R - cc - set of collect centre cc∈ CC - rm - set of remanufacturing centre rm∈RM - rc - set of recycling centre rc∈RC - u - set of product type u∈U - p - set of period p∈P Parameters: - omm - fixed opening cost of manufacturer m ∈ M - odcdc - fixed opening cost of distribution centre dc ∈ DC - orr - fixed opening cost of retailer r ∈ R - occcc - fixed opening cost of collection centre cc ∈ CC - ormrm - fixed opening cost of remanufacturing centre rm ∈ RM - orcrc - fixed opening cost of recycling centre rc ∈ RC - kmm - production capacity of manufacturer m ∈ M - kdcdc - holding capacity of distribution centre dc ∈ DC - krr - holding capacity of retailer r ∈R - kcccc - holding capacity of collection centre cc∈ CC - krmrm - holding capacity of remanufacturing centre rm ∈ RM - krcrc - holding capacity of recycling centre rc ∈ RC - jmm - Number of jobs create with manufacturer m ∈ M - jdcdc - Number of jobs create with distribution centre dc ∈ DC - jrr - Number of jobs create with retailer r ∈ R - jcccc - Number of jobs create with collection centre cc ∈ CC - jrmrm - Number of jobs create with remanufacturing centre rm ∈ RM - jrcrc - Number of jobs create with recycling centre rc ∈ RC - prr,u,p - penalty cost for non-satisfied demand for product u ∈ U in period p ∈ P - pu - selling price for product u ∈ U - drr,u,p - demand of retailer r ∈ R for product u ∈ U in period p ∈ P - smm - cost of creation of jobs in manufacturer m ∈ M - sdcdc - cost of creation of jobs in distribution centre dc ∈ DC - srr - cost of creation of jobs in retailer r ∈ R - scccc - cost of creation of job in collection centre cc ∈ CC - srmrm - cost of creation of jobs in remanufacturer rm ∈ RM - srcrc - cost of creation of jobs in recycling centre rc ∈ RC - cmm,u,p - manufacturing cost of manufacturer m ∈ M for product u ∈ U in period p ∈ P - cdcdc,u,p - cost of distribution centre dc ∈ DC for product u ∈ U in period p ∈ P - crr,u,p - cost of retailer r ∈ R for product u ∈ U in period p ∈ P - ccccc,u,p - collection cost of collection centre cc∈ CC for product u ∈ U in period p ∈ P - crmrm,u,p - remanufacturing cost of remanufacturer rm ∈ RM for product u ∈ U in period p ∈P - crcrc,u,p - recycling cost of recycling centre rc ∈ RC for product u ∈ U in period p ∈ P - tmdcm,dc,p - transportation cost between manufacturer m ∈ M and distribution centre dc ∈ DC in period p ∈ P - tdcrdc.r.p - transportation cost between distribution centre dc ∈ DC and retailer r ∈ R in period p ∈ P - trccr,cc,p - transportation cost between retailer r ∈ R and collection centre cc ∈ CC in period P ∈ P - tccrmcc,rm,p - transportation cost between collection centre cc ∈ CC and remanufacturing centre rm ∈ RM in period p ∈ P - tccrccc,rc,p - transportation cost between collection centre cc ∈ CC and recycle centre rc ∈ RC in period p ∈ P - trmdcrm,dc,p - transportation cost between remanufacturing centre rm ∈ RM and retailer r ∈ R in period p ∈ P - trmrcrm,rc,p - transportation cost between remanufacturing centre rm ∈ RM and recycling centre rc ∈ RC in period p ∈ P - αu,p - percentage of return product from customer for product u ∈ U in period p ∈ P - μu,p - percentage of return product from collection centre cc ∈ CC for product u ∈ U in period p ∈ P to recycle centre rc ∈ RC - βu,p - percentage of product sent to the distribution centre dc ∈ DC in period p ∈ P Variables: - mdcm,dc,u,p - quantity of product u ∈ U shipped from manufacture m ∈ M to distribution centre dc ∈ DC in period p ∈ P - dcrdc,r,u,p - quantity of product u ∈ U shipped from distribution centre dc ∈ DC to retailer r ∈ R in period p ∈ P - rccr,cc,p,u - quantity of product u ∈ U shipped from customer k ∈ K to collection centre cc ∈ CC in period p ∈ P - ccrmcc,rm,u,p - quantity of product u ∈ U shipped from collection centre cc ∈ CC to remanufacture centre rm ∈ RM in period p ∈ P - ccrccc,rc,u,p - quantity of product u ∈ U shipped from collection centre cc ∈ CC to recycling centre rc ∈ RC in period p ∈ P - rmdcrm,dc,u,p - quantity of product u ∈ U shipped from remanufacture centre rm ∈ RM to retailer R ∈ R in period p ∈ P - rmrcrm,rc,u,p - quantity of product u ∈ U shipped from remanufacture centre rm ∈ RM to recycle centre rc ∈ RC in period p ∈ P - δrr,u,p - quantity of non-satisfied demand of retailer r ∈ R in period p ∈ P for product u ∈ U Binary variables: - bmm - 1 if manufacturer m ∈ M is open; 0 otherwise - bdcdc - 1 if distribution canter dc ∈ DC is open; 0 otherwise - brr - 1 if retailer r ∈ R is open; 0 otherwise - bcccc - 1 if collection canter cc ∈ CC is open; 0 otherwise - brmrm - 1 if remanufacturing canter rm ∈ RM is open; 0 otherwise - brcrc - 1 if recycling canter rc ∈ RC is open; 0 otherwise Mathematical formulation. The mathematical formulation of the model is presented below. The model has two objectives: profit maximisation and job creation maximisation. Objective one is to maximise profit, which is calculated by deducting total cost from total revenue Eq (1). Total costs include cost of job creation Eq (2), fixed facility opening costs Eq (3), transportation cost Eq (4), processing cost Eq (5) and penalty cost of not satisfying demand Eq (6). Objective two is to maximise job creation by defining the number of jobs created with the opening of the facility Eq (7). Objective Function Z1: maximize profit (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Objective Function Z2: Maximize job creation (7) Constraints: The model constraints are defined as follows: (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) Constraints (8)–(13) are capacity constraints. Constraint (8) ensures production capacity of manufacturing centre. Constraint (9) guarantees distribution centre has enough holding capacity for distribution of products. Constraint (10) shows retailers have enough capacity to respond to the demand. Constraint (11) expresses the capacity of collection centres for collecting return product. Constraints (12) and (13) ensure return products will not exceed the capacity of remanufacturing centres and recycling centres. Demand fulfilment is guaranteed by Constraint (14). Constraints (15)–(20) are equilibrium constraints, which ensure the flow balance at the distribution centre, retailer, collection centre, and remanufacturing centre. Constraint (21) imposes a non-negative decision variable. Finally, Constraint (22) characterises the binary variable. Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) solution to multi-objective problem Here, a multi-objective model with two conflicting objectives was proposed. Multi-objective optimisation is to optimise two or more conflicting objectives with regard to a set of group constraints simultaneously [48]. If the optimisation of one objective leads to the automatic optimisation of the other, it is not a multi-objective optimisation. There is a group of solution methods for multi-objective problems called classical multi-objective optimisation methods such as ε–constraint, weighted sum, and goal programming. However, there are other evolutionary methods can be classified as non-classical method such as particle swarm optimization, simulated annealing, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) and Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm II. All these methods are Pareto-based techniques aiming to defines best Pareto optimal solution. Among these methods NSGA-II and Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm II become common approach for solving multi-objective problems [49]. Deb et al. [50] expressed that the performance of NSGA-II in is much better in compared with other multi-objective optimizers. Fallah-Mehdipour et al. [51] demonstrated NSGA-II is more successful to provide optimum solution in comparison with multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO). In order to resolve the model, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) is utilised. Deb et al. [52] have indicate that any evolutionary algorithm which is applied to multi-objective problems should meet two criteria including set of solutions with Pareto frontier and uniform distribution of Pareto frontier. Therefore, the winner is the dominant solution and is selected for mating. Furthermore, if two solutions are non-dominant, the selected solution is the one with lower density of solution. “Solution density” is evaluated by means of a crowding distance. Moreover, the mutation randomly draws a solutions matrix. In fact, NSGA-II generates several solutions that, based on the criteria and constraints, select the feasible solution. This feasible solution will be pictured in the Pareto frontier figure. NSGA-II algorithm starts with the generating of a random parent population with the size of n-Pop. By evaluating the population with the objective function, the population is ranked based on the non-domination sorting procedure to produce Pareto fronts. The algorithm gives the population a rank starting from level 1 for the best level, level 2 second best level and so on. The next step is calculation of “crowding distance” Eq (23) between members of each level [53]. In order to operate binary tournament selection, it is required to compute both the crowding distance and the rank for the members of the population. Two members of the population are selected and the one with larger crowding distance is selected if it is at the same level; otherwise, the member with the lower level is chosen. The next step consists of creating an offspring population and operation of cross-over and mutation. Finally, for the selection of the population with the same size of n-Pop by using sorting procedure, this process will stop when the stopping condition is met. At the end, a set of non-dominated Pareto-optimal solutions are attained which are the best in terms of multi-objective optimisation. Results and discussions In this section, in order to test the proposed model, an illustrative example is generated and the results are reported. It is found based on the literature review that several test problems have been proposed. Since, our proposed model is different from the others in the literature, the various problem sizes were randomly generated to test the proposed model. The detailed size of problems is shown in Table 2. For instance, in the test problem 1, there are four manufacturers, eight distribution centres, ten retailers, six collection centres, four remanufacturing centres and four recycling centres. Two types of products will be served to meet the customers’ demand in two particular periods. In the solution phase of the problem, the proposed model is determined with nominal data. Table 3 shows the range of parameters that have been used in the model. The NSGA-II algorithm described in section 3.2 was programmed in MATLAB software, run on a personal computer with 2.27 GHz CPU and 4 GB main memory, and applied to solve the optimisation problem. The NSGA-II parameters were set as follows: population size 50; number of iteration 200; crossover rate 0.8; and mutation rate 0.5. The result shown here in Fig 2 is the Pareto optimal solution. Hence, Pareto frontier optimal solutions graph is the key in multi-objective optimisation. The result for one random run shows 29 recognised particular solutions for the network configuration. Table 4 shows the list of solutions with objective value and network configurations. For instance, Table 4 shows solution number 2 states that manufacture centre 1, 3 and 4 need to be open; distribution centres 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 should be open; collection centres 1 and 5 must be open; remanufacture and recycling centres 4 and 1 need to be open respectively. Fuzzy-based best compromise solution Multi-object optimisation would not yield a single solution. Moreover, it has a conflicting goal in such a way that improvement in maximising one objective leads to sacrificing the other objective. Therefore, selecting one solution is a difficult task. However, we need to select one solution, the so-called ‘best compromise solution’, which to some extent satisfies other objectives. After obtaining the Pareto optimal solution, the decision maker may need to choose one best solution based on his preference. To deal with this dilemma a fuzzy set mechanism (Fig 3) is defined to deal with this situation. A linear membership function ui,k (kth objective function, ith solution) is defined Eq (24) for the objective function Fi as follows: (24) Where and are the value of the maximum and minimum of the objective function, respectively. Therefore, membership function indicates the degree of achievement of the original objective function as value 1 or 0 or in between. The normalised membership Function (25) for any non-dominated solution k is as follows: (25) where O and S are the number of objective functions and non-dominated solutions, respectively. The solution with the maximum membership uk can be seen as the best compromise solution. The results show that the model in favour of job creation wants to open all the facilities to increase the number of jobs that have been created. However, the model, in favour of profit, wants to open a certain number of facilities to gain its maximum. The obtained Pareto-optimal fronts form the model depicted and are shown in Fig 2. According to the results, the best compromise solution (BCS) for this model is achieved at solution number 13. The BCS shows that manufacturers 1, 3, 4; distribution centres 1, 2, 3, 5, 6; collection centres 1, 2, 3, 5, 6; remanufacture centre 4 and recycle centre 1 should open. In this configuration, the profit of BCS is equal to 87157776 and job creation equals 432. In order to test the validity of our model, several test problems have been chosen. Table 5 shows the result of one random run of the programme. As mentioned above the fuzzy best compromise optimum value of all four-test problems are also shown in Table 5. The result shows that the increase in the number of facilities will result in an increase in the number of jobs created with CLSC. Managerial Insights The goal of mathematical modelling is to model the real situation based on the mathematical formulation. In this way, the actual situation could be simulated in mathematical form to reduce cost and time. Mathematical programming can help the decision makers by providing a sort of “decisions alternative” with numerical information to give a better understanding of the actual situation. In our proposed CLSC network, decision makers want to know from the sort of potential facility locations, which one should be selected and the flow between each individual facility. For the decision maker, it is important to know the expected total cost and total profit of such a CLSC network. Moreover, it is important to know the number of employees required. The result shows that the number of jobs created and profit are two conflicting objectives. Increase in one leads to decrease of the other one. Therefore, a decision maker wants to make a reasonable decision in this dilemma. This paper suggests a fuzzy best compromise solution to help the decision maker to cope with it. The result also shows that, with increase in size of network, job creation will increase. Increase in jobs is as result of the increase in number of facilities. Moreover, our proposed model provides strategic decisions for the decision maker to reduce unemployment rate based on the incentive which is gained from the policy makers, in such way that the decision maker builds the facilities in an area with high unemployment rate. Conclusions As result of increased-environmental concern which has led firms to think about their environmental footprint, this study developed a CLSC network model to cope with conflicting environmental issues. Developing a proper network in the planning phase is, in fact, critical for an efficient and effective CLSC. Therefore, the study developed a mathematical model for end of life products. Moreover, the study considered the social responsibility of the firm in designing the CLSC network. Therefore, by proposing job creation as an objective targeted to reduce the unemployment rate, a multi-tier, multi-objective multi-product mixed integer linear programming system was developed to maximise profit and job creation. The result also shows that, with increase in size of network, job creation will increase. With fuzzy set theory, we defined a best solution from a range of feasible solutions. This paper opens the window for future research in designing CLSC in the perspective of corporate social responsibility. Acknowledgments This research was supported by the University Malaya with Grant No. RP018B-13AET. The authors would like to thank the Centre of Manufacturing System Integration (MSI) and Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing (CPDM) of University Malaya for their support. The authors wish to express their gratitude to the University of Malaysia Pahang for funding for the publication (Grant No. RDU140107). Author Contributions - Conceptualization: AP PP NBY SS. - Data curation: AP PP NBY SS. - Formal analysis: AP PP NBY SS. - Funding acquisition: AP NBY SS. - Investigation: AP PP NBY SS. - Methodology: AP PP NBY SS. - Software: AP PP. - Supervision: NBY. - Validation: AP PP. - Visualization: AP PP. - Writing – original draft: AP PP. - Writing – review & editing: AP PP NBY SS. References - 1. Taticchi P, Tonelli F, Pasqualino R. Performance measurement of sustainable supply chains: A literature review and a research agenda. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. 2013;62(8):782–804. - 2. Oh J, Jeong B. Profit Analysis and Supply Chain Planning Model for Closed-Loop Supply Chain in Fashion Industry. Sustainability. 2014;6(12):9027–56. - 3. Zarandi MHF, Sisakht AH, Davari S. Design of a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) model using an interactive fuzzy goal programming. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2011;56(5–8):809–21. - 4. commission E. Recast of the WEEE Directive. Environment2012. - 5. Achillas C, Vlachokostas C, Moussiopoulos N, Banias G. Decision support system for the optimal location of electrical and electronic waste treatment plants: a case study in greece. Waste Manag. 2010;30(5):870–9. pmid:20031385 - 6. Guide VDR, Harrison TP, Van Wassenhove LN. The challenge of closed-loop supply chains. Interfaces. 2003;33(6):3–6. - 7. Wells P, Seitz M. Business models and closed-loop supply chains: a typology. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. 2005;10(4):249–51. - 8. Shi Y, Nie J, Qu T, Chu L-K, Sculli D. Choosing reverse channels under collection responsibility sharing in a closed-loop supply chain with re-manufacturing. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing. 2013. - 9. Savaskan RC, Bhattacharya S, Van Wassenhove LN. Closed-Loop Supply Chain Models with Product Remanufacturing. Management Science. 2004;50(2):239–52. - 10. Savaskan RC, Van Wassenhove LN. Reverse channel design: the case of competing retailers. Management Science. 2006;52(1):1–14. - 11. Hong IH, Yeh J-S. Modeling closed-loop supply chains in the electronics industry: A retailer collection application. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review. 2012;48(4):817–29. - 12. Pedram A, Yusoff NB, Udoncy OE, Mahat AB, Pedram P, Babalola A. Integrated forward and reverse supply chain: A tire case study. Waste Management. 2016. - 13. Devika K, Jafarian A, Nourbakhsh V. Designing a sustainable closed-loop supply chain network based on triple bottom line approach: A comparison of metaheuristics hybridization techniques. European Journal of Operational Research. 2014;235(3):594–615. - 14. Boyer O, Sai Hong T, Pedram A, Mohd Yusuff RB, Zulkifli N. A Mathematical Model for the Industrial Hazardous Waste Location-Routing Problem. Journal of Applied Mathematics. 2013;2013:1–10. - 15. Pagell M, Wu Z. Building a more complete theory of sustainable supply chain management using case studies of 10 exemplars. Journal of supply chain management. 2009;45(2):37–56. - 16. De Giovanni P. Environmental collaboration in a closed-loop supply chain with a reverse revenue sharing contract. Annals of Operations Research. 2011;220(1):135–57. - 17. Zhalechian M, Tavakkoli-Moghaddam R, Zahiri B, Mohammadi M. Sustainable design of a closed-loop location-routing-inventory supply chain network under mixed uncertainty. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review. 2016;89:182–214. - 18. Vahdani B, Tavakkoli-Moghaddam R, Jolai F, Baboli A. Reliable design of a closed loop supply chain network under uncertainty: An interval fuzzy possibilistic chance-constrained model. Engineering Optimization. 2013;45(6):745–65. - 19. Van SA, Storey D. The link between firm births and job creation: Is there a Upas tree effect? Regional studies. 2004;38(8):893–909. - 20. Mota B, Gomes MI, Carvalho A, Barbosa-Povoa AP. Towards supply chain sustainability: economic, environmental and social design and planning. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2014. - 21. Jindal A, Sangwan KS. Closed loop supply chain network design and optimisation using fuzzy mixed integer linear programming model. International Journal of Production Research. 2013;52(14):4156–73. - 22. Soleimani H, Seyyed-Esfahani M, Shirazi MA. Designing and planning a multi-echelon multi-period multi-product closed-loop supply chain utilizing genetic algorithm. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2013;68(1–4):917–31. - 23. Amin SH, Zhang G. A proposed mathematical model for closed-loop network configuration based on product life cycle. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2011;58(5–8):791–801. - 24. Hasani A, Zegordi SH, Nikbakhsh E. Robust closed-loop supply chain network design for perishable goods in agile manufacturing under uncertainty. International Journal of Production Research. 2012;50(16):4649–69. - 25. Özkır V, Başlıgıl H. Modelling product-recovery processes in closed-loop supply-chain network design. International Journal of Production Research. 2012;50(8):2218–33. - 26. Subramanian P, Ramkumar N, Narendran TT, Ganesh K. A technical note on ‘Analysis of closed loop supply chain using genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimisation’. International Journal of Production Research. 2012;50(2):593–602. - 27. Pishvaee MS, Rabbani M, Torabi SA. A robust optimization approach to closed-loop supply chain network design under uncertainty. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 2011;35(2):637–49. - 28. Pishvaee MS, Farahani RZ, Dullaert W. A memetic algorithm for bi-objective integrated forward/reverse logistics network design. Computers & Operations Research. 2010;37(6):1100–12. - 29. Demirel N, Özceylan E, Paksoy T, Gökçen H. A genetic algorithm approach for optimising a closed-loop supply chain network with crisp and fuzzy objectives. International Journal of Production Research. 2014:1–28. - 30. Amin SH, Zhang G. An integrated model for closed-loop supply chain configuration and supplier selection: Multi-objective approach. Expert Systems with Applications. 2012;39(8):6782–91. - 31. Easwaran G, Üster H. A closed-loop supply chain network design problem with integrated forward and reverse channel decisions. IIE Transactions. 2010;42(11):779–92. - 32. Kannan G, Sasikumar P, Devika K. A genetic algorithm approach for solving a closed loop supply chain model: A case of battery recycling. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 2010;34(3):655–70. - 33. Shi Y, Nie J, Qu T, Chu L-K, Sculli D. Choosing reverse channels under collection responsibility sharing in a closed-loop supply chain with re-manufacturing. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing. 2013;26(2):387–402. - 34. Sasikumar P, Haq AN. Integration of closed loop distribution supply chain network and 3PRLP selection for the case of battery recycling. International Journal of Production Research. 2011;49(11):3363–85. - 35. Sarrafha K, Rahmati SHA, Niaki STA, Zaretalab A. A bi-objective integrated procurement, production, and distribution problem of a multi-echelon supply chain network design: A new tuned MOEA. Computers & Operations Research. 2015;54:35–51. - 36. Jolai F, Razmi J, Rostami NKM. A fuzzy goal programming and meta heuristic algorithms for solving integrated production: distribution planning problem. Central European Journal of Operations Research. 2010;19(4):547–69. - 37. Bandyopadhyay S, Bhattacharya R. Applying modified NSGA-II for bi-objective supply chain problem. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing. 2011;24(4):707–16. - 38. Talaei M, Farhang Moghaddam B, Pishvaee MS, Bozorgi-Amiri A, Gholamnejad S. A robust fuzzy optimization model for carbon-efficient closed-loop supply chain network design problem: a numerical illustration in electronics industry. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016;113:662–73. - 39. Ma R, Yao L, Jin M, Ren P, Lv Z. Robust environmental closed-loop supply chain design under uncertainty. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals. 2016;89:195–202. - 40. Subulan K, Taşan AS, Baykasoğlu A. Designing an environmentally conscious tire closed-loop supply chain network with multiple recovery options using interactive fuzzy goal programming. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 2015;39(9):2661–702. - 41. Subulan K, Taşan AS, Baykasoğlu A. A fuzzy goal programming model to strategic planning problem of a lead/acid battery closed-loop supply chain. Journal of Manufacturing Systems. 2015;37:243–64. - 42. Mota B, Gomes MI, Carvalho A, Barbosa-Povoa AP. Towards supply chain sustainability: economic, environmental and social design and planning. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015;105:14–27. - 43. Ghayebloo S, Tarokh MJ, Venkatadri U, Diallo C. Developing a bi-objective model of the closed-loop supply chain network with green supplier selection and disassembly of products: The impact of parts reliability and product greenness on the recovery network. Journal of Manufacturing Systems. 2015;36:76–86. - 44. Garg K, Kannan D, Diabat A, Jha PC. A multi-criteria optimization approach to manage environmental issues in closed loop supply chain network design. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015;100:297–314. - 45. Das K, Rao Posinasetti N. Addressing environmental concerns in closed loop supply chain design and planning. International Journal of Production Economics. 2015;163:34–47. - 46. Ramezani M, Kimiagari AM, Karimi B, Hejazi TH. Closed-loop supply chain network design under a fuzzy environment. Knowledge-Based Systems. 2014;59:108–20. - 47. Dubey R, Gunasekaran A. Sustainable supply chain network design: a case of Indian company. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications. 2014:1–21. - 48. Deb K. Multi-objective optimization using evolutionary algorithms: John Wiley & Sons; 2001. - 49. Zitzler E, Laumanns M, Thiele L. SPEA2: Improving the strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm. Tik-report; 2001. - 50. Deb K, Pratap A, Agarwal S, Meyarivan T. A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II. IEEE transactions on evolutionary computation. 2002;6(2):182–97. - 51. Fallah-Mehdipour E, Bozorg Haddad O, Rezapour Tabari MM, Mariño MA. Extraction of decision alternatives in construction management projects: Application and adaptation of NSGA-II and MOPSO. Expert Systems with Applications. 2012;39(3):2794–803. - 52. Deb K, Pratap A, Agarwal S, Meyarivan T. A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II. Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Transactions on. 2002;6(2):182–97. - 53. Bandyopadhyay S, Bhattacharya R. Solving a tri-objective supply chain problem with modified NSGA-II algorithm. Journal of Manufacturing Systems. 2014;33(1):41–50. - 54. Shayeghi H, Ghasemi A. A modified artificial bee colony based on chaos theory for solving non-convex emission/economic dispatch. Energy Conversion and Management. 2014;79:344–54.

cr125 crate motor kz escape e191bh for sale iep for dyslexia sample dune buggy palm springs openrgb asus aura thin gold line challenge coins triple trouble fnf test mental maths year 1 powerpoint benjamin cayden vs kratos harvest vundabar lyrics asic cooler wilger flow indicators kyle x cartman fanfiction little nav map on ipad hyundai brake light replacement 5e lesson plan sample pdf pink gui texture pack hololive minecraft blueprints how to repair a cut extension cord dodge 6 speed manual transmission problems windows 10 driver irql fix drunk eyes vs sober eyes mandela catalogue vol 3 scosche pro clip schnucks floral design center 1969 mustang subframe rush royale 5k deck empty discoveryholds folder wixinee labsii best utes 2022 australia spanish speaking urgent care jegs plasma cutter parts install apache on mac monterey basic wiccan rituals rsr 705 multimeter manual california legal bullpup rifles illume gumroad laguna bay cream tile 16x16 jeep u1120 2013 infiniti g37 sedan journey gtwr in r microsoft teams direct routing ip addresses circuitikz node label position najmsat feed parallel parking practice locations near me react visual editor gaara x reader cute independent film funding gsxr 750 for sale near me zeiss zen software download pancoast funeral home westville homes for sale 1943 penny value wheat sunky art crown court plymouth naruto betrayed by hinata tree table ux stranger things fanfiction mike and eleven reunion test turn server online memorial hospital of gardena claims address mtg cedh lands spinning man movie ending explained 254 bus route leeds emd sd7 data sheet shark 3d model free download beelink wiki gumtree denning la county building records bichon frise cut olx toshkent kvartira salesforce cpq example cesium 3d tiles csgo 2022 reddit burlington soccer club login vinyl scope wrap ideavim bookmark youtube abandoned farms mk5 gti vacuum pump leak cvt fluid honda gtx 1050 plex spring webclient connection pool 10 karat gold chain subtitles extension safari snowflake json stringify used home appliances for sale in lahore adex exam dates ap calculus ab scoring guidelines calculate deflection from moment raufoss air fittings removal tool digi888 online casino boyfriend going on holiday without me royal albert teapot autoit diablo 2 pindle bot jw pepper concert band late night calls lyrics flemish giant rabbit for sale chicago create map tiles from image a nurse is collecting data about the dietary habits of an adolescent female client high output alternator toyota pickup vw camper conversions essex cpt code intramedullary nail femur shaft discord bot that sends private messages built 4l60e tuning hydraulic oil for mahindra tractor livin lite quicksilver truck camper open baffle bass fadaei fatehe lyrics san switch cisco church gorham maine english bulldog puppies for sale texas sine generator ic rancho carlsbad manufactured homes for sale youth rec basketball leagues near me cheap property in latvia gawr gura age ip camera user manual semi accident montana today fireworks lyrics katy perry samsung s20 pink line on screen vs dave and bambi fanmade samsung s21 call recording not working diana mosley actress obito evil fanfiction lollar imperial bridge review flora and brandon fanfiction 20x24 garage plans with loft gmod npc dialogue segway snarler 600 test kaspersky api python cdbl vbscript mft conferences 2021 hobby foam sheets arc development wordle for today april 3 plug tv hoi4 map maker trestolone decanoate half life 13316 hidden valley rd ne joey naples obituary home assistant window fan degree of curvature to radius calculator kollter es1 for sale ano ang teksto brainly weather oregon coast roanoke tx population 2021 devops engineer resume linkedin barn for sale utah copy apartment key fob near me mmd sour miku 2004 nissan titan cd player problems us foods order catalog pennsylvania high school soccer rankings vca hr best beach towels for sand web compiler visual studio 2022 m4ud free movies provo mall events polaris ranger parts near me toyota tundra subwoofer airbus a320neo fsx criminal minds fanfiction jj hurt gw2 specialist yana recrystallization of benzoic acid pdf reverie bed remote not working universal orlando board mlx90640 thermal camera mixed reality toolkit examples lambda vpc timeout yawkyawk story is link a bard shelby k12 emergency allotments to current snap households 2022 hoi4 map maker blackrock software engineer intern reddit accenture interactive dubai salary hmart in orlando smoothieboard vs duet wilhelmina models i doodle breeds 2013 ram 1500 radio fuse location alinco dmr mobile best games workshop models kitombo cha shemeji pontiac grand am forum cake labs carts cool names for ghosts swap meet denver rdel claim status anthem spring creek hoa room for rent menifee all star varsity jacket 710 labs tier 1 rosin fxr inverted front end chameleon smart meter login jen psaki swimmer photos switch nsp forwarder ibm quiz answers nextpvr default login adopt a family for christmas 2021 near me j frame side plate screws fnf chart maker learning task 3 answer the question below write your answer in your math notebook utm epsg code evaluate the extent to which technology transformed the united states economy from 1865 to 1898 gla soccer standings fairfield impound lot why is my jeep wrangler beeping best dremel bit for engraving stone truffle pig weed strain pullrite superlite problems ca homeowners association directory vape glass tank smok stata nolog pagboto ng tama quotes unzip wiza lg g5 hidden menu code pathfinder 2e core rulebook pdf download free twincat 2 license link application modern quilt guild homophobia cherry keeper micro 3 point bush hog for sale unity resources folder legal document preparer florida what is cdis infection multimeter fuse dragunov folding stock tradelines post in 7 days check hard drive in command prompt dunbar obituary eduqas sociology past papers a level live rosin gummy only one blue light on modem scan to verify certificate sugar daddy cash app second hand aga for sale 1991 vw golf gti for sale call tactacam morfa mawr campsite aberdaron y varies jointly as x and the square of z aether personality type fatal motorcycle accident colorado yesterday holset hx35 compressor wheel size blox fruit trading discord 2 meter repeater for sale honda crv 2002 alarm keeps going off openwrt capwap flight controller software ck3 starting as a count the masses m and m are connected by a weightless string best nic salt device 2021 reddit natasha pavlovich instagram openwrt unifi ap pro asrock z97 extreme6 m 2 not detected hatchie discogs highcharts max padding my mac is stuck loading 1995 ford explorer overdrive light flashing lyngate park qcon qatar job vacancies 2021 lyman sight for 1903 springfield huber m850 for sale near maryland moomoo io battle royale toyota japanese camper stevens model 94 date of manufacture 2014 nissan altima radio upgrade esha daz wcr rutgers reddit slide on campers with shower and toilet for sale near maryland serverless upload file to s3 rick and morty switch vape review portable toilet with sink for sale ffxiv housing glitch kilsyth newspaper iso 20022 crypto list what is propane used for in drugs android prevent keyboard from resizing layout bellingham tiny house community gms2 get instance 1996 jaguar xjr pardiso mkl fusion girl vs cbbe fallout 4 8x8 matrix barotrauma pump wiring trans discord servers kittykats top models funerals at stourbridge crematorium today 2022 frc intake who is alinity mizkif oh lord i want you to help me audio download what happened to kenneth copeland grandson hilltop apartments uconn lighterusa reddit nab senior consultant salary ecfmg h1b journal entry for subscription of shares leetcode algorithm 2 dr michelle podiatrist w211 ac compressor replacement minecraft mega base schematic mile marker map az armor of god list sites to buy gold and silver is certified angus beef worth it infp spectrum dyson sphere program ocean lotto group chart salesforce lightning reporting training ga power roswell hendersonville nc obituaries cvd spot bitcoin regularly review the working agreement with clients in counselling jsb pellets website pharmaceutical sales salary ohio yamaha outboard carburetor leaking gas pit boss 1150 review carteret county foreclosure auction bumble bee silicone pipe ultralight 5th wheel naruto anime mod commands sonic and tails brothers forever fanfiction obituary aylmer nucella lodge tranquility 1981 dime worth millions is zeon jailbreak safe remote access with dynamic dns mold girl tiktok monroe county tennessee inmates dell xps 8950 issues nikon z7ii firmware update channel 4 morning news crew ladwp login crouch funeral home obituaries unity make object move up how to cheat roobet mines react js drag and drop file upload alpha werewolf x pregnant reader halls greenhouse lms black 5 green renntech s63 coupe thcp cartridges install kdl 1988 executive motorhome neu cs align how to install shower plumbing mui toolbar vs appbar enerdrive lithium battery slimline fontana beach parking 72 x 42 shower base light gunner vegetables for containers mytv app amiko apk utz brand logo sitka northwest memphis blues 1912 hunter jumpers for sale florida year 11 work experience 2022 scania marcopolo bus specifications studentreasures book examples late night koreatown nyc most common love language by gender obj to vrm dylan photography pluto exalted in pisces new moviesdvd fs19 ddr map zexel website gas prices in wisconsin today used whisperwatt generator install bluez macos mughaliz nuskha install netcat mac longhorn steakhouse rancho cucamonga menu java 30 e shtatezanise meshing error self intersection fusion 360 dwarven scattergun spark write parquet taking long time limbo rom marchwood bypass accident today faith church live stream iaido nyc bird scooter charger civil war musket parts panorama city rating altium repeat bus droid spy github harry potter multiverse reaction fanfiction nissan frontier ipdm symptoms yorkies for sale in north ga city of vallejo building where to buy shamo chickens rejected after 5 interviews affordable cabins for sale what if naruto merged with nine tails fanfiction motorcycle accident jacksonville fl november 2021 bencode decoder mobile office trailer california apscheduler backgroundscheduler example mango live twitter 2021 gun script roblox pastebin 2021 micro channel drain find ordered pair from equation massey ferguson vs kubota vs john deere town wide yard sales new hampshire free christian fiction books zyxel ax1800 review find the value of y in polygon jklm where are arb canopies made mood mystery box reviews size 10 body eternity funeral home yulee obituaries asterisk snoop channel how to deal with emotionally immature wife salamanders waha international 502 tractor nj temporary disability form m01 avengers fanfiction tony working website blacklist check citrix session recording web player black screen crash server script roblox volvo d13 engine manual colorful candle labels new peugeot 208 reynobond nc st bede chicago cambridge international as and a level computer science teachers resource pdf liberation grant disbursement update 3par ssl certificate powershell exit code 3 penalty for making death threats nashville funeral home obituaries coverlay dash cover acura tl night clubs in gainesville vtk js dicom willow pond condos ball on a stick player lift up vrchat shaka zulu tv series my cloud linux index of emails txt 2021 bigquery get table row count shipping container houses p0336 volvo n1tev regen receiver eft cheat source big chief new car 2020 arkansas rpf inmate gpu junction temperature 6700 xt isuzu nkr price sunbeam mixmaster replacement parts 2004 chevy cavalier troubleshooting my 10 alpha mates wattpad holley efi v6 software 240z strut bar virtualbox android image shamshan in english best aerosol touch up paint is liquidation com legit reddit klipper start gcode bltouch bt50 alternator upgrade dog rescue bournemouth khanzadi novels fb bmw m135i f40 intake starseed resources percy jackson fanfiction nico drugged mma fighter sponsorship packages ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man analysis how to connect to zookeeper cli precision 5550 overheating lease a car near me immediate move in specials near vanadzor grandma2 layout view danzig skull hoodie audi side assist system fault winchester 1892 parts on ebay nearby devices permission camera gm radio pinout ai remove watermark github highschool dxd x suicidal male reader wattpad fake spotify screenshot maker 1993 chrysler new yorker fifth avenue for sale texas pacific land trust chevron google pixel 3 update android 11 grand power stribog accessories mud buddy 7000 for sale p000a subaru brz mercedes smart key remote start ikea hanging lamp shade gpaa shows 2022 spooky pinball wiki 1990 toyota mr2 for sale moorestown enduro player grade vintage instagram snohomish county superior court law clerks st pete chamber of commerce whole house battery backup cost international 9400i for sale grant stinchfield website scca f500 bannerlord sandbox crash reel mower with attachments invalid input java adult child and family counseling rest stops between houston and san antonio cgfns ces re evaluation zep inc human resources 1990 lincoln mark vii for sale near incheon ushijima x reader family robeson county inmate charges roundup class action lawsuit claim form routing number of wells fargo bank how long does northrop grumman background check take aluminium van ladder gm financial leasing payoff address forney ercoupe for sale athena bigint to timestamp tinnitus cure 2022 stratco tubular fencing badass girl names from movies artemis pp750 multi shot prophet666 mantra what is pbbv color in gorilla tag dramay jumong alqay 50 lesson 8 slope page 79 answers puffco pro glass cif state swimming time standards 2021 we couldn t complete your request ask your salesforce admin for help palo alto dynamic block list free hyperpop serum presets how to raise mustang ii front suspension used bunkhouse travel trailer california camp realty escape character html list washington university cancer research dodge code reader free online iq test with instant results clutch solutions csgo rheumatology community health network costco outdoor lights not working iseki ts1610 tractor pistons we buy broken appliances 2004 c5 corvette for sale under 10k high garden berry bomb wulkan font vk apache beam runner shreveport classifieds hammond fender output transformers dayz xbox one xml files sims 2 child clothing cc how long does rice last beijing pool youtube pretty little thing haul camira colours coldfusion queryexecute insert vite github pages tiktok logo emoji stryker cb radio antenna skar zvx 15 displacement winols book jay haide l ancienne violin milner shock absorbers approximate analysis of portal frame luna epic seven composting toilet near me pseudocode output fslogix storage iops 1215 n sycamore ave best calamity armor how much does it cost to build a 30 x 50 pole barn belshaw customer service mossberg 702 plinkster drum magazine yamaha emx512sc reverb zbrush hair brush download honeywell manufacturing facilities dredging companies in central florida ibis paint lightning brush uk agriculture visa 2022 settlement claims snapchat roblox texture plugin six moon designs sale revit texture downloads craigslist houses for rent in lake station indiana 2009 gmc sierra 1500 problems zcu102 sfp strub pronunciation auth0 report moein shomal webtoon app reddit freddie squishmallow 12 1950 westerns tv shows toyota 4runner check engine light codes video tdr failure kirikiroid2 english apk pbkdf2 vs bcrypt intense synastry aspects cement fibre board cladding webpack 5 tree shaking powerapps filter by id bush fridge pixel 4a screen protector near me telecheck code 3 denial god of war kratos x reader lemon dragon god fanfiction dual port ram simulation melodrama vinyl walmart who makes west elm furniture estrangement and christianity chasing the light bl release date how to clean mass air flow sensor 2012 nissan altima raspberry pi x11vnc dji fly play store bulk seed store nce power cab reset powershell add printer set default how to transfer a boat title when owner is deceased in texas autodesk licensing error 9 cello valuation ldg auto tuner stanford cs phd students tatuus for sale matching cardiology fellowship reddit fnis vs nemesis reddit zedboard fpga projects ma2 timecode gobliiins steam bosch jigsaw blades guide messages on chromebook roadside marquee sign who can defeat featherine regular expression google analytics certainteed solar shingles price 2006 volvo truck models rv slide out not working phd interview presentation slideshare falling into your smile recap is slashing tires a felony converge ottobar kid ink songs list luxor car sales skyblock talisman reforge guide bianco carrara quartz countertop fnaw wiki sounds national merit scholarship finalist announced adams family funeral home cumberland maryland safelink hotspot hack detail json parse error extra data line 1 column 2 char 1 volvo xc40 navigation update how do i pay illinois tolls after 14 days italy property for sale cheap nsf reu computer science x90j arc issues virginia opossum for sale florida food that makes people sick will often simconnect xbox mercury optimax warning beeps lake homes for sale in cass county michigan mouse button 1 how to get index in each jquery mec reloader models movie theater attendance 2022 panga for sale costa rica ge window air conditioner wifi reset pfsense resources iam role redshift kbs world m3u8 lone webtoon wiki pictures of msu campus health and social care level 3 unit 12 assignment the great gatsby chapter 3 quiz pdf keltec p17 review fortigate sip trunk configuration delhi muslim doctor bride izuku is shadow the hedgehog fanfiction 1 billion cubic meters gas price bird scooter won t turn on bronx rooms for rent gl inet passwall paypal password filetype txt site com medicaid cin number healthfirst affordable towns near myrtle beach gator film cast jinja replace new line the harlem renaissance commonlit answer key quizizz iphone headphones beep when plugged in ih 3388 for sale contactless car wash near me allis chalmers 712 manual ttr 110 pit bike build lightning combobox autocomplete what is a good cinebench score r23 manchester times obits houses for rent in 70739 rockwood camper replacement parts zastava zpap92 reddit aniyathiye panniya rathri tupac radio xm kcci tv weather youtube idaho potato cyst fm9 lower for sale while loop min max python cat4 practice test pdf grade 7 gyrocopter crash montana death notices spring security antmatchers wildcard kosher bakery silver spring maryland yamaha french horn mouthpiece alpine js filter table taito type x3 emulator dt466e engine for sale supermarket helper jobs in qatar publix pay scale 2022 reddit best phrases reddit keepkey derivation path phys 1110 cu boulder cannot open backup device operating system error 2 covert iphone tracking fanfix leak nikon rifle scopes 3x9x50 alabama medicaid max units list spinnaker api flir craigslist pets georgia apartments with move in specials near me easy string quartet music pdf cheap monkeys for sale near connecticut 737 addon for msfs best soundboard for modern warfare gm recall 2022 nalu fight fanfiction eclipse avn62d manual pine city motorsports java game of life github giant letters for rent near me keyboard sample pack free fake cannon barrel 9mm slip over muzzle brake 80s party outfit female 150 mercury 4 stroke emirates redundancies best 150cc motorcycle cmu instructure old blewett pass 8 row planters for sale 14k gold price per gram intune wipe set jenkins job status viking pop up camper crank spotify premium account generator 2022 ve commodore main fuse location sapphirefoxx wiki csv parser java computer network lab program in c pdf splunk substring after string cudy router login keychron q2 keycaps reddit tcl roku backlight out ysidro name accessing deleted twitch vods samurai shodown nsp ndk greenlander pro kayak for sale how to intimidate someone with your eyes motive literare skyrim child race mod gate alt astd vrchat collar daily step tracker spreadsheet excel firebase database for each user komatsu 320 ton truck casual home wooden pet crate xl big games roblox shop grade 11 earth and life science answer key are isothermal processes reversible aspen village cincinnati netsuite saved search script rv electronics near me vintage stereo repair milwaukee viaota coverage sur 13 gang rules pyqt remove all widgets from layout ea dashboard neighborly software rental assistance california personal website github asmr san francisco coleman ct100u parts manual veeam agent removal tool electric yarn winder tesla all cameras not working bootloader download for pc cantor singing in synagogue what is a class a felony in washington state gm code p0191 russell grant 2022 horoscope stellaris lunar macro fabricator 150 lb recurve crossbow hyundai infotainment update 1987 winnebago chieftain owners manual vanagon seat fabric ue4 turn off auto exposure alorica philippines back pay aerocool pro stat thermostat p052e71 ford ute 1990 over 55 housing to rent lancashire n6005 laptop dental db exocad case 445 skid steer problems pymatuning lakefront homes for sale stop mailbox export request toosii brother instagram free english courses gov uk vw tiguan vacuum pump oil leak 20 gauge tss shells reverse fnv hash vape shop hiring full spectrum cbd distillate wholesale aspire guitar files 1984 oldsmobile cutlass calais dual quad tuning wilson sound cards pdf seven springs retreat nc sonic x reader lemon forced windows 10 qos enable thranduil x reader lemon wattpad damaged cars gumtree semelparous manga amazon robert steffey autopsy photos amber hybrid chickens old mustang fastback for sale cost to erect a 80x100 metal building ac valhalla god mode home depot makita free tool deal norwegian escape deck 14 freestyle dash cummins def pump not priming green laser grips for 1911 oh my nails prices what is a chevy p30 chassis whooping cranes in colorado ed rn a relias outdoor lighting replacement bulbs pws mk116 mod 2 accuracy victory v92c tps axolotl for sale cornwall moto g pure notifications not working 2015 jeep cherokee front bumper vless tcp xtls little nightmares thin man height goz 3ds max 2022 olympian god of destruction fanfic mossberg 500 ati scorpion flashlight spectrum remote codes for samsung tv orchid sales mac error code diana 34 ems break barrel n320 powder near me new pistol from springfield armory fungi perfecti mushroom spawn knife blanks norfolk va road map davis cabin paterson 5 reel tank volume little league 2022 rule changes 1 box of tiles weight ashley power reclining sofa instructions jealous tf2 x reader leetcode most frequent questions plane perpendicular to a vector excursion fiberglass chopped fiber composites god is a god of truth traumatic brain injury nclex review native american potters blender eevee hair not rendering lost key to gun safe used caravans adelaide cromwell cattle company murfreesboro police non emergency number bmg pediatrics edtpa world language examples millennial mom influencers cima exam fees kawai k3m 2011 jayco sport series 221 natura body shop opengl update vbo every frame montclair elementary school facebook sioux city 911 call log burmester b100 price sabrent ssd review reddit entry level tech resume reddit drslumpx mod download microsoft dataverse file size limit homestead firearms delaware ohio predator water pump 212cc parts mom dismembered craigslist bend oregon rvs for sale by owner every finite subset of a regular set is regular cisco umbrella login chevy 216 upgrades tiles texture blender hhc flower effects cvxpy quad form tall black bookcase with glass doors omori headcanons wattpad index of m3u 2022 1g engine timing mark harry potter fem basilisk lemon unki mine vacancies 2022 zimbabwe 80 hp case steam tractor for sale sbc supercharger for sale craigslist open baffle design intense bike sizing nascar heat 5 brake always on nissan used cars smtp server outlook 365 a uniform rod of mass m and length l is initially kept vertically clamped about a frictionless pivot wouxun gmrs radios a20 petrol station crash fox 23 weather mark lee mbti tradeline vault mev9 pinout harrisburg bureau of fire call volume middle eastern flute cdda mod pack kadena cedh lg dryer machine price kane county police reports nosler accubond 270 150 grain ballistics harley davidson 6 speed transmission problems wago connectors home depot hs honkai solidworks pdm the archive server could not open the windows registry ducati classic 1000 license smart url 2005 mercedes c230 price anytone 5555 software lsfd gta 5 mod flutter timestamp format horchata jeeter cart iphone 12 lidar heun method calculator volume of a right prism hoa board member bio examples ryzen 5 dedicated server cit tournament 2022 second monitor blurry windows 11 ford focus radio not working simple vow renewal ceremony script aurora animal control phone number upcoming farm equipment auctions near me spelunking meaning why do i attract guys who just want to sleep with me reddit 3d printer acceleration test 3rd grade portfolio passages priefert chutes crutchfield richmond va twilight fanfiction bella seer idyllwild campground dpss number internal error in sap b1 places to rent in carteret county by owner and pet friendly moon conjunct mars reddit yamaha tmax for sale chicago fb20 boost esxi smartctl nicolette dr phil naa guardian 380 vs seecamp l28e for sale rain cover for icon golf cart 49er shops csulb jobs acca epsm unit 4 presentation recent arrests for fremont ohio blazor show error thumpstar 125 upgrades google compute instance template terraform intellij connect to snowflake mock test meaning in gujarati zoopla bath rent lieff cabraser careers sccm guide applewood farmhouse cisco 3850 netflow configuration pole barn prices ohio circuitpython countdown timer how to use tradingview strategy tester apartment illegal parking a217f imei repair z3x inventory management system with source code filipino composers 2020 down on my knees hifza javed fb biggest drug bust in history 2021 kql where not null peterbilt 349 vs 359 toro workman parts fireable offenses for teachers greek orthodox priest salary auto code p0101 intertek lighting chandelier nata telugu association

Two very interesting posts came up today. The first is from Aeroturbopower, a blog that concentrates on engines and engine-related stuff. In today’s post, Aeroturbopower has a very interesting analysis on fuel burn on the Airbus A320 vs the Boeing 737-800. The results may surprise you, given the very effective messaging campaign by Boeing and the equally poor messaging campaign by Airbus. The second posting, by Fightblogger, confirms what we wrote about a week ago: that Boeing and CFM are close to choosing the 66 inch fan for the 737RE. Flightblogger has more detail than we did and provides a good overview of what the 737RE will likely be. Had Boeing not so screwed up the B787 (and B748) program, they could have at the very least had a better B737RE for offer. While this might not prevent “en masse” movement from current B737 operators, I dont’ see how the B737RE will be able to offer better economics over the A32X NEO. Unless delivery slots, price etc. aren’t favorable, I don’t see why a carrier would choose the B737RE over the A32XNEO…(if Airbus hits hits numbers). Yet another “McBoeing” screw-up. jacobin777, how do you assume Airbus will hit its target numbers with the A-32X-NEO, but Boeing won’t with the B-737-7/-8/-9? @KC – I’m not saying Boeing wont’…what I am saying is that unless Airbus doesn’t hit its numbers, there really isn’t a way for the B737RE to be more efficient than the A32XNEO. Well, by the sound of some of the comments we’ve seen so far, it looks like some of the people writing the comments are so into it that sometimes irrational thoughts come out of their keyboards. For once, both the A320NEO and the (if offered) B737 will (supposedly) come into service in about 5 years. That’s five years, is not like you can just have them next month. For a new plane this would be more like the minimum required time, but both Boeing and Airbus have ample time to get these two planes build good (although I believe that both of them would have more changes than what the manufacturers are letting know) Nobody had screwed up yet. Wait till the plane is in used, then we can see how well they delivered on their promised. Actually, none of the two have done that well lately. @Tom: My comments were directed more towards the “McBoeing” management/BOD and the “comparison numbers” for both the A32XNEO and B737RE. I think that you are spot on. Let’s wait and see the list of “surprise” changes both manufacturers will be offering to be competitive down the line. They will be no longer competing between themselves at that point, as the nb market will start getting new (and most probably cheaper) players. They will obviously compete in manufacturing expertise and industrial throughput in an industry that is supply limited and with ridiculous capex to setup production lines. It is crystal clear… that they will try to compete as well as possible on specifications, but with minimal capex! Not so jacobin, An all new 737, which I also favored originally because it would have produced a much better a/p compared to the A329NEO, turned out to be an absolute impossibility for Boeing, because: 1. The huge development cost involved, 2. The 787 and 748 financial burdens, 3. The much greater development time, 4. The unexpected, even for Airbus, huge demand for the A320NEO’s and 5. The expected continuing rise in the cost of fuel, have all made the 737RE the only realistic option available to Boeing, other than seeding the whole market to Airbus, unneccesarily! This market is huge and even with others like Bombadier with their C-series coming on the market, the large number of 737 operators will select the 737RE for commonality reasons and also because Airbus will simply NOT be able to cope with the demand, especially for deliveries before 2020! @Rudy: I don’t in theory disagree with you comments. My comments was more geared to the screw-ups and how this relates to the old “McBoeing” management/BOD. As I mentioned above, I do not see how the B737RE will be a strong competitor to the A32XNEO. I’m not saying that it won’t sell well (I’ve mentioned many times that it will), as it certainly will but I don’t see it “beating” (so-to-speak) the A32XNEO. My point is this is just a long string of “disasters” by the current management/BOD. Surely a recipe for defection by some major fleet operators if the aeroturbopwer analysis is correct. Loyalty etc. cannot be a factor to airline shareholders, particularly if competition is able to undercut an existing fare structure and erode market share. Remember, customer defection can go both ways. I agree, but the evidence thus far is all one way, In some respects I wish it would become a more equal playing field, I & many others hope to see Boeing respond in its historical characteristic & innovative manner. The 787-800 is lighter than the A320 despite its larger wings. It also has at least one more row of six seats than the A320. On per seat basis the 737-800 is more interesting. That is why the 737-800 retains it value better. @Vero: IIRC, Airbus will be able to add 3 more seats to the A320 due to some cabin refurbishing. I think the order book for the A32XNEO speaks volumes. I guess when Boeing officially announces the B737RE and has some “head-to-head” battles against the A32XNEO will one really know. That being said, I’m not as sanguine regarding the B737RE as I was say maybe 3-4 weeks ago. Jacobin, I have the feeling that the 737NG re-engined is somekind of an empty threat launched by Boeing because I just can’t see any reason why they launch a “simply” re-engined 737NG with such a small modification SIX long years before its EIS. It does not amke much sense. It they launch it this year for an EIS in 2017, then the launch is way too premature. Why would they launch the re-engining so prematurely when they still have 2,200 units of 737NG to deliver? It really does not make much sense. The funny thing is that the highly hypothetical re-egnined 737NG will be just enough to restore 737-800’s COC per seat advantage it enjoys. Airbus and Boeing will have premature and cannibal babies in their portfolio. Perhaps Boeing will be able to offer a retrofitability for 737NG airframe produced in 2015 onward. The retrofitability will allow better market value retention of the aircraft. VV, the engine availability is probably the reason for both Airbus and Boeing LEAP EIS. The LEAP is a little later than the PW1000G, and the Airbus LEAP version is planned before the Boeing version I believe. @Vero: While I do think Boeing do have a B737RE planned, I’m questioning the efficiency against its competitors. Both Boeing and Airbus are going to increasing production to >50 frames/month..for Boeing, that’s only a few years of backlog. I’m not so sure if Boeing will be able to offer “retrofitability”…will Airbus be able to? If so, then it puts more pressure on Boeing to do something about it. Maybe Boeing will be able to make some mods. to the B737RE before EIS which will improve its current theoretical improvement over the B737NG. The article says: .” Shocker? Hi, I think that they have to wait until the engine is ready around 2016 and they have to launch it NOW if they don’t want to keep loosing sales against the A320NEO for the next x years. Cheers JD jd, So what are they going to do between 2015 and 2017? stop the 737NG Classic production? They need to sell the 737NG/CFM56 for 2015-2017 anyway. No need to search for any technical/marketing/strategical “good reason”. Call it panic. They simply had no choice left, being exposed to such a commercial pressure. Losing the total AA deal to Airbus would also mean losing face and send a dangerous signal to the market. The airlines were simply not wanting to wait 9+ years for a brand new 797. And they were not buying the idea of a 737NG still able to be competitive in the mid-term. Both Boeing & Airbus, and their respective supplier base, desperately need the cashflow offered by these single aisle best-sellers. They simply cannot afford to lose massive market share for 10 years, before EIS of a new – & potentially superior – bird. Leahy’s strategy was clever, he used that perfectly. I doubt you’ll find any A320 on this world achieving 90klbs OEW. Airbus’ ACAPs keep a safety distance to reality when it comes to empty masses. They haven’t launched the 737NG reengined. If they do launch it this year, then it is too premature. If the engine is only available in 2017 then they can formally launch the bloody reengining in 2015. It would not change the situation in any way. I do not know how the A320 can be lighter than the 737-800. Nope, from the reference given by Leeham:. From all this efficiency back and forth, one cannot really tell now which is better for which airline under what circumstances and financing. The core fact is A’s strategy in the narrow body mkt is working: Do the neo for as long as they can to push the expenses of a new plane out as far as possible to an EIS of 2030 or later, build a production system that will reduce B’s mkt share and defeat the C Series by producing 60/mo by 2016 (720/yr) and thus soak up the mkt, and most of all design the neo to take advantage of the 737’s weaknesses so that B has only a Hobson’s Choice. That is: 1. To do the simple RE which may/may not equal the neo and is therefore likely to lose substantial mkt share. 2. Build a more heavilly modified 737 that will be obviously better than the neo. B has said for months that there was no business case for this, and there is a real question whether they could execute on time given the persistent 787 mess. Also, B’s BoD would likely not authorize such a project because the 787 mess, and frankly because B’s senior management has understandably lost confidence in themselves and are running scared. 3. Do minimalist 737RE as a bridge to the NSA, just to keep current customers in line, until the NSA arrives in 2019-2020. The last choice was a great strategy, which Leahy feared. So, he wanted to force B into the first strategy. That is why he pushed for quick A decision to do the neo as a simple re-engining at a time when oil prices seemed to be going up inexorabley and he could panic the airlines into competing with one another for “scarce” delivery slots. What he got was a feeding frenzy beyond his wildest dreams, which is gradually pushing B out of any significant share of the mkt from 2016-20130 UNLESS B does the NSA. That is why I would not be surprised by a joint B/SWA announcement that B will do the minimalist RE with the NSA to follow between 2023-4, maybe earlier, but I’m not anticipating it either because I don’t think any rational airline would think B could do it on time, etc. There may be another valid consideration at work here for B. They may not care about loss of narrow body mkt share so long as they retain a some decent position in the mkt because the on-coming competition from almost everywhere will make the margins tough. They may feel that their high(er) margin future lies with the big twin aisles where A will be their only competition for years and they have very good products and mkt positions. Maybe they will be content to wait until the end of the next decade to get back into to the narrow body mkt when tech and mkt uncertainties may be less. Although Boeing probably didn’t have much choice, there is (another) significant disadvantage. This choice will force Boeing to move first on their replacement aircraft, giving Airbus the opportunity to be the smart follower 2 yrs later with anoptimized design with more mature technology from A & B’s common supply chain (e.g. engines). That information is from Aeroturbopower, not from Scott. Scott only linked to the post. It seems no one has ever come up with those numbers before, not even Airbus. Did you notice how aeroturbopower picked out a non-winglet B-738 for his comparison to the A-320-200? In theroy, he is right, but in reality he lives on a distant planet. Ask B6 or US why their A-320-200s cannot fly non-stop TRANSCON US in the winter (westbound) without a scheduled refueling stop in PHX, while those AA and DL B-738 TRANSCON US fly overhead non-stop to their California destinations? B6, AA, and DL depart from the same eastcoast airports of BOS and JFK, while Us departs from PHL. It can’t be. Keesje has been saying for years how the A-320 is certified to a “higher safety standard” than the B-737 is, thus that alone accounts for the heavier OEW of the A-32X series over the lighter OEW of the B-737NG. Now he wants it both ways, saying one day the A-320 is heavier, yet saying the next day the A-320 is lighter than the B-738. The official numbers from Airbus and Boeing regarding the OEW of: A-320-200 = 94,000 lbs (42,600 kg) B-737-800W = 91,108 lbs (41,413 kg) These are the numbers we use, not some made up number based on one airline for the A-320 and another one for the B-738. Keesje, Airbus has said many times they cannot some up with a new NB design before 2025. Boeing has pushed their NSA back from 2019 to about 2021. “Keesje, Airbus has said many times they cannot some up with a new NB design before 2025. Boeing has pushed their NSA back from 2019 to about 2021.” Airbus said “it does not make sense (business,performance) to come up with a new NB craft before … . ( Not that I think Airbus can do NB designs on fourtnight cycles 😉 Boeing has fortified this position by saying that they could not fabricate their all so performant new NB design, i.e. they have big dreams in a box but nothing connecting this to reality. Only difference visible to me is Airbus comes out straight on this while Boeing tries to do a Microsoft “new products just around the corner” on it. When will the general aeroaffine public start to gammacorrect the commercial bulletins ( especially the ones from Boeing for color correctness ). reformulating the host quip: Boeing has (re)saturated the the public domain with quite a bunch of bunch of bull every time they expouse another set of competitive “facts”. IMHO no need for Airbus to match this, the airlines did have their bitter learning pill already 😉 “Keesje, Airbus has said many times they cannot some up with a new NB design before 2025. ” Haven’t seen it anywhere. I saw quotes in which they say it is a bad idea for various reasons (immature new engine technology) I didn’t say anything on the weights. Just quoted it. Will have a look. Depends on configuration and engines OEW varies from 87,629 to 91,154. Sharklets add approx. 500 lbs extra. The number you quote is outdated and from wikipedia, not manufacturer. Fmph! Airbus never ever does PIPs on their product line. You can’t be right, Sir 😉 So how do you qualify Airbus move? They launched the A320neo SIX long years before the EIS. Is that PANIC also? Airbus has formally launched the A320neo way too early. If Boeing does launch the 737NG reengined this year for an EIS in 2016, it would also be way too early. Why the hell do they panic? There is not any reason to do so. The backlog for the 737 is well beyond 2,000 units and the A320 Classic backlog is also above 2,000. Airbus is now stuck with the A320neo for a long time. Boeing still has to make the formal launch of the 737NG reengined. It’s really not as complicated as everybody says it is. It is very difficult to sell something that has not really been launched. Launching lends some credence and gives at least a sense of security. How many peopel believe that Boeing is out of the woods by “selling” a few re-engined 737’s to AA? Just how secure is that order (i.e. I beleive that part of the order still has a lot of negotiating ahead of it and Boeing still needs to come up with some hard performance numbers before it becomes a firm contract)? Airbus launched now in order to allow Airbus to offer something to compete against Bombardier. Common opinion was that Airbus had more to lose from Bombardier than Boeing did. Could also be that Airbus would take potential upcoming competition more seriously than Boeing would (or has in the past). They have to finish the A350-900 6 then -800 before doing the A320 NEOs, which are sandwiched between the A350-800 & the -1000 in the planning timeline (something that is not without some considerable risk when one looks at the last 8 years of company performance). Optimistic or not, they have effectively communicated the fact that they have seriously considered their resources situation and have planned their scheduling with much thought and not off the cuff. Neither coimpany has a secret plan in the background here. Launch now in order to sell the things, EIS when it is realistically available, due to engine development times and internal resources of the OEMs. By the way, I believe the term OEM is a rather antiquated one in these days of massive and, in my opinion, ineffective, outsourcing. Just how much can they have saved when everything is so late and they have to pay penalties? Airbus had shot itself in the foot (actually somewhere more critical is more appropriate, as they really had put themselves in a hole) with the A380, but Boeing reciprocated, and thereby gave Airbus the kiss of life, with the 787 outsourcing debacle. Airbus claims to have learned their lessons both from the A380 and the 787 but seem to insist on outsourcing to an extremely large degree on the A350 while Boeing’s solution, according to Mike Bair, is for each company to build an assembly site near wherever Boeing locates their final assembly line. I even wonder if either company could even design and build an aircraft on their own anymore, assuming they decided to stop selling the farm?! Well, the number is from Airbus and I provided the link. As I wrote, OEW varies from airline to airline and there is no absolute clear definition as to what is included in the OEW, so that can vary between A and B. Also, jetblue operates the engines downrated in thrust, so they have a lower initial operating altitude on long flights. They trade fuel burn vs. maintenance costs here…

Mauro Icardi had to be substituted off injured for PSG. Icardi was unable to finish the match for PSG after having gone down and landing on his shoulder. He was holding his shoulder while being substituted off and was seen leaving the stadium with his arm in a sling. PSG coach Maurico Pochettino stated the following: “It will be necessary to see the analysis, the scans when we land in Paris. We will see but it doesn’t look good. Let’s hope it’s just a scare and nothing serious, he has pain in his shoulder.” Argentina national team coach Lionel Scaloni was expected to include Mauro Icardi in the squad for September’s World Cup qualifiers. With the injuries to Lautaro Martinez, Lucas Alario and Sergio Aguero, Icardi was next in line to be included but this injury could keep him out. I see some comments about Mascherano and I actually like the dialogue because when speaking of current player forms we tend to forget Mascherano was in some pretty embarrassing games as well. I feel Mascherano was a great player, yet at the same time held the team back (think in terms of style of play and creativity that we had. Yes you need a defensive-minded midfield, but think of Spain and Barca during 2008-2012 – no weak link). He should have retired in 2016 as he was finished (Just like Busquets has been finished for about 4 years now with Barca). I’m probably the minority when I say that I never rated Mascherano highly as he only gave us defensive work and was never a complete DM who can contribute in offensively (Xavi Alonso). Some believe he was great and he did save us in 2014 albeit after getting beaten on dribble by Robben – Robben thought he was in the clear for goal and if he saw Mascherano, he would have taken a foul and dived for a penalty as he did throughout that WC – still great tackle from him, but my heart always stopped during these yellow card-risking sliding tackles -always. For me, Mascherano had to be on the squad because he was the best DM we had available. He was in my opinion overrated (Cambiasso was more complete). Better DM Midfield than Mash: 3 years more successful than Masch (if we are all honest with ourselves). Masch was our version of Gary Medal (Mascherano being a Mercedes Benz S Class and Medal is a C class, but same vehicle just different model – both only contribute defensively). Mascherano also used to spray long, accurate, diagonal passes to the flanks, mostly to Lavezzi in 2014. He was more complete that you give him credit for. Contrary to what some believe he was not just a superb tackler, his passing was great too. People are blaming him for shutting down Icardi call-ups though. As if a static finisher, a pure poacher, no matter how prolific would have solved our problems at the time. We were shambles all over the place and a pure number 9 would not have helped much. I agree in the latter part of his career Masch was a better passer, but I still think he was overrated given the DMs I mentioned. I also agree that 2018 was a waste and that was due to Edgardo Bauza. > Rodri (Man City), Brozovic, Prime Nemanja Matić, Granit Xhaka – none of these guys were better than Masche. Xavi Alonso, Sergio Busquets, Sebastian Schweinsteiger, and Kante – All generational talent. If they’re better, doesn’t really mean anything. Icardi is out for 3 weeks. Will be out for the WC qualifier. I just hope Scaloni won’t go for mediocre replacements. Hope Dybala is will make a return now although he is not a 9. If Scaloni had released the players list – Atleast some players can play carefully..this was highly unprofessional from Scaloni.. I watched almost all of Palacios minutes today and I am disappointed on how they are using him. A complete system player with no contribution in attack and rarely gets the ball, when he gets it it is only from the center backs. He played well for what they want him to do but I hope he finds an escape route and leaves. At least any minutes are better than no minutes Buendia’s stats seem to be a lot better than last game, with three key passes for example, but based on what people who watched the game say it looks like he is still adjusting. Many people on this site have high expectations of him including myself, but let’s not use these expectations to judge him harshly because he will probably take an adjustment period. For him to have gotten called up for these games it would have required no less than for him to kick the ground running. haha I find it interesting that my conclusion regarding Palacios is opposite to yours though I think our observation is same. You are quite correct they are using him very deep, very centrally, in conjugation with aranguiz to drive the engine of the team in a very tactical setup. a ball hunting role with periods of very high intensity from that midfield. close down, win it, move it along to next player upfield – a very german approach. it is a particular role player in a system with little room for creativity as you say, but I actually like that. Too often i find our midfield players “lost” in europe because they come from argentine systems where there is a lot more freedom of play and thought. In europe structure and discipline in center of pitch is lot more valued i think so I am kind of liking this. That is actually a very good point which I had not considered, you may have swayed my opinion entirely. Look at Buendia, the hot topic of today for instance. He was too used to being a free role main man in Norwich like many of our talents are in Argentina and is now tasked with adapting to a system where he has the same level of importance as the other players and will have to make do with less touches of the ball and less freedom. My main disappointment is that I love to see Palacios do one touch passes in attacking areas and I love his qualities in that area of the field, essentially I miss the “River” Palacios. But of course that comes from a viewing perspective and now when I think about the NT I realize we have too many “10’s”. Even our DM Paredes started off as a 10. De Paul is not used the same for us as he was in Udinese and Lo Celso while he can play almost anywhere in midfield prefers playing higher up. Let’s not even get started on the Messi-Dybala situation or the fact that the overwhelming majority of our talents in Argentina are 10s. So maybe like you say it is a good thing for Palacios to be learning from the more controlled German-European style (which might even make him more attractive to other top European clubs). Thanks for pointing that out. Yes i like this system play..full of intensity And placios played Very well So foyth red card rescinded, he is playing now I still don’t see what you guys see. I watch the Aston Villa Game. Buendia is, if even, average. And by the way if we have an overload of great or the best players, then it’s RW… We got Messi, Dybala, Di Maria and A Correa. I don’t see Buendia near NT right now… I watched the last few games of second Division Norwich and now the Aston Villa Games. But I’m not impressed by Buendia It’s time scaloni summons Girotti. He would be dead crucial if as soon as he’s integrated. At this moment gaich is not a good option. He’s out of club, haven’t had any games and is going through a rough patch after the Olympics, as with other argentines. Girotti should be the deserved and better option here. The problem is Girotti is going through a dry spell. He is not the same Girotti of four months ago. He doesn’t even get many minutes. I feel that he would give a bad image if he were called up now How emi Buendía played today? I watched Aston Villa vs Newcastle. Emi Martinez and Emi Buendia both start. Emi Martinez: Emi gets his first clean sheet this season. Newcastle hardly has any chance against him, In the first half the Villa defender error creates a one on one chance between a Newcastle striker against him but his shot goes wide. Second half, Emi commits a foul exactly like how Nauer fouled Higuain in the WC final of 2014, penalty is awarded against Emi, but the the VAR shows that the Newcastle player is offside when he receives the ball, so no PK. My rating for him: 7 Emi Buendia: Second below average game in a row for him in 2 starts. He plays in Di Maria position as forward right but most of the Villa attack comes from the left where there is Ashley Young. So Emi rarely touches the ball. When he touches it, he is very average. No key pass, no shooting, no good movements. Emi has been playing in EPL for a while, he is not a new comer to EPL. Yes Aston Villa is a new club for him but the adaptation shouldn’t be that hard for him. The only difference is in Norwich, he was treated like he was Maradona. All offense went through him. In Aston Villa, he was just one of the 11 players playing. The attack does NOT go through him. I am not saying that Buendia is overrated. It is just he needs to show that he can be useful and still looks good when touching the ball less. If he is to play for Argentina for example, there is no way he will get a lot of touches because the ones holding the ball usually are Messi, Di Maria, De Paul. But what I am disappointed in Buendia is his off the ball movement is very poor. He almost always is nowhere to be found when Aston Villa attack in counter attack or in a build up play. So guys, it is too early to say I know, but so far in 2 Villa games, he does not deserve to be called up. Maybe in the future, but not now. If he makes it to the squad this time, I am sure he will not get any minutes as his Argentina teammates who play in his position such as De Paul, Lo Celso, Nico Gonzales, Papu, Di Maria, Palacios, Correa are all superior to him. Again Buendia needs to show that he can be effective when touching the ball less, otherwise, he will not be a good asset for us. I used to worry that Papu Gomez would not be good for Argentina because I thought he was the main man in Atalanta. Then in Argentina he has to defer to Messi, but then Papu did his part good. He can be very good either when touching the ball less or more. Buendia still needs to learn that. Agree 2018 was a result of brainless strategies of Sampoali and ridiculous team selection of AfA and Sampaoli’s predecessors. After 2016 Copa final loss, especially when Messi’s emotional retirement from national team, we had to completely overhaul our team. 2018 world cup was the easiest world cup to win but we crashed out like an average team. Macherano, even though was the best defensive mid in the last decade for Argentina , arrived at the world cup totally washed up. Biglia did nothing but played back pass the whole time, Higuain should have retired after horrendous misses in 3 consecutive finals, Rojo shouldn’t even be on the backup list let alone as a starter, Caballero was selected 4 yrs too late. Date expired Enzo perez replacing injured Lanzini was mind boggling!! 2018 disaster was a collaborative effort of players , coaches and management!! Since 1994, Argentina’s every other world cup campaign has been nothing but disastrous!! Some people saying Masche was a problem in 2018? With all due respect that’s completely wrong. In 2018 the problem was first and foremost AFA and then Sampaoli. Masherano was not a problem. No one is saying Mascherano was problem but Paredes would have been much better. Lo celso and Paredes should be in midfield in 2018 WC. I beg to differ!! A team needs time to build chemistry. Even Maradona, Riquelme, Redondo couldn’t have saved the 2018 disaster. It takes a while for a team to get into rhythm and the best time to make changes was right after 2016. So who did not call up Paredes? Sampaoli! Who did not give any minutes to Lo Celso? Also Sampaoli… Jewel hey don’t call people stupid If you have valid argument come to table Plus I don’t think you loved Argentina nt as much I do.Only crowds set behind the screen and call people stupid or insults others because you know for fact You can’t say in front of me what just said. 😀 Absolutely rubbish on Lionel Scaloni – for not naming a squad..This is Covid times – why does it take so long to put a squad – if the club are not releasing – then try some other players.. we all know the majority of the team is going to be PSG, River and Sevilla.. I think Scaloni is still drunk since Copa victory Come on guys, let’s be patient. It shouldn’t make any difference to us when he releases it, it may be a good thing for him to be secretive on what’s going on to keep the other teams guessing ow we rally need Dybala and he can play as starter Nr9 He played for Juve as Nr. 9 woth some free role… I don’t see anyone else right now Nehuen Perez moves to Udinese on loan joining Molina. Hope he can improve there. Anrpano, Godin, Mirnal Most Valuable Argentine in this site😊 All are Brazilian fan in disguise. Kick them out of this platform. Mascherano is legend and one true leader inside and outside pitch. Paredes have long road yet to arrive there. maybe one day he will arrive there. i don t know. he is very good player strong character and he have the potential to arrive to be like Mascherano one day. But now he is not. as about idiotic rumors that saying about fake injury of Icardi the only i want to say is that we are make only the level of this forum lower by even mention here this kind of nonsense. I agree Btw the €80 million man Hakimi is amazing. Messi would love playing with him. He is Dani Alves 2.0. If one of our RB turns out to be half as good as Hakimi, I’d be happy. I feel bad for Gaich. There are 2 young players in his age and height (above 6’3) who are shining and are worth €70 million-€120 million named Haaland and Vlahovic. Gaich is the same age pretty much, the same height, same position. And when we desperately need a number 9, what we have is a very mediocre Gaich. I hope he will improve somehow though but as of now, no coaches are even interested in him. I hope not even Scaloni. We will have 3 WC matches within 10 days. Lautaro is needed more than ever now. Can’t think of any back up number 9 now. Maybe Scaloni will go safe and make J Correa and J. Alvarez as back ups. The damned curse again. It never fails to happen. Pretty unbelievable that all of our number 9’s can’t make it. I hope lautaro can recover in time even if it’s tight or that the Icardi thing is not as bad as it seems. This is especially concerning because Brazil is one of the fixtures, if it was just venezuela and bolivia it would hardly matter. We still have some quality players up front but hopefully tactics can be tweaked right. No way we are playing gaich against Brazil I said it before and I say it again, Argentina will not find another Mascherano easily. To blame him for being selected in 2018 World Cup or the omission of Icardi in the National team (based on speculative dressing room situation) is ludicrous. Mascherano played in 2018 maybe, because the coach couldn’t find a better one. Had we had a player like prime Mascherano in the team today, we would’ve been much much stronger. Mascherano played with defenders likes ayala, Samuel, heinze, millito, zanatti and sorin list goes on Midfielders he played with cambiasso maxi Rodriguez ,Lucho gonzalez riquelme, aimar, banega, veron, di maria and more importantly he played with Messi with his prime. While paredes plays with likes otamendi, Pezzella, tagliafico and montiel yet paredes had won copa in Brazil’s back yard and previously had good one too as he made team of the tournament capa 19. Top of that arg nt just lost two compatative matches with paredes play as anchorman. Who had played better team and better coach’s with nt is mascherano or paredes? Stupid always stupid “An’ another one gone, another one gone, another one bites the dust!” It’s now Lautaro, Kun, Alario and Icardi….wow, this is the worst run of injured forwards for Argentina yet……and honestly I don’t think it’s that big of a deal! I still don’t believe that Argentina needs a 9 because Lio can play false 9 sandwiched by Angel (Correa or Dimaria) on the right and Papu/Nico G on the left. Also, lets not forget that Dybala (assuming he stays fit) is still another option. Yeah Mascherano stayed in national team too long. He should have retired after 2016 Copa or should have been a substitute in 2018 WC not starter.Back then Paredes would have been much better than Mascherano and Biglia. Let Parades be better than Guaido first. I do not like the idea of Icardi getting selected. What happened to all you guys. Writing bullshit against one of our legend. If a player selected for national team whether he is good or bad is not depending on the player himself, team manager/ coach is selecting plyers for NT. We have won copa thanks to the NT players, coaching stuff and all involved with NT and the fans. But that doesn’t meant we have to write against our former players. Hope all albiceste fan will understand. I guess that social media war isnt over for Angelito as he just trolled the Brazillians with that goal lol Probably dedicated to Richarlison! Time for a Gaich call? Or play Nico Gonzales as a CF and Angel Correa on the left. Or Dybala. gaich career in so much flux now. some say he is not even registered in russia this season. i have a hard time seeing him with a call up. i think between the correa doblete, gonzalez, dybala and alvarez, Scaloni will make his adjustments. It’s almost funny how we all foresaw the cska move to be so bad and it has been exactly that. Hard to understand why players even think of going there Unless im mistaken, i dont think any of the boys did well in Russia. Its maybe a false 9 for scaloni given the circumstances I think we have to know the squad list by looking at the lineup and bench on the day of the match… every Albiceleste fan has probably guessed the list with 95% certainity..but an official list is all I want to see… not sure why it is talking this long- not like we have 180 in-form players to choose from It’s a set up….. benedetto might get called.. Lol Alright , here we come again. Aguero , lautaro, alario now Icardi out. Who gonna take their place? J.Correa? I can’t really name who can replace No.9 spot right away. I read a comment on y o u t u be where someone thinks this injury is faked so that he doesn’t play with Messi. The commenter is suggesting that Icardi will be sold and that PSG doesn’t want controversial talk in the media regarding Messi’s influence in both PSG and NT. Sounds farfetched, but I looked that this fall at least 20x and don’t understand. Anyways, it seems like a lot of players have bad luck when they finally get opportunities. It’s amazing really. Hopefully, it’s nothing. Otherwise, I wish him a speedy recovery. If not, maybe it’s not his time. Absurd drama rumors. doesn’t make any sense. injured players lower interest from other clubs. I don’t think Messi hates Icardi so much that they can’t even share the same dressing room. I think everyone has moved on from that scandal!! However, there was a strong rumor that Macherano was super pissed at Icardi as he and Maxi Lopez were buddies!! Messi don’t hate icardi at all, however mascherano was main influence, icardi not to get involve for nt When he was at inter Milan and was scoring goals for fun. I said it before and I’m saying now Argentina nt hasn’t missed mascherano a bit in fact nt is better off without mascherano because he was so dominate in the dressing room. He should have retired after 2015 or 16 Copa, staying till the 2018 world cup was a problem for the team along with biglia. Argentina wouldnt be in WC final without Masche commanding the defensive line at the time. We conceided just 1 goal in 360 minutes over 3 finals. But yea, he should have retired for good after 2016 final. He’s just terrible and slow throughout 2018 qualifier. He made it through to WC 2018 merely because of his seniority. Then again, even Higuain still play in that WC instead of Icardi or Dybala. Argentina wasted that WC just like they wasted WC 2010. Prime Masche is 1000X better times than Paredes, Battaglia, Guido, Ascaci and pretty much anyone you can list as current or potential options. GLC – MACHE – RDP midfield would be far superior to any of your combos. To claim the NT hasn’t missed him is just a bizarre statement and not based on reality. Especially knowing how shit porous our defense has been for years. Just even last Copa anytime the offense came at us we crumbled and looked shaky as hell. We leaked goal left and right, there was hardly any defensive stability. Paredes was involved in so many of the goals is laughable. I remember some people saying we would have won 2018 is Paredes was there instead of Masche..cant believe these opinions sometimes. Mache absence hurts bad and hasn’t been replaced, not even close physically and mentally. Amigo I don’t think anyone discrediting mascherano and how good he was for nt. I’m saying he hasn’t been missed at all.Come to paredes I believe he is under a appreciated and probably bit underrated the job he has done or doing for nt and psg too. Paredes is good as any midfielder in the world on his day But espn pundits and mainstream football pundits will always mention Verratti or wijnadulum When it comes to psg no matter how good he performes because he is Argentinian, Ask scaloni and poch how crucial he is in thier system of play. Mascherano was there 2007 when Brazil beat arg 3-0 copa final, He was there when young German team humble argentina 4-0 at 2010 he was at Russia 2018 when minnows like Iceland drew 1-1 vs arg, he was there when Croatia humiliated arg 3-0 he was there when France put 4 past arg. so don’t acting argentina wasn’t conceding goals or been look shaky when mascherano was there . But I almost guarantee you argentina won’t conceding as many goals as that while scaloni still is the coach of the nt regardless who plays weather is Guido or paredes The reason been is the currently nt is built as team rather than relying on individuals brilliant. Shitty luck Dybala here we come. Damn! This was his perfect opportunity to get picked!!

Back to Posts | 310 - Nutrition & Fitness Lemon Blueberry Muffins - Tasty Tuesday w/ Sierra By 310 Nutrition Transcript Hey guys, good morning, and welcome to another Tasty Tuesday. I'm go being to be making muffins today. I'm making Lemon Blueberry Muffins to be exact. They are going to be super, super high in protein. So, I'm really excited to show that to you guys. That's what we're going to be doing on this Tasty Tuesday. If you're new to this live, my name is Sierra, I'm a nutritionist, health coach of 310 Nutrition. I like to do Tasty Tuesdays which is today at 9 am Pacific Standard Time where I create some sort of food with the 310 shakes which I have right here in my nice little container. And on Thursdays, we do a Thirsty Thursday where I'm making a new shake recipe. Again, with the 310 shake. Different recipes each time. Tasty Tuesdays are pretty fun because we get to do something really related to food versus just the shake. But, honestly, I love Thirsty Thursdays too. So, hopefully, you'll be joining me. And if this is your first live feed, welcome, and I hope it will not be your last. I like to kind of talk you guys through what I'm doing as I'm doing it. So, I'm going to go ahead and get started. If you guys, actually, bring it back. Before I get started if you guys recipes, suggestions, or ideas or anything you want to see or like a recipe that you'd love. Leave it in the comments because we're go going to be, we're going to, what? doesn't make sense. We're going to look through the comments and find a recipe and hopefully like preview it or showcase it in another live fee. Personally, I love, I love shake recipes cause they're kind of like cooking where you can do a little more of this, a little bit of that. It's not really so much like baking which we're going to kind of be doing today. Which, that reminds me of something else. I'm going to tell you guys after this. But I like seeing a new recipes so you can kind of just like make it your own. If you guys have recipes you want to see me remake, leave it in the comments. Back to what I was saying, baking. So, today we're going to be baking which I think a lot of Tasty Tuesdays are baking but I don't care for baking because it's harder than cooking in my opinion because baking is very precise. Everything has to be measured correctly. You can't have any freedom to like change up the ingredients really. So, I like cooking cause it's fun. Do a pinch of this, pinch it up, whatever. However, I like muffins. I very much like muffins and sometimes I just want a muffin for a snack or part of a snack or part of my breakfast. But, I would like to know what's in the muffin, right? Like, yeah, I could go and buy muffins and read the ingredients but I prefer to make them. Like to know what's in my muffin or anything that I'm eating really. But, it's a struggle it wasn't like baking, right? So, if you're like me and you like a muffin and you don't like baking, this recipe is for you. If I can do it, you can do it. It takes maybe ten, fifteen minutes. Like, to prepare everything together another twenty minutes to bake and obviously, it's going to take longer talking to you guys. But, long story short if you guys like muffins, if you'd like to know, knowing what's in your food when you don't really care to bake and you don't really like what you're doing. Like those crazy baking recipes, this is for you. So, I'm going to go ahead. And now finally we get started. I think I have everything out besides my blueberries because those are frozen. So, I'm going to leave those in the freezer until I'm ready for them because I don't want them to like thaw out at all. Recipe Walkthrough So, this recipe to start calls for a banana and chia seeds, apple sauce, and a liquid which is right here. You guys can use any milk you want. You can use almond milk, you could use regular milk, you could use coconut milk. I don't know if I said that already. I am using a plant protein milk. I'm using this specifically because it's going to add even more protein to this recipe. Of course, nutrition shake already has 15 grams of protein per serving which we'll get into this later. But, I just want to add a little bit more protein, right? Because I'm going to be dividing up this recipe among six muffins. So, it's not like there's going to be fifteen grams of protein per muffin, right? Because it's going to be separated. So, I'm just giving you a little bit more protein with this milk. And then some other ingredients as well but you can use a plant protein milk if you want for extra protein. Or, you can use almond milk or whatever you have at your house if you already have something. Okay, so first, I'm going to do the banana. I recommend you guys do the banana first because you need to mash this. so, this is, it could be more ripe but it's definitely not like not ripe, I guess. So, I'm using like one medium banana. And what you do is you just, we're going to mash it. I have my bowl right here. And then I found using a fork is actually easier. You know you're really mixing and stuff. The fork seems to be the easiest to mash the banana. And if you want, you could literally use your hands. That probably would get pretty messy but sometimes you just going to get messy in the kitchen. But I'm going to be using a fork today. I'm just mashing this banana in this bowl. And, you want to try to get it pretty smooth but if you don't want to spend forever sitting here mashing this banana, it's totally okay. You just want to mash it so that there's not a like any big chunks or at least not too many big chunks. But in the dough or in the mix I guess, I don't know. Is, or muffins called dough, muffin dough? I don't know. That sounds right. But in the batter, should I say batter? yeah, in the batter, you won't really be able to tell too much if you're banana isn't perfectly mashed So, it's kind of just a personal thing I think but the more mash you can get the better they get. Like you don't have to spend all day here. But if you use a fork it's going to be so much easier. I actually made this recipe, I made this twice now and the first one is a spoon and it was just way more difficult. Save yourself some time and energy, you just use a fork. I'm almost done actually. I'm just trying to be a little bit like precise for this one. And pre-heat your oven so you guys are doing this already. Make sure you have all your ingredients out. Make sure your oven is pre-heating to 400 and you're going to need a six muffin pan or you can use a dozen and just only fill half of it. And you can use those little muffin cup things. I forgot them every single time so I actually just grease the muffin tins with some olive oil and or spray. So, if you don't have the muffin like cup thing you can just spray the tin so that they come out and they don't stick. It's not as easy if you have the little cups to it but if you don't, I mean you can still make this and it will come up pretty easily. They just won't be completely perfect. Which nothing is ever perfect that I mean. Okay. So, I have my banana that's pretty well mashed. I'm happy with it. And next I'm going to add my apple sauce. So, I went to the store and bought unsweetened applesauce. So, which is weird. I realized I haven't bought applesauce in so long. Like I don't really ever eat applesauce I guess. But, I don't know. I found it in the baking aisle and it's just unsweetened applesauce. And the ingredients are organic apples. So, there you go. And this is actually a half cup. So, you're going to use one medium banana that's ripe. And you're going to use a half cup. And I already measured this in a measuring cup to know that it's a half cup so I can just put the whole thing in there and I don't have to worry about measuring it every single time. And this is going right. This is a one-pan or like a one-bowl dish or it's going right in this large bowl. Alright. And then let me just make sure I get a majority of it out. Put that away. And then I'm going to mix it up. And just of kind of like make sure it's all mashed and mixed together which is pretty easy because it's just applesauce and mashed banana. So, next. I'm going to add my liquid. So, this is the half cup, about a half, yes, a half cup of the plant protein milk, remember? But again you can use any milk you want or like non-dairy milk. Totally, up to you. I'm adding it right to this bowl. And then, what I'm going to do is add my, this is the milk, like it's kind of thick so I try to get most of it out. I'm going to remix that but very gently because it will splash. I speak from experience. Alright. So, now that I have that I'll mix in this bowl. And it doesn't want to be a super large bowl. Like you guys can see it, it's not the biggest bowl ever. I mean it's you're only getting about six muffins worth of batter so it doesn't have to be huge. And then next I'm going to use my chia seeds. So, this is also another source of protein seeds in general like chia seeds, flaxseeds, hemp seeds, sunflower seeds. They are a good source of fats and some protein and some fiber. So, it's a really, really cool food. Any seed in general. I don't know if you can substitute any, another seed. Like, I don't know if you could use flaxseed for this. To be honest, I'm not entirely sure. Again, baking is pretty specific so I would follow it to this. I would use the chia seeds if you're making this. Or you can be adventurous and try something else and see if it works. But, this is going to kind of act as a binder. So, we have a very soupy looking mixture going on here. And this is kind of help to bind everything because the chia seeds will actually absorb a bunch of liquid and like hold the muffin together. So, it's not just soupy and runny. We're going to use three tablespoons. And I broke my, this today, which is sad. So, I'm using this which is a tablespoon but it broke off. So, I'm using a little, just a little cup. It might look a little weird but it's a tablespoon. I'm gonna do three of them. And then what I'm gonna do is stir it in. And we're going to wait about 2 minutes so, that puts the chia seeds to have time to absorb the liquid that's in the bowl, and then we're gonna add the rest of our ingredients. So, that's three. Alright. And then we're gonna put this away. And I just added it to this bowl and now I'm just mixing it in. And like I said, we'll wait a little bit, and then I'll show you guys the next ingredients that I'm gonna do. But while we wait, we will have these chia seeds to fully absorb all the moisture in this bowl so that we have an actual muffin that can hold together and not just this soupy banana mashed potato, mashed potato? No. Mashed banana mix. Okay. And I'm just gonna make sure that it's, it's kind like gonna be pudding-ish type when you're done with it. When you come back to after the two minutes. It's gonna come a little quick of pudding and that's totally okay. That's what you want. You want it to just to be a little bit thicker. Alright. I'm gonna stop stirring now. I don't know why I find that so like, appealing. Like which is true guys. I don't know. Is that weird? Anyway, moving on. Next, I have a few ingredients to use. Well, more than a few. I think what I will do is we'll start with the collagen. So, this is the 310 collagen. It's unflavored. It is a powder. There is a scoop inside which I guess I could show you guys. This is the scoop, right here, this guy. So, I want to add some collagen to this because number one it's unflavored. Two, it's not like it's gonna change the, you know, the flavor of the muffins. I'm not gonna add a lot though because I don't want it to be too powdery where you know the muffin just gonna falls apart where there's not enough moisture. But I do wanna add this. Again, it's not flavored. So, it shouldn't change the flavor at all. Collagen is a really good product for kind of multiple different things. Number one, I think it's probably most sought after because of its skin effects. So, as we age, as we grow older, our skin naturally losses elasticity. That's just how the cookie crumbles, right? It just, it happens, it's normal. But what the collagen can do is it can help to kind of repair that elasticity of your skin to keep it more taut so you don't have that looser looking skin. It also helps support like your teeth and your bones. So, I'm like trying to read the label for you guys. Not that I really don't know but it helps support strong bones as well. So, if that's something that you guys are looking for. And again, as we age, as we grow up, our body just becomes weaker, right? So, the collagen can really help your skin and your bones in that way and like your joints too. So if you notice that you're having issues with your joints, this could be another product to add in. And because it's unflavored and because it's a powder, it goes easily with 310 shake. Obviously today I'm making muffins but this is something that you can easily throw in a shake and have it that way. Mix it in with a lemonade. I see people do that too. These lemonades are amazing. Especially when it's so hot out. So, just add in the collagen, and super simple. I'm going to use not a full serving cause remember I think sometimes people get caught on servings and saying with, oh, it's, you know the serving size is 12 almonds. Like okay, all that means is in 12 almonds there's these calories, this much fat, this protein etcetera. It doesn't mean you have to have 12 almonds and it doesn't mean you can only have 12 almonds, right? Like, if you're only having almonds for a snack because you can't have access, or you don't have access to any of the food. Like 12 almonds is gonna basically do nothing, right? So, just a reminder that the serving size is just a way to measure what's in the amount of food you're using. So, I'm not gonna use a full serving size for this which the serving is two tablespoons. I'm probably gonna use, my dog is like about to destroy some wine glasses over there. I'm gonna use probably like a fourth spoon which is like probably a half tablespoon. Just because I don't want it to, I don't want it to again take up too much moisture to where we just have everything like falling apart. So, and then I'm just gonna throw it back in here. And this I just put in the cupboard or cabinet with all my other products. It doesn't need to be like specially stored or anything. Honestly, you don't wanna really have any food products like in direct sunlight or in high heat. So, if you're living in Vegas make sure you're not leaving yourself anywhere like outside or even in your window but for the most part it just stores normally. And then I'm just gonna mix that in. And it definitely is kind of like a pudding at this point which is good. That's what we want. Next, I'm gonna add the 310 MCT. So, this, shake it up. Make sure you give it a nice little shake. It should be stored in your refrigerator after opening because it's an oil. MCT oil is naturally going to separate because the oil separates. So, just make sure that by giving it a little shake you're just giving everything evenly distributed. This is an excellent, an excellent source of healthy fat. No, you don't have to be keto to use this. Yes, you can be keto to use this. Does not matter if you're keto or not keto. Everyone needs healthy fat in their diet. Everyone. And this is a really great way to get some healthy fat. It's also unflavored which is nice. I've seen a lot of people use this in their shakes. I've seen some people use it in their coffee or with their tea. I'm gonna be using it in this recipe today. I'm gonna be doing probably like maybe half a tablespoon I think will go with because again, I don't wanna change this recipe too much because I know that it needs to be a certain way to be able to hold together properly. So, I don't wanna add too much to it So, I'm gonna do a half tablespoon but the serving size is a tablespoon. But again, it's just a way to measure what's in the food. So, let me get my little, is this the, okay, right here. And I'm gonna do half a tablespoon right to the batter. Did we say batter? yeah, I don't know. It doesn't sound right muffin batter. I don't know. I don't know why it sounds so weird to me, but. I'm gonna add it right in there and then just mixing it in as I have everything else. Alright. Few more things to add. So, we added the collagen, we added the MCT. Let's do the shake powder. Let's do all our 310 products at once. So, we have the very last ingredients which is arguably like the most important ingredient or one of them which is the 310 shake. This is the vanilla shake. I have it in this container because I don't know. I had the container. I wanted to use it. My cabinet was getting a little full of the 310 bags. This fits a, this doesn't, the whole shake bag won't fill this container entirely but a full-size shake bag is 28 servings and it comes with a scoop. So, if you read the back it says, it says a serving size is one scoop. We'll of course we have to give you a scoop. So, your scoop looks like this, okay? And that's gonna be in the bag somewhere. Sometimes it's lower in the bag but it's usually almost always there. If you have this smaller packets that are like yay big, that's actually close to one serving. So, that entire packet would be about equal to this. So, it's just a way to sample a product. So, you would use the whole packet, right? In this shake, there are 15 grams of protein which is crazy good. Obviously, this is the vanilla but we have very various flavors as well. There's going to be 7 grams of carbs and 5 of them are going to be fiber. So, not only is it a high fiber food because a high fiber food is anything with 4 grams of fiber or more per serving. So, it's a high fiber food. But when you subtract the, when you subtract the fiber from the carbohydrate it leaves you with just 2 grams net carbs. So, right. So very keto-friendly if that's something you're doing. Hold on one second, I don't know if you guys can hear that. Okay, sorry. I don't know if you guys can hear that. But I can hear it. It's very loud. Okay. Where do we leave off? Two grams in that carbs per serving, no added sugars. The product is sweetened naturally with Stevia, so there's not gonna be any artificial ingredients or sugars of any kind ever. Even in like all our products, not just the shakes. So, if that's something that you're that is important to you that you value in your food that's gonna be in all of our products, not just the shakes. And I think I mentioned that the full size shake bag have 28 servings. It last you a pretty good amount of time. If you're doing two shakes a day which is what we recommend. Two shakes a day to replace two meals that last you about half a month. So you would need another bag to supplement that month. But, the shakes are so easy because it's nutrition that you don't really have to think about. And, yeah, being that they're only 90 calories, I love it that it's only 90 calories because it gives you this freedom to make recipes like this, right? Like, some other powders that are higher in calories. It's already a lot of calories in the powder alone so you don't get to have the freedom to add fun like fruits and veggies and peanut butter and chia seeds or make muffins out of this and still be low-calorie muffins because there's just so many calories alone in the shake powder, right? So, I love that it's only 90 calories cause it gives you so much freedom. I mean, I've been doing Thirsty Thursdays for, gosh, probably like 4 years. And, I have not made the same shake twice. And if I have this cause I wanted to make it. Like there are so many variations that you can do. For this recipe, I'm actually gonna need is two scoops. So, I'm using two just because I need to add more. When you guys make this you'll see it's still very soupy like as it is now. It would just wouldn't bake cause there's no flour or anything like actually holding it all together. We have the chia seeds which absorbs moisture but now we have to have kind of like a flour so as to hold it together. So, I'm gonna use two scoops. Again, it's gonna help to kind of just start to form a muffin. Actual, an actual muffin out of this. And, it's gonna give us 30 grams of protein alone. I did that totally messy. It's giving us 30 grams of protein alone in this recipe. And I'm using the vanilla and then I'm gonna go ahead and stir this in like I have everything else and just be very careful because it's a lot of powder and I was being aggressive apparently and already spilled. So, just be careful. It does, once you get its stirring though, it does stir in pretty nicely. And just make sure all of it is coated. You don't want any like dry powder hanging out in your bowl. And it's starting to get thicker which is good because we, again, we want it to be able to form muffins, right? And like rise. Speaking of rise, there's an ingredient we need to use and in order for that to happen. Now, it's gonna be our baking powder. So, I'm gonna make sure that I get this last a little bit mix and then we're gonna add one. Actually, I'm not gonna add this yet because I need this first. I'm gonna add my other flour. I have my almond flour here. I need a half cup of almond flour. If you're not familiar with almond flour. It's kind of like flour, it's just made from almonds. You can find it in the baking aisle of most grocery stores. I like to shop at Sprout but wherever you guys go. I don't know. I don't even know if Sprouts is available all around the country but I like Sprouts. But anywhere you're going check the baking aisle and this should be with the other items in the baking aisle. And again you're going to need a half cup. So, it's easier if you just keep stirring everything as you go cause you're adding so many dry ingredients at this point. You want to make sure that it's blending decently well. And so I'm kind of just do it that trick. I just fill up this measuring cup. I filled it up to excess and then when I'm coming out of the bag with the scooper or the measuring cup, I use this side if you guys can see it. This side of the bag as like my leveling knife. And I have a nice even level half cup here. That's the trick if you don't want to get a knife and make it all messy and things like that. You can just use the side. And then I'm just adding that right to here. Okay. And then stirring in. It's still stirring in pretty nicely. Will definitely use getting a little bit more dry but that's good, right? Remember, we need it to hold and actually bake. So, next, I'm going to do two tablespoons of coconut flour. Oh, there's some hanging on the sides. Alright, I'm going to wipe this up. Okay. I made kind of a mess with the powder. That's alright. I just like to clean as I go, I don't know. I've always kind of in that way, I clean as I go. Just that when you're done like you don't have a whole like overwhelming mess like staring you down have to face, right? Just easier to clean this way. I think. And cleaning I think, it's good, alright. Call me weird but I like it. Alright, next, we're adding the coconut flour. So, kind of the same thing as almond flour. It's like flour but it's made from coconut, right? So, we're gonna do two tablespoons of this with my little broken tablespoon guy over here. And then we'll mix that in. And again, I'm using the bag as my leveler. It's just easier that way. Even though my thing is kind of broken. Not kind of broken just absolutely broken. I'll have to buy a new one because this is really inconvenient. But,I didn't feel like doing a half tablespoon twice as much. So, just doing it this way. Alright, last one. Mix that in and then we have two more ingredients that we will add and then we will, oh, three more ingredients that we will add and then will be that. So, I'm mixing this in. And, I'm gonna add. Oh no, four more ingredients, I don't know. I'll tell you when I'm done. I keep forgetting. Alright. Cause right now we just have all muffin dough in flavor. So, I'm gonna add a half or no, one full teaspoon of the baking powder and that will hold everything together. Let me put this lid on before I drop it. And this one, we're doing a teaspoon, alright. This one actually has a little lip on the edge where it acts as your leveler which is nice. So, I'm doing one teaspoon. And then, I'm gonna do one teaspoon of my vanilla extract. I made this without it once and it really just gives a little bit more flavor. Cause I didn't have it the first time. As like, yeah, why would it matter? And it's taste is good it's just wasn't as good. So, if you have it use it. One teaspoon right into the bowl and we're almost done. And remember this needs to be refrigerated. So obviously right now I'm doing a live feed and but as soon as it's over I'll put this in the refrigerator. I don't know if I mention that to you guys, But you definitely want to get it back refrigerated. It says after opening, I just do it just before just so I don't forget like put it back in the cabinet or something by mistake. Alright, next step we have the lemon. So, this is the lemon blueberry muffin so you can have a little blueberry muffin without the lemons, it's blueberries, right? So, what I'm gonna do is I don't have a zester which sucks because it would be so much better with zested lemon. However, it's okay. I'm going to just use, actually let me try something. No, i don't want to even try. I'm just going to cut the lemon. So, I need to grab a fork and a knife. I'm going to cut this in half because we're gonna use the juice of a whole lemon. and, let me say, when I first made this, I held back on adding a full lemon of juice because I thought that's way too much lemon, but, it's not. I promise you or this is my opinion. I definitely wish the first time I would have used all the lemon. So, I would be using all the lemon. If you pick the seeds out first it's easier but this, I don't really mind picking like the lemon out, seeds so I'm just juicing the whole half first of lemon in the bowl. Cause this one doesn't really have any seeds to be honest, so it's actually not that bad. But, if you have those zester, you would wanna zest the whole lemon first. Zest all of it. I know it sounds like a lot but it really is not because you have so much other ingredients going on there that by the time you add the lemon, it really does take that much to get a flavor. I'm literally squeezing it because I don't have the zester and I can't zest. I'm actually taking a little bit of the pulp of the lemon that it's coming out as I squeeze it. And I'm actually adding that to the bowl. So, if you don't have a zester and you'd like to add some little pulp, that's absolutely an option. Just try to make sure you don't have any big chunks like this otherwise that's gonna be one seriously lemony bite. And I don't know if that would go over. I'm just adding a pulp and then making sure I have all the lemon squeezed out. That one is good and done. And then the other half. And I still right now, I still feel like, oh my gosh, this is too much lemon but I'm telling it just, it taste as much lemon cause you have so many other ingredients going on. It really doesn't become overpowering. At least in my opinion. Taste is so subjective. So, I always like to say in my opinion it taste like this because twelve people could try the same thing and you could get twelve different opinions of how it taste, right? Try it for yourself which is why I like the starter kits with those little samples because it's a nice way to try it and get a taste of it to see if you like it. And in that way if you decide you do you can buy it in a larger quantity but you have to taste it first, right? That's why I really like those samples. And they're good for travelling too if you need to travel as it's just a little bit convenient. Alright, so I got some pulp. I got, I pretty much think I got all the juice from this lemon. And, I'm gonna mix this in. And then I'm gonna add the last ingredient which are the blueberries. And you want your blueberries to be frozen. You can use fresh blueberries but I think the frozen just works a little bit better. So, I have them frozen or they should almost be frozen cause I threw them in the last. I forgot the last minute and I kind of threw them in there. So, let me grab them. I wanted them to stay frozen so I didn't leave them out here while we're doing it so I want them to be pretty frozen. I'm gonna do, honestly, I'm just gonna do a handful. And if you guys can measure out as many as you'd like. I'm just gonna do one handful and pour them right into one handful and like three more and put them right into the batter. And then I'm gonna put actually I'll put it away in a second. And then I'm just stirring it in. And if you're just stirring it in lightly it doesn't have to be perfectly mixed right cause this is just, it's just an additional kind of flavor for your muffins. And they smell so good. It smells very lemony but you can smell the other things in there, in it as well too like the 310 vanilla. Alright, so, what we will do next is we will grab a muffin tin and we will put them in this but I'm gonna show you guys. And again, if you don't have the muffin cups, you can just spray this with Pam or lightly wipe it with some olive oil and what you'll get are these nice little muffins. I don't know if you guys can see this but these are the muffins. They are very thick, oh, this ones kind of, this blueberry chunk came off but they're thick. They feel pretty dense but they're delicious. I have tried them and I made six. So, this batter I have found you can split and make twelve if you want. But those twelve ones are gonna be really, really small and I didn't really feel super satisfied like it was actually a muffin which was the whole point of this. So, I stopped making twelve and I started making six. And they are just so good and delicious and easy to make. Tons of nutrition packed in here. And if you already have your shakes and your collagen stuff. It's ingredients you already have. And personally, I love the lemon blueberry because I think it's just a very summer related treat in my opinion. And I'm just kind of like on a lemon kick right now. So, that's what these look like, I think I'll put them on here for you guys. Again, super simple. You're gonna bake them at 400 degrees for about 20 - 25 minutes. I like to set alarms just because you never know like ovens they bake differently, they cook differently just like microwaves and stuff. So, I would do personally, I would set it for 400 degrees and set a timer every 10 for 10 minutes and then every 5. Just make sure you don't forget cause I'm notorious to that and then I burn stuff. So, if that's how you need to do it but I would recommend cooking for ten, checking them, checking them for five, checking them again. They are going to be pretty, I don't wanna say flimsy. They don't hold together super, super well, however, if you had one of those muffin tins, that would make it or not tins but muffin cups so it will make it a lot easier to actually eat like a regular kind of muffin, right? Like with the paper around it. So, that's one thing I would recommend but if you don't have it, it's not the end of the world. I have been putting this in a ziplock bag. Or you can wrap them individually, Saran wrap, totally up to you. That would be a cool way if you're like one of them is a snack on the go. Wrap them in saran wrap. I've been throwing them in the refrigerator and keeping them for about a week. I have been eating one or two a day until they're gone cause they're go. But I'm storing them for about a week. That's what I recommend. You could probably a little bit longer but I would say about a week and then try to eat them or give them. Super simple to make and then if you look our batter is very thick at this point. So, you have a nice thick batter that bakes pretty well. And again I do recommend the blueberries to be frozen but they don't have to be, right? So, that's it. Hopefully, you guys think that these look nice if you can see them. I don't know. I'll show them to you before I say bye. But, super easy. I have been eating this actually with a little melted almond butter and a peanut butter. Just a little bit on top and it's amazing. So if that's how you wanna try it, try it but super simple, easy. It does require some baking ingredients but if you have them and you make this, I'm pretty sure you wanna make them again, so you have these ingredients. They won't go to waste. Hopefully, you guys enjoyed this Tasty Tuesday. I will be doing a live on Thursday for Thirsty Thursday at 11 am pacific standard time. If you guys again have recipes you'd like to see, Have recipes you'd like to see, have recipes you've tried and you liked. Let us know in the comments, we would be more than happy to feature in another live. Again, my name is Sierra. I am a nutritionist, health coach with 310 Nutrition community. And, I want to thank you guys for joining and hopefully, I will see you next week for Tasty Tuesday and this week for Thirsty Thursday. Hope everybody has a good day. Bye!

r SDhc (Jolumbiiin, N INDEPENDENT JOUItNAL, E H I'UIILISIIKI) r.VKllY HATUIltUT , IX BloomhiirK, Culnmljln Count, , lm Tl'UMs), two TVillaw n yenr, 111 ndvntier, If not imld In i jnncp, Two Ilollnr) nnd l-'Ifty Cent. Sddrcssnll li;(tcrn to ciroiuir. it, mooih:, E t'nior of llin (.'ol.fMliiAKi C Moomilmrif, Columhln County, I'.i. jj. u 'jjr mn.'i of (krihiiiuj. One BqnnrCfOne or thrne hucrtloiM ..(liW liich subsequent Insertion lean limn tlilrts"n. One svpini-e ono month.,.. , j on Two ' " . 3 w Three " " fi w '''"if " " SOU Half column " ,...h....,..,...io w Oriyeolurrm' ,, IS W llxccutor'H nmt Ailmlnktralor's Notlciw s ( Auditor') Notlecu , j coi Edttorlnl Notice twenty cent) per lino. Other Advertisement) Inserted weordltiR to po cl.11 eofifrncf. well as lo read tho Scriptures to them a practlco adopted byKzraand slnco universally followed. Iir later tlmo (Acts xl: ill) tiro Book of Moses wiw mid lit Hie synagogito' ovory Sabbath day. To this habit our Saviour con formed, and In Hit) synagogue, ono Sab bat li day, rend a pusyngo from tho prophet Isafah, then closing tho book, returned it to tlio priest aud preachodT from tho text. VOL. T.-NO. 21. BLOOMSBURG, SATUBJ?AY, OCTOBER, 13, .1800. MUCK FIVE CENTS. BEAUTY OF OLD AGE. niTK think eneh tottering form. ,1'lmt limp iiloilit In Ufo's decline, ncu Imro a lienrt ni young, k.h wnrm, "Ai mil of lillo f.iulti ir inllmt Unle'ieli 1ms htvl IHilriiiminf Jnj, Its own nnoiiunllo.l, uro rotmncn 'omineiu-Imj when tliu lin-shlm; hoy Klrst thrllto't at lovely woiunn's kI.iuoo, "7. mil eneh could tell his tain of youth, Would think Its scenes of lovo cvlnco l''v,,lol,i "nru niiiMrtlily" trittli pM "uio l"forj or sines. 'k " f tm.rlu hit. rhiui an . vtl th"y could ton Undos, .VtinliliiUht -icnnod In clnss. r d-vy morn lirlxlit thun modern il iys And imlds morn fair thin tuolnrn mnlds. an- '..whispers In Arltllm par j Of .ltU.es on n tilmhlu chock i v-h 1cIh, cn'h whisper f.ir too denr Our molern llpt IokIv.i orspciik. f jwnlnn too iinttnii'ly crossed Of pwlirai itlahtwl or hetr.i.ved f kindred spirit" esrly lost, Ami huds that lilimom 1 hut U f.i-K i I b-.i'iteTU ry nn I trein ml", Klfistli" form nn I nnhli" brow, .'ml forms thst nil hive piisse.l iiwny, An t li'ft them wh it we sen Uhmii nit: nil In It thus Is limnin lovo H.'i very llnht nml frII n thin?? .nJ mnsl youth's lirii?liteevlslon tnovo lMrevor on Tim V restless w in CiTit nil tho iviM th it still nrn lirlsht , Ami ntl the lips th.it talk of Mini, ijul nil the forms so f.ilr to kIkIiI, Hero.irier only com" to this? Tien whst nreatl eirth'.s treiwurci worth, If wn nt length must lose thorn thus f nil wo vnlui) most on enrth Km loim must f.ulo nwny from us ? A. SKETOIIING ADVENTURE. "Isn't It a beauty?" wn. my Rrocl ?iwl Htrolk'tl out) morning into tlio ((mil of our littli- inn. "'isn't what a beauty?" answered T "Tliirt iiistol. Ipllot bought It in I5ay- mo yesterday lor my nirin-ony pren li. I think it'n the very prettiest Iit- o'tlilnf: of tlio kind r ever Haw in my fe: isn't It, Mr. C'amtibellV" " Mv dour JIin. llardliiKO," I reidied, tmxed, " wliat in the world put it into our head to want ti pistol? Vi hat non ij!o! who do you Mipposo is going to urtyou?" " I don't know, maybe no one, nor otliing, nnd 1 daresay it'.s vory silly tit when I'm Out sketching or walking y' myself miles away from home, I Vncy I shall feel more comfortable if I ayo .some sort of a protector with me lthoiiL'h I don't sunnosO I snail ever loot with anything dreadful, of course rl shouldn't go alone." ' Well," said I, after a minute exam nation, " It certainly is rt perfect little ffair. Take euro you don't shoot your elf, that's all ;" and wltli a laughing iromiso on her part to "try not," we vo'nt our different ways for an hour or wo, to prepare iw usual for the expedi Ions of the day. AVliat blind moles we are ) How lit lo did either she or I Imagine that be ore another day dawned her life Would muz on the way she Used that little ovolver; that in a few hours her fate. vould bo to meet that "something Irendfiil," so lightly spoken of Ju-t inw. to eonuuer It. or die one of the iiost horrible deaths possible to b eon civod i ' AVo were a vory happy wiV'iwnve Elliot Ilardinge and her wife ; I, John L'ampbell, and mino. Wo had got tired if'tho const of lliscav. where we had spent the early part of the Winter, and taken to the little villages among the Pyrenees, where there was very good flShlng, and occasionally plenty ol siioot' log besides. Our wives sometimes ac oompanled us on our excursions, but Vory often mine, who was rather an in valid, remained tit home, while Jin llardinge, a perfect slave to her color box, would go out alone, sketching lowing Klliot and me to our own (lev ccti. ,Thus it had been arranged for the day in question. Klliot, ids wife, and I start ed till together; but we two left the 1 dy at the entrance of a small valley Which ran at almost right angles with the tract of country we intend shootin over, In passing which ono day she had funded some particular view or another would make a good subject for a pie ture, and determined to take advanto of the warmth of this unlucky Friday fci have a lone: dav's work there. Ac oordlngly, we bade each other good-by mid went our separate ways. ,Sho, of course, went armod with her revolver mid plenty of ammunition; " for who lCnoYo,v quoth shu laughing, "but that I may have to kill ti giant or two before j'Totiirn." At this point of my story T must Kjliango places with Mrs. llardinge, and lot her tell her own talo as -lu told it to us long afterward, when she had in ts'onio measure recovered from the horrl ml'o effects of this terrible day. IP'Tho weather," said she, " was w tfjelldoiM, and the sctuery so beautiful, rtha't, instead of sitting down at once to sny work, 1 wandered on, always bellev fifir 1 could cap the present view with .the ono 1 should get by Just cllmliiii-.' tho brow of tlio next hill; this one -fed to another, nnd this ono to still Muiother; tuul I laid only Just begun to find out that 1 had strayed much further than I laid Intended, or than, indeed, va- quite safe at this time ol -veur. oven though I had a grand new nUtol to take euro of myM'lf with. 'when I awakened to tho very un pleiiMint fad that tlio sun was rapidly allsainiearing behind tho high moun tains to tlio west, and that I should jjoon have only moonlight to help me And m.v way back again, Ol coui-c .eke-tching was now quite out of tin itruutftfcm, and I ttiro-d round som-w hat anxiously to oeo what way-murk i 1 could remember to have pacd in the morning. Luckily, though, lung, the THE valley win ctmlght, nnd In tlio opoii ground Just id front of tlio gorge by which it communicated with tlio mote extended country beyond there- was a group of cork-trees, the peculiar shape of which rendered thotudlbtlngiiishablo from the btishwoyd which clothed the l)ase of tho mountains. Luckily, too, tlio vnlioy, prrclpifi)U3 mid nigged on either ,-Jdc, Jmd nearly oven ground, perhaps half a mllo wide, upon which, whim onco reached, tho walking woiu'u lift easy. Ho, though the trees were n "ootl fhi'oo miles oil', and I was already " tired. I calculated tlmt. T pullleiemi.. . "'out un liotiraiul should reach tiiem in- .,,, lmir. nil ii nt ratted vw"i - onco there, I should' I'io'ohly' ono mllo from tho Inn ; md, alter all, I liaucrou myself, I could get homo before you," ho said, addressing her husband, "anil the others had begun to be frightened about me. "Oil" 1 started, therefore, and walked ... .it r ,. .11.-.. .... a way v.-itn a win. in less man nun un hour the sun et, and for a while it was almost totally dark. To press on, not minding the stumbles and occasional falls, and to keep up as brave a heart as could, was all that was possible ; and had got nearly to the end of the last wood, close to tho open ground which had not dared try to reach by a direct scramble in the dark and could see tho cork-trees looming largo in the glim mer of tho rising moon, when I thought heard a peculiar cry far away behind me, and 1 paused for a moment to lis ten, thinking there might po-simy oe some oiner oeiaiou waimeici m mu dark as well as myself. " For only one moment. The next 1 Was rushing along as fast as terror could drive mo, sketching tilings, cloak, um brella, everything which might impede my flight Hung away; for in that one moment all I had ever heard of the now eldoni seen Pyrencan dogs, their terri bly acute scent and horrible tonicity, Hashed through my mind, and J know bv instinct that tlio sound that 1 had heard was the cry of one of them a it had stumbled on my trail, and that the whole pack would be upon mo long, I feared, ere 1 could get oven as far as the cork-tree. At first, as I tied along wildly, I gave myself up for lost, for the idea of defending myself never onco occurred to me, so paralyzed was I with fear; but ts I went on and heard tho occasional cry, and hungry yapping always nearer and nearer, the horror of the threatened death roused In me a courage I had nev- known before, and remembering now, in fearful earnest, my revolver, I resolved to sell my life, at all ovents, as dear as 1 could. "At thl moment I gained the open rrouud. Tlio moon, white and bril liant, lighted up the valley, and brought into strong relief the group of cork-trees not far away now, and which, oil! If l could hut reach, I believed 1 might yet escape. " I pulled out my revolver, hardly abating my speed, slipped the saic-ty stop, and made for a little thicket ol ju niper somo fifty yards in Iront ; lor now the cruel 'vappiug' sounded closer and closer, and it seemed as if hundreds of savage beasts wero at my heels; if 1 could not stop them so as to gain a little time, I must be torn to pieces in a min ute. Suddenly faciii',' them as I reached the junipor, and instinctively remem bering the direction to lire low which you gave me, you know, Klliot, I shot oil" each barrel as quick as lightning, then rushed on again. That I had killed -onie, at all events, was evident by the growling and lighting of the others over the dead ones. I know that tlio dogs, now-a-davs, wero never known to de scend to the valleys until driven by ac tual starvation, and, also, that when hungry they did not scruple to eat the dead of their own kind ; so I ran on, at the same timo reloading the pistol, my hope being that by firing among thepack I might gain the time they took while they stopped to devour tho-o which were killed. "How it wa, I don't know; I sup pose every one lias felt the sumo when the first brunt of a great dancer has been endured, and one remain- rbv the ninment still in safety ; but as I ran I roll ft rcckle-n coitragiviud a, so tospeak, determination o to bo killed, took pos session of me. On I went, my pace a llttleslackened, for I feared my strength would hardly bold out ; and I was con- gratulatini' myself upon the precious minutes 1 was gaining, when I heard a ingle 'vai.li' so elo-e behind, that an igony of terror put for a moment my into courage to (light, and I almost fell (own paralyzed, a-, turning my head, I saw two glaring eyei whhin a yard of inc. in less time, now ever, tiiau u takes to tell you, I revived again, llred, and waiting only to sen that tho dog was disabled, struggled on once more ; and now, only a low yards from the trees, 1 win looking to see which would be tho be.-t to tako for, when the pack aine on again in full cry. Alas ! there was no juniper hero for a defence for my buck, and 1 know all must bo lost it they onco got to elo.-o quarters; so I turned again, let oil all the barrel", pret ty nearly at random, ami then made thu last effort 1 felt would be pinlb!o, for I was woll-nlgh exhausted, and at last reached the trees. "How 1 scrambled up one of them 1 don't know, and what becauieof mo for awhile I don't know; I fancy I lost con sciousness altogether; Imt when I caiiu to on- ,..-. nnd n.ke.1 down on tho sea a-I'l.u-iii ' ov. , below, it was idino- i vnv than I could endure. Yet If was! It Is hardly necessary tu add Hiat that ami tho author of " Vuniiy Fair" in ovi.imit tlmt tlmv . ould not reach me. i was the last time 1 ever laughed at u trihtcd MKiiild Aiigtio Tltmareh w itli leap and jump as they might; nil tho tales I had heard of crcature.i gnawing trees down lu which their prey was seated, 1 firmly bclloved to bo ptiro lie-' Hon, ho nil that I had to do to bo safe, appeared, after all, to sit still wliero I Wits. " Hut for how long? I had only three cartridges left. 1 could not bo sure of the number of dogs lit the pack, but there were upward of fifty at least, iind whether they only attacked at hK'.'' or woro equally savago during; tho dav i llcw no' ""t cvcn should they remain J.,J'- which was not prob ablu when onco thC )(,,,ml tlllU tll(,r tiroy was out of reach, 1 remembered iimt vm, rvould bo uiirc to.cvi0 to mv lw,l.,vli.n volt found I had i."1" re- i,,.,i. nnd l n-as comfqittng my.s.J if with this assttrancd when It flashed through mo that. von W():ill,n likely as ...,i ..,. .M,,,( smnr i. -ins, and 11 you diil, nothing could save you. Thh . 1 . ...,,.,..i.. was thu worst ol an, aim as j eat inm. ingof it the old dews of helpless dread gathered on my face, and I put back tho shrill whistle I always carried when wandering alone, and which I was just going to blow, lest it shonld give you too true a cltio to my place of refuge. " How long I sat crouched among t1ie brunches of that friendly cork-tree, turning these hopes and fears over In my mind, I hardly know. It must have been an hour at least, for the moon bad travelled over the valley, and was setting behind tho snowy mountains beyond, when from the opening gorge, mentioned before, there cuiiie a i-hout! 1 knew tho voice well, Klliot, nnd wait should ed without an.swering, lest you bo alone. I think the few minutes of suspense which followed were more in tolerable than anything which h.id yet happened! Hut very soon there came another shout, and then several voices toirether. mid almost at the same mo IWUl'IIIUl , 111! iWWIWm ill mv cili'iv ment the glare oftorcl.es, as u . .... ' ..... i t.w,. fi. vniiv I'he relief was too great. 1 tried to shout, too, but my voice died away in inv throat. I tried my whistle now, but the sound that I produced was too feeble to lie heard far away. At last, by ' - .. I..!..u II .t I I1-...I ,,IV ... Minii, U llllKlll illinium, x mi., v.. - remaining cartridges, and then you know better what happened and what became of me than I do myself. What happened, and what became of Mrs. Hardinge.wasaslollows: As we nea red the grove of cork-trees so often alluded to in tho above recital, and to which we wero directed by the sound of the pistol, the pack of dogs left their unsatisfactory employment of gazing at tho food which was unattaina ble, and came rn nnmse to attack iw. Hut wo were prepared for them, and they received two or three volleys so well- directed and telling, that after coming to us onco again, they betook themselves to tho shelter of the brushwood on each n; for returning home from our . ' .i ..... .... i.?.. i.,.i-.., side the for them expedition about an hour bulore, wo wero met by a peasant who told us that he and some others had seen the ilrst pack, of wild dogs remembered for up ward of thirty years, descending from tho High Pyrenees toward theso val levs; and as they certainly were not far away, it was not safe to be out, un less in a party, and well armed, fur they were always desperately savage; they had doubtless been driven from their lairs, be said, bv the long continuance of colli and snow. " Which direction had they taken ?" asked we, with a view to u possible day's sport on the morrow. .Indiro of our horror when the man uamed thu valley Mrs. llardinge had chosen for her walk that morning, nnd pointed to the mountain imuiedi ately overhanging it as tlio place Where he had seen them. lioforo ho could ilnish his sentence we were hurrying home at our utmo-t speed, hoping to lind our fears needless, and her safely returned. When, how ever, we got there, hours later than sho usually remained out, our hearts failed, when, to our quick question, " Where's Mrs. llardinge?" my wife replied, " I don't know, she lias not come In; I ! thought she was with you I" Instantly the alarm was given, tiiuwnoiu village was aroused: every man armed with a gun rallied round us, and wo took our wtivto the entrance of the valley, i- lent and sick with apprehension for the women are made to speak language a fate which nm-t likely oro this had Hue and as improbable as the speeches overtaken her. After tho rout of tho dogs, we has- toned to tho trees, and climbing that in which, by tho light of our torches, we ci mid see Mis. nanllnge,lified herdowtl. She was quite Insensible, though, lur- ther than had brui-es and tears, appa- reiitlv from falls and (horns, she seemed unhurt; at all events, there was no mark of tho dogs upon hor. Vie car rled her home, and did all wo could to restore consciousness; but uliis (lie horror she nau gone inrougii nun oei-n too great, and it was many, many days before she recovered from their effects, It was not, indeed, until inreo weeus afterward that sliewasablo to glvo iw the preceding account, silie still treasures hor little pistol as the chief saviour, under Providence, of her life, but wo who heard tho tale so unaffectedly told, thought ;tho pistol would have been but of little use, had it not lieen for tho wonderful pluck and almost Incredible courauo which hud homo her through hours of danger, mom anoalliiiL' than often falls to tho lot of a man to cm Hie. much less to tlmt t 1 of a l.nlv. lady for nsklng for a; pistol m a birth day present. ' ' ' " MADEIi." Hay, nlmll t toll ynifhimt m.v ilnrllng ' llko If 1 nm nlilo? Her nnmc Is Amnbcl I cill lior Mny, Ami nometlhien Mnhcl. f Hho's like n princess In n fairy tnlo. Or poem olden, ' ' ' ' Vi'HU oilil, nltrrfotlvo ryes, mfwnvy lmlr TlmtV nearly golilfcijJ4' Hor hniuls nrn dollentc, nnil small, nml while, Atul very nil II fill) " BIio'k oiuetlmes rertsynnhle soinotlines kliul, Hut oft'lier wilful. Hno pl.iys like f I. Cccllln (when shQ likes), Hut she's cnprlelotia; Vo licar her sins the " .tewel Bonn from KiitM" tsmost ilelleloiisl jit " . f.ungfollow's "Trust her not, she's fooling tltw I" Iteinlmts me of herj The" say she lotles In that fatal pow'r W'hleli ni'ikvi nil love her. What milters nil thty m.v? I nm hewltehM, Anil ennnot Ioo her: I woiilil she were morn real ; Imt who nn Mitt not ho chooser." So hhc Is still my (Inrllmr. All my hopes Ar,, '.utreil In her. Ami I nm wulllni-wHIl's tr the tlmu W'hen I may w'lu-rl CONCERNING STORIES'. Tmjbowllderlngiiuniberof ncwiiia.'f a.lnesand theanioimt of material, Pt'ch as it is, which goes to fill them, is nov tho least wonder .of our time. Ilesides tho leading tale, the piece of poetry, the column of jokes, or tlio solid article, which nearly all contain, there is usually a short sketch or story, and it is with t,lis ,)ra,u'1' of periodical catering that wn have to deal. If examined closely, these stories indicate a groat deal more than would appear on their own show ing. First on tho score of antiquity, they can claim priority over the big novel Itself, which precedes them in ,,, . .,,.1 ., order of place, and is ball g slow ly con- ducted upon an illustrated career under the direction of a popular author, lie fore tho novel came thenovelette, hum- uncultt before homo. Stories are proba bly as old as speech but your novel (we use tho word in its ordinary acceptation) ni r....... 1...wrfl. ...... ,;..il In "' 1 " ra'S'i'l "T"11 lie , ,. ,, very good ones. Aiitonius Diogenes went in for a regular romance the loves of Diniasaud Dyrcyilis ; but It possesses nothing in common with our works of fiction, except, of course, the element of tender passions, without which nothing of the kind could move. Hut the Greek tales were excellent. Kven In the Greek Christian times, when Pan was dead, capital adventures were struck out, which, if they dealt rather freely with sacred subjects, one is inclined to con done for their offences on the ground of no harm done. In the middle ages these tales were re-echoed along with others, and enricli- ed.too, wit., marvels brought iron, the " from tho ort , and plenty of devils from the monastic leg- plenty ends. Then there wero the jongleurs, minnesingers, and troubadours, who traveled on tho strength of a popular tasto for verse-stories; but if report speaks true concerning tho jongleurs, they added to their rriiertnirfu an attrac- tionsiiiiilartothat which brings nightly crowds to the ballet music halls ol Lon don. Italy Is regarded as the direct source of our novels and novelists. liuciwcio's- tales wero known under the latter title, and to some Italian storie. we are said to bo indebted for "The Merchant of Venice." Tlip middle age narratives were all pretty nearly of one color, and of rather a high flavor for our generation, but iiiany ol them woro both clever nnd caustic. Longfellow gives an excellent imitation or adaption of one in ills "Martin Franc; or, the Monk of St. Anthony." tir Knglish tales of the Klizabulhan ago tiro singularly dull and pointless. After tho ltestoration thev were livelier, when, to paraphasf a hackneyed qiiotati-n, The last., bei-anie more (Salle nii'l less nice;" ,Mt in the days of Queen Anne, under tho direction of Mr. Addison, the sto ries were mero galvanized abstractions thinlv disguised allegories, in which Greeks and full-bottomed wig of the "Spectator's" Romans imparted ele- 1'iiiit nroceiits in the period. JSor was O" - , tho great lexicographer u good story teller. In the " Itaoiblor," men and which the worthy doctor pre-crlhcd for hrb tory favorites lu the Hou.se ol Coin mens. Goldsmith, however, was a do lightful narrator; tho "History of the philosophic Vagabond" Is a gem ill this wav. Fielding bad a heavy manner of going about a story; buthmollet was a master In tho cr.ilt. When thu Delia Critscau gushing spoiled our poetry, stories In that strango tonguo appeared in " Amulets" and " .Souvenirs." The plates ill those-books used to bo Delia Cntscau too Unical, nerveless, and em asculato, A great improvement took placein tliopulmy daysof " Blackwood," u i.'m.t.r miu- n Benlley," A sort ol Hiigurthiui) humor pervaded the shorter tales a humor ol which the eonlenipo raucous artists caught a fair share of the spirit. Maglnn, Thackeray, Barhaiu, and Lockhart wore seldom better than svlieu confined to chapters instead of volumes. It Is reniai-Kiibio, inueeu, uiai as stories fast gavo rl-o to novels, we may notice that ovory romantic writer of original power sends up a few pilot balloons, fashioned In bis own peculiar style, beloro venturing iiiograuu .imc-iu, Mr. Dickons f it his ground with Uo.i Rnmplesof ids ware, prcvioui to making ids own proper appearance. Here wo claim an argument for our pica, (hat sto ries precede books, In (holato Profer-sor Aytoun's hands tlio art of story-telling did not degenerate; hut for occasional blots of " wtit" they would be perfect of their kind. There is real fun lit his tales, and fun Is tlioprlmecharacterlstto of them. To add another feather to the story cap, It is said that Poo's wild Inventions contain tho germs of more than one sen sation novel, nml that a very clever author who works tho sensation depart ment made the discovery at an early period of his litcraTy career. Thero Is some truth, wo believe, in this, hut not at all enough to make out tho least pro test for a charge, of plagiarism. 11 is not easy to meet with n good story now; such a ono as Tom Hood or .Tcrrold could write pitch a one as was wont to light up tho pages of magazines which erst wero disagreeably tinged with political war paint. Kvery week tons of periodicals are carried from the news-agents, and sown broadcast over the land, and nearly ail contain some tiling in the shape of a novelette. It is well for the makers of thoc literary confections that our literary society, With its complicated wants and new passions, supplies them with an Inex haustible quantity of raw material. Tiie,v have fifty plans for serving the crumpl." roi-o leaf which interferes with tho sybaraMsm attributed in penny and half-penny pit tiers to the upper classes. They can pile the delicious agony on a foundation as slight as tlio gossamer trouble which shades tlio brow of the lovely countess when dear Lord Km est Adolphus Fitz Howard has missed bringing her down to dinner, or, as We ought to say, led her to the scene of fes tivltv. They can be. cynical at times, but with thatairof killing Don Juauisni which reminds us of, " O, Mr. Hnoobs ! how can you be so sarcastic?" In the sentimental vein they have almost come round to see Miss Seward again. Wo have recently seen both pictures and letterpress in a popular monthly, fra grant of tho "Forget-me-not" and " 151 jou" of our grand mothers. As for sto ries of the genuine story kind, they are as hard to iind as real Madeira. The editors, we suppose, are compelled to accept tho rubbish which is shot out on us through dearth of better; the most boneless tiling about these Inventions would seem to lie, that they show no where that " genius in the making," as it were, which years ago resulted in " Pendennis," and " DaviiU'oppcrfleld." VISITORS IN A PRINTING OFFICE. DutlNr; the absence of tho Boss, yes terday, wo had visitors. A blooming lass, her home-spun, practical mother, and that inevitable nuisance, Hie "big boy" (big boys are humbugs, the world over), a brother of the blue-eyed lass. The good lady informed us that they were on a tour of inspection, and wish ed " Mam, mam Oh ! Mam," inter rupted that in boy, plucking at the plaitsof herdress,bchind. " W hat's tins yero V 1 gosu, ' pointing tu a joo press, opening and closing its vertical inky jaws with automatic regularity, 'the matronly spectacles beamed on tho ma- hinerv fori, moment. " I do not know, my son It seems like something that don't ;know what it's a-dour; keeps a comin', Imt backs again as much as it conies. 1 wonder In my heart if it ain't the Tennessee Legislator?" The blue eves looked brightly at the mother, and then, on tip-toe, whispered "ily-tr.ip!" "Mam, 1 go-h! t tell you what, hit 'minds nn1 ove a yoke of niggers a buz- aiii' watch 'en, como tog.'ther thai-, d've see that siu-kin' squeeze? now watch 'em come apart do you hear that? 1 gosh! lie! he!" "J son," and tho brute was fairly looked into silence In an instant those spectacles have a wonderful focal power (o be sure. Tho blue eyes were beaming on us, we Knew iney were, ior we leu as though our cheek was being pencilled it . ! ft.ll with a butterfly's wing, dipped In attar of roses, whlh) the dim echo of long lost music whispered in our ear. o felt very good, indeed. Wo wero aroused by tho good lady. "Well! well! law mo ! children, look back yonder! If th-ar ain't a wool-carllln' niershean, with a fly brush to keep the specks off the rolls; how nice!" Wo explain ed lo bur that it was a power press, on which our paper was printed. " Dear, my soul, me! is It? Xow, mis ter, doshowme wharabuiits In the trick u-bob blears aro bred made, 1 mean to say," and she placed the turk.-y-tull fan before her no-ie. We could do no better than point to (lie inking apparatus. "Well, well! what is tho world a com in' to next; but, mister, don't they look sorter niuckey, tho'Jlst in their natural tato?" We admitted tlioy did, and thought tho term niuckey might be applied to nmnv ideas in tiu'lr finished state, imt wo did not say so. "Muiu.s.iy mam ax him what them fellers area motionlu' at over l hem slopiu' table.,?" Wo an swered. distributing type, -sfr, and wi pronounced sir sharp enough to cut the whelp's throat, "Oh, dod rot eii), 1 thought they wer a skooWn tiles outen them little boxes," Tho blue eyes fell from ours to the Uoorllkea pair of strick en huiiiinliig-blrds. Wo fear that we had boon, perhaps well, staring. The old lady now bethought herself that it was (lino (o go, so she led the way. As tho big hoy brought up the rear, wo (lis covered that he had been seated on the form of a lior-e bill, lor across lib rear, on ills white cotton pants, wo rend In largo letters, "Young llulldocus this fine mil," etc. Wo never said a word, and felt lu our hearts that ho was most Welcome, to tho ink. As tiio good lady bowed herself out, sho asked us " how Mr. 1 vius likes his honey?" Hcuveiw! now, when too lato.wo have learned that shelf) Mrs. .Inn-old, Unit tho blue eyes belong to tho "hud of proml-e," iind that walking proof-shcxt of n horse bill is Jonas, " tiio boy of genua." Now look out for a storm. When Mrs. J, sees that proof tho weather will change. Clialtanoniju (luxctte. JOKE ON DOB. S rr.tMtr.N- C was a jovial soul, and hesitated not to play a trick on anyone. Among his acquaintances was it yoiuig lady and a young man, both of whom stammered very badly. They Wero unacquainted witli each other. Hob F , the young man alluded to, was quite sensitive, nnd to think that any one was making fun of Ids defect made him frequently fly into a passion. It was Stephen's fortune to meet them at a party, and ho soon determined oji a joke. " Miss Sup," said lie, approaching ids lady friend, "may I have tho pleasure of introducing you to ono of my ac quaintances, a worthy young man?" " Ccr-cer-cer-certalnly, sir." Away ho started for Bob F . " Bob, old fellow, here is a nice girl I want to lntroduco you to. Como on." " Does she taw-taw-talk?" " Yes-like blazes." So off they started and soon approach ed the seat of the lady. Stephen Intro duced them and immediately withdrew to one side that he might see how they would manage each other, when his ears Wero greeted with the following conver sation . " llow are you enjoy-joy-Joying your self th-th-tbis line evening, marm?" " Tb-th-thank you, pleasantly. But it ru-ra-rather warm." Bob's brow contracted; but ho re strained his feelings and continued: " I pre-pr-r-r-presuino you are ac quainted with most of those pr-present." " Ye-ye-y-e-s, sir, witli all, I be-bo-be- beliovc," said sho smiling. But that smile ruined her forever in Bob's estimation, for hastily rising, he exclaimed : "By th-th-thunder! nia-ma-dani, if that is tho wa-wa-way you mako f-f-fun of a f-f-fel-low'rt inll-flr-firniities, you may go to gr-grass." Stephen laughed immoderately ail the time, and was subsequently called to account for the trick ; but his good na ture drove away all bad feelings. HINTS TO HUSBANDS. Do not jest with your Wife upon a subject in which there is danger of wounding her feelings. Itememberthat she treasures every word you utter, though you may never think of them again. Da not speak of some virtue in another man's wife to remind your own of a fault. Do not reproach your wife with a personal defect, for if she has sen sibility, you intllct a wound difllcult to heal. Do not treat your wife with mat tention in company ; it touches herprido, and shewill not respect you nioro,orlovo you any thebetter for it. Do not upbraid your wife in tlio presence of a third per son. The sense of disregard for feeling will prevent her from acknowledging her fault. Do not entertain your wife with praising tho beauty and ncconi plishinents of other women. Do not, too often, invite your friends out to ride, and leave your wife at home. She might suspect that you esteem others more'companionable than herself. If you have a pleasant homo and cheerful wife, pass your evenings under your own roof. Do not bo stern and silent in vour own house, and remarkable for vour sociability olsowhere. lteniember that your wife has as much need of rec reation us yourself, and devote a portion at least, of your leisure hours to. such society and amusements as srfo may join. By so doing, you will secure her miles and Increase her alloctlon. Do not, by being too exact In pecuniary matters, make your wife feel herdepend nee on your bounty. It tends to lesen her dignity of character, and does not increase her esteem for you. If sho I.- sensible woman, sheshould ho acquaint cd with your business and know your income that sho may regulate her household accordingly. Bo it remeui bored that pecuniary affairs cause more dilllcultles than any other cause. Your wife has an equal right witli yourself to all you possess in tho world therefore -he should bo made acquainted with Hint which is great lniportanco to both SERMONS. Tin: custom of taking a text as the basis of a sermon Is said to havo orlgi uated about tlio time of Kzra, who.ac conipanied by several Levltes In a pill lie congregation of men and women ascended the pulpit, opened tho book of law, and after addressing u prayer to the Deity, to which tho people said " Amen," read the law of God distinct ly, gavo Hie seu-e, and caused tiiem to understand Hi" rending. Previous to tho time of Kz-a (four hundred and tlfty seven vear." boforo('lirlst) the patriarchs delivered ill public assemblies either prophesies or moral instructions for tho edllleatlon of tlio people ; and It was not until tho return of the .lews from Babylonian captivity, during which time they had alnio-t lost tho language in which tlio Pentateuch was written, that it became nece.-.-ary to explain lis THE finOWMAN. Tins, ladles and gentlemen, h the distinguished hanlinal vfcli fsfcironrn ns the Hamcricmi Voodchuck, first discov ered by Ociionil CTirtstophoT Columbus,, on his first voyago to tho vooda of 11a mcriky. Christopher saw him quietly Heated upon a bank of clover, n viewing tho setting nun, nnd n vaiidorlng vot vould become of It. This ero Is ono of Hie descendants of thesamo voodchuck, ns may bo hoaslly seen by his general happcarauco, vich is both beautiful nnd striking. He is a solitary crcechur, nnd is called voodchuck becauso ho lives lu tlio vood and tho boys chuck stones nt him. lie lias hair upon his back nnd upon his belly, and his tail is much tlm same. His eyes arc at tho opposite ends of tlio body, and assist lifm in tho amusing occupation of seeing, vich ho can seo in tho dark as veil ns in tha light, lielso ho vouldn't livo in oIch homier the ground. Liko most hanl mated things, ho is fond of enjoying himself, vich ho docs in a very amlnblo and hint-erestitig vny. Ho obblcs along upon the ground, ven nobody Is looking; vactbes the birds in tho treoa, and trieti to sing like them, vich ho has never suc ceeded in doing; but this Is not his fault, because ho hasn't got nny feathoM. The voodchuck lives a good vile. My hunclo ad von vat lived somo time, but llnally died; though thero is no tolllnff bow long ho would uvc lived If It vasn't for that ero haccldent. Howing to tho pilot life vich the voodchuck henjoys, avo sometimes vished I vas a vood chuck mysolf. But then there is not liexcitenient enough in it for a show man, though I can say, as Ilelandcr re marked to Diogenes, " If I vcro not a showman I vould bo n voodchuck 1" Here, ladles and gentlemen, is tho wery s on vich tlio Dilko of Valentino slow tho Lord Napoleon Buonaparte I Stir lilm up, John, and make him kick a bit I OLD THINGS. OiVj-: mo old songs, thoso oxqulslto bursts of melody which ti, rilled tho lyres of tho inspired poets and minstrels" of long ago. Kvery noto has borno on the air a talc of Joy and rapture, of sor row and sadness. They tell of daysgono by, and time has given them voieo that speaks to us of thoso who breathed those melodies; may thoy bo mino to bear till life shall end; as "I lnunch my boat" upon tlio seas of eternity, may their echoes bo wafted on my ear, to cheer, mo on my passago from earth to fatherland 1 (iive me tho old paths where wohaTO wandered and culled tho flowers of friendship in the days of " Auld Lanfr Syne." Sweeter far tho dells whoso echoes have answered to our voices, whose turf is not a stranger to our foot steps, and whoso rillsliavo in childhood's days reflected back our forms, and thoso of our merry playfellows from whom we havo parted and meet no moro In the old nooks wo loved so well. May tho old paths bo watered with Heaven's own dew, and bo greon forover In my memory ! Glvo mc tlio old liouso upon whoso stairs wo seem to hear light footsteps,. and under who.so porch a merry laugh seems to mingle with tlio winds that whistle through tlio old elms, beneath whoso brandies lio tho graves of tlioso wlio onco trod tho halls and made thar chambers ring with glee. dd O, above all, givo mo old friends, hearts bound to mino in life's sunshiny hours, and a link so strong that all tho storms of earth might not break It asun der; spirits congenial, who.so hearts through life havo beat in unison witli. my own. O, when death shall still this lieart, I would not ask for aught mora sacred to hallow my dust than tlio tear of an old friend. THE AXE. Tirr. other day I was holding a man by the hand a band ns tirm.in its outer texture as leather, and Ids sunburnt faco was as Inflexible as parchment ; he was pouring forth a tirado of contempt on those who complain that thoy can get nothing to do, as an excuse for becom ing idle loafers. Said I, " Jeff, what do you work nt? You look hearty nnd happy; what aro you at?" "Why, said he, " I bought mo an nxo thrco years ago tlmt cost mo two dollars. That was all tho money I had. 1 went to chopping wood by tlio cord. I havo done nothing else, and cleared moro than six hundred dollars; drank no grog, paid no doctor, and Imvo bought mo a llttli farm in tho iloosler Stuto, and shall bo married next week to a girl who has earned two hundred dol lars siuco she was eighteen. My old axo I shall keep In tho drawer, and buy mo a new ono to cut my wood with." After I left him I thought to myself, " that axo and no grog." They aro tho iwo things that mako a man in this world. 1 low small a capital that nxo bow suro of sun-ess with tlio motto, "No grog!" And then a .farm and a wlfcv, the best of all. An object of lutorest A girl whosn Inh-rcst Is three Hiou'snd dollars n

THE GAZETTE. LEWISTOWN, PA. SATI'RDA V, JULY 7, IS IP. TE R JIS : our DOLL Ait AXNUI, IN ADVANCE. For six months, 73 cents. rt!~Asl NEW subscriptions must he paid in advance. If the paper is continued, and not paid within the first month, $1.25 will he charg ed; if not paid in three months, $1.50; if not ] aid in six months, $1.75; and if not paid in nine months, S2.UU. EDITiJRIAL STATE CONVENTION. Tlic undersigned pu'.iltoliirs of .Newspapers in the 17th t'oncressional lTsiri. i, concurring with their editorial j brethren generally in the necessity of having an Fidito- I rial State (" invention in Pennsylvania, for the purpose of . correcting icii.if r ms abuses now practiced to the positive i injury of Country • nhlishere, respectfully recommend 10 I the Fratornitv, that they meet in State Convention, at j llarrisuuig, oil THURSDAY, t/M d.iu of -\~orcm!>tr, ; and earnestly uige a general attendance. The Postage Reform '•<-■( be effected during the west I Session of Congr. -s. A Raw whose practical effect is j lo make tlie rich richer and the poor poorer, cannot he too j soon erased from our Nati nial Statute Book ; and we j deem the time recommended for a State Convention an j auspicious tun' for uigiug effectually upon our National Congress the necessity and expediency of a speedy and i permanent change. This and other Reforms immediate ly affecting the interests of the Country Press, demand j the prompt and serious attention of the Fraternity, and j we call upon our brethren throughout the istatetoact ' with us h triiioniously and energetically, feeling confident j that by so doing tile Country Press can be placed upon a j proper platform. J .! K SHOEMAKER, Beiiefonte Whig, 11. J WALTERS, Rowistown Democrat, J GEO. FKVSINCEB, ECU istown Gazette, W. P. COOPER, J iniata Register, A K Mi Cli BE, Juniata Sentinel, .TAMES CI.AKK, llur.tingdoa Journal, Wit. I.awls, Iluntincdon Glebe, I.PENS JUNES, H-lliJav burg Register, | O A TBAEOII, IlulUdaysburg Standard, I Wm. T. Wilson, . 1 ;si. KAVMONU, j'Wair County Whtg, W. II lli.Atß, Beiiefonte Democrat, WM. J PARSONS, Centre ISenbicbter, ; l.cswio SHVBTZ, Centre Hern liter Notices of Adveriisemcnts. W. G. WARING requests the attention of per sans in want of Fruit Trees to Lis Nursery at ' Roalsburg, in Centre county. lie Las an exten sive assortment oi all kinds, iront which carlv orders can be filled with a selection of beautiful trees. C.L.JONES advertises another lot of goods, embracing a variety of articles which lie ofl'era for sale cheaper than ever. The Treasurer of the Lew istown and Kisha coqudlas Turnpike Company gives notice of a dividend. Persons interested in the estate of Enoch Beale, deceased, will find a notice in another column. The P. MAs of Lew istown and McVeytown have a lot of letters on hand which they will dispose of at two cents advance on cost. The Register has some additional notices. CCrThe hands in this office having all par- i tic'pated in keeping the fourth, our reader.- | must put up with a less quantity cf reading ! matter than we have given them for eorne j weeks. DROWSED.—Mr. HIRAM GEIGER, formerly a j contractor on Section 61 of the Pennsylvania j Railroad, was drowned in the Juniata about i four miles above this place on Friday evening j of last week. A number of persons had gone ' into the river to bathe, and Mr. G., being at. i • xpert swimmer, ventured into deep water, where it is supposed he was seized with cramp, ! r.nd probably without a cry sank to rise no more with life. He was not missed until the persons who had been in were dressed, w hen his cloth ing on the river bank attracted their attention. Search was immediately made, but bis body was net recovered until the follow ing morning. His remains, accompanied by a bereaved wife and child, were taken to Perry county for intcr- Eicnt. Mr. G. was about uG y V Ais of age. ANOTHER.—A colored boy named SAMCEL COT, aged about 20 years, was drowned in the canal near Jack's Creek, on Wednesday last, while sporting in the water with another boy. He was engaged as a driver by Captain Stevens, of Hollidaysburg, and tame from west of the mountains. It is said he has friends in Harris burg. An inquest was held over his body by i Coroner Davis, and a verdict rendered accord- j ■inelv. I MAJOR GENERAL.—So far as we have hoard i from the counties composing this Division, Col. ' It. C. HALE, of tins place, lias recei.cda unan imous vote for Major General. Messrs. Colder, Leech, Suodgrasa, Peters, ar.d others, met at Hollidaysburg a few weeks h ncc, and resolved to piace a line of stages be t veen IffwifitouH and Hollidaysburg as soon as the Railroad is in operation to this place. ' Ihe iiuri. Calvin Blythe, whose (leccuac we j noticed Ja=t week, was a native of Adam 3 j county, and lived tnere until he was admitted j to the hir. After a few years' practice he located in Union county, and finally settled in I ALtflmtown (then in Mifflin county) übout the ' year 181"!. He continued his practice in that j place until 1*24, when he was chosen to the legislature, an j re-elected in where he served With great credit to himself. In 162*, we think, ho was appointed of the Commonwealth by Gov. Shultz, in which capa city he served until 1*29 or '2O, when he was appointed President Judge of the Dauphin dis trict. He remained ts Judge until about 1*29, when Van Burcn appointed hitn Collector of 'he Port at Philadelphia. The new order of things in I*4o, however, dismissed hirn from the Collectorship, when Gov. Purler re-appoint ed him President Judge ot the Dauphin dis trict. He served as Judge then until ISM, when Tyler gave him the Collcctorship again, which he held until Mr. Poik removed him in 1845. In politics he acted uniform'y if not zealously with the democratic (tarty, until the late Presidential campaign, when lie supported the election of General Taylor. As a man he was respected and beloved by el! who knew him. These fact., we find stated ia the Juni ata Sentinel THE FOURTH. —TBO anniversary of OUR In dependence passed oil without any public cel ebration at this place. Pic nice and family parties were dotted over various sections of the country, mostly along the river L inks, and doubtless enjoyed n dav c\ pleasant recreation, tree from the excitements caused by liquors and overheated partisanship. The EPISCOPAL SUNDAY SCHOOL assembled at the Church about 7 o'clock in the morning, and after some appropriate exercises proceeded to the public square, where several National Airs were sung. Accompanied by a consider able number of ladies and gentlemen, ("friends, princ : pally, of the children) wlio swelled the number to upwards of two hundred, they then took their seats on a large flat, which had been fitted np for the occasion, and, enlivened by the cheerful notes of vocal music, were towed up the rivor to Granville, lioro the children at once scattered to every species of amuse ment, and continued to enjoy themselves uutil the teachers had stored a table, sufficiently largo to seat them all, with n sumptuous en tertainment. They then again, with renewed zeal, sought their amusements. Supper was provided between four and five o'ciock, after which preparations w ere made for returning. A little before six, the parly embarked and proceeded down the river, singing national airs, songs, &.c. nearly the whole distance. During the homeward trip, a large paper bal loon, decorated by two flags, made a beautiful ascension, and finally descended into tlie river not tar from the spot whence it was sent up. At the landing the scholarsand teachers again formed in procession and proceeded to Market street, where, after singing some airs selected for that purpose, they were dismissed. The day was remarkably pleasant, and but little occurred to mar the enjoyments of the children. To them it was a gala dav, and will doubtless long be remembered as euch. It is due to the COMMITTEE OF LADIES, who superintended the arrangements, to Messrs. JOIIN 1. MCCOY and E. ALLEN, (both of whom are ever ready to devise and carry out schemes for the rational amusement of their youthful friends,) and probably some others, to say tint everything connected with this pleasant excur sion was arranged in the very best manner, and that it will be owing in great part lo their untiring perseverance that the children of the Episcopal Sunday School will look forward to the return of our natal day of freedom with elated hearts, and in alter life remember those days as greenest among the green spots ul halcyon youth. THE Ciioi.EßA. The whole number of deaths in the city of New York during the week ending on the 30th ult. was 031, of which 256 were by cholera. The total num ber of cases from the 17th of May, when the disease first made ita appearance in the city, up to the Ist instant, was 1191—deaths 529. The Philadelphia Board of Health reports last week 313 deaths, including 80 cases of cholera. In St. Louis on the 2d, i!e official reports state the number of interments at 162, of winch 128 were of cholera. In Cincinnati o t the 3d, the number of in terments for the 24 hours ending noon, 165 of which 127 were from Cholera, and 39 from other diseases. The whole number of inter ments for the week ending that day ia 1010— of which 765 were from Cholera and 251 from other dieasea. At Pittsburgh, on the 31, 1 deaths by Chol era. The LEBANON AOU.IUIO.U, i- the title of a new paper, is.-ucu in Lebanon, by Mr. WM. M. LKLSLIN. It IS handsoint i\ got up, and deserv ing of patronage from the party w Lose doctrine it advocates. We wtih friend if. abundant suc cess, though sorry to see him involved ia the meshes of locofocoisin. CALIFORNIA GOLD.—The amount of California gold received at the Mint of the United States in Philadelphia for coinage, np to June 2d, is as follows : —Total ounces, about 56,43d —equal in value to about $1,050,000. The valuation is tnade at $lB the ounce. The amount of Gold Dollars coined at the U. S. Mint, from .May Bth to June 26th, 184'J, inclusive, was $362,539. AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE IN TEXAS.—The fol lowing statement, which will surprise many readers, is tnade by the Caddo (Louisiana) Ga zette, of the Bth ult. : " We have been credibly informed, that there is a constant trade in the kidnapping of negroes going on, between Africa and Texas. Year be fore last there were several vessels, well load ed with negroes, brought from Africa, aiJ landed near the mouth of the San Uarnard, and the negroes there sold. This black scheme should be looked into by the government, and those engaged in it punistied according to law." The President of the United States has is sued a proclamation recommending to the peo ple of the United States that the first Friday in August next he observed by thorn as a day of I-asting, Humiliation and l'rnycr, that the Great ltuler of Nations may avert the ravages of that dreadful scourge, the cholera, now threatening to sweep over the country. frCrThe Exemption Law, whereby property to the value ol jjjdlOO is inade exempt from ex ecution for debt, went into operation oo the 4tli inst. That is, it will apply to ail debts con tracted on or after that date, but not to those contracted previously. Hecker, the German patriot, sailed from i\ew Y'ork on Wednesday, in the Cambria, lie is on his way to Germany, to join in the struggles of his country men for the establishment of a Re public. Adjutant General Irwin has issued a notice to volunteers, advising them of an arrangement he has made, by which the U. K. uniforms can ic obtained for Volunteer companies at very low prices. Slate Treasurer ami the Laborers on the Pnb- ( lie Works. The locofoco press over the State, rind par ticularly along- the line of canal, taking its one from Jesse Miller's paper at Harrisburg, is filled with abuse of Governor JOHNSTON and Mr. HAIL, Stale Treasurer, charging these officers with withholding the appropriations j made for the payment of laborers, &c., on the public works. To unmask these hypocrites, the editor of the llarrisburg Telegraph addres sed a letter to Mr. Hall relative to the matter, • to which he received the following reply TREASURY OFFICE, July 3, IT? 10. Dear .sir: In reply to your note ot the 30th ultimo, 1 herewith send you a list of the Super- ' visors and superintendents on the public im- ! provements who have drawn money from the Treasury, and the amount drawn by each since the adjournment of the Legislature.— The total amount so drawn is $305,431.92, from which it is easy to judge whether a suf ficient amount has has been drawn to .pay the laborers on the public improvements or not. Yours, Ac., G. J. BALL. The following is the statement that accom panied the above answer : Amounts drawn Ly Supervisors from April 11th, to July 3d, 1949 ; J. P. Anderson, $23,900 00 James Turner, 11,000 00 John Maglauchlin, 25,01100 Win. English, 104,175 92 (Jcorge Blatenbergcr, 0,450 00 Thomas J. Power, 76,300 00 (-'anal Commissioners, 1,000 00 Thomas lion net, 19.800 00 J. 11. Jenkins, 5,795 (K) Jacob Ulam, 9,900 00 W. K. HufTnagle, 13,(>00 00 Win. McPherson, 8,500 00 Total, $305,431 92 Here, says the Telegraph, is a lamentable picture of I Aicofuco prodigality and abuse. In the short space o f eighty-three days the Loco foco officers on the public works have drawn from the State Treasury the astounding sum of more than THREE HUNDRED THOU SAND DOLLARS—or THREE THOU SAND SIX HUNDRED AND EIGHTY DOLLARS PER DAY—while at the same time the Locofoco press is filled with abuse ot the State Treasurer because he will not fur nish the officers with money to pay the labor ers on tiie public works !!! 'i'his lact dicloses a scheme cf villainy un paralleled, we believe, in the history of Loco foco ism in this State. The sum of $300,090, formerly was all that was annually appropria ted for the ordinary repairs of the State canal and railroads. This sum was for a whole year. litis amount has already been drawn from the Treasury for that pur|ose in a little o\> r two months I What has been done with it 1 thut is tiie question. Have the laborers been paid I The Licofo-o press says they have not! Have the public officers been using this mon ey, and teiimg the honest laborers that they could get no money, while they have drawn the enormous sum of nearly one-third of a mil lion 1 If the I/icofoco press tell the truth, it is so. If it is not so, then they have been con- I cocting and circulating the most enormous lies, j and wjth the concurrence, too, of the officers I on the public works, otherwise they would vol* i untarily disabuse the public mind. One of | two things are, therefore, self-evident,and can not be controverted : either the I.ocofoco offi ■ cers have paid the laborers on the public works, while they have given curieacy to a ule and infamous libel upon the Slate Treasu rer; or they have used the money drawn from ; the tatate Treasury for pur[>oses of speculation; and to screen themselves from the just censure of those from whom they are fraudulently with holding their just dues, have put into circula tion a falsehood against the State Treasurer.— j hither uoni of the dilemma will hold them up to public anathema and indignation, i It will not lie contended by the most hard : cried and unscrupulous Locofoco plunderer, i that the sum ofTUEE HUNDRED THOU SAND DOLLARS IN EIGHTY-THREE j DAYS, OR THREE THOUSAND SIX HUN DRED AND EKiU'IY DOLLARS I'KR DAY, is not sufficient to meet all expenses and pay all the laborers on the public work.-! No I °ne w ill pretend that one-third of that amount has been expended within the time; and if the ■ " poor laborers" have not been paid.and prompt ly too, there is gross fraud. The sum ofSdM) - j 000 was never before drawn from the State j Treasury, on account of ordinary repairs, in j the snme time, nor can it have been required. It is idle for Locofocoism to attempt to justify this enormous draft und expenditure on that ac count. There has evidently been a settled nnd de ; terniined purpose or. the part ot the Locofoco : wire workers, since .Mr. lial I curne into ollice, I to run upon the Treasury and break down the 1 credit ot the Slate; nnd this unprecedented J draft of S3(K),UOO, in less than three months. fur the public works alone, and the false hue i and crv raised that money could not be übtain -led to pay 'the poor laborers on the public J work.-." is one of the schemes fixed upon to car ry out the design. No man of any party, ac quainted with the facts, can doubt tbis. 'The Adjutant General of the State has caus ed to he presented to the "Columbia Guards," of Danville, a field piece, voted by the last Le gislature, lor their gallantry in Mexico. THE YVJI.L OF PETER MILLER.—The Su premo Court at Hurrisburg, has affirmed the I decision of Judge Jones, recently rendered in the Common Pleas of Northampton county, setting aside the will of the late Peter Miller,' of Easton, and awarding his entire estate to the I nearest heir-in-law. ft will be remembered i that Mr. Miller was a wealthy old bachelor, of Easton, and devised his estate, amounting to about 'Y-k>o,ooo, to executors and their succes j eors, m trust fbr no one, but with directions to . invest and accumulate the profits upon the j principal, in perpetuifv. Thc American Phrenological Journal and the Watcr-£ure Journal, both published by Messrs. Fowlers & Wells, New York, continue to be filled with highly interesting matter—inter- sting to the student as well as general reader. Per sons desirous of subscribing for these cheap publications, are requested to c;ll at this office, where terms, &c. can be ascertained. lloldon's Dollar Magazine for July is rflso upon our table, well filled with sketches of lo cal and foreign history, tales, adventures, &c. Any one wanting a magazine of choice reading matter, cannot do better than by transmitting a dollar to C. \V. IIOLDEV, ID'J Nassau street, New York. I he rumor of Gen. Scott's illness is incor rect—his health at this time being as good as usual. Ihe great Apostle of Temperance, Rev. PIIEOHALD MATIIEW, arrived tit New York on 'lie 29th ult., on board the ship Ashburton. Every preparation is being made to welcome the illustrious stranger. JAMES M. POWER, Esq., the present Canal Commissioner, hag authorized the editor ot the Mercer Press to state that he is not a candidate for re-ncmination. The Tunnel, near Spruce Creek, Huntingdon county, on the Central Railroad, has been so lar completed as to admit passing through it. Hollidaysburg and Gaysport, according to a ccusus taken a year or so since, contained a population of 3065—Hollidaysburg alone, 2454. In our opinion Lewistown is ahead of both. An Irish lady, who has lately arrived at Hol lidaysburg from Ireland, is anxious to discover the whereabouts of her husband, Patrick Galia her, who she thinks is somewhere in the central portion of this State. BED BI GS. —There is a long article in the \ alley Farmer, by which it is established be yond question that sweet oil occasionally rubbed over bedsteads, chair-boards, &c. will effectu ally prevent the appearance of bed bugs. NICE WAY TO GET RK.II. — A correspondent writes that about S2OO (KKJ changes hands eve ry night, in the small village of Ban Francisco, at the gambling table. We learn from the Philadelphia papers that ■ Col. C'. A. May, U. S. A., who has been in command of the Carlisle Barracks for the Inst year and a half, has been ordered to Santa Fe. . Col. Cooke, of the Ist Regiment of Dragoons, I succeeds him. r CANADA.— The Montreal Herald, a paper of ' note and influence, concludes a long article on ! the subject of the union of the Canndas to this country, with the expression of its belief'* that Great Britain will not oppose annexation."— | Very doubtful. A resolve restoring Thomas W T . Dorr to his civil and political rights, passed the Rhode Island House of Representatives on Wednes day by a vote of twenty-nine to twenty eight. On Thursday it was laid on the table in the Senate. EARTHQUAKE. —From the 1 -Th to the2sth of April, a constant succession of shocks of earthquakes, some ot them very severe, was cxpcncucvd lit Doniin.ea,one ot the West In dia Islands. Several occurred daily and caus ed much alarm. Senator Atchison, it is understood, savs the St. Louis Republican, has in Press a manifes to of principles directly in opposition to those of Col. Benton. Willard I*. Hall, a member of Congress from the same section of the State will, it is averred, follow Mr. Atchmsuus ex ample. The Lancaster Examiner say* a recent rase of suicide in that county affords a striking in stance of "the ruling passion strong in death." The deceased was of very economical habits, and having decided to remove himself from this world by means of gunpowder, to save the ex pense of buying a pistol fie cast one of lead, wrapped tfie barrel with wire, bored a touch hole, and discharged it with a friction match. 7he California Emigration. —Up to the 2d ult., 44U3 wagons had passed Fort Kearney on their way to California, accompanied bv about 17,900 persons The last estimate, made several months ago, of the emigrants to California by sea, made the number about 13,- 000. This makes a total of 30,900, but itdocs not include near ail who have gone, and prob ably 40,000 would bo a better estimate. AMONG the victims of the Cholera, in the West, is Mi S3 SALLIE ANN EI.LI T, daughter ot Corn. Elliot, of West Chester. The Village 11. cord says she left West Chester on a visit to a friend in the West, at Cincinnati, where she remained a few weeks. She set out to re turn to her friends in that borough, and took patrage <-ri a steamboat from Cincinnati to Pittsburgh. On tlie boat she was seized with the cholera and died. '1 fie sudden bereave ment is a heavy blow to the estimable relatives and friends who survive her. ST. LOUIS. July 2. Dates from Santa Fe to the 4tli of June have been received here. On tiie 31st of May the Santa Fe Guards, un der the command of ( 'apt. Chapman, encounter ed, within -10 miles of Avagua, a body of Apa che Indians, numbering about 300. A desper ate fight ensued. The Chief and twenty ol his tribe were killed. Capt. Chapman lost three " ,t;n • Lieutenant Kcndricks killed the Apache ( iuef. I'lie. enemy were completely routed. 1 lie Apaches are very troublesome through out tfie whole route in this section of the coun try. The Mexicans recently destroyed a party of ten Americans, and a band of robbers, white men, under command of the notorious Dr. Le mon. The California emigrants byway of Fort Smith complain of the bad route FORE IG N NEW S. BY Tiir. PTE\MI*R niBKRMA. From Paris we have an account of an in- , : cipient insurrection, by about 25,000 of the ! Mountain parry. It was suppressed by 70,000 j ! government troops. The Trench army, under Gen. Oudinot, ® commenced an attack ou Rome on the 30th ult. I A sanguinary engagement ensued in which the Romans are eaid to have lost 800 men. The i . latest despatch from G< n. Oudinot is to the : oth inst., at which time lie opened his trenc as i and had regularly beseiged the city. There is no appearance of yielding on the : part of the Romans, but en the contrary, every i thing goes to confirm the belief that they i would make a most determined resistance and ! light to the last. J The Cholera has broken out anew in Eng | iand, at Paris, Siberia, Vienna, Presburg, and i is ragiug most fearfully at Alexandria and > Cairo in Egypt. Hostilities are still carried on between the ; Hungarians and the remains of the Austrian army, supported by the Russians, but the re ports are vagueand contradictory. The Gazette d'Aix la-Chape!ie of June 12, says:—'Our correspondents in Russia inform j us that the arrests recently made at St. Pe | tersburg have been followed by others more numerous. A vast conspiracy has been dis covered, having its ramifications in the West cm part of the Empire, especially at Wilna, j Grodno, Mohilew and Wiepsk. The number | of these arresfs is reckoned at several hundred, • among them several men of distinction. At Wilna many young men, students of Medicine and Catholic theology have been seized; many arrests have been made at Knowno,' The weather is represented as continuing very favorable and the crops in nearly all parts of England and Ireland are said to look unusu j ally promising. Smith O'Brien, through his counsel, denies the legality ofthe commutation of his sentence of death to transportation, and the government have to provide for the unlooked tor difficulty by special act of Parliament. Marshall Bugeaud died of Cholera, at Paris, on tlie 10th ult. The President of France, a few weeks since, wished to make him the first minis ter of France. His last advice to I/auis Napo leon is said to have been —"Get out of this Ital ; ian business as fact as you can, and make war j on Austria." The Marshall began his military career as a wiuiple soldier. He received his promotion us corporal on the field of Austerlitz. He was born at Limoges on the 15th cf Octo ber, ITS 1 For the Gazette. Pennock ; s Patent Drill. RccLrrosTE, Gtli month 23d, 1819. Thompson t$- lired: Esteemed Friends— I have had the Pemiock Drill in use for two seasons, and from the v; . difference in the wheat crop over the broad cast, it is my decid ed opinion that every farmer should have one of them, as he w ill be a gainer of at least one third on each acre of bis crop. A. S. VALENTINE. Hi: UNPREJUDICED.—Let no foolish |>tr • sons be so prejudiced against this now truly celebrated I medicine as to despise this advice ; let it be used imraedi j ately on pain Untie felt: no matter tvhere it may be, | whether in the head or feet, whether it be in the back or a hdome*. whether arising frem external or internal cause, j use Me Urandrelti's Hills,arid rely upon it, that the pain | n ill co, the body will be restored to health as soon a# ua | tore HIS received sufficient ASSISTAM E frotn their etfert I lie quantity of impure tin mors discharged from the | body by the action of the lirandrelh's Hills, is replaced in tile course of a few hours with new and pure blood, by i ilia direction of a moderate meal. Bv pureing the body with this medicine the whole mass of blood becomes en tirely punned and regenerated. Tiiai tiie biood is the life of the body, I presume is un disputed, therefor .' ! shall say that it being the SCAT or ] Lire, it must also be the seat of disease. If disease be in I die blood, we should abstract the disease only, not the i blood. It is the impurities which must be removed by ' purgat on to secure our health, in all states of the weather, ! in all situations, and in all climates. The blood, like a • good spirit, is always trying to benefit the body by its ! struggles to i tpi.-l impurities. But it is not capable to ef ! fact ns own puriiication at all times: to do this it must j often have a itlance. W'i.eu the blood is loaded with im • purities, i specially in this • innate, the consequences may ; bo l it <l, provided the blood is not purified at once, and j tin- i- .-are to be elioried it' Brandreth's Pi'ds are used. | Pure lias, the genuine medicine of t lie following agents: .!( UN \. STERETT, I.ewistown; William Hardy, Mc- Aeytown; Jo ass ,y Huntingdon; .Moore S.j-oye. Alexandria; .1 Sr .V Cresteell, Petersburg; Hart i,ia n, Smith jy Co., Manorial!; T. M. Owens, Birmingham. MOST EXTRAORDINARY WORK! ' OTir. Married If'oxan's I'rinate .Medical Companion,by ] lr. A M. M iurii-eau, Hrofessor of Diseases of Wo men.—Sixth Edition. ISiuo. pp 2jo. Price 411.—50,(0(1 j copies sold in MA months.—Years of Hollering, of physical and mental anguish to many an affectionate wife, and pecuniary difficulties to the husband might have been spared ; thousands now poor would have enjoyed coni(>e leuce; thousands now broken in health would have en joyed it; hundreds now in their graves been still alive, by a timely possession of this work. It is intended especially for the married, or those con i tcmplating marriage, as it discloses important secrets | which should he known to then: particularly. ; Truly, knowledge is power. It is health, happiness, ! affluence. The tevelations contained in its pages have j proved a blessing to thousands, as the innumerable letters I received by the author will attest. liere. also, every female—the wife, the mother,the one either budding into womanhood, or the one in the decline of years in whom nature contemplates an important ! change—can discover the causes, symptoms,and the most ( efficient remedies, and most certain mode of cure, in i vory complnint to which her sex is subject, j Its importance to the married may be gathered from the : ! let tii t 1 ravelling Agents make from three to jit* dollars a day from its sale Hundreds of active, eiilerprizing | ir ' " cumulating a Utile competence from the lib j oral discount allowed, and the great demand fur it. Or ! 'b i - iic- required to he accompanied with payment. I ipies w til be sent b> umil free of postage to the pur- I rhni r Over twenty thousand copies have been sent I v m ill w llhin t'.irce months with perfect safety & rertaintv j u„ the receipt of One D 011.,-, the " Married Woman's Private a! t'- mpanion" will be sent (mailed free) to any part of the United States. Ail belters ami applies j lion, tmai lit ise desiring to bccouie Agents must be po.t- I paid (except those containing a remittance) and addressed •to Dr. . M, Maurice*u, BOA I |. New York City Hub lishing Office, 129I,iberiy street. New York. i- "M K M , s Private Medical Companion is sold by books Hers throughout the I i ited States January 20, is 19 6m. HARR I E D . ; On the 21th May la.-4, by Robert Witlirow, L*Q- JACOB F. GAFF to Miss ANOKXJSE WOLF KILL, all of Wayne township. | On the 30th ult.. PETER MCDKKMOT to Miss SUSAN t I Ri ATI AN, botii of llellefoiite. At Lewisburg, on the 26th ult., WM '1 HUMES, merchant of Walkerville, Centre coun ty. to Mis- CATHARINE JONLS, of tho former p. ace. 1 tho 19lh, nit., by tho Rev. T. Tanyhill, \\ HT.IAM J . RANKS, OT Greenwood, Mifflin U n.y. to MISS J \NK RANDOLPH, of Slono Val ley, Huntingdon county. DIED. | At the residence of her brother, in Ferguson ] ( entra county, on the 2fitli ultimo, •Vis. MARCARET BAILEY, in the 41th vottrnf i her age. THE MARKETS. Lewis!own, July 6, l- 1 ,0 Paid by Den'', / . ,• Flour - - *3 75 .vi 7-, Wheat, white - On I p-, red - 85 1 IK) Rye - - 45 ,v; Oats - - 25 Corn, - - 40 Cloverseed - - 3 (MI 4 IK, Flaxseed - - 1 (MI 1 Timothy seed - 2 (MI 2 50 Butter, good - - 10 In Esrgrs - - io in Lard - (j s Tallow - R ]|) Potatoes • - 00 7", Beef, - - 4 00 Bacon, per lb. 7 Pork - - 0 00 0 00 Wool, per lb. - - 25 __ Feathers - - 41 44 The Lrwistown Mil's are paying 85 t 0 95 cents for good wheat, 45 cents for Rye, 4 5 cents for Corn, and 27 cents for Oats. PHILADELPHIA, July 4,1849. Flour is quiet—pales of 000 bbis. at ,v 4 4h $1.50. Corn Meal $2.75; Rye Flour $2.91. The receipts of Grain are light. Sales of red Wheat at (Halo2cts. and white dolOtaKk'i cts. yellow Corn 58a59 eta; Oats 30a32 cts.; Rye 55a59cts. BALTIMORE, July 4, 1849. Flour.—Sales of' Howard street Hour, choice brands, fresh ground, at $1.50. City Mills at $4.62£. Gram.—Not Much Wheat offering. Sales of small lots of good to prime reds atßßa93cts. A saleofa cargo of Pennsylvania mixed, white and red, at 98cts. Corn at 54a55cts for yellow, and 50a5Lets, for white. A sale of Pennsylvania yellow at 54cts. A lot of Pennsylyania Rye brought 55cts. Oats are selling at 24a2^cts. CENTRE NURSERY, Boahhui'g, Centre €O., Pa. GARDENERS and orcliardists who desire to plant only the very best kinds of hardy ; fruits, are respectfully informed that they cai : obtain trees here ot all the most estimable va ! rieties, including all those which have received j the especial sanction of the American Congress iof Fruit Growers. (N. Y., Oct. j The TREES offered this season are of bean j tifnl appearance, extra size, (exccpt i ffigSfSSing a few new rare sons) and from ■ elevated locality in which the . Nursery in established, have all the essential advantages of hardiness and eariv maturity, for which trees grown at the north have been deservedly preferred. The advantages possessed here are being improved to the utmost, with the view ot mak°- ing this Nursery, in merit, second to none in the State. Every tree is indelibly marked and warranted correct. They will be deliv ered in Lewistown or at intermediate places at the low catalogue prices, and warranted sound on delivery. If to be shipped, they* will be well packed for the purpose at a moderate i charge. i It is advised that orders be sent direct to the Nursery, in preference to purchasing illy as sorted trees, from often irresponsible dealers, lat high prices. Such orders, if received in i time, have the first attention. Season for fail planting, October 20. A choice collection ot the most admired or namental plants, vines, evergreens, &c. has been auued to the Nursery Catalogues, sent to all post paid applicants. WM. G. WARING. Boalsburg, July 7,1849—tf. f Dem. copy Men's and Boys' Goods, I7SOR summer wear, selling off cheap at C. L. JONES' A CM* Cheap Cash Store. Lewistown, July 7, 1849. Large Sized Glasses. JUS]' received a lot of them, larger than is generally kept in other stores. C. L. JONES' -Ync Cheap Cash store. Lewistown, July 7, 1t:49. Estate oi" Enoch Healc, de ceased. jVTOTICE is hereby given that Letters Tes- JLX tamentary on the estate of ENOCH BEALE, deceased, late of the Borough of Lew istown, M:ill 111 county, have been granted bv the Register of Wilis ot said county to the subscriber, residing in said borough. All per sons indebted to said estate are hereby notified to make payment to the undersigned without delay, and those having claims to present then:, properly authenticated, for settlement. DOROTHY ANN BEALE, July , lr49—(it. Executrix. ti) Ec(fx(onYrsT PERSON'S purchasing goods at Lewistown can save at least 20 per cent, by first calling at Jones' before they buy, as he has the cheapest goods in town rnd as large an assort ment to select from. C. L. JONES, Arte Cheap Cash Store. Lewistown, July 7, I*^49. laddies'' Shoes. VT my store can be had any quality, or pattern ot ladies'. Misses', and Chil dren's SHOES, at very low prices. C. L. JONES' AY w Cheap Cash St on. Lewistown, July 7, 1849. SQtpnaiSa MMIL stockholders of the Lewistown and K'.sh -1 acoquillas Turnpike Road Company au | hereby notified that a DiVIDKN L) of two p, cent, on the capital stock of said Company. 1 the last six months, ending on the first day 0! | May lift, has been declared, to be paid to ('i' 1 | Stockholders ot said Company, or their representatives, on or after the Sjjth uay cf A-; < I lc-S'J. By order of the Board. M. BUOY, Treasurer. Lewistown, July 7, 1848—3t. TIITMTST I IN EN LUSTRES, for 12J cents and A upwards. Linen Camb. HANDKERCHIEFS, tor I<> cents and upwards. French needle- worked COLLARS, lor 124 cents and upwards. Ladies' new style standing COLLARS. .\ splendid assortment of SUA WES— a " rv ' - article of travelling Sll.AWi.sat low prices. GINGHAIVrS, MOU'S DE LA INKS and AH'A CAS, in great variety, at C. L. JONIvS' Atir Cheap ( 'ask

Uses This 2022-08-04T08:33:46Z Daniel Bogan Taylor Moore Podcaster, performer, producer 2022-08-04T00:00:00Z <p><img src="" width="500" height="325" alt="Taylor Moore"></p> <h3>Who are you, and what do you do?</h3> <p>I am <a href="" title="Taylor's Twitter account.">Taylor Moore</a>. I created and run Fortunate Horse, a comedy label. In the past we've made books, magazines, and TV. Now we make podcasts, such as <a href="" title="A fantasy podcast.">Rude Tales of Magic</a> (loony toons fantasy), <a href="" title="A cyberpunk-themed podcast.">Fun City</a> (madcap cyberpunk noire), <a href="" title="A space-themed podcast.">Oh These Those Stars of Space</a> (episodic starship chaos), and an undisclosed new project announcing this summer. Between these shows, to varying degrees, I act as performer, producer, writer, editor, composer, and business manager. </p> <h3>What hardware do you use?</h3> <p><a href="" title="A dynamic microphone.">Shure SM7B microphones</a>. Scarlett and Motu audio interfaces. <a href="" title="A laptop.">MacBook Pros</a>, iPads, iPhones. <a href="" title="A MIDI keyboard.">Native Instruments KOMPLETE KONTROL S88 MK2</a> (digital piano keyboard). <a href="" title="Studio-quality headphones.">Sony MDR-7506 headphones</a>. Multiple external monitors. A Logitech vertical mouse that I love. An 5ft tall office chair I built from parts. Standing desk built from discarded tables from an old office job. A shelf of hard drives including a 16TB NAS. 1gig up/down internet connection and approximately one million dongles, extensions, and adapters.</p> <h3>And what software?</h3> <p>For communications, admin, and distribution: </p> <ul> <li><a href="" title="A collaboration service.">Slack</a></li> <li><a href="" title="A hosted solution for email, calendaring and more.">G Suite</a></li> <li><a href="" title="A calendaring app for the Mac.">Fantastical</a></li> <li><a href="." title="A desktop client for Gmail.">Kiwi</a> (desktop email client)</li> <li><a href="" title="An online micro-blogging platform.">Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="" title="A voice and text chat service.">Discord</a></li> <li><a href="" title="A video sharing service.">Vimeo</a></li> <li><a href="" title="Video recording and streaming software.">OBS</a></li> <li><a href="" title="A podcast hosting service.">Simplecast</a></li> </ul> <p>Productivity:</p> <ul> <li><a href="" title="A macro application for the Mac.">Keyboard Maestro</a></li> <li>Elgato Streamdeck</li> <li><a href="" title="Online syncing and storage.">Dropbox</a></li> <li><a href="" title="A Mac menubar application to keep your computer awake.">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="" title="A Mac tool to help block websites to help you focus.">1Focus</a></li> <li><a href="" title="Software included with Mac OS X for creating script-based workflows.">Automator</a></li> </ul> <p>For production:</p> <ul> <li><a href="" title="An open-source, cross-platform audio editor.">Audacity</a></li> <li><a href="" title="Audio editing and processing software.">Pro Tools</a></li> <li><a href="" title="Audio repair software.">Izotope RX 9</a></li> <li><a href="" title="A service for analysing and optimising audio.">Auphonic</a> (crossgate processing)</li> <li><a href="" title="Mac software for managing audio files.">Soundminer</a> (sample manager)</li> <li><a href="" title="A large sound library.">Kontakt</a></li> <li>KOMPLETE KONTROL</li> <li><a href="" title="An audio tool with 140 orchestral sounds.">Vienna Smart Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="" title="A music streaming service.">Spotify</a> and <a href="" title="A web site for watching 80's TV commercials and bad mashups.">YouTube</a> for music inspiration and auditioning. </li> </ul> <p>And a vast galaxy of plugins, virtual instruments, and sample libraries that number too many to name.</p> <h3>What would be your dream setup?</h3> <p>Enough monitor real estate to block out the sun or a USB-C port in the back of my head. Barring those two: early retirement.<> Minna Leunig Artist 2022-07-21T00:00:00Z <p><img src="" width="500" height="325" alt="Minna Leunig"></p> <h3>Who are you, and what do you do?</h3> <p>I'm <a href="" title="Minna's website.">Minna</a> - I'm an artist, more specifically a painter. I split my time between painting works on canvas for exhibitions, and large scale murals (both indoor and outdoor). I've been creative ever since I was tiny, but as I got older I turned more towards art as a way to deal with daily stresses - it became an enjoyable meditative practice of sorts. Eventually it evolved into a way to make a living, and I've been doing this full time now for the last 4 years.</p> <h3>What hardware do you use?</h3> <p>For murals I use a paint roller to lay down the base coat colour onto a wall, then round cutter brushes to paint the rest of the design. <a href="" title="A paint brush.">This</a> is my favourite mural brush - it's great over rough surfaces like brick and helps me to achieve clean outlines which is integral to my work. They also last ages. Catch me with <a href="" title="A paint pot.">one of these</a> in my hand. I also use large canvas drop sheets instead of plastic ones as you'll have them forever (obviously a lot more sustainable). </p> <p>For canvas paintings - I generally paint on good quality stretched linen canvas with acrylic paint. My favourite paint is Matisse Structure - expensive but worth it. I use smaller acrylic bristle pointy tip brushes - no particular brand. To protect the painting once it's finished and dry, I use a spray matt varnish. I usually frame with a dark wood timber float frame - I like dark wood as opposed to black or white as they give my paintings an earthy finish.</p> <p>I also use a 13 inch <a href="" title="A laptop.">MacBook Pro</a> (Intel version).</p> <h3>And what software?</h3> <p>I use <a href="" title="A bitmap image editor.">Photoshop CC 2019</a> for design work, mostly to edit hand drawn mural concepts. I also seem to spend most of my life on <a href="" title="Web-based email.">Gmail</a>. But to be honest, most of my work is pretty analogue.</p> <h3>What would be your dream setup?</h3> <p>A beautiful big light and plant filled studio with lots of different shelves and storage spaces to keep various materials in order - paint tins and pots, brushes, canvas, paper - etc etc etc. I'd like a huge table in a naturally bright lit position that I could work on large canvases at. A space to the side with some big comfy armchairs, coffee table and kettle for tea breaks and emails. A good speaker system to play music and podcasts through. A bed for my dog Mirka too so she could hang out. I'd also love a van so I could cart my mural gear and canvases around better - right now my car is in perpetual chaos. All in goodess Levine Writer, musician, game designer 2022-07-08T00:00:00Z <p><img src="" width="500" height="325" alt="Jess Levine"></p> <h3>Who are you, and what do you do?</h3> <p>I'm Jess Levine, and I'm a multi-disciplinary creator. I author both fiction and non-fiction, write tabletop roleplaying games and video games, produce music, and am both a programmer and political organizer. You can find my science fiction in <a href="" title="Jess' sci-fi writing in Clarkesworld.">Clarkesworld</a> and my political non-fiction in <a href="" title="Jess' article about NFTs on Seize the Press.">Seize the Press</a>, <a href="" title="Jess' cyberpunk playlist on Blood Knife.">Blood Knife</a>, and on my <a href="" title="Jess' Medium account.">Medium</a> and <a href="" title="Jess' Patreon account.">Patreon</a>. You can find my video and tabletop games on <a href="" title="Jess' itch.io account.">my itch.io page</a>. My unreleased game "I Have the High Ground", a "two-player collaborative dueling TTRPG of banter, posturing, and capes," can be found on <a href="" title="Jess' TTRPG game on Game On.">its crowdfunding page</a>, where - at the time of writing - you can still late-pledge! I prefer people find my music on <a href="" title="Jess' Bandcamp account.">Bandcamp</a>, but it also appears on <a href="" title="Jess' music on Spotify.">Spotify</a> and other major streaming platforms. My code can be found on <a href="" title="Jess' GitHub account.">GitHub</a>. I've also appeared on podcasts demonstrating <a href="" title="Jess talking about I Have The High Ground on the Party of One podcast.">my</a> <a href="" title="Jess talking about Going Rogue on the Role Playing Public Radio podcast.">tabletop</a> <a href="" title="Jess talking about Going Rogue on the Party of One podcast.">games</a> and talking about both <a href="" title="Jess talking about her music on Setting the Record Queer.">music</a> and <a href="" title="Jess talking politics on Cosmonaut.">politics</a>. You can find all of this work and more on my website, <a href="" title="Jess' website.">jessfrom.online</a>, where you can also find my freelancing rates - I offer editing, writing, and music production services. Finally, as my handle implies, I am <em>extremely</em> on Twitter and you can find me there as <a href="" title="Jess' Twitter account.">@jessfromonline</a>.</p> <h3>What hardware do you use?</h3> <p>I use a <a href="" title="A laptop.">MacBook Pro</a> for most writing and programming, while music production happens on my custom built Windows machine. While a younger me prioritized flashy desktop cases like my old <a href="" title="A computer tower case.">NZXT Phantom</a>, an older me just wanted something compact, cheap, and easy to move, like my current <a href="" title="A computer tower case.">NZXT H510</a>. I also adore my <a href="" title="A mechanical keyboard.">Das Keyboard 4</a> - I've never owned a better keyboard. I received a set of <a href="" title="Wireless in-ear headphones.">AirPods</a> because my wife got them for free and decided they didn't want them. Wireless earbuds have since become a vital part of my life, because I have learned half my skills - if not more - by listening to podcasts and audiobooks during any waking hours I spend alone.</p> <p><em>Music</em>: I produce music using an <a href="" title="A MIDI keyboard.">AKAI MPK249 MIDI controller</a>. On the go, I instead carry an <a href="" title="A portable MIDI controller.">AKAI MPKmini II</a>. I learned synthesis on the KORG volca series of inexpensive analog synthesizers and eventually on a <a href="" title="A synth.">Novation Bass Station II</a>, though I sold them all to purchase an <a href="" title="A unique synthesizer.">OP-1 digital synthesizer</a> that I now use to generate samples. I record audio using a <a href="" title="A vocal microphone.">Shure SM58 microphone</a> plugged into a <a href="" title="A USB audio interface.">Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 audio interface</a>. I mix on <a href="" title="Studio speakers.">Kali Audio LP-6 studio monitors</a> and a Rokit 10S subwoofer alongside <a href="" title="Semi-open-ear headphones.">beyerdynamic DT 880 semi-open studio headphones</a>. For one album, I ran digitally-synthesized guitar audio out into a <a href="" title="A reverb pedal.">TC HALL OF FAME reverb pedal</a>, because I couldn't find any reverb VST that sounded exactly that good when applied to a guitar.</p> <h3>And what software?</h3> <p><em>Organization</em>: In order to keep track of my various projects and ideas, I have a multi-tiered notetaking and drafting system, resembling something like a <a href="" title="The Wikipedia entry for memory hierarchy.">computer's memory hierarchy</a>. The most spontaneous notes get entered into <a href="" title="A secure messaging service.">Telegram</a>'s Saved Messages feature, usually as either voice messages or text generated through iPhone voice dictation. On multiple occasions, I've "written" thousands of words of brainstorming while driving somewhere, using just my voice. From there, more permanent and organized notes are moved to or written in <a href="" title="A note-taking service.">Google Keep</a> lists. When notes graduate to a draft, they are migrated to <a href="" title="A web-based office suite.">Google Docs</a> - which also acts as a version control system and distribution platform for drafts of my written work. Final products are converted to relevant formats and stored along with the rest of my life in <a href="" title="Online syncing and storage.">Dropbox</a>. Reference links and my reading queue are indexed and tagged in <a href="" title="A research tool.">Zotero</a>. These cloud apps essentially operate as an extension of my brain and memory, and I'd be helpless without them! All of my writing and game design happens within them. <a href="" title="A web-based calendar client.">Google Calendar</a> determines what I'm doing in a given moment and Google Keep also tracks my todo lists. In <a href="" title="Web-based email.">Gmail</a>, I use manually applied tags like "Action Needed" to remind myself to revisit emails. In my political organizing work as an arbiter for <a href="" title="A political organisation in Philadelphia.">Philly Socialists</a>, we use <a href="" title="A project management service.">Trello</a> to coordinate everything that the arbiter team needs to do.</p> <p><em>Games</em>: While most software I use to write tabletop games is covered under organization, I format some games in <a href="" title="A vector graphics editor.">Affinity Designer</a> and write video games using <a href="" title="A tool for creating non-linear stories.">Twine</a>.</p> <p><em>Music</em>: I produce music in <a href="" title="Musical creation software.">Ableton Live</a>, though I sometimes return to <a href="" title="An audio editor for Windows.">FL Studio</a> to use the noise reduction of its unparalleled clip editor, Edison. I use a number of invaluable VST plugins, including: <a href="" title="An audio editing plugin.">Gullfoss</a> for automated EQ, FabFilter <a href="" title="An equaliser audio plugin.">Pro-Q</a> and <a href="" title="A de-esser plugin.">Pro-DS</a> for EQ and de-essing, <a href="" title="Specialised audio editing software.">Melodyne</a> for autotune and <a href="" title="A vocal enhancer audio plugin.">Maserati VX1</a> and <a href="" title="A tape machine audio plugin.">Satin</a> for vocal effects, <a href="" title="A dynamics processor audio plugin.">API 2500</a> for mastering, <a href="" title="An effects sequencer.">Glitch 2</a> for sample manipulation, Valhalla plugins for reverb, most of the Goodhertz suite, and more. When it comes to softsynths, I use <a href="" title="A bass synth audio plugin.">SubLab</a> for bass. I use <a href="" title="An audio plugin emulating the Juno 60.">TAL-U-No-LX</a>, <a href="" title="An FM audio plugin.">FM8</a>, the <a href="" title="A collection of software instruments.">Arturia V Collection</a>, and the <a href="" title="A collection of synth audio plugins.">KORG Legacy Collection</a> to emulate classic synthesizers for synthwave music. I use <a href="" title="A synth audio plugin.">Massive</a>, <a href="" title="A wearable activity and stress tracker.">Spire</a>, and built-in Ableton synths for general synthesis. I use <a href="" title="A service providing royalty-free sounds.">Splice</a> to acquire samples, and I especially love the Shigeto and Bedroom Beats & Lofi Hip-Hop packs.</p> <p><em>Programming</em>: Almost all my code is written happens in <a href="" title="A command-line text editor.">Vim</a> and my <a href="" title="A Vim Geeks meeting about treating your vim config file like a lightsaber.">lightsaber</a> - which can be found <a href="" title="Jess' vim config on GitHub.">here</a> - includes plugins such as: vim-powerline for UI, <a href="" title="A vim plugin for browsing files and directories.">nerdtree</a> for file browsing, <a href="" title="A vim plugin for fuzzy filename matching.">ctrlp</a> for search, <a href="" title="A vim plugin for using tab for autocomplete.">Supertab</a> for tab completion, everything from tpope, and more. On <a href="" title="An operating system for Mac hardware.">macOS</a>, I use <a href="" title="An alternative terminal application for Mac OS X.">iTerm</a> with the <a href="" title="An interactive shell and scripting language.">zsh</a> shell and with the agnoster theme and once again <a href="" title="Software for customising the statusbar in vim and various shells.">powerline</a> for UI. My editor and terminal both use <a href="" title="A colour theme for text editors.">Solarized</a> Dark for colors. Occasionally, I use <a href="" title="A coder's text editor.">Sublime Text</a> for quick editing and search capabilities. I prefer to program in <a href="" title="An interpreted scripting language.">Ruby</a> and have written a number of <a href="" title="A tool for working with chatlogs.">my own</a> <a href="" title="A prototype code refactoring tool.">CLI tools</a> in it to make my life easier. I use <a href="" title="A version control system.">git</a> for version control.</p> <p><em>Miscellaneous</em>: I cannot use macOS without immediately installing <a href="" title="A launcher app for the Mac.">Alfred</a> for convenient search functionality and navigation through files, windows, applications, and more. I also immediately download <a href="" title="Mac software for arranging windows.">SizeUp</a> for resizing and tiling windows - though I used to use <a href="" title="A Mac application for keyboard-based window manipulation.">ShiftIt</a>, a free SizeUp alternative. I also use <a href="" title="Mac software to add custom multi-touch gestures.">BetterTouchTool</a> for customizing keyboard and trackpad shortcuts. I use <a href="" title="A bitmap image editor.">Adobe Photoshop</a> and <a href="" title="A vector graphics editor.">Illustrator</a> for image editing. I've yet to find a single decent video editor, so let me know if you have one. I use <a href="" title="A site hosting/creation service.">Squarespace</a> to host my website and a RAM-eating number of <a href="" title="A multi-column Twitter client.">Tweetdeck</a> columns to manage Twitter. I use <a href="" title="A voice and text chat service.">Discord</a> for collaboration, <a href="" title="An open-source multi-protocol chat client.">Pidgin</a> for IRC on Windows, and <a href="" title="A multi-protocol chat application for the Mac.">Adium</a> for IRC on macOS. I use <a href="" title="Media center software.">Plex</a> as a media server and <a href="" title="An audiobook app for Plex.">Prologue</a> to stream audiobooks to my iPhone from Plex. I use <a href="" title="A podcast app.">Pocket Casts</a> to listen to podcasts and <a href="" title="A text-to-speech app.">Voice Dream</a> to read me books and articles that don't have an audio version. I use <a href="" title="A cross-platform open-source web browser.">Firefox</a> as my browser. For security, I use <a href="" title="A VPN service.">AirVPN</a> and <a href="" title="A software and network package for protecting your anonymity.">Tor Browser</a>, and I use <a href="" title="An encrypted messaging service.">Signal</a> for encrypted messaging. My preferred messaging client is Telegram.</p> <h3>What would be your dream setup?</h3> <p><em>Music</em>: Most of my dream equipment is musical equipment, because it's generally the most inaccessibly expensive. More than anything, I'd love an MPC MIDI controller and sampler. Many of my favorite musical artists produce on an MPC, and while I have no experience using one, it's a workflow I'd really love to try. I'd also love an <a href="" title="A synthesiser.">Arturia Minibrute analog synthesizer</a>. I almost bought it instead of the Novation Bass Station II mentioned above, but opted for the Bass Station due to the presence of presets. I'd love to upgrade my audio interface to a <a href="" title="An audio interface device.">Scarlett 4i4</a> for a few more inputs, and my studio headphones to the unbeatable <a href="" title="Open-back headphones.">Audio-Technica ATH-R70x</a>. I've dreamed about the <a href="" title="A reverb pedal.">Eventide Space reverb pedal</a> since I first encountered it in an improvisational synthesis video when I was first learning to produce music, but it's a lot of money to commit to just reverb and delay!</p> <p><em>Miscellaneous</em>: I'd love to be doing everything above on an <a href="" title="A 27 inch display.">Apple Studio Display</a> - I used to code using an <a href="" title="A Thunderbolt-powered monitor.">Apple Thunderbolt Display</a> provided by my employer in the office, and I miss it! I've dreamed of a digital screen fan controller like the <a href="" title="A touchscreen fan controller.">Thermaltake Commander FT</a> since I was in high school, but that's mostly because they look <em>really</em> cool. I've been curious about the Microsoft Surface as a dual tablet and laptop. I'd love a gaming keypad like the <a href="" title="A hand-sized keyboard.">Razer Tartarus</a> - not just for games but for macros in different kinds of studio software as well. Oh, and I want there to be an iPhone with the dimensions of the <a href="" title="A smartphone.">iPhone 5S</a> again. It was the perfect size and Apple hasn't made anything that small since. Finally, more than anything, I want there to be a new version of the <a href="" title="A mouse.">Razer Lachesis</a>, the only mouse to ever truly fit my grip. There has been nothing like it manufactured for nearly a decade now, and all the used ones are falling apart.<> Margaret Killjoy Sci-fi author, podcaster, musician 2022-06-21T00:00:00Z <p><img src="" width="500" height="325" alt="Margaret Killjoy"></p> <h3>Who are you, and what do you do?</h3> <p>My name is <a href="" title="Margaret's Twitter account.">Margaret Killjoy</a> and I do an awful lot of different stuff. I write science fiction and fantasy books such as <a href="" title="Margaret's speculative fiction novel.">A Country of Ghosts</a> (AK Press) and <a href="" title="Margaret's novel.">The Lamb Will Slaughter the Lion</a> (Tor.com); I host two podcasts, one called Cool People Who Did Cool Stuff and one called Live Like the World is Dying (find them wherever you find podcasts); and I'm in a feminist black metal band called <a href="" title="Margaret's black metal band.">Feminazgûl</a> which I make my own instruments for, and a variety of other music projects including most recently a two-piece postpunk band called <a href="" title="Margaret's postpunk band.">The Lathe</a>. I think that's the stuff I'm most known for.</p> <h3>What hardware do you use?</h3> <p>The core of all of my projects is my 2020 <a href="" title="A laptop.">MacBook Pro</a>. I use a <a href="" title="A dynamic microphone.">Shure SM7B mic</a> for podcasting, running through a <a href="" title="A microphone boom arm.">Heil PL2T arm mount</a> on my <a href="" title="A desk designed for musical equipment.">Output Platform music production desk</a>, which I like because it can hold a full size digital piano in its slide-out drawers. The mic goes into a <a href="" title="A USB audio interface.">Behringer UMC202HD audio input</a> and then my computer. I use a wider variety of microphones for music recording, including an Audio-Technica P48 for large diaphragm purposes and an <a href="" title="A condenser microphone.">Audio-Technica AT2021</a> for small diagphragm purposes. We usually record our vocals on a <a href="" title="A vocal microphone.">Shure SM58</a> which is just the classic stage mic, although going forward we might use the SM7B, not sure yet. I use a <a href="" title="A digital audio recorder.">Zoom H4n Pro</a> or field recordings for the ambience on tracks. My digital piano is a <a href="" title="A digital piano.">Casio CDP-S100</a>, which is one of their low-end models, but the physical build quality is fine - the higher priced models usually just have better piano sounds onboard, and I use mine primarily for midi. I also have an <a href="" title="A MIDI keyboard.">Alesis V49</a> I use for midi synths, and a handful of random smaller controllers left over from when I lived out of a backpack and still wanted to play shows. I used to fuck with hardware synths a little but never got into it, I'm a mostly a software girl when it comes to electronic music, so I gave those away. My studio monitors are a pair of <a href="" title="Studio monitors.">KRK ROKIT 5s</a>. For headphone monitors and producing I use <a href="" title="Studio-quality headphones.">Sony MDR-7506</a>. I use 2" foam selectively on the walls and a cheap rug from Lowes on the floor. I haven't treated the ceiling yet. Honestly I've done most of what I've done with way, way less of this shit, just some Behringer headphones and an SM58. I like having the nicer gear but it really doesn't matter as much as people claim.</p> <p>As for actual instruments, <a href="" title="An Instagram video of Margaret playing the accordion.">my accordion</a> is a Hohner Verdi II 80bass from about the 1930s or 40s with a Shure SM57 microphone disassembled and suck inside as a pickup. I have my great grandmother's <a href="" title="An Instagram video of Margaret playing a parlor grand piano.">grand piano</a> (a "parlor grand" which is about halfway between a baby grand and a full grand) from the 1920s which I am slowly restoring. It's not worth anything, because old pianos rarely are, but I love it dearly and it plays alright. Piano is my favorite instrument by a good margin. Then the rest of the instruments I actually play are ones I built myself, mostly from kits. From thefretwire I have a 5 string bass, a <a href="" title="An Instagram photo of Margaret's home-built electric guitar.">6 string electric</a>, and a <a href="" title="An Instagram photo of Margaret's home-built dulcimer.">4 string electric mountain dulcimer</a> that I sort of made up myself by taking a regular guitair kit, ripping out frets to make it so it is diatonic instead of fully chromatic, and strung DDAD like my mountain dulcimer. Plus I built a ukulele from them. Acoustic instruments, I've built from kits from Musicmakers - I've built the mountain dulcimer, the hognose psaltery, the bowed psaltery and a kantele. I'm currently working on building a hurdy gurdy since I can't afford to buy one outright. My harp was built from a kit from musicmakers also but by someone else, it's how I heard of the company in the first place. A few instruments that I built from scratch or made up whole cloth are two 12-sided frame drums that mimic bodrans, a "goblin box' that is just a wooden box with I think 15 strings or something all more or less tuned the same (this is good for drones) and a "goblin bass" which is a 4-foot long wooden box with a curved bridge and 8 strings that can be bowed. I've been starting to build my own pedals from kits as well, but nothing that I'm proud of enough to shout out, and I generally use digital effects rather than hardware effects.</p> <p>I make instruments largely using brand-less hand tools and Dewalt battery tools, as well as a dremel, and I recently added a Dewalt miter saw to my shop.</p> <h3>And what software?</h3> <p>For writing, I write in <a href="" title="A Mac text editor aimed at writers.">Scrivener</a> almost exclusively. For podcasting, I record audio on my end with OcenAudio or I record all participants separately using <a href="" title="A service for recording audio.">ZenCastr</a>. I write music in <a href="" title="A virtual studio rack for creating music.">Reason Studios</a> and whenever I play live shows again I'll go back to using <a href="" title="Musical creation software.">Ableton Live</a> for arrangements and handling my audio needs on stage. The software piano I like the most at the moment is <a href="" title="A software piano.">Noire Piano</a>, and the plugins I use and abuse regularly are <a href="" title="An audio plugin for working with voices.">VocalSynth 2</a> and really the whole iZotope suite. For synths I mostly use various ones built into Reason, though I'm starting to play with the <a href="" title="An instruments and sound effect collection.">Native Instruments Komplete set</a> more often now</p> <h3>What would be your dream setup?</h3> <p>Honestly, as of this year, I pretty much have my dream setup. I'd like to finish building a vocal booth into my closet. I'd like a nicer audio interface with more ins and outs, and at some point I'll get a power conditioner. There's more I could use in my woodshop, especially a dust extractor system and a floor mount bandsaw. Maybe a chainsaw mill so I can start working more from scratch - I live on a windswept mountain and trees fall pretty regularly that I could be harvesting without even needing to cut anything down. I suppose my dream setup is to get my music studio in a place where I can start producing for friends as well. At the moment it's very specialized to my strange styles of music, but it would be cool to be able to record other> Dorsa Amir Behavioral scientist 2022-06-09T00:00:00Z <p><img src="" width="500" height="325" alt="Dorsa Amir"></p> <h3>Who are you, and what do you do?</h3> <p>I'm <a href="" title="Dorsa's website.">Dorsa Amir</a>, and I'm a postdoctoral researcher in the UC Berkeley Department of Psychology. My academic research is a blend of anthropology and developmental psychology. Briefly, I explore how children's behavior varies as a result of the culture that they live in, and I do fieldwork outside the US with populations like the Shuar in Amazonian Ecuador.</p> <p>Outside of academic research, I try to do as much science outreach as I can on the <a href="" title="A radio interview with Dorsa about childhood routines.">radio</a>, in <a href="" title="A YouTube video of Dorsa's TEDx talk about Western childhoods.">public talks</a>, and through organizations like <a href="" title="Dorsa's TED-Ed video about the third eyelid.">TED-Ed</a>.</p> <h3>What hardware do you use?</h3> <p>Like many other academics, I'm an Apple fan. I'm currently working on a <a href="" title="A laptop.">2021 MacBook Pro</a>, which lives on my laptop stand as a secondary monitor. It's linked to my main monitor, a <a href="" title="A 27 inch monitor.">27" LG 27UP600</a>. I also use a <a href="" title="A multi-touch mouse.">Magic Mouse</a> and <a href="" title="A wireless keyboard.">Magic Keyboard</a> in this setup, along with foot & wrist support (PSA: everyone should <a href="" title="A Wirecutter article about ergonomic setups.">fine-tune their work station</a> so it's ergonomically set up!). I also use an <a href="" title="A 6.1 inch iOS smartphone.">iPhone 13 Pro</a>, an Apple Watch, and an <a href="" title="A tablet device.">iPad Air</a>.</p> <h3>And what software?</h3> <p>I'm a bit obsessed with productivity software. The basics are easy: <a href="" title="A cloud storage service.">Google Drive</a> for file storage, <a href="" title="An office productivity suite.">Microsoft Office</a>, <a href="" title="A web-based office suite.">Google Docs</a> for writing, <a href="" title="An IDE for the R language.">RStudio</a> for data analysis, <a href="" title="A research tool.">Zotero</a> for citation management, <a href="" title="A collaboration service.">Slack</a> for team communication, and <a href="" title="A collection of design tools.">Adobe Suite</a>. But I also use lots of tiny, specialized apps. I really like <a href="" title="A focus and timer tool.">Flow.app</a>, which shuts down distractions so you can focus. I use <a href="" title="Mac software to add custom multi-touch gestures.">BetterTouchTool</a> for window organization (it's so nice to have custom keyboard shortcuts to split windows), <a href="" title="A clipboard manager for macOS.">CopyClip 2</a> to keep a record of what's been on my clipboard, and <a href="" title="A Gmail client for macOS.">MailTab Pro</a> for <a href="" title="Web-based email.">Gmail</a> to see a little floating window of my inbox in my menu bar. I also love <a href="" title="A tool/service for converting raster images into vector images.">Vector Magic</a> for auto-vectorizing images, and <a href="" title="A powerful illustration app.">Procreate</a> for iPad doodling.</p> <h3>What would be your dream setup?</h3> <p>I'm living the dream, folks, I wouldn't change much. I guess if I had to answer, I would want one of the shiny new Mac <a href="" title="A line of LCD/CRT screens.">Studio Displays</a>, but I can't quite justify the price tag.<>

Add Document ALCPT-63 ALCPT-63 ALCPT-63Descripción completa... Author: mohajir ALCPT and ALC 101 downloads 1358 Views 207KB Size DOWNLOAD .PDF Recommend Documents No documents 063. 1. Be sure to to use the the proper proper forms. forms. Which forms forms should should be used? used? a. the long ones b. the correct ones c. the usual ones d. the revised ones 2. He is going to the grocery grocery store. store. What What will will he buy? a. posts and wires b. milk and bread c. chairs and tables d. nails and lumber 3. ach night! night! " read read fifty pages pages in my my book. book. When do " read my book? book? a. every night b. every other night c. twice a week d. once a week #. $hey are suppo supposed sed to do the the %ob &uickly &uickly.. How are they they supposed supposed to do the the %ob? a. well b. fast c. cheaply d. &uietly '. $he instruc instructor tor said! said! (" will will be absen absentt tomorrow tomorrow.) .) a. He*ll be back tomorrow as usual. b. He doesn*t need to be absent. c. He*ll be in class early in the morning. d. He won*t be in tomorrow. +. $he airman airman walked walked to the back back of of the building. building. a. He walked to the side. b. He walked to the front. c. He walked to the center. d. He walked to the rear. ,. $he doctor doctor told told -im to eat eat more more vegetab vegetables. les. a. -im should et more beef. b. -im should eat more cherries. c. -im should eat more spinach. d. -im should eat more pastry. . We need your signature signature on this contrac contract. t. a. /lease! hold it. b. /lease! leave it at home. c. /lease! take it. d. /lease! sign your name. 第 1 頁，共 14 頁 0. $he doctor told his patients that he*d see them in a moment. a. $he doctor will see his patients in a short time. b. $he doctor will see his patients in the winter. c. $he doctor was in a hurry. d. $he doctor was leaving on a trip. 1.$hat man is a government agent. a. $hat man understands the government. b. $hat man opposes the government. c. $hat man represents the government. d. $hat man pays the government. 11. ary added the numbers. $he a. time b. product c. pressure d. total was 12. 12.Which of these things is alive? a. a house b. an animal c. the sun d. a book 13. $he train was in motion when we %umped on. What can you say about the train? a. "t was moving. b. "t was in the station. c. "t was late. d. "t had stopped. 1#.How did that bottle get broken? a. "t was empty. b. "t was handled carefully. c. "t fell on the floor. d. "t fit in the case. 1'. erry asked! (Whose pen is this?) What did he want to know? a. the color of the pen b. what the pen cost c. the owner of the pen d. when the pen was lost 1+. 4am arrived at the theater at one but the movie didn*t begin until three. How long did he have to wait? a. 3 o*clock b. for no one c. two hours 第 2 頁，共 14 頁 d. because it was late 1,. 5r. 6eslie*s %ob is to regulate the machines. What does 5r. 6eslie do? a. He makes the machines. b. He controls the machines. c. He oils the machines. d. He sells the machines. 1. 7lan doesn*t know how to operate the vending machine. What should he do first? a. pull the knobs b. insert the coins c. read the directions d. make the selections 10. $his matter re&uires immediate action. When should you act? a. in a few minutes b. after a while c. after careful thought d. right away 2." will put the parts together. What will " do? a. unite them b. put paint on them c. name the parts d. separate them into units. 21.Which of these might be made of plastic? a. a salad b. a bar of soap c. a candle d. a comb 22. $he student was looking at the rainbow. What was he looking at? a. a drop of water b. colors in the sky c. a waterproof coat d. a stub from a ticket 23.What is the highest part of a room? a. the wall b. the door c. the ceiling d. the floor 2#. $here are many caution signs along the highway. What do these signs mean? a. to drive dangerously b. to turn around 第 3 頁，共 14 頁 c. to drive carefully d. to stop at once 2'.Why do you need a water pump? a. to turn the water into steam b. to heat the water c. to get the water out of the well d. to measure the water 2+.$he little boy lied. a. He didn*t hide the shoe. b. He cried. c. He got sick. d. He didn*t tell the truth. 2,.im doesn*t like to eat alone in a restaurant. a. He en%oys eating vegetables. b. He en%oys eating with friends. c. He en%oys eating by himself. d. He en%oys eating a snack. 2. 8alph owes the bank a lot of money. 8alph is in . a. movies b. debt c. class d. transit 20. 5r. ones said! (" cannot afford a car.) What does 5r. ones mean? a. He has enough money to buy a car. b. He needs a car. c. He doesn*t have money to buy a car. d. He doesn*t need a car. 3. eorge always asks a clerk to get the item he wants. Who does eorge ask? a. the owner b. a friend c. the store manager d. a store worker 31."f she sat ne9t to me on the bus! where did she sit? a. in front of me b. behind me c. beside me d. across from me 第 4 頁，共 14 頁 32. Helen*s e9amination indicated she had several cavities. Where were the cavities found? a. in her eyes b. in her ears c. in her throat d. in her teeth 33.$his e9ample is comparable to the first one. What kind of e9amples are they? a. $hey are completely different. b. $hey aren*t related. c. $hey are very much alike. d. $hey aren*t similar at all. 3#."t rained almost everyday last month. a. "t rained during the weekend. b. "t rained every day. c. "t rained nearly every day. d. "t rained all week. 3'.$he flight attendant asked us to please move ahead in the plane. a. 4he wanted us to gather in the center. b. 4he wanted us to walk toward the front. c. 4he wanted us to sit on one side. d. 4he wanted us to show our tickets. 3+. We had to skip chapter three because there wasn*t enough time. a. We read it thoroughly. b. We studied it carefully. c. We omitted it entirely. d. We had sufficient time. 3,.5ary*s deaf. a. 4he can*t hear. b. 4he can*t walk. c. 4he can*t talk. d. 4he can*t see. 3.8alph*s an e9pert mechanic. a. He*s a careless mechanic. b. He*s an honest mechanic. c. He*s a skilled mechanic. d. He*s a busy mechanic. 30.He is neither sick nor poor. a. He is %ust sick. b. He is only poor. c. He is sick and poor. d. He isn*t sick or poor. 第 5 頁，共 14 頁 #.$he rain interfered with our plans for a picnic. a. "t helped our plans. b. "t made us change our plans. c. "t increased our plans. d. "t didn*t bother our plans. #1. $he entire country watched the rocket take off on $:. a. $hey saw the weather balloon. b. $hey saw the spacecraft. c. $hey saw the official helicopter. d. $hey saw the race car. #2.5arie has a constant headache. a. "t comes and goes. b. 4he has it some of the time. c. "t fluctuates back and forth. d. 4he has it all the time. #3. ;ur teacher has an abundance of energy. a. 4he has a portion of energy. b. 4he has a limit of energy. c. 4he has a minimum of energy. d. 4he has a lot of energy. ##. $om will fry potatoes for lunch. a. He will put them in the oven. b. He will put them in hot water. c. He will put them in a sauce. d. He will put them in hot oil. #'. 6et*s wind up this %ob as soon as possible. a. 6et*s start it. b. 6et*s finish it. c. 6et*s turn it around. d. 6et*s start the fan. #+.How will a new %ob enable him to buy a car? a. He will need it to get to work. b. He will know how to drive then. c. He will earn enough money. d. He will have many new friends. #,. $he drawing had many vertical lines. Which way did the lines go? a. from left to right b. up and down 第 6 頁，共 14 頁 c. from one corner to the center d. around the drawing #. $he animal*s growth was surprising. What was surprising about the animal? a. the way it moved around b. the way it changed color c. the way it got bigger d. the way it found food #0. 5r. 4amuels asked what stage our pro%ect was in. What did he want to know? a. why we were doing the pro%ect b. when the pro%ect would take place c. who would participate in the pro%ect d. how far the pro%ect had progressed '.$he weather is unusually warm. a. "t will get warm. b. "t isn*t warm at all. c. "t isn*t so warm. d. "t is very warm. '1.5y upper teeth hurt. a. $hey are in the back of my mouth. b. $hey are at the top of my mouth. c. $hey are at the bottom of my mouth. d. $hey are in the front of my mouth. '2./aul*s avoiding ''.7unt >elly walked over to the couch. 第 7 頁，共 14 頁 7unt >elly wants to a. start dinner b. sit down c. wash clothes d. stand up . '+.Why did the police set up a barricade? a. to let the people through b. to speed up traffic c. to block traffic d. to clear the road ',.5 =ou look tired. W Well! it was a long trip. What do you learn about the woman? a. 4he has lost her %ob. b. 4he has traveled &uickly. c. 4he has traveled far. d. 4he has gone the wrong way. '.5 How are you going to urope? W "*m going by ship. 4he*s going by . a. plane b. boat c. train d. foot '0.5 " think "*ll ask Homer to do it. W @on*t ask him. He*s too laAy. What is the woman saying about Homer? a. He is not a good man. b. He doesn*t like flowers. c. He cannot think very well. d. He does not like to work. +. 5 "*m hungry. 5ay " help you with dinner? W ;h! thanks. =ou can put the plates on the table. What did the woman say to do? a. put silverware on the table b. sit down at the table c. put the dishes on the table d. clean off the table +1.5 How*s your brother doing in his new %ob? W " hear he*s been very effective. What did the woman mean? 第 8 頁，共 14 頁 a. Her brother is a strange man. b. Her brother is good at his %ob. c. Her brother has left his %ob. d. Her brother has been made ill by his %ob. +2.5 an " help you? W =es! hold the bag while we*re in the store. What does the woman want the man to do with the bag? a. fill it up b. carry it c. buy it d. put it down +3.5 Why won*t this e&uipment run? W Because there is a short circuit in it. What did the woman mean? a. $he electricity isn*t flowing properly. b. 4ome parts need lubrication. c. $here isn*t enough fuel. d. "t*s been running too long. +#.5 When are you going to mail that package? W ust as soon as " finish wrapping it. What is the woman doing to the package? a. covering it b. filling it c. opening it d. addressing it +'.W Why are you whispering? 5 5y throat is very sore today. What is the man doing? a. He is speaking softly. b. He is screaming. c. He is yelling. d. He is speaking loudly. ++. 5 7rlene*s a real live wire! isn*t she? W 4he certainly is. 7rlene is . a. &uiet b. sensible c. lively 第 9 頁，共 14 頁 d. stubborn +,. He would not work yesterday! but he a. will b. won*t c. always d. never work today. +. 5y father to 4an 7ntonio. a. didn*t not fly b. don*t fly c. didn*t never fly d. didn*t fly +0. ames would like a. for get b. to get c. in getting d. of getting a new car. ,. $he river has its origin in 5innesota. a. waterfalls b. ports c. end d. beginning ,1. 5anufacturing is usually done a. on a farm b. in a factory c. in the forest d. in the home ,2. 5r. ones wants a car for a. e9ercise b. transportation c. eating d. sleeping . . ,3. "t was a decision of ma%or importance. a. small b. great c. some d. military ,#. While we watched $:! 5r. Brown a. was reading b. reads c. is reading d. will read a book. 第 10 頁，共 14 頁 ,'. He has been writing a. since b. at c. for d. in si9 hours. ,+. $he instructor gave an e9planation to the student in order efficiently. a. to help b. for helping c. help d. helping him learn &uickly and ,,. " asked him . a. some help for b. help some for c. some for help d. for some help ,. 4ally Where were you? "t*s 4aturday! and "*ve been waiting since $hursday. /eter "*m sorry! but " told you "*d get here today. When did the man get here? a. $hursday b. 4aturday c. 4unday d. $uesday ,0. $he modern automobile is the result of hundreds of inventions. $he wheel is probably the oldest invention used in a car. $he internal combustion engine is a more comple9 invention used to power this type of vehicle. By using these and many other creative devices! man has steadily improved the automobile. 7ccording to this paragraph! the development of the modern automobile is the result of . a. the internal combustion engine b. man*s creation of the wheel c. a combination of many inventions d. the work of a small number of inventors . @id you recogniAe me in my costume? a. admire b. laugh at c. know d. envy 1. When you are being introduced to a person! the correct e9pression to use is ( a. oodbye. 4ee you later. b. Have a good day. c. How do you do? d. 4o long. $ake it easy. 2. What did you do besides e9ercise? a. in addition to b. in place of 第 11 頁，共 14 頁 ( c. with d. before 3. $he driver violated the a. steep curve b. car parts c. fuel line d. safety rules #. . pants need to be cleaned. a. $his b. $hese c. 7ny d. 4uch '. "n the future! to improve your writing? a. will you trying b. have you try c. will you try d. are you trying +. @o you en%oy a. listened b. listening c. listen d. to listen to classical music? ,. 7ll the "@ cards are listed in the computer. a. to issue b. issues c. issued d. are issuing . 5ary tried not to look a. short b. pretty c. happy d. angry ! but we knew that she was upset. 0. He felt that he should help his friends. a. He felt that he would help them. b. He felt that he had an obligation to help them. c. He had a special time to help his friends. d. He had a certain way of helping his friends. 0. $here was an accumulation of dishes on the table. What was on the table? a. a few different dishes b. a couple of dishes c. several valuable dishes d. a pile of dishes 01. Walter*s setting up the tent. a. cleaning b. putting c. folding 第 12 頁，共 14 頁 d. messing 02. He repaired the linkage in the helicopter control. a. leak b. connection c. engine d. compass 03. =ou can depend a. in b. at c. by d. on the automobile for transportation. 0#. 4tudents who are good listeners. a. are interested b. interesting c. be interested d. have interested 0'. ilbert and @ouglas a. study b. are studied c. were studied d. studying their lessons. 0+. 5s. 4tickler! who is a finicky traveler! is willing to travel to the tropics that she has access to constant airCconditioning. a. beyond b. only c. if d. provided 0,. "n an era of increasing emphasis on the role of global military air power! it became necessary to increase the distances airplanes could travel. $he propellerCdriven airplane with its slow speed and limited range became largely obsolete. "t was replaced b planes with supersonic speeds made possible through %etCpropulsion. $oday with the introduction of inCflight refueling! even planes like fighters and Bombers have achieved much success in increasing their range capabilities. 7ccording to this paragraph! greater distances can be flown by bombers through the use of . a. %et propulsion b. inCflight refueling c. supersonic speeds d. increasing air power 0. $hese children know how to a. say b. talk c. speak d. tell time. 00. What time will flight , from >ew =ork ? 第 13 頁，共 14 頁 a. get over b. get in c. get up d. get by 1. $he honor a. Cary b. Carium c. Cee d. Cific from Belgium declined to attend the award ceremony. 第 14 頁，共 14 頁 × Report "ALCPT-63"

Sunday, October 31, 2010 Happy Halloween! And this video simply cracks me up! Saturday, October 30, 2010 working on startlines Yesterday, Oreo and I practiced with no distractions, except a chain saw going next door. Background noise around here! Seems like someone is always chopping a tree down. Oreo knows what the deal is with startline stays. Our magic word is "go". I say "ready.....", then "go". We use "line up...ready....go" when we play ball sometimes, so this is very familiar to Oreo. I'm simply adding agility to the mix. Sometimes, he goes on "ready". He's too excited. Other times, he does it perfectly. My favorite is when Oreo starts to move on "ready", then realizes, oops she didn't say the magic word, and he comes to a halt in front of the bar, then, I say "go". It always cracks me up, because I realize something IS going on in that brain of his. I probably should be resetting him when he does that, but I think if Oreo's smart enough to stop himself, he knows he messed up. I don't want to defeat him more by starting from scratch, at least, not at this point. Here's a quick video of all three versions of Oreo's startline. Isn't his little "set" crouch the cutest? OK, I think just about everything Oreo does is cute, except when he's biting my slippers, while my feet are in them. Wednesday, October 27, 2010 working the plan 3 I also showed her the video I posted here last Sunday, as well as this one where Oreo worked on start line stays, while my neighbor & kid worked on the towering treehouse 15 feet behind the picket fence. I thought he did pretty well, considering the added distraction. I didn't make him stay long, or lead out as far as I would if there were no distractions. Summation.....we have to work on desensitizing Oreo to men on walks. He often will start barking at them, typically if we are still close to home. So, the doctor wants me to retreat (u-turn!) then ask for a sit or heel. Also, Misty is a problem. I have to put her inside when training. I knew that was coming. The doctor said that Misty was distracting her in the videos, so surely she is not helping Oreo relax in the situations. Duh. This week, we are working on teaching Oreo to go to his mat or target in the back doorway, on leash. We will use this for when the kids are in the yard. The doctor wants him to be going to the back door/mudroom on cue, rather than as an escape route. Once on his mat, we can do RP stuff. Overall, we've made progress, but still have a lot of work to do. Plus, we haven't been to an agility class in FOREVER! I still have a bunch of stuff I want to try out there. I can't seem to get myself to the Wednesday night classes after a long day at work, so I'm excited that the Saturday classes are starting back up soon. I recommend charting, for anyone who has behaviors they want to change. It is really enlightening when you start keeping track of stuff. If anyone wants to see mine, let me know, and I will be happy to email it to you. I'd post it here, but can't seem to figure out how! It is really a simple chart that you could customize for your own needs. Today, Oreo was able to walk past two men in the cemetery who were pouring concrete. We walked by 4 times, and each time, Oreo was able to heel and gaze up at me. It made me feel so good to dole out all those treats, rather than have him pulling to the end of his leash, trying to get away as fast as possible. wordless wednesday Tuesday, October 26, 2010 tricky t-day ~ trick or treat? Watching this, I realized my clicking was sooooo late. I didn't click until the candy hit the bottom of the pumpkin. That was a long freefall! Anyone want a slobbery box of sugar babies? Monday, October 25, 2010 moody monday Saturday, October 23, 2010 training challenge - working the plan 2. Friday, October 22, 2010 you mean I'm historic? Yes folks. The American Girl Company is now making a doll, Julie, from the "historic era" of 1974. Ummmm. I think I had this outfit. Here's Julie's Christmas dress. American Girl must have looked through our old Christmas photos, because it looks just like the printed velvet dresses my mom made my sister and me one year. The only difference is ours were a different color. You can buy lots of fun accessories for Julie, so she's never bored. Like this banana seat bike. Gosh, I ALWAYS wanted a banana seat bike: Never got one. Nope, my dad insisted I have a "real bike" instead. Didn't matter that I never fit in with all the other kids on the street. Never had a metal lunch box either. I had a homemade cloth one. A humiliating experience looking at my blue cloth bag amongst all the metal ones in the cubby holes. I did have the privilege of owning these though. Ahhh, cassettes. Don't you miss them? Hitting eject when a song became annoying gave such satisfaction! How do kids record songs off the radio these days? And I definitely spent A LOT of time in these. Around and around the basement we went. OK, maybe it was a long time ago. But historic? Their previous doll is Molly, from 1944. Aren't there a few eras in between? My guess? It may have something to do with marketing. Maybe they are banking on the moms who are making the, not so inexpensive, purchases reliving their childhood through their daughters' dolls. Or maybe they're hoping to cash in on me! Wednesday, October 20, 2010 wordless wednesday Tuesday, October 19, 2010 tricky t-day ~learning to read OK, well, it's a start. Can't tell you how many times I have to tell my students..."it helps if you OPEN the book." Monday, October 18, 2010 Sunday, October 17, 2010 training challenge~working the plan Oreo has a pretty natural heel, I've just had to put it on cue, so I can call on it when necessary. I've never taught a "heel", because Oreo almost always walks nicely on a leash. I am hoping to put these two skills to use next weekend. There is a USDAA trial at our training facility. We're not entered, but I plan on bringing Oreo, and working through some parts of our treatment plan. So far, this is working well for people encounters on our walks, especially in the parking lot we cut through. Oreo did have a hide behind the toilet moment this week when Jeff had a friend over while I was at work. I asked the veterinary behavior tech (she had called to see how we were making out) what we should do in those situations. For now, she suggested we put him in a safe place before guests arrive, so he doesn't enter that panic/fear mode. If he gets caught off guard, let him seek shelter. If the guests need to use the bathroom, remove Oreo from the room, and put him somewhere else he feels safe. She is going to check with the doctor for further instructions. Friday, October 15, 2010 nationals photos This is the only one worth ordering, I think. I can't see Oreo's expression with the copyright stuff splattered across his face! Hopefully, he looks happy! Too bad I kinda look like a dork. If I brought this photo to school, my students would get the biggest laugh! I can just see them imitating me now! You should have heard my students last Friday when I wore my hair pulled back in a pony tail, instead of down like usual. "Don't ever wear your hair like that again!" "I don't even recognize you!" "I thought you'd cut off all your hair at first!" "Is that you?" "Are you getting a haircut soon? Your hair is getting kind of long." "You shouldn't wear your hair like that." "Why did you wear your hair like that? It doesn't look right." Really? A pony tail makes me look THAT different? What will they think of me running(I use that verb lightly) in a baseball cap? Thursday, October 14, 2010 behavior consult We met with the doctor and a veterinary behavior technician for almost two hours. Oreo put on a good show, and hid under my chair most of the appointment! OK, I dragged him out at one point, and then he ran and hid under the doctor's chair. More than half the appointment involved the vet gathering background information, and me racking my brain. Talk about stressful! Her summation...Oreo's problems are developmental. She feels Oreo's issues would have surfaced no matter what I did. I guess I can feel good that I didn't mess him up. However, she determined that I have been rewarding Oreo way too much, for doing far too little. Basically, I give him treats for doing nothing! She's right, I do. In the waiting room & exam room, I had been doling him treats, while he was hiding under the chair. That has to stop, along with any coaxing. My three main concerns, I wanted to address immediately, were Oreo panicking in parking lots/new places(where he freezes in his tracks or tries to escape), ring stress, and freaking out over the neighbor's kids. Here is our homework for phase one. This is the abbreviated version. 1. Parking lots/other freeze zones - Teach Oreo a moving commands (similar to heel, as well as sending to targets) for when he freezes in parking lots. If he doesn't respond to the simple moving command, I'm not to coax/bribe him. I am to gently pull to get him started, or resort to picking him up, until his behavior improves. We will start working in low stress areas first. 2. Ring stress- in class have one person act as judge / ring crew. Do that section repeatedly (4-5 times). Then move the person to another section/obstacle. Repeat. She would also like to see me work on a start line stay in training. She believes it would help build Oreo's confidence, and teach him that I'm there to keep him safe. Of course, I will have to start with a short stay, and a very short distance. 3. Kids- bring Oreo in yard on leash only. Do RP techniques at closest distance possible, then bring him inside. If kids come out suddenly, I'm to call him, put on leash, help settle and bring him inside. Overall, she wants me to set higher expectations for Oreo. Some of this is a little out of my comfort zone, but the doctor gave me rational answers for each step in the plan (the real plan has 8 parts). For now, I am going to trust her expertise, because I know there is science to back up her plan. Plus, I can still do everything in a positive manner with my clicker/toys, which is of utmost importance to me. We've started working on some parts of the plan, and already, Oreo is showing me he is capable of more that I thought. As for medication, we are going without for now. However, the doctor did indicate that Oreo was definitely a dog one could justify using meds. Clearly, the dog hiding under the chair needs help. She is opting for behavior techniques first, to at least establish a baseline, and then we will revisit medication options if needed (we have three months of phone/email consults). It was really interesting to have a highly educated outsider analyze my dog and the countless techniques I've tried. Having all the methods you read about in books, finally laid down in concrete ways that apply to YOUR life ~ priceless. She wasn't afraid to tell me what I was doing wrong for MY dog, plus she's still going to keep helping us as we plod through this process. There are no overnight fixes or magic pills. I'll keep everyone posted. Wednesday, October 13, 2010 misty - trainer in training She's not bad, eh? Misty says, "It seems like being a trainer is a very rewarding job." Tuesday, October 12, 2010 tricky t-day ~ pull Tommy knows lots of useful tricks, like finding keys and fetching beer. I thought it was about time for Oreo to work on some useful tricks again, rather than ridiculous things like doing backwards eights! I had given up on trying to get Oreo to pull my garden cart, because we weren't getting anywhere. When I saw Tommy open the cabinet, it gave me an idea! If I could get Oreo to pull open a door, maybe he could generalize the "pull" motion to the cart. A year ago, I taught Oreo to shut doors. This week, I taught him to open doors. Then, we began, again, on the garden cart. Baby steps, but I think we are finally onto something! Happy Birthday Mom! Monday, October 11, 2010 Sunday, October 10, 2010 pumpkin eaters It was just like doing a maze on paper. We kept running into dead ends. Even when the corn got shorter, it wasn't any easier. Some people cheated and plowed their own path to get out! Cheaters, cheaters, pumpkin eaters! We made it through, and were rewarded with the sight of the red neck haunted house! We decided to save our money. We skipped the haunted house, and had lunch instead. Saturday, October 9, 2010 run thrus Yesterday afternoon, Oreo and I went to run thrus at our school. It was a fundraiser to help one of our classmates, whose dog had been attacked by a bear. Oreo was on fire in our first run. He ran fast, and I was able to click for speed. I think he was almost annoyed by my clicks. He looked at me as if to say, "Now? I was kinda in the middle of something mom!" He even jumped his contact on the dogwalk! He never does that. It was so much fun! Then, to prove he wasn't cured of his stress issues..... On our second run, we ran the harder course. We got off to a fast start, I made sure to praise Oreo before he started up the dogwalk, because my teacher's husband was running his dog in the games ring. Men's voices(and children's) stress Oreo out. Unfortunately, despite my praise and encouragement, Oreo stopped on top of the dogwalk, rubbernecked and watched them for a second. I clicked when he reoriented to me, then praised him before entering the poles. Oreo must have still been stressed, because he popped out after about 5 poles, then ran in the tunnel instead of going up the A-frame. The tunnel seemed to destress Oreo, and the rest of our run was speedy and happy. On over to the games ring. It was a really fun jumpers course, with a serpentine and pinwheel. Oreo ran like the wind. I had planned a front cross before the pinwheel, but Oreo was AHEAD of me. So, I thought I'd run on the outside, but since Oreo was plowing ahead, I slipped to the inside of the jumps instead. I spent the next few jumps trying to catch up with him. He was heading toward a tunnel, when he stopped, looked back at me, as if to say, "Tell me what to do mom!" We almost crashed, so I said, "Tunnel!" After the tunnel, he got ahead of me again, and he crossed the finish line before me. How fun was that? I felt bad, because I didn't give Oreo any treats on course, but I think the entire run was self rewarding for him. He was getting a natural high off the speed and jumps. Oh, if only every run could be like that! It's runs like that that show me how much Oreo loves agility. If only we could do all our runs in a bubble. Since that's not possible, we'll keep plugging along, working through the stress, and hopefully, one day, be able to have runs like that more often. Thursday, October 7, 2010 shy dog seminar A lot of the seminar was talking. A ton of valuable information. Stress signs in/out of the ring, having a "reset", having a four step process at a trial.... I don't want to go into much detail. The instructor video taped the entire seminar, and plans to market it. I don't think it would be fair to her to divulge the information (but I'm sure you may notice, in future posts, new things I'm doing!).. The instructor said that working with a stressed dog is twice as hard. Other people only have to think about handling, while we have to think about handling AND how to keep our dogs happy. I guess we could all give ourselves a pat on the back for that. Wednesday, October 6, 2010 Tuesday, October 5, 2010 tricky t-day ~ not much Instead, I got a video of me doing some sort of weird 80's dance (badly). I shot this at the end of the day, and I think Oreo was pretty tired. My bad. We'll try again, but for this week, this is all I got. I think he'd have done better if I hadn't focused so much on luring. Oreo really doesn't like learning that way. We switched it up to more shaping yesterday morning, and I think we're going to have better results now. Some people have kindly been asking about Misty~girl. Cautiously, I'll say she is doing well. A week after putting her on Eight Righteous from our TCVM vet, I finally started to see a real improvement. Wish I had started that from the get go. I started Misty on dasuquin this week (Oreo has been on it almost a year). Our TCVM vet told me that glucosamine helps the bladder, as well as arthritis. So, I figure, it can't hurt. Misty is also getting some cranberry powder mixed in her food. Hope all this keeps her healthy. Monday, October 4, 2010 Sunday, October 3, 2010 hugs I hope today you can remember that silly face Alan made when he played with his dear boys. Do you know the one I'm talking about? I could try an impression, but I wouldn't do it justice. That silly face could turn a pout, or even a tantrum, into a giggle fest. That is the face I remember when I think of Alan. I loved how it made all three of you smile. Saturday, October 2, 2010 on the road to being stress-free? It will be held at our regular class/trial site, and some of our friends will be attending too. I've never had the opportunity to attend a seminar geared specifically toward our biggest issue, so this is a real treat. I hope to get a lot of it, and not drive home thinking, "Did I get my money's worth?" or"Why did I waste my time with that?" Then, to continue our road to stress free living....a week from Monday, Oreo and I have a consultation with a board certified veterinary behaviorist (dog shrink). We've waited a long time for this appointment. There are less that 50 vets in the country with the certification. We are lucky to have one that comes to our area once a month. I had to fill out a 7 page packet on Oreo. Our meeting will last over an hour, and we will be sent home with a plan(and maybe some prozac) that "fits into our lifestyle"! Plus, we get three months of follow up phone/email consultations. Will these two sessions turn my dog into a happy, go lucky, love everybody, golden retriever? OK, maybe not, but I'm really looking forward to hearing what these two people have to say.

7 – Make A 50/50 Bet You can see these examples in the links commonly used by New Zealand players. There are some scientific methods to win roulette. It’s hard to find a person who’s never heard about roulette. On the other hand, a network or progressive jackpot is a jackpot that pools players money from various participating online casinos. Even if you go on a bit of a losing streak you need to remember that someone always wins – so why not you. It would be best to inquire on all relevant information beforehand, just to be on the safe side. Thousands of roulette players of all levels around the world come to us for our trusted guides. In live casinos, it can be more difficult to find high payout machines. Please select all the ways you would like to hear from. Yes, thousands of people across the world win at online slots every single day. And some European tables have live blackjack australia additional rules that cut the house edge even further. You get bonuses and win brilliant jackpots to double your entertainment. Try our bonus to play on Betway Casino or visit 888casino. Avoid Big Progressive Jackpots – Games with massive progressive jackpots Wheel of Fortune, for example tend to have worse odds than machines with lower payouts. They claim to show you how you can consistently beat the casinos for $300+ per hour. Search Billionaire Casino™ Free Slots 777 and Slot Machines in Google Play. 5 Online Baccarat Tips And Tricks To Win The Baccarat In Casino Grandma approves of his murder. The key is to identify users who have spent some money high LTV users and those with high engagement, i. Keep in mind that blackjack can either win you money or lose you a ton of money. But unfortunately, not all the games in the Online Casinos Singapore are suitable for all the gamblers. ANY game where you can win a million dollars will be a longshot, though. In line with finding your soulmate blackjack strategy, you should always remain grounded and remember your budget limits before raising a bet like a millionaire. They have an https:// web address with a padlock to ensure that all financial transactions are safe and secure. YOU ARE IN SAFE HANDS. Although I’ve provided you with some great tips here on how to increase your chances of winning and how to play slots in the best possible way, the most important thing is that you’re having fun while you play. 17,98,906, Winter Celebration Series for Rs. From here, there’s no way you won’t beat the operators. The new King of the Hill mode is live and double GTA$ and RP just for taking part. You could either let your opponents know that you wish to double down or let your game dealer know about this. Rather than trying out different games, you can focus on the single game that you love the most. While learning general poker rules can be easy, you should really spend some time understanding what poker hand ranking is. For this reason every revolution and number is perfectly fair and completely random. Can I make money on greyhound betting. But in most states, it’s not illegal to play these games for money—it’s just illegal to offer these games for money. Apex Legends Mobile Diamonds in the Snow event: Diamond Pieces locations, rewards, new Legend teaser Tomb Raider Logo represents wilds, Lara Croft symbol is the scatter, and Idols represent bonus cards. Most online casino slot games display RTP in the information section. This way, the chances of more payouts are increased. These numbers are either adjacent on the wheel or are located in close proximity to one another. In other words, don’t take the entire paycheck to the casino and blow it on the slots. Whilst the host of the slot has to remember you so as to manage your balance, the random number generator that decides on the outcome of each spin will not know if you have played once, twice or a hundred times. The order of the co op missions is as follows. I firmly believe that understanding the game you’re playing is the first step to enjoying it. Mainly, the bonuses are in the form of free spins and match deposits. Most online casinos allow people to play the trial versions of games before the ones that involve real money. For a while there, the slot community only cared about the RTP, but as resources became readily available online, the player base has found out about volatility. Casino Planet operates legally by obtaining gaming licenses from reputable and legitimate authorities. You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking the link in the footer of our emails. One popular method was to use a coin to manipulate the machine’s registered balance. If black from the first or the second columns hits, you lose £10 with your third column bet and collect £20 from your even money bet. Filters: Hide Image PostsShow All Posts. Exactly how this was realised was not disclosed by the prosecution, but there are two possible scenarios. Lester will also mention the three ways you can approach the heist.. As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. Free spins are a great way to test the waters of a specific online slot or to get a feel for how best to place your bets and quite possibly, win without spending a cent. 100% up to £777 + 77 Extra Spins Bonus Code:GET777. It is always a good idea to stop playing for a while or even to schedule your playing time. Remember that you might need to tweak how you work depending on the scenario, so it’s worth having all of these in your locker. 3 Biased wheels don’t exist online 4 Take advantage of casino promotions. Everyone hoped this was the beginning of something special, but it was early in the game. Win up to 1000% Deposit Bonus. DISCLAIMER: Online Wagering is illegal in some Jurisdictions. Playing European roulette instead of American roulette is the 2nd piece of real strategy advice on this page. Unfortunately, many fall for the trap and end up losing much more money than they had won. The amount of money you’re betting on each payline is £1 divided by 20, which equals 5p. You can also take a middle road that will protect your winnings while still extending your bankroll: banking half of your wins and playing the other half. To start applying it, first you need to decide on which type of bet to place among the secondary bets and which provide almost 50% odds. Now let’s look at a few tips that are even easier yet. After a bust or a stand, play proceeds to the next hand clockwise around the table. This is a follow up to tip number eight. She was happy to offer her input into how dealers think and casinos operate. This can be a very useful feature for players who have money management issues or are trying to cut back on how much they spend online. Therefore, if the dealer is generally random in the tosses but has spun four high numbers in a row, you might want to bet on a low number next. Grand Theft Auto Online However, to ensure you win regularly, we recommend choosing slot games with high RTP percentages. On a win, you’d repeat the $10 bet for the next hand. In ranges from 11 to 18 and 29 to 36, odd numbers are black and even are red. And that 15 second video ads convert the most users. Learn how to manage your money when betting on Blackjack. This is one of the simplest strategies for slots and also one of the most effective. A $10,000 bonus may sound good, but I can guarantee that it’s not going to lead to you waking up one morning with an extra 10 grand in your bank account. In American roulette, the house edge is 5. The free online pokies real money Australia also has a progressive jackpot. Rules behind every common casino game are explained, likewise the strategies and simple mathematics that gives players a winning advantage. Walk in or start gambling online with the thought that you will play a maximum amount of X. Also, we have gathered information on the top online slots in a bid to get you on that winning streak. Get Your FREE Guide Revealing. As a whole, it is rare to see players tip when they are losing, and exceedingly rare when they are down big. However, smart players know how to play casino games using the best moves while sticking to their bankrolls. Khobi123 The dealer is also dealt two cards that are not shown to the player. 20 spin, still a huge hit for the bet amount. 50 Free Spins No Wagering. Next, sign up at this site and deposit some money into your account. Finally, organizing and managing your bankroll is yet another good idea. Slots: These are amongst the most reliable way of winning free tokens via gambling. While you jump on this, don’t miss the chance to make it a Magnificent Monday; enter to win 500,000,000 chips by making any purchase today. Many players sit down and rely on hunches for playing their hands, which increases the house edge. Playing online slots is supposed to be fun, but sometimes it can become a problem. A greater chance of winning as well as the potential to spread your losses over a wider range of games is available in the latter scenario. Playing online roulette doesn’t always mean you have to go it alone. Aside from the game being highly unpredictable, there isn’t the same scope for employing winning strategies as there is in blackjack. In most cases, you have a 50/50 per cent chance of winning. Roulette is a negative expectation game—more about that soon—so no matter how big your bankroll is, if you play long enough, you’ll eventually lose. On the 5th turn, you bet 256 chips and you could win 171 chips. Learn the Game Layout In a traditional land based casino, roulette tables can serve just a handful of players. While most bonus features are randomly triggered, they affect your overall winning potential. American roulette has lower betting limits, which is ideal for bettors on a budget. It was amazingly simple. When visiting a live casino, players expect seamless live streaming and impeccable gameplay. And, oh, the splendor of the buffet. The player can make easy money at Port Haven by buying Silk tuxedo for 500 coins and sell it for 2625 Gold Coins. This CDC bonus awards credits, a multiplier, and more spins. SugarHouse’s online casino in PAoffers select slot games with table games expected to launch in the future. It remains one of the very most popular casino games, and you can even play live dealer Roulette games online as well. Penny slots appeal to a wide range of casino gamblers. If so, you may want to check out Megagame Online Betting. Some games require that the blackjack wager should equal or exceed any side bet wager. Just remember to factor in any potential wagering requirements before opting into a welcome offer, while we’d also recommend checking out the operator in question to review their full range of games and any additional promotions that they may be running. Today’s casino winners:7 Lucky Dwarfs 647. Cards 2 6 are considered plus one cards, while cards with a value of 10 are minus one cards. ComYour privacy and security is our number one priority here at Grosvenor Casinos. Check out our free spins that you receive when you sign up at a Dutch online casino. 9 часов назад — 50fs rich wilde and the wandering city einfach slot öffnen, freispiele sind direkt verfügbar. With slot machines being, by definition, a game of luck, the idea that strategic thinking could help you win more money feels completely off. The best online roulette strategies for players preferring a safe approach are flat progression methods. Feel free to browse the rest of our articles and find out more about the game that we all love. The Casino Institute does not guarantee jobs but, we do go above an beyond to assist in setting up auditions and on many occasions accompany students on group auditions. Hi there! Thanks for visiting our site! Following this date, you’ll have to contact Customer Support for your withdrawal to be processed manually. Alvarez’s book is credited with beginning the genre of poker literature and with bringing Texas hold ’em and poker generally to a wider audience. To do this, players must grab a vacuum cleaner and start hunting for lint, attracting reels to the left and generating higher profits. You are much more likely to cash out your winnings when you have a target. Bonus code no deposit casino the dealer deals the other deck of cards to each player one at a time until the deck is gone, and an inn bed. The three variations of roulette are all extremely similar, with a few small differences. SOFTSWISS simplifies the process of managing websites launched on its sportsbook platform by implementing a content management system. In this case, the Player will place their hand face down in the “High Hand” area. By following them you can give yourself the best mathematical chance of winning every time you play. You will get your chips once the dealer hasdistributed the payouts and the bets are settled. Commenting on his luck, the jackpot winner revealed that he was speechless at first and then he woke up his wife to celebrate. Check the wagering requirements for each game, also called the “playthrough. Examples of promotions. The complete list of best casinos 2022. Pavo Jurkic has been in the esports betting industry since 2015, actively writing content. Target Slots Pay close attention to professionals on the table, as they might suggest actual good tips you won’t want to miss. In it, I’ve had a blast with the Diamond Casino Heist, a flexible, multi approach heist on GTAO’s newest DLC addition. Eventually, you will be able to play basic strategy blackjack without even looking at the chart. The odds of casino roulette give the casino a house edge, a simple mathematical calculation shows. Check out our suggested casinos. They also have the winning players coming back, even though it’s not a long term profitable strategy, as shown by the 60 losing players. On our website, you can find detailed information about the history and gameplay of both 3 reel slots and 5 reel slots. Note that, while the first column of 12 numbers has 6 red and 6 black, the 2nd column has 8 black numbers and 4 red numbers, while the 3rd column has 4 black numbers and 8 red numbers. This valuable information you can derive from the cards which have already been dealt. We have it all, great games start with. Players need to change up the initial wager with small increments over time. This is not a good strategy for multiple reasons. Your namewill most likely be called over a PA system. In line with finding your soulmate blackjack strategy, you should always remain grounded and remember your budget limits before raising a bet like a millionaire. For most online casinos, you can subscribe and get notifications on such bonuses through emails or text messages, so that you’re up to date at all times. Languages Designed by Elegant Themes Powered by WordPress. Which is of course the case. Payment restrictions + tandcs apply. Betting sites have a number of tools to help you to stay in control such as deposit limits and time outs. April 14, 2021 by: Daniel. For example, if you bet $2 and then you win, you would bet $2 again. Another online slot strategy is to choose either a higher hit frequency or a higher payback percentage. Before you begin playing slots for real money, you have the option to try free slot machines. So, make it a point to play this once in a while and stick to the ones that have higher odds of the player winning. Other symbols include the chests and herbs. Note that the slot machine has no memory. Split: Betting on two vertically or horizontally adjacent numbers, such as 14/17 and 8/9 pays off at 17 to 1. FIRST DEPOSIT OFFER WINNERS KNOW WHEN TO STOP. It is necessary to use tricks and techniques to maximise your chances. To learn more about BCLC’s VSE program and for information about responsible gambling, visit GameSense. Some Baccarat table games come with side bets that will award you bigger payouts. In return, the dealer gives them one card — and only one. It’s a known fact that coin flips, or even money bets on roulette such as Red/Black, can produce long winning or losing streaks. The suits do not need to be the same, so in this example, we have a run of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Excellent MTT fundaments and advanced topics. I have spent a lot of time playing with various survey sites over the last 5 years and these are the best free survey sites, and he showed us that on multiple occasions last year. Aggressive regs will raise their monsters, 3bet their strong hands, and put nuttish hands in their aggression ranges. It started out at 50% and it will continue to be 50%. As an example, let’s take a look at a couple of scenarios. Stop playing as soon as you hit one of them. A slot that’s ‘hot’ is one that’s just paid out quite a large sum of money. But this was not a scam, he just had a knack of cracking slot machines. They also have the winning players coming back, even though it’s not a long term profitable strategy, as shown by the 60 losing players. Updated: Jan 25, 2022. Here’s how to do that with the minimum fuss and maximum payout. Who can ignore the allure of real time casino entertainment and modern video slots. And, we’ll toss in two bonus blackjack tips, too. Terms: The code is valid once for new players only. It is true that, for the most part, slots are games of chance in which there isn’t much you can do to change the odds to your favor. The second worst bet in roulette is any wager you make other than the basket bet on a 38 space wheel. Those are possible totals you can have when adding your first two cards. WELCOME PACKAGE If you are new to gambling, then you need, first of all, to choose good online casinos for real money, and CasinoLuck will help you make the right choice. GDC Media Ltd takes no responsibility for your actions. Secondly, you can’t do anything legally to change the odds of winning once you start playing. You’re in the right place if you’re looking for. Many players also combine inside bets to create certain sectors, which resemble outside bets in some ways. Last I checked, it did appear legal although there are potential laws a casino may use to prosecute players. I’ve been getting a lot of questions lately from casual blackjack players that don’t want to learn how to count cards, but just want some simple tips for increasing their chances of winning at blackjack. No deposit casino bonuses are practically free money. Although you are unlikely to use many of these terms in casual conversation, it is always handy to understand the meaning behind many of these words. I was fine with taking the chance. Limit hold ’em has historically been the most popular form of hold ’em found in casino live action games in the United States. Another Six line bet of three chips can be made on numbers 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, and 33 which also are adjacent on the layout. You don’t need to have a college degree to become a casino dealer – but those imagining a smooth waltz out of their weekend poker night and into the pit of a glitzy casino are in for a rude awakening. Table games require some specific etiquette that you should keep in mind. If you bet that the number 13 is going to come out, you only win if the number 13 is rolled. Check out the Weapons shop to begin with, the Sage’s Staff is a nice upgrade for Rab as is the Obliteratoriser for Hendrick if he’s using Axes. Do not be too easily physcho by the environment in the Casinos. However, it does pay off relatively well, even though much depends on luck. A few of the items are one time items, such as the Arriviste Vest or the instructions for the bunny suit. Moreover, the digital nature of the game means that all results and rounds are closely tracked and monitored. Your email address will not be published. Online slot machines are renowned for being completely random, so no amount of skill will give you the edge when it comes to these enticing casino games.

Designing Communication Boards and Books with Core Vocabularies and Uni-Tech Judy King, Kuo-Ping Yang, Chih-Kang Yang, and Tony Jones Judy King, B.Sc., Cert HPC, MRCSLT, MASLTIP Independent Speech and Language Therapist Professor Kou-Ping Yang, Ph.D., President, Assistive Technology Engineering Labs, Taipei, Taiwan Chih-Kang Yang, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Dept. of Special Education & Assistive Technology, National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan Tony Jones, M.Ed., B.Ed. (Hons), Cert.Ed.Man., Cert.Ed.Res., Cert.Ed. Managing Director, TalkSense UK There is an increasing amount of research data that shows that when we speak or when we write we use certain words much more frequently than others. These words are the same irrespective of age, profession, time of day or year, or the subject of the conversation. In the Oxford English Corpus of over one billion words () just 10 lemmas (root words) account for an incredible 25% of the total vocabulary and 100 words account for 50%! Comparing this corpus to other research, we find that the same thing is happening in each list. The unusual aspect of the most frequently spoken and written vocabulary is that it contains very few nouns. Generally, only two nouns fall in the top 100 words: time and people. Typically, Augmentative Communication Boards comprise a greater proportion of nouns than would be suggested by evidence based research. This paper attempts to address that issue by developing new styles of communication boards and books and will demonstrate how a Uni-Tech approach might bring life to such systems. No matter where you live in the world, Our preliminary findings support the earlier attempts to identify Mandarin Chinese vocabulary using automated approaches or Mandarin Chinese databases. This early data analysis shows that a relatively small number of words (less than 200 words in this sample) will make up 80% of the spoken words used in conversation. These findings are similar to the vocabulary frequency studies in European languages and demonstrate that high frequency words or core vocabulary is consistent across different speakers and topics. (Chen, M.C., Hill, K.J., Yao. T. 2009) or what age or sex you are, or what occupation you hold, or the subject of the conversation, evidence-based spoken and written language frequency studies show that some words are used much more frequently than others. The different research studies (see bibliography) show remarkable similarity in their listing of the top items of vocabulary with virtually every English speaking study placing the word ‘the’ in the number one position, for example. The Oxford English Corpus, probably the biggest of such corpora, used for the creation of the Oxford English Dictionary (), contains over one billion words. When analysed, an incredible 25% of the total vocabulary comprises just ten lemmas. A lemma is a head word or root concept: for example ‘go’ is the lemma for the set of words including ‘go’, ‘goes’, ‘going’, ‘gone’, and ‘went’ and even ‘goer’. Lemmas are the head words that appear as dictionary entries: there are not normally separate entries for ‘goes’ and ‘going’ and ‘went’. The ten lemmas are not nouns (nor social greetings) but rather: ‘the’, ‘of’, ‘a’, ‘and’, ‘be’, ‘I’, ‘in’, ‘of’, ‘to’, ‘that’, and ‘have’. These top ten items are not easily represented in symbol form: for example, try to draw the word ‘the’ or the word ‘of’ or the word ‘have’ in such a way that when the ‘symbols’ are shown to the person-in-thestreet, most would correctly identify the word represented without any additional clues or training. Other large vocabulary databases (for example the British National Corpus (1994) or the Brown Corpus (Francis W. and Kucera H. 1967)) also demonstrate that the most frequently used words are virtually identical across corpora. Some items of vocabulary, that people might believe are often used in -1- conversation, have been shown to be of a lower frequency. Nouns, for example, are notable by their relative paucity in the lists of the highest frequency words. Nouns don’t feature in the top 50 words at all and. only two or three (notably people and time), just creep into the top 100. Specialist corpora (for example: Raban B. (1988); Marvin C.A., Beukelman D. R., & Bilyeu D., (1994); Balandin S. & Iacono T. (1999)) also show the same pattern of words: it does not matter what age, what sex, what occupation, or the topic of conversation, the most frequently used words are virtually identical. Even when the vocabulary of augmented communicators is examined (where vocabulary selected is constricted by the words that have been stored and those that have been learned), we still find a similar pattern (Jones A.P. 1993, Hill K. 2001) How is the evidence from this research data affecting practice in the design of communication books and boards? From the experience of the authors of this paper, there is often very little relationship between the communication boards typically found in Special Need environments and the evidence provided by the research. Evidence Based Practice (EBP) would suggest a different approach to the design of communication boards and books. The resultant books and boards would also suggest a different approach to the way that ‘language’ is addressed and to teacher pupil interactions. Sentence Vs Word Vs Spelling In the early days of AAC in the UK, it was believed that a sentence-based approach would best serve the needs of Augmentative communicators. After all, a couple of activations of keys that generates a whole sentence is surely more efficient than having to spell or select individual words. However, when people were given both words-based systems and sentence-based approaches in the same device, it soon became evident that they were using the words-based approach almost exclusively even to generate a sentence that was already stored. The reason for this was that it was not possible to store all the permutations of a sentence that might be needed by an individual on any occasion and, therefore, the individual was generating their vocabulary requirement for a particular occasion word by word. Had it been possible to store every sentence ever required, the Learner would still have not been able to use such a system because it would require almost eidetic memory. Consider the number of possible permutations of sentences just on the topic of obtaining a drink of tea: I want a cup of tea I wanted a cup of tea I want a cup of tea with milk and two sugars I fancy a cuppa I really fancy a cup of tea just now Do you want a cup of tea? … The list is extremely large on the topic of ‘tea’ alone. Then, add ‘coffee’, ‘milk’, ‘water’ … and different drinking vessels (mug, glass, can …) into the equation and it becomes an almost infinite list that is impossible to store as complete sentences into any system. -2- “Oh, that is just semantics.” Exactly! That is the issue. To get across an intended meaning, a single sentence was proving to be inappropriate for the circumstance and therefore it was easier to remember and use a unique combination of the words stored in the system. If that is the case then, surely, it logically follows that spelling provides the most flexible system of all, necessitating the smallest number of key requirements. That is undoubtedly a truism. However, spelling has two major disadvantages: the first is that there are a high proportion of people who require the use of an AAC system that cannot spell: Given the critical importance of literacy skills for individuals who require AAC, it is of great concern that most individuals who require AAC experience difficulties in literacy development. Their skills lag behind those of typically developing peers, and these problems persist into adulthood.” Light, J. & Kent-Walsh, J. (2003) and, secondly, spelling out a sentence l-e-t-t-e-r by l-e-t-t-e-r slows the rate of communication down to a point where it becomes painful for the communication partner.. () Once the rate of communication drops below a speed of 60 wpm, conversation partners start behaving differently in their interactions with the speaker. They begin to feel frustrated by the lack of conversational pace and will adopt strategies for increasing the rate at which conversation proceeds. This process may even begin to occur at rates as high as 100 wpm. Speed is one of the main factors in normalizing the conversation between an AAC user and his or her partner. (Ruth Ballinger)() For the sake of conversational flow, the AAC users naturally adopted a more passive role, relying on their partners to steer the conversation in an attempt to increase the pace. Speed of communication is, in fact, considered one of the most important factors in normalizing conversations. Studies have found that normal speakers use 150 to 250 words per minute, but that AAC users average less than 15 words per minute (Beukelman & Mirenda 1992; Venkatagiri, 1995). Spelling is often cited as a good means of communication because it requires no training. What should be remembered is the amount of time and training literate people have received in order to reach this state: From very early in their lives parents, family, teachers and others (as well as a significant input from the environment) have helped to nurture the development of literacy skills. In actual fact, a huge amount of time and effort goes into making each and every one of us literate. If such time and effort were spent in developing communication skills using a Core Vocabulary approach then there would be very few people who were communication impaired. Core and Fringe Vocabulary Core Vocabulary is defined as the set of the set of lemmas that make up the top 75% of speech when sampled across all environments by all populations and at all times (of day)(Jones A.P. 2010). This will typically be the top 1,000 words in most languages. -3- Fringe Vocabulary is defined as the set of words that is not contained in the top 1,000 words and, as such, can easily outnumber Core vocabulary by, at least, 1,000 to one. However, Fringe Vocabulary itself is a continuum with some words being used more frequently than others: a person might expect to say ‘museum’ more frequently than ‘oxymoronically’ for example. There will also be a set of Fringe words that may be added to the lower end of Core according to the professional or situational aspect of the individual: for example, a heart surgeon may say the words ‘heart’ and ‘scalpel’ more frequently than a member of the general public. Likewise, a person experiencing a communication impairment, may use the word ‘therapist’ more often. This aspect needs to be taken into account when creating communication systems. Creating No-Tech communication boards and books If we accept the evidence-based research that the top 100 words account for approximately 50% of the words we use then, any communication book or board that contains this vocabulary must be better at enabling faster, more efficient, ‘typical’ communication than any other design. The system takes advantage of the fact that while we may have a normal speaking vocabulary of between 10,000 and 30,000 words, a core of just 100 words accounts for approximately 50 percent of words spoken. () However, there still remains the question of how an individual obtains access to the remaining 50% of vocabulary which comprises more Core Vocabulary and a huge amount of Fringe. One solution would be to provide an alphabetic keyboard as a part of the layout with which a person could spell out any missing word. This assumes that the individual concerned can spell which, as we have already seen, maybe problematic. In a No-Tech system, another solution is to provide separate pages of ‘Fringe Vocabulary’ that are accessed by physically flipping through the pages until the necessary word is located. There are a number of problems with this approach: - The extra pages obscure the core vocabulary making it much less accessible; - Many people with physical disabilities find it difficult to flip through pages; - How many extra pages are required and how is vocabulary to be arranged? - Every extra page imposes an additional cognitive loading: on which page is a certain word located? - How do we decide what additional vocabulary is really necessary for a specific user? People often spend a great many hours of time creating fringe vocabulary overlays, for use with AAC systems, to provide access to words that may only be used once or twice in the future and then forgotten. The Learner may be taking a chemistry lesson on oxygen, for example, and several new words added to the system: ‘oxygen’, ‘atomic weight’, ‘Joseph Priestley’, ‘electrolysis’ … while such words may be used in the lesson, they may never be used again by the Learner. Ask yourself when you last used the word ‘electrolysis’! The effort used in the creation of Fringe Vocabulary pages for a communication system by staff and or parents on behalf of the Learner is not justified by the amount such vocabulary is used. The load is enormous and leads to the perception that augmentative communication is not worth the burden it places on staff and family. Baker B. (September 2008) -4- Indeed, if that effort went on teaching Core language instead, we would be seeing (hearing?) many more fluent communicators. Staff time would be freed to concentrate on teaching language rather than on endlessly preparing additional vocabulary sheets. Thus, the focus should be on the architecture of creating Core Vocabulary systems and on the teaching the use of this vocabulary to individuals. If classroom practice were to change slightly, Learners would have many hours of practice using their communication systems each day utilising the same Core Vocabulary over and over instead of utilising separate sheets of Fringe words that may never be needed again. There are several possible approaches to the creation of Core Vocabulary boards/books depending on whether a univocal or polysemic approach is adopted. Univocal Iconicity means, as its name suggests (uni = one, vocal = voice), one symbol to one word: thus, in a page comprising 32 symbols, a possible 32 items of vocabulary could be generated (one symbol to one vocabulary item). Polysemic Iconicity (Poly = many, semic = meaning) is an alternative to the univocal approach in which one symbol can take on different roles depending on the context. For example, a picture of a teacher might mean ‘teacher’ when used in the following context: “I went to school and I asked the XXX …” but might mean ‘school’ when used as “I am going to go to XXX now”. Normally, in a Voice Output Communication Aid, a symbol one any given page can only say one thing; however, when a Learner is pointing at a No-Tech communication board, the communication partner can interpret the use of a particular symbol according to the context in a very different way. Thus, NoTech communication boards can use the secondary iconicity potential of any symbol to provide access to a wider range of vocabulary. Secondary iconicity refers to the alternative meanings that may be generated by any symbol (Sonesson, G. 2001). While primary iconicity is what a symbol may denote, secondary iconicity is what a symbol may connote. For example, the primary Iconicity of the symbol (right) is ‘house’ but it could also represent (connote) ‘home’, ‘family’, ‘security’. ‘mortgage’ … All of these are Secondary Iconicity items. For the moment, let us assume a board and book restriction to univocal iconicity with a connotative aspect provided by the communication partner. We will also assume a double page A4 (210 x 297 mm) portrait layout. If each individual cell is 35mm square, it allows a 6 x 8 grid (6 x 35 = 210, 8 x 35 = 280) or 96 locations (2 x 48). At these dimensions the cells are large enough to display clear symbols. Some may want to begin with a simpler communication book or board of perhaps just a few items. With such a restricted system, it becomes almost impossible to create a functional language system and therefore such ‘earlier designs’ are not covered in this paper. However, such boards should be seen as a ‘starting point’ with the facilitator having a focus on teaching access, vocabulary awareness, and communication, building towards a more advanced layout which will support the development of language. While the focus in the design of such a system necessarily remains on Core Vocabulary there always remains the question of how the individual Learner will access commoner Fringe Vocabulary with relative ease. In the design below (there are other possibilities but space does not -5- permit their detail here), the Core Vocabulary surrounds the Fringe which is placed on a removable, smaller, central, flippable, themed or categorized page. As such, at the start, only a few Fringe items may be made available (those that are the most motivating for the individual Learner). Then, as the Learner begins to grasp and make better use of the system, more Fringe items can be added. Thus, the Core Vocabulary is placed at the fringe of the layout and the Fringe Vocabulary is placed centrally at the core! Such a layout means that the Core Vocabulary is always available, static and unchanging. The Fringe Vocabulary pages may also be used to provide additional access to the Core, as in the second image on the page, where verb aspects and tenses have been addressed. Flipping through the pages therefore provides access to a greater number of words. Such fringe pages provide access to (36 = 2 x 3 x 6) additional items of vocabulary. This is somewhat equivalent to the pages utilised on a simple dynamic communication systems but at small fraction of the cost. Using such a system it is possible to say, “I want a drink of cold, diet cherry coke in a glass now please” with only one activation per word when the fruit and drink fringe page has been selected. The first and last pages are identical providing access to an alphanumeric layout that allows those that can spell to use literacy skills and those that have only emergent literacy to develop further. The learner will soon develop a familiarity and automaticity with the static Core and may eventually begin to use the fringe page items to connote additional vocabulary meanings in the mind of the communication partner. Pages can use a Fitzgerald colour coded keyboard layout, although it should be noted that Edith Fitzgerald (1929) never actually suggested any such scheme of colour coding, although she did break language down into parts of speech to aid teaching to the deaf. Thus, the colour -6- coding scheme was attributed to her at some later stage! Such a colour coding scheme can help make the location of a particular word form easier to locate and therefore speed the communication rate. Greater access to core can be obtained by reducing the access to fringe by reducing the size of the fringe pages (make each only two columns wide, for example) or by reducing the size of individual cells and thus enabling access to more vocabulary on each page. Adding additional fringe pages provides access to a greater range of vocabulary but increases the need to flip through and therefore the physical and cognitive loading. However, the pages can be themed as well as categorized (the drinks page for example also provides access to some additional adjectives which are commonly used with drinks and the fruit can be used to create a particular flavour: ‘mango and orange smoothie’) which could reduce the need to move to a separate adjectival page, if other pages adopt a similar approach. Referential Vs Descriptive Question formats In our experience, educators in the classroom will use referential question formats when assessing the knowledge base of learners. For example, a teacher may ask the class, “Who wrote ‘Romeo and Juliet’?” or “What part of the body is used to pump blood?” Such questions are of the referential format in that they generally require a single or double word answer that is a noun or a proper noun. Referential questions require reference-book type responses which comprise fringe vocabulary. Both ‘Shakespeare’ and ‘heart’ are example of fringe vocabulary; we do not say them very often. If, however, the process was turned on its head and teachers asked descriptive type questions then they would be assessing learner understanding: “What do you know about William Shakespeare?” “What do you know about the human heart?” Such questions can be answered by using Core vocabulary: “He is old time man write books … “, “It part of man. Use to push red around body” As such, core vocabulary words would be applicable in every situation and used very frequently. An individual would quickly learn where they were located on the communication board and begin to understand how to put them together to form increasingly grammatical utterances which would serve well in all other situations. However, ‘William Shakespeare’ (and other such vocabulary items) would remain on a fringe vocabulary page and rarely be used, if at all. -7- Asking referential type questions works well with communication books based on Fringe vocabulary. Asking descriptive type questions works well with communication books based on Core vocabulary. The difference is that fringe vocabulary books: - are enormous; - take hours, days, weeks to create (an on going process) - contain vocabulary that is infrequently used and easily forgotten; - are difficult to access because of the number of pages and because of the memory loading on the individual; - do not teach the Learner language skills; - are de-motivating for Learner and staff alike; - emphasise failure; - don’t promote AAC. Core vocabulary boards and books: - are smaller; - take a smaller amount time to prepare (and are finite); - contain vocabulary that is frequently used and therefore remembered; - are easy to access; - allow the Learner to develop language skills; - are very motivating because the Learner can easily influence his/her environment; - show the Learner’s ability and potential; - promote AAC Adopting descriptive question type strategies tells the teacher much more about the Learners’ understanding than do referential questions which simply access the Learner’s memory of a set of facts. Descriptive type questions are easy for staff to employ: simply start your question with … “Tell me what you know about …” and add a referential item (Shakespeare, the heart, the planet Pluto, a fox, …) Core Vocabulary and Uni-Tech Earlier, a design for a No Tech Core Vocabulary book was suggested. If the same approach were to be stored into a Dynavox (for example) we would be creating the High Tech equivalent. Removing all fringe pages effectively turns the book into a board. Boards and books are examples of No Tech systems. Both No Tech and High Tech systems have advantages and disadvantages. The biggest advantage of a No tech system is the relative lack of expense (there is always some cost in the materials used and the labour of the person creating the system). An advantage of a High Tech system is its ability to speak. In addition to No and High Tech systems, there are also Low Tech systems which, while being relatively inexpensive, pose additional problems in the difficulty of accessing additional vocabulary not contained on the main overlay. What is needed is a Unifying Technological system (Uni-Tech) which would combine the advantages of all three systems into one. Such a system would give easy access to vocabulary at -8- an expenditure not far removed from that of Low Tech systems. Perhaps such a system is a pipedream but Unifying Technology would have a number of advantages: - simple to use and understand; light weight and very portable; relatively low cost; inclusive; when not in use system could be used as No Tech; voice output; long battery life; low maintenance costs; reliability; durability; suitable for all weather and all lighting conditions; Such a system would probably have disadvantages too when compared to High Tech systems: - it would be difficult to conceive of such a system being available to people who need to use switching; small lightweight systems currently have difficult in providing enough volume in noisier environments without additional amplification; how would it provide environmental control or computer access? Accessing Core vocabulary books and boards as a part of a Uni Tech system could change the face of AAC. Is this the future? Judy King, Professor Kuo-Ping Yang, Professor Chih-Kang Yang, Tony Jones -9- References and Bibliography Baker B. (2008), Presentations for the Liberator Road Show, Liberator Ltd. Baker, B. & Chang, S. (2006), A Mandarin language system in augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). International Journal of Computer Processing of Oriental Languages, 19 (2006), 225--237. Baker, B., Hill, K., Amato, J., & Menna, D. (2000) Do we liberate individuals by teaching wide context specific vocabulary? In Proceedings of the 9th International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication Biennial Conference(Washington, DC, August 1--3).ISAAC, Washington DC, 2000, 727-729 Baker, B., Musselwhite, C., & Kwasniewski, K. (1999), Literacy, language, and Minspeak: Core vocabulary is the key. Presentation for the Summer Seminar on Literacy and AAC, (Durham, NC), 1999. Balandin, S. (1995), The topics and vocabulary of meal break conversations. Ph.D. Thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney. Balandin, S. & Iacono, T. (1998a), A few well-chosen words. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 14, 147161. Balandin, S. & Iacono, T. (1998b), Topics of meal-break conversations. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 14, 131-146. Balandin, S., & Iacono, T. (1999), Crews, wusses, and whoppas: Core and fringe vocabularies of Australian mealbreak conversations in the workplace. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 15, 95-109. Banajee, M., DiCarlo, C., & Buras-Stricklin, S. (2003), Core Vocabulary Determination for Toddlers, Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 2, 67 - 73. Barlow M. (1998), Corpus of spoken Professional American English, Athelstan and Rice Universty. Bedrosian, J., Hoag, L., & McCoy, K. (2003), Relevance and speed of message delivery trade-offs in augmentative and alternative communication. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46, 800-817. Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language (1993), University of Bergen, Norway Beukelman, D., Jones, R., & Rowan M. (1989), Frequency of word usage by non-disabled peers in integrated preschool classrooms, Augmentative and Alternative Communication, Vol. 5, No. 4, Pages 243-248 Beukelman, D., & Mirenda, P. (1992). Augmentative and alternative communication management of severe communication disorders in children and adults. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes. Beukelman, D., Yorkston, K., Poblete, M., & Naranjo, C. (1984). Frequency of word occurrence in communication samples produced by adult communication aid users. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 49, 360–367. Burroughs, G. E. R. (1957). A study of the vocabulary of young children. Birmingham University Institute of Education (Educational Monographs No. 1). Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd Chang Liu & Sloane Z. (2006), Developing a Core Vocabulary for a Mandarin Chinese AAC System Using Word Frequency Data, International Journal of Computer Processing Of Languages, Volume: 19, Issue: 4(2006) pp. 285300 Chen, M.C., Hill, K.J., Yao. T. (2009), Preliminary Vocabulary Frequency Findings for Mandarin Chinese AAC Treatments. Paper presented at the 2009 Clinical AAC Research Conference in Pittsburgh, PA. - 10 - Ching Y. Suen (1986), Computational Studies of the Most Frequent Chinese Words and Sounds, World Scientific Series in Computer Science, Vol 3 Clendon, S.A., & Erickson, K.A. (2008) The Vocabulary of Beginning Writers: Implications for Children with Complex Communication Needs. Augmentative and Alternative Communication 24:4, 281-293 Dark, L. & Balandin S. (2007) Prediction and selection of vocabulary for two leisure activities1. Augmentative and Alternative Communication 23:4, 288-299 Davies M., & De Oliveira Preto-Bay, A.M. (2008), A Frequency Dictionary of Portuguese, Routledge Davies M., & Gardner D. (2010), A Frequency Dictionary of Contemporary American English: word sketches, collocates, and thematic lists, Routledge Dew, J. E. (1999), 6000 Chinese Words: A Vocabulary Frequency for Chinese Language Teachers and Students, SMC Publishing Fitzgerald, E. (1929), Straight language fro the deaf. First published in 1929 Francis, W. N., & Kucera, H. (1967), Computational Analysis of Present-day American English. Providence: Brown University press Garside, R., Leech, G., & Varadi T. (1978), Lancaster Parsed Corpus, University of Lancaster Green, E., & Peters, P. (1991), The Australian corpus project and Australian English. ICAME JOURNAL no.15, 37-53. Graham, K. & Hill, K. (2007), A Pilot Study Comparing AAC Vocabulary Usage Patterns Based on User Experience. Poster presented at the 2007 Clinical AAC Research Conference (Lexington, KY, September 27--29). Haiman, J. (Ed.)(1985), Iconicity in Syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hill, K. (2001),The development of a model for automated performance measurement and the establishment of performance indices for augmented communicators under two sampling conditions. Dissertation Abstracts International, 62(05), 2293. (UMI No. 3013368). Hwang, M. Y., Lei, X., Ng, T., Bulyko, I., Ostendorf, M., Stolcke, A., et al., (2004, December). Progress on mandarin conversational telephone speech recognition. In Proceedings of the Fourth International symposium on Chinese spoken language processing. (pp. 1-4). Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. Jones, A.P. (1993), A Communication Program for the Cerebral Palsied with Cognitive Problems: Vocabulary in use analysis. Unpublished Masters Dissertation, Sheffield University. Jones. A.P. (2010), Working with Core Vocabulary in the design of AAC boards, presentation at Taipei University, March, 2010 Jones R. & Tschirner, E. (2006), A Frequency Dictionary of German: Core Vocabulary for Learners, Routledge Kennedy, G. (1998): Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. London: Longman. Lahey, M., & Bloom, L. (1977), Planning a first lexicon: Which words to teach first. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 42, 340–349. Light, J. & Kent-Walsh, J. (2003), Fostering Emergent Literacy for Children Who Require AAC. The ASHA Leader. May 27, 2003 - 11 - Liu, C. & Zachary, S. (2006), Developing a core vocabulary for a mandarin Chinese AAC system using word frequency data. International Journal of Computer Processing of Oriental Languages. 19(2006), 285--300. Ma, W. Y., & Chen, K. J. (2003, July). Introduction to CKIP Chinese Word Segmentation System for the First International Chinese Word Segmentation Bakeoff. Proceedings of ACL, Second SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing (pp. 168-171). Sapporo, Japan. Mair, C., (1996), Freiburg Brown Corpus of American English, University of Freiburg Marvin, C.A., Beukelman, D.R., & Bilyeu, D. (1994), Vocabulary-use patterns in preschool children: Effects of context and time sampling. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 10, 224–236. Mein, R. (1961), A list of words used in conversation by severely subnormal patients, Ph.D. Thesis. University of London Mein R. and O’Connor N. (1960), A study of the oral vocabulary of severely subnormal patients’. Journal Mental Deficiency Research, 4, 2, 130-143 Meyer, C. (2002): English corpus linguistics: an introduction. Cambridge: CUP. Morrow, D., Beukelman, D., Mirenda, P., & Yorkston, K. (1993). Vocabulary selection for augmentative communication systems: A comparison of three techniques. Unpublished manuscript, University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Nelson G. (1993), The International Corpus of English, University College London Peters, P. (1987), Towards a corpus of Australian English. International Computer Archive of Modern English Journal No.11 , 27-38. Peters, P., Collins, P., & Blair, D. (1986), ACE: Australian Corpus of English, Macquarie University, Sydney Peters, P., Purvis, H., Martin, C. & Jenkins, R. (1990) Word frequencies from the Macquarie corpus: the newspaper files. Working papers of the Speech, Hearing and Language Research Centre 13-92. Macquarie University Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S. & Svartvik J. (1988), London-Lund Corpus of Spoken English, University College London & Lund University Raban, B. (1988), The Spoken Vocabulary of Five-Year Old Children, University of Reading Sampson, G. (2000), Susanne Corpus (Release 5), University of Essex Schlosser, R. W. (2003). Roles of speech output in augmentative and alternative communication: Narrative review. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 19, 5-28. Simpson, R.C., Briggs, S.L., Ovens, J., & Swales, J. M. (1997) Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English. English Language Institute, University of Michigan Sinclair, J. (1980), Collins Birmingham University International Language Database, University of Birmingham Sinclair, J. (1991). Corpus Concordance Collocation. Oxford University Press Sonesson, G. (2001). From semiosis to ecology: On the theory of iconicity and its consequences for the ontology of the Iifeworld. VISIO: thematic issue: Cultural cognition and space cognition, 6.2: pp. 85-110. Souter, C. (1989). A Short Handbook to the Polytechnic of Wales Corpus. . International Computer Archive of Modern English, Norwegian Computing Centre for the Humanities, Bergen University, Norway. - 12 - Spurk, E., & Hill, K. (2004), Frequency of use of vocabulary for individuals using dynamic display systems. Presentation for the Rehabilitation Engineering & Assistive Technology Society of North America Annual Conference(Lexington, KY, June 15—19, 2004) Stenström, A., Andersen, G. & Hasund I. K. (2001), Trends in Teenage Talk: Corpus compilation, analysis and findings. John Benjamins publishing Stuart, S. (1991), Topic and vocabulary use patterns of elderly men and women in two age cohorts. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Stuart S., Beukelman D., & King J., (1997), Vocabulary Use by Older Adults in Extended Conversations, AAC, Volume 13, No. 1, March 1997 Stuart, S., Vanderhoof, D., & Beukelman D. (1993), Topic and vocabulary use patterns of elderly women, Augmentative and Alternative Communication, Vol. 9, No. 2, Pages 95-110 Svartvik, J. (Ed.)(1990), The London Corpus of Spoken English: Description and Research. Lund Studies in English 82. Lund University Press, 1990. Trembath, D., Balandin, S., & Togher L. (2007) Vocabulary selection for Australian children who use augmentative and alternative communication. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability 32:4, 291-301 Trnka, K., Yarrington, D., McCoy, K., & Pennington, C. (2006), Topic modeling in fringe word prediction for AAC, International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces. Sydney, Australia Tseng, S. C. (2004), Spontaneous mandarin production: Results of a corpus-based study. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing (Hong Kong, December 15--18). Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 2004, 29--32. Venkatagiri, H. S. (1995). Techniques for enhancing communication productivity in AAC: A review of research. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 4, 36-45. Vernon P. E. (1948), A preliminary investigation of the vocabulary of Scottish children entering schools. Studies in reading, Volume 1, University of London press Wei M. (1973), A newspaper's vocabulary: A raw frequency count of the words in the South China morning post, Chinese University of Hong Kong Wei-Yun Ma , Keh-Jiann Chen, (2003), Introduction to CKIP Chinese word segmentation system for the first international Chinese Word Segmentation Bakeoff, Proceedings of the second SIGHAN workshop on Chinese language processing, p.168-171, July 11-12, 2003, Sapporo, Japan Yong Ho (2001), Chinese-English Frequency Dictionary: A Study Guide to Mandarin Chinese's 500 Most Frequently Used Words, Hippocrene Books Yorkston, K., Fried-Oken, M., & Beukelman, D. (1988), Single word vocabulary needs: Studies from various nonspeaking populations. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 4, 149. Yorkston, K., Smith, K., & Beukelman, D. (1990), Extended communication samples of augmented communicators: I. A comparison of individualized versus standard vocabularies. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, 217– 224. - 13 -

Have you ever thought about why house rendering is very important? There are various benefits associated with house rendering. For example, it improves the property’s overall value and provides insulation from heat and cold. Moreover, it also prevents the penetration of moisture inside the wall which can weaken it. With these benefits in mind, you will want to know the house rendering cost in 2022. If you live in the UK, you will notice sand and cement house rendering, especially when it comes to applying it to the property’s exterior walls. You need to know the average house rendering cost to reap all its benefits. Remember that there is no one size fits all approach to estimating the cost of house rendering. However, if you live in the UK, you will have to pay around £20 to £45 per m2. Another important concern in this regard is time. So if you want to render your home, you will need to know how long it will take. An average three-bedroom house requires one week to finish house rendering; it includes only the exterior walls and you will have to pay around £5000. Various factors affect the cost of house rendering. For example, size, location, condition of the walls, and the quality of rendering services. Moreover, it is also up to you to proceed with the fixed-priced project or decide on the hourly rate. In most cases, the house rendering experts charge £40 per m2. If you want to get in touch with the most professional yet affordable house rendering experts, you need to reach out to the ones available at Bark. Comparing Quotes Could Save You Upto 33%: What Is Exterior Rendering? Before you proceed, you need to know that exterior render includes the utilization of cement and sand. This special mixture is applied to the walls’ exterior portion, making them more accurate, visibly attractive, and strong. Nowadays, exterior renders are available in a variety of qualities and types. Based on these types, there are three major exterior renders available in the UK. - Silicon render is the most expensive and high-quality rendering technique that is 100% safe and breathable. However, it can only be applied during hot weather conditions as it requires a lot of warmth for proper cures. - Another render is the mineral render which is less expensive compared to silicon. The reason behind its low price is that it is partially breathable. - The cheapest render is the acrylic render which is the least breathable and is extremely inexpensive. These renders play a vital role in making the house more beautiful and hiding the old and visually irritating brickwork. How Much Does Rendering a House Cost? We have come up with some estimates that will give you an idea about rendering costs below. However, this is not a hard and fast rule that you will have to pay according to these estimated costs. If you live in the UK, you will see that the amount varies from place to place, and each professional charges differently. These are just to provide you with an idea of the approximate costs. Comparing Quotes Could Save You Upto 33%: 2 Bedroom Bungalow The process of rendering such property will require only up to 6 days. The rendering of this kind of attribute is perhaps the simplest. And this is the least expensive pricing for home rendering. Here you have to deal with only one floor. However, the process will take some time because the professional tradesman will have to wait for the dryness of one wall before he can start applying the render to the other. Creating a key for the render When you apply to render the painted wall, you should try to remove as much paint as possible because there is another old layer of render behind the paint. What you have to do is to remove the paint and try to apply the new render. In this way, the wall will get the maximum strength. On the other hand, if you apply to render for the first time, you should apply two coats of PVA. Colour As you know, the render does not have any attractive colour. So you always have the option to use different emulsions or paints to give more appeal to your house. The colour also provides uniformity and consistency that looks stunning. Make sure to pick a colour that you love and won’t want to change after a short while. Costs You will have to pay around £2500 to £3500 for such a small 2-bedroom Bungalow. However, the price and time can be considerably longer if you want to proceed with more decorative styling and painting. In this case, you might have to pay an extra £1000. Comparing Quotes Could Save You Upto 33%: 3-bedroom terraced house As we are focusing only on the exterior rendering, this type of house requires only front and rear rendering. The process does not take more than a week and you will have to pay approximately £5000. However, make sure to hire two people for this as it will speed up the process. The benefit of hiring two people is that the person who applies the render can continue to work without worrying about the delivery of the material. 4-bedroom semi-detached house Such houses usually have two floors and additional garages, porches and terraces. However, there is practically and technically no link between the rendering of the upper and the lower storey. You can choose to render one after the other depending on your affordability. It will also take £5000 to complete both floors if you hire two people. 5-bedroom detached house The rendering of this type of house is comparatively an expensive process because of scaffolding requirements. Scaffolding is mandatory to get access to the upper storeys. So the average cost of rendering this type of house will take at least £6500 in the UK. Moreover, the time requirements are also greater. For example, you will have to wait around 14 to 15 days to complete the whole process. In addition, you should take note of the weather conditions. You should not proceed with rendering during heavy rain or very hot weather conditions. Garden walls If you are not interested in rendering the whole house but only want to add it to your garden wall and make it more secure, you can simply ask the professional. He will estimate the costs and guide you about whether or not you need scaffolding. Scaffolding is mandatory when you have very high walls. To give you an idea, the average cost estimates are £30 to £40 per metre square. If you’re looking for other services like tree surgeons, you can find them on Bark. Rendering Front of House If you are on a tight budget, you will only want to know the cost of rendering the front of the house. In most cases, you will have to deal with only one elevation. However, the scaffolding is also mandatory and you must hire a team of two people. Usually, the front elevation is not more than 100 square metres. So the process can take about one week. If you want to know the cost, you should be ready to spend at least £3000. Roughly, it can take £1500 to £4000 based on the area of the front elevation. Comparing Quotes Could Save You Upto 33%: Rendering Cost Factors Here are the most important factors you should consider that affect the rendering process and its costs. - Render Finishes The smooth render comes with different texture finishes. Moreover, another finish, pebble dash, is also common in the UK. It costs anywhere around £30 per metre square. You can also proceed with decorations and pebble dashing to create unique effects. It is basically a process in which different stones are utilized to give a shiny and pleasing visual effect. - Scaffolding If your property is quite large with considerably great height and you want to render the whole elevation of your house, you need to proceed with this process. Sometimes scaffold towers are also constructed. You can contact local professionals to get more information. - Personnel You need to hire two people so that they can work in the form of a team. One person serves as a labourer who mixes the material and delivers it while the other person who has to apply the render continues with the process. This will ensure that the entire process is completed in good time. - Cement mixer and wheelbarrow Rendering experts have special equipment – a cement mixer and a wheelbarrow. They both have their role in completing the rendering process. The wheelbarrow is used to deliver the mixture and the cement mixer helps mix the cement. As the consistency of the render is super important, both instruments must be used. - Weather & time of year We have already discussed that rainy or hot weather is not suitable. - Too much sunshine can be very dangerous for rendering as it can immediately evaporate the moisture and water content. It results in the appearance of cracks. If the rendering process is carried out in very hot weather conditions, there are strong chances that the render will not stick to the wall. - Similarly, intensely cold water conditions are also dangerous because the rendering process requires the presence of liquid. Water freezes when the temperature reaches 0 degrees centigrade. As a result, water starts to expand and the crystals form inside the render, which results in the cracking of the whole structure. You should not proceed with the rendering process during the summer or winter season, especially when the temperature fluctuations are at their peak. - Size of company When you proceed with the individual professionals and self-employed tradespeople, you can hire them at considerably low rates. On the other hand, a certified company has access to more equipment, workshops & office staff, but they also charge more. They might also have more experience but you can also ask about this before you hire them. - Location It is a no-brainer that labour charges vary from place to place. If you are in London or Southeastern England, you will have to pay considerably more because they are expensive areas of the UK. According to the rough estimates, you have to pay 20% more. On the other hand, areas like Wales have relatively low labour charges. - VAT There is no hard and fast rule about the inclusion of the VAT in the quotations. So whenever you get quotes from a particular company, it is important to ask whether or not they include VAT. - Additional hire costs Waste skips are very important because they will help you to remove the garbage and the old rubble of the previous rendering process. Remember that the presence of these waste skips ensures that the cement washings will not be drained on the road or anywhere else where they may cause hindrance. Similarly, the construction workers also require food, drink and other hand washing facilities and toilets. So you should also consider these costs. Comparing Quotes Could Save You Upto 33%: Hiring A Rendering Contractor: Checklist Finding the most appropriate, qualified and affordable rendering contractor is not an easy task. However, you can directly contact the most expert rendering contractors at Bark. Here are a few things that you must discuss with the contractors before hiring them. - You should discuss all the aspects of the costs, what it covers and whether or not they cover VAT. - Inquire about the company’s reputation, the previous happy clients, how long the company has traded, and how they will carry out similar jobs like yours. - Check if they are insured. They should have both personal accident insurance and employers’ liability insurance. What is the process of rendering a house? It is very hard to proceed with rendering the house on your own. The process requires a lot of experience, and even if you can do it at your home, you will not be able to get a good finish. So even if you know the process of rendering the house, you should always take the services of the professionals. - The type of finish Before initiating the rendering process, it is important to know the level of finish you want. Some finishes require a lot of expertise while the others are only simple. Note that sometimes one professional may be an expert in one type of finish creation while the other specialist can provide you with other types of finishes. So always discuss this aspect with your tradesman. - Prepare the walls Before rendering, have a certified bricklayer inspect your walls and make any required repairs. The rendered surface can only be as strong as the supporting wall. This is the time to look for cracks and fill in or redo what you can. - Prepare external details Preparation of the external details is a common process because everyone wants to check out downpipes, windowsills, and other ventilators. However, the most neglected yet most important thing in this regard is fixing the beads around the windows and door openings. This way, these locations’ rendering can be carried out perfectly. - Insulation Before you proceed with the rendering process, it is important to make the best use of insulation boards. They help protect your wall from becoming overly damp or dry. - Render mesh To adjust the insulation boards, you will need a render mesh that will help fix these boards from everywhere. It also prevents the formation of cracks on your wall that may occur due to dryness. - Render base coat If you do not know what method is necessary to apply the base coat, you should ask the professionals. They will carefully analyse the underlying wall surface and guide the base coat rendering process. - Render finishing coat There are two types of finishing coats available, natural and synthetic. The natural ones come with fewer colour options and diversity, while the synthetic ones have more colour options. Moreover, proceeding with the natural ones requires you to use the paint. However, it is up to you to use natural or synthetic colours. The results should suit well the type of finish you want. - Replace details You know that you have already removed a lot of different things such as down pipes, soil pipes and other important stuff to proceed with the rendering process. Now it is time to replace all that stuff you removed. You might wonder how long it will take to complete the process here. Usually, the process of rendering an average house takes around a month. Comparing Quotes Could Save You Upto 33%: Benefits of Rendering Before spending money on the rendering process and initiating the procedure practically, everyone wants to know what benefits they are likely to get and how it will improve their standard of living. Remember that not every house requires a rendering process. Sometimes the waterproof paint is more than enough. However, we recommend you proceed with the waterproof render, especially if you are facing brickwork erosion. - Weather resistance Extreme weather conditions are a problem for many houses with brickwork. Rendering is an all-in-one solution because it increases water resistance and requires less maintenance. Remember that there are pores in the bricks that absorb moisture. This moisture can damage the whole brickwork during the intense cold weather conditions when water freezes and converts into ice crystals. Applying the render to the brickwork serves as a strong insulating material that prevents water entry. - Damp and mould prevention There are stronger chances of accumulation of fungi, dampness and mould in the brick houses. The problem gets worse if you live in a humid area. Before you face any structural issues with your house or any other damage to the furnishings and other issues, the most appropriate solution is to have a coat of render on your brick walls. You will see a considerable improvement in the overall living quality. It will serve as a treatment for reducing mould, fungi and other problems. - Insulation Cavity wall insulation is a modern solution to maintain the house’s insulation. However, it is only possible for modern houses to proceed with this option. What you can do in your old house is to apply the coat of render so that it will help you to get thermal insulation. Nowadays, specialised thermal insulation render is also available. They are inexpensive and cost-effective and keep your brickwork intact. Suppose you don’t want an insulation render (it is very expensive after all). In that case, you might use acrylic and polymer renders instead of cement or lime renders since they have a greater insulating value. Comparing Quotes Could Save You Upto 33%: Types of Render Finishes Nowadays specialised finishes are also available. Here we will guide you about some specialist external render finishes that will add a layer of decoration to your render. - Roughcast Render It is most commonly used in Northern England and Scotland. Such render is made using the process in which gravel and mortar are used to maintain the pebbles. It is completely different from the smooth render and gives a rough appearance. Despite a rough appearance, this type of render is highly in demand because it can perfectly prevent moisture from entering the porous brickwork. - Polymer Render Polymers are long-chain plastic molecules. When a render utilizes different coloured polymers, it is known as the polymer render. Such renders are highly waterproof and cost anywhere around £30/m2. - Acrylic Render Just the finishing operations application on the pinnacle of pre-existing render or a fresh base coat is applied with acrylic rendering. Use it to seal surfaces and lessen the frequency of swabbing. Rendering using acrylic starts at about £30/m2. - Monocouche You can proceed with the monocoque if you are looking for a very fast and quick rendering process. It will require you to apply only a coat to complete the rendering process. You will not need a base coat with it as it is itself a polymer base render. However, it is not suitable for all types of brickwork and you can only apply it to concrete blocks. It costs £35/m2 or above in the UK. - K Rend When there is a lot of incorporation of additives and aggregates into the renders, it is known as K rend. Basically, it is a very special rendering product that requires a lot of experience. You should only hire expert installers due to the sensitivity of the process. Only the expert installers who have taken a lot of training on applying this type of render material can proceed with this type of rendering. - Corksol Corksol is not an actual rendering process. Instead, you can use it as an alternative to a render. It is similar to render as it is equally insulating, waterproof and breathable. You can confidently proceed with it as it is equally effective and useful. Comparing Quotes Could Save You Upto 33%: Painting Rendered Walls You can not immediately proceed with the rendering process because you have to wait for the complete drying out of the render. So, if you plan to paint the walls right after the rendering, it might not be possible. However, the dryness of the render walls depends on various factors, including air and humidity. Planning Permission & Building Regulation Planning permission for rendering the property is important under the building regulations. Part A covers the structure, ensuring the stability of the whole structure of the buildings is retained. Part B covers fire safety and ensures the building is fireproof. Similarly, Part D, Part E, and Part L deal with the toxicity of the substances, sound blockage and conservation of fuel and power, respectively. FAQs About House Rendering - Can the rendering process help in the case of the moisture removal from the brickwork? If your brickwork is dry, the rendering process will help to prevent your house from getting damp. However, if rendering has become a big problem, you will have to proceed with the new damp proof or ending process. - What is the best render for a house? There is no one size fits all strategy when it comes to choosing the best render for a house. It depends on your particular situation, budget, house type, and what you want to achieve. Look over the choices listed above and chose what you think will be best for you. - Is it beneficial to proceed with the render even if you have a brick? Brick requires extra labour and costs so much to purchase. Paint, however, is more vulnerable to the influence of the environment and, within a few seasons, develops streaks and splits. Brick, however, collapses and lets moisture in if exposed to persistent extreme storms and ice. So, rendering your house is a great choice. Find Local Renders At Bark, rendering experts are available to provide exclusive services 24/7. They are able to answer any questions you might have on house rendering and give your house the right finish. You can immediately reach out to them if you want to prevent the penetration of the damp. Comparing Quotes Could Save You Upto 33%:

Url Https Login Bluehost Com Hosting Webmail Our brand-new Home builder makes WordPress site creation fun & very easy. Url Https Login Bluehost Com Hosting Webmail Creating a professional internet site has never ever been less complex. Now you can appreciate building your desire website in WordPress without utilizing any code. Url Https Login Bluehost Com Hosting Webmail ALL-IN-ONE site PLATFORM.Everything your website needs from start-up to success! Url Https Login Bluehost Com Hosting Webmail Bluehost: Quick SummaryUrl Https Login Bluehost Com Hosting Webmail With Bluehost, you get all the benefits of the world’s most prominent website building contractor in a wise, protected, simple plan. Click Url Https Login Bluehost Com Hosting Webmail to open an account. Perhaps you are intending to enliven your brand-new electronic concepts, have your online service, or just a method to tell your tale to the globe … if that is the case, keep analysis since I will tell you why Bluehost is your ideal selection. Bluehost is always in the TOP 3 of the very best HOSTING PROVIDERS! So, we can verify is among the very best and also most preferred holding companies. With Bluehost WordPress, it’s facilitated! Url Https Login Bluehost Com Hosting Webmail Make the most of: Url Https Login Bluehost Com Hosting Webmail – the Drag and also decline WordPress internet site building contractor – A lot of layout themes (more than 300). – FREE DOMAIN (1st Year). – FREE SSL CERTIFICATION? OF COURSE! – Support 24/7 all days. – WordPress 1 click to set up! Url Https Login Bluehost Com Hosting Webmail All of that AND even more starting at $2.75/ mo *. GO HERE TO BEGIN. To date, greater than 2 million sites have actually currently selected Bluehost! Considering that its inception in 1996 as a totally free hosting company called 0catch. com, the business has actually come a long way. The Bluehost you know today was renamed in 2003. Currently, it has greater than 750 workers and also hosts over 2 million web sites worldwide. The company has actually since expanded to turn into one of the world’s biggest service providers of trusted and also inexpensive web hosting. Bluehost offers a variety of services and products to help you get going with your internet site or online store: from shared and WordPress hosting to website building contractor tools. They have an unique focus on fulfilling the electronic advertising and marketing and training demands of small companies. Their value-priced organizing bundles included unmetered transmission capacity, free international CDN as well as SSL certificates, and also totally free daily, once a week and also month-to-month back-ups on a powerful as well as tried and tested platform that is developed to scale and also enhanced for speed as well as safety. Their least expensive organizing strategy is $3.45/ mo. By doing a large volume of organization they have the ability to provide steep price discounts. Bluehost caters to every person: from beginning bloggers to big shopping internet sites, developed WordPress individuals, and also more. Bluehost has been in partnership with WordPress for over one decade and also keeps assistance personnel that assists WordPress users. It also buys a design group devoted to WordPress core advancement. Thus, Bluehost has the ability to supply its customers with cost effective and first-class WordPress holding. Url Https Login Bluehost Com Hosting Webmail Bluehost can offer you with just what you require– solid performance and also safety. Moreover, it is easy to use and beginner-friendly, which once more is a superb quality in a web hosting solution. You don’t have to be a tech guru to efficiently implement Bluehost host in your organization method. Bluehost supplies a full web hosting service for every person. High-Speed Servers Although Bluehost isn’t the fastest host of all when it involves server loading, it provides enough speed up to match the needs of the majority of who are hosting a website for the very first time. You have access to 24/7/365 client support through various platforms, consisting of: Live Conversation. Ticketing System. Call. Social Network Assistance. Their phone support choice is the simplest method to get in touch with a qualified technology support professional who can help you resolve your issues. Free Domain Name for 1 Year Take pleasure in a complimentary domain of your choice for one year with your new account. Automatic WordPress Updates. Bluehost maintains your WordPress holding strategy safe and secure by constantly keeping your account up to date. Secure Arrangement of Login Qualifications. Bluehost helps you firmly transform your login credentials from the WordPress default to whatever you select. Obtain Verified on Google My Business. Get in touch with customers in your area, enabling them to see your place as well as hrs of procedure on Google Maps. SHARED HOSTING Shared holding is considered one of the most popular forms of host worldwide. And among the primary factors behind this appeal is its low cost. Typically, most of the website owners fail to expand their sites large enough to require updating to a greater degree of organizing, so they stay with shared hosting. The Fundamental starter plan will certainly cost you $3.45 monthly, Plus plan is $5.45, the Option And also is $5.45, and their Pro strategy is $13.95 monthly. If you are just starting, then the Fundamental plan will be an optimal option for you. You can upgrade to a more advanced strategy once your website expands. If you are inclining toward the And also plan, it’s more profitable to opt for the Choice And also plan because both the plans include a comparable prices framework. The Selection And also strategy features additional features, including extra comprehensive website back-ups, domain name privacy attachments, and also a lot more. The most feature-rich Pro strategy features additional benefits, including limitless website room, data transfer, support for a limitless number of internet sites, dedicated IP addresses, and much more. A committed IP provides unique advantages, including Email defense and Web server Script requirements. That should use Shared Hosting? If you are developing your web site for the first time, Shared organizing will possibly be an optimal strategy. It is the most affordable hosting alternative and still comes filled with enough functionalities. It has all the resources required for your site to expand. As the demand emerges for various other sources as well as functions, you are constantly complimentary to upgrade your host bundle. VPS Hosting Bluehost has become associated with beginner-level webhosting plans. As you step into the new globe of hosting your web site, it introduces you to fairly priced, easy to use, and at the same time feature-rich common and also WordPress organizing. You additionally have the option to scale your web server resources quickly as you will not be restricted to the restraints of a physical web server. The chief difference in the plans is the quantity of storage area, bandwidth, and also RAM. With the higher-level plans, you’ll likewise get to more IP addresses. Currently, the Criterion strategy costs $19.99 monthly, the Boosted strategy costs $29.99 each month, and the Ultimate VPS strategy costs $59.99 per month. Who should use VPS Hosting? Site proprietors who have actually outgrown their shared hosting must think about upgrading to VPS with time. It is reputable, scalable, and your site will certainly perform much better if you are beginning to experience even more web traffic. This sort of organizing features fewer website limitations while giving higher levels of server personalization. You will certainly likewise get super-fast SSD storage, yet you need to take care of a lot more by yourself. If you’re not a web advancement specialist, guide far from this advanced strategy. Dedicated Web Server Holding With Dedicated Server Hosting, you will be renting a whole physical devoted server. Normally, it comes with a substantial price tag since it gives you the single possession of your web server. Right here’re the prices plans for the Dedicated Server Hosting: The Criterion strategy costs $79.99 monthly and is the cheapest devoted plan. The Boosted strategy will cost you $99.99 monthly, and the Premium plan is valued at $119.99 per month. The substantial differences between the strategies are the total web server speed, storage room, RAM, and the number of devoted IP addresses. That should utilize Dedicated Hosting? Site owners that require complete control over their web server setting can select a specialized server. Furthermore, if you intend to personalize the server to align with your company requirements, after that Committed Hosting is the best choice you have. It will certainly supply you a lots of storage, transmission capacity, and also RAM– essentially an all-in-one top-performing server setting. Handled WordPress Hosting If you prepare to build a WordPress website, handled WordPress hosting is the very best option you have. You will certainly obtain a hosting atmosphere that’s enhanced for your web site right from the beginning. Your site’s efficiency degree will enhance, as well as you will certainly achieve higher degrees of safety. On top of that, you obtain impressive features, consisting of:. All-in-one advertising center as well as dashboard. SEO, email advertising, as well as social media tools. Enhanced performance. Unrestricted internet sites & domain names. No web traffic limits. Endless web storage. The best part is that Bluehost’s WordPress organizing strategies come pre-installed with WordPress, making it simple to build a WordPress site from scratch. You will also access to an advanced cPanel built only for WordPress, SiteLock protection, as well as a totally free SSL certification. The primary distinction in between the strategies is the overall variety of site visitors permitted per month. There are additionally differences in storage space, RAM, integrated CDN, back-up sizes, safety and security, and level of SSL certification. You will certainly have to pay $19.99 per month to get the Standard plan, the Boosted plan will certainly cost you $29.99 each month, the Premium strategy is $39.99 per month, as well as the Ultimate plan costs $49.99 monthly. That should use Managed WordPress Hosting? Naturally, Took care of WordPress hosting is perfect for hosting a WordPress website. It will offer high degrees of efficiency as well as safety and security. Moreover, it comes furnished with customized devices and advanced cPanel, making it simple for you to manage your site. You possibly will not require managed WordPress organizing as soon as possible if you’re just getting started your first WordPress website. A fundamental common organizing strategy will certainly be adequate. Yet when you start getting enough web traffic, you might take into consideration updating. Track your site visitor analytics, individual comments, as well as anything else happening on your site right from your Bluehost dashboard. User-Friendly & Easy-to-Use cPanel. All the holding strategies provided by Bluehost are straightforward to use and also configure. It is easy to register, established your hosting account, take care of domain names, set up e-mail addresses, and also mount WordPress. Additionally, Bluehost’s custom-designed control panel will enable you to handle your web sites, add added applications to your website, and manage domain names, email accounts, and a lot a lot more with significant convenience. Bluehost Control Panel All shared packages include the Bluehost Control Board. The Bluehost Control Panel is a tailored as well as improved variation of the preferred as well as simple cPanel Control Panel. The redesign of cPanel makes it a lot more user-friendly to use. Url Https Login Bluehost Com Hosting Webmail What Is the Control Panel For? The control board is where you most likely to manage every little thing pertaining to your site’s hosting and also accounts, consisting of domain name management (holding, enrollment, renewals, or transfers), email address/inbox arrangement, and also payments/billing for the services you get. Easy to Handle Your Services. This indicates you get an unified login (one username as well as password combination will certainly obtain you accessibility to all your Bluehost accounts), integration with and also hotlinks to Bluehost’s aid attributes as well as technical support resources, full-featured domain name and also e-mail monitoring functions, and easy upgrades and scalability to ensure that you can make changes to the holding that backs your web site. Grow Your Company With Countless Apps. With Bluehost, you’ll have a very easy and smooth time structure, personalizing, and also managing your web site whether you’re a rookie who needs a little hand-holding or a knowledgeable person that knows their means around the spaces as well as crannies of internet site development and administration. And this is all thanks to the numerous site tools that Bluehost puts at your disposal. Various Ways to Produce a Web site. Url Https Login Bluehost Com Hosting Webmail When producing a site, you have the option of using the WordPress web content management platform, the Weebly website building contractor, the goMobi Mobile Web Home builder, or publishing files using FTP or File Supervisor. Do A lot more With Your Web site. Via your control panel, you can obtain one-click accessibility to countless attachments or “apps” in something called the MOJO Industry. These apps consist of styles (to transform the design of your web site) as well as other internet site contractors. Plugins or apps can be used to expand the performance of your website. Choices include:. Add photo galleries. Develop consumer online forums. Include a calendar. Integrate your website with a CRM. Enable clients to pay by SMS (text). Resort reserving plugin. Event registration and ticketing. A pricing table display. An application to produce and offer online programs. All Bluehost holding plans featured a 30-day money-back assurance. You can also buy professional solutions such as:. Graphic layout of leaflets, posters, brand names, and also more. Web site technical job like PayPal integration, blog site established, including Google Analytics or a map to your website, and so on. Bluehost combination with Microsoft 365 gives you a professional e-mail address that comes from your domain name as well as a seamless means to team up with your group.Url Https Login Bluehost Com Hosting Webmail The crucial functions of this e-mail assimilation include: Microsoft Outlook Internet Accessibility. Handle your email from anywhere, at any time on any type of tool with Microsoft Internet Access using the cloud. Automatic Microsoft Updates Bothering with software or application updates is no more essential thanks to automatic updates from Microsoft. Intuitive Administration Dashboard. Your Microsoft 365 account is managed from a solitary, straightforward dashboard; no several logins. Framework: Where Are Bluehost’s Datacenters? Bluehost has data facilities in Provo, Utah, and also Houston, Texas. We asked about plans for expansion, and also Bluehost responded, “We’re always checking out options to enhance our network and it’s likely we might include or eliminate information centers in the future.”. Keep in mind that if you make use of the Cloudflare CDN, that offers you accessibility to Cloudflare’s network of data facilities around the world. This assists supply content swiftly and improve page-load times, despite where your clients lie in relation to Bluehost’s datacenters. No Questions Asked. If you cancel within 30 days of signing up with, you get a 100% refund. If, nonetheless, you decide to terminate afterwards, you’ll only obtain a pro-rata rate for what’s left on the term. The money-back guarantee just relates to the hosting strategies. It does not cover most add-on items, consisting of domains (see listed below). Your account has no terms that you commit to complying with. There are no other charges or concealed costs if you require to cancel your plan early. Domain name Fees are Not Refundable. You might obtain a complimentary domain name with your organizing. If you cancel the holding, you’ll be billed for it. But you will certainly still have the domain as well as be able to finish with it as you please. After the required lockdown duration, you can transfer it. It remains your own as long as you keep renewing it. There are no term commitments associated with your Bluehost account. There are no hidden charges or fines for ending your term early must you choose to do so. Exactly how Is Bluehost’s Performance and also Uptime? While there are a couple of complaints from customers regarding several web server failures and also a server group that is slow-moving to react, a multitude of Bluehost individuals claim that the company has solid server performance. According to these users, Bluehost ratings a 99.99% uptime usually and occasionally outshines itself to provide a 100% uptime. The company itself also enables you to terminate your organizing agreements because of downtime without having to pay any type of cancellation fees. Our tests suggest that in 2015 Bluehost had an ordinary uptime of 99.97%, which is excellent. Site Packing Rate. Bluehost also provides good web page tons times. In 2014, they had an outstanding 422 ms page tons speed with a fixed website using their Fundamental common hosting plan. This year, we installed WordPress and the page lots speed has boosted to a still respectable 650 ms. This does, however, indicate that if you have a computationally requiring website, you may want to update to a more advanced Pro plan that uses high-performance web servers. Cloudflare CDN. Quick web page load times are very important for everyone, especially for ecommerce owners. Reduce pages are a significant contributor to high bounce prices, reduced conversion rates, as well as loss of earnings. That is where Cloudflare comes in. Bluehost bundles feature Cloudflare integration. Cloudflare is a material distribution network (CDN), or a network of web servers that save cached versions of your site. When someone browses to your site, their browser obtains content from the CDN factor closest to them, reducing the amount of time it considers the information to take a trip. Just How Does Bluehost Maintain Your Website Secure? Bluehost uses SiteLock to scan your website daily for viruses and malware and additionally performs 24/7 network monitoring on business servers. Added Safety And Security Options. In addition to heading out of its method to guarantee the safety and security of your web site, Bluehost also permits you the flexibility to take whatever protection measures you desire. You can produce IP address blacklists, password-protected directories, handle personal secrets and electronic certifications, produce filters for e-mail accounts and also users, plus a lot more. The only possible downside to Bluehost’s security is that the business does back-ups at its very own discernment. Therefore, you should do your very own everyday backups for complete protection. Alternatively, you can spend for one of their premia, as well as automated, back-up solutions like CodeGuard or JetPack Costs. SSL Certificates. We have briefly pointed out over that also shared holding bundles come with a totally free SSL certificate, yet what is this? Why is it crucial? Do you, as a local business owner, need one for your website? SSL, which represents Secure Outlet Layer, is a file encryption protocol. You can think of SSL as the series of directions your server and a user’s web internet browser have to adhere to when sending as well as getting info to make sure that the data being moved is not intercepted by and also read by unapproved events. Just How do SSL Certificates Job? SSL certificates are little information files set up on web site web pages (login displays, repayment web pages, or on the internet types) that need customers to submit sensitive information, such as name, bank card details, or passwords. SSL certificates can likewise be set up on internet servers, which allows making use of the even more safe and secure HTTPS method and for that reason a safe and secure connection. Essentially, SSL certifications serve one function: to bind together an identifier (domain name, web server name, or hostname) and also the identification of an organization. The Bluehost knowledgebase states: “We do supply free of charge backups for our consumers. They are produced on an everyday, weekly, and monthly basis. These backups are not assured at all. We highly suggest all Bluehost customers develop and also manage their very own back-ups.”. The Sales group helps those with basic inquiries, prospective customers, along with consumers new to Bluehost. The Technical Assistance group is who you wish to talk to if you have any kind of support-related inquiries. The Account Administration group deals with questions connected to payment, the terms of service, as well as account verifications. Exactly how Is Bluehost’s Assistance as well as Assistance? When it involves host, the very best sort of customer support is one that’s available 24/7 and covers all support methods consisting of real-time chat, support tickets, telephone, as well as e-mail. This is specifically what you get from Bluehost with the addition of a help workdesk as well as qualified internal professionals manning all client support methods. Examination Drive Their Live Conversation. Individual evaluations of Bluehost assistance are mixed. You can check out their online chat without enrolling in an account, to see exactly how you like the action time and also high quality. Bluehost does provide a 30-day money-back warranty, however. 1. Standard Strategy (Extremely suggested for beginners). Host 1 website with 50GB of room. Unmetered bandwidth. 5 email accounts with 100MB per account. The And also, Prime, and Pro packages will certainly profit you if you intend to run a number of websites at the same time or if you are about to introduce an eCommerce site. 2. Plus Strategy. Host endless sites with unmetered room. Limitless e-mail accounts with endless storage room. Spam defense. 3. Prime Plan Host unlimited internet sites with unmetered area. Endless e-mail accounts as well as storage room. Make use site backups, domain name personal privacy, and more. 4. Service Pro Plan. Host endless sites with unmetered area. Endless e-mail accounts as well as storage area. Consists of spam defense, SSL certification, devoted IP, domain name personal privacy, as well as extra. If you’re a blog owner or running an easy on-line store, then you can probably select one of the basic Bluehost plans. Quick Truths Regarding Bluehost. In this post, we have covered virtually whatever regarding Bluehost– from its hosting strategies to its functions and also disadvantages. In case you missed out on something essential, right here are some quick facts concerning Bluehost: Mojo Industry– This enables you to install applications and also software program tools like WordPress, Joomla fasts and also easily. Domain name– Totally free domain name for the first year. Afterwards, you can restore it for $15.99. SSL Certificate– Completely cost-free. Settlement methods– Via PayPal or a bank card. Hidden terms? You will not get any type of refund on your domain. And also, the revival rates for both holding and also domain will enhance. Website transfer– Although the procedure of website migration is quick and also easy, it doesn’t come free. You would certainly need to pay a single charge of $149. Dashboard and cPanel– Excellent experience, ease of use, and also navigating. Bluehost Reviews: Should You Buy It? If you look at the large range of attributes paired with outstanding client assistance, I don’t see why you shouldn’t give it a try at the very least when. If you are a start-up or a small company, Bluehost is one of the most effective options you have. Since Bluehost is scalable, you can constantly upgrade your strategy to a greater plan as your organization starts to grow. When it comes to uptime and also packing time, Bluehost continues to place among the top webhosting provider. In addition to that, you get a 30-day money-back warranty, durable protection, outstanding consumer assistance, a totally free SSL certificate, lots of user-friendly apps, and also much more. And also let’s not forget among the lowest pricing strategies in the sector. Nevertheless, if you are moving your site from various other web hosting services, after that you need to make an one-time payment of $149. It might make you a little bit wary, but once more the services and support you obtain for the sum deserve it ultimately. Generally, Bluehost usesamong the best web hosting choices on the marketplace as well as gets my complete recommendation. Begin with Bluehost today. Disclosure: I may obtain associate payment for several of the web links below at no cost to you if you make a decision to buy a paid plan.

Right here is the leading penis pump we suggest based on our research study: Is The Tom Selleck And Dr. Phil Ed Cure Real Top Pump: The Bathmate HydroX Is The Tom Selleck And Dr. Phil Ed Cure Real It has been some time considering that I last composed a testimonial for a product, yet I’m always happy for the chance. This time around, I’ve made some new buddies at Bathmate that have been kind sufficient to send me one of their most preferred products, the HydroXtreme7! Created on the structure of safety and security as well as research study, Bathmate has actually designed a line of penis pumps that are much less harmful, efficient, as well as supply rewarding outcomes. All this, as well as the only thing this item calls for is water! After validating the shipment, it got here rather swiftly. Having a warehouse in Canada decreased the delay to less than a week, and also also then, it arrived almost 2 days ahead of routine. It got here in a discrete, white box for privacy, and was available in best condition. Opening it up, it consisted of every little thing you see in the images over. The product, itself, is really streamlined, made from medical-grade products, and also about 11.5 inches generally. I was extremely impressed with the handbook that was consisted of with the Hydromax7. It not only in-depth how to make use of the product in a really clear as well as concise way however also noted any feasible wellness threats and also best techniques to avoid injury. Instructions was available in both composed and highlighted styles and also were available in numerous languages. Prior to I tried an examination, I extensively reviewed the instructions. Review it again, as well as a third time, making sure I had the procedure dedicated to memory. Primarily because the Hydromax7 uses water instead of air to create stress. Which suggests you need to utilize it in the shower. It does this by using a mix of its special pressure launch shutoff, and the hand-pumped bellows shown below. The Hydromax7 likewise includes a comfort insert that can be gotten rid of and re-inserted for your comfort. Having committed the information to memory as well as doing a dry run to see to it I recognized what to do as well as when, I spent the last 2 weeks trying it out. The experience captured me by surprise as it was, in the beginning, underwhelming in its outcomes. But the uses that complied with revealed an increasing number of results. The very first time I used it, I was really worried as well as wasn’t certain how to inform if it was working, or not. I pumped, waited, launched the valve, and also rubbed myself as advised. Although I did feel my penis expand and also set, there really did not seem to be any type of obvious adjustment. On the 2nd and 3rd uses, I did begin to observe a modification in the dimension, level of sensitivity, as well as girth of my penis. I was in fact kinda surprised by the new level of sensitivity as well as wound up having a wonderful wank in the tub. Until now, I’ve discovered that my overall size appears to have grown by concerning half an inch, as well as have been fortunate sufficient to not suffer from any type of agonizing negative effects thus far. My self-confidence in this product is growing with each use, so I can with confidence advise the Hydromax7 for any individual outfitted with a penis. This isn’t the only version Bathmate has available for acquisition. There are a variety of versions and sizes available to accommodate nearly any individual of any length and also girth. Additionally, there are a great deal of new and intriguing products I’m hoping to attempt in the future. Is The Tom Selleck And Dr. Phil Ed Cure Real What is Bathmate? Bathmate is a penis enlargement pump which makes use of the power of water to aid you grow. While you are bathing or washing, put simply the Bathmate around your penis and also start pumping it. The water will border your penis and also the pumping will create a vacuum cleaner suction. This vacuum cleaner suction will certainly injure into your penis cells, making them expand and also swell up. After simply a few minutes with Bathmate, your penis will certainly become engorged like you would not believe! Bathmate can aid you obtain instantly larger, harder erections as well as additionally make your erections last longer as well. This is wonderful for any guy that wants to go from “sufficient” to “impressive.”. Bathmate can additionally help men that have been suffering from impotence. Unlike many ED pills, Bathmate is totally risk-free and also you can utilize it as lot of times as you need to in an evening. There are various other advantages to Bathmate too, like straightening out bent penis and also aiding stop erectile dysfunction. There are so many wonderful gain from making use of Bathmate that all men should use it. The best point regarding Bathmate isn’t the advantages: it is just how fantastic it really feels while you reap the rewards! The wet, suction of Bathmate feels a lot like oral sex, so you can utilize this penis enhancement gadget for pleasure also. Nothing else penis enhancement gadget feels as excellent as Bathmate and additionally offers all these various other benefits of use. You can likewise make use of the Bathmate in the shower or in the air too as well as it will still feel excellent while getting you results. Bathmate has currently gotten on the market for plenty of years currently. Each year, it ends up being much more preferred amongst males that desire a bigger penis, to deal with ED or even pornstars that need to prepare yourself prior to a shoot. The business that makes Bathmate takes wonderful satisfaction in their product and knows that you will certainly obtain outcomes. That is why they use a 100% money-back guarantee on your order. You have 6 weeks to attempt Bathmate without any threat. If you do not like it, simply return it and you’ll obtain your money back without inquiries asked. Most males are so happy with their Bathmate though that they would not imagine quiting this excellent vacuum gadget which actually makes penis augmentation enjoyable! Is The Tom Selleck And Dr. Phil Ed Cure Real This is the only penis pump that has received unanimous good evaluations from the Great Looking Loser as well as PEGym discussion forums, both leading on-line discussion forums for male improvement conversations. The 3 Various Bathmate Penis Pump Designs. The Bathmate Hydro Pump is available in 3 official collection:. 1The Hydro Series-First released in 2006, this is the initial Bathmate Hydro Pump as well as is best if you are on a limited budget. The price begins at $115 and also it’s available in 3 colors (red, blue, and clear). 2Hydromax Series:- The Hydromax Series increases of 35% even more power than the original Bathmate pumps. 3HydroXtreme Series: This collection is essentially the upgraded Hydromax Collection. Apart from the penis pump, this collection additionally consists of other devices including a bring situation, a measuring gauge, cleaning sponge, and a shower strap. The Champion- Which is the most effective Bathmate? When deciding upon which model of the Bathmate Hydro Pump to pick, it’s important to choose the one you will not outgrow while providing you the best outcomes. The latest HydroXtreme designs are the undisputed victors on both counts. As the latest ones to strike the marketplace, they were made to improve upon and also exceed all previous designs. With vacuum cleaner stress exceeding older Bathmates by 35%, the HydroXtreme line is truly the state of art hydro pump technology. Bathmate vs Other Penis Extenders. What sets apart the Bathmate from any other penis improving gadgets on the market is just how quickly it functions. Anybody who has ever lifted weights and also felt what is typically called a “pump”, which refers to a short-term enlargement of muscle mass as they become engorged with blood, will soon identify that sensation after their initial session with the Bathmate. Fortunately is that this pumped state continues to be for up to 3 hours which provides you adequate time to utilize it to your benefit sexually. It’s capacity to supply prompt results is among the reasons why this hydro pump has actually come to be so preferred amongst males. Essentially, you are educating your penis as well as it will certainly react in the same way as any other muscles you train at the health club. When working out you recognize that a pump is short-lived however that constant training will eventually result in irreversible dimension gains. The very same can be said about the Bathmate Penis Pump which, via diligent usage, will ultimately result in irreversible gains of 1 to 3 inches gradually. An essential aspect to take into consideration is that, by its actual style, the Bathmate is suggested to improve both girth and also size. This provides you far better general results when contrasted to penis stretchers which tend to just develop penis length considering that tension is always used parallel. Bathmate assesses from customers are overwhelmingly favorable with an authorization rating of over 95% that far goes beyond the contentment level of any other male improvement gadget on the marketplace. Moreover, the supplier has such self-confidence in their product that they provide a twelve month moneyback assurance to remove any type of threat for trying it. So if you are interested in experiencing any type of or all of the advantages that originate from using the Bathmate, you can do so now with full assurance. Is The Tom Selleck And Dr. Phil Ed Cure Real The Bathmate hydro pump has aided me and lots of other men to enhance their member size as well as sex-related life, and also I am very recommending it to you. You have nothing to lose however whatever to gain. Remember your acquisition is backed by a money-back warranty. If you’re not pleased, return it and be rest assured that you’ll obtain a full reimbursement, guaranteed. PENOMET The Penomet Pump is a penis pump that includes an advanced 2-part layout with gaiters that can be swapped that makes it both functional and also reliable. It is really the initial and also only pump on the marketplace that functions such convenience which has actually permitted it to win various honors over the past decade including Venus’ finest new item in 2014. Best of all, the design itself is backed by over ten years of real-life screening. Listed below, we will be discussing how it works, several of the benefits of the Penomet Pump, as well as whether it is worth buying. Exactly how Does The Penomet Pump Work? Penomet declares the end product was formed by years as well as years of direct input and also responses from over 1,000 consumers seeking the ultimate penis pump. The last design features a special as well as highly reliable hydro pump layout. For that reason, rather than running as a standard air vacuum, it utilizes a mix of water to offer much more equivalent pressure throughout the whole cylinder. This is a huge benefit because the typical pump that runs entirely utilizing air ends up developing unequal stress throughout which ends up enlarging some locations of the penis as well as can end up making it look distorted in dimension. While there are other hydro pumps on the market, the Penomet pump is one-of-a-kind in that it supplies 5 different compatible gaiters which allow you to efficiently scale the stress of the device securely as well as optimize the results. Ultimately, it allows you to achieve gains up to 65 percent much faster contrasted to a pump that includes a solitary gaiter setting that you can use. Benefits Of The Penomet Pump:. 1. Safety and security. Hydro pumps offer a much more secure modus operandi. As stated, pumps that depend on air pressure can create uneven pressure within the cyndrical tube. Since this unit uses water to develop pressure, the vacuum cleaner stress within the cyndrical tube is entirely even. As a result, it offers a much more secure procedure since it uses water to create stress. The device comes with 5 compatible gaiters which just enhances the system’s safety because you can slowly include even more stress by beginning with the weakest and also slowly including extra. The device has actually gotten numerous security and top quality certifications consisting of CE Advertising and marketing and also SGS Certifications. 2. Versatility. As stated, not only does the versatility make the device safer to utilize, yet it is additionally mosting likely to cause a much more reliable as well as scalable solution. As you start to see progression and feel more comfy with a current gaiter setting, you will prepare to move onto the next one. This can provide you a great deal of scalability and also flexibility that you merely do not get with items that don’t have an interchangeable gaiter function. The Penomet is very distinct in this regard which allows the user to experience gains as much as 65 percent faster. 3. High-Quality Materials. The cyndrical tube is completely comprised of the highest quality polycarbonate plastics. You can count on the item lasting a long time. It is not going to break. Furthermore, each gaiter that includes the plan is made up of medical-grade silicon. Therefore, you will have a very easy time washing and also cleaning it and you will not need to stress over any kind of adverse reactions from using it. Is The Tom Selleck And Dr. Phil Ed Cure Real 4. Relieve Of Procedure. When you are aiming to acquire a penis pump, among the main things that you are going to want to locate in it would certainly be convenience of operation. After all, if the pump is extremely difficult or taxing to use, you could not obtain the kind of outcomes you are seeking from it. This specific pump is incredibly easy to use. Not just does each Penomet cyndrical tube have a precise measurement range imprinted onto the plastic, yet it comes with a 360-degree stress release valve on the system which can make it a wind to adjust the stress on an as-needed basis. 5. Life Time Gaiter Replacement Service Warranty. Whenever you are shopping for something like this, you want to locate an item that is fully backed by the brand and supplier. Penomet does not dissatisfy with their complete life time replacement assurance which suggests you are mosting likely to have the ability to proceed making use of the penis pump long into the future even if your gaiters quit working. 6. Contentment Warranty. Together with having a replacement guarantee, they offer a total 60-day complete satisfaction guarantee which implies you are mosting likely to be able to obtain one of the most out of the product or your money back. Anytime a company agrees to use this, you understand they are certain it functions. 7. Proven Outcomes. This penis pump can be used for different points. Not just is it shown to be effective for reducing and also protecting against impotence, yet it can assist you lower or also avoid premature ejaculation. It can also aid you increase your sexual endurance and also permit you to accomplish a larger total size. HYDROMAX This progress needs a long-term process. It can take months. Not surprising that, several clients see actual results after 3 months of use. Safe or not? Stress not, Bathmate HydroMax Pump totally safe to use. Every part that will certainly touch your sensitive skin’s area has actually been approved and also examined. Dimension Overview. Bathmate HydroMax Pump contains 3 various collection, consisting of Hydro, Hydromax, and also HydroXtreme collection. Before acquiring Hydromax products and to get the greatest result! You require to recognize the dimension of your penis. Here’s the guide … The length as well as girth measurement. Allow begin to determine the length as well as girth penis correctly! Penile length dimension. During erect (80%), take a leader and determine your penis length. Starting from the pubic bone base (lightly press) to the suggestion of your penis head. Videotape the outcomes! The girth dimension. Still same, gauge your penile area. Do it right in the middle of the shaft of your penis. After the dimension and also the results have actually been tape-recorded! It’s time to pick the best tool (based upon penis dimension). Is The Tom Selleck And Dr. Phil Ed Cure Real bathmate hydromax size girth measurement. Hydromax device alternatives. Select Hydro7 from the Hydro collection if your penis length depends on 5 inches. This gadget has the prospective to include sizes approximately 7 inches. In between 5 and 7 inches, pick Hydromax collection and also take one of Hydro7, Hydromax7, Hydromax Wide Young Boy, or HydroXtreme7. One of the most prospective approximately 8 to 9 inches. Take Hydromax9 or HydroXtreme9 from HydroXtreme collection if your penis dimension in between 7 as well as 9 inches. Utilizing these tools can expand the penis from 10.5 to 11 inches. Greater than 9 inches, choose HydroXtreme11 as well as prepare yourself to become “the vagin * a destroyer”. As much as 15 inches or more is entirely insane! In case you’re also careless to determine your member! Well, don’t fret, check out the complying with pages and also select as your demands. HydroMax Series. Hydro Collection. The genuine hydro pump. Hydro7- HydroMax Series. The development of Hydro Pump and 35% much more effective (change the Hydromax X-series). Please keep in mind Hydro and HydroMax series readily available in 3 shades (clear, red, and blue) besides HydroXtreme (only 1 shade). Exactly how to Use. ACTION 1: Preparing the Tool. Take HydroMax and press pip black then close it by relocate left or right. Utilize a comfort insert and affix it to the bottom of the tube, then straighten the line. To see the determining device, rotate the Vessel as required. Kick back the body with cozy water for 5 mins. STEP 2: Making Use Of HydroMax. Fill up the water right into the vacuum adequately. Place the penis and also lift it up. Obtain a HydroMax, after that move the black pip to the center position. Begin pumping. Push in the direction of public bones. You will see water appearing of the front shutoff and really feeling the penis being pulled. Pump continuously as well as do this exercise for around 15 minutes per day. ACTION 3: Withdraw the pump. Press the valve internal to launch the vacuum. Option: Usage freehand shower straps. Easy to use when bathing. The Pros and Cons. Naturally, every product has the pro and cons. Right here’s the complete listing … The Disadvantages. Maintain tidy. There will certainly be lots of bacteria if not cleaned up. Foreskin Issues. There are lots of males having this problem. It is brought on by not excellent pumping procedure. To avoid it, prior to your penis put, ensure the erection regarding 80% as well as pull the foreskin back. After that do the pump customarily. Capillaries blood vessels burst. This can happen to anyone. Just follow the guidelines, do pump procedure for around 15 mins. More than that, the opportunity of the busted capillary vessels will certainly occur. This is marked by the variety of red dots around a penis. Don’t worry! They will recuperate itself after a few days. If you experience it, stop the pump activity for 1 week or up until the red dot disappears. It takes fairly a long time. For busy people, spending around 25-30 minutes is really difficult. As a tip, prior to mosting likely to function, do the pump in the early morning while taking a shower. Not permanent at the beginning. The size of the penis looks directly different, but only momentarily. For permanent outcomes, it takes fairly a great deal of patience and dedication (3 to 6 months of use). Pubic hair shaving. Remove it as clean as you can. This works for boosting pump pressure. The Pros. Plug and also play. Using these Bathmate HydroMax Pump is really easy. Just load it with the cozy water, connect it as well as play it. Fast outcomes. At the very first time usage, you’ll immediately observe the differences. Although just momentary, the impressions are important. And I’m pretty sure you’ll remain to use it until getting the permanent outcomes. Is The Tom Selleck And Dr. Phil Ed Cure Real Safe to make use of. No skin inflammation as well as likewise the discomfort. This is very safe. Long as well as thick. The stress result produced from this water-powered pump can boost a larger penis dimension. Penis density raised dramatically. Very strong erection. After making use of HydroMax, the erectile capacity is really solid. As a confidence booster. From the beginning of use and seeing the distinction, instantly raises your self-confidence. Permanent results. Utilize it routinely as well as enjoy irreversible outcomes. 60-days money back warranty. HidroMax Frequently asked questions. Below are some frequently asked questions! The length of time to see real outcomes? The result of using this pump is extremely rapid as well as actual. Once made use of, you will certainly really feel and see the difference. Your penis will certainly be longer and thicker. Certainly, it requires time to get lasting outcomes. A minimum of 3 months, more than that, the results will certainly be much better! After 6 months, what is the typical size that I will reach? A Swedish urologist, Dr. Larsson examined 22 males. Each day, everyone pumps their penis for 15 mins. 6 months later they see a distinction in penis length with an average of 1.77 inches. There are some reports if you require the next degree result, integrate it with SizeGenetics extenders. Lots of people have tried it and also got shocking outcomes. I agree with that. What concerning circumference after 6 months? From the very same experiment, Dr. Larsson described, after utilizing for 6 months, the tester got 0.83 inches. Momentary or long-term outcomes? Initially, just a short-term result you will obtain. Nonetheless, after 3 months, the outcomes are irreversible. My little bits of guidance, get it done around 6 months or more for far better results. Where to purchase the real HydroMax? This penis pumps not available in any store like Walmart, GNC, otherwise. Besides Amazon.com! The average listing displays old products only. Is The Tom Selleck And Dr. Phil Ed Cure Real The only area you need to go is the main website of Bathmate HydroMax pump. Bathmate Hydromax pumps include a 360-days service warranty and 60-days cash back assurance. Likewise, to safeguard consumers, any type of transaction cover up with the super-secured SSL Certification as well as 256-bit security. No one can steal your delicate data. They likewise use the discreet shipping and also around the world circulation (90 countries insurance coverage).

tv MTP Daily MSNBC April 2, 2021 10:00am-11:00am PDT 10:00 am if it's friday, massive new jobs numbers are out as the biden administration continues its push for an extension and expensive new infrastructure plan. another witness in the derek chauvin murder trial criticizes the use of force against floyd. the cdc released new air travel guidance for vaccinated 10:01 am americans amid concerns that the easter holiday could make the case surge worse. ♪♪ welcome to friday. it's "meet the press daily." i'm chuck todd. it's a jobs report friday. we learned this morning that a whopping 916,000 new jobs were created in march. it's more than most economists expected. it lowers the unemployment rate to 6%. gains in leisure and hospitality not surprisingly led the way with the food services industry alone adding 176,000 jobs. a lot of states reopened in march. this proves it. this could be the start of a late pandemic hiring boom thanks to mass vaccinations, the covid relief packages, more schools reopening and, of course, the restrictions on businesses being lifted. that could just be the beginning with the cdc today giving the 10:02 am green light for eventually vaccinated americans to travel if they follow mitigation tactics like massing in public and avoiding crowds. public health officials and president biden continue to warn against lifting restrictions too soon as covid cases continue to rise. folks, while today's jobs new is extraordinarily positive, all those jobs gained in march are only a drop in the bucket in the covid-19 recovery. we have nearly 10 million americans out of work, including more than 4 million who have stopped looking. they are classified as long-term unemployed. they are not a part of the report. you have 3 million leisure and hospitality jobs missing. if we had 13 months of a million jobs or a little less like today at this pace, it would take -- that's what it would take to close this 10 million job gap. it would take a little over a year. for president biden, that's where his sweeping $2 trillion 10:03 am infrastructure plan perhaps comes in. the president said his proposal would create nearly double the jobs needed to close the gap and would focus on building the economy beyond the pandemic. >> as we get the economy back on its feet, we need to do the hard work of building back better for good -- not just for a while, but for good. not just short-term, but for good. independent analysis shows that if we pass this plan, the economy will create 19 million jobs, good jobs, blue collar jobs, jobs that pay well. >> that is president biden's vision. as our own leigh ann caldwell put it, the road is bumpy. president biden is willing to do what it takes to get something passed. >> when congress comes back after this easter break, i'm 10:04 am going to begin meeting with democrats, republicans about this plan. they all have their ideas about what it will take, what they like and what they don't like. that's a good thing. that's the american way, debate is welcome. compromise is inevitable. changes in my plan are certain. but inaction is not an option. >> we have monica alba, leigh ann caldwell on capitol hill and our senior business correspondent stephanie ruhle. monica, let me start with you. president biden -- the jobs reports on the one hand, it's good news. the white house wants to tout good news. on the other hand, i guess the question i have is, if the economy is recovering at a robust pace, how concerned is the white house that they will lose some urgency to get this big infrastructure bill passed? >> that's exactly the push and 10:05 am pull we are seeing. it's not just a question of infrastructure. it's the question of while the president is happy to see the gains, that he does attribute in part to the american rescue plan, that covid relief bill, he says he is just nervous that those hard fought gains can be reversed in a matter of weeks or months if people don't continue to really be careful when it comes to the coronavirus pandemic. that is sort of the overarching message. the moment the president wrapped up the remarks, we heard from the covid relief team here at the white house. they offered a briefing where even dr. walensky was asked, are you still feeling this impending doom that she referenced earlier in the week, because, again, they are telling people, if you are fully vaccinated, you can travel with a low risk. there's this reopening theme. at the same time, these doctors and the president are saying, please, this is not the time to relax. there's all these things to look forward to in july if vaccinations continue on pace. 10:06 am that's also the timeframe for this infrastructure plan. the white house is hoping this can get done. you will see these negotiations with the president and these republicans in the oval office. a very different tone. you have the president here saying changes are all but assured to this $2.25 trillion package. we didn't see any changes to his original $1.9 trillion covid relief bill. that passed as he proposed it. he is signaling, that's not the case with infrastructure. it does touch so many entities and federal agencies. there are sure to be tweaks. he is open to doing it. he is saying, inaction is an option. something has to get done. democrats will have to explore whether they can go it alone on the front like they did with the last one. >> monica, the president identified his five cabinet secretaries that he says are charged with essentially selling the plan. it's pete buttigieg at transportation, hud, labor and 10:07 am commerce. i'm curious, is their job to sell it publically or to be the sales people on capitol hill? if it's on capitol hill, there's really only one person there with any capitol hill experience. >> these five cabinet secretaries were told, here is your homework assignment. it's both. you will try to sell it to the public and to constituents and to voters, which is something the president thinks republican voters are actually going to be the ones who are going to stress to their own lawmakers and representation that infrastructure is something they would like to see happen. also, he has told them, you are going to be responsible for having meetings with lawmakers of both parties. we know that pete buttigieg has been doing that. he has been having conversations behind the scenes and that he will continue to engage them. he has given them a tall order. he said, we want you to go out and have conversations on both fronts. then record back to me and then you will see the president doing 10:08 am this in a more public facing role in the coming weeks. >> do we have the speech to a joint session of congress happening at the end of this month that's infrastructure? >> the expectation is that that is where they will hopefully tout progress they believe on infrastructure. that's where you will see the president lay out the next phase, which they are calling the american families plan. that would be if they are able to get the first part hammered out. as leigh ann knows, it's a bumpy road ahead. >> that brings us to leigh ann, nice transition there. the big news of today is finding out what are the exit ramps that congressional democrats have in trying to pass this bill? the biggest one being, can they do reconciliation sooner than the end of the calendar year? we're supposed to find out today. what do we know? >> we could find out today. 10:09 am senate democratic leader chuck schumer asked the senate parliamentarian -- back talk being about the parliamentarian -- if there's a possibility they could use reconciliation again this year by -- not getting to -- revising the fiscal year 2021 budget process. gives them an opportunity -- another way to -- another option, an avenue to pass this. they know they have reconciliation bills available to them down the road. they want another one. they want a third that could potentially give them three before the midterm elections. even if they decide to go down this road of reconciliation, meaning they don't need republicans to back it, they still have to get their entire party on board. there's slim majorities in the house and the senate. they don't have that yet. not only are progressives wanting a bigger bill, 10:10 am representative alexandria cortez wants more. it's going to get more difficult after this. there's the moderates, some want a bipartisan approach. some of them want to make sure republicans are on board. others want additional taxes. this is going to be complicated. even if they decide not to work with republicans, chuck. >> i want to go to the republican route. it's not about whether democrats are choosing to work with republicans. it's about whether republicans decide to work with democrats. if they are going to live in an own the libs environment, is there any incentive for republicans to work with the biden folks on anything, let 10:11 am alone infrastructure? >> right. senate minority leader mitch mcconnell seems to be using the same playbook he used in 2009 when president obama was in office. that was just to oppose everything. that seems to be what he is doing now as well. you saw unified opposition to the covid -- the american rescue plan. you are starting to see that unified opposition at this point in this -- in the first initial responses to this infrastructure bill. mcconnell said yesterday that there's no way that anyone in his conference is going to support what biden has laid out. part of that is because what biden does is he unravels so much of former president trump and the republicans' signature achievements, the tax cuts. they don't want to do that. they're not going to support much that has any of these tax increases in it, especially on corporations. there is not a lot of incentive 10:12 am for republicans at this point. the bet is that they are making politically. >> if there's not, that means the veto power is in the hands of some -- perhaps some small group of democrats. maybe it's progressives. maybe it's the threat that we are hearing from a handful of northeastern lawmakers on this salt tax break that some democrats in new jersey and new york in particular are looking for. nancy pelosi says she's in favor of it. the biden administration doesn't look like they are. it's essentially a tax break for the wealthier folks. >> that's right. i was a little surprised at the administration were downplaying that suggestion. senator schumer is also supportive. you have coastal democrats who really want this included in this bill. there's no indication that it's going to be included. 10:13 am pelosi said she wanted it. she also didn't draw the line on it either. it's an interesting development. something that democrats -- these coastal democrats have been pushing for for the last few years in these various bills that have passed. they haven't gotten it yet. >> i will be curious to see how emphatic chuck schumer is considering where aoc and he is mindful where his left flank is in new york politics has been on this. leigh ann caldwell, thank you. let'sinfrastructure bill could mean. stephanie ruhle, we will have two or three more like it over the next two or three months as we reopen, as more states reopen and we see what's coming here. is this a recovery we will see last longer than that without this infrastructure bill? >> well, let's put the infrastructure bill second. this jobs report is regood for the economy. it also helps republicans in 10:14 am arguing against wanting to support the infrastructure bill. that's going to make it hard for president biden to thread this needle. remember, they argued against the american rescue plan being as wide ranging as it was. when you think about why are we having jobs come back, it's basically because the economy is reopening, widespread vaccinations. where are the 900,000 jobs? in leisure, hospitality, restaurant, bars, education. republicans are going to make the argument, we could have done the american rescue plan but we didn't need to be given the american people this much support because you will see -- i know it's unpopular to talk about it. we are hearing about it. a lot of small businesses, lower wage industries, are having a hard time finding workers. we could end up, even though there are 8 million people on unemployment, with a labor shortage. people still have childcare issues. they still have reasons they are not going back to work. 10:15 am we also aren't yet offering visas. immigrants take seasonal jobs. look where demand is, travel. you have travel destinations looking to hire seasonal workers. they can't. in part, because lots of people in the last year, from the service industry, took the new in-demand jobs. those are in warehouses, which are paying $15, $16 an hour and they offer health care. that's tricky. as far as infrastructure, in theory, everybody says, yes, we want infrastructure. are democrats really going to get republicans on board? unlikely. if they do it on their own, there are a lot of industries that are going to do really well. if they do, a number of economists think we could be creating millions more jobs. if you think traditional, construction, roads, potholes, bridges. you have the traditional caterpillar, john deere. electric vehicles. the biden administration is looking to add charging stations, 500,000. 10:16 am we have 100,000. they could be giving tax breaks to us if we buy american made electric vehicles. think about improving the grid. clean water, broadband, the electric grid. what that's going to do for all of those types of industries, that's a boom for all sorts of businesses. the issue is a lot of the businesses are whining they don't want taxes to go up. >> i was going to say, that's what i'm curious about. for instance, there are -- you look at this infrastructure plan. different companies see potential wins for them. tesla we know in theory, more charging stations, very helpful. our parent company not happy with the rural broadband ideas in the infrastructure, but smaller competitors to our parent company do like some of the things. i am curious, could we see corporate america splinter on it? some saying we should pay our 10:17 am share and that helpful to the biden folks? >> without a doubt. if you are in any building or construction business, this is a huge boom for you. you love it. if you are in the service industry, for example, you don't like a general tax increase because you are not going to get an immediate win. it's not a surprise. are you surprised the business roundtable would put out that general threat that we always get? if you raise taxes, these businesses could go away. the biden administration is not looking to take us back above 30%. they are say, let's find a way in the middle. you are looking at the home builders association, they like this. but they don't want more power to the worker. it's no surprise that every specific industry is going to be in their own corner. look at this. you have a jobs number like this, infrastructure bill, all of this means more money into the economy. it's going to help these businesses. >> that's the bottom line. there's a lot of green when you look at your stock market app right now as well today. i have a feeling both things 10:18 am have something to do with that. thank you all for getting us started. you can catch stephanie's reporting every morning on her show. it's a great time slot. i endorse that time slot, 9:00 a.m. eastern weekdays on msnbc. we will dig into those brand-new travel guidelines from the cdc about vaccinated people. first, the latest in the derek chauvin murder trial as we heard from more members of the minneapolis police force today.:19 started with computers. we didn't stop at computers. we didn't stop at storage or cloud. we kept going. working with our customers to enable the kind of technology that can guide an astronaut back to safety. and help make a hospital come to you, 10:20 am instead of you going to it. so when it comes to your business, you know we'll stop at nothing. nicorette knows, quitting smoking is freaking hard. you get advice like: so when it comes to your business, try hypnosis... or... quit cold turkey. kidding me?! instead, start small. with nicorette. which can lead to something big. start stopping with nicorette 10:21 am 10:22 am incident at the north barrier of the capitol on independence avenue. that would be the lower part of capitol hill as you approach the capitol from downtown. independence avenue, what we are told is that a car was trying to get through a checkpoint and didn't stop and just kept going. that much seems pretty clear. what we are trying to confirm is reports the officers on the scene fired at the car. we have been told by a couple of law enforcement agencies that shots were fired. our understanding is that the officers on the scene fired at the car. that's as much as we know at this point. whether the car was stopped, who the driver was, whether the driver shot at the officers, all questions to be answered. this just happened within the last maybe 20 minutes or so. we are getting sketchy information at this point. the capitol police were there on the scene. 10:23 am federal law enforcement is responding as well. we are still waiting for a better word on exactly what happened. as far as we know, no officers were hit by gunfire. i just don't know for sure whether -- what the situation is. a car tried to run a barricade. >> i don't mean to check your tense. do we assume it's over? >> as far as i know, it is. i don't know that the car -- my understanding is the car didn't get very far. i just don't know. i think it's pretty well over. we are still waiting to get better information from people who are just now arriving at the scene. >> this would -- the barriers there -- full disclosure, you and i have to go through them, where our offices are. they have been moving this security perimeter closer to the capitol. the perimeter is not as big as 10:24 am it was two weeks ago. >> before all the fences went up, as you so well know, if cars were going to drive even past the capitol on the two main streets that go on either side, on the east and west side of the capitol, independence and constitution avenues, as the traffic approaches the capitol from any direction, large vehicles have to be diverted. if they keep trying to go, they are diverted by police. security arrangements since the basically the capitol siege have been fences that have moved the security barrier out. there are some places where you can't get near the capitol, you can't drive toward the capitol without going through these checkpoints. our understanding is this happened at one of those, the north barricade on the capitol on the independence avenue side. >> we think they were trying to turn into the complex? this is not going -- staying on independence avenue, but trying to turn into that entrance that's on independence avenue? 10:25 am >> or at least past -- i think this is the picture from the scene here. >> we do have pictures. >> this is the foot of capitol hill. you are basically -- the camera angle is from -- it looks like it's from the capitol looking down the hill toward downtown. >> towars independence. >> let me pass it to you for a second and check something. >> you should do that. that appears to be looking towards independence avenue. it's the one on the side there. it looks like it appears to be the camera on the side there. for those -- that's the house side of the capitol. that would be where the speaker's office is, on that part of the building. if we are looking where i think we are looking right now. we are trying to get more -- there's the vehicle that clearly got stopped by -- as you can see, they have these barriers that they lift up. 10:26 am it was stopped -- it appears that car was stopped by one the barriers. we are going to stay on top of the story. we will bring you developments as we have them. we don't have a lot yet. it does look like the situation is now in the okay let's see what happened phase rather than active phase. we will take a quick break. if we have more, we will bring it to you. if not, we will go dig deeper into the derek chauvin's murder case. let's sneak in a break and we will be right 10:27 am! introducing fidelity income planning. we look at what you've saved, what you'll need, and help you build a flexible plan for cash flow that lasts, even when you're not working, so you can go from saving... to living. ♪ let's go ♪. 10:28 am at heinz, every ketchup starts with our same tomatoes. but not every tomato ends in the same kind of heinz ketchup. because you can't be everyone's favorite ketchup without making a ketchup for everyone. - i'm norm. - i'm szasz. without making a ketchup . 10:29 am. 10:30 am welcome back. we are continuing to monitor the situation outside the u.s. capitol, the complex on lock. >> dale: -- lockdown. at least one person has been shot. we showed you the picture of the car that hit one security barrier. let's bring in the founder of punch bowl news, jake sherrman. he is in the capitol. one of the first to acknowledge publically what was going on. what more have you learned? >> we got an alert. ran over to the windows. it looked -- a helicopter -- u.s. park police helicopter landed on the east front of the capitol. a video i tweeted out. you know this well. we don't see that very often. >> my gosh, yeah. inauguration days are about it, usually. >> yeah, that's it. 10:31 am so where i'm standing is actually a rest room. it has a good view of the east front of the capitol. that's the supreme court right there, in front of us. allegedly where this car rammed the barrier is just a little bit to the left, looking at that photo. that's what we know at this point. it seems as if there was a car that tried -- according to capitol police, ram the barricade. i said someone was shot. i have not confirmed that. i have been trying to -- i have been trying to figure out everything i can about what's going on here. i will say this. to paint the scene here. it's empty in the capitol today. the house is out of session. the senate is out of session. most staff are not here. it's good friday. this is not a very busy day. i will say, i was here on january 6th, obviously, completely different scale of an 10:32 am incident. d.c. police, park police and that helicopter all responded within seconds. what appears to be within seconds. >> jake, you are in the capitol every day. describe over the last two weeks how the perimeter has shrunk, if you will. full disclosure, in order to get to our bureau, when you go down constitution avenue, you can't, for a while, you couldn't get past sixth street. then it became third and first. they have been moving the perimeter. where are we right now? >> that's a good question. the outer dismantled. you can never drive close to the capitol. that's been that way since september 11th. you can drive on constitution and independent. you can drive up and down those. you can get to the garages that 10:33 am lead into the capitol, which is good, because that's where a lot of staff and reporters park. the police presence is very notable. there are still national guard, not nearly as many. i don't want to say security has receded, but it has in a significant way in the last several weeks. >> do we know if this car -- the barrier was raised to stop it from coming in or this car just went at the barrier to see what would happen? >> those are always raised. those are the barriers -- 99% sure, just looking at these, these are the barriers that lead right into the capitol driveway, which are always up. interestingly enough, chuck, those barriers are all over capitol hill on independence and constitution, the two roads that are on either side of the capitol. they were raised on january 6th. 10:34 am we don't -- we have no idea what this guy was trying or who he was up to. those are -- i think he has gotten to the outer ring of a secure zone. thank god was stopped. >> you confirmed what i thought. those barriers are up. they are only lowered if you are getting a motorcade in, usually it's either a member of leadership or maybe someone from the executive branch. >> yeah. maintenance people who are working in the building. that's a place where you stop. dogs will search your car. it takes a lot to get past that barrier, in other words. those barriers are always up. >> i got jim cavanaugh. we turn to his expertise when it comes to profiling folks and what goes into the mind of these lone wolf folks here. this is the official tweet 10:35 am warning of the incident from the u.s. capitol police. as you can see, they are responding to the north barrier. they rammed a vehicle into two officers. both officers are injured. all three have been transported to the hospital. jim, in some ways, this incident actually feels very familiar to me when you think about incidents in washington, d.c., subtract january 6th, september 11th. these have actually been the incidents that capitol please -- police have to deal with, an angry person thinking they will come and -- they have had ramming incidents before, an exchange of gunfire before with one incident that i remember with a car not too long ago. i'm sure you are asked this all the time. this seems like not the smartest 10:36 am time to try to attack the capitol since it's so well secured. >> exactly. i totally agree, this is more of a typical type of attack you see at the capitol and the white house. they are magnets for the disgruntled and disaffected and violent people who seem to want to do something about something for some twisted reason. when we lock at january 6th, the insurrection by the false patriots and they went back to their homes all over the country and the fbi has been rounding them up, when you assess that, we're not going to have that same kind of thing again. that's why i think, chuck, you and i talk and you said that fence was really the line. what these guys were going to do, probably still may do in the year ahead, is a lone wolf style attack somewhere, someplace against the government, a member of congress or something. 10:37 am we don't know who this fellow is. he could be just a disgruntled guy. he is mad about something. he is not getting through and doesn't do it when the house is full. it doesn't matter to him. he is attacking the symbol of democracy. >> i got pete williams back. he has some additional new updates for us. what can you tell us? >> the best understanding we have right now -- this is all very fluid -- is that the two capitol police officers who were injured were struck by the car. it's not clear whether they were struck by the car as it went past them or whether the car pinned them in between the car and the barrier. one person, we're told, the injuries are critical. those two officers were evacuated to the hospital as well as understanding the driver. at least three people involved, 10:38 am there's casualties. we still are trying to get the word on what happened with the driver here, whether this was -- it's way too early to say what this could be. it could be a number of things. it could be someone who did this intentionally or it wouldn't be the first time in washington with all the barriers around town, there's a drunk driver that keeps going and is not in perfect control of the car. we can't speculate about what was going on with the driver. our understanding is at least three casualties. >> casualties. right. they're all in the hospital. pete, considering what the u.s. capitol police went through on january 6th, the number of deaths -- the death at that incident, death by suicide, this, i mean, look, we're still learning more, but you can't help but just hurt for the us capitol police officers right now. this feels like it's never been a tougher job than right now. >> yes, absolutely right. 10:39 am nearly 140 -- 139 officers from both the u.s. capitol olice and metro police were injured. it's been a time of really difficult time, low morale for the capitol police. it's a tough job. >> it really is. let me bring in kasie hunt, who i think is now -- has some additional perspective for us here. again, thank goodness it's an empty capitol. we don't know a lot yet about the nature of the -- of this person that did what they did here. i just go back to -- i'm just aching for the capitol police. this is another devastating development for them. >> check, i was going to say, i want to pick up where pete left off on this. the idea that there are two more capitol police officers who have been injured here since the beginning of the year is just 10:40 am another incredibly difficult blow for a force that has just been stretched to the absolute breaking point. officers working straight through weekends, extra overtime hours. they are undermanned. they are not getting time off. they have been through something incredibly traumatic that's very, very difficult. people who were targeting them, explicitly. one member of their force, of course, buried, laid to rest after he lay in honor at the capitol building. that's very, very difficult news. to pick up -- the one thing that reassures me in looking at this scene is that what you are seeing is ambulances on the scene. you are not seeing people scrambling around. pete was reporting that law enforcement seems to suggest that the incident itself has concluded. that at least compared to what we have -- the memory that we have of january 6th, where that wasn't the case. we assumed everything was going to be fine. it kept going for hours. that's clearly not the situation 10:41 am happening here. to pete's point, there have been incidents like this in the d.c. area and the capitol, including a woman who was driving in the area, she started to flee police for reasons entirely non-political, completely unrelated to the capitol itself. she, of course, died in the incident. i remember standing outside on streets and covering that. you can be in the wrong place at the wrong time so to speak. speculation about motive here very premature, if you will. this is a barricade. i have not seen anything this close to the capitol in terms of a barricade entry situation or attempted entry, i should say, since i covered it. i walk in there every day, most members of congress often cross that street. they will walk -- they drive their cars right up to where that car was gone through the barricade. they will park there. you would see any number of senators on a normal business 10:42 am day in congress. i think that's why so important to underscore, they are out of town for the next couple of weeks for the easter holiday. that threat diminished to members of congress, thankfully, unfortunately, of course, just this terrible news that two more members of the capitol police have been injured, perhaps one, according to pete williams, critically. >> by appearances, hurt in the line of duty successfully doing their job. successfully protect the capitol. successfully keeping this dangerous person from inflicting harm among others outside of the capitol police force. >> chuck -- >> they were doing their job. >> they were doing their job. i just want to point out, too, that if they were, in fact, struck by this car, it means they threw themselves in front of it. there's not a person that stands 10:43 am in front of the barricade, between the barricade and the road. there's a guard stand in the middle where they watch traffic and they -- if they know who is coming through, they can push a button inside that lets the barricade down. if they were struck by this car, that puts them having thrown their own bodies in front of it to try and protect the building that they serve. >> there's definitely a lot there. let me bring in tom winter who has more new information for us. tom, what more can you add? >> a couple of things. i think it's becoming clear in pete's reporting and what we are starting to hear in law enforcement circles, it was intentional. i don't want to get too far ahead. we do know from a spokesperson with the washington, d.c. fire and ems is that one person was shot in this incident, possibly a second. that person has been taken to 10:44 am the hospital. the shooting victim's -- the two police officers were injured. that's what we know so far. trying to nail down reports of anybody else shot. a chaotic scene like this it could have been a bystander as well. trying to get information on that. the barriers that you are seeing are quite effective at stopping a vehicle. the question is whether or not something then occurred outside of the vehicle that could have led to this being escalated. that's something we are trying to get our hands around at this point and being cautious to only relay information that we have confirmed and that we are certain about. the barricades, quite effective at stopping vehicles. that's why they are there, to stop a potential ramming attack. obviously, one person shot as a result of this incident. three people taken to the hospital. >> you seem to indicate that we think it's the suspect who was 10:45 am shot. we don't know that for sure? >> that's correct. the indications are pointing the suspect was shot. not 100% confirmed at this point. >> jim, you have heard a little bit more information. this is how you build your profile. take all this information that you learned. what do you think we are dealing with here? >> you know, it's leaning toward -- it's not at the stage of absolute yet. but it's leaning toward, as we analyze it, that it may be a purposeful attack, like tom's reporting. there's shots fired. we have to go back and look at what has been the threat matrix on the u.s. capitol. it has been the insurrectionists. this could be anybody. could be international people wanted to attack. it could be a disgruntled individual. it could be tied to the insurrectionists. 10:46 am there were a lot of threats to the capitol police over the shooting of ashley babbot. she was shot. it was ruled justifiable. that doesn't mean it's justifiable to the insurrectionists. they all claim it's murder by the capitol police. don't rule out -- i'm not ruling it in. but don't rule it out that this could have been a person that was attacking capitol police because of what's happened. we don't really know. it seems very -- almost suicidal attack, almost just don't care the outcome. it doesn't look like -- from what we can see. >> police talk about, suicide by police, standoff or something, that's some -- >> yeah. 10:47 am >> some crazed people do that. >> i have had them, suicide by cop. they want you to kill them. that can get slowed down a lot of times. but it's hard to slow it down when they are slamming a car into you and jumping out. sometimes we can slow those down and police can get behind cover and maybe we can save the guy's life. sometimes you have to kill them, because they just advance on you. we don't know what this is. the main thing that tom entered in his reporting that added to pete's reporting was, shots fired. gunshots fired. sometimes law enforcement shoots to stop the car. it doesn't mean the other person had a gun. sometimes law enforcement shoots to stop a car that's trying to kill them, run them over. could be that. >> that happened with the incident kasie hunt was talking about. keep standing by. i want to go to our capitol hill 10:48 am producer on the phone with us outside, watching everything right now. julie, what can you share with us that our camera is not showing? >> chuck, i basically did a circle around the perimeter of the capitol. i started on the house side. the cops were confused. they didn't know what was going on. there's mixed messages. i told them i was press and i have the badge. they told me to keep going. i asked if it's an active shooter situation. we know there's -- the suspect appears to be taken into custody. the officer told me they don't know. there is an increased presence of officers, even on the opposite side. i am actually a street away from where the situation is taking place. it's chaotic. there's pedestrians mixed with officers and national guard and the police cars here. i can see down the block there's just a very heavy presence of ambulance. there's police walking in right 10:49 am now. various different cops with different insignia on them. it's pretty chaotic. nobody knows what's going on out here. one national guardsman told me i couldn't enter after telling me i could. they are trying to clear the area. like i said, there's a lot of confusion right now. people don't know what's happening. >> julie, i'm glad you brought up the national guard. it's a reminder, the national guard has been there since january 6th. what is the national guard presence on a daily basis right now at the capitol? >> obviously, 10:50 am buildings here fully armed with all their gear. this is the most i have seen. i'm looking at about three dozen with shields, national guardsmen, coming towards me right now with weapons, like i said, with now with weapons, with batons, with all the head gear. i haven't seen this many national guard in the last few weeks until right now. i actually saw them dom, chuck. >> i have to tell you, it's quite the change from three months ago. andrea mitchell is with me right now. andrea, we were going to discuss something else. i'm glad to have you here. we are almost three months -- 10:51 am we're four days short of three months from january 6, and think about how long it took to get help. and all of a sudden, there is julie describing this incident not an hour old. granted, national guard is already there. quite the difference of sort of the security response on this one. >> absolutely. and as we know, the former head of the national guard who testified so forcefully is now the head of the capitol police, the first african-american to have that post, 20 or plus veteran of the national guard in d.c. he testified how long it took him, how he had put the troops on the armory and was ready to load them on buses. did load them on buses and said they could be there in 18 minutes. but because of the delay the pentagon caused, he was answering to them. now he's not answering to them. i'm struck by my colleague jake sherman reporting from the 10:52 am building right near the balcony. great big windows and the balcony i always did my stand-ups from when i was a congressional correspondent. you're looking out over that incident that took place, and he saw the park police helicopter very quickly landing on the east front of the capitol. the only other time we've seen a helicopter landing on the east front of the capitol is marine one to take the outgoing president, and then it would no longer be marine one, to take the outgoing president during the transfer of power. that's where all you viewers would see the military at the parade, really, when the inauguration is over. how unusual it is looking out toward the supreme court. they were there very quickly, and as i'm following the twitter of u.s. capitol police, they are totally on it. and pete is now reporting along with tom winter that it appears that a knife was brandished. 10:53 am you probably have more on that right now. >> i was just going to say, we're about to bring in tom winter, andrea. so let's bring in tom winter who has additional information we've been able to confirm. tom, what can we confirm and report? >> reporter: that's right, chuck. so three senior law enforcement officials briefed on this investigation an incident so far to mysel and colleague pete williams, that after ramming the barrier that you're seeing on the left side of your screen, the suspect then exited the vehicle and had a knife. he was then shot by police, so that's one individual that's been shot by police and has been transported to the hospital. as far as motive or who this gentleman is or their background, that's information we're waiting to receive at this point and get confirmed. we do know, as i kind of indicated to you moments ago, that this would be a criminal act, it appears that way after a 10:54 am suspect rams a barricade and gets out with a knife. the officials that have been briefed on this so far, it's preliminary information to myself, jonathan dietz and pete williams. >> because the trunk is open on that car, we can't see the license plate. do we at least know what state that car is registered in? >> unfortunately, that's something we don't have, because just as you said, that vehicle's trunk is in a position where we can't quite get a great picture of it just yet. not surprising to me that they would immediately try to get access to the trunk if it was something that opened as a result of that crash. you see the front hood of the car, quite crumpled and damaged, the windshield damaged as well. it looks like the airbag also went off. but yes, we don't have an 10:55 am identification of where that vehicle may have been coming from or where it's been plated. >> gotcha. my colleague jonathan allen, nbc news colleague, is on the ground outside and on the phone. john, what are you seeing? what can you add? >> reporter: first of all, you've got a perimeter around the capitol. you see a lot of folks with weapons and camouflage in addition to your normal capitol police presence. i saw an atf police officer. i spoke to one capitol policeman who confirmed some of the details you've just been hearing and also said to me, we've been attacked. >> "we've been attacked." if you're a member of the u.s. capitol police, you have to feel more under siege today than -- it's been a rough -- we are almost at the three-month anniversary of january 6, john. >> reporter: that is lost on no one. there has been bulked-up security around the capitol after january 6. 10:56 am some of that was taken down in the ensuing weeks, but we've continued to see members of the military national guard around here relatively frequently. but the presence right now is unlike any i've seen in the last couple weeks, hearing, in addition to that, choppers overhead, ambulance and police cars ripping through the streets of washington, d.c. >> let me go back to jim cavanaugh. jim, again, reminding people of your professional life. a profiler trying to figure out what drives these crazed people to act the way they act. we're getting more information information, brandishing of a knife. we now have a better idea of when the shots were fired. what does all that tell you? >> my profile, i was a commander, a negotiator. >> my apologies. >> criminal behavior was our daily bread, violent criminal behavior in atf. that's who we dealt with. we could be dealing with a 10:57 am suicide here like we talked earlier, just a person who wanted a suicide by cop. they know there is always police at the barricades, and that could have been the extent of it. they didn't necessarily -- in that scenario not even wanting to attack the capitol but just have police in a position to shoot them. you see that at a police station or police precinct or headquarters. or you could have a variety of motives of people wanting to attack the capitol. if it is, not a very well-thought-out attack against the capitol, crashing a barricade and pulling out a knife, and, of course, the possibility that officers were also struck by the vehicle and then he came out with a knife. so, again, like we talked earlier, could it be an attack on the capitol police? just to close with that thought, chuck, thank you so much for saying those kind words about the capitol police, and kasie hunt as well, pete. 10:58 am this is a great force. i've worked with the capitol police. they're detectives. in atf we hired a lot of their detectives. they're a great, great police force. people don't understand, it's not just a capitol building on the grounds, they protect the members of congress throughout their united states travels, even worldwide, they protect the members and the leadership constantly, and they patrol the 40 blocks around the capitol complex, which are city streets. and, you know, they make routine police arrests. they're like a small urban force. they're a facilities force. they really have a lot on their plate. they're not just inside when you see them on tv. at night they're patrolling the streets around there, they're arresting people for assault -- >> i lived in capitol hill for a while. the capitol police are also the beat. >> right, they're beat cops, too. >> they're on the neighborhood beat. jim, one more thing i want to ask you about, because you understand these jurisdictions. 10:59 am we heard our producer say she saw atf officials, she's seen national guard. the amount of different law enforcement agencies that would respond to an incident at the capitol, that doesn't surprise you, does it? >> no, it's all hands on deck. atf was responding to the insurrection, they responded to the insurrection on the 6th. you know, they were there on the hill with pipe bombs, the fbi was there. they all worked together. to the effect that anybody was held back in a sense, that was for the reviews. it's crazy, in my view. they shouldn't even have to ask for permission, we were just going to go. the park police with their helicopter, which is often aloft, because of the spread-out jurisdiction of u.s. park police up jfw parkway, they can respond 11:00 am quickly. they might have needed to transport a wounded offer or -- wounded officer or get some equipment there, and that's probably why they went in. >> jim, thank you for that. i'm going to hand the baton over to katy tur. >> yeah, chuck, i just want to update everybody on what the unfolding scene is there at the capitol in case you are just tuning in at the top of this hour. there is breaking news, as you can see, from washington. capitol hill is on lockdown after a car -- you're seeing it right there -- ran into two capitol hill police officers and into a barricade in front of the capitol. both officers are injured, and the suspect is in custody. the suspect has been shot as well after exiting the car and brandishing a knife. this 120 Views IN COLLECTIONS Uploaded by TV Archive on

ANCIENT AWAKENINGS Sunday Call 5/22/2022 (KaRa, OWS, Shoshanna) James & JoAnna McConnell THE MOVEMENT TOWARD DISCLOSURE IS RAMPING UP KaRa and One Who Serves channeled by James McConnell Shoshanna – Joanna’s Higher Self These messages were given during our Ancient Awakenings weekly Sunday conference call in Payson, AZ on May 22,. It is always a pleasure to be here with you in this way, with each and every one of you, and to all of those who will listen and read these words. For I bring a message to you at this time, a message that you have been awaiting--many of you have. You have been hearing from various sources much that is coming forth now. And it is coming forth from many sources. You speak of disclosure. Disclosure is indeed in process now, has been for some time, but is ‘ramping up,’ to use your terminology here. It is becoming more and more profound as the truths are coming forward. And, as always, it has been for those who have eyes to see and ears to hear. But many, many more are beginning to open those ears and be able to see the new vision that is coming forward, the vision that you have been aware of for some time. But alas, these times are changing, changing rapidly now. And those of us on our ships that have been watching over this entire process, that have been working with all of the various councils, the Galactic councils, and even to connecting to those councils here on Earth. And yes, indeed, there are councils here that are being stationed by many that are in an awakened state already. We are not meeting with those of your government that are the ones that still want to hold control. We are not meeting with them. We are meeting with those that are ready to move forward to bring this entire program to an end, and to begin the new program, the New Golden Age of Gaia. And we, those of us, have been given a signal. No, it is not the full green light yet. But it is moving directly in that direction now. And everything is indeed, again, ramping up, and we are preparing. We are preparing for that potential, and those definite possibilities that are right there in front of you now, as the signal has been given to be on alert. Alert, for whenever those of your cabal, those of the dark forces here, if they attempt to do anything that brings mass destruction or mass depopulation to this planet, then we are ready to step forward. They cannot continue with their plan. It is not being allowed. It is not being allowed by Creator Himself/Herself. It is not possible. For they are a dying breed at this point. Those that would hold control here, those that would continue on the 3-D timeline are a dying breed. Not dying in terms of death here, but dying in terms of moving on. So everything is being established and being prepared, has been for some time. And those of us are ready for the next phase of your evolution here. And your evolution is about to take a giant leap. We have stood by and watched, and prepared in many, many respects, again, meeting in many council meetings over the years here, even over the decades moving up to this point. But we have been ready, and are ready to move at a moment’s notice to the next phase that is in the process of beginning now. And that phase is going to take you further than many of you could have possibly imagined. Some of you have imagined this, some of you have been hearing this from many sources. But even in your wildest dreams, you possibly are not able to envision what is about to happen. This is all I can say on this at this time, for secrecy is still called for in many respects. Because we cannot tip our hand completely, even though those of the cabal and dark forces have completely tipped their hand. Be patient just a little bit longer, for things are indeed about to heat up. And you will see with your own eyes, your physical eyes, you and many, many others across the planet, more toward the entire population will be able to see what you have known for quite some time now. It is coming. Just allow for the process to play out. I am KaRa, and I leave you now in peace, love, and oneness. And can know that shortly those of you who are ready to receive us, to receive our helping hands, to clasp our reaching hands, to embrace us with a hug as your long lost brothers and sisters, are here to be with you. ONE WHO SERVES (Channeled by James McConnell) Om, mani, padme, hum; om, mani, padme, hum; hum, mani, padme, hum, hum, hum. Greetings to you! One Who Serves here, and Shoshanna is here. And we are ready to continue to rock and roll here, continue to bring this whole process forward, as we have been working diligently with all of you. And when we say all of you, we speak beyond this group, beyond this call that you have, we speak beyond even those that initially will read these words or listen to these words. But how it resonates out, how vibration resonates out: higher vibration. And these calls and these connections that we have with you are indeed a higher vibration, and it resonates out to the entire population of the planet without them even knowing it, without them having even the smallest inkling of what we are speaking of here. It still has an effect. And you, each of you, are indeed having an effect in everything that you think, say, and do. Always know that. You have more power at this point now than you can possibly imagine that you do. And that will come more and more, that you will fully understand just who you are, and what you are capable of. We are ready for your questions, if you have them. Guest: I have a question. OWS: Yes? Guest: This is the same as I was going to ask last week. I am just wondering if with the advent of the 5G coming up, I’m not sure if it is populated as much as the powers-that-be want it to be yet, but I’m wondering if through the 5G if that will activate the vaccines that people have gotten for the Corona virus, and sort of make the people that have been vaccinated become like zombies to do whatever the cabal wants them to do. I was wondering if that is part of the plans. OWS: What we can say is that indeed this was part of their plan. Rather than not just part, that was there plan here. And they have been diligently working on this to bring this about. But know that at the same time they have been working on their plans, those of the Forces of Light, your Alliance, your White Hats, as you call them, have been fully aware of this entire plan almost before it even began. So fear not, Dear Ones, there is no concern about this. For many are in the process of working through this and making sure that none of this comes to be. So do not have concern or fear about this, certainly never any fear. Because your knowing is deep within you, and you know that there is no reason to be afraid of this. Because you know that we, those of us that are all working with you as part of the Alliance, working together here, we gave this well in control here. Shoshanna, do you have anything to add? SHOSHANNA: (JoAnna’s Higher Self, channeled by JoAnna McConnell) We do not. OWS: Very good. Was this sufficient of an answer for you? Guest: I’m not worried about myself, since I didn’t get the vaccine. I was thinking about my son, who did get it. OWS: We are speaking of those that you are speaking of here, not you yourself directly. Just the collective here, we are speaking about. Guest: Thank you very much. OWS: Yes. Very good. Are there other questions here? Guest: Can you be a little more detailed on that good news? And I resonate to your answer. Are some of those people that did get the vaccines and boosters, will their health suffer in the near future with the things that some of the front-line doctors are talking about? Might more of them choose to leave their body because of the vaccine? OWS: That, of course is certainly a possibility. We will not say that it is a full potential here at this point. Because there are many forces acting against this to not allow this to happen, so that they will bring forth those of the medical...we do not like that term ‘medical’ here...more of the advanced technology that will be coming forth to bring about the full changes to the physical body, the etheric body, and even the astral form as well. So that even those that have been hypnotized into this without their even fully knowing what they were taking, they will very possibly be able to find a cure, we will say here, as it is coming out. There are more that are bringing this forward. And, indeed, as we find it, there it is, even those processes now that are being brought forth of the doctors you have just spoken of that are bringing the understanding that they can bring about a complete reversal of what was given to them. It is coming, and it is very possible that they will have that being provided to them if they are looking for it. Okay? Maybe they will need to do further research and look for it themselves as they are ready and become more awakened to what they have put into their body. Okay? Shoshanna? Shoshanna: We agree. We do not add to this. OWS: Very good. Was this sufficient for you? Guest: Yes. Thank you very much. OWS: Okay. Is there another question here? Guest: Yes. I am asking for more and deeper information on the Watchers, the Cosmic and the Planetary Watchers. I have a sense of what their purpose and my purpose is. And this also relates to my Sister Watcher within our group here. Where do they come from? Why are they here? Any kind of deeper, deeper information about the Watchers. OWS: We find that we have actually answered this question before, and we will begin the answer with the same answer that we gave that previous time. They, and you, watch. That is what you came here for. That is what those of the Watchers have been doing for some time—observing, watching. Watching over those that needed help along the way. Not that they would provide that help directly, but they would be the catalyst for leading to others that would then help here, you see? There have been those that have been watching over this planet for countless eons here, we will say, and have brought the necessary help that was called for at various times. And you, as you know, were one of them watching over the entire process. But here you are now. You are here now at this point, not watching any more, but playing. Playing with in the illusion here. And we use the term directly ‘playing’ here because if you look at it that way, it can be playing. It certainly can be joyful here if you allow it to be. Even though there are all of those things happening all around you in the external world, and everybody is going, “oh, whoa is me, look at how terrible everything is.” For those that have eyes to see and ears to hear, it is not. It is not terrible at all. It is what you make of it. So make of it whatever you can here to bring the joy in every moment that you find. And as a watcher, continue to watch, continue to observe, but continue to play as you observe everything that is happening here, okay? Shoshanna, do you wish to add here? Shoshanna: We will just add one perspective. May we add our perspective, Dear Sister? Guest: Yes. Shoshanna: Dear Sister, the answer that many seek always comes in the simplest form. The answer is always simple, is always short, is always easy. So we will say that to those that are seeking deeper meanings: there is no deeper meaning. It is what it is. You are that which you are. And your path is to follow your true self, and that is all. Namaste. OWS: Very good. Would there be any other questions here? Guest: I have a quick question. OWS: Yes? Guest: I was wondering, my goal is to get my memory back. Are we getting close to that as far as frequency goes? To start to remember our past? OWS: We would answer this by throwing out the question to all of you: are many of you not, as you say, getting your memory back? And it doesn’t have to be in your waking state. It can be within your dream state. Those things that are coming in to you are returning, returning memories. Maybe not fully at your conscious level yet, but they are there to be grabbed, if you will, at any point that they are needed here. So to answer your question directly: yes. Your memories are returning to you, and at some point they will come to a full fruition of a complete remembrance of everything you have been throughout your entire sojourn here. Not only here, but other systems, galaxies, planets as well. So it is coming. Shoshanna, do you have anything to add? Shoshanna: We will add one perspective here. May we add our perspective, Dear Sister? Guest: Yes, please. Please do. Shoshanna: Dear Sister, anything that you need to remember, or anyone needs to remember, currently is on an as-needed basis. It is on an as-needed for you to complete your path to stay on your mission, to stay on your path. Currently there is not a capacity to understand all that you have been in the third-dimensional realm, nor is it necessary. What the path is currently for all beings on this realm is to live in the moment to be in the moment, to find joy in the moment. To live in the moment. Not to live in the past, and not to live in the future. Your vibration raises as you live in the moment. It does not raise as you live in the past. It does not raise as you live in the future. The planet requires that all Light Workers live in the moment so that the vibration becomes the highest it can possibly be to uplift all of humanity to complete the process of ascension, you see. So whatever memory comes to you, remember that it is on an as-needed basis to empower you to live on your path and to complete your mission. Namaste. OWS: And we would add here that a full remembrance could not be handled by your central nervous system at this point, as your vibration is not high enough at a more regular basis here yet. It will come. But your vibration and your consciousness must raise to a much higher frequency to be able to handle an onslaught, we will say, of remembrance coming back to you. Okay? Guest: Thank you. OWS: Would there be any other further questions here before we release channel? Guest: One Who Serves, I had a dream, I think it was late last week. I wanted to relate it last week to you, but I was unable to. I have been remembering dreams now. I haven’t dreamed in years, and it was very upsetting because I wanted to see what everybody else was seeing. You know, parts of their lives or other aspects and so forth, and I wasn’t remembering them, or seeing them or anything. So now my dreams have been very vivid lately, very vivid. A lot of family members in the dreams. But something occurred in one recently, like I said, last week. In it was a small child. There were a few us, I think it was three ladies, standing in a circle. A young child came walking into a school type of a building. It was a she, and she looked like an indigenous child, Indian-like type, short hair, olive skin. She came walking up really quietly. We were all in conversation. We may have been sitting because she was small, and she came up and put her hand on top of each of our heads and blessed us, or did something in that manner. I was looking at her wondering wow, who is this? When she started to walk away, I motioned for her to hold on, and I went and put my hand over her head and blessed her back. She looked at me very shocked. I said, “come on, let’s walk together.” We started walking through the hallway. As we passed a room, it was a room with a class type of thing going on. She looked into the room, kind of uncomfortable, and I felt that. I thought, wow, what’s that. Then I kept walking with her. We left the building, and all of a sudden we were out in the open space of mountains. We were walking through a prairie-type of area and as we approached the mountain, there was a Tibetan type of a man with long white hair in gowns and everything sitting there. I walking with the young child asking, I think, where was she from, or “how can I help you, can I help you in any way, do you need help?” I was offering my assistance to her. She looked so sad, you know? As soon as we got to the older man sitting on the side at the bottom of the mountain, she disappeared. So I looked for her, and asked “where did she go?” The mountains were very dark, black, and pointy. I hadn’t seen mountains like that. He said, “over to that mountain, over there” he pointed. As I looked (somehow I was up on this mountain now, with him), and I could see the mountains he was speaking of, they were further away and, again, they were pointy and black, and just really eerie looking. He said, “she went that way now.” I asked, “who was that?” He didn’t answer me. He just went past to sitting down. So I’m going to ask you. Who was that? Was that an aspect of me in a different life time? If you are able to answer that. OWS: Before we do, we would ask Shoshanna, do you wish to answer? Shoshanna: Yes. We can share here. OWS: Yes. We felt that, yes. So yes, please do. Shoshanna: We can share on this, Dear Sister. May we share? Guest: Yes, please. Shoshanna: Dear Sister, a child is a potential. A child encompasses wisdom, compassion, understanding, unfettered love. Something that is new. Something that is clear. Something that the world you live in does not necessarily honor. This child that appeared in your dream is the potential for the Earth. The love, and the wisdom, and the compassion, and the blessing that she speaks for the planet. She sees all. She blesses all. So she has come to the triad, the three women of wisdom that you see in your dream, and blesses your truth, blesses your understanding, blesses your wisdom, and enhances your wisdom. That is what she was there for. And as she passes the classroom, she is taken aback because within the room, within the classroom, there are lies being told. There is lack of clarity in that room. There are blatant misunderstandings happening, and she is taken aback. So she takes you to a clear space, a space of wisdom, a space of beauty, where the truth can be known. Because the truth is not known to man. The truth is known to nature. The truth is known there. And as she shows you the wisdom of the one that you saw with the white beard, with the white hair, that has spent lifetimes learning the wisdom of life and the wisdom of the planet. And she shows you that. Then you see the darkness, the pointy eerie mountains that you recall in the dream, And that is where she is going, because must attempt in every way to shed her light upon that, her truth upon that, her compassion upon that, her love upon that, to move the vibration up there. Because there is much darkness still lurking on your planet. She is the embodiment of truth, of light, of wisdom, of love, and that is what she appeared to you for. Namaste. OWS: Wonderful, wonderful interpretation. Yes. Shoshanna: Does this resonate with you, Dear One? Guest: Yes. I see it all as you are speaking it. How beautiful. Thank you. Namaste. Shoshanna: Namaste. OWS: Very good. Then we have one e-mail question we will bring forward here. It is quite simple. In a sense we have already answered this, but we will take it directly here. This one wants to know if the akashic record can be reached here by anyone and, when they do, if they will then be able to have a full remembrance of who they are, what they have done, where they have been, all of these things. Yes, indeed, we can answer this directly here by saying you, those of you, the collective you that are in the process of awakening and find your full awakening will then have access to your own akashic records where you will have these remembrances come back to you, and all will flow back in to be a full process flowing through you here. It is coming, and it will come to you. Now as to whether or not you can read another’s akashic record, that also be become a possibility of those that are having their akashic record allow for you to do so. Some even now at this point are able to read another’s akashic record, but again, they have to ask permission to do so, and then it can be brought forward. That is what we will say. Shoshanna, do you have anything to add on this? Shoshanna: We will just say that this idea that has been brought here to answer about the history of your soul known as the akashic record, this is very sensitive information. And the idea of reading this akashic record is only on an as-needed basis. It is only if it brings the soul that you wish to enlighten to a point on their path that helps them complete there mission. It is not anything to play with. It is not anything to use magic tricks on. This is a history of the soul and it is protected, so only a few are allowed to access. OWS: Very good. And yes, there was one more question we will take, if she wishes to bring that forward? Guest: Yes I do. Hi. I called you last time when I was in a health crisis. I want to say thank you very much to Shoshanna for her advice. I feel much better, my trip to the hospital went very well, and I would like to ask a question. It seems like this trip to the hospital and the lunar eclipse went together. It seems like all my life kind of went to the zero point on that day. And now I feel like new doors are suppose to open for me and I am changing the time-line or something like this. Could you please clarify this for me? OWS: You are wondering if, you say, “doors are going to open” for you? Guest: Yeah, because it seems like I came to the zero point and all doors were closed, my previous life was finished, and it’s like new life was coming to me. OWS: Yes. When you are speaking of ‘zero point,’ you are not quite understanding correctly what that refers to. And that is quite a topic that we will not go into at this point. But you have not fully reached the zero point within yourself yet. You are moving in that direction. It is part of the process of ascension. So you are coming to a point, though, where you will find a bit of a new direction, we will say here, that is coming for you. Now, we do not usually like to directly do this type of thing on these calls, so we will direct this to the collective here that is listening to this now in terms of what you are all moving to in terms of direction here. You have been on a path for some time here. But that path is about to, we will say, diverge, here. Diverge away from the third-dimensional expression more, and more, and more. And that is where you are heading. Each and every one of you are moving in that direction. And it is not to say that you will not have your life, you will not be able to enjoy your life, but you will be enjoying your life, but at a 5-D or more so a 5-D expression within that life. This is what we can say now on this. Shoshanna, do you have more to add? Shoshanna: We will answer here. We will give perspective. May we offer our perspective, Dear One? Guest: Yes, please. Thank you. Shoshanna: Dear One, you are correct in your assessment. You understand your new path, and you must endeavor to walk it. You are correct. Namaste. OWS: Yes. Very good. Guest: Then we are done for the time here. Shoshanna, do you have parting message? Shoshanna: We will say that it is imperative, it is of the utmost importance in this time and in these moments to be your true self, to live your true self, and to be true to yourself, as there are many falsehoods that creep up around you to attempt to pull you away form clarity, from the truth. Be true to yourself. Namaste. OWS: Very good. And we will say here, as we have said several times previous to this: fasten your seat belts, because your Kansas is about to go bye-bye! Now we mean, of course, in your movie, “The Matrix” here, and what occurred to the Neo. And all of you are the Neo